Aswan Low Dam

Low Dam ko Tsohon Aswan Dam wani madatsar ruwa ne mai nauyi a kan Kogin Nilu a Aswan, Misira . Birtaniya ne suka gina madatsar ruwan a tsohon tafkin Nilu na farko, kuma yana da nisan kilomita 1000 a kan kogi da kilomita 690 (nisan kai tsaye) kudu maso kudu maso gabashin Alkahira. Lokacin da aka fara gina shi tsakanin 1899 da 1902, babu wani abu da aka taɓa gwadawa; a ƙarshen, ita ce madatsar ruwa mafi girma a duniya. An tsara madatsar ruwan ne don samar da ajiyar ruwan ambaliyar shekara-shekara da haɓaka lokacin bushewa don tallafawa ci gaban ban ruwa mafi girma da haɓaka yawan jama'a a cikin ƙananan Nilu. Dam din, wanda aka iyakance shi da tsawo saboda damuwa game da kiyayewa, ya yi aiki kamar yadda aka tsara, amma ya ba da isasshen damar ajiya don ci gaban da aka tsara kuma an ɗaga shi sau biyu: tsakanin 1907 da 1912 kuma tsakanin 1929 da 1933. Wadannan tsawo har yanzu ba su cika bukatun ban ruwa ba kuma a cikin 1946 an kusan wuce gona da iri a kokarin kara girman tafkin. Wannan ya haifar da bincike da kuma gina Aswan High Dam mai nisan kilomita 6.7 daga sama. Bayani Yunkurin farko da aka rubuta na gina madatsar ruwa kusa da Aswan ya kasance a ƙarni na 11, lokacin da Khalifan Fatim, Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, ya kira babban masanin ilmin Larabawa kuma injiniya Ibn al-Haytham (wanda aka sani da Alhazen a Yamma) zuwa Masar don daidaita ambaliyar ruwa ta Kogin Nilu . Bayan aikinsa a fagen ya shawo kansa game da rashin amfani da wannan makircin, kuma yana jin tsoron fushin Khalifa, ya yi kamar mahaukaci . An tsare shi a gidan yari tun daga shekarar 1011 har zuwa mutuwar al-Hakim a shekarar 1021, a lokacin ne ya rubuta littafinsa mai tasiri na Littattafan Haske . Gine-gine An san cewa gina madatsar ruwa a Aswan ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa a Philae. An umurci injiniyoyin Sashen Ayyukan Jama'a da su ci gaba da aikin ko da ba a sami wani wuri daban ba. Bayan nasarar da suka samu a 1882 na Yaƙin Anglo-Masar wanda ya kai ga mamaye Masar, Turawan Birtaniya sun fara gina madatsar ruwa ta farko a fadin Kogin Nilu a 1898. Ginin ya ci gaba har zuwa 1902, kuma Yarima Arthur, Duke na Connaught da Strathearn suka buɗe shi a ranar 10 ga Disamba 1902. Sir William Willcocks ne ya tsara aikin kuma ya ƙunshi fitattun injiniyoyi da yawa a lokacin, ciki har da Sir Benjamin Baker da Sir John Aird, wanda kamfaninsa, John Aird &amp; Co., shine babban mai kwangilar. Ernest Cassel ne ya samar da jari da kuɗaɗen. An tsara Tsohon Madatsar Ruwan Aswan a matsayin madatsar ruwa mai nauyi ; sassan madatsar ruwan suna ɗauke da ƙofofi da yawa, waɗanda ake buɗewa kowace shekara don wucewar ambaliyar ruwa da laka mai wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki, amma ba tare da adana wani ajiya na shekara-shekara ba. An gina madatsar ruwan da tarkace kuma an fuskanci dutse mai launin ja. Lokacin da aka gina shi, Madatsar Ruwan Aswan ita ce babbar madatsar ruwan gini a duniya. Tsarin ya kuma haɗa da makullin kewayawa irin wannan gini a gefen yamma, wanda ya ba da damar jigilar kaya ta wuce har zuwa gawarwakin ruwa na biyu, yayin da a da ake buƙatar ɗaukar kaya a saman ƙasa. A lokacin gina shi, ba a taɓa yin ƙoƙarin yin wani abu mai girma irin wannan ba. Tsawaita An sanya takunkumi na farko kan tsayin madatsar ruwan, saboda damuwa game da Haikalin Philae . An gano cewa ginin farko bai isa ga buƙatun ci gaba ba, kuma an ɗaga tsayin madatsar ruwan a matakai biyu: 5 metres (16 ft) tsakanin 1907 da 1912 da 9 metres (30 ft) tsakanin 1929 da 1933. An ƙara samar da wutar lantarki. Sir Benjamin Baker ne ke kula da matakin farko, amma Murdoch MacDonald ne ya gudanar da mafi yawan aikin dalla-dalla. Da gina madatsar ruwa ta ƙarshe (wanda kamfanin MacDonald, Sir M MacDonald &amp; Partners, ya tsara kuma ya kula da ita), madatsar ruwan tana da 1,950 metres (6,400 ft)tsawon , tare da matakin lanƙwasa 36 metres (118 ft) sama da asalin tushen kogin; madatsar ruwa ta samar da babbar hanyar zirga-zirga tsakanin birnin da filin jirgin sama. Tare da gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa a sama, ikon Tsohon Madatsar Ruwa na wuce laka na ambaliyar ruwa ya ɓace, haka kuma ƙarfin aiki da makullan ke bayarwa. Matakan madatsar ruwa na Tsohon Madatsar Ruwa shi ma an rage shi kuma yanzu yana ba da ikon sarrafa ruwan baya na Babban Madatsar Ruwa. Cibiyoyin samar da wutar lantarki Madatsar ruwan ƙasa ta Aswan tana tallafawa tashoshin wutar lantarki guda biyu na ruwa, Aswan I (1960) da Aswan II (1985–1986). Aswan I tana ɗauke da 40 megawatts (54,000 hp)janareto mai ƙarfin tare da injinan turbines na Kaplan don jimlar ƙarfin 280 megawatts (380,000 hp) kuma yana yammacin madatsar ruwa. Aswan II yana ɗauke da 67.5 megawatts (90,500 hp)injinan samar da wutar lantarki don ƙarfin wutar lantarki da aka sanya na 270 megawatts (360,000 hp) kuma yana nan a gefen madatsar ruwa. manazarta