Abu Simbel

Abu Simbel wani wuri ne na tarihi wanda ya ƙunshi manyan haikali biyu da aka sassaka da duwatsu a ƙauyen Abu Simbel ( Arabic ), Gundumar Aswan, Babban Masar, kusa da kan iyaka da Sudan . Tana kan gabar yamma ta tafkin Nasser, kimanin 230 kilometres (140 mi) kudu maso yammacin Aswan (kimanin 300 kilometres (190 mi) ta hanya). Nisa tsakaninsa da 22° 20′ 13″ N (22.3369 °N) shine 1.0978°, wanda shine kilomita 122 (75.8 ml), kudu da yankin zafi na Ciwon daji . An zana haikalin tagwaye ne daga gefen dutse a karni na 13 BC, a lokacin mulkin Daular 19 na Fir'auna Ramesses II. Manyan siffofin dutsen su na waje na Ramesses II sun zama sananne. Matarsa, Nefertari, da yara ana iya ganin su a cikin ƙananan adadi ta ƙafafunsa. Hotuna a cikin Babban Haikali suna tunawa da jagorancin jaruntaka na Ramesses II a Yaƙin Kadesh. An sake komawa hadaddun gaba ɗaya a cikin 1968 zuwa ƙasa mafi girma don kauce wa Tafkin Nasser, tafkin Aswan Dam ya mamaye shi. A matsayin wani ɓangare na Yakin Kasa da Kasa don Ceton Abubuwan Tarihi na Nubia, an yi wani tudun wucin gadi daga wani tsari mai rufi don gidan Haikali na Abu Simbel, a ƙarƙashin kulawar masanin binciken kayan tarihi na Poland, Kazimierz Michałowski, daga Cibiyar Nazarin Archaeology ta Poland ta Jami'ar Warsaw Tarihi Gine-gine A lokacin mulkinsa, Ramesses II ya fara wani babban shiri na gina gidaje a duk faɗin Masar da Nubia, waɗanda Masar ke iko da su. A matsayinsa na babban tushen zinare da sauran kayayyaki masu daraja na kasuwanci, Nubia tana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga Masarawa. Saboda haka ya gina manyan haikali da dama domin ya burge ƙarfin Nubiyawan Masar da kuma mayar da mutanen Nubia Masar. Mafi shaharar haikali su ne haikali da aka sassaka da duwatsu kusa da ƙauyen Abu Simbel na zamani, a Cataract na Kogin Na Biyu, iyakar da ke tsakanin Lower Nubia da Upper Nubia. Akwai haikali guda biyu, Babban Haikali, wanda aka keɓe wa Ramesses II da kansa, da kuma Ƙaramin Haikali, wanda aka keɓe wa babbar matarsa Sarauniya Nefertari . Belzoni ya buɗe Babban Haikali Bayan 'yan watanni daga baya a farkon Satumba 1816, mai binciken Italiya Giovanni Belzoni ya isa, bayan ya ji labarin shafin daga Burckhardt. Ya rubuta cewa Babban Haikali ya gabatar da kawai 'wani adadi mai girma, tare da kai da kafadu kawai suna fitowa daga yashi. "Ya sami damar shawo kan sheikh cewa tsabar kudi suna da darajar kuma ya amince da farashin piastres biyu a rana ga kowane mutum don aiki a shafin. Belzoni ya yi nasarar fallasa adadi a kan ƙofar Babban Haikali, da kuma kai da kafadu na arewa maso tsakiya na Ramesses II, kafin ya watsar da ƙoƙarin share duk wani yashi saboda rashin abinci da kuɗi don biyan Nubians na gida. Tare da goyon bayan Janar-Janar na Masar Henry Salt, Belzoni ya koma a watan Yunin 1817 zuwa Abu Simbel tare da Henry William Beechey, kyaftin din Royal Navy Charles Leonard Irby da James Mangles, ma'aikata biyu, da kuma Italiyanci Giovanni Finati (wanda aka fi sani da Muhammadu), wanda Salt ya ba su bashi; wanda abin da Belzoni ya dauka a wasu lokuta a matsayin ma'aikatan matsala na bakwai. Bayan aiki na kwanaki 22, shi da jam'iyyarsa sun sami damar shiga Babban Haikali a ranar 1 ga Agusta 1817. Finati ya bayyana taron:"Bayan ci gaba da waɗannan ƙoƙari da sauye-sauye a cikin makonni uku, kusurwar ƙofar kanta a ƙarshe ta zama bayyane. A wannan lokacin, yayin da sabbin kukan da sabbin rikice-rikice ke ci gaba tare da ma'aikatanmu, kuma hankalin duk abin da ya janye hankalinsu, ni, kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙanƙanta na jam'iyyar, ba tare da wata kalma ba, ya shiga cikin ciki, kuma ya kasance na farko da ya shiga ciki, watakila, ba kamar yadda duk da sauran koguna a ciki ba, ba, ba tare, ya cika, duk da haka ya zama kamar yadda ya cika, kamar yadda ya kasance mai sanyi ba, kamar yadda yake, kamar yadda babu. A cikin al'adun gargajiya Haikali sun bayyana a fim din 1978 Death on the Nile wanda ya danganta da littafin Agatha Christie mai suna. Haikali kuma sun bayyana a fim din 2001 The Mummy Returns a matsayin wani ɓangare na hanyar zuwa Ahm-Shere . Manazarta