Assab

Assab ko Aseb ( Tigrinya , Arabic ) birni ne mai tashar jiragen ruwa a yankin Kudancin Tekun Ja na Eritrea wanda ke bakin tekun yamma na Tekun Ja . Harsunan da ake magana a Assab galibi sune Afar, Tigrinya, da Larabci . Kamfanin Rubattino ne ya kafa ta a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa a shekarar 1882; lokacin da gwamnatin Italiya ta karɓi iko da tashar jiragen ruwa a shekarar 1882, ta kafa harsashin kafa mulkin mallaka na Eritrea ta Italiya, wadda ta zama ƙasar Eritrea mai cin gashin kanta bayan samun 'yancin kanta daga Habasha a shekarun 1990. Tarihi Assab tana da ɗan kusanci da yankunan karkara, kuma har zuwa tsakiyar ƙarni na 19, ba komai ba ne illa ƙaramin ƙauyen kamun kifi na Afar wanda ke da yawan mutane 100 kacal da bukkoki ashirin. Ya jawo hankali sosai a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 1869 lokacin da mai wa'azin Italiya Giuseppe Sapeto ya sayi Tekun Assab a madadin Kamfanin Jiragen Ruwa na Rubattino . Da isarsa Tekun Assab, Sapeto ya sami sarakuna biyu, 'yan'uwa Hasan ibn Ahmed da Ibrahim ibn Ahmed, waɗanda dukkansu suka yarda su sayar da tashar jiragen ruwan don thalers 6,000 na Maria Theresa . Sapeto ya ba da hujjar siyan sa ta hanyar iƙirarin cewa tashar jiragen ruwan ta fi dacewa da Italiya saboda kusancinta da Bab-el-Mandeb kuma ya kuma yi jayayya cewa tashar jiragen ruwan, kodayake a ƙarƙashin ikon sarkin Aussa, a zahiri ita ce tsarinta mai zaman kanta. Duk da haka, siyan ya sami babban ce-ce-ku-ce a Italiya inda 'yan jarida da majalisar dokoki suka yi adawa da shi amma kuma ya jawo suka mai ƙarfi daga Masarawa waɗanda suka ayyana siyar da ita a matsayin haramtacciyar hanya. Gwamnatin Italiya, wacce ta yi matukar farin ciki da yiwuwar samar da tashar jiragen ruwa don shiga Habasha a cikin ƙasa, ta kwace ikon yankin a shekarar 1882 kuma ta ɗauki matakai don buɗe hanyar shiga cikin ƙasar zuwa Shewa . Count Pietro Antonelli, wakilin Italiya a Menelik na II, ya sanya hannu kan kwangila da sarkin Habasha, inda ya amince ya ba shi bindigogin Remington 2,000 waɗanda aka shigo da su ta hanyar Assab. Antonelli ya kuma ziyarci Aussa a shekarar 1883 inda ya sami damar yin abota da sarkin Afar, Muhammad Hanfari kuma ya shawo kansa ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kasuwanci da gwamnatin Italiya. Sakamakon haka, cinikin da ke tsakanin Assab da Shewa ya faɗaɗa nan ba da daɗewa ba, kuma a ƙarshen shekara mai zuwa Antonelli ya sami damar kawo bindigogi 50,000 da harsasai miliyan 10 a madadin raƙuma 600 da ke ɗauke da zinare, hauren giwa da civet. A shekarar 1884, wani matafiyi ɗan Italiya mai suna GB Licata ya ziyarci tashar jiragen ruwa, wanda ya kiyasta cewa yawan mutanen da ke zaune a yankin Afars 111, Larabawa 140, Italiyawa 43, Habashawa 12 da Somaliyawa 10 ne. Duk da cewa har yanzu ƙaramin matsuguni ne, ana ɗaukar Assab a matsayin wurin alkawari, Licata ya bayyana ta a cikin motsin rai a shekarar 1884 a matsayin farkon "manyan abubuwa masu zuwa. Yana da kyau ga abin da zai kasance lokacin da Italiya za ta mayar da ita matsuguni; yana da daɗi a zahiri domin ƙaramin abu ne, kuma abin taɓawa ne a matsayin abu na Italiya." Bayan mamayar Massawa a shekarar 1885, matsugunin ya ragu. Mamayar garin da ke arewa ya bai wa Italiyawa babbar tashar jiragen ruwa wadda ta ba su damar shiga Habasha cikin sauƙi. Cinikin bindigogin tashar jiragen ruwa da Shewa shi ma ya lalace saboda barkewar rikici da Menelik na biyu . Bayan mummunan Yaƙin Adwa, an manta da Assab sosai kuma Italiyawa sun mai da hankali kan Massawa. A farkon karni na 20, tashar jiragen ruwa ta Assab ta zama ruwan dare. Habasha, wacce ke zargin Italiya, ta fi son yin kasuwanci da Faransawa a Djibouti . Kammala layin dogo na Ethio-Djibouti ya haifar da raguwar cinikin da ke ratsa Assab. Idan babu wani muhimmin ciniki daga cikin teku, matsugunin ya dogara ne da samar da gishiri wanda aka fitar zuwa Japan, da kuma wasu gonakin dabino da ke kusa. An kiyasta cewa yawan jama'ar da ke wannan lokacin ya kasance tsakanin mazauna 1,000 zuwa 3,000 tare da 'yan Italiya 100 zuwa 140. Wani rahoto da Ofishin Yaƙin Burtaniya ya fitar a shekarar 1922 ya bayyana cewa matsugunin bai wuce ƙaramin ƙauye ba kuma ya ƙunshi "ƙasa da bukkoki ɗari na ciyawa na 'yan asalin ƙasar tare da wasu gidaje da aka gina a Turai da kuma ƙaramin gidan al'ada". Da alama karuwar mulkin kama-karya ta yi tasiri kamar yadda matafiyin Birtaniya Hermann Norden ya lura "ko da ba tare da ganin tutar daga gine-ginen gwamnati ba, matafiyin zai san yana cikin mallakar Italiya, domin yaran baƙaƙe a cikin layukan da ke lanƙwasa suna yi wa 'yan fascist gaisuwa". Bayan Yaƙin Italo na Biyu da Habasha, ci gaban Assab ya sami sabon ci gaba ta hanyar gina hanyar zuwa Dessie da sake gina tashar jiragen ruwa. Assab tana ɗaya daga cikin sojojin Italiya na ƙarshe da suka miƙa wuya ga ƙawayenta a lokacin Yaƙin Gabashin Afirka . An kwace Assab a ranar 11 ga Yuni 1941 ta hannun Rundunar 3/15 ta Punjab, wacce ta kwace dukkan sansanin sojojinta, ciki har da kwamandanta, Pietro Piacentini . Bayan haɗin gwiwar Eritrea da Habasha a shekarar 1952 (da kuma haɗewarta a shekarar 1962), Assab ta zama muhimmiyar tashar shiga ga yankunan kudanci da tsakiyar ƙasar. An ƙara faɗaɗa Assab ta hanyar aikin gini, tare da taimakon Tarayyar Soviet da Yugoslavia a lokacin mulkin Haile Selassie na ɗaya . An fara gina matatar mai a shekarar 1964, kuma an buɗe ta a shekarar 1967. Wannan ci gaban ya motsa dimbin 'yan gudun hijirar Habasha daga Tigray da Wollo, don neman aiki a matsayin ma'aikatan tashar jiragen ruwa ko kuma yin aiki a masana'antar gishiri da kamun kifi. Gwamnatin soja ta Derg ta yi sha'awar raba Assab da sauran Eritrea a fannin gudanarwa, musamman yayin da ra'ayin kishin ƙasa tsakanin 'yan Afar ya fara ƙaruwa a shekarun 1970. Cinikin Habasha a Assab ya karu zuwa sama da kashi 60% yayin da yaƙi a wasu sassan Eritrea ya sa sauran tashoshin jiragen ruwa ba su dace ba. Zuwa shekarar 1989, Assab tana da yawan jama'a 39,600. An rufe matatar mai saboda dalilai na tattalin arziki a shekarar 1997. Habasha ta yi amfani da Assab a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa a matsayin kashi biyu bisa uku na cinikinta da duniya har zuwa lokacin da yaƙin Eritrea da Habasha ya ɓarke a shekarar 1998. Iyakoki tsakanin Eritrea da Habasha sun rufe kuma ciniki da Habasha ya tsaya. Tashar jiragen ruwa da garin tashar jiragen ruwa sun ragu kuma zuwa shekarar 2005 yawan jama'a ya ragu zuwa kimanin mazauna 20,222. Manazarta