Mauritus

Mauritius (模里西斯) Mauritius nikapolongan kitakit (Inkiris: Republic of Mauritius; France: République de Maurice; Cleo sowal: Repiblik Moris) itira i sakakawali to 800 konhli no Madagascar nikapolongan kitakit, no Intoyang a palapalaan, oni kanatal – Mauritius kanatal (Mauritius) ato Agalega palapalaan (Agalega Islands), Rodriguez palapalaan ato Cargados-Carajos palapalaan malakapot. Dadahal no kitakit 2,040 pinfang kongli. Lilis no riyar a calay 177 kongli, no niyah a riyar 12 li, patodong no kicay a riyar 200 li[8]. Mauritius pala nano i 10 sician nano manengnengay no Arab tamdaw. I 16 sici, Portugal tamdaw micalap tina pala. I 1598 miheca Netherland tamdaw micalap tina pala, itiya o kakomodan no Netherland ci Maurits van Nassau a ngangan ko pipanganganan. I 1715 miheca France micalap tonini palaan miteka ira ko mafolaway, miliyaw pangangan to France a pala ahan. O Inkiris i 1810 miheca kalaloodan ni Napoleonmicalap tina pala, o France i Vienna tonekan pafeli tina Mauritius to Inkiris, tina tonekan tilid saka 8 riyad teleken to itiniay i pala a finawlan ira ko pidipot no rikec, lakakawa ato pakayraan, orasaka o Mauritius tangasa anini materek ko France a sowal ato lakakawa. Na mikowan to ko Inkiris patiko to matelangay ngangan no Mauritius. I 1835 miheca mihayda ko Inkiris to pipalasawad to mifadesay a rikec, na masedal ko mafadesay a kohetingay tamdaw caay to kakahidademak to liomah ato patireng to loma’, na itiya makotay to no ’alomanay a India a malingaday; Muslin ato holam tayni a misiwfay malaliaca, masasinga’ay ko kasafanacadan sakamitini aniniay Mauritius a tamdaw. Mauritius i 1968 miheca 3 folad 12 romi’ad mihapiw misiiked, o salaloma’ananay no Tata'akay Inkiris a Lekatep, mingodo to hongti no Inkiris o sawara'an no kitakit, congto a taypiaw ko midemakay, ikor i 1992 miheca 3 folad 12 romi’ad mafalic to o Nikapolongan Kitakit, midemak to kalomaocan no Nikapolongan lakakawa, congtong o patodongan to sawara'an aca, congtong ato micokeray congtong o nai kalomaocan a nisingkiwan, 5 miheca ko lekad (padoedo to kinacecay), o congli ko citodongay to dademaken[9]. O tamdaw nai India teloc, Frane Africa a camel (Cleo tamdaw), holam teloc, Europe tamdaw malekapot[9]. Mauritius a sasowalen o no Mauritius a Cleo sowal, France ato Inkiris sowal. Inkiris sowal o no malatapangay sowal, nika malali’ay to no Mauritius a Cleo sowal ato France sowal. O sinpon ato tilifi a kamok o no France a sowal. Roma, Asia a sowal itini no Asia finawlan sakalalicay. Mauritius palaan nano kahiceraan no dengan Dodo ’ayam no hekal, nika micingcingay Europe tayni i Mauritius to ikor 80 miheca, maemin to no micingcingay mitilo a malahedaw to. Likisi (歷史) Mauritius pala i 10 sician nao Alab tamdaw ko pakanengnengay. 16 sici, o Portugal tamdaw micalap tina pala. I 1598 miheca Netherland tamdaw micalap tina pala, itiya o kakomodan no Netherland ci Maurits van Nassau a ngangan ko pipanganganan. I 1715 miheca France micalap tonini palaan miteka ira ko mafolaway, miliyaw pangangan to France a pala ahan. O Inkiris i 1810 miheca kalaloodan ni Napoleonmicalap tina pala, o France i Vienna tonekan pafeli tina Mauritius to Inkiris, tina tonekan tilid saka 8 riyad teleken to itiniay i pala a finawlan ira ko pidipot no rikec, lakakawa ato pakayraan, orasaka o Mauritius tangasa anini materek ko France a sowal ato lakakawa. Na mikowan to ko Inkiris patiko to matelangay ngangan no Mauritius. I 1835 miheca mihayda ko Inkiris to pipalasawad to mifadesay a rikec, na masedal ko mafadesay a kohetingay tamdaw caay to kakahidademak to liomah ato patireng to loma’, na itiya makotay to no ’alomanay a India a malingaday; Muslin ato holam tayni a misiwfay malaliaca, masasinga’ay ko kasafanacadan sakamitini aniniay Mauritius a tamdaw. Mauritius i 1968 miheca 3 folad 12 romi’ad mihapiw misiiked, o salaloma’ananay no Tata'akay Inkiris a Lekatep, mingodo to hongti no Inkiris o sawara'an no kitakit, congto a taypiaw ko midemakay, ikor i 1992 miheca 3 folad 12 romi’ad mafalic to o Nikapolongan Kitakit, midemak to kalomaocan no Nikapolongan lakakawa, congtong o patodongan to sawara'an aca, congtong ato micokeray congtong o nai kalomaocan a nisingkiwan, 5 miheca ko lekad (padoedo to kinacecay), o congli ko citodongay to dademaken[9]. Netherland a pikowan (荷蘭統治時期) I 1598 miheca, o tapang no sofitay no Netherland ci Wybrand Van Warwyck itini i aniniay minato a talahekal macakat, itiya pangangan to nia pala to Mauritius, o pihiratengan to mikowanay no Netherland, matemoyay a wawa ci William, Orango hongti Nassau a Mauretz. Nika tangasa i 1638 miheca o Netherland tamdaw miteka cangra i Netherland a micingcing, onini a picingcing tahira aca 20 miheca. Ikor a Netherland tamdaw midoedo to pinapina micingcing, nika awaay ko kinaira. I 1710 miheca, o Netherland tamdaw misawad to Mauritius, nikawrira mapacomod nangra ko tefos, nipakaenan no loma’ ato ngafol. O kasasowalen i, mipakataminaay ci Abel Tasman o nai Mauritius masadak ramakat pakanengneng to kaetip no Australia. France a pikowan (法國統治時期) France i 1715 miheca micalap to Mauritius, mafalic ko pipangangan France pala “Île de France, Island of France”, ’ayaw noni macalap to no France ko Reunion pala. Naikor tangasa 1767 miheca, Franca pala o nano France a kawaliay Into kosi (East India Company) ko mikowanay. I 1735 miheca, fa^elohay a congto ci Bertrand Francois Mahe de Labourdonnay misitapang micowat to tefos a paloma, o Louis monato pacomahaden to pakariyaray ato pisataminaan. Roma, nano ’adihayay iraay a nipatirengan loma’ no Mauritius itiniay i ci Labourdonnayan mapatireng. Nai 1767 miheca miteka tangasa 1810 miheca, dengan France ta’akay pifalican-itiya a France pala a micingcingay patireng to so’elinay misiikeday pikowan-France pala midemakay a tapang saheto nano France sifo a niocoran. I 1803 miheca tangasa 1810 miheca, France pala ato Reunion pala a congto ci Charles Matthew Isidol Dega- ta’akay pifalican a tadamaanay tapang ato ni Napoleon a sakala’odot. Nao “kalalood a marofoay” a todong ko pirepet to tadamaanay no Inkiris a misolapay ato micokaay ci Matthew Flinders, talocowa ci Napoleon mipasowal to pipalafac to Inkiris tamdaw, nikawrira o sapiliyangaw ci Napoleonan, ci Dega sahalafinen ningra ci Flinders a mirofo. I kalaloodan ci Napoleon, o France a pala mala piloodan no kokong no France to tamina no Inkiris, mahaenay a pilood tangasa 1810 miheca o kakeridan no riyar hitay a tapang ci Josiah Rollei mikerid to hongti riyar sofitay micalap to France pala itiya a paherek. I Inkiris France Mauritius kalaloodan, France a hitay oya minato ko maalaay, ikor malikot no hongti riyar sofitay i Cap Malheureux “Macawnik cokah” tolo folad itiya mihapiw to katapi’an. So’elinay romi’ad a katapi’an i 1810 mihecaan 12 folad 3 romi’ad, o katapi’an a todong Inkiris tamdaw mihayda to micingcingay miterek to sera ato dafong, midotoc midemak to France sowal i saki finawlan ato kaloraraw a pitomadaw o France no rikec. Micada ko Inkiris tina pala i, itiya patikol to nganga Mauritius pala. Inkiris a pikowan (英國統治時期) O sarakatay a congto no Inkiris i Mauritius ci Robert Farquhar, patayni i Mauritius cingra to kafalic no kicay ato kafalic no syakay. I 1835 miheca, o mifadesay rikec mapalasawad i Mauritius. Mihai ko tawki no maomahay to 200 ’ofad Inpang (GBP) sapipalafac to mifadesan a sapalolol-onini a nifadesan o pikowan ho no France nai Africa ato Madagascar nipa’acaan tayni. Mapalasawad ko mifadesay rikec saki tiya a syakay a kicay ato kafalic no tamdaw o tadamaanay ko nian, o tawki no maomahay pasayra to i Into ato Asia roma sa’etal pacomod to malingaday. I 1834 miheca tangasa 1921 mihecaan, salongan 50 ’ofad ko malingaday tayni i Mauritius mipalomaay to tefos, misanga’ay, micolo’ay ato patirengay. Roma, Inkiris tamdaw patayni to 8740 tamdaw no Into a sofitay. O Into a tamdaw saheto nai Calcutta, Madras ato Mumbai a matayalay, 1721 miheca sa’ayaway a matayalay tayni i o Bengal ato niyaro’ay citodongay, ’alomanay o Bengal tamdaw ato Tamil tamdaw. ’alomanay a Intokiw (Hinduism) o nai aniniay Into a Bihar niyaro’ ato ka’amisay niyaro’. malaliacaay a holam ikor a tayni i Mauritius, tangasa anini, i Mauritius ira ko 3 ’ofad ko tamdaw nai Mancin malinahay tamdaw, o tatapangan no niyaro’ i o Miysyien Kongtong, tahanini mananam pasowal to soto Louis minato o “Poliy” (Port Louis no Ngayngay a sowal) [10]. Nanoya sa matongal to ko tamdaw no Into, i Mauritius a sici salongoc ato kicay salongoc miteka nai kamay no Mauritius tamdaw ato Cleo tamdaw no Mauritius malalinah tayra i kamay no Into a Mauritius tamdaw. Macowat ko pipaloma to tefos, caay pitolas ko tefos no Mauritius pasadak tayra i Inkiris. Macowat k kicay sakaira no sakacowat to calay no taingwa ato sakafalic no sasangaen a demak. Siiked (獨立) Matatoor 1955 mihaca ato 1957 miheca kinatosa lomaoc to sapitelek to kimpo no Mauritius a masaopo i London, no kakeridan a kalomaoc lekakawa miteka midemak i Mauritius, sato i 1959 miheca 3 folad 9 romi’ad misingkiw, misatapang to ko Mauritius misiiked. O sarakatay koni to polong no mato’asay a singkiw, misikiway finawlan ira 208,684 ko tamdaw. 1961 miheca miliyaw i London lomaoc to sapipatireng to kimpo, tala’ayaw to pipatireng to kimpo a onto. 1965 miheca, o sapipa’ading to kitakit ko nihaenan no Inkiris, sakilalood a sakaci’epoc, nao Mauritius a sera a Chagos palaan a mapateked, miliyaw patireng to no Inkiris a Intoyang a sa’etal sera, sakanga’ay masasikomod i no Intoyang a pipatireng to sifitay kamaro’an. O citodngay awaay ko miliyangay itiya, nika i ikor miliyaw mipaini to sapikowan to Chagos a kacitodong, o pipateked o mi’odongay to no kasakitakit a rikec, onini a sowal nihaydaan to no Linhpko[11]. I 1965 miheca saikoray pipatireng to kimpo a kalomaoc o sakipalalan to sapisiiked no Mauritius. I 1967 miheca a pisingkiwan, mihayda to fa^elohay kimpo no Mauritius, i 1968 miheca 3 folad 12 romi’ad mihapiw to pisiikedan. Ikor no pisiiked no Mauritius o yaan to no Tata'akay Ikiris a Lekatep kapot, o pipangangan to misiikeday a Mauritius (Dominion of Mauritius) no Inkiris a hongti ci Elizabeth ko sawara'an no itakit, nika o congto ko citdongay to ’icel no sawara'an no kitakit. Mauritius ikor no pisiiked sarakatay a congto ci John Shaw Rainey a tamdaw. I 1991 miheca 12 m,4, mifalic to kimpo ko Mauritius, mihapiw ko Mauritius mala o no Tata'akay Inkiris a Lekatep kapot a Nikapolongan Kitakit. Mafalic ko ngangan no kitakit a Mauritius Nikapolongan Kitakit. I 1992 miheca 3 folad 12 romi’ad, patireng ko Mauritius Nikapolongan Kitakit, saikoray a congto ci Lin Jiadu tadamaanay ko linci a congtong. I 1992 miheca 6 folad 30 romi’ad, ci Kasam Utim ko sa’ayaway tada congtong no Mauritius Nikapolongan Kitakit. Sici (政治) O sici no Mauritius kalomaoc a Nikapolongan Kitakit, congtong ko tatapangan no kitakit, congli ko kakeridan no sifo. Citodangay to kadademak no sifo, o sifo ato kalomaocan ko patirengay to pisarikec, o sakaaay ’icel no kitakit o congtong ato congli pasasiroma ko pidemak. O midemakay to kasasiromaa cefang ko pirikec no Mauritius, o kasacefong halo Mauritius a malingaday sacefang (Mauritian Labor Party, MLP), malalokay to no syakay onto (Militant Socialist Movement, MSM) ato malalokay to onto no Mauritius (Mauritian Militant Movement, MMM). Kalomaoc no fanawlan (國民大會) Cecayay ko kalomaocan faco no Mauritius, oni a kalomaoc no fanawlan, nai 1992 miheca mapatireng ko Nikapolongan Kitakit malapipatirengan to rikec no Mauritius. Kalomaoc no fanawlan ira ko 70 no lomaocay tamdaw, laloma’ noni a 62 tamdaw o sepatay mihaca kinacecay rekad singkiwen no 21 a kasa’etal, o itiniay i Mauritius a pala sikiwen to 20 ko saliyad no sa’etal, kasa’etal 3 ko nisingkiwan to Kalomaoc no fanawlan; itiraay i Rodriguez a pala o cecayay a liyad, singkiwen ko tatosaay. Roma a 8 a liyad masawal “satadamaanay a mapidahay “Best Losers”, o satakaraway a hoying i mapidahay a milifetay patoro’en ko fafaloay a saadihayay a paya, o cacitodong to no awaayay ko tamdaw no finacadan ato pakayraanay patodong a salongoc[12][13]. O sa’alomanay a cefang ano eca o nipatatekoan a cefang ko mamisakapot to sifo, o sakakaay ko mamalacongli, o congli to ko papatayra i kalomaocan to cacitodong to kakeridan, nika dengan o kakeridan no hoying. O sakatosa a micalapay to ’alomanay ko tamdaw no lomaocay a cefang ko miliyangay a cefang, o kakeridan o congtong ko mitoro’ay to miliyangay kakeridan[12]. kalomaoc no fanawlan saka cecay rekad a rayray misingkiw to cecay a kakeridan no lomaocay, cecay a micokeray kakeridan no lomaocay ato polong no wiyyinhuy a micokeray a kakeridan. Imatini, o sifo no Mauritius misahalakaay to sapifalicaw to sapisingkiw. Congtong (總統) O congtong no Mauritius nai kalomaoc no fanawlan midotoc to congli a nipanganganan masingkiw, 5 miheca ko rekad, manga’ay padoedo misingkiw. O congtong no Mauritius o no Mauritius a nikapolongan kitakit a sawara’an ato kakeridan no ci’icelay sofitay. Midotoc to kimpo no Mauritius, dademakay no Mauritius o no congtong a ’icel, miraoy to satakaraway a kinaira, o tatodong no kitakit. Nika adihay ko salongoc no congtong to kacingangan, manga’ay ningra patodong to congli, nika midotoc to kalomaoc no fanawlan to pisingkiw; manga’ay miocor to dademakay , nika midotoc to no congli a pipangangan. Mauritius a sarakatay a mikutayay a congli ci Lin Jiadu, i ’ayaw to pipatireng to Mauritius nikapolongan kitakit cingra ko citodongay to hongti no Inkiris a congto. Sa’ayaway congtong i ci Kasam Utim. Aniniay a congtong ci Prithwire Jasingh Rupon. O kasarayray no congtong. O kasarayray no congtong. Congli ato laloma’ay citodongay (總理及內閣) O Mauritius a congli o sawara’an sifo no Mauritius nikapolongan kitakit, kakeridan no laloma’an, citodongay to ’icel no kadademak, sapatorod to kalomaocan. Congli nano congtong midotoc to kalomaocan a nisingkiwan patorod. Talacowa congli i kacitodong o sakatosa no Mauritius a tadamaanay tamdaw, nikawrira o sata’akay a ci’icelay. No misiiked ko Mauritius i sa’ayaway congli ci Seewoosagur Ramgoolam tadamaanay. Ci Anerod Jugnauth tadamaanay padoedo to sepatay rekad ko kala congli, 16 mihecaan. Aniniay a congli ci Anerod Jugnauth tadamaanay a wawa ci Pravind Jugnayth. O kasarayray no congli: Rikec (法律) No Mauritius a pakayraan no rikec nai Inkiris a rakat no rikec ato France a sakifinawlan a rikec kacacamolan[14]. Mauritius i 2010 miheca a saka^efo 0.36%, masered i ’ayaw to tosa miheca to 0.43%. Kacacofelan a demak ato kasakitakit a demak (外交關係和國際事務) Mauritius ato kaetipay a kitakit fangcal ko kasasinga’ay, sato Into ato kaetipay ato katimolay no Africa kitakit masasinga’ay ko kacacofel no demak no papotalay. Mauritius o Hekalay a malali’acaay Lekatep, Intoyang wiyyinhuy (Indian Ocean Commission), katimolay Africa kacowat a lekatep (Southern African Development Community), kawali ato kaetip Africa kapolongan kalali’acaan (Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa), Tata'akay Ikiris a Lekatep ato France sowalan a kasakitakit lekapot (La Francophonie) a kapot, o liyok no Intoyang kasa’etal polongan lekatep a palowaday kitakit. I 2006 miheca, Mauritius malaPortugal sowal a lekatep kitakit (Community of Portuguese Language Countries) minengnengay kitakit, misafaloco’ ro romaroma kitakit a pacowat ko kasasikedec[15]. Kalali’acaan, makaketon milaheci to mikapolongan ato sakimimingay kitakit malasaka tadamaan no kacacofel no demak papotalay. O nano likisi ato sakikaetipay a icifa ko picangray saka masasikedec ko Mauritius ato kasakapot a lekatep, mangalef o Inkiris ato France, France tahanini ko kasasikecor nai Reunion ko ko palawinaan no salongoc. O picongacong to sakisici, o Mauritius ato Africa a kitakit masasinga’ayay, mangalef ko katimolay Africa, o sata’akay kalali’acaan. O nipasadakan no Mauritius a kinaira micomod tayra i no Africa a icifa, ngalef itira i Madagascar ato Mozambique. Mauritius to katimolay Africa macowat lekatep ato kawaliay ato katimolay Africa kapolongan icifa oni a tosaay kalali’ay no kasakitakit ko ni nengnengan. O France ato Into tadamaanay ko nani likisi ato kalali’acaan, o Mauritius masasipatirengay to kacacofelan no demak to Autralia, U.K, Egypt, Madagascar, Pakistan, Russia, congko ato United States a kitakit[16]. O ’icel no hitay (武裝力量) Caay pipatireng to sofitay ko Mauritius, ira ko 1 ’ofad no tamdaw ko milimekay ’icelay hitay halo 8 patek ko yimeng, 1500 tamdaw ko nipatirengan mademakay (Special Mobile Force, SMF) ato 500 tamdaw pasakapot a midamaay to lilis no riyar. Pala (地理) O sera no Mauritius o makapahay ho mihecaan, salongan ’ayaw no 800 ’ofad mihecaan namal a lotok macelal itiya[17]. O Mauritius pala ato Reunion pala ato Rodriguez pala matatekoay sakapot to Mascarene palapalaan. Mascarene palapalaan nano Africa a padiyac i Reunion pala a fa^edetay maeseray malengat ko i lalinikay a namal lotok macelal[17], anini namal lotok pasela’ay mafoti’, masaysayay mataenang i lalinik no riyar i Reunion pala, 10 ’ofad no mihecaan caay ho ka tapielal a mifowak[17]. O pala no Mauritius samatiya sa o sasifo’an pikecoran a pala, anini liyok no pikecoran manengneng ko malantoay a hefong no namal a lotok. Satakaraway a kaetip katimol a kohetingay ’alo tokos (black river peak), takaraw 828 m[17]. Kasaci’ci’ ato ’alo milesap i pala, o nano padiyac ko kasacilaci’. Mascarene to kawali no Africa salongan ira 2000 kongli (1242 Inli), i katimolay lilis 19°50 tangasa 20°32, kawali lilis 57°18 tangasa 57°46 laed[18], Mauritius pala kawali kaetip laed 65 kongli ko kakaya’, katimol ka’amis 45 kongli ko kakaya’, o polong no sera 1865 pifang kongli[19]. O salawacan riyar no Mauritius ira ko 150 kongli a nanotafok, taliyok no pala o saka tolo no hekal a dadahalay no raka[18]. Ngataay no Mauritius adihay ko kaemingay pala, karat ato raka, ira ko nipatirengan a tarapatan midamaan to mamalasawad a kahirahira. O kasasikiked a sakowan (行政區劃) Mauritius pala masaliyad 9 a ’etal, o Louis minato o tadamaci no Mauritius: O pala, ira ho ko palapalaan no Mauritius 1.Agalega Islands, maci Vingt Cinq (France sowal “25”), itiraay saka’amis no Mauritius to 1100 kongli, nano tosaay pala masakapot. O dadahal 24 pinfang kongli, 2000 miheca ira ko 289 ko tamdaw. 2.St. Brandon pala, itira sakawali saka’amis no Mauritius, ira ko 16 ko pangtaay na tafok ko lilis ato karat masakapot, o hekal ira ko 1.3 pinfang kongli, pangtaay ira ko 190 pinfang kongli ko dadahal, awaay ko tamdaw a maro’ay. 3.Rodrigo pala, maci Mathurin minato, itira kawali no Mauritius to 560 kongli, o dadahal ira ko 109 pinfang kongli, tamdaw ira ko 40,000 ko maro’ay. I 2002 miheca 10 folad ci todong to no niyah a pikowan salongoc, matini a Rodrigo pala misarocoday to niyah a pikowan, o kacacofelan a demak, sadipot to kitakit, sakarihaday a demak o citodongay sifo, kiwiko, isi a sofal o Rodrigo pala a sifo ko citodongay[20][21]. ’ayaw noni a Rodrigo pala o o patorodan ko citodongay, papasayra to niyaro’ay sifo ato Rodrigo pala a mipatodong[22]. No tafok a pala itiraay a tatodong no Mauritius: 1. Soudan Banks, halo kawaliay Soudan Banks. 2. Nazareth Bank pla. 3. Saya de Malha Bank pala. 4. Hawkins Bank pala. Roma, mihapiw haca ko Mauritius to hano niyah a sakowan a sera: 1. Tromelin Island. Anini o France ko micalapay, i 2010 miheca o Mauritius a sifo at France sifo masasitelek malakapot micowat i Tromelin Islandkatatelekan[23], nika o tatalaen ho ko pihayda[24]. 2. Chagos Archipelago pala. Anini o Inkiris ko micalapay, no Inkiris itiniay Intoyang a sera (British Indian Ocean Territory) a cecay. I 2009 miheca, Inkiris a sifo mipasetek i Chagos Archipelago patireng to midipotan a riyar, o Mauritius miliyang to saki nian, saka i 2020 mihecaan pasi kasakitakit no riyar a hoying mipalowad to kacaciyawan. O Mauritius a sifo mitado to sadama no Africa lekatep, Linhoko paini to piliyng to Inkiris, paini to sowal no niyah sakowan ko Chagos Archipelago[25]. Adihay ko molengaway i parapatan (生物多樣性) I Mauritius ira ko 119 kasasiroma no ’ayam, ira ko 8 nano Mauritius a tadamaanay, ira ko 21 nihawikidan no tamdaw tayni i Mauritius. Ira ko 30 awaayay manengneng, ira ko 16 i polong no hekal o mamalahedaw a katalawan. Roma sato, itiniay i Mauritius a dodo ’ayam malasawaday to. I Mauritius ato i riyaray a nicocoan ma’oripay ira ko 10 ’a’adopen itira (caay ka halo mihawikidan no tamdaw a ’a’adopen), kasasiroma to saki’orip masamatini: I Mauritius adihay ko kasasiroma mirarakatay a ’a’adopen itira, mangalef itira i garden island, kasahirahira ira ko masasiromaay a facaco’ay ato falaloda’, ato dengan ma’oripay i Mauritius a ’oner, nano adihayay ko ta’akay rarokoh ma’orip i anini malasawaday to. I Mauritius salongan ira ko 670 i palapalaan cihanaay a malengaway, malitosaay a molengaway o nano itiniay a iraay. Maledefay matahepo no sangerad malengaw i Mauritius, nika adihay ko nipataynian nai papotal micalap malowanay to. O hana no Mauritius o masatokiay hana, no takokeman a lengaw. Kafafalic no romi’ad (氣候) O Mauritius no takomodan romi’ad, marakatay no nai kawali katiml fali. Saka 5 folad tangasa 11 folad o kasi’enawan, farawfaw masa’apesakay no romi’ad; 11 folad tangasa 5 folad ko kaciherangan, fa’edet a maso^metay. I riyaray pala a hemhem 22˚C tangasa kaciherangan 34˚C. ni riyar a hemhem nai kasienawan 22˚C tangasa kaciherangan 27˚C. sasifo’ay pala no Mauritius romi’ad sa’akawangay i 8 folad salongan 19˚C tangsa 2 folad salongan 26˚C. kaetip ato ka’amis a pala ikaka to kawali ato katimol ko farawfaw masa’apesakay no romi’ad. No mihecaan a ni’oradan ira 1500-3500 ko kereng, 5 folad tangasa 9 folad mafelihay ko liyon a fali, 11 folad tangasa 4 folad ciromi’aday citakomod liyon a fali. Tataparan a pala (環境) Tataparan a pala no Mauritius o nano fa’edetay a tafotafokan ato i lotokay a kilakilangan. Kafafalic no romi’ad no fali malasakalatiih no molengaway, nikawrira ranikay patiko masafa^eloh caira. O Mauritius o nano matenoray i riyar a namalan lotok a pala, nai katimol matono’ay lotok tangasa tonokay pasi’amis a malokelon, katimol ira ko lilisay noriyar, polong no pala o maliyokay no raka maemin. O niraridan no tapelike masasaw ko raka, sa’a’olecan, saka madapicay mafelatay no fohecalay ko tafok a riyad no Mauritius. Sakohenacsa ko tafok i riyar no Mauritius, tadakanga’ayen no tamdaw. Mangalef i saka’amis a pala a Trou Aux Biches riyar, Mon Choisy riyar, La Cuvette riyar; kawaliay pala a Poste La Fayette & Roches Noires riyar, Palmar-Belle Mare riyar; katimol pala a Souillac riyar, Riambel riyar, Pointe Aux Roches riyar, Tamarin riyar. O katimol no Mauritius a Le Chamarel niyaro’ “Colorful warrior” kitakit a koying dengan i hekal pitoay kasasiroma no cengel a sera a niyaro’, o nian nano namal lotok a ’afadeng kafahekaan nengnengen. Ka’amis no Mauritius o Pamplemousses malengaway paraparatan (Pamplemousses Botanical Garden), mapatireng i 1767 miheca, sa’ayaway o hedong mikingkiway tamdaw itini paloma to kaolahan a kasalengaw no parapatan, ikor misadadahal patireng tangasa anini 800 kongmo ko dadalal a parapatan a koying. Mauritius o safangcalay ko fali a kitakit i hekal, mihapiw ko hekal isi lekatep (WHO) polong no cikiw a nga’ayay fali o saka tosa ko Mauritius[26][27]. No tamdaw a ponka (人文) Tamdaw (人口) Midotoc i 2010 miheca 7 folad a pisa’osi, Mauritius a tamdaw salongan ira ko 128.6 ’ofad, o fainayan 63.3 ’ofad, fafahiyan 65.2 ’ofad. 124.8 ’ofad tamdaw maro’ay I pala no Mauritius, maro’ay i Rodriguez pala a tamdaw ira ko3.8 ’ofad, Agalega pala atoCargados-Carajos pala a tamdaw ira ko 289 tamdaw. Polong no kitakit no Mauritius tamdaw, 0-14 miheca tamdaw ira 22.5% (fainayn 14.7 ’ofad, fafahiyan ira ko 14.2 ’ofad), 15-64 miheca tamdaw ira 70.4% (fainayn 44.9 ’ofad, fafahiyan ira ko 45.5 ’ofad), kakaay no 65 miheca tamdaw ira ko 7.1% (fainayn 3.6 ’ofad, fafahiyan ira ko 5.4 ’ofad), tamdaw kacomahad 0.776%. salongan 42% a Mauritius tamdaw maro’ i maci. (nai 2008 miheca nipolongan a sa’osi) [28]. Nawhani o nano likisi a nidoedoan, Mauritius tamdaw kasairaira no finacadan mapapolong, o Into a Mauritius tamdaw a sa’alomanay, tamdaw ira ko 68%, doedo o Creole tamdaw (27%), Holam Mauritius tamdaw (3%), France Mauritius tamdaw (2%) ato Europe tamdaw (0.5%). Sowal (語言) Mauritius tamdaw ki’aloman to Mauritius Creole sowal, Inkiris sowal ato France sowal, kaimanan mafafalic ko sowal[29]. Mauritius a kimpo awaay ko patodong to sowal no kitakit, dengan i kalomaocan maketon o Inkiris ko sakasasowal no kitakit, nikawrira o lomaocay manga’ay o France a sowal ko sakalalicay[30][31]. Polong no sasowalen, o Inkiris sowal ato France a sowal ko nisowalan no kitakit, kai kademakay, hoying, kalali’acaan citodongay. O kimpo no Mauritius o Inkiris a tilid ko sapitilid, o roma a rikec, tinako finawlan a rikec, o France a soal ko matiliday. No France sowal matiya to no Inkiris sowal ko nika tadamaan ko piraoy i syakay, o sapipasifana’ ato kacitatodong maalaay ko adihayay[29]. O sapipasifana’ no pitilidan o Inkiris a sowal ato France sowal, itira i Mauritius to piparatoh ato no tilidan a mitiya o sowal no France sakasasowal[32]. Mauritius a tamdaw mararid a sakasasowal o no Mauritius Creole a sowal. Creole a sowal o tadasowal no Mauritius a tamdaw saan, saka 90% a Mauritius a tamdaw ko somowalay to Creole a sowal, sahetoay i niyaro’ masowal[29]. Onini a sowal mapalamlamay to no France a sowal ato ngiha[33], no roma ira ko nano Inkiris sowal, Punjab sowal. Matiniay a sowal macowat nai 18 sici, itiya i masafadesay o sakanga’ay malalicay to nai France micingcingay ato nai romaay a niyaro’ a nifadesan, macowat to ko macacamolay a pinapina a sowal to Pichin sowa (ano eca “masasifoday sowal”) saka ira. Mtaelif to ko pinapina a mihecaan a marayray, onini a Pichin a sowal malasakasasowalen to romi’ami’ad[32], oya aniniay a Creole a sowal. O kasasowalan halo Into sowal, Tamil sowal, Malayalam sowal, Marathi sowal, Urdu sowal, Gujarat sowal, Punjab sowal, nawhani ira ko caay ka papina a Holam a ngayngay malinahay, ngayngay a sowal i no holam a niyaro’ sakasasowalen[34]. Polong no Mauritius a tamdaw mafana’ay to tosaay a sakasasowal, roma a tamdaw ira ko mafana’ay to toloay ano eca adihayay a sowal[32][34][35][36]. Kiwiko (教育) Nawhani pakayniay i likisi, faco sapikiwiko no Mauritius o Inkiris ko pakayraan. Mauritius sifo caay papayso to sapitilid tangasa i Daykako a kiwiko. Nai 2005 miheca 7 folad miteka, polong no mitiliday patodong ko sifo to caay pa’aca to sapikalic to faso. 2011 miheca, sapikiwiko a yosang mapasadakay 117 walwalan no Mauritius a rupee. Mi’awid to sakipayso no sifo a masadakay to 12.5%[37]. Malisepatay liyad ko kiwiko no Mauritius. Nai ’ayaw a kiwiko 3 miheca; sa’ayaway piteka a kiwiko o pipatado a pikiwiko, 6 miheca; tenokay kiwiko saliyad 5 miheca cocong ato 2 miheca a kawcong; ’akawangay kiwiko halo daykako, patodongan kakying ato tadamaanay sakifana’ pitilidan. I Mauritius tosa ko daykak a Mauritius daykak ato Mauritius mikingkiway (likong) daykak. O Mauritius ’akawangay kiwiko wiyyinhuy misahalaka patireng to malasa’etalay kiwiko patodongan. Kicay (經濟) O kicay no Mauritius o cimalalifetay a kitakit i no Africa. I 2020 miheca, midoedo to kalali’acaan no maci FDF no Mauritius pali’ayawan misa’osi ira ko 145 walwalan no Amilika payso, o micomoday no tamdaw salongan ira ko 11,630 payso no Amilika, o ‘a’ayaway no Africa a kitakit. Nai 1968 miheca na misiiked itiya, nao caayay ka comahad ko kicay a maomahay macomahad to ko Mauritius a macakat ko masamaanay a kicay, o lakapot no kicay halo mirarakatay, mitinooyay, misa’odaxay ato sakipayso. Toni ngata no mihecaan, sakiratoh kinaira ato tingwa kinaira, no nanom kinaira, loma’ kinaira, isingan kinaira, midotocay a nengyin, kiwiko a kinaira malosakatadamaan no sakaira no kinaira no Mauritius a kicay, ato misolot to papotalay a mikihatiya mipadafoh. To hatiniay, o Mauritius to mihecaan macakat ko kicay 5% tangasa 6%, mikakakaay to katimolay no Sahala Africa kanatal ko kacakat[38]. O masongila’ay to mapatireng ko maci kicay no Mauritius. Midotoc 2010 miheca pakoniraay kicay sa’osi, i polong no ckiw 183 a kasakicay, o macelakay ko kicay, masongila’ay ko pikantok, marikecay ato malalifetay ko patodong, o kicay no Mauritius a mapakonira mikerid to katimolay no Sahala Africa kanatal ko kacakat, o saka 12 ko kaitiraan i hekal. I kingko no hekal mihapiw to kasa kitakit no kalali’aca a tisil, padoedo to 4 miheca (2008-2012) ko Mauritius a sa’ayaway a kicay no Africa, i polong no cikiw 183 kicay lekatep saka 23 ko aro’. O patosokan no Mauritius malosaka 10 no polong no cikiw ko sanga’ayay a pikadepan ato kalali’acaan a kitakit. O pisatefosan omah no Mauritius ato Mount du Rempart (ikor) (模里西斯的甘蔗田和Mount du Rempart（後）) O pipaloma no Mauritius to tefos macalap ko 90% a sera pipalomaan, o mipasadakan a ’odax a micomoday a kinaira 1/4. Nakawrira 1999 miheca o kakedalan makari’ang ko misatefosay a milingaday, nanoya misetek ko sifo to pisolot to papotalan a mikadepay sakacowat no kicay. Anini mata’elif to ko 9,000 riwang o nai Into atoi South Africa a miliyasay to hekal a kosi patireng i Mauritius, padengan o pikadep to kingko i mataelif to ko 10 walwalan Amilika payso. ’ayaway a mikowanay a France o sata’akay a cafay to kalali’acaan i Mauritius, padamso to adihayay sapatodong to kicic. O Mauritius caay ka dengan o sakacowat no kicay ko katadamaan, saki syakay micakatay, orasaka ano itira i sapakoyocay a tamdamdaw manga’ay mapadafoh nai kacowat no kicay[39]. O nian koya “Lalekoan no Mauritius” ’aloman to ko kitakit mangalay pasayra to malecaday ko kicay ato syakay macakat[39]. Nikawrira, mafesoay a dafong ato ira ko macakatay a saki’orip a masadak ko kararimaan, i 2006 miheca tangasa 2008 mihecaan, salongan mafesoay no Mauritius tangasa i 9.1%. Pida (貨幣) No Mauritius a pida o Mauritius rupee (pida a fangko: MUR). 1 a rupee matiya o 100 fen, nikawrira aniniay a romakatay a pida oya 5 fen, 20 fen ato 50 fen a payso, nai 2010 mihecaan, 5 fen ato 20 fen a pida caay to pisanga’. No Mauritius rupee nai 1876 miheca o maketonay to a pida no Mauritius, o pida a ngangan naitiyaay a kalocaliw no Into a rupee i Mauritius. Rupee no Mauritius nai 1877 miheca miteka makotay ko no Into a rupee ato malecaday kalocaliway i Mauritius British pound (Inpang) ato no Mauritius a payso. Itiya 1 rupee no Mauritius matiya 1 Into rupee ano eca malitosaay no Mauritius a payso. 1 British pound (Inpang) o 10.25 a rupee no Mauritius. Rarakatan (旅遊業) O satadamaanay a pirarakatan i hekal ko Mauritius[40], O tataparan a nanengnengan ato tamdaw ponka a nanengnengan tadakadofahay, o riyar a tataparan ato sekal o nga’ayay. O takomodan a romi’ad ko Mauritius, o tingalaway a farawfaway riyar, caayay kapawan a sapitikoaw a tafotafokan, kasatakomodan a molengaway a kinaira ato halihamhamay to lafang a tamdaw. Manga’ayay ko pakayraan a pirarakatan a Mauritius, maledef ko ko sapipatado no kamaro’an ato pipa’aliwacan[41]. I 2010 miheca, saka’amis a niyaro’ a Trou Aux Biches tafotafokan mapakakompay no hakalay i Intoyang a rarakatan o nga’ayay kaitiraan. 2012 miheca 1 folad, mapakaolah to sakinatolo no hekalay a kompay ko Mauritius o “o satadamaanay pirarakatan a kaitiraan a palapalaan”, oya pakalayap to “safangcalay no hekal a tafotafokan”[42] o sa’dihayay mitikoay a mirarakatan ko Mauritius[40]. Tadamaanay no Amilika a mi’olicay tamdaw ci Mark Twain i nipirakarak ningra a nitilidan “pirarakatan i sakonis” (Following the Equator) sowal sa: “ira ko pasowalay ’ayaw no pisanga’ no Kawas to kakarayan masanga’ to ko Mauritius, ora a kakarayan o mitodongan to Mauritius a misanga’”[2]. O Mauritius padamso to adihayay a kadademakan, mangalef ko liyok ato riyar a nanom mala pisalamaan a kakarayan, patiked, mikitapelik, pakopang, mi’eser to nanom, micelem, misatamina a kahirahira. I kahetal a onto ira ko golf, safang a mali, lakasang, mi’adop, mipakatosiya, sakatalalotok a tosiya, mitaekoday to saso’ot, pa’efaay ato mirarakat. I 2013 miheca 10 folad 31 romi’ad, mitatoyay to paspoto no Congko caay to ka cifisa, 30 ko romi’ad ko kaitiraan[43]. O Taywan a paspoto tayra i Mauritius, tangasa i Mauritius a hikokiciw patodong to 60 a paromi’adan a fisa[44]. Sakaromakat (交通) I Mauritius ira ko 220 calay a lalan ato 900 a syataw no faso[45], adihay ko kosi no faso, nakawrira o sifo no Mauritius ko miketonay to ’aca. Talacowa macowatay a karomakatan no faso kalocalay i kasaniyaro’ a lalan no kitakit, nikawrira tekedan a faso adihay i kitakit, orasaka o saka dadico i ta’akay maci i Louis minato. O sifo no Mauritius mipatireng to cecay a lalan nai Louis sakatayra i saka 2 a maci Curepipe a rahodayay (Urbos) a lalan, oni a calay lalan saka cecay lekad i 2020 miheca 1 folad 10 romi’ad miteka padamso ko patado a demak. O kakaya’ no lalan i Mauritius ira ko 2066 kongli, saka cecay lalan 48.5%, saka tosa lalan 28.7%, hacikayay lalan 3.6%. I 2009 miheca romakatay i lalan kasacecay no tosiya ira ko 177 tosiya a cecay kongli[46]. Tasaay ko hacikayay lalan no Mauritius, masasiroma to calay i Louis minato ato Seewoosagur Ramgoolam tadamanay a kasakitakit hikokiciw ato Louis minato ato ka’amis a Long ‘alo laliyocan a niyaro’. I Rose hill tenok syataw a Urbos 100-3 rahodayay (Urbos) a satisilay faso (在羅斯希爾中央車站的Urbos 100-3輕軌列車) O Mauritius i 1860 miheca tangasa 1960 miheca iraay ko maraday lalan sapicolo’, i Louis minato no Mauritius itiya a picolo’an a marad lalan, tangasa kalasawadan marad lalan no Mauritius, nanoya awaay to ko maradan a calay lalan. Tangasa i 2017 miheca, sa’ayaway rahodayay (Urbos) a faso rocek misitapang. 2020 miheca 1 folad 10 romi’ad, nai Louis minato tangasa Rose hill a tenokan sa’ayaw calay miteka romakat. O tadaminato no Mauritius o Louis minato. O hikokiciw no Mauritius itiraay i kawali katimol a Seewoosagur Ramgoolam tadamaanay a hikokiciw, roma i Rodriguez ira ko Datan Duval hikokiciw. Mauritius hikoki kosi o nano Mauritius kitakit a hikoki kosi, o kaitiraan i Seewoosagur Ramgoolam tadamaanay kasakitakit hikokiciw. Mauritius hikoki padamso to Mauritius ato Rodriguez a ’efer ato nai Mauritius ma’efer tayra i Africa kanatal, Europe kanatal, tenok kawali, Asia kanatal, Australia kanatal a adihayay maci a kasakitakit ma’efer[47]. Mauritius hikoki masalipay padamso to tosaay ma’efer tayra i Hongkong ato toloay ma’efer i Congko Shanghai ato tosaay ma’efer Congko Beiying. Caay ka dengan o Mauritius, Congko a lafang mipili’ to Mauritius hikoki a tayra i no France Reunion, Madagascar kahiceraan. Mauritius hikoki kosi padoedo to 10 miheca mapatodong no WORLD TRAVEL AWARDS to Intoyang sa’etal miki’ayaway a hikoki kosi sanay a pangangan. I 2014 miheca 7 folad Mauritius hikoki kosi mapaini to SKYTRAX sepatay fois a hikoki kosi, Mauritius hikoki kosi toya folad mihapiw ai 2017 miheca minonor pacomod to fa^elohay A350-900 hikoki mifalic to iraay a A340-300 hikoki. Sakaromakat no ratoh (通訊) I 1847 miheca, I hekal o saka lima midemakay to kitti a kitakit ko Mauritius. Ikor mipasadak to kitti, oya “Mauritius yofingkyok” tangasa anini saci’acaay a kitti, halo “kahengangay penny” ato “langdaway penny” tosaay kitti[48]. Midemakay citodongay no Mauritius to sakitingwa halo Mauritius tingwa, Nomad, MTML ato Emtel, padamso caira to 35.9 ’ofad calay no tingwa (2005 miheca a sa’osi) ato 94 ’ofadan a wikidtingwa (2007 miheca a sa’osi), Mauritius a wikidtingwa halo WiMax, CDMA 2000 ato HSDPA. Mauritius calay midemakay ira ko 18 ’ofad tamdaw (2005 miheca a sa’osi). Ponka (文化) O kakaenen (飲食部分) Nawhani masasifoday ko finacadan, kasasiromaroma no ponka, o kaen no Mauritius madengaay no Creole dating, Congko dating, Europe dating ato Inti datengan, orasaka o cecay a kaen hakairaira sa ko kasasiroma no dating. No tamdaw a icik (人文藝術) Sega o nano i Mauritius a saniyaro’ a radiw ato kero a sowal. Sega radiw nai Africaay, o nipicingcing no France itiya. Orasaka o rocok no Sega radiw a ’olic mipainiay to itiyaay ho a pifades to kohetingay tamdaw a karorayan a ’orip; tangasa anini patodong to piraoy to tamdaw. 1. I hekal o saka lima midemakay to kitti a kitakit ko Mauritius. 2. I hekal o saka tosa midemakay to kalalifet no efa onto a kitakit ko Mauritius. 3.Sa’ayaway a saying katimolay cikiw itini i Mauritius. Ika (電影) Na o takomodan a fali ato kadofahay likisi ko sakahemekan no mikeriday, midotoc to IMDb a mitiri’ay paheci, mat’elif ko 70 a ika tilifi a kamok itini i Mauritius a parapatan, tinako i 1987 miheca a tatawaen ika “Jane and the Lost City”, 1991 miheca a katawaan ika “Mon père, ce héros” (o tadamaanay ko mama ako) ato 2004 miheca tilifi ika “pa’aliwacan ko Mauritius” (Des Vacances à l'Île Maurice). Onto (體育) O satadamaanay a sasalamaen a onto no Mauritius i micokaray to mali, nikawrira o picokar to mali awaay ho manengneng i kasakitakit ko no Mauritius a tingsu. I nanomay onto matiya pidangoy at pisisir malecad ko katadamaan. Roma ira ko kahemekan no haliontoay to misakoliciway, sapad mali, fanoh mali, kapal mili, cadada mali, kapal mali, poksing, poling mali, pa’etiway, kalati’, matatenokay ato miyatayat to tiring. I kasa’tal no Intoyang, kalalifetan ko onto no Mauritius. I Intoyang a kanatal a onto, adihay ko maalaay kompay no Mauritius, pasasiroma ano eca i 1985 miheca ato 2003 miheca midemak to saka 2 lekad ato saka 5 lekad a Intoyang kanatal ontokay. I 2008 miheca a Olimpik a Peijin ontokay, Mauritius a poksing ontoing ci Bruno Giuli pakaala to saka tolo kompay, o nian sa’ayaway maalaay i Olimpik a kompay. O sahalafinay a likisi onto no Mauritius malalifetay to efa, itira i Louis minato a ’anapar kompay lalifetay to efa katimolay cikiw to kalalifet no efa onto a kitakit ko Mauritius, patireng i 1812 miheca. Tangasa anini, to mihecaan 3 folad tangaa 12 foladan, o nia kalalifetan midemak to lalifet to efa. Dodo ’ayam (渡渡鳥) Tona Portugal tamdaw i 16 sici pakanengneng to Mauritius itiya, manengneng naira ko caayay ho kanengneng a fa^elhay ’alic ’ayam, itiya pangangan han to Dodo ’ayam, o sowal “Maapaay” (maapaay topi). Tangasa i 1681 miheca, i palaan nanay a Dodo ’ayam malasawaday to (awaay to manegneng), itiya o Portugal ato Netherlands micingcingay a tamdaw milepel mipatay to Dodo ’ayam, mipatireng to maci miletek to kilakilang, makari’ang koka’oripan palapatan no Dodo ’ayam. Roma a sowal micingcingay patayni i Mauritius to fafoy no lotok palesap i palapalaan, ikor mapatalaw ko mararaay milenak a Dodo ’ayam. Ano masamaamaan i, Dodo ’ayam i pakanengneng no tamdaw ikor no 200 miheca romi’ad, o mamalahefaw to itini i cikiw. O fayafay no Mauritius ira ko Dodo ’ayam. Pakayraan a minengneng (參考來源) 1. Government Information Service - Coat of Arms. www.govmu.org. [29 July 2019]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-06-12）. 2. Constitution of Mauritius–49. Official language. National Assembly, Government Portal of Mauritius. [11 November 2017]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-06- 25）. 3. Statistics Mauritius. 2011 Population Census–Main Results (PDF). Government Portal of Mauritius. [11 November 2017]. （nano nina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2016-03-04）. 4. Population and Vital Statistics - Year 2019. Statistics Mauritius. March 2020 [6 May 2020]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-07-02）. 5. Mauritius. World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund (IMF). April 2022 [2022-07-30] （Inkiris）. 6. GINI index (World Bank estimate). data.worldbank.org. World Bank. [2 March 2019]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-06-12）. 7. 2019 Human Development Report (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 2019 [10 December 2019]. （nano nina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2018-10- 24）. 8. kacacofelan a demakpo Lipise. Kasakitakit no hekal pakafana’ ato sifo kakeridan ngangan. kacacofelan a demak po. 2001-10-1: 192. CSBN 710.26 pitiri’|csbn=ano eca|unified=ciepoc (dama). ISBN 9789860292565 （Taywan）. 9. Mauritius nikapolongan kitakit (Republic of Mauritius) -Taywan kacacofelan a demakpo. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-01-01）.Guangzhou sinpon. 10.mana’ang ko kapi. [2009-05-11]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-07-27）. 11. National Assembly (Mauritius). [2020-07-19]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-07-09）. 12. The Government of Mauritius - The National Assembly - Introduction. [2010-11-13]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-10-02）. 13. Rule of Law. 2008. Bertelsmann Transformation Index. [10 February 2012].[malasawad ko calay] 14. Mauritius and Equatorial Guinea granted associated observer status in CPLP. macauhub.com. 2006-07-17 [2007-03-05]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2007- 10-11）. 15.Congko to Mauritius kalacalay. Congko kacacofelan a demakpo calay. 2011-11. 16. Geography − Overview. Gov.mu. [4 January 2012]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-1-19）. 17. Tourism − Overview of Mauritius. Government of mauritius. [4 January 2012]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-11-14）. 18. General Info - Geography. Mauritius.net. [4 January 2012]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-02-12）. 19. First Day Cover: Rodrigues Regional Assembly. The Mauritius Post Ltd. 2004-10-12 [2007-06-27]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2007-06-25）. 20. Rodrigues: achievements after three years of autonomy. Government of Mauritius. 2005-10-25 [2007-06-27]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2007-09-30）. 21. Facts about the land, people, history, government, political conditions, economy, foreign relations of Mauritius. - Government and political conditions. Bureau of African Affairs. U.S Department of State. June 2007 [2007-06-22]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2016-06-15）. 22. Mauritius and France Sign Framework Agreement on Co-Management of Tromelin. [2012-01-13]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-11-15）. 23.Mana’ang i kapi tilid. [2019-08-07]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-08-07）. 24. Government of Mauritius (PDF). [2012-01-13]. （nano nina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2012-11-16）. 25. Mauritius's air quality 2nd best in world. 26 September 2011. Le Matinal. [19 February 2012]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-10-10）. 26. According to the World Health Organization - Mauritius: a breath of fresh air. motors.mega.mu. [19 February 2012]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-02- 24）. 27. CIA - The World Factbook. cia.gov. [4 January 2012]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-12-24）. 28. Chiba, Eugene. English Usage in Mauritius. Computing in the Humanities and Social Sciences—Faculty of Arts & Sciences, University of Toronto. 2006 [2010-07-04]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-06-17）. 29. Article 49 of The Constitution. National Assembly of Mauritius. [2009-02-08]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-10-17）. 30.（AFP）–Oct 18, 2008. Mauritius defies anglophone past to embrace French language. Afp.google.com. 2008-10-18 [2010-07-04]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2008-10-24）. 31. Facts and Figures. M2002.thecgf.com. 1968-03-12 [2010-07-04]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2011-05-11）. 32. Holm, J. Pidgins and Creoles. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1989: 476. ISBN 9780521359405., p.353. 33. Coexistence International at Brandeis University (PDF). [2010-07-04]. （nano nina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2010-08-27）. 34. Circular Migration Agreement will enable Mauritians work in France. Gov.mu. [2010-07-04]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-11-14）. 35. Briefing on the Mauritian International Arbitration Act (PDF). [2010-07-04]. （nano nina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2011-05-10）. 36. Ministry of Education and Human Resource. EDUCATION STATISTICS - 2011 (PDF). Government of Mauritius. 2011 [17 February 2012]. （nano nina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2012-10-21）. 37. Milo Vandemoortele and Kate Bird 2010. Progress in economic conditions in Mauritius: Success against the odds （felih mana’ang kapi, mana’ang i calay）. London: Overseas Development Institute Vandemoortele, Milo (2010)MDG fundamentals: improving equity for development, Overseas Development Institute. See briefing papers linked on this web page. 38. Positioning Mauritius in the world (PDF). MTPA: 46. [28 January 2012]. （nano nina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2012-3-2）. 39. Code of ethics of tourism for Mauritius (PDF). MTPA. [28 January 2012]. （nano nina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2012-1-21）. 40. Mauritius awards. World travel award. [24 February 2012]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-02-20）. 41.Mana’ang ko kapi. [2013-10-16]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-10-17）. 42. Mana’ang ko kapi. [2018-10-16]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-16）. 43. Mauritius online bus route enquiry. [2011-02-06]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-12-23）. 44. Digest of Road Transport & Road Accident Statistics 2009 (PDF). Digest of Road Transport & Road Accident Statistics 2009. Central Statistics Office. [2 September 2011]. （nano nina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2012-10-2）. 45. Mauritius hikoki calay. [2012-02-27]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2009-03-17）. 46. Blue Mauritius: The Hunt for the World’s Most Valuable Stamps. helenmorgan. [4 February 2012]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-1-18）. Mauritus（模里西斯） Itini i 20 17 S, 57 33 E, noAfilika ko Mauritus. Polong no sekalay i 2,040 sq km “saka 181 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 2,030 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 10 sq km ” Polong i 1,348,242 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 43.80%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 17.30%, malo no roma to a sera 38.90%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Port Louis]](路易港) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakatolo 12 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci Ameenah Gurib, patirengan(建立) a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca(年) saka 6 folad saka 5 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw CIA 外交部 List of current heads of state and government