Mahatma Gandhi

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ɑː|n|d|i|,_|ˈ|ɡ|æ|n|d|; IPA|Gujarati IPA-hns|ˈmoːɦəndaːs ˈkərəmtʃənd ˈɡaːndʱi|lang|Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi; An haife shi ne cikin watan Octoban shekara ta (1869 zuwa 30 January 1948) yakasance mutumin Indiyane shi kuma mai kare hakkin Dan'adam, yazama Shugaban Kungiyar Ƴancin Ƙasar Indiya masu fito na fito da mulkin mallakar ƙasar Birtaniya. Ta amfani da babu fada a Neman bukatun mu, civil disobedience, Gandhi yajagoranci Indiya har tasamu encin Kai, da samar da civil rights da freedom across the world. The honorific Mahātmā (Sanskrit: "high-souled", "venerable") – applied to him first in (1914 ) acikin South Africa – Ana kiransa da Bapu a kasarsa wato Baba da harshen [℅Gujarati]] , papa) kuma Gandhi ji, da kuma babban kasarmu. An haife shi, sannan kuma da girmansa daga gidan Hindu merchant caste dake coastal Gujarat, Indiya, Yayi karatun lauya Inner Temple, Landan, Gandhi da farko yadauka nonviolent civil disobedience a matsayin expatriate lawyer a kasar South Africa,a yankin yan'indiya masu nemain yanci. Bayan dawowarsa Indiya aikin shekara ta (1915) ya shirya da harhada kananan manoma, da kananan maaikata dansu shiga zanga zanga akan biyan kudin haraji dasu keyi sosai da wariya daake nuna masu. Da yazama Shugaban Indian National Congress acikin shekara ta (1921) Gandhi yajagoranci campaigns akan abubuwan dasuka damu al'ummarsa da kuma yin nasarar samun mulkin kai ko Swaraj. Gandhi ya jagoranci Indiya Dan tunkarar harajin gishiri da turawa suka kakaba masu biya Dandi Salt March acikin shekara ta (193) daga nan kuma yajasu suka nema turawan dasu bar kasar Indiya acikin shekara ta (1942) An kulle shi na tsawon shekaru a lokuta daban daban a kasarsa da kuma South Africa. Yarayu modestly a self-sufficient residential community kuma yanasa kayan al adar kasar Indiya, Abincinsa ganyanyaki ne kuma yazabi hakan ne a matsayin gyaran rayuwarsa da yakin siyasarsa. Yadda Gandhi yake neman yancin kai a Indiya ta hanyar kula da yawan masu addinai, duk da hakan yasa musulmai sun kalubalance shi acikin farkon shekara ta (1940) wadanda sune suke neman yancin kasar musulmai kadai a waccan lokaci. Acikin watan Augustan shekara ta 1947 Britaniya ta baiwa indiya yanci inda suka kasa kasar biyu da bangaren Indiyan yan'Hindu zalla da kuma bangaren Indiya ta musulmai zalla wato Pakistan. Kamar yadda aka Samu watsuwar yan'Hindu, Muslimai, da yan'Sikh yasa rikicin addinin yabarke musamman a yankin Punjab, da Bengal. Eschewing the official celebration of independence a Delhi, Gandhi yaziyarce inda rikicin yashafa domin nuna tausayawa agaresu, a watan da yabiyo baya yafara yin azumi har mutuwarsa dan neman hana kara faruwar rikicin, azuminsa na karshe dayayi itace aranar (12) ga watan Janairun shekara ta (1948) lokacin yana da shekara (78) da kuma burinsa na matsi dan ganin kasarsa Indiya ta biya dukiyoyin da kasar Pakistan take binsu. wasu yan Indiya sunyi tunanin ko Gandhi yacika nuna kusanci. daga cikin su akwai Nathuram Godse, wanda daga baya yakashe a Hindu nationalist, Gandhi aranar 30 gawan janairun shekara ta (1948)a harbeshi da harshashi uku a kirjinsa. Captured along with many of his co-conspirators and collaborators, Godse and his co-conspirator Narayan Apte were tried, convicted and executed while many of their other accomplices were given prison sentences. Ana gudanar da bikin haihuwar Gandhi a duk (2) ga watan October, bikin a Indiya suna kiran bikin da Gandhi Jayanti, a duk duniya kuma International Day of Nonviolence. Rayuwar farko da asali Iyaye Mahaifin Gandhi, Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi (1822-1885), yayi aiki a matsayin dewan (babban minista) na jihar Porbandar. Iyalinsa sun samo asali ne daga ƙauyen Kutiana a lokacin a cikin jihar Junagadh a lokacin. Ko da yake Karamchand ya kasance magatakarda ne kawai a gwamnatin jihar kuma yana da ilimin firamare, ya tabbatar da cewa ya zama babban minista. A lokacin aikinsa Karamchand ya yi aure sau hudu. Matansa biyu na farko sun rasu suna ƙanana, bayan kowacce ta haifi diya mace, kuma aurensa na uku bai haihu ba. A cikin 1857, Karamchand ya nemi izinin matarsa ta uku don ya sake yin aure; A wannan shekarar, ya auri Putlibai (1844-1891), wanda shi ma ya fito daga Junagadh, kuma ya fito daga dangin Pranami Vaishnava. Karamchand da Putlibai suna da yara hudu: ɗa, Laxmidas (c. 1860–1914); 'ya mace, Raliatbehn (1862-1960); ɗa na biyu, Karsandas (c. 1866–1913). da ɗa na uku, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi wanda aka haife shi a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 1869 a Porbandar (wanda kuma aka sani da Sudamapuri), wani garin bakin teku a kan Kathiawar Peninsula sannan kuma wani yanki na karamar sarauta ta Porbandar a cikin Hukumar Kathiawar ta Burtaniya Raj. A cikin 1874, mahaifin Gandhi, Karamchand, ya bar Porbandar zuwa karamar jihar Rajkot, inda ya zama mai ba da shawara ga mai mulkinta, Thakur Sahib; duk da cewa Rajkot kasa ce mai daraja fiye da Porbandar, hukumar siyasar yankin Biritaniya tana can, wanda ya baiwa diwan jihar wani ma'aunin tsaro. A cikin 1876, Karamchand ya zama diwan na Rajkot kuma ɗan'uwansa Tulsidas ya gaje shi a matsayin diwan na Porbandar. Daga nan dangin Karamchand suka koma tare da shi a Rajkot. Sun ƙaura zuwa gidansu na Kaba Gandhi No Delo a cikin 1881. Yarantaka Tun yana yaro, 'yar uwarsa Raliat ta bayyana Gandhi a matsayin "marasa hutawa kamar mercury, ko dai yana wasa ko yawo. Daya daga cikin abubuwan da ya fi so shi ne murda kunnuwan karnuka." Al'adun gargajiya na Indiya, musamman labarun Shravana da sarki Harishchandra, sun yi tasiri sosai ga Gandhi a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa. A cikin tarihin rayuwarsa, Gandhi ya bayyana cewa sun bar wani ra'ayi maras gogewa a zuciyarsa. Gandhi ya rubuta: "Yana damun ni kuma tabbas na yi wa kaina Harishchandra sau da yawa ba tare da adadi ba." Gane farkon Gandhi da gaskiya da ƙauna a matsayin maɗaukakin ƙima ana iya gano shi ga waɗannan fitattun haruffa. Addinin dangin ya kasance mai ban mamaki. An haifi Mohandas a cikin dangin Gujarati Hindu Modh Bania. Mahaifin Gandhi, Karamchand, Hindu ne kuma mahaifiyarsa Putlibai ta fito daga dangin Pranami Vaishnava Hindu. Mahaifin Gandhi dan kabilar Modh Baniya ne a cikin varna na Vaishya. Mahaifiyarsa ta fito ne daga al'adar Pranami na tsakiyar Krishna bhakti, wanda rubutun addini ya haɗa da Bhagavad Gita, Bhagavata Purana, da tarin matani 14 tare da koyarwar da al'adar ta yi imanin sun haɗa da ainihin Vedas, Alqur'ani da Littafi Mai-Tsarki. . Mahaifiyarsa ta rinjayi Gandhi sosai, mace mai tsoron Allah wadda "ba za ta yi tunanin cin abincinta ba ba tare da sallarta ta yau da kullun ba... za ta dauki alwashi mafi wahala kuma ta ci gaba da yin su ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba. Yin azumi biyu ko uku a jere ba kome ba ne. ta." Yana da shekaru tara(9), Gandhi ya shiga makarantar gida a Rajkot, kusa da gidansa. A can, ya karanta rudiments na lissafi, tarihi, Gujarati harshe da kuma labarin kasa. Yana da shekaru 11, Gandhi ya shiga makarantar sakandare a Rajkot, Alfred High School. Ya kasance matsakaicin ɗalibi, ya sami wasu kyaututtuka, amma ɗalibi ne mai kunya da ɗaure harshe, ba tare da sha'awar wasanni ba; Abokan Gandhi kawai littattafai da darussan makaranta. Aure A watan Mayun 1883, Mohandas Gandhi mai shekaru 13 ya auri Kasturbai Gokuldas Kapadia mai shekaru 14 (sunan farko an rage shi zuwa "Kasturba", kuma cikin ƙauna ga "Ba") a cikin shirin aure, bisa ga al'adar yankin a lokacin. Ana cikin haka ne ya yi rashin nasara a shekara guda a makaranta amma daga baya aka ba shi damar gyarawa ta hanyar habaka karatunsa. Bikin Gandhi na haɗin gwiwa ne, inda ɗan uwansa da ɗan uwansa ma suka yi aure. Yayin da yake tunawa da ranar aurensu, Gandhi ya taɓa cewa, "Kamar yadda ba mu da masaniya game da aure, a gare mu yana nufin sa sababbin tufafi ne kawai, cin kayan zaki da wasa da dangi." Kamar yadda al'adar ta kasance, amarya ta kasance mai yawan lokaci a gidan iyayenta, kuma ba tare da mijinta ba. Da yake rubuta shekaru da yawa bayan haka, Mohandas ya bayyana cike da nadama game da sha'awar da yake ji ga amaryar tasa ta hanyar cewa, "Ko a makaranta na kan yi tunaninta, kuma tunanin dare da taronmu na gaba ya kasance yana damuna." Daga baya Gandhi ya tuna yana jin kishi da mallake ta, kamar lokacin da Kasturba za ta ziyarci wani haikali tare da budurwar ta da kuma yin sha'awar jima'i a cikin tunaninsa game da ita. A ƙarshen 1885, mahaifin Gandhi, Karamchand, ya mutu. Gandhi ya bar gadon mahaifinsa don kasancewa da matarsa mintuna kaɗan kafin rasuwarsa. Shekaru da yawa bayan haka Gandhi ya rubuta "Idan sha'awar dabba ba ta makantar da ni ba, da a cece ni daga azabar rabuwa da mahaifina a lokacinsa na ƙarshe." Daga baya, Gandhi, ɗan shekara 16 a lokacin, da matarsa ’yar shekara 17, sun haifi ɗansu na fari, wanda ya rayu kwanaki kaɗan kawai. Mutuwar biyu ta ba Gandhi rai. Ma'auratan Gandhi sun sami ƙarin 'ya'ya huɗu, dukansu maza: Harilal, an haife shi a 1888; Manilal, an haife shi a shekara ta 1892; Ramdas, an haife shi a shekara ta 1897; da Devdas, an haife shi a 1900. A cikin Nuwamba 1887, Gandhi mai shekaru 18 ya kammala karatun sakandare a Ahmedabad. A cikin Janairu 1888, ya yi rajista a Kwalejin Samaldas a Jihar Bhavnagar, sannan ya zama cibiyar bayar da digiri na farko na manyan makarantu a yankin. Duk da haka, Gandhi ya bar waje, kuma ya koma ga iyalinsa a Porbandar. Ilimin da ke wajen makaranta Gandhi ya inganta ta hanyar fallasa adabin Gujarati musamman masu gyara irin su Narmad da Govardhanram Tripathi, waɗanda ayyukansu suka faɗakar da Gujaratis ga nasu kurakuran da raunin su kamar imani da akidar addini. Shekara uku a London Dalibin doka Gandhi ya fice daga kwalejin mafi arha da zai iya samu a Bombay. Mavji Dave Joshiji, wani firist na Brahmin kuma abokin iyali, ya shawarci Gandhi da iyalinsa cewa ya kamata ya yi la'akari da nazarin shari'a a London. A cikin Yuli 1888, matar Gandhi Kasturba ta haifi ɗansu na farko mai rai, Harilal. Mahaifiyar Gandhi ba ta jin daɗin yadda Gandhi ya bar matarsa da danginsa da tafiya mai nisa daga gida. Kawun Gandhi Tulsidas shima yayi kokarin hana dan dan uwansa, amma Gandhi ya so ya tafi. Don ya rinjayi matarsa da mahaifiyarsa, Gandhi ya yi alkawari a gaban mahaifiyarsa cewa ba zai daina nama, barasa, da mata ba. Ɗan’uwan Gandhi, Laxmidas, wanda ya riga ya zama lauya, ya yi murna da shirin nazarin Gandhi na London kuma ya ba shi goyon baya. Putlibai ya ba Gandhi izini da albarka. A ranar 10 ga Agusta 1888, Gandhi, mai shekaru 18, ya bar Porbandar zuwa Mumbai, wanda a lokacin ake kira Bombay. Wata jarida a cikin gida da ke ba da labarin bankwana da tsohuwar makarantarsa ta Rajkot ta lura cewa Gandhi shine Bania na farko daga Kathiawar da ya wuce Ingila don jarrabawar Barrister. Yayin da Mohandas Gandhi yake jiran jirgin ruwa zuwa Landan, ya gano cewa ya jawo fushin Modh Banias na Bombay. Bayan ya isa Bombay, ya zauna tare da al'ummar Modh Bania na gida wanda dattawan suka gargadi Gandhi cewa Ingila za ta gwada shi don ya gwada shi. ya sabawa addininsa, da ci da sha ta hanyoyin kasashen yamma. Duk da cewa Gandhi ya sanar da su alkawarin da ya yi wa mahaifiyarsa da albarkarta, an kore Gandhi daga zuriyarsa. Gandhi ya yi watsi da wannan, kuma a ranar 4 ga Satumba, ya tashi daga Bombay zuwa London, tare da ɗan'uwansa ya gan shi. Gandhi ya halarci Kwalejin Jami'a, London, inda ya dauki darasi a cikin adabin Ingilishi tare da Henry Morley a cikin 1888-1889. Gandhi kuma ya yi rajista a Inns of Court School of Law a cikin Haikali na ciki da niyyar zama barista. Kunyarsa ta kuruciya da jajircewarsa sun ci gaba tun lokacin samartaka. Gandhi ya riƙe waɗannan halayen lokacin da ya isa Landan, amma ya shiga ƙungiyar masu yin magana a bainar jama'a kuma ya shawo kan kunyarsa sosai don yin doka. Gandhi ya nuna matukar sha'awar jin daɗin al'ummomin dockland da ke fama da talauci. A cikin 1889, takaddamar kasuwanci ta barke a London, tare da masu aikin doki suna yajin aiki don samun ingantacciyar albashi da yanayi, da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa, masu kera jiragen ruwa, 'yan matan masana'anta da sauran su shiga yajin aikin cikin hadin kai. 'Yan wasan sun yi nasara, a wani bangare saboda shiga tsakani na Cardinal Manning, wanda ya jagoranci Gandhi da wani abokin Indiya don ziyartar Cardinal tare da gode masa bisa aikin da ya yi. Cin ganyayyaki da aikin kwamiti Alkawarin da ya yi wa mahaifiyarsa ya shafi lokacin Gandhi a Landan. Gandhi yayi ƙoƙari ya ɗauki al'adun "Turanci", gami da ɗaukar darussan rawa. Duk da haka, bai ji daɗin abincin ganyayyakin da uwargidansa ke bayarwa ba kuma yana yawan jin yunwa har sai ya sami ɗaya daga cikin ƴan gidajen cin ganyayyaki na Landan. Tasirin rubutun Henry Salt, Gandhi ya shiga kungiyar masu cin ganyayyaki ta London kuma an zabe shi a kwamitin zartarwa karkashin jagorancin shugabanta kuma mai ba da taimako Arnold Hills. Nasarar da aka samu yayin da yake cikin kwamitin ita ce kafa kungiyar Bayswater. Wasu daga cikin masu cin ganyayyaki Gandhi ya sadu da su membobin Theosophical Society, wanda aka kafa a cikin 1875 don haɓaka ƴan uwantaka na duniya, wanda kuma ya keɓe ga nazarin adabin Buddha da Hindu. Sun ƙarfafa Gandhi ya haɗa su cikin karanta Bhagavad Gita duka a cikin fassarar har ma da na asali. Gandhi yana da abokantaka da haɗin kai tare da Hills, amma mutanen biyu sun ɗauki ra'ayi daban-daban game da ci gaba da kasancewa membobin LVS na ɗan'uwan memba Thomas Allinson. Rashin jituwarsu shine sanannen misali na farko na ƙalubalantar ikon Gandhi, duk da jin kunyarsa da ɓacin ransa game da adawa. Allinson ya kasance yana haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin rigakafin haihuwa, amma Hills bai yarda da waɗannan ba, yana ganin sun lalata ɗabi'ar jama'a. Ya yi imani cin ganyayyaki ya zama motsi na ɗabi'a don haka kada Allinson ya ci gaba da kasancewa memba na LVS. Gandhi ya raba ra'ayoyin Hills game da haɗarin hana haihuwa, amma ya kare hakkin Allinson na bambanta. Zai yi wuya Gandhi ya ƙalubalanci Hills; Hills yana da shekaru 12 a matsayin babba kuma ba kamar Gandhi ba, mai iya magana sosai. Hills ya ba da kuɗin LVS kuma ya kasance kyaftin na masana'antu tare da kamfaninsa na Thames Ironworks yana ɗaukar mutane sama da 6,000 a Gabashin Ƙarshen London. Hills kuma ƙwararren ɗan wasa ne wanda daga baya ya kafa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta West Ham United. A cikin 1927 littafin tarihin kansa, Vol. Ni, Gandhi ya rubuta: Tambayar ta ba ni sha'awa sosai ... Ina matukar girmama Mista Hills da karimcinsa. Amma ina ganin bai dace ba a keɓe mutum daga cikin jama'ar masu cin ganyayyaki kawai saboda ya ƙi ɗaukar ɗabi'a mai tsarki a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan al'umma. An gabatar da kudirin cire Allinson, kuma kwamitin ya yi muhawara tare da kada kuri'a. Kunyar Gandhi ta kasance cikas ga kare Allinson a taron kwamitin. Gandhi ya rubuta ra'ayoyinsa a takarda, amma kunya ta hana Gandhi karanta muhawararsa, don haka Hills, shugaban kasa, ya nemi wani dan kwamitin ya karanta masa. Ko da yake wasu mambobin kwamitin sun amince da Gandhi, an yi asarar kuri'un kuma an cire Allinson. Babu wani yanayi mai wahala, tare da Hills ya ba da shawarar gasa a liyafar bankwana na LVS don girmama dawowar Gandhi Indiya. An kira zuwa mashaya Gandhi, yana da shekaru 22, an kira shi zuwa mashaya a watan Yuni 1891 sannan ya bar London zuwa Indiya, inda ya sami labarin cewa mahaifiyarsa ta rasu yayin da yake Landan kuma danginsa sun kiyaye labarin Gandhi. Yunkurinsa na kafa doka a Bombay ya ci tura saboda Gandhi a hankali ya kasa yin tambayoyi ga shaidu. Ya koma Rajkot don yin gyare-gyaren rayuwa don rubuta koke ga masu kara, amma Gandhi an tilasta masa tsayawa bayan ya yi wa jami'in Burtaniya Sam Sunny zagon kasa. A cikin 1893, wani musulmi ɗan kasuwa a Kathiawar mai suna Dada Abdullah ya tuntubi Gandhi. Abdullah ya mallaki babban kasuwancin jigilar kayayyaki mai nasara a Afirka ta Kudu. Dan uwansa na nesa a Johannesburg yana buƙatar lauya, kuma sun fi son wanda ke da gadon Kathiawari. Gandhi ya yi tambaya game da albashinsa na aikin. Sun ba da jimlar albashin £105 (~ $4,143 a cikin kuɗin 2023) da kuɗin balaguro. Ya yarda da shi, da sanin cewa zai kasance aƙalla alkawari na shekara ɗaya a cikin Colony na Natal, Afirka ta Kudu, kuma wani ɓangare na Daular Burtaniya. Mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a a Afirka ta Kudu (1893-1914) A cikin Afrilu 1893, Gandhi, ɗan shekara 23, ya tashi zuwa Afirka ta Kudu don zama lauyan ɗan uwan Abdullah. Gandhi ya shafe shekaru 21 a Afirka ta Kudu inda ya bunkasa ra'ayinsa na siyasa, da'a, da siyasa. A wannan lokacin Gandhi ya koma Indiya a taƙaice a cikin 1902 don tattara tallafi don jin daɗin Indiyawa a Afirka ta Kudu. Nan da nan da ya isa Afirka ta Kudu, Gandhi ya fuskanci wariya saboda launin fatarsa da kuma gadonsa. Ba a yarda Gandhi ya zauna tare da fasinjoji na Turai a cikin wasan motsa jiki ba kuma an gaya masa ya zauna a kasa kusa da direba, sannan ya yi masa duka lokacin da ya ki; A wani wuri kuma, an harba Gandhi a cikin wani magudanar ruwa domin ya jajirce wajen tafiya kusa da wani gida, a wani misali kuma an jefar da shi daga jirgin kasa a Pietermaritzburg bayan ya ki barin aji na farko. Gandhi ya zauna a tashar jirgin kasa, yana rawar jiki duk dare yana tunanin ko zai koma Indiya ko ya yi zanga-zangar neman hakkinsa. Gandhi ya zaɓi yin zanga-zanga kuma an ba shi izinin shiga jirgin washegari. A wani labarin kuma, alkalin wata kotun Durban ya umurci Gandhi da ya cire rawaninsa, wanda ya ki yin hakan. An hana Indiyawa tafiya a kan hanyoyin jama'a a Afirka ta Kudu. Wani dan sanda ya kori Gandhi daga kan titin ba tare da gargadi ba. Lokacin da Gandhi ya isa Afirka ta Kudu, a cewar Arthur Herman, ya yi tunanin kansa a matsayin "Dan Biritaniya na farko, kuma ɗan Indiya na biyu." Duk da haka, kyamar Gandhi da ’yan uwansa Indiyawa daga mutanen Biritaniya da Gandhi ya fuskanta kuma ya lura ya dame shi sosai. Gandhi ya same shi abin wulakanci, yana kokawa don fahimtar yadda wasu mutane za su iya jin girma ko fifiko ko jin daɗin irin waɗannan ayyuka na rashin ɗan adam. Gandhi ya fara tambayar matsayin mutanensa a daular Burtaniya. Shari'ar Abdullah da ta kawo shi Afirka ta Kudu ta ƙare a watan Mayu 1894, kuma al'ummar Indiya sun shirya liyafa ta bankwana ga Gandhi yayin da yake shirin komawa Indiya. An mai da jam'iyyar bankwana ta zama kwamitin aiki don tsara yadda za a bijirewa sabuwar shawarar gwamnatin Natal ta nuna wariya. Wannan ya sa Gandhi ya tsawaita lokacin zamansa na asali a Afirka ta Kudu. Gandhi ya shirya taimaka wa Indiyawa wajen adawa da wani kudirin doka na hana su 'yancin kada kuri'a, wani hakki sannan ya ba da shawarar zama wani hakki na Turai. Ya roki Joseph Chamberlain, sakataren mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, da ya sake duba matsayinsa kan wannan kudiri. Ko da yake ya kasa dakatar da zartar da dokar, Gandhi ya yi nasara wajen jawo hankalin Indiyawa a Afirka ta Kudu. Ya taimaka ya sami Natal Indian Congress a cikin 1894, kuma ta wannan ƙungiyar, Gandhi ya ƙera al'ummar Indiyawa na Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin haɗin kai na siyasa. A cikin Janairu 1897, lokacin da Gandhi ya sauka a Durban, gungun fararen fata sun kai masa hari, kuma Gandhi ya tsere ne kawai ta hanyar ƙoƙarin matar babban jami'in 'yan sanda. A lokacin Yaƙin Boer, Gandhi ya ba da kansa a cikin 1900 don ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar masu ɗaukar nauyi kamar Natal Indian Ambulance Corps. A cewar Arthur Herman, Gandhi ya so ya karyata ra’ayin ‘yan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya na cewa ‘yan Hindu ba su dace da ayyukan “na miji” da suka hada da hadari da aiki ba, sabanin yadda musulmi ‘yan gudun hijira suke yi. Gandhi ya haɓaka masu aikin sa kai na Indiya 1,100, don tallafawa sojojin Burtaniya da ke yaƙi da Boers. An horar da su kuma an ba su takardar shaidar likita don yin hidima a kan layin gaba. Sun kasance mataimaka a yakin Colenso zuwa gawarwakin agajin gaggawa na farin kaya. A yakin Spion Kop, Gandhi da masu dauke da shi sun koma fagen daga kuma dole ne su dauki sojoji da suka ji rauni zuwa mil mil zuwa asibitin filin tun da filin ya yi tsanani ga motocin daukar marasa lafiya. Gandhi da wasu Indiyawa 37 sun sami lambar yabo ta Sarauniyar Afirka ta Kudu. A shekara ta 1906, gwamnatin Transvaal ta fitar da wata sabuwar doka da ta tilasta yin rajistar al'ummar Indiyawa da Sinawa. A babban taron zanga-zangar da aka gudanar a Johannesburg a ranar 11 ga Satumbar waccan shekarar, Gandhi ya ɗauki hanyar Satyagraha da ke ci gaba da ci gaba (ba da kai ga gaskiya), ko zanga-zangar da ba ta da tushe, a karon farko. A cewar Anthony Parel, rubutun ɗabi'a na Tamil Tirukkuṛaḷ kuma ya rinjayi Gandhi bayan Leo Tolstoy ya ambata a cikin wasiƙun da suka fara da "Wasika zuwa ga Hindu." Gandhi ya bukaci Indiyawa da su bijirewa sabuwar dokar kuma su fuskanci hukuncin yin hakan. Tunaninsa na zanga-zangar, ƙwarewar lallashi, da hulɗar jama'a sun bayyana. Gandhi ya koma Indiya a cikin 1915. Turawan mulkin mallakan Indiyawa da Afirka Gandhi ya mayar da hankalinsa kan Indiyawa da 'yan Afirka yayin da yake Afirka ta Kudu. Da farko Gandhi ba ya sha'awar siyasa, amma hakan ya canza bayan da aka nuna masa wariya da cin zarafi kamar yadda wani jami'in farar fata ya yi masa korar kocin jirgin kasa. Bayan faruwar irin wadannan abubuwa da dama da fararen fata a Afirka ta Kudu, tunanin Gandhi da mayar da hankali ya canza, kuma ya ji cewa dole ne ya yi tsayayya da wannan kuma ya yi gwagwarmayar neman hakki. Gandhi ya shiga siyasa ta hanyar kafa majalisar Natal Indian Congress. A cewar Ashwin Desai da Goolam Vahed, ra'ayin Gandhi game da wariyar launin fata yana da jayayya a wasu lokuta. Ya fuskanci tsanantawa tun daga farko a Afirka ta Kudu. Kamar sauran mutane masu launin fata, jami'an farar fata sun hana Gandhi hakkinsa, kuma 'yan jarida da wadanda ke kan tituna sun yi wa Gandhi lakabi da "parasite", "semi-barbarous", "canker", "squalid coolie", "mutumin rawaya", da sauran al'amura. Har ma mutane za su tofa masa yawu don nuna ƙiyayyar launin fata. Yayin da yake Afirka ta Kudu, Gandhi ya mayar da hankali kan cin zarafin Indiyawa na wariyar launin fata kafin ya fara mai da hankali kan wariyar launin fata ga 'yan Afirka. A wasu lokuta, jihar Desai da Vahed, halin Gandhi na ɗaya daga cikin ɓangarorin ra'ayin kabilanci da cin zarafin Afirka. A lokacin wani jawabi a watan Satumba na 1896, Gandhi ya koka da cewa turawan da ke mulkin mallaka na Afirka ta Kudu na Birtaniya suna "kaskantar da Indiyawa zuwa matakin danyen Kaffir." Masana sun ba da misali da cewa Gandhi a lokacin yana tunanin Indiyawa da baƙar fata Afirka ta Kudu daban. Kamar yadda wani misali da Herman ya bayar, Gandhi, yana da shekaru 24, ya shirya taƙaitaccen doka don Majalisar Natal a 1895, yana neman 'yancin zaɓe ga Indiyawa. Gandhi ya buga tarihin kabilanci da ra'ayin 'yan Gabashin Turai cewa "Anglo-Saxon da Indiyawa sun fito ne daga hannun Aryan ɗaya ko kuma mutanen Indo-Turai" kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa ba za a haɗa Indiyawa da 'yan Afirka ba. Shekaru bayan haka, Gandhi da abokan aikinsa sun yi hidima da taimaka wa 'yan Afirka a matsayin ma'aikatan jinya da kuma adawa da wariyar launin fata. Wanda ya lashe kyautar zaman lafiya ta Nobel, Nelson Mandela na daga cikin masu sha'awar yunkurin Gandhi na yaki da wariyar launin fata a Afirka. Babban hoton Gandhi, jihar Desai da Vahed, an sake sabunta shi tun lokacin da aka kashe shi kamar yadda Gandhi ya kasance waliyyi ne, lokacin da a zahiri, rayuwarsa ta kasance mai rikitarwa, tana ɗauke da gaskiyar da ba ta dace ba, kuma ta kasance wacce ta canza akan lokaci. Masanan sun kuma yi nuni da shaida ga dimbin tarihi na hadin gwiwa da kokarin da Gandhi da mutanen Indiya suka yi tare da mutanen Afirka ta Kudu wadanda ba farar fata ba a kan zaluncin ‘yan Afirka da wariyar launin fata. A cikin 1903, Gandhi ya fara ra'ayin Indiyawa, wata jarida da ke ɗauke da sababbin Indiyawa a Afirka ta Kudu, Indiyawa a Indiya tare da labarai akan dukkan batutuwa - zamantakewa, ɗabi'a da hankali. Kowane fitowar ta kasance mai harsuna da yawa kuma tana ɗauke da abubuwa cikin Ingilishi, Gujarati, Hindi da Tamil. Yana ɗaukar tallace-tallace, ya dogara sosai kan gudummawar Gandhi (sau da yawa ana buga shi ba tare da layi ba) kuma ya kasance 'mai ba da shawara' ga dalilin Indiya. A cikin 1906, lokacin da Tawayen Bambatha ya barke a yankin Natal, Gandhi mai shekaru 36 a lokacin, duk da jin tausayin 'yan tawayen Zulu, ya karfafa wa Indiyawan Afirka ta Kudu kwarin guiwa da su kafa kungiyar sa kai mai dauke da shimfida. Da yake rubuce-rubuce a cikin ra'ayin Indiya, Gandhi yayi jayayya cewa aikin soja zai kasance da amfani ga al'ummar Indiya kuma yana da'awar zai ba su "lafiya da farin ciki." A ƙarshe Gandhi ya jagoranci ƙungiyar sa kai gauraye na Indiya da Afirka masu ɗaukar shimfiɗa don kula da mayaƙan da suka ji rauni a lokacin da ake murkushe tawayen. Sashen kula da lafiya da Gandhi ya ba da umarnin yin aikin kasa da watanni biyu kafin a wargaza su. Bayan da aka murkushe tawayen, tsarin mulkin mallaka bai nuna sha'awar ba wa al'ummar Indiya 'yancin ɗan adam da aka bai wa farar Afirka ta Kudu ba. Wannan ya sa Gandhi ya zama cikin rudani da Daular kuma ya tayar da farkawa ta ruhaniya a cikinsa; Masanin tarihi Arthur L. Herman ya rubuta cewa Ghandi ya fuskanci Afirka wani bangare ne na babban rashin jin dadinsa da yammacin duniya, inda ya mayar da Gandhi zuwa "marasa hadin kai." A shekara ta 1910, jaridar Gandhi, Ra'ayin Indiya, ta ba da rahotanni game da wariyar launin fata ga 'yan Afirka daga mulkin mallaka. Gandhi ya bayyana cewa, 'yan Afirka su ne "mazaunan kasar su kadai." A cikin 1910, Gandhi ya kafa, tare da taimakon abokinsa Hermann Kallenbach, al'umma mai akida da suka kira Tolstoy Farm kusa da Johannesburg. A can, Gandhi ya raya manufofinsa na tsayin daka cikin lumana. A cikin shekaru bayan bakar fata na Afirka ta Kudu sun sami 'yancin kada kuri'a a Afirka ta Kudu (1994), Gandhi ya yi shela a matsayin gwarzo na kasa mai tarin abubuwan tarihi. Gwagwarmayar samun 'yancin kai na Indiya (1915-1947) Bisa bukatar Gopal Krishna Gokhale, wanda C. F. Andrews ya mika wa Gandhi, Gandhi ya koma Indiya a cikin 1915. Ya kawo suna a duniya a matsayin babban dan kishin Indiya, masanin ra'ayi da mai tsara al'umma. Gandhi ya shiga Majalisar Dokokin Indiya kuma Gokhale ya gabatar da shi ga al'amuran Indiya, siyasa da al'ummar Indiya. Gokhale babban jigo ne na Jam'iyyar Congress Party wanda aka fi sani da kamun kai da daidaitawa, da kuma dagewar sa kan aiki a cikin tsarin. Gandhi ya ɗauki tsarin sassaucin ra'ayi na Gokhale bisa al'adun Whiggish na Biritaniya kuma ya canza shi don sa ya zama Indiyanci. Gandhi ya karbi shugabancin Majalisa a 1920 kuma ya fara kara yawan bukatu har zuwa ranar 26 ga Janairu 1930 Majalisar Indiya ta ayyana 'yancin kai na Indiya. Birtaniya ba ta amince da sanarwar ba, amma an yi shawarwari, tare da Majalisa ta taka rawa a gwamnatin larduna a ƙarshen 1930s. Gandhi da Majalisa sun janye goyon bayansu ga Raj lokacin da Mataimakin ya ayyana yaki a kan Jamus a watan Satumba na 1939 ba tare da shawara ba. Tashin hankali ya ta'azzara har sai da Gandhi ya bukaci 'yancin kai cikin gaggawa a shekarar 1942, kuma Birtaniya ta mayar da martani ta hanyar daure shi da dubun dubatar shugabannin Majalisar. A halin da ake ciki, Kungiyar Musulmai ta ba da hadin kai da Birtaniyya tare da matsa kaimi, kan adawar Gandhi, kan bukatar kafa kasar musulmi gaba daya ta Pakistan. A watan Agustan 1947, Birtaniya ta raba kasa tare da Indiya da Pakistan kowannensu ya sami 'yancin kai bisa sharuddan da Gandhi ya ƙi. Matsayi a Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya A cikin Afrilu 1918, a lokacin ƙarshen yakin duniya na 1, mataimakin ya gayyaci Gandhi zuwa taron yaki a Delhi. Gandhi ya amince ya goyi bayan yunkurin yakin. Ya bambanta da yakin Zulu na 1906 da barkewar yakin duniya na 1 a 1914, lokacin da ya dauki masu aikin sa kai ga Ambulance Corps, wannan lokacin Gandhi ya yi yunkurin daukar mayakan. A cikin wata takarda ta watan Yuni na shekara ta 1918 mai take "Ƙara don Shiga", Gandhi ya rubuta: "Don kawo irin wannan yanayi ya kamata mu sami ikon kare kanmu, wato ikon ɗaukar makamai da kuma yin amfani da su... Idan muka muna so mu koyi amfani da makamai tare da aika aika mafi girma, aikinmu ne mu sanya kanmu cikin soja." Duk da haka, Gandhi ya bayyana a cikin wata wasika zuwa ga sakataren sirri na mataimakin mataimakin cewa "da kansa ba zai kashe ko raunata kowa ba, aboki ko abokin gaba." Goyon bayan Gandhi ga yaƙin neman zaɓe ya haifar da ayar tambaya game da daidaito akan rashin tashin hankali. Sakataren sirri na Gandhi ya lura cewa "Tambayar daidaito tsakanin akidarsa ta 'Ahimsa' (rashin tashin hankali) da yakin neman daukar ma'aikata ya taso ba kawai a lokacin ba amma tun daga lokacin ake tattaunawa. Babban nasarar Gandhi ta farko ta zo ne a cikin 1917 tare da tashin hankalin Champaran a Bihar. Rikicin Champaran ya tayar da manoman yankin da galibin masu shukar Anglo-Indiya wadanda gwamnatin yankin ke marawa baya. An tilasta wa manoma yin noman indigo (Indigofera sp.), amfanin gonar Indigo rini wanda buƙatunsa ke raguwa sama da shekaru ashirin kuma an tilasta musu sayar da amfanin gonakinsu ga masu shuka akan farashi mai ƙayyadaddun. Ba su ji daɗi da wannan ba, manoman sun yi kira ga Gandhi a ashram ɗinsa a Ahmedabad. Da yake bin dabarun zanga-zangar rashin tashin hankali, Gandhi ya dauki gwamnatin da mamaki kuma ya sami rangwame daga hukumomi. Khida tashin hankali A cikin 1918, Kheda ta fuskanci ambaliyar ruwa da yunwa kuma manoma suna neman taimako daga haraji. Gandhi ya koma hedkwatarsa zuwa Nadiad, yana shirya dimbin magoya baya da sabbin masu sa kai daga yankin, wanda ya fi shahara shi ne Vallabhbhai Patel. Yin amfani da rashin haɗin kai a matsayin dabara, Gandhi ya ƙaddamar da yaƙin neman zaɓe inda manoma suka yi alkawarin rashin biyan kuɗin shiga ko da a ƙarƙashin barazanar kwace ƙasa. Kauracewa zamantakewa na mamlatdars da talatdars (jami'an kudaden shiga a gundumar) sun raka tada hankalin. Gandhi ya yi aiki tukuru don samun goyon bayan jama'a don tada zaune tsaye a fadin kasar. Tsawon watanni biyar, gwamnatin ta ƙi, amma a ƙarshen Mayu 1918, gwamnati ta ba da damar yin tanadi mai mahimmanci kuma ta sassauta sharuddan biyan harajin kuɗin shiga har sai yunwa ta ƙare. A Kheda, Vallabhbhai Patel ya wakilci manoma a tattaunawa da Birtaniya, wadanda suka dakatar da tattara kudaden shiga tare da sakin dukkan fursunonin. motsin Khilafa A shekara ta 1919, bayan yakin duniya na daya, Gandhi (mai shekaru 49) ya nemi hadin kan musulmi a fagen siyasa a yakin da yake yi da daular Burtaniya ta hanyar tallafawa daular Usmaniyya da ta sha kaye a yakin duniya. Kafin wannan yunƙuri na Gandhi, rigingimun al'umma da tarzomar addini tsakanin Hindu da Musulmai sun zama ruwan dare a Indiya ta Burtaniya, kamar tarzomar 1917-18. Gandhi ya riga ya goyi bayan kambin Burtaniya a yakin duniya na farko. Wannan shawarar ta Gandhi ta kasance wani ɓangare na alƙawarin Birtaniyya don rama taimakon da swaraj (gwamnatin kai) ga Indiyawa bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya. Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ba da, maimakon mulkin kai, ƙananan gyare-gyare a maimakon haka, abin takaici. Gandhi. Ya shelanta niyyar satyagraha (rashin biyayya). Jami'an mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya sun yi yunƙurin su ta hanyar zartar da dokar Rowlatt, don toshe motsin Gandhi. Dokar ta bai wa gwamnatin Birtaniyya damar daukar mahalarta masu tayar da kayar baya a matsayin masu laifi kuma ta ba ta tushen doka don kama kowa don "hana tsarewa mara iyaka, daurewa ba tare da bitar shari'a ba ko kuma bukatar yin gwaji." Gandhi yana jin cewa haɗin gwiwar Hindu da Musulmi ya zama dole don ci gaban siyasa a kan Burtaniya. Ya dauki nauyin kungiyar Khilafat, inda musulmi 'yan Sunna a Indiya, shugabanninsu irin su sarakunan sarakunan Indiya da 'yan'uwan Ali suka yi wa Khalifan Turkiyya zagon kasa a matsayin wata alama ta hadin kai ta al'ummar musulmi 'yan Sunna (ummah). Sun dauki Halifa a matsayin hanyar da suke da ita na goyon bayan Musulunci da shari'ar Musulunci bayan daular Usmaniyya ta sha kaye a yakin duniya na daya. Taimakon Gandhi ga kungiyar Khilafat ya haifar da sakamako iri-iri. Da farko ya haifar da goyon bayan musulmi mai karfi ga Gandhi. Duk da haka, shugabannin Hindu ciki har da Rabindranath Tagore sun koka game da shugabancin Gandhi saboda suna adawa da amincewa ko goyon bayan Halifan Musulunci na Sunni a Turkiyya. Ƙaruwar goyon bayan musulmi ga Gandhi, bayan da ya jajirce wajen yaƙin Halifa, ya dakatar da rikicin kabilanci tsakanin Hindu da Musulmi na ɗan lokaci. Ya ba da shaida na haɗin kai tsakanin al'umma a cikin haɗin gwiwa na Rowlatt satyagraha zanga-zangar zanga-zangar, yana daga darajar Gandhi a matsayin jagoran siyasa ga Birtaniya. Goyon bayansa ga kungiyar Khilafat ya kuma taimaka wa Gandhi a gefe Muhammad Ali Jinnah, wanda ya bayyana adawarsa da tsarin tafiyar satyagraha rashin hadin kai na Gandhi. Jinnah ya fara samar da goyon bayansa mai zaman kansa, sannan ya ci gaba da jagorantar bukatar kasashen yamma da gabashin Pakistan. Ko da yake sun amince gabaɗaya game da 'yancin kai na Indiya, sun yi rashin jituwa kan hanyoyin cimma wannan. Jinnah ta fi sha'awar mu'amala da Birtaniya ta hanyar shawarwarin tsarin mulki, maimakon yunkurin tayar da hankulan jama'a. A cikin 1922, ƙungiyar Khilafat ta rushe a hankali bayan ƙarshen ƙungiyar rashin haɗin gwiwa tare da kama Gandhi. Yawancin shugabannin musulmi da wakilai sun yi watsi da Gandhi da Majalisa. Rikicin kabilanci tsakanin mabiya addinin Hindu da musulmi ya yi tashe, kuma munanan tarzomar addini ta sake bayyana a garuruwa da dama, tare da 91 a Lardunan Agra da Oudh kadai. Rashin haɗin kai Babban labarin: motsin da ba haɗin kai Da littafinsa Hind Swaraj (1909) Gandhi, mai shekaru 40, ya bayyana cewa an kafa mulkin Birtaniya a Indiya tare da haɗin gwiwar Indiyawa kuma ya tsira ne kawai saboda wannan haɗin gwiwar. Idan Indiyawa suka ƙi ba da haɗin kai, mulkin Birtaniya zai rushe kuma swaraj ('yancin kai na Indiya) zai zo. A watan Fabrairun 1919, Gandhi ya gargadi mataimakin na Indiya tare da hanyar sadarwa ta USB cewa idan Birtaniyya za ta zartar da Dokar Rowlatt, zai yi kira ga Indiyawa su fara rashin biyayya. Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta yi biris da shi kuma ta zartar da dokar, tana mai cewa ba za ta yi kasa a gwiwa ba ga barazanar. Rikicin jama'a na satyagraha ya biyo baya, tare da taruwa don nuna rashin amincewa da Dokar Rowlatt. A ranar 30 ga Maris 1919, jami'an shari'ar Burtaniya sun bude wuta kan taron mutane marasa makami, cikin lumana, suna halartar satyagraha a Delhi. Jama’a sun yi tarzoma domin ramuwar gayya. A ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 1919, ranar bikin Hindu, Gandhi ya nemi taron jama'a da su tuna kada su cutar da mutanen Burtaniya, ko kuma su kashe su, amma su nuna bacin ransu da zaman lafiya, su kaurace wa kayayyakin Birtaniyya da kona duk wani tufafin Burtaniya da suka mallaka. Ya kuma jaddada amfani da rashin tashin hankali ga Birtaniya da juna, ko da kuwa wani bangare ya yi amfani da tashin hankali. Al'umma a duk faɗin Indiya sun ba da sanarwar shirin yin taro da yawa don yin zanga-zangar. Gwamnati ta gargade shi da kar ya shiga Delhi, amma Gandhi ya ki bin umarnin kuma an kama shi a ranar 9 ga Afrilu. A ranar 13 ga Afrilun 1919, mutane da suka hada da mata da yara suka taru a wani wurin shakatawa na Amritsar, kuma jami’in sojan Indiya na Birtaniya Reginald Dyer ya kewaye su ya umarci dakarun da ke karkashinsa da su yi musu luguden wuta. Sakamakon kisan gilla na Jallianwala Bagh (ko kisan kiyashin Amritsar) na daruruwan Sikh da farar hula na Hindu ya fusata yankin amma wasu 'yan Birtaniyya da sassan kafofin watsa labarai na Burtaniya sun goyi bayansu a matsayin martanin da ya dace. Gandhi a Ahmedabad, a washegarin kisan kiyashin da aka yi a Amritsar, bai soki Birtaniya ba, a maimakon haka ya soki ‘yan kasarsa da cewa ba su yi amfani da ‘kauna’ kadai ba wajen magance ‘kiyayya’ da gwamnatin Birtaniya ke yi. Gandhi ya bukaci al’ummar Indiya da su daina duk wani tashin hankali, su daina barnata dukiyoyi, sannan suka yi gaggawar mutuwa don matsawa Indiyawan dakatar da tarzoma. Kisan gillar da Gandhi ya mayar da martani ga shi ya motsa mutane da yawa, amma kuma ya sa wasu Sikhs da Hindu suka fusata cewa Dyer yana tserewa da kisan kai. Turawan Ingila ne suka kafa kwamitocin bincike, wanda Gandhi ya nemi Indiyawa da su kauracewa taron. Abubuwan da suka faru, kisan kiyashi da martani na Birtaniya, ya jagoranci Gandhi ga imani cewa Indiyawa ba za su taba samun daidaito daidai ba a karkashin mulkin Birtaniya, kuma ya mayar da hankalinsa ga swaraj da 'yancin kai na siyasa ga Indiya. A cikin 1921, Gandhi shine shugaban majalisar dokokin Indiya. Ya sake shirya majalisar. Tare da Congress yanzu a bayan Gandhi, da goyon bayan musulmi ya haifar da goyon bayan kungiyar Khilafat don mayar da Halifa a Turkiyya, Gandhi yana da goyon bayan siyasa da kuma kulawar Birtaniya Raj. Gandhi ya faɗaɗa dandalinsa na rashin haɗin kai don haɗawa da manufofin swadeshi - ƙauracewa kayan da aka kera daga waje, musamman kayan Burtaniya. Wanda ke da alaƙa da wannan shine shawararsa na cewa duk Indiyawa za su sa khadi (kafaffen gida) maimakon kayan da aka yi a Biritaniya. Gandhi ya gargadi maza da mata Indiyawa, masu arziki ko matalauta, da su ba da lokaci a kowace rana suna juyar da khadi don goyon bayan yunkurin 'yancin kai. Baya ga kauracewa kayayyakin Biritaniya, Gandhi ya bukaci jama'a da su kauracewa cibiyoyin Biritaniya da kotunan shari'a, da su yi murabus daga aikin gwamnati, su yi watsi da lakabi da martabar Burtaniya. Don haka Gandhi ya fara tafiyarsa da nufin gurgunta gwamnatin Indiya ta Biritaniya ta fuskar tattalin arziki, siyasa da gudanarwa. Roko na "Rashin haɗin kai" ya girma, shahararsa ta zamantakewa ta jawo shiga daga kowane bangare na al'ummar Indiya. An kama Gandhi a ranar 10 ga Maris 1922, an yi masa shari'a don tayar da zaune tsaye, kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru shida a gidan yari. Ya fara hukuncinsa ne a ranar 18 ga Maris 1922. Da Gandhi ya keɓe a gidan yari, Majalisar Dokokin Indiya ta rabu gida biyu, wanda Chitta Ranjan Das da Motilal Nehru ke jagoranta suna goyon bayan shiga jam'iyyar a majalisar dokoki, ɗayan kuma Chakravarti Rajagopalachari da Sardar Vallabhbhai suka jagoranta. Patel, yana adawa da wannan motsi. Bugu da kari kuma an kawo karshen hadin gwiwa tsakanin mabiya addinin Hindu da musulmi yayin da kungiyar Khilafat ta ruguje tare da bullowar Atatürk a kasar Turkiyya. Shugabannin Musulmi sun bar Majalisa suka fara kafa kungiyoyin Musulmi. Tushen siyasar da ke bayan Gandhi ya rabu gida biyu. An sake shi a cikin Fabrairu 1924 don aikin appendicitis, wanda ya yi shekaru biyu kawai. Hotuna Manazarta