Ayyukan Kiwon Lafiyar Yara da Matasa

Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) shine sunan kulawa da NHS da sauran kungiyoyi ke bayarwa a Burtaniya ga yara, gabaɗaya har zuwa shekarun barin makaranta, waɗanda ke da matsala tare da jin daɗi motsin zuciyarsu ko kuma ana ɗaukar su da matsalolin halayyar da ke ci gaba. An kuma san sabis ɗin da Ayyukan Lafiya na Yara da Matasa (CYPMHS). CAMHS tana ba da yara, matasa da iyalansu damar samun tallafi ga batutuwan lafiyar kwakwalwa daga ƙungiyoyin bangare na uku (taimako), ba da shawara a makaranta, kulawa ta farko da kuma ƙwararrun sabis na kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa. Takamaiman ayyukan da aka bayar na iya bambanta, yana nuna kwamishinan da samar da shirye-shiryen da aka amince da su a matakin gida. Tarihi A duk duniya a cikin 2021, daya daga cikin 'yan shekaru 10-19 guda bakwai suna da Matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa, tare da kusan kashi 14% na matasa da ke fuskantar baƙin ciki, damuwa, da rikice-rikice na halayyar. A cikin 2020, an ruwaito cewa daya daga cikin yara shida masu shekaru 5-16 a Ingila yana da yiwuwar matsalar lafiyar kwakwalwa. Ɗaya daga cikin yara biyar da matasa masu shekaru 8-25 a Ingila yana da wata matsala ta hankali a cikin 2023. Ƙuntatawa a matsayin martani ga annobar COVID-19 ya yi mummunar tasiri ga lafiyar kwakwalwa ta yara da matasa. Tsarin na uku Tun daga shekara ta 1995, an shirya CAMHS na Burtaniya a kan tsarin matakai huɗu: Tier 1 Inganta lafiyar kwakwalwa, aikin rigakafin rashin lafiya, da kuma shawarwari da magani na gaba ɗaya don matsalolin da ba su da tsanani ta hanyar ƙwararrun likitocin da ba na kwakwalwa ba da ke aiki a cikin ayyukan yara na duniya, kamar GPs, ma'aikatan jinya na makaranta, ma'aikata na zamantakewa, da hukumomin sa kai. Tier 2 yawanci kwararru na CAMHS da ke aiki a cikin al'umma da kulawa ta farko, kamar ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa da masu ba da shawara da ke aiki cikin asibitoci, makarantu da sabis na matasa da kuma samar da sabis ga yara da matasa da ke da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa 'na yau da kullun' kamar damuwa mai sauƙi da baƙin ciki. Kashi na 3 yawanci ƙungiya mai fannoni da yawa ko sabis da ke aiki a asibitin kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa na al'umma wanda ke ba da sabis na musamman don cututtuka masu tsanani, tare da membobin ƙungiyar da suka haɗa da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiyar hankali, likitocin kwakwalwa, ma'aikatan zamantakewa, masu ilimin halayyar kwakwalwa, masu maganin kwakwalwa da sauran masu warkarwa. Tier 4 Ayyukan ƙwararru masu yawa ga yara da matasa masu matsaloli masu tsanani, kamar raka'a na rana, ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru na waje da raka'a masu haƙuri. Masanin CAMHS - Na uku 2 zuwa 4 Na biyu zuwa na 4 galibi ana kiransu kwararre CAMHS. Gabaɗaya, mafi girman matakin, mafi wuya ga yara da matasa, ko masu kula da su, suyi magana da kansu. Ana iya yin turawa zuwa manyan matakan ta hanyar hukumomi da masu sana'a, gami da GPs da ma'aikatan jinya na makaranta. Sauran hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su a tsarin matakan CAPA, wanda aka haɓaka a farkon shekarun 2000, wani shiri ne da aka tsara don inganta tasirin sabis da gudanar da buƙatun sabis da iyawa. CYP-IAPT wani shiri ne na tallafin gwamnati na shekarun 2010. Kamar takwaransa na IAPT, CYP-IAPT ya yi niyyar inganta wadatar, da kuma samun dama ga, maganin tunani na tushen shaida. Ba kamar takwaransa na manya ba, CYP-IAPT ba ta haɗa da daukar ma'aikata da ci gaban sabbin nau'ikan ma'aikata ba; a maimakon haka, ta goyi bayan horar da ma'aikatan da ke akwai a cikin magungunan da suka danganci shaida kamar maganin halayyar fahimta, iyaye da maganin mutum. THRIVE tsari ne don ƙirƙirar 'al'ummomi' masu daidaituwa da inganci na lafiyar kwakwalwa wanda ke mai da hankali kan bayyanawa game da buƙata maimakon tsari ko tsoma baki don biyan irin waɗannan buƙatu. An yi amfani da THRIVE a matsayin madadin samfurin matakan tare da maye gurbin matakan hudu da matakan buƙata guda biyar (mai rikitarwa): bunƙasa, samun shawara, samun taimako, samun tallafin haɗari, da samun ƙarin taimako. Ayyuka Ya zuwa watan Disamba na shekara ta 2016, ana tura wasu matasan Ingila da ke fama da matsalar cin abinci daruruwan mil zuwa Scotland saboda ayyukan da suke buƙata ba su samuwa a cikin gida ba. Ba tare da jurewa da kulawa mai kyau a Scotland ba an ce kasancewa daga abokai da dangi ya lalata murmurewarsu. A mayar da martani gwamnati ta amince da manufofin kawo karshen irin wannan shirye-shiryen nan da 2021, kuma ta ware tarin £ 150M don inganta wadatar kulawa ta gida. Akwai damuwa cewa ba a yi isasshen don tallafawa mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin kashe rayukansu ba. An shigar da yara 1,039 da matasa a Ingila a gadaje daga gida a cikin 2017-18, da yawa sun yi tafiya sama da mil 100 (kilomita 160) daga gida. Mutane da yawa suna da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa masu rikitarwa akai-akai da ke tattare da haɗarin cutar kai ko kashe kansa, kamar matsanancin baƙin ciki, rikice-rikice na cin abinci, rikicewar hankali da rikice-rikicen mutum. A cikin 2017-18 akalla yara 539 da aka tantance suna buƙatar kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa ta Tier 3 da matasa sun jira fiye da shekara guda don fara magani, bisa ga binciken Jaridar Kula da Lafiya wanda ya haifar da rahotanni daga 33 daga cikin amintattun lafiyar kwakwalwa 50. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2023, akwai yara da matasa 239,715 da aka tura kuma suna jiran kimantawar CAMHS a Ingila. Dangane da tsarin ƙirar sabis ɗin da aka samar tare, CAMHS mai inganci yana buƙatar: Tarihi A Turai da Amurka lafiyar kwakwalwa ta yara ba ta zama ƙwarewar likita ba har sai bayan Yaƙin Duniya na I. A cikin Ƙasar Ingila maganin lafiyar yara da matasa ya kasance shekaru da yawa aikin Child Guidance Movement yana aiki bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II tare da hukumomin ilimi na gida kuma sau da yawa yana rinjayar ra'ayoyin psychoanalytic. Shirye-shiryen asibitocin NHS sun ragu a duk faɗin ƙasar kuma an cire su daga tsarin shari'ar matasa. Koyaya adawa da psychoanalysis tare da aikin bincike na farko a cikin ƙuruciya da ƙuruciya, wanda masu goyon bayan tsarin kiwon lafiya ba su fahimta ba, ya sa aka watsar da sabis ɗin don tallafawa maganin da ke da tushe da ilimi. Wannan ya haifar da haskakawar tsarin jagorantar yara masu yawa a cikin shekarun 1990 da kuma manufofin jama'a da NHS ta motsa. Ci gaban CAMHS a cikin tsarin matakai huɗu ya fara ne a shekarar 1995. A cikin 1998, an fara ayyukan kirkiro na CAMHS guda 24, kuma Dokar Laifi da Rashin Halitta ta 1998 ta kafa ƙungiyoyin matasa masu cin zarafi. A cikin 2000 Shirin Aiwatar da Shirin NHS ya buƙaci kiwon lafiya da hukumomin gida don hada kai don samar da dabarun CAMHS na gida. Duk da gabatarwar tsarin matakai huɗu a cikin 1995, rahotanni da sake dubawa sun ci gaba da bayyana ayyukan kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa na yara na Burtaniya a matsayin raguwa, ba a daidaita su ba, masu canji, marasa isa kuma ba su da tushen shaida. Wadannan sun hada da: Rahoton Hukumar Bincike a cikin 1999 Binciken CAMHS mai zaman kansa na 2008 Rahoton shekara-shekara na 2012 na Babban Jami'in Kiwon Lafiya na Ingila Future in Mind, wani bita na gwamnati na 2015 game da lafiyar kwakwalwa da lafiyar kwakwalwar yara da matasa Kwamishinan Yara na 2016 na Ingila Lightning Review Rahoton Majalisar Dokokin Kasa ta Wales na 2018 Daga kimanin shekara ta 2013 zuwa gaba an nuna manyan damuwa game da raguwa a cikin CAMHS, kuma a bayyane yake karuwar buƙata, kuma a cikin 2014 Kwamitin Zaɓin Lafiya na majalisa ya bincika kuma ya ba da rahoton game da tanadi.[1][2] A cikin 2015 gwamnati ta buga bita, kuma ta yi alkawarin karuwar kudade kusan fam miliyan 250 a kowace shekara.[3] Koyaya ba a rufe kudaden ba kuma tun daga shekara ta 2016 kusan rabin Ƙungiyoyin kwamishinan asibiti na Ingila ne kawai suka kara kudaden CAMHS na gida. [4][5] Kudin CAMHS ya kasance sanannen batu don sanarwar siyasa game da kudade kuma manufar yanzu ita ce kara kudade zuwa matakin da kashi 35% na matasa masu fama da cuta zasu iya karɓar sabis na ƙwararru. Hakanan ana ba da shawarar samfuran sabis daban-daban a matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan canji.[6] A Scotland, tsakanin 2007 da 2016 yawan masu ilimin halayyar dan adam na CAMHS sun ninka sau biyu, suna nuna karuwar bukatar sabis ɗin. Koyaya a watan Satumbar 2020, kashi 53.5% na marasa lafiya na CAMHS a Scotland sun jira alƙawari fiye da makonni 18 da aka yi niyya, kuma a Glasgow matsakaicin lokacin jira ya kasance makonni 26. Manufofin yanzu a Ingila sun dogara ne akan Green Paper (2017) da NHS Mental Health Implementation Plan (2019). Yana mai da hankali kan inganta lafiyar kwakwalwa, rigakafin rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa da kuma shiga tsakani da wuri, fadada ma'aikata, ƙungiyoyin tallafin kwakwalwa na al'umma (ciki har da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa na makaranta), da kuma ayyukan rikici na 24/7 . Ana sa ran ayyuka za su rufe 0-25s (maimakon 0-17s). Shirin aiwatarwa na 2019 ya rushe ta hanyar annobar COVID-19 wanda ya haifar da karuwar buƙatun CAMHS da tasiri akan kasancewar ma'aikatan da aka horar da su yadda ya kamata. Dubi kuma Jagoran Yara Lafiyar kwakwalwa a Ƙasar Ingila Amincewa da lafiyar kwakwalwa Manazarta