Kroatiya

Kroatiya ko Kuroshiya ƙasa ce, da ke a nahiyar Turai. Babban birnin ƙasar Kroatiya Zagreb ne. Kroatiya tana da yawan fili kimani na kilomita arabba'i 56,594. Kroatiya tana da yawan jama'a , Bisa ga jimilla a shekarar 2019. Kroatiya tana da iyaka da ƙasasen huɗu: Sloveniya a Arewa maso Yamma, Hungariya a Arewa maso Gabas, Serbiya a Gabas, Bosnia-Herzegovina da Montenegro a Kudu maso Gabas. Kroatiya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991 (Akwai ƙasar Kroatiya mai mulkin kai daga karni na goma zuwa karni na sha biyu ; Daga shekara ta 1918 zuwa shekara ta 1991, Kroatiya yanki ce a cikin tsohon ƙasar Yugoslaviya). Daga shekara ta 2020, shugaban ƙasar Kroatiya Zoran Milanović ne. Firaministan ƙasar Kroatiya Andrej Plenković shine daga shekara ta 2016. Hotuna Asalinta Babban labarin: Sunayen Croats da Croatia Sunan da ba na Croatia ba ya samo asali ne daga Medieval Latin Croātia, ita kanta asalin Slavic ta Arewa-Yamma * Xərwate, ta hanyar metathesis na ruwa daga zamanin Slavic gama gari *Xorvat, daga Proto-Slavic *Xъrvátъ da aka ba da shawarar wanda wataƙila ya fito ne daga karni na 3 Scytho-Sarmatian da aka rubuta a cikin Tablet Tana. Χοροάθος (Khoroáthos, madadin siffofin sun haɗa da Khoróatos da Khoroúathos).to ƙabilanci ba shi da tabbas, amma mafi yiwuwa daga Proto-Ossetian / Alanian *xurvæt- ko *xurvāt-, a ma'anar "wanda yake gadi" ("majibi, mai tsaro"). Mafi dadewa kiyaye rikodin na Croatian ethnonym ta asali bambance-bambancen * xъrvatъ ne na m kara, shaida a cikin Baška kwamfutar hannu a cikin style zvъnъmirъ kralъ xrъvatъskъ ("Zvonimir, Croatian sarki"), yayin da Latin bambancin Croatorum ne archaeologically samu a karshen da Ikilisiya da aka rubuta a cikin wani Ikilisiya. Na 8 ko farkon karni na 9. Rubutun dutse mafi dadewa da ke da cikakken tarihin ƙabilanci shine rubutun Branimir na ƙarni na 9 da aka samo a kusa da Benkovac, inda Duke Branimir ke sa salon Dux Cruatorvm, mai yiwuwa yana da kwanan wata tsakanin 879 zuwa 892, a lokacin mulkinsa. kalmar Latin Chroatorum an danganta shi da wata yarjejeniya ta Duke Trpimir I na Croatia, mai kwanan wata zuwa 852 a cikin kwafin 1568 na asalin da ya ɓace, amma ba tabbas ko ainihin ainihin ya girmi rubutun Branimir. , Tarihi Babban labarin: Tarihin Croatia Tarihi da tsoho Babban labarin: Tarihin Croatia kafin Croats Hoton yumbura Sassaka Dutse Hagu: Kurciya Vučedol, wani sassaka daga 2800-2500 BC. Dama: Apoxyomenos na Croatian, Hoton Girkanci na Tsohuwar, 2nd ko 1st century BC. Yankin da aka fi sani da Croatia a yau yana zama a cikin zamanin da aka rigaya. An gano burbushin burbushin Neanderthal tun daga tsakiyar Palaeolithic a arewacin Croatia, wanda aka fi gabatarwa a wurin Krapina. An sami ragowar al'adun Neolithic da Chalcolithic a duk yankuna., Mafi girman rabon rukunin yanar gizon yana cikin kwaruruka na arewacin Croatia. Mafi mahimmanci sune al'adun Baden, Starčevo, da Vučedol. ] Zamanin Iron ya karbi bakuncin al'adun farko na Illyrian Hallstatt da al'adun Celtic La Tène. Illyrians da Liburnians sun zauna yankin na Croatia na zamani, yayin da aka kafa yankunan farko na Girka a tsibirin Hvar, [ Korčula, da Vis. A cikin 9 AD, yankin Croatia na yau ya zama wani ɓangare na Daular Roma. Sarkin sarakuna Diocletian dan asalin yankin ne. Yana da wani katafaren fada da aka gina a Split, inda ya yi ritaya bayan ya sauka a shekara ta 305 Miladiyya A cikin karni na 5, na karshe de jure Sarkin Roma na Yamma Julius Nepos ya yi sarauta a wani karamin daula daga fadar bayan ya gudu daga Italiya a shekara ta 475. Tsakanin Zamani Manyan labarai: Duchy na Croatia, Masarautar Croatia (925-1102), Masarautar Croatia (1102-1526), da Jamhuriyar Ragusa Masarautar Croatia c. 925, a lokacin mulkin King Tomislav Zamanin Romawa ya ƙare da mamayewar Avar da Croat a ƙarshen 6th da farkon rabin ƙarni na 7 da lalata kusan dukkanin garuruwan Romawa. Wadanda suka tsira daga Romawa sun koma wurare masu kyau a bakin teku, tsibirai, da tsaunuka. An kafa birnin Dubrovnik da irin waɗannan waɗanda suka tsira daga Epidaururum. @, Akwai rashin tabbas game da ethnogenesis na Croats. Ka'idar da aka fi yarda da ita, ka'idar Slavic, ta ba da shawarar ƙaura na farin Croats daga Farin Croat a lokacin Hijira. Sabanin haka, ka'idar Iran ta ba da shawarar asalin Sarmatian-Alanic na Proto-Croats, bisa ga Allunan Tanais da ke ɗauke da rubuce-rubucen Tsohuwar Hellenanci na sunayen da aka ba su Khoróathos) da fassararsu a matsayin sunayen ɗan adam da ke da alaƙa da ƙabilar Croatian. ] Ko da yake akwai wasu rikice-rikice na masana game da amincin asusun da fassarar, bayanai archaeological na baya-bayan nan sun tabbatar da cewa ƙaura da sulhu na Slavs / Croats ya kasance a ƙarshen 6th da farkon karni na 7. a Haɗin kai tare da Hungary da Austria Manyan labarai: Masarautar Croatia (Habsburg) da Austria-Hungary Ƙarin bayani: Yaƙe-yaƙe na Croatian-Ottoman Ban Josip Jelačić a wurin buɗe majalisar dokokin Croatian zamani ta farko (Sabor), 5 Yuni 1848. Ana iya ganin tutar Croatian tricolor a bango. A cikin ƙarni huɗu masu zuwa, Sabor (majalisa) ne ke mulkin Masarautar Croatia da Ban (viceroy) wanda sarki ya nada. Wannan lokacin ya ga haɓakar manyan manyan mutane kamar dangin Frankopan da Šubić don yin fice, kuma a ƙarshe yawancin Bans daga iyalai biyu. Ana samun karuwar barazanar mamaye Ottoman da kuma gwagwarmaya da Jamhuriyar Venice don kula da yankunan bakin teku. Venetian sun mallaki yawancin Dalmatiya a shekara ta 1428, sai dai birnin Dubrovnik, wanda ya zama mai cin gashin kansa. Yakin Ottoman ya kai ga yakin 1493 na filin Krbava da yakin Mohács na 1526, dukkansu sun kawo karshen nasarar Ottoman. Sarki Louis II ya mutu a Mohács, kuma a cikin 1527, majalisar dokokin Croatia ta hadu a Cetin kuma ta zabi Ferdinand I na House of Habsburg a matsayin sabon sarkin Croatia, a karkashin sharadin cewa ya kare Croatia daga Daular Ottoman tare da mutunta 'yancinta na siyasa. @, A lokacin Babban Yaƙin Turkiyya (1683-1698), Slavonia ta dawo, amma Bosnia ta Yamma, wadda ta kasance wani ɓangare na Croatia kafin yaƙin Ottoman, ya kasance a wajen ikon Croatia. Bayan da Ostiriya-Hungary ta mamaye Bosnia da Herzegovina bayan yarjejeniyar Berlin ta 1878, an soke iyakar soja. Sassan Croatian da Slavonian na Frontier sun dawo Croatia a cikin 1881, ƙarƙashin tanadin Matsugunin Croatian – Hungarian. ] Ƙoƙarin sake fasalin Ostiriya-Hungary, wanda ya haɗa da tarayya tare da Croatia a matsayin ƙungiyar tarayya, yakin duniya na ɗaya ya dakatar da shi.[65] da Ragusan, suka kafa lardunan Illyrian. Saboda haka, sojojin ruwa na sarauta sun tare Tekun Adriatic, wanda ya kai ga yakin Vis a 1811. A shekara ta 1813 'yan Austriya suka kame lardunan Illyrian kuma daular Austriya ta mamaye su bayan taron majalisar Vienna a shekara ta 1815. Wannan ya haifar da kafuwar daular Dalmatiya tare da maido da Lardin Croatian zuwa Masarautar Croatia a karkashin kambi daya Shekarun 1830 da 1840 sun nuna kishin kasa na soyayya wanda ya yi wahayi zuwa ga Farfadowar Kasa ta Croatia, yakin siyasa da al'adu da ke ba da shawarar hadin kan Kudancin Slavs a cikin daular. Babban abin da ya fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne kafa daidaitaccen harshe a matsayin ma'aunin nauyi ga Hungarian yayin haɓaka adabi da al'adun Croatia.A lokacin juyin juya halin Hungary na 1848, Croatia ta goyi bayan Austria. Ban Josip Jelačić ya taimaka wajen kayar da Hungariya a shekara ta 1849 kuma ya shigar da manufar Jamusanci. A cikin 1860s, gazawar manufofin ya bayyana, wanda ya haifar da sasantawar Austro-Hungary na 1867. Ƙirƙirar haɗin kai tsakanin daular Austrian da Masarautar Hungary ya biyo baya. Yarjejeniyar ta bar matsayin Croatia zuwa Hungary, wanda Matsugunan Croatian-Hungary na 1868 suka warware shi lokacin da masarautun Croatia da Slavonia suka hade. Masarautar Dalmatia ta ci gaba da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ikon Ostiriya, yayin da Rijeka ya riƙe matsayin corpus separatum wanda aka gabatar a baya a cikin 1779. zuwa Croatia a cikin 1881, rian Settlement. I. ] Yaƙin Duniya da Yugoslavia Manyan labarai: Ƙirƙirar Yugoslavia, Masarautar Yugoslavia, Banovina na Croatia, Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu a Yugoslavia, da Jamhuriyyar gurguzu ta Croatia Zanga-zangar gama gari a Zagreb don nuna adawa da haɗewar Ƙasar Slovenes, Croats da Sabiyawa da Masarautar Serbia a 1918 A ranar 29 ga Oktoba 1918, Majalisar Croatian (Sabor) ta ayyana 'yancin kai kuma ta yanke shawarar shiga sabuwar kasar Slovenes, Croats, da Serbs, [ wanda daga baya ya shiga cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Masarautar Serbia a ranar 4 ga Disamba 1918 don kafa Masarautar Sabiya, Croats, da Slovenes.[m Majalisar Croatian ba ta taɓa amincewa da haɗin gwiwa da Sabiya da Montenegro ba.[m Kundin tsarin mulki na 1921 wanda ya ayyana ƙasar a matsayin ƙasa mai haɗin kai da kuma soke majalisar dokokin Croatia da rarrabuwar gudanarwa ta tarihi ta ƙare da cin gashin kanta ta Croatia yadda ya kamata. Sabuwar kundin tsarin mulkin ya sami adawa da mafi yawan goyon bayan jam'iyyar siyasa na kasa-Jam'iyyar Mazauna ta Croatia (HSS) karkashin jagorancin Stjepan Radić.[ A lokaci guda kuma, 'yan kabilar Yugoslavia da 'yan kishin kasa na Serbia Chetniks sun bi wani kamfen na kisan kare dangi a kan Croat da Musulmai, wanda Italiya ta taimaka. Sojojin Jamus na Nazi sun aikata laifuka da ramuwar gayya kan farar hula don ramuwar gayya ga ayyukan Bangaranci, kamar a ƙauyukan Kamešnica da Lipa a cikin 1944. Wani yunkuri na juriya ya fito. A ranar 22 ga Yuni 1941, [man kafa 1st Sisak Partisan Detachment kusa da Sisak, rukunin soja na farko da aka kafa ta hanyar gwagwarmaya a cikin Turai da ta mamaye. Wannan ya haifar da farkon yunkurin jam'iyyar Yugoslavia, wata kungiyar gurguzu, mai adawa da fasisti mai kabilu da dama karkashin jagorancin Josip Broz Tito. A cikin kabilanci, Croats sune masu ba da gudummawa na biyu mafi girma ga ƙungiyar Partisan bayan Sabiya.A cikin kowane mutum, Croats sun ba da gudummawa daidai gwargwado ga yawan jama'arsu a cikin Yugoslavia.A watan Mayu 1944 (a cewar Tito), Croats sun kasance kashi 30% na ƙabilar Partisan, duk da kasancewar kashi 22% na yawan jama'a. Wannan yunkuri ya bunkasa cikin sauri, kuma a taron Tehran a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1943, 'yan jam'iyyar sun sami karbuwa daga kawancen kawance Tare da taimakon Allied a cikin kayan aiki, kayan aiki, horo da ƙarfin iska, tare da taimakon sojojin Soviet da suka shiga cikin 1944 Belgrade Offensive, Partisans sun sami iko da . cikin shekaru masu zuwa, 'yan kabilar Jamus sun fuskanci tsanantawa a Yugoslavia, kuma da yawa sun shiga tsakani. lokaci guda kuma, an sami ɗimbin ƴan gudun hijira na Croatia a lokacin yakin cacar baka, wanda ya haɗa da ƙoƙarin kafa gwamnati a gudun hijira.[100] Samun yanci Bayan mutuwar Tito a shekara ta 1980, yanayin siyasa a Yugoslavia ya tabarbare. 1986 SANU Memorandum da juyin mulki na 1989 a Vojvodina, Kosovo, da Montenegro ya haifar da tashin hankali na ƙasa. cikin Janairu 1990, Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta wargaje bisa layin kasa, tare da bangaren Croatian suna neman a kafa tarayya mai sassauci A cikin wannan shekarar, an gudanar da zaɓen jam'iyyu da yawa na farko a ƙasar Croatia, yayin da nasarar Franjo Tuđman ta ƙara dagula al'amura na kishin ƙasa. wasu Sabiyawan a Croatia sun bar Sabor kuma suka ayyana yancin cin gashin kai na Jamhuriyar Serbian Krajina da ba a amince da ita ba, da niyyar samun 'yancin kai daga Croatia. <> A halin da ake ciki, tashin hankali ya ƙaru zuwa yaƙi a fili lokacin da sojojin Yugoslavia na jama'ar Serbia (JNA) da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na Sabiyawa daban-daban suka kai hari Croatia. 1m, Ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na Sabiyawa daga nan suka fara yaƙin kisa, ta'addanci, da korar 'yan Croat a yankunan da aka mamaye, inda suka kashe dubbai Sabiyawan da ke zaune a garuruwan Croatia, musamman waɗanda ke kusa da sahun gaba, an fuskanci wariya iri-iri., Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Yaƙin ya ƙare sosai a cikin Agusta 1995 tare da gagarumar nasara ta Croatia; ana tunawa da taron kowace shekara a ranar 5 ga Agusta a matsayin Nasara da Ranar Godiya ta Gida da Ranar Masu Kare Croatia. Bayan nasarar da Croatia ta samu, Sabiyawa kusan 200,000 daga Jamhuriyar Serbian Krajina mai kiran kanta ta tsere daga yankin kuma an kashe daruruwan fararen hula mafi yawansu tsofaffin Sabiyawan bayan harin da sojoji suka kai, galibi a hare-haren ramuwar gayya, tare da kwace, kwace ko kona dukiyoyinsu Kimanin rabin sun dawo tun daga lokacin Wasu gidajen Sabiyawa 19,000 daga baya 'yan gudun hijirar Croat daga Bosnia da Herzegovina suka zaunar da su. sauran wuraren da aka mamaye an mayar da su zuwa Croatia bayan yarjejeniyar Erdut na Nuwamba 1995, wanda ya ƙare tare da aikin UNTAES a cikin Janairu 1998.Yawancin majiyoyin sun ƙididdige mutuwar yaƙi a kusan 20,000. I Croatia ta shiga Haɗin gwiwar Aminci a ranar 25 ga Mayu 2000 kuma ta zama memba na Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya akan 30 Nuwamba 2000. A kan 29 Oktoba 2001, Croatia ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Tsayawa da Ƙungiya tare da Tarayyar Turai, gabatar da aikace-aikacen da aka yi don zama memba na EU a 2003, an ba shi matsayin ɗan takara a 2004, kuma ya fara tattaunawar shiga cikin 2005. Yanayi Babban labarin: Geography na Croatia Hoton tauraron dan adam na Croatia Croatia tana cikin Tsakiya da Kudu maso Gabashin Turai, a bakin Tekun Adriatic. Hungary tana arewa maso gabas, Serbia a gabas, Bosnia da Herzegovina da Montenegro a kudu maso gabas da Slovenia a arewa maso yamma Ya ta'allaka mafi yawa tsakanin latitudes 42° da 47° N da longitudes 13° da 20° E. Wani ɓangare na yanki a cikin matsananciyar kudanci da ke kewaye da Dubrovnik wani ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan yanki ne wanda ke da alaƙa da sauran ƙasar ta ruwan yanki, amma ya rabu da ƙasa ta ɗan gajeren tsiri na bakin teku mallakar Bosnia da Herzegovina a kusa da Neum. Gadar Pelješac ta haɗu da tsattsauran ra'ayi da ƙasar Croatia. Yankin yana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 56,594 (kilomita 21,851), wanda ya kunshi kasa murabba'in kilomita 56,414 (mil murabba'in 21,782) da ruwa murabba'in kilomita 128 (kilomita 49). Ita ce kasa ta 127 mafi girma a duniya.[158] Tsawon tsayi ya fito ne daga tsaunukan Dinaric Alps tare da mafi girman matsayi na kololuwar Dinara a mita 1,831 (ƙafa 6,007) kusa da kan iyaka da Bosnia da Herzegovina a kudu[158] zuwa gaɓar Tekun Adriatic wanda ke da iyakar kudu maso yamma gabaɗaya. Insular Croatia ta ƙunshi tsibirai sama da dubu da tsibirai masu girma dabam dabam, 48 daga cikinsu suna zama na dindindin. Mafi girma tsibiran su ne Cres da Krk, kowannensu yana da yanki na kusan murabba'in kilomita 405 (mil murabba'in 156). Halittar halittu Babban labarin: Yankuna masu kariya na Croatia Ƙarin bayani: Rajista na Kare Halayen Halitta na Croatia da Halitta da Al'adun gargajiya na Croatia Plitvice Lakes National Park Yanayin yanayin Motovun a cikin tsibirin Istrian Tsibirin Galešnjak a cikin siffar zuciya Za a iya raba Croatia zuwa yankuna bisa yanayin yanayi da geomorphology. Ƙasar tana ɗaya daga cikin mafi arziƙi a Turai ta fuskar bambancin halittu. kroshya tana da nau'ikan yankuna guda huɗu na biogeographical-Bahar Rum tare da bakin tekun da kuma cikin yankinta na kusa, Alpine a mafi yawan Lika da Gorski Kotar, Karst geology yana dauke da kogo da ramuka kusan 7,000, wasu daga cikinsu matsugunin su ne kadai sanannen kogon ruwa na kashin baya - olm. Dazuzzuka suna da yawa, wanda ya mamaye kadada 2,490,000 (kadada 6,200,000) ko kuma 44% na yankin ƙasar Croatia. Sauran nau'ikan wuraren zama sun haɗa da ciyayi mai dausayi, ciyayi, bogi, fens, wuraren daɗaɗɗa, wuraren zama na bakin teku da na ruwa. A cikin The World Wide Fund for yanayi ya raba Croatia tsakanin uku ecoregions - Pannonian gauraye gandun daji, Dinaric Mountains gauraye gandun daji da kuma Illyrian deciduous gandun daji. Kasar Croatia tana da nau'in tsiro da dabbobi 37,000 da aka sani, amma an kiyasta adadinsu tsakanin 50,000 zuwa 100,00 Mulki Ƙarin bayani: Siyasar Croatia da 'yancin ɗan adam a Croatia Zoran Milanović Shugaban kasa Zoran Milanović Andrej Plenković firayam Minista Andrej Plenković Jamhuriyar Croatia ƙasa ce mai haɗin kai, tsarin mulki ta amfani da tsarin majalisa. Ikon gwamnati a Croatia suna da ikon doka, zartarwa, da na shari'a.Shugaban Jamhuriyar (Croatian: Predjesdnik Republike) shine shugaban kasa, wanda aka zaba kai tsaye zuwa wa'adin shekaru biyar kuma kundin tsarin mulki ya iyakance zuwa wa'adi biyu. Baya ga yin hidima a matsayin Gwamnati na karkashin jagorancin Firayim Minista, wanda ke da mataimakan Firayim Minista hudu da ma'aikatu 16 masu kula da wasu sassa na musamman. matsayinta na bangaren zartarwa, ita ce ke da alhakin gabatar da dokoki da kasafin kudi, aiwatar da dokoki, da jagorantar manufofin kasashen waje da na cikin gida. Gwamnati tana zaune a Banski dvori a Zagreb. Doka da tsarin shari'a Ƙarin bayani: Dokar Croatia Majalisar Croatian (Sabor) a Zagreb .Manyan jam'iyyun siyasa biyu a Croatia su ne Croatian Democratic Union da Social Democratic Party of Croatia. Croatia tana da tsarin shari'a na dokar farar hula wanda doka ta samo asali daga rubuce-rubucen dokoki, tare da alkalai suna aiki a matsayin masu aiwatarwa ba masu kirkiro doka ba. Tsarukan shari'a na Jamus da Austriya ne suka yi tasiri a kan ci gabanta. Dokokin Croatia sun kasu kashi biyu manyan yankuna - na sirri da na jama'a.. Tun daga shekarar 2019, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Croatia da Haɗin kai na Turai ta ɗauki ma'aikata 1,381 [bukatun sabuntawa] kuma ta kashe kuns miliyan 765.295 (€ 101.17 miliyan). Manufofin da aka bayyana na manufofin ketare na Croatia sun haɗa da haɓaka dangantaka da ƙasashe maƙwabta, haɓaka haɗin gwiwar kasa da kasa da inganta tattalin arzikin Croatia da Croatia kanta. Croatia memba ce ta Tarayyar Turai. Tun daga 2021, Croatia tana da matsalolin kan iyaka da Bosnia da Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia, da Slovenia. Croatia memba ce ta NATO. A ranar 1 ga Janairu 2023, Croatia a lokaci guda ta haɗu da yankin Schengen da yankin Yuro, da ya shiga ERM II akan 10 Yuli 2020. Yaren Croatian Babban labarin: ƴan ƙasar Croatia Ƙasar waje ta Croatia ta ƙunshi al'ummomin ƙabilar Croats da ƴan ƙasar Croatia da ke zaune a wajen Croatia. Croatia tana kula da tuntuɓar juna tare da al'ummomin Croatian a ƙasashen waje (misali, tallafin gudanarwa da kuɗi na al'adu, ayyukan wasanni, da shirye-shiryen tattalin arziki). Croatia tana ci gaba da kula da dangantakar kasashen waje don ƙarfafawa da tabbatar da haƙƙin tsirarun Croatian a cikin ƙasashe daban-daban. Manazarta