Taoudenni

Taoudenni (kuma Taoudeni, Taoudénit, Taudeni, Berber languages , Arabic ) wata cibiyar hakar gishiri ce mai nisa a yankin hamada na arewacin Mali, 664 kilometres (413 mi) arewacin Timbuktu . Ita ce babban birnin Yankin Taoudénit . Ana haƙa gishirin da hannu daga gadon wani tsohon tafkin gishiri, a yanka shi zuwa faifai, sannan a kai shi ko dai da mota ko da raƙumi zuwa Timbuktu. Ayarin raƙumi ( azalai ) daga Taoudenni sune wasu daga cikin na ƙarshe da har yanzu ke aiki a Hamadar Sahara . A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, a lokacin mulkin Moussa Traoré, an gina gidan yari a wurin kuma an tilasta wa fursunonin yin aiki a ma'adinai. An rufe gidan yarin a shekarar 1988. Haƙar gishiri Al-Sadi ne ya fara ambaton Taoudenni a cikin littafinsa Tarikh al-Sudan, wanda ya rubuta cewa a shekarar 1586 lokacin da sojojin Morocco suka kai hari kan cibiyar hakar gishiri ta Taghaza (150). km arewa maso yammacin Taoudenni) wasu daga cikin masu hakar ma'adinai sun ƙaura zuwa 'Tawdani'. A shekarar 1906, sojan Faransa Édouard Cortier ya ziyarci Taoudenni tare da wani rukunin rundunar raƙuma ( méharistes ) kuma ya buga bayanin farko na ma'adinan. A lokacin, ginin kawai shine Ksar de Smida, wanda ke da bango kewaye da shi tare da ƙaramin ƙofar shiga ɗaya a gefen yamma. Ɓargajen ksar sun kai 600 arewa da ginin gidan yarin. Ma'adinan Taoudenni suna kan gadon wani tsohon tafkin gishiri . Masu hakar ma'adinai suna amfani da gatari mai ɗanɗano don haƙa ramuka, waɗanda yawanci suna da girman 5. m ta 5 m tare da zurfin 4 m. Masu haƙar ma'adinai sun fara cire 1.5 m na yumbu ja mai nauyi, sannan layuka da yawa na gishiri mara inganci kafin ya kai layuka uku na gishiri mai inganci. Ana yanka gishirin zuwa falle marasa tsari waɗanda suke kusan 110 cm x 45 cm da 5 kauri cm kuma yana da nauyin kusan 30 kg. Biyu daga cikin manyan layukan suna da kauri da za a iya raba su biyu, ta yadda za a iya samar da sanduna 5 daga layuka uku. Bayan sun cire gishirin daga tushen ramin, masu hakar ma'adinai suna haƙa a kwance don ƙirƙirar ɗakunan tarihi waɗanda za a iya samun ƙarin sanduna daga cikinsu. Yayin da kowace rami ke ƙarewa, wani kuma yana haƙa, haka nan akwai dubban ramuka a faɗin yanki. Tsawon ƙarni, an cire gishiri daga wurare uku daban-daban na magudanar ruwa, inda kowane yanki a jere yake nesa da kudu maso yamma. Ana iya ganin yankuna uku a sarari a hotunan tauraron ɗan adam. A lokacin ziyarar Édouard Cortier a shekarar 1906, yankin haƙar ma'adinai ya kai murabba'in mita 3. kilomita kudu da ksar; a shekarun 1950, ma'adinan da ke aiki suna cikin yanki na 5 km daga ksar, yayin da ma'adinan da ke akwai a nisan 9 km. A tsakanin 2007-2008, akwai ƙungiyoyi kusan 350 na masu haƙar ma'adinai, kowace ƙungiya yawanci tana ɗauke da ƙwararren ma'aikacin haƙar ma'adinai tare da ma'aikata 2, wanda ya kai jimillar maza 1,000. Mazan suna zaune a cikin bukkoki na asali waɗanda aka gina daga tubalan gishiri marasa inganci kuma suna aiki a ma'adinai daga Oktoba zuwa Afrilu, suna guje wa watanni mafi zafi na shekara, lokacin da kusan 10 daga cikinsu suka rage. Ana jigilar fale-falen a cikin hamada ta hanyar kogin Araouane zuwa Timbuktu . A da, raƙumi ne ke ɗaukar su koyaushe, amma kwanan nan wasu daga cikin gishirin ana jigilar su ta hanyar manyan motoci masu ƙafafu huɗu. Ta hanyar raƙumi, tafiyar zuwa Timbuktu tana ɗaukar kimanin makonni uku, inda kowane raƙumi ke ɗauke da fale-falen guda huɗu ko biyar. Tsarin da aka saba da shi shine ga kowane fale-falen guda huɗu da aka kai Timbuktu, ɗaya na masu hakar ma'adinai ne, sauran ukun kuma ana biyan masu raƙumi. Har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20, an jigilar gishirin a cikin manyan ayarin raƙuma guda biyu ( azalaï ), ɗaya ya bar Timbuktu a farkon Nuwamba da kuma na biyu ya bar Timbuktu a ƙarshen Maris, a ƙarshen kakar wasa. Horace Miner, wani masanin ilimin ɗan adam na Amurka wanda ya shafe watanni bakwai a garin, ya kiyasta cewa a cikin 1939-40, ayarin hunturu ya ƙunshi raƙuma sama da 4,000 kuma jimlar yawan samar da gishiri ya kai 35,000. Jean Clauzel ya rubuta cewa adadin ayarin da suka isa Timbuktu ya ƙaru daga 10,515 a 1926 zuwa 160,000 (4800 t) a 1957-1958. Duk da haka, a farkon shekarun 1970 samarwa ta ragu, kuma a ƙarshen shekarun ya kasance tsakanin 50,000 zuwa 70,000. Kurkuku An gina wani sansanin soja da gidan yari a Taoudenni a shekarar 1969 a zamanin mulkin Moussa Traoré . An yi amfani da gidan yarin don tsare fursunonin siyasa har zuwa shekarar 1988, lokacin da aka rufe shi. Da yawa daga cikin fursunonin jami'an gwamnati ne waɗanda aka zarge su da shirya makirci ga gwamnatin. Fursunoni suna aiki a ma'adinan gishiri kuma da yawa daga cikinsu sun mutu. A gabashin ginin gidan yarin akwai makabarta da ke ɗauke da kaburbura 140, waɗanda goma sha biyu ne kawai ke da sunaye. Sun haɗa da: Yoro Diakité, shugaban gwamnatin wucin gadi ta farko bayan juyin mulkin ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 1968, wanda ya mutu a shekarar 1973. Tiécoro Bagayoko, shugaban hukumar tsaro daga 1968 zuwa 1978, wanda ya mutu a watan Agusta na 1983. Kissima Doukara, Ministan Tsaro 1968-1978. Youssouf Balla Sylla, shugaban 'yan sanda na 3rd Arrondissement na Bamako . Jean Bolon Samaké, shugaban Gundumar Goundam a shekarar 1969, wanda ya mutu a shekarar 1973. Yanayi Taoudenni wuri ne mai nisa a yankin da ya fi zafi a duniya, yana da nisan kilomita ɗari da sittin daga wurin da mutane ke zaune mafi kusa da kowane girma. Yankin yana tsakiyar Hamadar Sahara, a kudancin Tanezrouft (ɗaya daga cikin yankuna mafi tsauri a duniya, wanda aka sani da zafi mai tsanani da bushewa), kuma yana da nau'in yanayin hamada mai zafi ( nau'in yanayi na Köppen BWh ). Yankin yana da yanayi mai zafi, mai tsananin bushewa tare da hasken rana mara karewa duk tsawon shekara. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi ya wuce digiri 40 °C (104) °F) daga watan Afrilu zuwa Satumba kuma ya kai kololuwar 47.9 °C (118.2) °F) a watan Yuli, mafi girman darajar irin wannan tsayin sama da matakin teku. Lokacin sanyi kuma yana da zafi sosai idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin duniya. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi mai yawa yana kusa da 27 °C (80.6) °F) a cikin watan da ya fi sanyi. Matsakaicin zafin rana na shekara-shekara yana kusa da 29 °C (84.2) °F) kuma matsakaicin matsakaicin shekara shine 37.8 °C (100.0) °F), ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma a duniya. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana tsakanin 1 cm (0.39) a) da kuma 2 cm (0.78) a) wanda galibi yana faɗuwa daga watan Yuli zuwa Satumba saboda tasirin Yankin Haɗin Kan Yankin Tsakiyar Yanayi akan yanayinsa. A matsakaici, Taoudenni yana ganin awanni 3,700 na hasken rana mai haske a kowace shekara, tare da kashi 84% na sa'o'in rana suna da rana. Wurin kuma yana cikin ɗaya daga cikin yankuna mafi bushewa a duniya. Duba kuma Taudeni kwarin Taghaza Chenachène Bayanan kula Manazarta