Cibiyar Nazarin Kayan Kayan Kudancin Kasa, Indiya

Cibiyar Nazarin Teku ta Ƙasa, wacce aka kafa a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1966 a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje 38 na CSIR, ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta a Indiya wacce ke gudanar da bincike da bincike na kimiyya kan fasalulluka na musamman na Tekun Indiya ta Arewa. Hedikwatarta tana Goa kuma tana da ofisoshin yanki a Kochi, Mumbai, da Visakhapatnam . Tarihi Zuwa shekarun 1950, masana kimiyyar teku a duk faɗin duniya sun fahimci cewa, duk da cewa an sami ci gaba wajen bayyana da fahimtar abubuwan da aka lura da su na Tekun Atlantika da Pacific, Tekun Indiya ya kasance ba a bincika shi ba sosai. Yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a magance muhimman batutuwan teku da suka shafi zagayowar damina na arewacin Tekun Indiya, halayen sinadarai na ginshiƙin ruwa, yalwa da rarraba albarkatun abinci kamar yawan kifi, da kuma fahimtar ilimin ƙasa na Tekun Indiya ta hanyar taswirar gado da ɗaukar samfur. Waɗannan suna da mahimmanci ba kawai ga al'ummar masu bincike na duniya ba, har ma ga yawan jama'ar da ke zaune a ƙasashen da ke kewaye da Tekun Indiya gabaɗaya, da kuma musamman Tekun Arewa maso Gabashin Indiya. Sakamakon haka, ƙungiyar masu nazarin teku ta duniya ta shirya Tafiyar Tekun Indiya ta Duniya (IIOE) daga 1959 zuwa 1965 don bayyana da fahimtar muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin Tekun Indiya. Gwamnatin Indiya ta goyi bayan wannan balaguron da himma. Yayin da IIOE ke gab da kammalawa, gwamnati ta yanke shawarar cewa 'yan Indiya da suka shiga balaguron suna buƙatar wata cibiya inda za su iya ginawa kan ƙwarewar bincike na teku da suka koya a lokacin balaguron. An kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Teku ta Ƙasa (NIO) sakamakon waɗannan la'akari. An naɗa Dr. NK Panikkar, Padma Shri, darektan wannan cibiyar, mukamin da ya riƙe har zuwa lokacin ritayarsa a watan Mayu 1973. A yau, cibiyar tana ɗaukar kimanin masana kimiyya 170 (ƙarfin da aka amince da shi shine 200), 120 daga cikinsu suna da digirin digirgir (Ph.D.), ma'aikatan fasaha da tallafi 210, da ma'aikatan gudanarwa 120. Malamai da ma'aikatan suna bazuwa a cikin harabar jami'o'i huɗu: Goa, Mumbai, Kochi, da Visakhapatnam . Babban harabar jami'ar tana cikin Dona Paula, Goa, inda kusan kashi 80% na ma'aikatan ke aiki. Gudummawar bincike Wani aiki kan ƙwayoyin polymetallic nodules, wanda Gwamnatin Indiya ta ɗauki nauyinsa sama da shekaru 25, misali ne na rawar da cibiyar ke takawa biyu. A ƙarshen shekarun 1970, gwamnati ta yanke shawarar cewa ya kamata a faɗaɗa albarkatun ma'adinai na ƙasar masu mahimmanci. An ba wa NIO aikin bincika tekuna don wannan dalili. NIO ta gano ƙwayoyin polymetallic nodules daga zurfin mita 4,800 a yammacin Tekun Indiya a ranar 26 ga Janairu 1981, ta amfani da jirgin bincikenta na farko, RV Gaveshani, wanda aka saya a shekarar 1976. Daga baya, aikin da masu bincike na NIO suka yi ya taimaka wa Indiya wajen samun matsayin "Majagaba Mai Zuba Jari" daga Hukumar Kula da Teku ta Duniya . Duk da cewa wannan binciken an yi shi ne don sanya ƙasar cikin wani yanayi mai kyau, ya kuma ba wa cibiyar damar yin nazarin ilimin ƙasa na teku da ilimin ƙasa na Tekun Indiya . Wasu daga cikin batutuwan da suka magance su sune kamar haka: Juyin halittar faranti na tectonic na Indiya da tasirinsa; tantance lokacin da Himalayas suka fara tashi wanda ya haifar da yanayin damina na yankin Indiya; yanayin tsaunukan tsakiyar teku (inda sabbin ɓawon burodi ke samuwa); halayen fuskokin sedimentary na ruwa; rawar da koguna ke takawa a yankin Indiya a cikin kasafin kuɗin sediment na ruwa da juyin halittar paleoclimatic kamar yadda aka adana a cikin tsakiyar sediment. A cikin shekaru goma da rabi na farko da kafa ta, ban da gina babban harabarta a Goa, wani babban aikin da cibiyar ta ɗauka shine shirya balaguron farko na Indiya zuwa Antarctica a shekarar 1981. Wannan aikin, tare da binciken ƙwayoyin ƙarfe, ya ƙulla alaƙar kut-da-kut tsakanin NIO da Ma'aikatar Ci gaban Teku ta wancan lokacin, sannan daga baya Ma'aikatar Kimiyyar Duniya, Gwamnatin Indiya . Waɗannan alaƙar sun taimaka wa cibiyar ta bunƙasa yayin da gwamnati ta faɗaɗa kayayyakin more rayuwa na binciken teku, fasaha da ayyuka a ƙasar. Tun farkon shekarun 1980, muhimmin jigo na bincike na asali a cibiyar ya kasance, kuma yana ci gaba da fahimtar tasirin teku na halaye na musamman na yankin Arewacin Indiya, wanda ke da wasu siffofi na musamman: yankin yana da zafi sosai, tare da yankin Asiya wanda ya takaita shi kudu da kusan digiri 25 na N; ƙaramin kwari ne idan aka kwatanta da Arewa/Kudu maso Atlantika/Pacific har ma da Tekun Indiya ta Kudu, kuma ba shakka, akwai yanayin yanayi da damina ke sanyawa. A cikin hoton da ke sama, yankunan ja suna wakiltar yankuna masu tsayin kilomita kaɗan. Kasancewar yankin Tibet da Himalayas yana shafar damina. Masana kimiyyar NIO sun bayar da gudummawa mai kyau wajen fahimtar ma'anar waɗannan siffofi na musamman ta hanyar lura da nazari. Na farko sun haɗa da lura da jiragen ruwa, bayanai na jerin lokaci da aka tattara tare da kayan aiki da aka sanya a kan igiya da bayanan tauraron dan adam. ORV Sagar Kanya, wanda Gwamnatin Indiya ta saya don amfani da cibiyoyin bincike na teku a Indiya, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin waɗannan abubuwan lura. Kamar yadda aka lura a baya, wani muhimmin jigon bincike a NIO shine fahimtar yanayin teku na Tekun Indiya ta Arewa - wani yanki mai zafi da ƙaramin kwano wanda iska mai ƙarfi ke motsawa. Saman mita 200 (teku suna da zurfin kusan mita 4000) sune mafi yawan aiki a cikin teku. A nan, manyan kwararar ruwa suna tilastawa ta hanyar iska, kuma manyan masu samar da ruwa (tsirrai masu ƙananan halittu waɗanda ke yawo tare da kwararar ruwa) suna kafa matakin hulɗa mai rikitarwa waɗanda ke ratsa iyakokin gargajiya tsakanin fannoni, wanda ke haifar da sabon fanni, biogeochemistry na teku. Wasu daga cikin gudummawar bincike da NIO ta fi ambato sun kasance game da fannoni biyu na saman Layer: zagayawa da biogeochemistry. Ruwan da ke cikin wannan Layer ana tura su ta hanyar iska . Kamar yadda waɗannan suke lokaci-lokaci a kan Tekun Indiya ta Arewa, haka ma kwararar ruwa suke, wanda ya bambanta da sauran yankuna masu zafi na duniya. Alaƙar da ke tsakanin iska da kwararar ruwa, duk da haka, tana da rikitarwa. Masu binciken NIO sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bayyana yanayin yanayi a cikin kwararar ruwa a kan kwarin gabaɗaya, da kuma a bakin tekun Indiya musamman. Binciken da aka yi daga baya da kuma nazarin samfura sun nuna cewa ya kamata a duba yadda zagayawar Tekun Indiya ta Arewa ke tafiya a ko'ina cikin kwarin domin iskar da ke wani wuri ba wai kawai tana tasiri ga kwararar ruwa ta gida ba, har ma tana shafar kwararar ruwa a wurare masu nisa a wani lokaci daga baya saboda yaduwar manyan raƙuman ruwa. Misali, yanzu an san cewa iskar da ke gabar tekun gabashin Indiya tana tasiri sosai ga zagayowar yanayi na kwararar ruwa daga gabar tekun yammacin Indiya. Ta hanyar takaita Tekun Indiya ta Arewa zuwa kudu da digiri 25 na N, ƙasar Asiya tana hana kwarin samun damar shiga yankin haɗuwa na wurare masu zafi, yanki wanda yawanci yakan faru a latitude na kimanin digiri 40 kuma muhimmin mai samar da iskar oxygen ga teku. Rashin samun damar shiga irin wannan tsari, Tekun Indiya ta Arewa yana fama da yunwar iskar oxygen. Wani dalili kuma da yasa iskar oxygen ta yi ƙasa shine sakamakon yawan yawan masu samar da manyan yankuna na yankin. Lokacin da waɗannan tsire-tsire da zooplankton da ke ciyar da su suka mutu suka nutse, suna lalacewa ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta, don haka suna cinye iskar oxygen. Masu binciken NIO sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen amsa tambayoyi masu mahimmanci game da hanyoyin da ke gudana a cikin wannan kwarin tare da ƙarancin matakan iskar oxygen na yau da kullun. Wasu daga cikin tambayoyin da aka magance su sune kamar haka: Shin zagayowar damina tana haifar da wasu zagayowar yanayi, kamar na samar da halittu da kwararar ƙwayoyin da ke nutsewa? Menene fasalulluka na musamman na biogeochemistry na tsarin teku tare da ƙarancin iskar oxygen? Ta yaya hanyoyin biogeochemical (misali denitrification) waɗanda ke siffanta wannan tsarin suke aiki? Menene hanyoyin zahiri waɗanda ke ci gaba da samar da yawan aiki a yankin? Ta yaya zagayowar ruwan sama ke tasiri ga juyin halittar halittu a yankin? Gudummawar bincike (wallafe-wallafen mujallu, rahotanni, littattafai, da sauransu) daga cibiyar da ke ba da cikakkun bayanai game da gudummawar da aka ambata a sama ana samun su daga gidan yanar gizon NIO, www.nio.org. Kadarar fasaha NIO tana da haƙƙin mallaka kusan 50, waɗanda kashi 60% daga cikinsu suna da alaƙa da binciken fasahar halittu ta teku. Halittu a cikin yanayin teku suna ɗauke da ƙwayoyin halitta waɗanda za su iya zama masu amfani wajen haɓaka sabbin magunguna da sauran kayayyakin kiwon lafiya . Wannan sabon fanni ne na bincike ga masu binciken NIO. Bincikensu ya haifar da takaddun bincike da haƙƙin ilimi ga cibiyar. Kayan aikin ruwa wani fanni ne na bincike wanda cibiyar ta sami lasisin mallaka. Maya AUV wata mota ce mai zaman kanta ta ƙarƙashin ruwa (AUV) da cibiyar ta ƙirƙiro. Ayyuka Masu binciken NIO sun gudanar da ayyuka da dama don hidimar masana'antar a Indiya. Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan farko da NIO ta ɗauka don siyan jirgin ruwan bincikenta na RV Gaveshani shine raba bututun mai don ɗaukar mai daga filin mai na farko na Indiya a Bombay High. An gudanar da wannan aikin ne bisa buƙatar ƙungiyar gwamnati ta Indiya, Hukumar Man Fetur da Iskar Gas (ONGC). Tun daga lokacin, NIO ta gudanar da ayyuka da dama ga kamfanonin gwamnati na Indiya da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Jerin abokan hulɗar NIO sun haɗa da manyan kamfanonin mai da tashoshin jiragen ruwa. An yi amfani da ayyukan NIO wajen haɓaka yankunan bakin teku ta Bharuch Eco-Aqua Infrastructure Ltd., Ankleshwar, da Coastal Marine Construction & Engineering Ltd., Mumbai. Haka kuma gwamnatocin tsakiya da na jihohi sun nemi ayyukan NIO. Ayyukan tallafi da shawarwari da NIO ta ɗauka sun haɗa da Kimanta Tasirin Muhalli (EIA), Gudanar da Yankin Teku, Binciken Albarkatu, Nazarin Biofouling & Corrosion, da haɓaka kayan aikin ruwa. Wata matsala da ta dame gwamnatoci a duniya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ita ce canja wurin halittu daga wata tashar jiragen ruwa zuwa wata da ke nesa saboda canja wurin ruwa da jiragen ruwa ke amfani da shi don yin amfani da shi. An nuna cewa irin wannan canja wurin yana haifar da ci gaban halittu da ba su dace da yanayin muhalli na gida ba, wanda hakan zai iya share kamun kifi na gida. Masana kimiyyar NIO sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaɗa wayar da kan jama'a game da matsalar a Indiya. Don gane da ƙoƙarinsu, daraktan janar na jigilar kaya, Gwamnatin Indiya, ya nemi taimakon NIO don tsara tsare-tsare don sarrafa ruwan ballast a manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Indiya. Kayan aiki don bincike Cibiyar Bayanai ta NIO (NIODC) tana samun bayanai, sarrafawa, tsara su, da kuma adana bayanai da cibiyar ta samar (daga kimanin jiragen ruwa 1000 a tsakanin 1973 zuwa 2009) a cikin rumbun adana bayanai don sauƙin samu da kuma isar da su ga masu amfani da su. Laburaren cibiyar suna da tarin littattafai sama da 35,000 kuma kundin mujallu kusan tabbas shine mafi girman tarin irin wannan a ƙasar a fannin nazarin teku. Baya ga tarin littattafai, ɗakin karatu yana da damar shiga mujallu sama da 3,000 ta hanyar intanet ko dai ta hanyar biyan kuɗi kai tsaye ko kuma a matsayin wani ɓangare na haɗin gwiwa. Shiga cikin ɗakin karatu a shirye-shiryen ƙasashen duniya ya sanya wannan ɗakin karatu ya zama tushen bayanai game da nazarin teku na Indiya ga sauran duniya da kuma yin hulɗa da wasu manyan ɗakunan karatu don samun damar takardu waɗanda ba su cikin hannun jarinsa. Bincike a cibiyar yana samun goyon bayan adadi mai yawa na dakunan gwaje-gwaje masu kayan aiki a harabarta da kuma ƙarfin jiragen ruwanta da jiragen ruwanta ke bayarwa. Domin tallafawa shirye-shiryenta na bincike a teku daban-daban, cibiyar tana shirin kula da jiragen ruwa guda uku. Mafi ƙanƙanta daga cikinsu shine jirgin ruwa mai tsawon mita 23 na binciken bakin teku CRV Sagar Sukti. Jirgin ruwa mai tsawon mita 56.5 na RV Sindhu Sankalp da aka saya kwanan nan yana aiki ne musamman a gefen nahiyar, amma yana da ikon yin tafiye-tafiye a cikin teku. Jirgin ruwa mai tsawon mita 80 na NIO RV Sindhu Sadhana, wanda zai iya yin cikakken nazarin teku, an gina shi a tashar jiragen ruwa ta ABG, Surat. An shiga cibiyar a tsakanin 2011-12. Cibiyar, a tsawon lokaci, ta haɓaka ikon tura da kuma dawo da kayan aikin da aka ɗaga a kan madauri a zurfin mita 5 zuwa 5,000. Waɗannan kayan aikin suna rikodin bayanan jerin lokaci a lokacin da aka tura su, wanda zai iya ɗaukar shekaru biyu. Damar da ake da ita don gudanar da bincike da kuma karatun digiri na uku Domin tallafawa ayyukanta daban-daban, NIO tana amfani da ayyukan ma'aikatan da ba su da aikin yi, ciki har da ɗaliban digiri na uku, mataimakan ayyuka da kuma ɗaliban digiri na uku. Adadinsu ya ƙaru sosai tare da ƙaruwar shirye-shiryen bincike. Babban ƙaruwar da aka samu shine adadin mataimakan ayyuka tun lokacin da CSIR ta gabatar da "Shirin Mataimakin Ayyuka" don samun ayyukan sabbin waɗanda suka kammala karatun don haɓaka yawan aiki na cibiyoyinta. Ana ɗaukar sabbin waɗanda suka kammala karatun a kai a kai ta hanyar yin tambayoyi, wannan shirin yana ba su damar samun damar yin bincike a teku. Waɗanda suka kammala karatun kuma suna da zaɓin zama ɗaliban digiri na uku ta hanyar tsarin Babban Likitanci na Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Albarkatun Bil Adama (HRDG) na CSIR. Jami'o'i da dama sun amince da NIO a matsayin cibiyar binciken digiri na uku kuma kimanin masana kimiyya 50 daga cikin ma'aikatanta a halin yanzu an amince da su a matsayin jagororin binciken digiri na uku. Tare da kafa Kwalejin Bincike ta Kimiyya da Ƙirƙira (AcSIR), cibiyoyin CSIR suna shirye su ɗauki manyan matakai a fannin ilimi mai zurfi a ƙasar. Majalisar Bincike ta NIO ta ba da shawarar cewa cibiyar ta ɗauki matakai don fara makarantar nazarin teku da wuri-wuri don magance matsalar ƙarancin ma'aikata masu ci gaba a fannin kimiyyar teku a ƙasar. Adadin ɗaliban bincike na ƙananan yara, waɗanda suka cancanta ta hanyar NET (watau, Jarrabawar Cancantar Ƙasa, wadda CSIR ta gudanar), manyan ɗaliban bincike (wanda HRDG, CSIR suka zaɓa) da mataimakan ayyuka waɗanda suka yi rajista don digirin digirgir a cibiyar yanzu ya kai 80. Yawancin lokaci ana ba da masauki ga ɗaliban digiri na uku a harabar makarantar. Manazarta