ٻيلو

ٻيلو (Forest)، وڻن جي گهاٽي برادري جي خاصيت سان، هڪ ماحولياتي نظام آهي. سڄي دنيا ۾ ٻيلن جون ڪيتريون ئي تعريفون استعمال ڪيون وينديون آهن، جنهن ۾ وڻن جي گھاٽائي، وڻن جي اچائي، زمين جي استعمال، قانوني حيثيت ۽ ماحولياتي ڪم جهڙا عنصر شامل آهن. گڏيل قومن جي خوراڪ ۽ زراعت تنظيم (FAO) ٻيلي جي اها تعريف ڪري ٿو. "0.5 هيڪٽرن کان وڌيڪ پکڙيل زمين جنهن ۾ 5 ميٽر کان وڌيڪ اچا وڻ يا وڻ جيڪي انهن حدن تائين پهچي سگهن ٿا ۽ 10 سيڪڙو کان وڌيڪ ڇت جو ڍڪ هجي. ان ۾ اها زمين شامل ناهي جيڪا بنيادي طور تي زرعي يا شهري استعمال هيٺ هجي." هن تعريف کي استعمال ڪندي، گلوبل فاريسٽ ريسورسز اسيسمينٽ 2020ع ۾ هن نتيجي تي پهتو ته، ٻيلا 4.06 بلين هيڪٽر (10.0 بلين ايڪڙ، 40.6 ملين چورس ڪلوميٽر، 15.7 ملين چورس ميل)، يا 2020 ۾ دنيا جي زميني علائقي جو تقريباً 31 سيڪڙو ڍڪيل هئا. ٻيلا ايراضي جي لحاظ کان ڌرتيء جا سڀ کان وڏا زميني ماحولياتي نظام آهن ۽ سڄي دنيا ۾ ملندا آهن. ٻيلن جي زمين جو 45 سيڪڙو ٽراپيڪل ويڪرائي ڦاڪن ۾ آهي. ٻيلن جو ايندڙ وڏو حصو سب آرڪٽڪ آبهوا ۾ ملي ٿو، ان کان پوءِ معتدل ۽ ذيلي آبهوا زون ۾ آهن. ٻيلا ڌرتيء جي حياتي دائري (Biome) جي مجموعي بنيادي پيداوار جو 75 سيڪڙو آهن ۽ انهن ۾ زمين جي ٻوٽن جي حياتياتي مايي (Biomass) جو 80 سيڪڙو شامل آهي. خالص بنيادي پيداوار جو اندازو ٽراپيڪل ٻيلن لاءِ هر سال 21.9، معتدل ٻيلن لاءِ 8.1، ۽ بوريل ٻيلن لاءِ 2.6 گيگاٽن بايو ماس آهي. ٻيلا مختلف ويڪرائي ڦاڪن ۽ بلندين تي ۽ مختلف برسات ۽ بخارات جي منتقلي جي شرح سان واضح طور تي مختلف حياتي جا دائرا ٺاهيندا آهن. انهن حياتي جي دائرن ۾ سب آرڪٽڪ آبهوا ۾ بوريل ٻيلا، خط استوا جي چوڌاري ٽراپيڪل نم ٻيلا ۽ ٽراپيڪل خشڪ ٻيلا ۽ وچين ويڪرائي ڦاڪن تي معتدل ٻيلا شامل آهن. ٻيلا زمين جي انهن علائقن ۾ ٺهن ٿا جتي وڌيڪ برسات پوي ٿي، جڏهن ته خشڪ حالتون سوانا ڏانهن منتقلي پيدا ڪن ٿيون. جڏهن ته، وچولي برسات جي سطح وارن علائقن ۾، ٻيلا تيزيءَ سان سوانا ڏانهن منتقلي ٿيڻ ٿا جڏهن وڻن سان ڍڪيل زمين جو 40 کان 45 سيڪڙو تائين گهٽجي وڃي ٿو. ايميزون برساتي ٻيلن ۾ ڪيل تحقيق ڏيکاري ٿي ته وڻ هڪ علائقي ۾ برسات جي شرح کي تبديل ڪري سگهن ٿا، انهن جي پنن مان پاڻي ڇڏائي سگهن ٿا. وڻ هڪ علائقي ۾ برسات جي شرح کي تبديل ڪري سگهن ٿا. پنھنجن پنن مان پاڻي ڇڏائڻ (موسمي برساتن جي توقع ۾ ته جيئن برسات جي موسم جلد شروع ٿئي. ان ڪري، ايميزون (Amazon) ۾ موسمي برسات، اصل وقت کان ٻه کان ٽي مهينا اڳ شروع ٿي ويندي آهي. ايميزون ۾ ٻيلن جي ڪٽائي ۽ انساني جي ھٿن موسمياتي تبديليون هن عمل ۾ مداخلت ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت رکن ٿيون، جنهن جي ڪري ٻيلا هڪ اهڙي حد تائين پھتي ويندا آهن، جتان انهن جي سوانا ۾ منتقل شروع ٿي ويندي آهي. ٻيلن جي ڪٽائي ڪيترن ئي ٻيلن جي ماحولياتي نظامن لاء خطرو آهي. ٻيلن جي ڪٽائي تڏهن ٿيندي آهي جڏهن انسان ڪاٺ جي ڪٽائي يا زراعت لاءِ رستو ٺاهڻ لاءِ ٻيلن واري علائقي مان وڻن کي ڪٽي يا ساڙي هٽائي ڇڏيندا آهن. اڄ اڪثر ٻيلن جي ڪٽائي ٽراپيڪل ٻيلن ۾ ٿيندي آهي. هن ٻيلن جي ڪٽائي جو وڏو حصو چار شين؛ ڪاٺ، گوشت، سويا ۽ پام آئل جي پيداوار جي ڪري ٿيندو آهي. گذريل 2,000 سالن کان يورپ ۾ ٻيلن سان ڍڪيل زمين جو علائقو %80 کان گهٽجي %34 ٿي ويو آهي. چين ۽ اوڀر آمريڪا ۾ به ٻيلن جا وڏا علائقا صاف ڪيا ويا آهن، جنهن ۾ صرف %0.1 زمين کي ڇڏيو ويو هو. زمين جي ٻيلن جي ايراضي جو لڳ ڀڳ اڌ (49 سيڪڙو) نسبتاً برقرار آهي، جڏهن ته 9 سيڪڙو ٽڪرن ۾ ملي ٿو جن ۾ گهٽ يا ڪو به رابطو ناهي. ٽراپيڪل برساتي ٻيلا ۽ بوريل مخروطي ٻيلا سڀ کان گهٽ ٽڪرا ٽڪرا آهن، جڏهن ته سب ٽراپيڪل خشڪ ٻيلا ۽ معتدل سامونڊي ٻيلا سڀ کان وڌيڪ ٽڪرا ٽڪرا آهن. دنيا جي ٻيلن جي ايراضي جو تقريباً %80 ڏهه لک هيڪٽر (25 لک ايڪڙ) کان وڏين ٽڪرين ۾ ملي ٿو. باقي 20 سيڪڙو دنيا جي ٽي ڪروڙ چاليهه لک (34 ملين) کان وڌيڪ ٽڪرين ۾ واقع آهي. وڏي اڪثريت 1,000 هيڪٽر (2,500 ايڪڙ) کان گهٽ سائيز ۾ آهي. انساني سماج ۽ ٻيلا هڪ ٻئي کي مثبت يا منفي طور تي متاثر ڪري سگهن ٿا. ٻيلا انسانن کي ماحولياتي نظام جون خدمتون مهيا ڪن ٿا ۽ سياحن جي ڪشش جو ڪم ڪن ٿا. ٻيلا ماڻهن جي صحت کي پڻ متاثر ڪري سگهن ٿا. انساني سرگرميون، جن ۾ ٻيلن جي وسيلن جو غير پائيدار استعمال شامل آهي، ٻيلن جي ماحولياتي نظام کي منفي طور تي متاثر ڪري سگهن ٿيون. تعريفون ٻيلو وڻن جي گهڻائي يا گهاٽائيءِ کي چئبو آهي، جيڪي عام طور موسمي حالتن جي اثر هيٺ پيدا ٿيندا آهن. اشتقاق ارتقائي تاريخ ماحوليات ايراضي The annual net loss of forest area has decreased since 1990, but the world is not on track to meet the target of the United Nations Strategic Plan for Forests to increase forest area by 3 percent by 2030. While deforestation is taking place in some areas, new forests are being established through natural expansion or deliberate efforts in other areas. As a result, the net loss of forest area is less than the rate of deforestation; and it, too, is decreasing: from 7.8 million ھيڪٽرs (19 million ايڪڙ) per year in the 1990s to 4.7 million ھيڪٽرs (12 million ايڪڙ) per year during 2010–2020. In absolute terms, the global forest area decreased by 178 million ھيڪٽرs (440 million ايڪڙ; 1,780,000 چورس ڪلوميٽر; 690,000 چورس ميل) between 1990 and 2020, which is an area about the size of Libya. سماجي اهميت ماحولياتي نظامن جي مدد ٻيلا ماحولياتي نظام جون مختلف خدمتون مهيا ڪن ٿا جن ۾ شامل آهن: ڪاربن ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ کي آڪسيجن ۽ بايوماس ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ. هڪ مڪمل ڄميل وڻ هر سال تقريباً 100 ڪلوگرام (220 پائونڊ) خالص آڪسيجن پيدا ڪري ٿو. ڪاربن سنڪ جي طور تي ڪم ڪري ٿو. تنهن ڪري، اهي موسمياتي تبديلي کي گهٽائڻ لاءِ ضروري آهن. آبهوا کي منظم ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪرڻ. مثال طور 2017 جي تحقيق ڏيکاري ٿي ته ٻيلا برسات کي جنم ڏين ٿا. جيڪڏهن ٻيلو ڪٽيو وڃي ٿو اهو خشڪي جو سبب بڻجي سگهي ٿو ۽ ٽراپڪس ۾ ٻاهرين مزدورن جي پيشه ورانه گرمي جي دٻاءُ جو سبب بڻجي سگهي ٿو. پاڻي صاف ڪرڻ ٻوڏ جهڙن قدرتي خطرن کي گهٽائڻ جينياتي ذخيري جي طور تي ڪم ڪرڻ ڪاٺ جي ذريعن ۽ تفريحي علائقن جي طور تي ڪم ڪرڻ لکين ماڻهن لاءِ ٻيلن ۽ وڻن جي ذريعن جي طور تي ڪم ڪندڙن جي ضروري ايندھن جي ڪاٺ، کاڌي ۽ چاري جي ضرورتن لاءِ گذر سفر, جيڪيون تقريبن مڪمل طور تي ٻيلن تي منحصر آهن. مکيه ماحولياتي نظام جون خدمتون ايندڙ جدول ۾ خلاصو ڪري سگهجن ٿيون: Some researchers state that forests do not only provide benefits, but can in certain cases also incur costs to humans. Forests may impose an economic burden, diminish the enjoyment of natural areas, reduce the food-producing capacity of grazing land and cultivated land, reduce biodiversity, reduce available water for humans and wildlife, harbour dangerous or destructive wildlife, and act as reservoirs of human and livestock disease. An important consideration regarding carbon sequestration is that forests can turn from a carbon sink to a carbon source if plant diversity, density or forest area decreases, as has been observed in different tropical forests The typical tropical forest may become a carbon source by the 2060s. An assessment of European forests found early signs of carbon sink saturation, after decades of increasing strength. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded that a combination of measures aimed at increasing forest carbon stocks, andsustainable timber offtake will generate the largest carbon sequestration benefit. Forest-dependent people The term forest-dependent people is used to describe any of a wide variety of livelihoods that are dependent on access to forests, products harvested from forests, or ecosystem services provided by forests, including those of Indigenous peoples dependent on forests. In India, approximately 22 percent of the population belongs to forest-dependent communities, which live in close proximity to forests and practice agroforestry as a principal part of their livelihood. People of Ghana who rely on timber and bushmeat harvested from forests and Indigenous peoples of the Amazon rainforest are also examples of forest-dependent people. Though forest-dependence by more common definitions is statistically associated with poverty and rural livelihoods, elements of forest-dependence exist in communities with a wide range of characteristics. Generally, richer households derive more cash value from forest resources, whereas among poorer households, forest resources are more important for home consumption and increase community resilience. Indigenous peoples Forests are fundamental to the culture and livelihood of indigenous people groups that live in and depend on forests, many of which have been removed from and denied access to the lands on which they lived as part of global colonialism. Indigenous lands contain 36% or more of intact forest worldwide, host more biodiversity, and experience less deforestation. Indigenous activists have argued that degradation of forests and indigenous peoples' marginalization and land dispossession are interconnected. Other concerns among indigenous peoples include lack of Indigenous involvement in forest management and loss of knowledge related for the forest ecosystem. Since 2002, the amount of land that is legally owned by or designated for indigenous peoples has broadly increased, but land acquisition in lower-income countries by multinational corporations, often with little or no consultation of indigenous peoples, has also increased. Research in the Amazon rainforest suggests that indigenous methods of agroforestry form reservoirs of biodiversity. In the U.S. state of Wisconsin, forests managed by indigenous people have more plant diversity, fewer invasive species, higher tree regeneration rates, and higher volume of trees. انتظام ٻيلن جي انتظام ۾ گذريل ڪجهه صدين کان ڪافي تبديلي آئي آهي، 1980 جي ڏهاڪي کان تيز تبديلين سان، هڪ اهڙي عمل تي ختم ٿيو جنهن کي هاڻي پائيدار ٻيلن جي انتظام جي نالي سان سڏيو ويندو آهي. ٻيلن جي ماحوليات جا ماهر ٻيلن جي نمونن ۽ عملن تي ڌيان ڏين ٿا، عام طور تي سبب ۽ اثر جي لاڳاپن کي واضح ڪرڻ جي مقصد سان. ٻيلن جا ماهر جيڪي پائيدار ٻيلن جي انتظام جي مشق ڪن ٿا، اهي ماحولياتي، سماجي ۽ اقتصادي قدرن جي انضمام تي ڌيان ڏين ٿا، اڪثر ڪري مقامي برادرين ۽ ٻين اسٽيڪ هولڊرز سان صلاح مشوري سان. changed considerably over the last few centuries, with rapid changes from the 1980s onward, culminating in a practice now referred to as sustainable forest management. Forest ecologists concentrate on forest patterns and processes, usually with the aim of elucidating cause-and-effect relationships. Foresters who practice sustainable forest management focus on the integration of ecological, social, and economic values, often in consultation with local communities and other stakeholders. Humans have generally decreased the amount of forest worldwide. Anthropogenic factors that can affect forests include logging, urban sprawl, human-caused forest fires, acid rain, invasive species, and the slash and burn practices of swidden agriculture or shifting cultivation. The loss and re-growth of forests lead to a distinction between two broad types of forest: primary or old-growth forest and secondary forest. There are also many natural factors that can cause changes in forests over time, including forest fires, insects, diseases, weather, competition between species, etc. In 1997, the World Resources Institute recorded that only 20% of the world's original forests remained in large intact tracts of undisturbed forest. More than 75% of these intact forests lie in three countries: the boreal forests of Russia and Canada, and the rainforest of Brazil. According to Food and Agriculture Organization's (FAO) Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, an estimated 420 million ھيڪٽرs (1.0 billion ايڪڙ) of forest have been lost worldwide through deforestation since 1990, but the rate of forest loss has declined substantially. In the most recent five-year period (2015–2020), the annual rate of deforestation was estimated at 10 million ھيڪٽرs (25 million ايڪڙ), down from 12 million ھيڪٽرs (30 million ايڪڙ) annually in 2010–2015. The forest transition The transition of a region from forest loss to net gain in forested land is referred to as the forest transition. This change occurs through a few main pathways, including increase in commercial tree plantations, adoption of agroforestry techniques by small farmers, or spontaneous regeneration when former agricultural land is abandoned. It can be motivated by the economic benefits of forests, the ecosystem services forests provide, or cultural changes where people increasingly appreciate forests for their spiritual, aesthetic, or otherwise intrinsic value. According to the Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, to avoid temperature rise by more than 1.5 degrees above pre-industrial levels, there will need to be an increase in global forest cover equal to the land area of Canada (10 million چورس ڪلوميٽر (3.9 million چورس ميل)) by 2050. China instituted a ban on logging, beginning in 1998, due to the erosion and flooding that it caused. In addition, ambitious tree-planting programmes in countries such as China, India, the United States, and Vietnam – combined with natural expansion of forests in some regions – have added more than 7 million ھيڪٽرs (17 million ايڪڙ) of new forests annually. As a result, the net loss of forest area was reduced to 5.2 million ھيڪٽرs (13 million ايڪڙ) per year between 2000 and 2010, down from 8.3 million ھيڪٽرs (21 million ايڪڙ) annually in the 1990s. In 2015, a study for Nature Climate Change showed that the trend has recently been reversed, leading to an "overall gain" in global biomass and forests. This gain is due especially to reforestation in China and Russia. New forests are not equivalent to old growth forests in terms of species diversity, resilience, and carbon capture. On 7 September 2015, the FAO released a new study stating that over the last 25 years the global deforestation rate has decreased by 50% due to improved management of forests and greater government protection. There is an estimated 726 million ھيڪٽرs (1.79 billion ايڪڙ) of forest in protected areas worldwide. Of the six major world regions, South America has the highest share of forests in protected areas, at 31 percent. The area of such areas globally has increased by 191 million ھيڪٽرs (470 million ايڪڙ) since 1990, but the rate of annual increase slowed in 2010–2020. Smaller areas of woodland in cities may be managed as urban forestry, sometimes within public parks. These are often created for human benefits; Attention Restoration Theory argues that spending time in nature reduces stress and improves health, while forest schools and kindergartens help young people to develop social as well as scientific skills in forests. These typically need to be close to where the children live. Canada Canada has about 4 million چورس ڪلوميٽر (1.5 million چورس ميل) of forest land. More than 90% of forest land is publicly owned and about 50% of the total forest area is allocated for harvesting. These allocated areas are managed using the principles of sustainable forest management, which include extensive consultation with local stakeholders. About eight percent of Canada's forest is legally protected from resource development. Much more forest land—about 40 percent of the total forest land base—is subject to varying degrees of protection through processes such as integrated land use planning or defined management areas, such as certified forests. By December 2006, over 1.2 million چورس ڪلوميٽر (460,000 چورس ميل) of forest land in Canada (about half the global total) had been certified as being sustainably managed. Clearcutting, first used in the latter half of the 20th century, is less expensive, but devastating to the environment; and companies are required by law to ensure that harvested areas are adequately regenerated. Most Canadian provinces have regulations limiting the size of new clear-cuts, although some older ones grew to 110 چورس ڪلوميٽر (42 چورس ميل) over several years. The Canadian Forest Service is the government department which looks after Forests in Canada. لاتويا لاتويا ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 32 لک 70 هزار هيڪٽر (ايڪڙ) ٻيلي جي زمين آهي. جيڪا لاتويا جي ڪل ايراضي 64,590 چورس ڪلوميٽر (24,938 چورس ميل) جي لڳ ڀڳ 50.5٪ جي برابر آهي. 15 لک 10 هزار هيڪٽر (37 لک ايڪڙ) ٻيلي جي زمين (ڪل ٻيلي جي زمين جو 46٪) سرڪاري ملڪيت آهي ۽ 17 لک 50 هزار هيڪٽر (43 لک ايڪڙ) ٻيلي جي زمين (ڪل جو 54٪) خانگي هٿن ۾ آهي. لاتويا جا ٻيلا سالن کان مسلسل وڌي رهيا آهن (جيڪو ڪيترن ئي ٻين قومن جي برعڪس آهي) گهڻو ڪري زراعت لاءِ استعمال نه ٿيندڙ زمين جي ٻيلن جي ڪري. 1935 ۾، صرف 17 لک 57 چورس هيڪٽر (43 لک 40 هزار ايڪڙ) ٻيلي هئي. اڄ اهو 150٪ کان وڌيڪ وڌي ويو آهي. برچ سڀ کان وڌيڪ عام وڻ آهي جنهن جي تعداد 28.2٪ آهي، جنهن کان پوءِ پائن (26.9٪). اسپروس (18.3٪). گرين ايلڊر (9.7٪). ايسپن (8.0٪). ڪارو ايلڊر (5.7٪). اوڪ/راھ (1.2٪). باقي (2.0٪) ٻين سخت ڪاٺ جي وڻن سان گڏ. today this has increased by more than 150%. Birch is the most common tree at 28.2%, followed by pine (26.9%), spruce (18.3%), grey alder (9.7%), aspen (8.0%), black alder (5.7%), oak/ash (1.2%), with other hardwood trees making up the rest (2.0%). آمريڪا آمريڪا ۾. گھڻا ٻيلا تاريخي طور تي ڪجهه حد تائين انسانن کان متاثر ٿيا آهن. جيتوڻيڪ تازن سالن ۾. بهتر ٻيلن جي طريقن وڏي پيماني تي اثرن کي منظم ڪرڻ يا معتدل ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي آهي. يو ايس فارسٽ سروس 1997 ۽ 2020 جي وچ ۾ تقريبن 20 لک هيڪٽر (49 لک ايڪڙ) جي خالص نقصان جو اندازو لڳايو. هن اندازي ۾ ٻيلن جي زمين کي ٻين استعمالن ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ شامل آهي، جنهن ۾ شهري ۽ مضافاتي ترقي، انهي سان گڏ ٻيلا لڳائڻ شامل آهن. , including urban and suburban development, as well as afforestation and natural reversion of abandoned crop and pasture land to forest. In many areas of the United States, the area of forest is stable or increasing, particularly in many northern states. The opposite problem from flooding has plagued national forests, with loggers complaining that a lack of thinning and proper forest management has resulted in large forest fires. پڻ ڏسو آبستان وڊ لينڊ شهري ٻيلا پرمافراسٽ ٻيلا قومي پارڪ ناگوار نسلون مينگروو ٻيلا بايو پراڊڪٽس جھنگل ٻيلي جو انتظام فطرت جي ويجھا ٻيلا آمريڪا جي قومي ٻيلن جي فهرست پراڻن واڌ ويجهه وارن ٻيلن جي فهرست ٻيلن جي علائقي جي لحاظ کان ملڪن جي فهرست حوالا ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا Forests in danger آرڪائيو ڪيا ويا 2009-03-04 حوالو موجود آهي وي بيڪ مشين. Intact Forests with maps and reports (archived 8 September 2015) Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005 by the Food and Agriculture Organization سانچو:Usurped (archived 24 January 2008) Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees of at least 5 meters in situ, whether productive or not, and excludes tree stands in agricultural production systems Forest area (sq. km) data from the World Bank's World Development Indicators, made available by Google Luck Baker, Andrew (18 November 2008). "The first forests – Discovery 2008". BBC Online. "The World's 10 Most Threatened Forest Hotspots". Conservation International. 2 February 2011.