Hospitali

Hospitali ni majengo yaliyokusudiwa kutibu wagonjwa; kwa ajili hiyo kuwa wataalamu wa afya pamoja na vifaa mbalimbali. Hospitali nyingine zinalenga aina moja au chache tu za maradhi. Nyingine pamoja na matibabu kwa wagonjwa zinaandaa madaktari na manesi wa kesho. Baadhi ni za serikali, nyingine ni za binafsi, zikiwemo zile za dini na madhehebu mbalimbali. Ni kwamba kihistoria, nyingi za zamani zilianzishwa na mashirika ya watawa. Kuna mashirika ambayo yaliundwa kwa lengo hilo pekee la kuhudumia wagonjwa kiroho na kimwili, kama yale yaliyoanzishwa na Yohane wa Mungu na Kamili wa Lellis. Jina linatokana na neno la Kilatini hospes, likiwa na maana ya mgeni, halafu neno hospitium lenye maana ya mapokezi. Ni kwa sababu nyumba za huduma zilikuwa zikipokea wageni wa kila aina, wakiwemo wagonjwa. Tanbihi Marejeo Brockliss, Lawrence, and Colin Jones. "The Hospital in the Enlightenment," in The Medical World of Early Modern France (Oxford UP, 1997), pp. 671–729; covers France 1650–1800 Chaney, Edward (2000),"'Philanthropy in Italy': English Observations on Italian Hospitals 1545–1789", in: The Evolution of the Grand Tour: Anglo-Italian Cultural Relations since the Renaissance, 2nd ed. London, Routledge, 2000. http://books.google.co.uk/books/about/The_evolution_of_the_grand_tour.html?id=rYB_HYPsa8gC Connor, J. T. H. "Hospital History in Canada and the United States," Canadian Bulletin of Medical History, 1990, Vol. 7 Issue 1, pp 93–104 Crawford, D.S. Bibliography of Histories of Canadian hospitals and schools of nursing. Gorsky, Martin. "The British National Health Service 1948–2008: A Review of the Historiography," Social History of Medicine, Dec 2008, Vol. 21 Issue 3, pp 437–460 Harrison, Mar, et al. eds. From Western Medicine to Global Medicine: The Hospital Beyond the West (2008) Horden, Peregrine. Hospitals and Healing From Antiquity to the Later Middle Ages (2008) McGrew, Roderick E. Encyclopedia of Medical History (1985) Morelon, Régis; Rashed, Roshdi (1996), Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, juz. la 3, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-12410-7 Porter, Roy. The Hospital in History, with Lindsay Patricia Granshaw (1989) ISBN 978-0-415-00375-9 Risse, Guenter B. Mending Bodies, Saving Souls: A History of Hospitals (1999), 716pp; world coverage excerpt and text search Rosenberg, Charles E. The Care of Strangers: The Rise of America's Hospital System (1995) history to 1920 table of contents and text search Scheutz, Martin et al. eds. Hospitals and Institutional Care in Medieval and Early Modern Europe (2009) Wall, Barbra Mann. American Catholic Hospitals: A Century of Changing Markets and Missions (Rutgers University Press, 2011). 238 pp. ISBN 978-0-8135-4940-8 Viungo vya nje Medical History open access scholarly journal; quarterly since 1957 Jean Manco, The Heritage of Mercy (medieval hospitals in Britain) Last Resort: Hospital Care in Canada (an illustrated historical essay) Medieval Hospitals of England, by Rotha Mary Clay, historyfish.net (1909 book, now in the public domain) Directory and Ranking of more than 17000 Hospitals worldwide Ilihifadhiwa 21 Aprili 2010 kwenye Wayback Machine., hospitals.webometrics.info