Mauritius

Mauritius ( (pulikizgani machemelo) ; French: Maurice [mɔʁis, moʁis] (pulikizgani machemelo); Mauritian Creole: Moris [moʁis]), mwalamulo Charu cha Mauritius (French: République de Maurice; Mauritian Creole: Repiblik Moris), ni chalo icho chili pa chirwa cha Africa mu Indian Ocean, pafupifupi makilomita 2,000 (1,100 nautical miles) kufupi na mphepete mwa nyanja ya East Africa, kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Madagascar. Chirwa ichi chili na virwa vikuruvikuru nga ni Rodrigues, Agaléga, na St. Brandon. Virwa vya Mauritius na Rodrigues, pamoza na Réunion (chigaŵa cha ku France icho chili kufupi na Nyanja ya Meditereniyani), ni vigaŵa vya Mascarene Islands. Cirwa cikuru ca Mauritius, uko kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi, ndiko kuli msumba ukuru wa Port Louis. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 2,040 square kilometres (790 sq mi) ndipo chili na chigaŵa cha vyamalonda icho chili na malo ghakukwana 2,300,000 square kilometres (670,000 square nautical miles). Ŵalwani ŵa ku Arabia ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakwamba kusanga cirwa ici, ca m'ma 975, ndipo ŵakacicema Dina Arobi. Mu 1507, ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakiza pa chirwa ichi. Pa mapu ghakwambilira gha ku Portugal, pa chirwa ichi pakalembeka kuti Cirne panji Do-Cerne. Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Netherlands, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Admiral Van Warwyck, ŵakafika pa malo agho sono ghakuchemeka Grand Port ndipo ŵakamba kulamulira chilumba ichi mu 1598. Paumaliro, mu vilimika 120 vyakulondezgapo, ŵakakhazikiska malo ghakukhala ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands, kuti ŵagwiliskirenge nchito makuni gha makuni gha ebeni na kupanga shuga. Ŵakaŵanga na vyakumera vya mkaka vyakufuma ku Java na ŵazga ŵakujumpha 300 ŵa ku Madagascar. Mu 1715, caru ici cikapokeka na ŵa ku France ndipo ŵakacicemaso kuti Isle de France. Mu 1810, caru ca United Kingdom cikapoka cirwa ici, ndipo pati pajumpha vilimika vinayi, mu phangano la Paris, France likapeleka cirwa ca Mauritius na vyaru vinyake ku caru ca United Kingdom. Virwa vinyake ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Mauritius vikaŵa Rodrigues, Agaléga, St. Brandon, Chagos Archipelago, na Seychelles m'paka mu 1906. Mauritius na France ŵakususkana za cilumba ca Tromelin cifukwa cakuti phangano la Paris likayowoyapo yayi. Charu cha Mauritius chikalutilira kulamulirika na Britain m'paka apo chikafwatukira mu 1968. Mu 1965, boma la Britain likawuskako virwa vya Chagos ku Mauritius na kupanga British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT). Ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakaŵachimbizga pakati pa 1968 na 1973 ndipo chirwa chikuru chomene, Diego Garcia, ŵakagulira ku United States. Mauritius na Britain ŵakususkana pa nkhani ya mazaza gha visirwa vya Chagos. Mu 2019, khoti la International Court of Justice likapeleka upharazgi wakulangula UK kuti wawezgere virwa vya Chagos ku Mauritius, ndipo mu 2021, International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea yikadumura kuti yikukhozgera fundo iyi, yikati UK "yilije mazaza pa virwa vya Chagos". Boma la pa chirwa ichi likulondezga ndondomeko ya pa nyumba ya malango ya ku Westminster. Charu cha Mauritius chili na wanangwa wa vyachuma na ndyali. Charu ichi chili na boma ilo likupeleka wovwiri wa munkhwala, masambiro ghaulere, na kwendeska magalimoto ghaulere ku ŵana ŵa sukulu, ŵachekuru, na ŵakupendera. Cifukwa ca malo agho Mauritius ghali na ŵanthu ŵakupambana mitundu, mitheto, viyowoyero, na visopa. Ni caru cimoza pera mu Africa ico ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakusopa ŵacihindu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi mba Indo-Mauritian. Pamoza na virwa vinyake vya Mascarene, Mauritius ni malo agho kuli vyakumera na vinyama vinandi. Vinyama vinandi vikukhala pa cirwa ici. Pa cirwa ici ndipo pakaŵa viyuni vinyake vinandi ivyo vikafwa cifukwa ca ŵanthu. Pali vinyama vinyake ivyo vikusangika mu charu ichi nga ni mphazi ya ku Mauritius, na nkhunda ya pinki. Ukaboni Ukaboni wakwamba wakulongora kuti cirwa ico sono cikucemeka Mauritius cikaŵako ni mapu agho wakalemba Alberto Cantino mu 1502. Mu 1507, ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakiza pa chirwa ichi. Pa mapu ghakwambilira gha ku Portugal, pa chirwa ichi pakaŵa mazina gha Chiphwitikizi ghakuti Cirne panji Do-Cerne. Munthu munyake wa ku Portugal, zina lake Dom Pedro Mascarenhas, ndiyo wakathya chirwa ichi Mascarenes. Mu 1598, gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Netherlands ilo likalongozgekanga na Admiral Wybrand van Warwyck, likakhira pa Grand Port na kuchema chirwa ichi kuti Mauritius, kucindika Fumu Maurice van Nassau, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa boma la Netherlands. Pamanyuma, chirwa ichi chikaŵa pasi pa France ndipo chikachemeka Isle de France. Pa Disembala 3, 1810, ŵa ku France ŵakapeleka chilumba ichi ku Britain. Mu nyengo ya ufumu wa Britain, zina la cirwa ici likazgoka Mauritius (pulikizgani machemelo). Charu cha Mauritius chikuchemekaso Mauritius (kuyowoya [mɔˈʁis]) na Île Maurice mu Chifurenchi, Moris mu Chikiliyo cha ku Mauritius. Mbili Mbili yakwambilila Cirwa ca Mauritius cikaŵa cambura ŵanthu pambere ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵandambe kwiza ku malo agha mu ma 1500. Zina lakuti Dina Arobi likukolerana na awo ŵakamba kusanga cirwa ici. 'Portuguese Mauritius' (1507–1590s) Phangano la ku Tordesillas likaŵa lakuti Ufumu wa Portugal ndiwo uzakalamulire chigaŵa ichi. Mu 1507, ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Portugal ŵakiza pa cirwa ici ndipo ŵakakhazikika penepara. Diogo Fernandes Pereira, uyo wakaŵa mweneko wa boti wa ku Portugal, ndiyo wakaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku Europe kufika ku Mauritius. Wakathya cirwa ici zina lakuti "Ilha do Cisne". Ŵapwitikizi ŵakakhalako nyengo yitali yayi cifukwa ŵakakhumbanga yayi kuwona virwa ivi. Virwa vya Mascarene vili na zina la Pedro Mascarenhas, muwusi mulara wa ku India, uyo wakaluta ku virwa ivi mu 1512. Chirwa cha Rodrigues chikapika zina ili chifukwa cha Diogo Rodrigues, uyo wakafika pa chirwa ichi mu 1528. Dutch Mauritius (1638–1710) Mu 1598 gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Dutch ilo likaŵa pasi pa Admiral Wybrand Van Warwyck likafika ku Grand Port na kulichema kuti "Mauritius" chifukwa cha zina la Fumu Maurice wa ku Nassau. Mu 1638, Ŵachidachi ŵakakhazikika pa chirwa ichi, ndipo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito makuni gha eboni na kunjizga mkaka, viŵeto, na nkharamu. Kufuma ku malo agha, Abel Tasman, uyo wakaŵa mulendo wa ku Netherlands, wakaluta kukapenja malo ghanyake gha ku South Australia. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Netherlands ŵakakhalako vyaka 20. Mu 1639, ŵazga ŵakiza ku Mauritius kufuma ku Madagascar. Wupu wa Dutch East India Company ukaŵatolera kuti ŵakadumulire makuni gha eboni na kugwira nchito mu minda yiphya ya hona na mskambo. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵakayezgapo kanandi waka kuti ŵakhazikiske malo ghakukhazikika, kweni malo agha ghakaŵa kuti ghandasangepo phindu, ntheura mu 1710 Ŵachidachi ŵakaleka kukhala ku Mauritius. Nkhani yinyake iyo yikalembeka mu 1755 mu nyuzipepara ya Leeds Intelligencer yikati chirwa ichi chikalekeka chifukwa cha vibenene vinandi ivyo "vikaparanya vyose". Ŵalwani ŵa ku Portugal ŵakiza na vinyama ivi ku virwa ivi kufuma ku malo agho vikakhalanga ku Southeast Asia, pambere Ŵachidachi ŵandambe kulamulira. French Mauritius (1715–1810) France, uyo wakaŵa kuti wali kale na mazaza pa charu cha Île Bourbon (sono ni Réunion), wakapoka Mauritius mu 1715 na kucemaso kuti Isle de France. Mu 1723, ŵakalemba dango lakucemeka Code Noir ilo likalongozganga wuzga. Dango ili likati ŵanthu ŵaŵe nga ni "vinthu", mwakuti mwenecho wa vinthu ivi wapokere ndalama za inshuwalansi na malipiro para vinthu vyake vyazgeŵa. Mu 1735, kazembe wa ku France, Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais, wakiza ku France. Mahé de La Bourdonnais wakazenga Port Louis kuŵa msasa wa ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo na malo ghakuzengera ngalaŵa. Pa nyengo iyo wakaŵa kazembe, ŵakazenga nyumba zinandi izo zichalipo. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi ni Nyumba ya Boma, Château de Mon Plaisir, na Line Barracks, malo agho ŵapolisi ŵakakhalanga. Chirwa ichi chikaŵa pasi pa boma la French East India Company, ilo likalutilira kulamulira m'paka mu 1767. Mu nyengo iyo Ŵafulentshi ŵakakhalanga mu caru ici, ŵazga ŵakizanga kufuma ku vigaŵa vinyake vya mu Africa nga ni Mozambique na Zanzibar. Cifukwa ca ici, mu vilimika 30 ŵanthu ŵa pa cirwa ici ŵakakwera comene kufuma pa 15,000 kufika pa 49,000. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵazga ŵa ku Africa ndiwo ŵakaŵa 80 peresenti ya ŵanthu ŵa pa cirwa ici, ndipo kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, pa cirwa ici pakaŵa ŵazga 60,000. Kukwambilira kwa 1729, ŵanthu ŵa ku India ŵakufuma ku Pondicherry ŵakafika ku Mauritius pa boti lakucemeka La Sirène. Ŵakamba kugwira nchito iyi mu 1734 apo ŵakaŵa ŵanangwa. Kwambira mu 1767 m'paka mu 1810, kupaturako nyengo yichoko waka ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ku France, apo ŵanthu ŵakakhazikiskanga boma lakujiyimira pawekha. Jacques-Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre wakakhalanga pa cirwa ici kwambira mu 1768 m'paka mu 1771, ndipo wakawelera ku France, uko wakalemba Paul et Virginie, nkhani ya citemwa iyo yikapangiska kuti cirwa ici ciŵe cakumanyikwa kulikose uko ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Cifurenci. Mu 1796, boma la Paris likayezga kumazga wuzga, ndipo ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaleka kuwusika na ŵa ku France. Ŵalongozgi ŵaŵiri ŵakumanyikwa ŵa ku France ŵakaŵa Vicomte de Souillac (uyo wakazenga msewu wa Chaussée mu Port Louis na kukhuŵilizga ŵalimi kuti ŵakhalenge mu cigaŵa ca Savanne) na Antoine Bruni d'Entrecasteaux (uyo wakawoneseska kuti ŵa ku France awo ŵakakhalanga mu Nyanja ya Indian ŵakhalenge ku Mauritius m'malo mwa ku Pondicherry mu India). Charles Mathieu Isidore Decaen wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari mu Nkhondo za Kuwukira ku France, ndipo nyengo zinyake wakalimbananga na Napoleon I. Wakaŵa kazembe wa Isle de France na Réunion kufuma mu 1803 m'paka 1810. Matthew Flinders, uyo wakaŵa wakulemba mapu wa ku Britain, wakakakika na kukakika na Jenerale Decaen pa cirwa ici mu 1803 m'paka 1810, mwakuswa dango la Napoléon. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo za ku Europe, Mauritius yikaŵa malo agho ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakalutanga kuti ŵakakome ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain. Ŵakacita nthena mpaka mu 1810, apo ŵasilikari ŵa Royal Navy awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Commodore Josias Rowley, R.N., uyo wakaŵa wa ku Ireland, ŵakatumika kuti ŵakakore cirwa ici. Nangauli ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakatonda nkhondo ya Grand Port, kweni ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ŵakathereskeka yayi. Ŵakapeleka chilumba ichi pa zuŵa lachinkhondi la kuwukira kwawo, pa Disembala 3, 1810, pa fundo izo zikapeleka mwaŵi ku ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha kuti ŵasungenge malo ghawo na katundu wawo, kweniso kuti ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito chiyowoyero cha ku France na malango gha ku France pa milandu ya milandu na ya ŵanthu wose. Mu nyengo ya ufumu wa Britain, zina la cirwa ici likazgoka Mauritius. Nkhondo iyi yikalembeka mu buku la Patrick O'Brian lakuti The Mauritius Command. British Mauritius (1810–1968) 1830–1835: British rule and reform Boma la Britain, ilo likamba na Sir Robert Farquhar kuŵa kazembe wakwamba, likawona kuti vinthu vikusintha mwaluŵiro pa umoyo wa ŵanthu na vyachuma. Ndipouli, suzgo la Ratsitatane likakhwaska comene. Ratsitatane, muzukuru wa Themba Radama la ku Madagascar, wakatolekera ku Mauritius nga ni kayidi wa ndyali. Wakacimbira mu jere ndipo wakambiska ciwukirano ico cikakhumbanga kufwatura ŵazga ŵa pa cirwa ici. Wakatoleka na munyawo Laizaf ndipo wakakoleka na gulu la ŵasilikari awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Adrien d'Épinay, loya wa ku Mauritius. Ŵakamudumura mutu pa Plaine Verte pa Epulero 15, 1822, ndipo mutu wake ŵakawuŵika pa malo ghanyake kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuwukira ŵazga. Mu 1832, d'Épinay wakambiska nyuzipepara yakwamba ya ku Mauritius (Le Cernéen). Mu caka ceneco, loya wa boma wakakhumbanga kuti wuzga uleke kuŵako kwambura kulipira ŵeneco. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kukhorwa, ndipo boma likalangura ŵanthu wose kuti ŵajipeleke. Kweniso ŵakazenga linga la malibwe, Fort Adelaide, pa kaphiri (uko sono ni Citadel hill) mu msumba wa Port Louis kuti ŵathereske ŵanthu awo ŵakagalukira boma. Kufumira mu 1833, ŵazga ŵakamara mu vilimika vinandi, ndipo paumaliro ŵalimi ŵakapokera ndalama zakukwana mapaundi mamiliyoni ghaŵiri gha ku United States kuti ŵaŵalipire ŵazga awo ŵakaŵatora ku Africa na ku Madagascar. 1834–1921: Indian labour imported Kuwuskako wuzga kukaŵa na vyakuzirwa comene pa umoyo wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Mauritius. Ŵakulima ŵakiza na ŵantchito ŵanandi kufuma ku India kuti ŵakagwire nchito mu minda ya mkaka. Pakati pa 1834 na 1921, pa cirwa ici pakaŵa ŵantchito pafupifupi hafu ya miliyoni. Ŵakagwiranga nchito mu mafamu gha shuga, mafakitale, na mu malo ghakuzengera. Kweniso, ku virwa ivi kukaŵaso ŵasilikari ŵa ku India 8,740. Aapravasi Ghat, mu nyanja ya Port Louis, iyo sono ni malo ghakukumbukika na UNESCO, ndiyo yikaŵa malo ghakwamba gha Britain kupokelera ŵateŵeti. Mu 1885, ŵakalemba dango liphya. Chikachemekanga Cens Démocratique ndipo chikaŵa na fundo zinyake izo yumoza wa ŵalongozgi ŵa Creole, Onésipho Beaugeard, wakayowoya. Likapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵasankhike mu Nyumba ya Malango, nangauli ŵakaŵavya wanangwa uwu. Mu 1886, Kazembe John Pope Hennessy wakasankha Gnanadicarayen Arlanda kuŵa mubali wakwamba wa ku India-Mauritius mu wupu wakulongozga nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku India ŵakamutemwanga chomene Emile Sandapa. Arlanda wakateŵetera m'paka mu 1891. Pa nyengo iyi, pakaŵa magulu ghaŵiri gha ndyali agho ghakacitanga vinthu mwakukolerana na Hennessy. Ŵantchito awo ŵakafumanga ku India ŵakaŵapokeleranga makora yayi, ndipo Mujeremani munyake zina lake Adolph von Plevitz, wakajizgora yekha mulinda wa ŵanthu aŵa. Wakaŵa pamoza na ŵantchito ŵanandi, ndipo mu 1871 wakaŵawovwira kulemba kalata iyo ŵakatumizga kwa Kazembe Gordon. Komiti yikimikika kuti yiwoneso ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku India ŵakadandawuranga, ndipo mu 1872 maloya ghaŵiri agho ghakasankhika na boma la Britain, ghakatumika kufuma ku England kuti ghapende. Komiti iyi yikayowoyapo vinthu vinandi ivyo vikhwaskenge umoyo wa ŵantchito ŵa ku India mu vilimika 50 vyakunthazi. 1901–1914: Modernization and reform Mu 1901, ŵanthu ŵakamba kwendeska mawoko mwaluŵiro kuluta ku Rodrigues. Mu 1903, ku Mauritius ŵakamba kugura magalimoto, ndipo mu 1910, magalimoto ghakwamba ghakamba kuguliskika. Mu 1909, msumba wa Port Louis ukaŵa na magesi, ndipo mu vyaka ivi, kampani ya Mauritius Hydro Electric Company ya ŵabali ŵa Atchia, yikapika mazaza kuti yivikilire misumba ya ku Upper Plaines Wilhems. Chizindikiro cha charu cha Mauritius chikapangika mu 1906, ndipo chili na njati ya Sambur na dodo. M'ma 1910, vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi pa nkhani za ndyali. Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na nkharo yiwemi (ŵadokotala, maloya, na ŵasambizgi) ŵakamba kususka ŵeneco ŵa minda ya mkaka. Dr. Wakayama Eugène Laurent, meya wa Port Louis, ndiyo wakalongozganga gulu liphya ili. Chipani cha Action Libérale chikasuskika na chipani cha Parti de l'Ordre, icho chikalongozgekanga na Henri Leclézio, uyo wakaŵa na mazaza comene pa ŵamalonda ŵa shuga. Mu 1911, mu Port Louis mukaŵa vivulupi cifukwa ca mphindano yakuti Dr. Eugène Laurent wakakomeka na ŵamazaza ŵa Curepipe. Ivi vikamanyikwa kuti ni vivulupi vya mu Curepipe mu 1911. Mu msumba uwu, mashopu na maofesi ghakasakazika ndipo munthu yumoza wakafwa. Mu 1911, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwonelera mafilimu mu tawuni ya Curepipe. Mu 1912, boma, makampani, na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakamba kwimba mafoni. 1914–1919: World War I prosperity Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikamba mu Ogasiti 1914. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Mauritius ŵakajipeleka kuti ŵarwe nkhondo na Ŵachijeremani ku Europe na ku Mesopotamiya. Kweni nkhondo iyi yikatimbanizga comene Mauritius kuluska nkhondo izo zikacitika mu vilimika vya m'ma 1800. Nakuti nkhondo ya mu 1914-1918 yikaŵa nyengo iyo vinthu vikaŵa makora chomene chifukwa cha kukwera kwa mtengo wa shuga. Mu 1919, wupu wa Mauritius Sugar Syndicate ukaŵako, uwo ukaŵa na 70% ya ŵanthu wose awo ŵakapanga shuga. 1920–1939: Liberalisation and reaction M'ma 1920 kukawuka gulu la "retrocessionism", ilo likakhumbanga kuti charu cha Mauritius chiwelere ku France. Mwaluŵiro, gulu ili likamara cifukwa palije uyo wakakhumbanga kuti Mauritius wawelere ku France. Mu nyengo ya suzgo ya ndalama iyo yikaŵako pamanyuma pa nkhondo, mtengo wa shuga ukakhira comene. Malo ghanandi ghakusungirako shuga ghakajalika, ndipo ivi vikalongora kuti ŵantchito ŵa mu vyaru ivi ŵamara. Raoul Rivet, mulembi wa nyuzipepara ya Le Mauricien, wakakhumbanga kuti boma lisinthe malango gha caru kuti ŵanthu ŵa m'maumba ghaciŵiri ŵambe kwendeska vinthu mu caru. Fundo za Arya Samaj zikamba kujintha mu ŵanthu ŵa chisopa cha Chihindu, awo ŵakakhumbanga urunji. Kufuma apo Arlanda wakambira kuwusa mu 1891, m'paka mu 1926, mu wupu wakulongozga mukaŵavya ŵanthu ŵa ku India na Mauritius. Ndipouli, pa 1926 chisankho, Dunputh Lallah na Rajcoomar Gujadhur ŵakaŵa ŵa Indo-Mauritian ŵakwamba kusankhika ku wupu wa malango. Ku Grand Port, Lallah wakathereska Fernand Louis Morel na Gaston Gebert; ku Flacq, Gujadhur wakatonda Pierre Montocchio. Mu 1936, pakababika chipani chakuchemeka Labour Party, icho chikambiska na Maurice Curé. Emmanuel Anquetil wakawovwira ŵantchito ŵa mu matawuni apo Pandit Sahadeo wakawovwira ŵantchito ŵa ku mizi. Nkhondo ya Uba ya mu 1937 yikapangiska kuti boma la Britain lisinthe vinthu kuti ntchito yiŵe makora ndipo likamazga kukanizgika kwa mawupu gha ŵantchito. Zuŵa la Ŵantchito likakondwelereka kakwamba mu 1938. Ŵantchito ŵakujumpha 30,000 ŵakaleka malipiro ghawo gha zuŵa limoza ndipo ŵakiza kufuma mu vigaŵa vyose vya cirwa ici kuzakaŵapo pa ungano ukuru uwo ukacitikira pa malo ghakucemeka Champ de Mars. Pamanyuma pa kunyamuka kwa ŵantchito ŵa pa dowoko, Emmanuel Anquetil uyo wakaŵa mu wupu wa ŵantchito wakatolekera ku Rodrigues, Maurice Curé na Pandit Sahadeo ŵakakakika pa nyumba zawo, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa mu jele. Kazembe wa boma Sir Bede Clifford wakawovwira Mr. Jules Leclezio wa wupu wa Mauritius Sugar Syndicate kuti wawovwirepo pa suzgo ili mwa kugwiliskira nchito ŵantchito ŵanyake awo ŵakamanyikwanga na zina lakuti "black legs". 1939–1945: World War II Apo Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikambanga mu 1939, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Mauritius ŵakajipeleka kuti ŵateŵetere ku Africa na ku vyaru vya ku Near East. Ŵanyake ŵakaluta ku England kukapharazga ndipo ŵakamba kwendera ndege. Nangauli ku Mauritius kukaŵavya suzgo, kweni mu 1943, sitima za pasi pa maji za ku Germany zikabizga sitima zinandi za ku Britain kufupi na Port Louis. Mu nyengo yakwambilira ya nkhondo, ŵasilikari ŵa ku malo agha ŵakaŵikapo mtima kuvikilira caru usange ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵafumako. Gulu linyake la ŵasilikari likapika mulimo wa kwendeska maboti gha mlengalenga kuti ghasangirepo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Japan. Pa 24 March 1943, Mauritius Regiment, yikapangika nga ni gulu la ufumu na gulu liphya la East Africa Command (EAC), ilo lingagwiriskika nchito kulikose apo kale ŵasilikari ŵa Mauritius ŵakagwiriskikanga nchito pa vinthu vya mukati pera. Kuumaliro wa 1943, ŵasilikari ŵa 1st Battalion of the Mauritius Regiment (1MR) ŵakatumika ku Madagascar kuti ŵakasambizgike, ndipo mu malo mwawo, ŵasilikari ŵa King's African Rifles (KAR) ŵakatumika ku Mauritius. Ŵasilikari ŵanyake ŵakakwiya chomene na ivyo vikachitika, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa ku vyaru vinyake awo ŵakaŵa ku vyaru vinyake ŵakaŵa ŵambura kuzgoŵera nkhondo. Ŵasilikari ŵa 1MR ŵakakhuŵara comene cifukwa ca kusankhana mitundu, malipiro ghambura kuyana, masambiro ghakusuzga, ndiposo kopa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Japan. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi mu caru ici. Pakaŵa vivulupi, ndipo boma likakanizga milimo yose ya wupu. Ndipouli, ŵantchito ŵa ku Belle Vue Harel Sugar Estate ŵakamba kunyenyenkha nchito pa Seputembala 27, 1943. Ŵapolisi ŵakamba kuwombera ŵanthu, ndipo ŵakakoma ŵantchito ŵanayi: Soondrum Pavatdan (uyo wakumanyikwa kuti Anjalay Coopen, mwanakazi wa vyaka 32 uyo wakaŵa na nthumbo), Moonsamy Moonien (msepuka wa vyaka 14), Kistnasamy Mooneesamy (wantchito wa vyaka 37), na Marday Panapen. Ici cikacemeka Belle Vue Harel Massacre mu 1943. Basdeo Bissoondoyal, uyo wakaŵa muteŵeti wa boma kweniso mulongozgi wa gulu la Jan Andolan, ndiyo wakanozga viphikiro vya nyifwa ya ŵantchito ŵanayi awo ŵakafwa. Pakati pajumpha myezi yitatu, pa Disembala 12, 1943, Bissoondoyal wakanozga ungano wa ŵanthu ŵanandi ku "Marie Reine de la Paix" ku Port Louis, ndipo wumba ukuru wa ŵantchito ŵakufuma mu vigaŵa vyose vya cirwa ici ukakhozgera kuti gulu lake la Jan Andolan ndakumanyikwa comene. 1945–1960: Postwar politics, universal suffrage Pamanyuma pa kukhazikiska dango liphya la Mauritius mu 1947, pa Ogasiti 9, 1948, pakaŵa mavoti ghacigaŵa, ndipo aka kakaŵa kakwamba kuti boma la ku Mauritius liŵape wanangwa wa kulemba mazina ŵanthu wose ŵakukhwima awo ŵangalemba mazina ghawo mu viyowoyero 19 vya pa cirwa ici. Chipani cha Guy Rozemont cha Labour Party chikapokera mavoti ghanandi, ndipo pa malo 19 agho ghakaŵa ku mavoti, 11 ghakaŵa gha Ŵahindu. Ndipouli, Kazembe Mukuru Donald Mackenzie-Kennedy wakasora ŵa Conservative 12 mu Wupu Wakulongozga pa 23 Ogasiti 1948 kuti ŵalutilire kuŵa na ŵanthu ŵatuŵa ŵa ku France na Mauritius. Mu 1948, Emilienne Rochecouste wakaŵa mwanakazi wakwamba kusankhika kuŵa mu wupu wakuwona vya malango. Gulu la Guy Rozemont likasintha comene mu 1953, ndipo likati lasanga candulo na maungano, likakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu wose ŵaŵe na wanangwa wa kusankha. Mu 1955 na 1957, ku London kukacitika ungano wa malango, ndipo boma likamba kwendera fundo za ŵalaŵiliri. Pa 9 Malichi, 1959, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuvota. Chisankho chachikulu chinapambananso ndi chipani cha Labour, chomwe chikutsogoleredwa ndi Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam. 1960–1968: Ethnic tensions Mu 1961, ku London kukacitika ungano wa kusanda malango, ndipo pakapangika pulogiramu ya kusanda malango. Mu 1963, chipani cha Labour na ŵabwezi ŵake ndiwo ŵakathereska ŵanthu. Ofesi ya Colonial Office yikayowoya kuti ndyali izo zikukolerana na mafuko zikamba kuwoneka chomene ku Mauritius, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakasankhanga ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kuŵa ŵalongozgi (ŵakupambanapambana) na awo ŵakukhumba kuvota (ŵakusankha). Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ŵakumanyikwa ŵa ku Britain, Richard Titmuss na James Meade, ŵakalemba lipoti lakulongosora masuzgo agho ŵanthu ŵakakumananga nagho pa chirwa ichi chifukwa cha unandi wa ŵanthu. Ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe ntchito yikuru ya kulekeska kusazgikira kwa ŵanthu. Kukwambilira kwa chaka cha 1965, ŵanthu ŵakakomeka mu tawuni ya Quatre Bornes, mu tawuni ya Belle-Rose. Pa Meyi 10, 1965, ŵanthu ŵakamba kusankhana mitundu mu muzi wa Trois Boutiques kufupi na Souillac. Mu charu chose cha Britain mukaŵa suzgo likuru. Nkhondo iyi yikayamba cifukwa ca kukoma Beesoo mu galimoto yake na gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku Creole. Kufuma apo, munthu munyake zina lake Mr. Robert Brousse ku Trois Boutiques. Kufuma apo, gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku Creole ŵakaluta ku muzi wakale wa Mahébourg, uwo ukaŵa mumphepete mwa nyanja, kuti ŵakawukire ŵanthu ŵa ku Mauritius awo ŵakawoneleranga mafilimu gha ku India. Apolisi a Mahébourg adalemba madandaulo pafupifupi 100 okhudza nkhanza za Indo-Mauritian. Independence (since 1968) Pa ungano wa Lancaster mu 1965, vikamanyikwa kuti Britain yikukhumba kufumako ku Mauritius. Mu 1959, Harold Macmillan wakayowoya nkhani yake yakumanyikwa comene yakuti "Wind of Change Speech" (Mphepo ya Kusintha) umo wakazomerezga kuti nthowa yiwemi comene yakuti Britain yilondezge nkhupeleka wanangwa wose ku vyaru ivyo yikaŵa pasi pake. Mwantheura, kwamba kuumaliro wa ma 1950, caru cikaŵa cakunozgeka kuti ciŵe cakufwatuka. Pamanyuma, mu 1965, pamanyuma pa ungano wa Lancaster, chigaŵa cha Chagos chikapatuka ku Mauritius na kuzgoka British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT). Pa Ogasiti 7, 1967, pakaŵa maungano gha boma, ndipo chipani cha Independence chikapokera vithuzithuzi vinandi. Mu Janyuwale 1968, masabata ghankhondi na limoza pambere boma la Mauritius lindambe kujiyimira palokha, mu Port Louis mukacitika vivulupi ivyo vikakoma ŵanthu 25. Charu cha Mauritius chikaŵa na dango liphya ndipo chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha pa Malichi 12, 1968. Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam wakazgoka nduna yikuru yakwamba ya Mauritius yakujiyimira pawekha. Mu 1969, chipani cha opposition, Mauritian Militant Movement (MMM), chikayambika, chakulongozgeka na Paul Bérenger. Pamanyuma pake, mu 1971, MMM - yakukhozgeka na mawupu gha ŵantchito - yikamba kubenekelerana mu dowoko, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti mu caru cose muŵe suzgo. Boma la Labour Party na la PMSD (Parti Mauricien Social Démocrate) likakanizga wanangwa wa ŵanthu na kukanizga wanangwa wa vyalo. Paul Bérenger wakayezgeka kukoma ŵanthu ŵaŵiri. On 1 October 1971, his supporter Fareed Muttur died in suspicious circumstances at Le Réduit, whilst driving Paul Bérenger's car. Caciŵiri cikacitiska kuti Azor Adélaïde, uyo wakagwiranga nchito ku dowoko na kucitako vinthu vinyake, wafwe pa Novembala 25, 1971. Pa nyengo iyi, maungano ghakakanizgika. Ŵabali ŵa MMM, kusazgapo Paul Bérenger ŵakakakika pa 23 Disembala 1971. Mulongozgi wa MMM wakafwatulika pakati pajumpha cilimika cimoza. Mu Meyi 1975, ku Yunivesite ya ku Mauritius, ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakagaluka. Ŵasambiri aŵa ŵakakhorwa yayi na masambiro agho ghakaŵapa yayi mwaŵi wa kusanga nchito. Pa Meyi 20, ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵanandi ŵakayezga kunjira mu Port-Louis kujumpha pa mlatho wa Grand River North West, ndipo ŵakakumana na ŵapolisi. Pa Disembala 16, 1975, Nyumba ya Malamulo yikapeleka dango lakuti ŵana wose ŵa vyaka 18 ŵaŵe na wanangwa wa kuvota. Ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti uwu ni nthowa yakuti ŵawukirano ŵaleke kukhuŵara. Pa Disembala 20, 1976 pakaŵa maungano ghacigaŵa. Wupu wa Labour-CAM ukapokera vithuzi 28 pera pa vithuzi 62. MMM yikasanga vithuzi 34 mu Nyumba ya Malamulo kweni Prime Minister wakufumapo Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam wakakwaniska kukhala mu ofesi, na vithuzi viŵiri, pamanyuma pa kukolerana na PMSD ya Gaetan Duval. Mu 1982, boma la MMM-PSM (lakulongozgeka na Nduna Nkuru Anerood Jugnauth, Nduna Nkuru Harish Boodhoo na Nduna ya vya Ndalama Paul Bérenger) likasoleka. Ndipouli, pakaŵa mphindano za maghanoghano na mikhaliro mu ŵalongozgi ŵa MMM na PSM. Nkhondo ya mazaza pakati pa Bérenger na Jugnauth yikamara mu Malichi 1983. Jugnauth wakaluta ku New Delhi kuti wakaŵepo pa ungano wa vyaru vyambura kukolerana; wati wawerako, Bérenger wakapempha kuti paŵe kusintha kwa dango la boma. Pa pempho la Jugnauth, nduna yikuru ya India, Indira Gandhi, yikanozga vyakuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku India ŵanjirengepo kuti ŵaleke kuwukira boma. Boma la MMM-PSM likapatukana myezi 9 pamanyuma pa mavoti gha Juni 1982. Kuyana na nduna yinyake ya munthavi, myezi yinkhondi na yimoza iyi yikaŵa "ciyezgo ca wupu wa Socialist". Harish Boodhoo wakamazga chipani chake cha PSM kuti wanembare wose ŵa PSM ŵanjire chipani chiphya cha Jugnauth cha MSM, mwakuti ŵakhalilire mu boma uku ŵakujipatura ku MMM. Gulu la MSM-Labour-PMSD likathereska pa mavoti gha mu Ogasiti 1983, ndipo Anerood Jugnauth wakaŵa Prime Minister ndipo Gaëtan Duval wakaŵa Deputy Prime Minister. Mu nyengo iyi, chigaŵa cha EPZ chikakura. Vinthu vikamba kwenda makora mu mizi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kugwira ntchito mu misasa. Ici cikapangiska kuti makampani gha shuga ghaleke kukhwaska comene cuma. Makampani ghakurughakuru ghakamba kujura mashopu mu 1985 na kupeleka ngongoli ku ŵanthu ŵambura kusanga ndalama zinandi. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kuluta ku malo ghakwendakwenda, ndipo mahotelo ghaphya ghakazengeka pa chirwa chose. Mu 1989, ŵakajura msika wa malonda, ndipo mu 1992, ŵakajura chiŵanja cha nyanja. Mu 1990, nduna yikaluza pa kuvota pa kusintha Dango kuti caru ici ciŵe caru ca wupu. Republic (since 1992) Pa Malichi 12, 1992, vilimika 24 kufuma apo Mauritius wakapokera wanangwa wake, likapharazgika kuti ni charu cha Commonwealth. Kazembe waumaliro wa Mauritius, Sir Veerasamy Ringadoo, wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba. Ivi vikacitika cifukwa ca ndondomeko ya nyengo yicoko waka, ndipo mu caka ici, Cassam Uteem ndiyo wakanjira mu malo ghake. Nduna yikuru ndiyo yikaŵa na mazaza pa ndyali. Nangauli vinthu vikamba kwenda makora mu caru ici, ndipo mafuta ghakakhira, kweniso ndalama zikakwera, kweni boma likakondwa yayi na ŵanthu. Kuzakafika mu 1984, ŵanthu ŵakakondwa yayi. Kwizira mu Dango Lakukhwaskana na Manyuzipepara na Magazini, boma likayezga kuti nyuzipepara yiliyose yipeleke ndalama zakukwana hafu ya miliyoni. Ŵapharazgi 43 ŵakasuska na kunjilirapo pa ungano wa pa wumba ku Port Louis, panthazi pa Nyumba ya Ufumu. Ŵakakakika na kufwatulika pa kaunti. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵacitire ukali boma ndipo likakhumbikwiranga kuweleramo mu ndondomeko yake. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵakakondwa yayi na masambiro. Pakaŵavya masukulu gha masambiro ghaciŵiri ghapacanya agho ghakaŵa ghakwenelera kuti ghapulikiske ŵanthu awo ŵakumalizga masambiro gha ku pulayimale. Mu 1991, boma likathereska boma chifukwa cha kuleka kukhozgera pulani ya masambiro. Mu Disembala 1995, Navin Ramgoolam wakasankhika kuŵa Prime Minister wa Labour/MMM alliance. Mu Okutobala 1996, ŵanthu ŵatatu awo ŵakakomeka pa Gorah-Issac Street ku Port Louis, ŵakakakika na kufumbika nyengo yitali. Mu 1999, mu Febuluwale na Meyi mukaŵa viwawa. Pamanyuma pa vivulupi vya ku Kaya, Pulezidenti Cassam Uteem na Cardinal Jean Margéot ŵakendera caru cose ndipo mtende ukawelerapo pamanyuma pa mazuŵa ghanayi gha vivulupi. Pakaŵaso komiti yakudumbiskana kuti yamanye ivyo vikambiska suzgo ili. Lipoti ili likalongosora ivyo vikupangiska ukavu ndipo likati visambizgo vinandi vyautesi ni vyautesi. Mu Janyuwale 2000, Rajen Sabapathee, uyo wakaŵa wakulimbikira vya ndyali, wakakomeka na vilwero wati wafumamo mu jele la La Bastille. Sir Anerood Jugnauth wa MSM wakawelera ku mazaza mu Seputembala 2000 pamanyuma pa kukolerana na MMM. Mu 2002, cirwa ca Rodrigues cikazgoka cigaŵa cakujiyimira pacekha mu caru ici ndipo cikaŵa na wanangwa wa kusankha ŵimiliri ŵake kuti ŵakawusenge. Mu 2003, nduna yikuru yikapelekeka kwa Paul Bérenger wa MMM, ndipo Sir Anerood Jugnauth wakaŵa purezidenti. Bérenger wakaŵa nduna yikuru yakwamba ya France na Mauritius mu mbiri ya chalo ichi. Mu mavoti gha 2005, Navin Ramgoolam wakazgoka Prime Minister pasi pa chipani chiphya cha Labour PMXDVFMRMMSM. Mu mavoti gha 2010 chipani cha Labour/MSM/PMSD chikapoka mazaza ndipo Navin Ramgoolam wakalutilira kuŵa Prime Minister mpaka 2014. Chipani cha MSM PMS DML chikapambana pa chisankho cha 2014 pasi pa Anerood Jugnauth. Nangauli pakaŵa mphindano mukati mwa chipani icho chikaŵa pa muwuso icho chikapangiska kuti PMSD yifumeko, kweni MSM ̊ML yikalutilira kuwusa kwa vyaka 5. Pa 21 January 2017, Sir Anerood Jugnauth wakapharazga kuti wafumengepo ndipo mwana wake Pravind Jugnauth ndiyo waŵenge nduna yikuru. Pa 23 January 2017, boma likasintha ndondomeko yake. Mu 2018, pulezidenti wa Mauritius Ameenah Gurib-Fakim wakaleka ntchito chifukwa cha suzgo la ndalama. Purezidenti wapano ndi Prithvirajsing Roopun yemwe wakhala akugwira ntchito kuyambira Disembala 2019. Pa chisankho cha November 2019 ku Mauritius, chipani cha Militant Socialist Movement (MSM) chikapambana mipando yakujumpha hafu mu nyumba ya malango, ndipo Prime Minister Pravind Kumar Jugnauth wakapika nyengo yinyakeso ya vyaka vinkhondi. Pa Julayi 25, 2020, sitima ya ku Japan yakuchemeka MV Wakashio yikakhira pa korali mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Mauritius, ndipo mafuta ghakukwana matani 1,000 ghakafuma mu nyanja. Malo agha ghakaŵa pafupi na malo ghakutowa gha mu nyanja ndipo ghakaŵa ghakuzirwa pa caru cose. Makhalilo gha charu Chigaŵa chose cha charu ichi ni 2,040 km2 (790 sq mi). Ni caru ca nambara 170 pa vyaru vikuruvikuru pa caru cose. Chirwa cha Mauritius chili na virwa vinandi. Chigaŵa cha chuma cha charu ichi chili na malo ghakujumpha 2.3 miliyoni km2 (890,000 sq mi) mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean, kusazgapo malo ghakujumpha 400,000 km2 (150,000 sq mi) agho ghakwendeskeka pamoza na Seychelles. Mauritius Island Chilumba cha Mauritius chili pa mtunda wa makilomita 2,000 (1,200 mi) kufupi na kumwera kwa Africa, pakati pa latitude 19°58.8'S na 20°31.7'S na longitude 57°18.0'E na 57°46.5'E. Ni mtunda wa makilomita 65 mu utali na makilomita 45 mu usani. Malo ghake ghakukwana 1,864.8 km2 (720.0 sq mi). Chirwa ichi chili na mchenga uwemi wa mchenga uwo uli pa mtunda wa makilomita ghakujumpha 150. Ku Mauritius kuli virwa na tumazinga pafupifupi 49, ndipo vinandi vya vyaru ivi vili kuzunulika kuti ni malo ghakusungirako vyamoyo. Chirwa cha Mauritius (Mauritian Creole: Isle Moris; French: Île Maurice, [il mɔʁis]) chili na vyaka vichoko chomene chifukwa cha vimalibwe ivyo vikachitika vyaka 8 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha. Pamoza na Saint Brandon, Réunion, na Rodrigues, cirwa ici nchimoza mwa virwa vya Mascarene. Virwa ivi vikababika cifukwa ca kuphulika kwa vimalibwe vikuruvikuru ivyo vikacitika pasi pa maji, makilomita ghanandi kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa na Madagascar. Ŵali kuleka kuphulika, ndipo sono malo agha ghali kusi kwa Réunion Island. Mauritius wali kuzingilizgika na mapiri ghatali, agho ghakukwera mamita 300 m'paka 800. Malo agha ghakukwera kufuma ku malo gha mumphepete mwa nyanja kuya ku malo ghapakati apo ghakukwana mamita 670 (2,200 ft); pachanya pa mapiri ghose pali Piton de la Petite Rivière Noire (828 m). Pa chirwa ichi pali milonga na tumilonga tunandi uto tukapangika mu mipata iyo yilipo chifukwa cha maji agho ghakwenda. Rodrigues Island Chirwa cha Rodrigues chili pa mtunda wa makilomita 560 kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Mauritius. Rodrigues ni cirwa ico cikucitika cifukwa ca vimalibwe ivyo vikufuma mu mphepete mwa mapiri gha Mascarene. Chirwa ichi chili na mapiri ndipo chili na msana ukuru uwo ukufika pachanya pa Phiri la Limon. Kweniso pa cirwa ici pali malibwe ghanandi gha korali. Malinga ndi Statistics Mauritius, pa 1 Julayi 2019, chiwerengero cha anthu pachilumbachi chinali 43,371. Chagos Archipelago Chirwa cha Chagos chili na virwa vinandi, ndipo chili pa mtunda wa makilomita 2,200 kumpoto kwa Mauritius. Kumpoto kwa chilumba cha Chagos kuli Peros Banhos, Solomon Islands, na Nelson Island; kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kuli The Three Brothers, Eagle Islands, Egmont Islands, na Danger Island. Diego Garcia wali kumwera ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa cirwa ici. Mu 2016, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Chagossian chikaŵa 8,700 ku Mauritius, kusazgapo ŵanthu 483 ŵa ku Mauritius; ŵanthu 350 ŵa mtundu wa Chagossian ŵakukhala ku Seychelles, kusazgapo ŵanthu 75 ŵa ku Seychelles, uku ŵanthu 3,000, kusazgapo ŵanthu 127 ŵa ku Seychelles, ŵakukhala ku UK (ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakura kufuma pa ŵanthu 1200 ŵa mtundu wa Chagossian awo ŵakasamira ku Seychelles). St. Brandon St. Brandon, uyo wakumanyikwaso na zina lakuti Cargados Carajos Shoals, wali pa mtunda wa makilomita 402 kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa chirwa cha Mauritius. Chirwa cha Saint Brandon chili na virwa vinkhondi ivyo vili kufuma ku Mauritius. Virwa ivi vili na virwa 28 m'paka 40. Mu 2008, khoti likuru la Britain (Privy Council) likadumura (Ndime 71) kuti Raphaël Fishing Company ndiyo yili na wanangwa wakukhalapo pa virwa 13 ivyo vili kulembeka mu chikalata cha mu 1901 (cholembeka mu buku la TB25 No. 342) ndipo vikukolerana na fundo izo zili kulembeka mu chikalata ichi; Agaléga Islands Virwa viŵiri vya Agaléga vili pa mtunda wa makilomita 1,000 kumpoto kwa Mauritius. Chirwa cha North chili na utali wa makilomita 12.5 na usani wa makilomita 1.5. Malo ghose gha virwa ivi ni 26 km2. Kuyana na Statistics Mauritius, pa 1 July 2019, ŵanthu ŵa ku Agaléga na St. Brandon wakaŵa na vyaka 274. Tromelin Cirwa ca Tromelin cili pa mtunda wa makilomita 430 kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mauritius. Chirwa cha Tromelin chili pasi pa mazaza gha Mauritius, nangauli chili ku France. Mu 1715, ŵa ku France ŵakamba kulamulira Mauritius, ndipo ŵakamuthya Isle de France. Ku France, charu cha Mauritius chikapelekeka ku Britain na phangano la Paris ilo likalembeka pa Meyi 30, 1814. Charu cha Mauritius chikaŵa pasi pa Britain. Brandon, Tromelin, na Chagos Archipelago, apo Seychelles ghakazgoka malo ghakupambana mu 1906. Ŵanthu ŵakususkana usange Isle de France (uko kukaŵa Mauritius pakwamba) na vigaŵa vyake ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa ufumu wa France vikapelekeka ku Britain mu 1814. Ndime 8 ya phangano la Paris yikati France wapelekenge ku Britain chilumba cha Isle de France "na vyaru ivyo vikuthemba pa charu ichi, nga ni Rodrigues na Seychelles". France yikuwona kuti ufumu wa cirwa ca Tromelin undapelekeke ku Britain. Fundo ya Mauritius yikukolerana na fundo yakuti Isle de France na vyaru vinyake ivyo vikaŵa pasi pake vikapelekeka ku Britain mu 1814. Charu cha Mauritius chikuyowoya kuti pakuti Tromelin yikaŵa chigaŵa cha Isle de France, yikapelekeka ku Britain mu 1814. Virwa vya Agaléga, St. Brandon na Chagos navyo vikazunulika yayi mu phangano la Paris, kweni vikazgoka chigaŵa cha Mauritius. Kweniso boma la Britain ku Mauritius likachitanga vinthu vinyake vyakukhwaskana na Tromelin. Mwaciyelezgero, pakati pa 1901 na 1951, boma la Britain likapeleka wanangwa wa kugwiliskira nchito visomba vinayi pa cirwa ca Tromelin. Mu 1959, ŵalara ŵa boma la Britain ku Mauritius ŵakaphalira wupu wa World Meteorological Organization kuti boma ili likuwona kuti Tromelin ni malo ghawo. Mu 2010, France na Mauritius ŵakachita phangano la kuwusa pamoza, kweni ŵandalisinthe. Chagos Archipelago territorial dispute Mauritius yakhala nyengo yitali yikukhumba kuzomerezga Chirwa cha Chagos, icho chili kumpoto-mafumiro gha dazi kwa mtunda wa makilomita 1,287. Chagos yikaŵa chigaŵa cha Mauritius kufuma mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, apo Ŵafurentshi ŵakamba kukhazikika pa chirwa ichi. Virwa vyose ivyo vikaŵa vigaŵa vya Chirwa cha France (nga umo Mauritius yikaŵira nyengo yira) vikaŵaso vya Ŵangelezi mu 1810 pasi pa Dango la Capitulation ilo likasazgikira pakati pa maufumu ghaŵiri. Mu 1965, vyaka vitatu pambere Mauritius yindambe kujiyimira pawekha, Ufumu wa United Kingdom ukagaŵa virwa vya Chagos kufuma ku Mauritius na virwa vya Aldabra, Farquhar na Desroches kufuma ku Seychelles kuti viŵe British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT). Pa Novembala 8, 1965, virwa ivi vikaŵa chigaŵa cha United Kingdom. Pa Juni 23, 1976, Aldabra, Farquhar, na Desroches ŵakawelera ku Seychelles cifukwa ca kujiwombora. Sono chigaŵa ichi chili na virwa vya Chagos pera. Ufumu wa United Kingdom ukapeleka ku United States cigaŵa cikuru ca Diego Garcia, kuti ciŵe cikaya ca ŵasilikari. Mu 2016, Britain yikatumizga katundu uyu ku United States m'paka mu 2036. Charu cha Mauritius chikayowoyapo kanandi waka kuti kupatukana kwa vigaŵa vyake nkhuswa fundo za wupu wa United Nations izo zikukanizga kugaŵikana kwa vigaŵa ivyo vikaŵa vyakukolerana na charu cha Mauritius pambere charu ichi chindaŵe na wanangwa wakulamulira. Pakati pa 1968 na 1973, ŵalara ŵa boma la Britain ŵakacicizga ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1,000 ŵa ku Chagossian kuti ŵalute ku Mauritius na Seychelles. Pakufumiska ŵanthu mu caru ici, ŵamazaza ŵa ku Britain ŵakasuskika kuti ŵakapeleka dango lakuti ntcheŵe 1,000 za pa cirwa ici zikomeke na gasi. Pa wupu wa United Nations na pa Nyumba ya Malamulo, Britain yikati ku virwa vya Chagos kulije ŵanthu "ŵakukhora" ndipo ŵanthu aŵa ŵakucemeka "ŵaganyu". Kwambira mu 1971, ŵanthu ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha Diego Garcia, uko kuli ŵasilikari na ŵasilikari 3,000 ŵa Britain na United States. Kufuma nyengo yira, ŵanthu ŵa ku Chagossi ŵakamba kulimbikira kuti ŵawelere ku virwa ivi. Chilumba cha Mauritius chikuwona kuti nyanja ya Chagos Archipelago na chirwa cha Tromelin ni chigaŵa cha malo ghake gha vyamalonda. Pa Disembala 20, 2010, charu cha Mauritius chikamba kuzenga mulandu ku United Kingdom kuyana na United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) kuti chipeleke ukaboni wakuti malo gha Chagos Marine Protected Area (MPA) agho charu cha United Kingdom chikakhumbanga kuzunura kuzingilizga chigaŵa cha Chagos mu Epulero 2010, ngaunenesko yayi. Khoti la Permanent Court of Arbitration ndilo likadumura mulandu uwu. Khoti likadumura kuti Ufumu wa United Kingdom uli na wanangwa wakuwezgera chilumba cha Chagos ku Mauritius. Pa Febuluwale 25, 2019, ŵeruzgi ŵa International Court of Justice ŵakadumura kuti Ufumu wa United Kingdom ukwenera kumazga mwaluŵiro boma la Chagos. Mweruzgi munyake wa ku America, Joan Donoghue, ndiyo wakazomerezga. Mulongozgi wa khoti ili, Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf, wakati chigaŵa cha Chagos mu 1965 chikafuma ku Mauritius chifukwa cha "kuyowoya mwakufwatuka ndiposo mwaunenesko yayi". Iyo wakati: "Ufumu wa Britain uli na mulimo wa kumazga boma la Chagos mwaluŵiro comene, ndipo vyaru vyose ivyo vili mu wupu uwu vikwenera kukolerana na wupu wa United Nations kuti Mauritius lileke kuŵa na ŵanthu". Pa Meyi 22, 2019, wupu wa United Nations General Assembly ukadumbiskana na kukolerana fundo iyo yikati chigaŵa cha Chagos, icho chili pasi pa boma la Britain kwa vyaka vyakujumpha 50, "ntchigaŵa cha Mauritius". Fundo iyi yikukolerana na fundo ya khoti la International Court of Justice (ICJ), iyo yikati Britain "yifumiskemo boma lake mu vyaru vinyake mu myezi 6". Pa nyengo ya kudumbiskana, nduna yikuru ya Mauritius yikati kufumiska ŵanthu ŵa ku Chagossi "nkhuheni kwa ŵanthu". Nangauli fundo iyi njambura kukanizgika na dango, kweni njakuzirwa comene pa nkhani za ndyali, cifukwa ni khoti likuru comene la UN ilo likadumura mulandu uwu. Fundo iyi yili na vyakufumapo viwemi: UN, mawupu ghake, na mawupu ghanyake ghose gha pa caru cose, sono ghali na wanangwa wa kwendera malango gha UN kuti ghawovwire Mauritius kuleka kukolerana na vyaru vinyake nangauli UK yikuyowoya kuti yikukayika yayi za muwuso wake. Chilengiwa Biodiversity Mu caru ici muli vyakumera na vinyama vinyake ivyo ni vichoko comene pa caru, kweni ŵanthu ŵakukhala mu vyaru ivi ndipo vyamoyo vinyake ivyo vikusangika mu vyaru ivi vikumara. Cifukwa cakuti cirwa ca Mauritius cili na mapiri, nchitali comene, nchakutali comene, ndiposo cili na malo ghapadera, pali vyakumera na vinyama vyakupambanapambana. Pambere Ŵapwitikizi ŵandafike mu 1507, pa cirwa ici pakaŵavya vinyama. Ivi vikapangiska kuti viyuni vinandi ivyo vingawulukira yayi na vinyama vikuruvikuru viŵepo. Ŵanthu ŵati ŵafika, ŵakambiska vyamoyo vinyake ivyo vikaŵako mwaluŵiro chomene. Nkhuku ya dodo iyo yikuleka kuwuluka, iyo njimoza mwa vinyama ivyo vikusangika mu charu cha Mauritius, yili kumara. Nyama iyi yikuwoneka makora chomene pa vikozgo vya ku Mauritius. Pasono nkhorongo yichoko waka pa vigaŵa viŵiri ivyo vili mu charu ichi, yili mu Black River Gorges National Park kumwera kwa charu ichi, Bambous Mountain Range kumwera kwa charu ichi, na Moka-Port Louis Ranges kumpoto kwa charu ichi. Mu tawuni iyi muli mapiri ghanandi, Corps de Garde, Le Morne Brabant, na virwa vinyake vya mumphepete mwa nyanja. Vinyama na vyakumera vyakujumpha 100 vili kumara ndipo vinyake vinandi vili pangozi. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, ntchito ya kuvikilira vyakumera na viyuni yikamba. Mu 2011, Unduna wa Vyakwendakwenda na Vyakuzenga ukafumiska lipoti lakuti "Mauritius Environment Outlook Report", ilo likayowoya kuti msumba wa St. Brandon uŵe malo ghakuvikilirika. Mu Malipoti gha Pulezidenti wa Mauritian Wildlife Foundation gha mu Malichi 2016, St Brandon wakuyowoyeka kuti ni projekiti ya MWF yakovwira kuvikilira cirwa ici. Nkhaŵala yakuwuluka ya ku Mauritius ndiyo yikukhala pa chirwa ichi, ndipo yili pangozi yikuru mu vyaka vyasonosono apa chifukwa cha boma ilo likakanizga kupha nkhunda mu Novembala 2015. Pambere chaka cha 2015 chindafike, chifukwa cha chimphepo chikuru, chiŵeto cha viyuni ivi chikakwera chomene. Mu Okutobala 2018, ŵakazomerezga kuti 20% ya viyuni vya viyuni vya viyuni vya viyuni vya viyuni ivi vifwe. Environment and climate Malo gha ku Mauritius ngakututuka mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja. Vivula ivyo vikuchitika nyengo na nyengo vikuparanya vyakumera na vinyama, nangauli vikusintha luŵiro. Charu cha Mauritius chili pa malo ghaciŵiri pa ndondomeko ya umo mphepo yikukhalira iyo yikalembeka na wupu wa vyaumoyo pa caru cose mu 2011. Chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa pa malo gha 100 pa vyaru 172. Pakuti charu cha Mauritius chili pafupi na Tropic of Capricorn, nyengo yake njakuthukira. Pali nyengo ziŵiri: chihanya chamoto kufuma mu Novembala m'paka Epulero, ndipo nyengo yakuzizima yikuŵa yakuzizima kufuma mu Juni m'paka Seputembala. Kusiyana kwa matenthedwe pakati pa nyengo za mu chaka ni 4.3°C pera. Miyezi yakuzizima chomene ni Janyuwale na Febuluwale, ndipo muhanya wakuzizima chomene wakufika pa 29.2 °C (84.6 °F). Ku chigaŵa cha mumphepete mwa nyanja kukulokwa maji ghakukwana 900 mm m'paka 1,500 mm mu chigaŵa chapakati. Nangauli nyengo ya vula yikuŵako yayi, kweni vula yinandi yikulokwa mu nyengo ya chihanya. Kutentha kwa nyanja mu nyanja iyi kukufuma pa 22°C kufika pa 27°C. Malo agha ngakutowa comene kuluska malo ghanyake gha mumphepete mwa nyanja ndipo ghakukhoma comene. Mphepo ya ku mpoto yikovwira kuti chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa cirwa ici ciŵe cakupumulirapo ndipo yikupeleka vula yinandi. Nyengo zinyake, mu Janyuwale m'paka Malichi, kukuŵa chimphepo chikuru icho chikuchitiska kuti kuŵe vula zinandi. Prime Minister Pravind Jugnauth wakapharazga kuti pali suzgo la vyalo pamanyuma pa ngozi ya mafuta ya MV Wakashio pa 25 July 2020. France wakatumizga ndege na ŵantchito ŵakufuma ku Réunion ndipo Greenpeace yikati nthenda iyi yikananga vyamoyo vikuruvikuru, ivyo "vingafwa mu nyanja ya ukazuzi". Boma na ndale Boma la Mauritius lili na boma la demokilase, ndipo pulezidenti ndiyo ni mutu wa boma. Charu cha Mauritius chili na vyaru vinandi. Boma ndilo lili na mazaza ghakulongozga. Boma na Nyumba ya Malango ndivyo vili na mazaza gha kupanga malango. Nyumba ya Malango ya ku Mauritius yikucemeka kuti Nyumba ya Malango m'paka mu 1992, apo charu ichi chikazgoka repubulika. Wupu uwu uli na ŵanthu 70, ndipo ŵanthu 62 ŵakusankhika kuti ŵateŵetere vyaka vinayi mu vigaŵa vinandi. Komiti ya UN ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu (UNHRC), iyo yikulaŵilira umo vyaru vyamunyumba vikulondezgera phangano la wanangwa wa ndyali na wanangwa wa ŵanthu (ICPCR), yikususka ndondomeko ya boma ya "Best Loser System" pamanyuma pa kudandawura kwa wupu wa ŵawukirano na wupu wa wupu wa vyamalonda.Pulezidenti wakusankhika na Nyumba ya Malamulo kuti waŵepo vyaka vinkhondi. Chirwa cha Mauritius chili na vigaŵa 20, ndipo chigaŵa chilichose chili na ŵanthu ŵatatu. Chirwa cha Rodrigues chili na chigaŵa chimoza icho chili na ŵanthu ŵaŵiri. Para paŵa maungano ghacigaŵa, wupu wakuwona vya maungano ungimika ŵanthu ŵanyake 8 kuti ŵawovwirepo. Ndondomeko iyi yikumanyikwa kuti ndiyo yikovwira kuti munthu waleke kusuzgika. Chipani panji chipani icho chikupokera vithuzithuzi vinandi mu Nyumba ya Malamulo ndicho chikupangiska boma. Mulongozgi wake ni nduna yikuru, uyo wakusankha nduna kufuma mu ŵanthu awo ŵakusoleka mu wumba, padera pa loya mukuru wa Mauritius, uyo wangaŵa mu wumba yayi. Chipani panji wupu wa ndyali uwo uli na ŵimiliri ŵanandi chomene ndiwo ukuŵa chipani icho chikususkana na boma ndipo mulongozgi wake wakuŵa mulongozgi wa chipani ichi. Pa milimo yake yakwamba, wupu uwu ukusankha mulara wa komiti, mulara wa komiti, na mulara wa komiti. Charu cha Mauritius chili na boma la demokilase ilo likusankhika pa vilimika vinkhondi vilivyose. Chisankho chaposachedwa kwambiri cha National Assembly chidachitika pa 7 Novembala 2019 m'malo onse 20 osankhika, komanso m'chigawo chomwe chimaphimba chilumba cha Rodrigues. Pa nyengo iyi, maungano gha vipani viŵiri vikuru vikususkana pa nkhani ya kusankha ŵanthu. Mu 2018 Ibrahim Index of African Governance, Mauritius wali pa malo ghakwamba pa nkhani ya muwuso uwemi. Kuyana na Democracy Index ya 2017 iyo yikupangika na Economist Intelligence Unit iyo yikupima umo demokilase yiliri mu vyaru 167, Mauritius yili pa nambara 16 pa caru cose ndipo ndico cikaya cimoza pera mu Africa ico cili na "demokrasi yeneko". Administrative subdivisions Chirwa cha Mauritius chili na chigaŵa chimoza pera, cha Outer Islands of Mauritius (Chifurenchi: Îles éparses de Maurice). Chirwa cha Mauritius chili na vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri. Military Ŵasilikari, ŵapolisi, na ŵavikiliri wose ŵa ku Mauritius ŵakuteŵetera na ŵasilikari 10,000. Gulu la ŵapolisi ilo lili na ŵanthu 8,000, ndilo likuvikilira malango mu charu. Gulu la Special Mobile Force (SMF) la ŵanthu 1,400 na National Coast Guard la ŵanthu 688 ndiwo ni magulu ghaŵiri pera gha ŵasilikari ku Mauritius. Ŵapolisi ŵa mu maofesi agha ŵakugwira nchito nyengo yitali. Kweniso ku Mauritius kuli ŵasilikari awo ŵakugwira ntchito zapadera ndipo ŵakumanyikwa kuti 'GIPM' awo ŵakunjilirapo para kwacitika vivulupi panji vinthu vinyake vyakofya. Foreign relations Mauritius wali na ubwezi wakukhora na vyaru vya ku Africa, America, Asia, Europe na Oceania. Pakuti Mauritius ni cigaŵa ca ku Africa, wali na ubwezi na vyaru vya mu Africa, comenecomene na vyaru vya ku South Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Mauritius ŵakunjira mu vyaru vya ku Africa, comenecomene Madagascar, Mozambique na Zimbabwe. Vinthu vya ndyali ivyo charu ichi chikulondezga na kuthemba chomene vyamalonda vya ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, vyapangiska kuti chiŵe paubwezi na wupu wa European Union na vyaru vinyake, chomenechomene France. Ubwezi withu na India ngwakukhora comene cifukwa ca mbiri na malonda. Mu Epulero 1972, charu cha Mauritius chikamba kukolerana na charu cha China, ndipo mu chaka chenechichi chikachichizgika kuvikilira charu ichi. Kweniso likusazgirako mulimo wake wa ku Middle East mwa kuzenga ofesi ya ku Saudi Arabia, iyo yili na nthumwi ku Bahrain. Charu cha Mauritius chili mu wupu wa United Nations, World Trade Organization, African Union, Commonwealth of Nations, La Francophonie, Southern Africa Development Community, Indian Ocean Commission, Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, na Indian Ocean Rim Association. Legal system Charu cha Mauritius chili na malango ghakupambanapambana agho ghakafuma ku malango gha Britain na French. Ndondomeko ya Mauritius yikupatura mazaza pakati pa wupu wakulongozga, wupu wakulongozga, na wupu wakweruzga. Mauritius yili na khoti limoza ilo lili na makhoti ghaŵiri, Khoti Likuru Chomene na makhoti ghapasi. Khoti Likuru Nkhanira lili na maofesi ghakupambanapambana nga ni Master's Court, Family Division, Commercial Division (Bankruptcy), Criminal Division, Mediation Division, Court of First Instance in civil and criminal proceedings, Appellate jurisdiction: the Court of Civil Appeal and the Court of Criminal Appeal. Makhoti ghakulongozga ghakusazgapo makhoti gha Intermediate Court, Industrial Court, District Courts, Bail and Remand Court na Court of Rodrigues. Komiti ya vya Malango ya Privy Council ndiyo ni khoti lakunjilirapo la Mauritius. Mauritius wakati wapokera wanangwa wake mu 1968, wakalutilira kuŵa na khoti lakunjilirapo. Para khoti la apilu panji la khoti likuru lakwera ku khoti ili, munthu wangapempha khoti ili kuti limovwire, nga umo vili kulembekera mu chigaŵa cha 81 cha Dango na chigaŵa cha 70A cha Dango la Makhoti. Komiti ya Malango yingapelekaso wanangwa wapadera wa kuchemerezga ku khoti la milandu ya wanangwa wa wanangwa wa wanangwa wa wanangwa wa wanangwa wa wanangwa wa wanangwa kuyana na chigaŵa cha 81 (5) cha Dango. Ŵanthu Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Mauritius chikaŵa 1,265,985, ndipo 626,341 ŵakaŵa ŵanalume ndipo 639,644 ŵakaŵa ŵanakazi pa Julayi 1, 2019. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga pa cirwa ca Mauritius ŵakaŵa 1,222,340, ndipo ŵa pa cirwa ca Rodrigues ŵakaŵa 43,371; Agaléga na Saint Brandon ŵakaŵa 274. Charu cha Mauritius ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene kuluska vyaru vinyake mu Africa. Kuyana na dango ilo likasintha mu 1982, kalembera uyu wakulembapo yayi vya ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanyake, kweni wakulembapo vya chisopa. Kafukufuku wa mu 1972 ndiyo wakaŵa waumaliro kupima mtundu. Charu cha Mauritius chili na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana. Kuyana na Dango la Mauritius, pali vigaŵa vinayi pa chirwa ichi. Kuyana na dango ili, maukaboni gha ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanyake gha mu 1972 ghakovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanyake ŵagomezgeke makora. Chisopo Kuyana na kalembera wa 2011 uyo wakachitika na Statistics Mauritius, 48.5% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Mauritius ŵakulondezga Chihindu, ndipo ŵakulondezga Chikhristu (32.7%), mwa iwo 26.3% mba Katolika, Chisilamu (17.2%) na visopa vinyake (0.7%). Pa ŵanthu aŵa, 0,7% ŵakajiwonanga kuti ŵakusopa yayi ndipo 0,1% ŵakazgora yayi. Ndondomeko iyi yikukanizga kusankhana chifukwa cha chisopa ndipo yikuphalira munthu kuti waŵe na wanangwa wakusopa, kusintha chisopa, panji kuleka kuŵa nacho. Tchalitchi la Roman Catholic, Church of England, Presbyterian Church of Mauritius, Seventh-day Adventists, Hindu Temples Associations and Muslim Mosques Organizations, ŵakususkika pa msonkho ndipo ŵakupokera wovwiri wa ndalama mwakuyana na unandi wa ŵanthu. Visopa vinyake vingalembeka na kufwatulika ku msonkho, kweni vikupokera ndalama yayi. Maholide gha visopa ni Maha Shivaratri, Ougadi, Thaipoosam Cavadee, Ganesh Chaturthi, na Diwali, kweniso Eid al-Fitr. Boma likucitapo kanthu pa ndondomeko iyi na makomiti ghapadera agho ghakulongozga ulendo wa ku Ganga Talao pa zuŵa la Maha Shivaratri na ulendo wa chaka na chaka wa Ŵakatolika ku malo ghakupumulirako Jacques-Désiré Laval ku Sainte-Croix. Viyowoyelo Dango la Mauritius likuyowoyapo yayi za chiyowoyero cha boma. Dango la caru likulongosora waka kuti ciyowoyero cakuzomerezgeka ca Nyumba ya Ufumu ni Cingelezi. Kweni waliyose wangayowoya ciyowoyero ca ku France. Chiyowoyero cha Chingelezi na Chifurenchi ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene ku Mauritius chifukwa ndicho chikuŵa chiyowoyero cha boma, makhoti, na bizinesi. Dango la Mauritius lili kulembeka mu Cingelezi, kweni malango ghanyake nga ni Civil Code na Criminal code ghali kulembeka mu Cifurenci. Ndalama za ku Mauritius zili na vilembo vya Cilatini, Tamil, na Devanagari. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Mauritius ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinandi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya makora Chingelezi na Chifurenchi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuyowoya Cifurenci na Cingelezi para ŵakusambira panji para ŵakuchita ntchito zinyake, kweni viyowoyero vya ku Asia vikugwiliskirika nchito comene pa nkhani ya sumu, cisopa, na mitheto. Ŵakupharazga na kulemba mabuku ghanandi mu Cifurenci. Chiyowoyero cha Mauritian Creole, icho chili kufuma ku Chifurenchi, chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵanandi nga ni chiyowoyero chawo. Viyowoyero vya Creole ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu virwa vyakupambanapambana vya caru ici vikuyana: Creole ya ku Mauritius, Creole ya ku Rodrigues, Creole ya ku Agalega na Creole ya ku Chagos vikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Mauritius, Rodrigues, Agaléga na Chagos. Viyowoyero vinyake ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu Mauritius ni: Chi Bhojpuri, Chitchayinizi, Chihindi, ChiMarathi, Chitamilu, ChiTelugu, na Chiurdu. Pa nyengo yinyake, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakayowoyanga ciyowoyero ici, kweni pasono ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya yayi. Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2011, ŵanthu 5% ndiwo ŵakayowoyanga Ci Bhojpuri. Ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakwenera kusambira Cingelezi na Cifurenci. Visambizgo vikupambana ku sukulu na sukulu, kweni visambizgo ivi vikuŵa mu Chingelezi ku masukulu gha boma na ghapadera. Masambiro gha O-Level na A-Level ghakuchitika mu masukulu gha boma na ghapachekha agho boma likovwira. Masambilo Masukulu gha ku Mauritius ghakupambanapambana. Masambiro agha ghakukhala vyaka viŵiri panji vitatu, vyaka vinkhondi na cimoza vya masambiro gha ku pulayimale, vyaka vinkhondi vya masambiro gha ku sekondare, na vyaka viŵiri vya masambiro gha ku sekondare. Ŵasambizgi ŵa masukulu gha sekondare ŵakuzunura mazgu ghakuti "koleji". Boma la Mauritius likupeleka masambiro ghaulere ku ŵanthu ŵake kwambira ku pulayimale m'paka ku masambiro ghapachanya. Mu 2013, ndalama izo boma likagwiliskiranga ntchito pa masambiro zikaŵa 13,584 miliyoni. Kwambira mu Janyuwale 2017, boma lasintha ndondomeko ya masambiro mu charu ichi. Masambiro gha O-Level na A-Level ghakucitika na University of Cambridge kwizira mu University of Cambridge International Examinations mwakukolerana na MES. Masukulu ghapachanya ghakusazgapo mayunivesite na maofesi ghanyake gha vya sayansi mu Mauritius. Maunivesite ghaŵiri ghakuru gha boma ni Yunivesite ya Mauritius na Yunivesite ya Technology, kusazgapo Université des Mascareignes, iyo yikambika mu 2012, na Open University Mauritius. Masukulu ghanayi gha boma agha pamoza na masukulu ghanyake ghanandi gha masukulu gha masukulu ghapachanya, ghalije malipiro gha masambiro. Mu 2015, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵakumanya kulemba na kulemba chikaŵa 92.7%. Charu cha Mauritius chili pa malo 52 pa Global Innovation Index mu 2021, ndipo chili pa malo 1 mu Africa. Chuma Kufuma apo charu cha Mauritius chikapokera wanangwa kufuma ku Britain mu 1968, chikaŵa na ndalama zichoko chomene ndipo chikaŵa pa ulimi. Kweni sono chili na ndalama zinandi chomene. Mbiri ya vyachuma ya charu cha Mauritius kufuma apo chikapokera wanangwa yikuchemeka "Cakuzizwiska cha ku Mauritius" kweniso "Cakuzizwiska cha mu Africa". Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, vyakupharazga, vyakurya vya mu nyanja, kupokelera ŵalendo na kupanga katundu, vyakupwelelera umoyo, nkhongono zakusunkhunyikaso, na masambiro na masambiro vyazgoka vigaŵa vyakuzirwa, ndipo vikukopa ndalama zinandi kufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Charu cha Mauritius chilije mafuta agho ghangaŵawovwira, ntheura ghakuthemba pa mafuta kuti ghatovwire kusanga nkhongono. Magesi gha mu malo agha na ghakusangikaso ni biomass, hydro, solar na wind. Charu cha Mauritius chili na chigaŵa chikuru chomene pa charu chose, ndipo mu 2012, boma likapharazga kuti likukhumba kukhozga vyalo vya mu nyanja. Charu cha Mauritius chili pa malo ghapacanya comene pa nkhani ya mpikisano wa vya cuma, malo ghakwendeskera ndalama, muwuso uwemi, na cuma cakufwatuka. GDP (PPP) yikayaniskika pa US$ 29.187 billion mu 2018, ndipo GDP (PPP) pa munthu yumoza yikajumpha US$ 22,909, ndiyo yikaŵa yaciŵiri pa vyaru vinandi mu Africa. Ku Mauritius kuli vyaru ivyo ŵanthu ŵakusangirapo ndalama zinandi chomene. Mu lipoti la World Bank la Ease of Doing Business Index la 2019, Mauritius wali pa nambara 13 pa vyaru vyose pa charu chose. Kuyana na Unduna wa Vyachilendo wa ku Mauritius, masuzgo agho caru ici cikukumana nagho nkhugomezga comene vigaŵa vicoko waka vya vyamalonda, kucenjera comene, kusoŵa kwa ŵantchito ŵaluso, ucekuru wa ŵanthu, na makampani gha boma na mawupu gha boma agho ghakucita makora yayi. Charu cha Mauritius chili na chuma cha msika. Kuyana na lipoti la 2019 Economic Freedom of the World, Mauritius wali pa nambara 9 pa vyaru ivyo vili na chuma cha wanangwa. Financial services Wupu wa Financial Services Commission ukati mu 2018, ntchito za ndalama na za inshuwalansi zikapangiska kuti GDP ya charu ichi yikwane 11.1%. Mu vyaka vyose ivi, Mauritius wali kujilongora kuti ni malo ghakwenelera kugwilira nchito mu vyaru vya ku Africa cifukwa ca malo agho ghalipo pakati pa Asia na Africa, malango ghakwendeskera vyaru vinyake, kucita bizinesi mwakupepuka, malango ghakovwira kuvikilira ndalama, malango ghakukanizga msonkho, ŵanthu awo ŵali na maluso ghanandi ndiposo awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinandi, mtende wa ndyali, unonono wa milandu, kweniso vinthu vyamahara ivyo vingawovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe ŵakukolerana. Mu tawuni iyi muli mabanki ghanandi gha pa caru cose, mawupu gha malango, mawupu ghakupeleka wovwiri ku mabungwe, mabungwe gha vya ndalama, na mabungwe ghanyake. Vinthu vya ndalama na mauteŵeti, vikusazgapo banki ya ŵanthu ŵekha, bizinesi ya pa caru cose, inshuwalansi na reinshuwalansi, mabungwe ghakukanizgika, mabungwe ghakusungirako vinthu, mabungwe ghakusungirako vinthu, mabungwe ghakusungirako vinthu, mabungwe gha vya ndalama, maofesi gha boma gha pa caru cose. Msonkho wa ŵanthu wose ukufuma pa 15% m'paka 17% ndipo msonkho wa munthu waliyose ukufuma pa 10% m'paka 25%. Nangauli caru ici cikuperekaso vyandulo nga ni msonkho na kufwatuka mu vigaŵa vinyake kuti cikhozge mpikisano wake, kweni kanandi ŵapharazgi ŵakuciwona nga ni malo gha msonkho cifukwa ca ŵanthu na makampani agho ghakucita vinthu vyambura kwenelera mu cigaŵa ca vya ndalama. Charu ichi chili na mbiri yiwemi chifukwa cha kulondezga ndondomeko yiwemi na malango ghakukhora. Mu Juni 2015, charu cha Mauritius chikapokelera phangano la vyaru vinandi lakukhwaskana na wovwiri wa boma pa nkhani za misonkho. Charu cha Mauritius chili mu wupu wakuzenga wupu wa Eastern and Southern Africa Anti-Money Laundering Group, ndipo chili panthazi pa kulimbana na vigeŵenga. Charu chazomerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵasinthane mauthenga mwakuyana na Common Reporting Standard na Foreign Accounts Tax Compliance Act. Tourism Charu cha Mauritius ntchigaŵa chikuru icho ŵanthu ŵakwendakwenda, ndipo vyalo ivi ndivyo vikovwira chomene pa vyachuma. Chirwa ichi chili na maji ghawemi, vigaŵa vya nyanja vyakubisilizga, vigaŵa vya nyanja, vyakumera na vyakumera vya mu vyaru vyamuthondo, kweniso ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana. Chiŵelengero cha ŵalendo awo ŵizenge mu charu ichi mu 2019 chikukwana 1,450,000. Mazuŵa ghano, charu cha Mauritius chili na malo ghaŵiri agho ghakumanyikwa na UNESCO kuti ntchiharo cha charu chose. Kweniso, Black River Gorges National Park yili pa ndondomeko ya UNESCO. Transport Kwambira mu 2005, basi za ŵanthu wose ku Mauritius ni zaulere ku ŵana ŵa sukulu, ŵanthu ŵakupendera, na ŵacekuru. Pasono ku Mauritius kuli nchito ya kujintha njanji, cifukwa njanji izo kale zikaŵa za ŵanthu ŵacilendo zili kuleka kugwira nchito. Ku Port Louis kuli dowoko la malonda gha vyaru vyakupambanapambana kweniso malo ghakwendako sitima. Malo ghekha ghakwendera ndege gha pa charu chose ni Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport, ndipo ni malo ghakwendera ndege gha boma la Mauritius. Malo ghanyake ghakwendera ndege ni Sir Gaëtan Duval Airport ku Rodrigues. Charu cha Mauritius chili na suzgo likuru la magalimoto cifukwa ca unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakwenda pa msewu, comenecomene awo ŵakwenda pa galimoto. Kuti ŵamazge suzgo la kunjira mu misewu, boma la Japan lakwamba kupanga sitima ya Metro Express. Mzere uwu ukufuma ku Port Louis na kuluta ku Curepipe. Chigaŵa chakwamba chikamba mu 2020 ndipo chigaŵa chachiŵiri chikamara mu 2021. Ntchito iyi yili pafupi kumara ndipo yizamwamba mu Okutobala 2023. Boma likunozgaso vinyake. Information and communications technology Munda wa umanyi na mawupu (ICT) ndiwo ukapangiska 5.7% ya GDP mu 2016. Kweniso, wupu wa African Network Information Centre (AFRINIC) (Ubungwe wa pa Intaneti ku Africa) uli na ofesi yake mu Ebene. Charu cha Mauritius chikukolerana na Intaneti pa charu chose kwizira mu tumakompyuta tunandi uto tukwendeskeka na maji, nga ni Lower Indian Ocean Network (LION), Mauritius-Rodrigues Submarine Cable, na South Africa Far East (SAFE). Mwambo Art Ŵaluso ŵa ku Mauritius nga ni Henri Le Sidaner, Malcolm de Chazal, Raouf Oderuth na Vaco Baissac. Gabrielle Wiehe ni munthu wakumanyikwa comene pakucita vithuzithuzi na kupanga vithuzi. Kweniso ku Mauritius ndiko kukafuma mathamalero gha ku Mauritius, agho ghakaŵa ghacoko comene pa mathamalero ghose pa caru capasi. Architecture Vinthu vyakupambanapambana ivyo vili mu charu cha Mauritius vikulongora umo charu ichi chikaŵira pakwamba. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700, ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands, France, na Britain ŵakamba kupanga vinthu vyakupambanapambana na ku India na East Africa. Vinthu vya ku Mauritius vili kupangika mu nthowa zakupambanapambana, kweniso vili na vinthu vyakutowa ivyo vikukolerana na mbiri ya charu cha Mauritius, nyanja ya Indian Ocean, na vyaru vya ku Europe. Vyaka vinandi vya kusintha kwa ndyali, umoyo wa ŵanthu, na vya cuma, vyapangiska kuti vinthu vya ku Mauritius vileke kusangikaso. Pakati pa 1960 na 1980, nyumba zakutowa izo zikaŵa pa malo ghapacanya gha pa cirwa ici, zikamara kuzimwika. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ŵanthu ŵabwangandura minda, nyumba za ŵanthu, na nyumba za ŵanthu. Msumba ukuru wa Port Louis ndiwo ukasintha yayi m'paka pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1990, kweni sono uli na vinthu vinandi ivyo vinganangikirathu. Vinthu vyakupambanapambana ivyo vikuchitika pa malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale ku Mauritius vikupangiska kuti malo agha ghaleke kuŵa na phindu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu nyumba za ŵanthu ŵa ku Creole. Literature Ŵanandi awo ŵakalembako mabuku mu Mauritius ŵakaŵa Eugénie Poujade, Marie-Thérèse Humbert, Malcolm de Chazal, Ananda Devi, Shenaz Patel, Khal Torabully, J. M. Wakayama G. Le Clézio, Aqiil Gopee na Dev Virahsawmy. J. Wakayama M. Wakayama G. Le Clézio, uyo wakapokera chawanangwa cha Nobel mu 2008, ni wa ku Mauritius ndipo wali na wanangwa wa ku France na Mauritius. Pa cirwa ici ndipo pakacitikiranga upharazgi wa Le Prince Maurice Prize. Kuyana na umo ŵanthu ŵa pa cirwa ici ŵakucitira, pa cilimika cilicose ŵakupeleka cawanangwa ici ku ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Cingelezi na Cifurenci. Music Vyakwimba vikuru comene vya ku Mauritius ni Sega na sumu zake za fusion, Seggae, sumu za ŵanthu ŵa ku Bhojpuri, sumu za mafilimu gha ku India comenecomene za ku Bollywood, na sumu za Classical comenecomene za ku Western Classical Music na za ku India Classical Music. Cuisine Vyakurya vya ku Mauritius vikusazga vyakurya vya ku India, Creole, French, na Chinese. Vyakununkhira ni vyakurya vyakuzirwa chomene mu Mauritius. Pali mtundu unyake wa Falaooda wa ku Peresiya, uwo ukuchemeka alouda. Mu malo ghanandi ŵakuguliska vingwa vya ku France. Vyakurya ivyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kurya ni vyakurya vyakuphakaphaka vyakuchemeka dholl puri, biryani wakupangika na mpunga, na gâteau piment. Holidays and festivals Mazuŵa gha vikondwelero vya ku Mauritius ghakukolerana na mitheto yakupambanapambana. Pali viphikiro vya Chihindu, vya Chikhristu, vya ku China, na vya Ŵasilamu. Ku Mauritius kuli maholide 14 ndipo chaka chiphya chikukondwelereka kwa mazuŵa ghaŵiri usange chikuchitika pa sabata. Maholide ghose gha visopa ghakusintha chaka na chaka, kweni Khisimasi pera ndiyo yikusintha. Vikondwelero vinyake nga ni Holi, Raksha Bandhan, Durga Puja, Père Laval Pilgrimage navyo vikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa Mauritius ŵakhalenge makora. Sport Maseŵera agho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa ku Mauritius ni bola ndipo timu ya charu ichi yikucemeka The Dodos panji Club M. Maseŵero ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa ku Mauritius nga ni kuchimbira njinga, maseŵero gha pa thebulu, kuphalizgana pa mahachi, badminton, volleyball, basketball, handball, nkhonya, judo, karate, taekwondo, kuwuska vizito, kuzenga thupi, na maseŵero ghanyake. Maseŵero gha mu maji nga nkhuskamba, kwendeska ngalaŵa, kuskamba, kuskamba pa mphepo, na kuskamba pa ndege. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuphalizgana pa mahachi kufuma mu 1812 apo ŵakajura malo ghakuchemeka Champ de Mars. Charu ichi ndicho chikachitiska maseŵero gha ku virwa vya mu Nyanja ya Indian (Indian Ocean Island Games) ghaciŵiri (1985), cacinayi (2003) na ca khumi (2019). Chilumba cha Mauritius chinalandira mendulo yake yoyamba ya Olimpiki pa Olimpiki ya Chilimwe ya 2008 ku Beijing pamene nkhonya Bruno Julie inalandira mendulo ya bronze. Mu gofu, Mauritius Open wakale na AfrAsia Bank Mauritius Open sono ni vigaŵa vya European Tour. Wonaniso Cargados Carajos and Agalega Constitution of Mauritius Index of Mauritius-related articles Judicial Committee of the Privy Council List of Mauritius-related topics List of Sino-Mauritian dishes Mauritian rupee Outline of Mauritius Vyakulremba Ukaboni Mabuku Vyakulemba vinyake Bahadur, Gaiutra (2014). Coolie Woman: The Odyssey of Indenture. The University of Chicago. ISBN 978-0-226-21138-1. Moree, Perry J. (1998). A Concise History of Dutch Mauritius, 1598–1710: A Fruitful and Healthy Land. Routledge. Vink, Markus (2003). "'The World's Oldest Trade': Dutch Slavery and Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean in the Seventeenth Century". Journal of World History. 14 (2): 131–177. doi:10.1353/jwh.2003.0026. S2CID 145450338. Mabuku Geneviève Dormann, Le bal du dodo, Albin Michel, 2000, ISBN 9782226036568. J.M.G. Le Clézio, La quarantaine, Gallimard, 1997, ISBN 9782070402106. Nathacha Appanah, Les rochers de poudre d'or, Gallimard, 2006. Shenaz Patel, Le silence des Chagos, éditions de l'Olivier, 2005, ISBN 9782879294544. Vigaŵa vya kuwalo Reference Mauritius at Curlie Country Profile from BBC News Key Development Forecasts for Mauritius from International Futures Mauritius at UCB Libraries GovPubs Mauritius entry at Encyclopædia Britannica Mauritius. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Government Board of Investment Mauritius Government portal Statistics Mauritius Geography Geographic data related to Mauritius at OpenStreetMap Wikimedia Atlas of Mauritius WikiSatellite view of Mauritius at WikiMapia Template:Mauritius topics