Dam in ruwa na garin Manantali

Madatsar ruwan Manantali ( Faransanci : Barrage de Manantali ) madatsar ruwa ce mai amfani da yawa a kogin Bafing a cikin kwarin kogin Senegal, 90 kilometres (56 mi) zuwa kudu maso gabashin Bafoulabé, a yankin Kayes na Mali . Tarihi Shirye-shiryen farko na madatsar ruwan ya fara ne a shekarar 1972 lokacin da Mali, Mauritania da Senegal suka kafa kungiyar don ci gaban kogin Senegal (Organisation pour la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal, ko OMVS) don bunkasa aikin gona da karfin ruwa na kwandon. Bankin Duniya ya ki tallafawa madatsar ruwan a shekarar 1979, yana la'akari da shi saka hannun jari mara ma'ana. Koyaya, an sami kuɗi galibi daga Turai kuma an fara gina madatsar ruwan a shekarar 1982. An kammala shi a shekarar 1988, amma ba tare da tashar wutar lantarki ba. A cikin 1989 Yakin Yankin Mauritania-Senegal ya dakatar da duk aikin a kan aikin. Wani ɗan jarida na Switzerland wanda ya ziyarci Manantali a cikin 1988 ya bayyana aikin a matsayin "moto mai kayatarwa ba tare da mota ba". A cikin 1993 Carl-Dieter Spranger, ministan Jamus na taimakon ci gaba, ya kira Manantali "aikin wauta na tattalin arziki da muhalli". Lokacin da rikici ya ragu a cikin 1991 OMVS ta nemi sabon kunshin rance don tashar wutar lantarki, wanda a ƙarshe aka haɗa shi a cikin 1997. Dam din ya fara samar da wutar lantarki ga Senegal, Mali da Mauritania a shekara ta 2001. A yau madatsar ruwan tana sarrafawa ne ta hanyar Kamfanin Gudanar da Makamashi na Manantali, Société de gestion de l'énergie de Manantali (SOGEM) wanda aka kirkira a shekarar 1997. SOGEM kuma ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar kwangila na shekaru 15 tare da kamfanin EEM mai zaman kansa, wani reshe na kamfanin wutar lantarki na Afirka ta Kudu ESKOM, don gudanar da tashar. OMVS tana da wakilci a kan kwamitin SOGEM . Da yake ambaton "matsalar kwangila wajen aiwatar da kwangilar", Eskom ta shiga yarjejeniya tare da SOGEM don dakatar da shi tun daga 1 ga Oktoba 2011, bisa ga rahoton kudi na kamfanin na 2011. Kudin da kudade Jimlar kudin madatsar ruwan, tashar wutar lantarki da ke da alaƙa da ita, sare gandun daji na tafkin nan gaba, karatu da "matakan kari" sun kasance Yuro 1.02bn. Kudin ginin madatsar ruwan Diama da ke ƙasa ya kasance ƙarin Yuro 50. Masu ba da gudummawa 16 ne suka ba da guddina ga madatsar ruwan, ciki har da hadin gwiwar ci gaban Jamus (14%) da Faransa (13%) Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka, Bankin Duniya, Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai, Kanada, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait da Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Kasashen Afirka guda uku da suka amfana sun ba da gudummawa ga kudade. Kashi 64% na kudaden kasashen waje sun kasance ta hanyar rance mai laushi da kashi 36% ta hanyar tallafi. Ƙungiyar Turai, Bankin Ci Gaban Musulunci, Bankin Raya Yammacin Afirka, da Asusun Ci Gaban Arewa suma sun ba da gudummawa ga kudade. Gwamnatin Norway ta ki tallafawa madatsar ruwan saboda damuwa game da tasirin lafiyarta. Fa'idodi Fa'idodin da ake tsammani sun haɗa da samar da wutar lantarki, haɓaka samar da aikin gona ta hanyar ban ruwa da inganta hanyoyin ruwa na kogi. Samar da wutar lantarki. Binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2008 na madatsar ruwan da masu hada-hadar kudi uku suka gudanar (EIB, Jamusanci KfW da Faransanci AFD) sun kammala cewa babban fa'idar madatsar ruwa shine samar da wutar lantarki, inda samar da 740 GWh a kowace shekara ya wuce tsammanin 540 GWh. Kimanin kashi 55% na wutar lantarki ana amfani da shi a Mali, kashi 30% a Senegal da kashi 15% a Mauritania. A shekara ta 2006 a Mali fiye da 90% na duk wutar lantarki da aka samar ya fito ne daga Manantali, a Mauritania 34% kuma a Senegal 13%. Dam din bai warware matsalar wutar lantarki ta kasashe uku ba, inda katsewar wutar lantarki ke faruwa akai-akai kuma masana'antun da ke akwai dole ne su samar da nasu wutar lantarki. Game da ingancin tattalin arziki na aikin, kimantawar Turai ta lissafa yawan dawowar tattalin arziki na ɓangaren wutar lantarki na 8% . Binciken Bankin Duniya har ma ya lissafa yawan dawowar tattalin arziki na 12 zuwa 24%. Abubuwan da ke tattare da kayan aikin samar da wutar lantarki da aka tsara - samar da wutar wutar lantarki da ake tsammani wanda aka raba ta hanyar samar da wutar sadarwa idan aka yi amfani da wutar lantarki har abada a cikakken ƙarfin, shine 42% idan aka kwatanta da 45-60% don sauran masana'antun wutar lantarki. Koyaya, waɗannan fa'idodin tattalin arziki ba su fassara zuwa fa'idodin kuɗi ba saboda dalilai biyu: Na farko, an saita farashin wutar lantarki a kusan rabin farashin samarwa (4.7 Yuro Cents / kWh idan aka kwatanta da 8.8 Cents). Na biyu, masu amfani da wutar lantarki na kasa na kasashe uku da suka sayi wutar lantarki a kai a kai suna biyan kusan rabin kuɗin su. Ƙungiyar da ke kula da aiki da tashar wutar lantarki, SOGEM, ta haka ne ke tara rashi. Za a sake dawo da Asusun Hadarin Hydrology a hankali don biyan kuɗin aiki na shuka idan akwai karancin kudaden shiga saboda fari. Asusun ya sami iyakantaccen gudummawa ne kawai, tunda an yi amfani da biyan kuɗin da aka ware don samar da wutar lantarki a yankunan da ke kusa da layin watsa wutar lantarki don mayar da martani ga matsin lamba daga al'ummomin yankin. Fa'idodin aikin gona da aka samu ta hanyar madatsar ruwan sun kasance "kasa da tsammanin da ya dace". Dam din yana ban ruwa da ƙarin hekta 78,100 (kilomita 781) na ƙasa a Senegal (hectare 54,700), Mauritania (hectara 20,400) da Mali (hectaras 3,000), wanda a zahiri ya wuce tsammanin. Koyaya, Amfanin gona ya kasance ƙasa kuma ana girbe amfanin gona guda ɗaya ne kawai a kowace shekara, wani bangare saboda a cikin ƙasashe uku masu samar da shinkafa gwamnatoci ne suka saita su a ƙasa da farashin kasuwar duniya, don haka ba da ƙaramin ƙarfafawa ga manoma don ƙara samarwa zuwa cikakkiyar damarsa. Ba a cimma burin aikin da aka bayyana don kara wadatar abinci ba: Kashi na wadatar shinkafa ya ragu a Senegal daga 23% a 1980 zuwa 20% a 2006 kuma samar da shinkafa ta tsaya tun 1990. Kashi na wadatar hatsi a Mauritania ya ragu daga 80% zuwa 30%. Makasudin haɓaka zirga-zirgar kogin Senegal tsakanin Saint-Louis, Senegal da Ambidédi, Mali an riga an yi watsi da shi a cikin 1980 kafin gina shi saboda ya zama mai yiwuwa. Tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa Dam din ya tabbatar da cece-kuce saboda gudun hijirar da ya yi na mutane 10,000 daga yankin da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye, da kuma illar da ya shafi muhalli da lafiya.[7] A yankunan da aka yi ban ruwa, cututtukan da ke haifar da ruwa kamar su Bilharzia ya karu sosai, yayin da kamun kifi na gida ya ragu sosai. Ambaliyar kogin Senegal a kowace shekara ya kasance tushen koma bayan tattalin arzikin noma, kamun kifi, da kiwo. Tare da madatsar ruwan Manantali, an rage ambaliya ta shekara-shekara zuwa ambaliya ta wucin gadi na makonni biyu. A al'adance, kogin Senegal ya mamaye kusan hekta 150,000 a matsakaici, kuma har zuwa hectare 350,000 a cikin shekaru masu yawa. A cikin 1999, ana sa ran rage wannan zuwa tsakanin hekta 30,000 zuwa 50,000 a cikin matsakaiciyar shekara, kuma zai ragu sosai a cikin shekara ta bushewa. An yi kiyasin cewa kimanin mutane 370,000 ne suka rayu daga koma bayan tattalin arziki a cikin kwarin kogin Senegal kafin a gina madatsar ruwa. Tabarbarewar ambaliyar ruwa a yanzu haka ya ɓace gaba ɗaya. Kaso kadan daga cikin manoman da abin ya shafa ne aka biya diyya da filin ban ruwa daga tafki na Manantali. manazatta