ITaliya

iTaliya (ngokomthetho: uMbusobala wamaTaliya, ngesiTaliya: Repubblica Italiana) yilizwe eningizimu leYurophu elimboza inhlonhlo yaseTaliya, neziqhingi zaseSadiniya naseSisiliya. iTaliya inemigcele neFulansi neSuwisi ngasenyakatho ntshona, i-Ostriya neSloveniya ngasenyakatho mpuma. Izungezwe ulwandle lwaseMediterranean ezihlangothini ezintathu: ngasempuma (olubizwa ulwandle lwaseTiraniya), ngasentshona (olubizwa ulwandle lwase-Adriatiki), nangaseningizimu. iTaliya iyilunga loBumbano waseYurophu. iNsusagama Asikho isiqiniseko sensusa legama lika-Taliya (ngesiTaliya: Italia). Abasomlando bacagela ukuthi leligama liqhamuka esiGrekini, igama elaliqanjelwe isizwe sama-Italói. Abosomlando basola ukuthi leligama lisuka esilwaneni esasimele isizwe: inkonyana elaziwa ngesiLathini ngelika-vitulus. Umlando iRoma iRoma iqale ingumuzi owakhiwe ogwini lomfula iTiber ngama-735 ngaphambi kwesikhathi esijwayelekile. Lomuzi wawubuswe yinkosi. Ngama-509 ngaphambi kwesikhathi esijwayelekile, izakhamuzi zisuse inkosi emandleni ukusungula umbusobala – uhlaka lombangazwe olunganayo inkosi kepha olubandakanya iSenathi neZakhamuzi (ngesiLathini: Senatus Populusque Romanus, isifingqo: S.P.Q.R). iSenathi yayingumkhandlu wabahloniphekile nabacebile emphakathini. iRoma yandise ubungakho bendawo yayo ngokunqoba izizwe ezazisenhlonhlweni yaseTaliya. Lokho kuholele ekunqotshweni kwezizwe ezibu-Itali, kanye nama-Etrusci, ama-Greki, nama-Khelthi. Ngama-27 ngaphambi kwesikhathi esijwayelekile, uMbusobala wamaRoma uphenduke uMbusokazi wamaRoma. Lokho kuchaza ukuthi u-Augustus uziqambe uMbusi wokuqala waseRoma (isithakazo ewasisebenza sasingu-Princeps noma uMphambili waseRoma). uPontius Pikate wayengumLawuli waseRoma esifundazweni saseJudea owanquma ukuthi uJesu Kristu abulawe emuva kokuthi amaFaresi ekhankasele ukubulawa kwakhe. Kwakukhona amaJuda ewayengamaRoma ewakhetha ukumlandela uJesu, ngalokho waba ngamaRoma okuqala ukuba ngabafundi bakaJesu. Ngenxa yokuhlukunyezwa kwabaKristu ngenxa yokungavumi ukuzibandakanywa emasikweni aseRoma engahambelani nobuKristu, abafundi abaningi bakaJesu babulawa ngamaRoma. umPostoli uPawulu ubhale incwadi yebandla laseRoma eyabandakanywa eBhayibhelini. uPetru (okulotshwe eBhayibhelini ukuthi uJesu uthe ngaye uzoba iDwala lapho umbuso kaJesu uzowakhiwa khona emhlabeni) uncwatshwe eRoma ngasemuva kokuthi amaRoma ambethele esiphambanweni izinyawo zibheke phezulu. Inhlokosonto yakaNgcwele uPetru eRoma yakhiwe phezu kwethuna lakhe. Ma iningi lenhlonhlo lingaphansi kwabo, amaRoma anqobe iMpuma Yurophu, iNyakatho Afrika neMpakathi Mpuma. iRoma yayikholelwa ezinkulunkulwaneni ezimbalwa azinensusa yazo ezinkolweni zamaGreki; inkolo yasemandulo yamaGreki yayingakholelwa kuNkulunkulu oyedwa. Kusukela 98 ngaphambi kwesikhathi esijwayelekile kufikela 117 ngaphambi kwesikhathi esijwayelekile kwakunokuthula okwawaziwa ngo-Pax Romana. Ngama-212 emuva kwesikhathi esijwayelekile, uMbusi uCaracalla ushaye umthetho oqede ubugqili emigceleni yaseRoma; unikeze zonke izigqili ubuzakhamuzi obulingene nalawomaRoma akhululekile. Ekhulwini lesithathu ngasemuva kwesikhathi ezijwayelekile, kwakunezinkinga njengokuhlaselwa, ukuhlupheka okomnotho, izifo, nokulwa ngaphakathi kwezakhamuzi. uMbusi Aurelianus uqale ukuxazulula iningi lalezinkinga ngama-270 emuva kwesikhathi esijwayelekile. uMbusi uDiocletianus uqale ukuhlukumeza ubuKristu kakhulu ngenhloso yokubuqothula. Nakuba ezame ukugcina ukuthula kuka-Aurelianus ngokuhlephula umbusokazi ezifundazweni ezine ezinezibonda zazo, ekusukweni kwakhe ebuMbuswini, loluhlaka lokubusa lwabhidlika. uConstantinus oMkhulu ubuyise ukuthula ngokuphakanyiselwa esikhundleni sikaMbusi ngama-306. uConstantinus wayenguMbusi okuqala ukukholelwa ebuKristini futhi waqeda ukuhlukunyezwa kwamaKristu ngama-317. uConstantinus uthuthise inhlokodolobha yoMbusokazi ezinsungubezini zaseBosphorus. Ngama-380 ngasemuva kwesikhathi esijwayelekile, uMbusi uTheodosius wokuQala ushaye isiyalelo saseThesaloniki ukuthi ubuKristu (mpeleni inhlobo yalenkolo eyavunyelwa nguMkhandlu Jikelele waseNicaea ngama-325) bubeyinkolo esemthethweni yoMbusokazi wamaRoma. Emuva kwesikhathi embusweni soMbusi uTheodosius wokuQala ngama-395, uMbusokazi wamaRoma uhlukaniswe ngezinxenye ezimbili: yaseMpuma neyaseNtshona. uMbusokazi wamaRoma waseNtshona uqedwe ngama-476 ma uMbusi uRomulus Augustilus ephuma esikhundleni sakhe ephoqwe ngu-Odoacer umJalimani. Lokho kwenzakale ngenxa yezinhlaselo eziningi kakhulu zika-Attila wamaHun. uMbusokazi wamaRoma waseMpuma uqhubekile kufikela ku-1458; uchithwe ngenxa yokuthi uMehmed wama-Osimani unqobe isiqonga saseConstantinopolis ekuholele ekumenulweni koMbusi uKōnstantīnos Dragásēs Palaiológos. Isikhathi Mpakathi eMuva kokuphela koMbusokazi wamaRoma waseNtshona, uOdoacer usungule uMbuso enhlonhlweni laseTaliya. loMbuso ubhidlikile nawo. eNyakatho kwenhlonhlo yaseTaliya, uhlanga lwamaJalimani, amaLombard, usungule uMbuso waseLombardia. iLombardia iwele ngaphansi kukaCharlemagne yabandakanywa eMbusweni oNgcwele wamaRoma. Izindawo ezazisempakathini kwenhlonhlo ezazizungeze inhlokodolobha yaseRoma zazingaphansi kaPapa, umbhishobhi omkhulu owayeyinhloko yesonto lamaRoma. Inxabano ngaphakathi koMbusi wamaJalimani noPapa mayelana iminqubo kokhetho yamabhishobhi nezinye izihlonishwa esontweni kuholele ekutheni amadolobha asenyakatho lwenhlonhlo yaseTaliya ukuthi aphume ngaphansi kwakaPapa noMbuso wamaJalimani. Lamadolobha amasha (kakhulu iMilano, iGenova, iVenezia, iPisa, ne-Firenze) wayenethonya elikhulu elwandleni Mpakathi ngenxa yezikhungo zokugcina nokulawula umshintshisano wemali, nobunkimbinkimbi bezinhlelo zohwebo zabo ngenxa yezikhumulo zemikhumbi ezinkulu lapho amabutho emikhumbi empi nezohwebo awo agcinwe khona. Ngenxa yokuba empakathini yentutho yabantu nempahla ngaphakathi kweYurophu, iNyakatho Afrika, neMpakathi Mpuma, lamadolobha azimele aseTaliya wayekhiqiza ubuciko, ubuchwepheshe, nemicabango ezombusazwe eyanothonya eYurophu. Abasociko nabosonzululwazi abadumile futhi abayingqayivele eYurophu njengo-Leonardo da Vinci, Michaelangelo, Rafael, Boticelli, Titian, Donatello bavele kulesikhathi kuwolamadolobha. Ezombusazwe Ezombusazwe zaseTaliya ziqhuba ngohlaka lwentandoyeningi ngaphansi komthethosisekelo. uMthethosisekelo waseTaliya ushayiwe yiGunga loMthethosisekelo ngama-22 kaZibandlela 1947. uMthethosisekelo ungene emphoqelelweni ngo-1 kaMasingane 1948. Lokho kususe uMthethosisekelo owawuqale ukusetshenziswa nguMbuso waseSadiniya kusukela 1848 ekuholele ekususweni kweNgonyama njengenhloko yelizwe (olwaziwa nge-Statuto Albertino). Uhlaka lwezombusazwe luguqulwe ngenxa yokuthi iqembu lamaFashisti elalingaphansi kweNdunankulu uBenito Mussolini lidonse uMbuso waseTaliya eMpini yesiBili yoMhlaba lapho ilizwe lahlulwa ngabaFelandawonye (ngesiNgisi: Allies) khona – lokho kuqede umbuso wemphoqo eTaliya. uMengameli uyinhloko yesizwe nomkhuzi-jikelele wamabutho ahlomileyo. uMengameli uhlala esikhundleni iminyaka eyisikhombisa. uMengameli umela izwe futhi uqinisekisa ukuthi ezombusazwe ziqhubeka ukuqhutshwa ngohlaka lwentandoyeningi njengeSihlalo soMkhandlu oPhakeme wezobuLungiswa noMkhandlu oPhakeme wezokuVikela. Unegunya lokuqoka abehluleli beNkantolo yoMthethosisekelo, ukwamkela nokuqoka amanxusa, ukuqoka iNdunankulu naboNgqongqoshe beKhabhinethi, ukuxolela abagwetshelwe amacala, nokuphawula imithethosivivinyo. Osesikhundleni sikaMengameli ngu-Sergio Mattarella (owayengumehluleli omthethosisekelo) kusukela 31 kaMasingane 2015. Ukhethwa yiNkomfa yoKhetho ebandakanya amalunga wezindlu zimbili zesishayamthetho sikazwelonke futhi nabameli abangama-58 bemikhandlu wezifunda. iNdunankulu iyinhloko legatsha lokuphatha. Ibonisana noMengameli mayelana ukuqotshwa kwaboNgqongqoshe. iNdunankulu ivamile ukuba ngumholi weqembu lezombangazwe elisendlini yangaphansi yesishayamthetho sikazwelonke elineningi lenani lamavoti ephalamende. Ngenxa yokuthi iNdunankulu incike ekuthenjweni yiPhalamende, indlu yangaphansi yelesosikhungo ingamkhipha esikhundleni ngevoti lokungasamthembi. Lesikhundla sasikhona ngaphansi kwe-Statuto Albertino kepha uBenito Mussolini wandise amandla walesikhundla futhi wayebusela iNgonyama uViktor Emmanuel wesiThathu. Osesikhundleni esikhathini samanje ngu-Giorgia Meloni. Njengomholi wegatsha lokuphatha, nakuba engaphansi kwoMengameli ngesithunzi, iNdunankulu isesiqongweni sezombangazwe eTaliya ngenxa yokulawula izinqubomgomo nezinhlelo zikahulumeni. IPhalamende (Parlamento italiano) iqukethe iSenathi yoMbusobala (Senato di Republicca) – indlu yangaphezulu – kanye neNdlu yabaThunywa (Camera del deputati). Incane lamalunga eSenathi liqotswa nguMengameli futhi aboMengameli eziFunda banezihlalo ngokomthetho kuleyondlu kepha iningi lamalunga wayo akhethwa yizakhamuzi ngokuhlephulela izifunda izihlalo ngokulingana. Izihlalo zeNdlu yabaThunywa zikhethwa yizakhamuzi ngokuhletshulwa ngokwenani labahlali balesosifunda. Imvumo yezindlu zimbili iyafuneka ukuthi umthethosivivinyo uvunywelwe ukulethwa phambi kukaMengameli ukuthi uphawulwe bese ushicilelwe e-Gazzeti Ufficialle lapho imithetho epholelekayo ishicilelwe khona. Ezobulungiswa noMphoqelelo woMthetho iNkantolo yoMthethosisekelo inamandla okuchitha imithetho engahambelani noMthethosisekelo nokuxazulula imiphikisano ngaphakathi kwamagatsha ombuso. Lenkantolo ayiyona inxenye yegatsha lobulungiswa – ihleli ngaphandle kwayo. Abashicileli bomphakathi yibona kuphela abanegunya loku letha amacala obugebengu phambi kwenkantolo. Amacala omphakathi abucayi njengalawo abandakanya ingane noma ukungazakwazi ukukhokhela imiboleko ashushiswa ngabashushisi bomphakathi. Ngokujwayelekile, izinkatolo zihlelwe ngohlaka lwamazinga amathathu. Amacala angeniswa ezingeni lokuqala. Andluliswa ezingeni lesibili. Amacala agcina ezingeni lesithathu. Kukhona iziphathimandla ezimbalwa eziphoqelela umthetho: i-Carbinieri iphoqelela umthetho ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwemigcele aseTaliya, i-Polizia di Stato iphoqelela umthetho iphinde igcine ukuthula emadolobheni amakhulu, futhi i-Guardia di Finanza ivimba ubugebengu obwezemali nokuhwetshwa kwezidagamiswa okungekho emthethweni. Ubugebengu bodlame abuvamanga eTaliya. Ukubulawa kwenzeka ebantwini abayi-0.5 ezi-100,000 zabantu; iTaliya iphephe cishe ukundlula zonke izizwe ngaphandle kwezizwe ezincane njenge-San Marino neDolobha laseVatikani. Nakuba kuphephike ukundlula amazwe amaningi, ithathu labesifazane lathinteka ngokuhlukinyezwa. Futhi, kunesiko eliphoqa abesifazane ukuthi bagane abesilisa ababadlwengulile esiqhamuka eminqutshweni yesonto laseRoma. Kukhona amaqembu obugebengu obuqoqakele afeza ubugebengu bwezemali, inkohlakalo ezombusazweni, ukuphanga, ukudezela, nokutshontsha ewaziwa ngama-Mafia. Ezemvikelo Amabutho ahlomileyo aseTaliya aqukethe ibutho lasemhlabeni, ibutho lobhakabhaka, ibutho laselwandle, kanye nebutho lamaphoyisa wezempi. Nakuba uMengameli uyinhloko yamabutho, iNdunankulu (ngokuboniswa yiNgqongqoshe yezeMvikelo) iphatha ezempi ngokwezombangazwe. iNduna yabaSebenzi bezeMvikelo (iqokwa nguMengameli mhla ebonisane noMkhandlu waboNgqongqoshe), uMkhuzi Luciano Portolano, uyinhloko yamabutho ngezezinsuku ngezinsuku. Kunamajoni asebenzayo ayi-165,000 futhi kubenamajoni agodliwe ayi-15,000. Inezindleko eziyizigidigidi ezingama-33 wamaDola aseMelika. Izikhali nempahla esetsheziswa amabutho ikhandwa yizinkampani zezwe. Ngenxa yokuba nomboni ezikhali ethuthukileyo, iTaliya idayisela amanye amazwe izikhali alingene amaDola ayizigidi angama-881 wamaDola aseMelika. iTaliya ithenga impahla kuMelika, Isirayeli, iJalimani, iFulansi, kanye noMbuso oHlangeneyo. Izifunda iTaliya iqukatha izifunda ezingamashumi amabili (amagama abhalwe ngesiTaliya). Ubudlelwane namaZwe iTaliya liyilunga elasungula uBumbano waseYurophu (kufikela 1993 lolubumbano lwawaziwa ngoMphakathi owoMnotho waseYurophu) kanye neNhlangano yoMvumelwano waseNyakatho Atlantiki. iTaliya iyilunga yezihlangano ezinye: IZizwe Ezihlangene, iNhlangano yeNtuthuko nokuSebenzisana okoMnotho, iNhlangano yoMhlaba yoHwebo, iNhlangano yokuPhephosa nokuSebenzisana eYurophu kanye noMkhandlu waseYurophu. iTaliya ithuma amajoni emikhankasweni yokugcina ukuthula emazweni ahlushwa yizimpi: ISomaliya, IMozambiki, IBhosniya neHerzegovina, kanye neMpuma Timori. iThume amajoni e-Afganistani ehlangothini leMelika uma ihlasela inhlangano ye-Al Qaeda ngenxa yokushayisisa izindiza emibhoshongweni ye-World Trade Centre.