Ali

Ali ibn Abi Talib (Arabic: عَلِيُّ بْن أَبِي طَالِب, romanized: ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib) (c. 600 – 661 CE) na he be de fourth Rashidun caliph wey rule from (c. 600 – 661 CE) til ein assassination insyd 661, as well as de first Shia Imam. He be de cousin den son-in-law of de Islamic prophet Muhammad. Born to Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib den Fatima bint Asad, dem raise Ali insyd de household of ein cousin Muhammad wey na he be among de first to accept ein teachings. Ali play a pivotal role insyd de early years of Islam wen na Muslims severely be persecuted insyd Mecca. After de immigration (hijra) to Medina insyd 622, Muhammad give ein daughter Fatima to Ali insyd marriage wey he swear a pact of brotherhood plus am. Ali serve as Muhammad ein secretary den deputy insyd dis period, wey he be de flag bearer of ein army. Chaw sayings of Muhammad praise Ali, de most controversial of wich be uttered insyd 632 at de Ghadir Khumm, "Whoever I be ein mawla, then Ali be ein mawla." De interpretation of de polysemous Arabic word mawla be disputed: for Shia Muslims, Muhammad thus invest Ali plus ein religious den political authority, while Sunni Muslims view dis as a mere statement of friendship den rapport. Wen Muhammad die insyd de same year, a group of Muslims meet insyd de absence of Ali wey dem appoint Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) as dema leader. Ali later relinquish ein claims to leadership wey he resign from public life during de reigns of Abu Bakr den ein successor, Umar (r. 634–644). Even though ein advice occasionally be sought, de conflicts between Ali den de first two caliphs be epitomized by ein refusal to follow dema practices. Dis refusal cost Ali de caliphate to de benefit of Uthman (r. 644–656), wey na thus be appointed to succeed Umar by de electoral council. Ali sanso be highly critical of Uthman, wey be widely accused of nepotism den corruption. Yet Ali sanso repeatedly mediate between de caliph wey de provincial dissidents anger by ein policies. Dey follow Uthman ein assassination insyd June 656, dem elect Ali caliph insyd Medina. He immediately face two separate rebellions to avenge Uthman: De triumvirate of Talha, Zubayr, both companions of Muhammad, wey ein widow Aisha capture Basra insyd Iraq buh na dem be defeated by Ali insyd de Battle of de Camel insyd 656. Elsewhere, Mu'awiya, wey na Ali remove de governorship of Syria, fight against Ali insyd de inconclusive Battle of Siffin insyd 657, wich end insyd a failed arbitration process wey alienated sam of Ali ein supporters. Dese form de Kharijites, wey later terrorize de public wey Ali crush dem insyd de Battle of Nahrawan insyd 658. Dem assassinate Ali insyd 661 by de Kharijite dissident Ibn Muljam, wich pave de way for Mu'awiya to seize power wey he found de dynastic Umayyad Caliphate. Ali be revered for ein courage, honesty, unbending devotion to Islam, magnanimity, den equal treatment of all Muslims. For ein admirers, he thus cam be de archetype of uncorrupted Islam den pre-Islamic chivalry. Sunni Muslims regard am as de last of de rashidun (lit. 'rightly-guided') caliphs, while Shia Muslims venerate am as dema first Imam den de rightful religious den political successor to Muhammad. Dem say Ali ein place to be second only to Muhammad insyd Shia Muslim culture. De shrine of Ali insyd Najaf, Iraq, be a major destination for Shia pilgrimage. Dem collect dem study de legacy of Ali insyd chaw books, de most famous of wich be Nahj al-balagha. Works Chaw of de works dem attribute to Ali first be delivered as speeches wey dem later commit to writing by odas. Der sanso be supplications, such as Du'a Kumayl, wich he fi teach odas. Nahj al-balagha Ghurar al-hikam Mushaf of Ali Kitab Ali Oda works De Du'a' Kumayl be a popular Shia supplication dem attribut to Ali, wey be transmitted by ein companion, Kumayl ibn Ziyad. Dem sanso attribute to Ali be Kitab al-Diyat on Islamic law, dem fully quote insyd de Shia hadith collection Man la yahduruhu al-faqih. De judicial decisions den executive orders of Ali during ein caliphate dem sanso be recorded. Oda extant works dem attribute to Ali be collected insyd Kitab al-Kafi den oda Shia sources. References External links Hamidullah, Muhammad (1988). The Prophet's Establishing a State and His Succession. University of California. ISBN 978-969-8016-22-7. Merrick, James L. (2005). The Life and Religion of Mohammed as Contained in the Sheeah Traditions. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4179-5536-7.