Ọwara Okavango

Okavango Delta ma ọ bụ Okavango Grassland bụ nnukwu delta dị n'ime ala na Botswana ebe Osimiri Okavango ruru tectonic trough n'elu 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft) n'etiti akụkụ nke endorheic basin nke Kalahari Desert. Ọ bụ ebe UNESCO dị n'ime ụwa dịka otu n'ime sistemụ delta ole na ole dị n'ime ya nke na-anaghị abanye n'oké osimiri ma ọ bụ oké osimiri, ya na usoro ala mmiri nke na-adịghị emebi emebi. Kama nke ahụ, mmiri idei mmiri ahụ gbasaa n'elu ájá na agwaetiti ndị dị n'ime ala, nnukwu òkè na-abanyekwa n'ime obere alluvial aquifer dị n'okpuru, tupu osisi eburu ya. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmiri niile ruru delta na-apụ n'anya ma pụta ìhè. Kwa afọ, ihe dị ka kilomita 11 (cu mi 2.6) nke mmiri na-agbasa n'elu mpaghara 6,000–15,000 km2 (2,300–5,800 sq mi). Ụfọdụ mmiri idei mmiri na-asọba n'ime ọdọ mmiri Ngami. Ebe ahụ bụbu akụkụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Makgadikgadi, ọdọ mmiri ochie nke kpọrọ nkụ nke ukwuu n'oge mbụ Holocene. Ebe Nchekwa Anụmanụ Moremi dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke delta. A kpọrọ delta ahụ otu n'ime ihe ebube asaa nke Afrịka, nke a kpọsara n'ihu ọha na 11 Febụwarị 2013 na Arusha, Tanzania. Na 22 Juun 2014, Okavango Delta ghọrọ ebe 1000 nke e debanyere aha na UNESCO World Heritage List. Aha ya Aha Okavango sitere na Osimiri Okavango, nke aha ya si na Kavango, nke na-ezo aka na ndị Kavango nke ugwu Namibia. Mkpọpụta Bekee ochie gụnyere Okovango, ebe ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta Namibia na-ahọrọ Kavango mgbe ha na-ekwu maka osimiri na mpaghara Namibia. Ọkà ihe mere eme bụ́ Andreas Eckl kwuru na akụkọ ndị German chịrị mba ahụ jiri Okavango mee ihe, mana okwu mbụ O- abụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị n'asụsụ Kavango dị n'ógbè ahụ, kama nke ahụ, a na-ekwu na ọ bụ mmetụta nke Herero. Ọdịdị ala Idei Mmiri Idei mmiri na-eme ka mmiri Okavango ghọọ mmiri idei nke oge. Osimiri Okavango na-ebu mmiri sitere n'oge ọkọchị (Jenụwarị ruo Febụwarị) mmiri ozuzo sitere n'ugwu Angola, ebili mmiri ahụ na-asọkwa kilomita 1,200 (maịlụ 750) n'ime ihe dị ka otu ọnwa. Mmiri ahụ gbasaara n'elu ala 37,500 km2 (14,500 sq mi) nke delta ahụ n'ime ọnwa anọ sochirinụ (Maachị ruo Juun). Oke okpomọkụ nke delta na-eme ka mmiri na-apụta ngwa ngwa na mmiri na-ekupụ mmiri, nke na-ebute usoro atọ nke ọkwa mmiri na-arị elu ma na-ada nke ahụ ka a na-aghọtachaghị ruo na mmalite narị afọ nke 20. Idei mmiri na-arị elu n'etiti ọnwa Juun na Ọgọst, n'oge oyi kpọrọ nkụ nke Botswana, mgbe delta ahụ na-eto ruo okpukpu atọ nke nha ya na-adịgide adịgide, na-adọta anụmanụ site na kilomita gburugburu ma na-emepụta otu n'ime ebe kachasị ukwuu n'Africa nke ￼￼anụ ọhịa. Delta ahụ dị larịị nke ukwuu, ogologo ya dị ihe na-erughị mita 2 (ụkwụ 6 na sentimita 7) n'obosara ya dị kilomita 15,000 (5,800 sq mi), ebe mmiri ahụ na-ada ihe dị ka mita 60 (ụkwụ 200) site na Mohembo ruo Maun. Mmiri na-asọ Ọdọ Mmiri Mgbe ọkwa mmiri ahụ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ebelata, mmiri na-anọgide na nnukwu ọwa mmiri na akwa osimiri, n'olulu mmiri na n'ọtụtụ nnukwu ọdọ mmiri, nke na-adọta ọtụtụ anụmanụ. Agwaetiti nnu Nchikọta nnu gburugburu mgbọrọgwụ osisi na-eduga n'ebe ndị ọcha na-adịghị ọcha n'etiti ọtụtụ puku agwaetiti dị iche iche, ndị a aghọwo nnu nke na-agaghị ekwe ka osisi tolite, ma e wezụga osisi nkwụ nke na-anaghị anabata nnu mgbe ụfọdụ. Osisi na ahịhịa na-eto n'ájá gburugburu nsọtụ agwaetiti ndị ahụ na-aghọbeghị nnu. Ihe dị ka pasentị iri asaa nke agwaetiti ndị ahụ malitere dị ka ugwu termite (nke a na-akpọkarị Macrotermes spp.), ebe osisi na-agbanye mgbọrọgwụ n'elu ugwu ala. Àgwàetiti Chief E ji ahịrị dị n'elu ugwu nke dị kilomita iri asaa n'ogologo (mile iri anọ na atọ) na kilomita iri na ise n'obosara (mile iri itoolu na atọ) mepụta agwaetiti Chief's Island (19°12'S 22°48'E), agwaetiti kachasị ukwuu na delta. N'oge gara aga, e debere ya dị ka ebe ịchụ nta pụrụ iche maka onyeisi, mana ugbu a ọ bụ ebe nchekwa maka anụ ọhịa. Ugbu a, ọ na-enye ebe dị mkpa maka ọtụtụ anụmanụ bi ebe ahụ mgbe mmiri na-arị elu. Mmiri na-amụ banyere mmiri Ọwa mmiri nke Okavango Delta sitere na Osimiri Okavango, nke e ji njikọta nke osimiri Cubango na Cuito dị n'Angola mepụta tupu ọ gafee Namibia wee banye Botswana. Mgbe ọ banyere n'ime delta dị nso na Mohembo, osimiri ahụ na-ekewa n'ime netwọk dị mgbagwoju anya nke ọwa nkesa, ala idei mmiri, ọdọ mmiri, na apịtị na-adịgide adịgide nke na-akwado otu n'ime nnukwu delta dị n'ime ime obodo n'ụwa. Major distributary channels include the Boro, Maunachira, Thaoge, Santantadibe, Nqoga, and Jao systems. Ọwa ndị a na-ekesa mmiri idei mmiri oge niile n'ofe delta, imepụta mosaic siri ike nke ala mmiri na-adịgide adịgide na ala idei mmiri nke mmiri jupụtara n'oge nke na-akwado ụdị ihe dị iche iche dị ndụ. Ihe dị ka pasentị 96–98 nke mmiri na-abanye na delta na-efunahụ site na ikuku mmiri, mmiri mmiri na-agbapụta, na ikuku mmiri, ebe naanị obere akụkụ na-esi na sistemụ ahụ apụta site n'osimiri Thamalakane na Boteti. Ọnọdụ ihu igwe Ọ bụghị na mmiri dị n'ime Delta ka ahịhịa ndụ juru eju; kama ọ bụ ebe a na-akpọ oasis n'obodo kpọrọ nkụ. Mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ bụ 450 mm (inchi 18) (ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke mpaghara Angola ha na-ejide mmiri) ebe ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-ada n'etiti Disemba na Maachị n'ụdị oké ifufe ehihie. Disemba ruo Febụwarị bụ ọnwa mmiri ozuzo na-ekpo ọkụ nke nwere okpomọkụ ehihie dị elu ruo 40 °C (104 °F), abalị na-ekpo ọkụ, na ọkwa iru mmiri na-agbanwe n'etiti 50 na 80%. Site na Machị ruo Mee, okpomọkụ na-ebelata, ma ọ dịkarịa ala 30°C (86°F) n'ehihie ma dịkwa jụụ n'abalị. Mmiri ozuzo na-akpọnwụ ngwa ngwa ruo n'oge oyi kpọrọ nkụ nke ọnwa Juun ruo Ọgọst. Okpomọkụ ehihie n'oge a n'afọ na-adị obere ma ọ bụ na-ekpo ọkụ, mana okpomọkụ na-ada nke ukwuu mgbe anyanwụ dara. Oyi nwere ike ịdị n'abalị na delta, ebe okpomọkụ anaghị agafe oke oyi. A na-ahụ ntu oyi mgbe ụfọdụ n'oge oyi. The September to November span has the heat and atmospheric pressure build up once more, as the dry season slides into the rainy season. Ọktoba bụ ọnwa kacha sie ike maka ndị ọbịa: okpomọkụ ehihie na-adịkarị karịa 40°C (104°F) na mgbe ụfọdụ, nkụ ahụ na-agbaji site na mberede nke oké ifufe. Anụmanụ nke Delta Okavango Delta bụ ebe obibi nke ụdị anụ ọhịa dị iche iche na nke oge. Anụmanụ niile nke nnukwu anụ ise, lion, leopard, African buffalo, African bush elephant, black na white rhinoceros nọ ebe a. Anụmanụ buru ibu kachasị baa ụba bụ red lechwe, atụmatụ na-egosi na ihe dị ka 88,000. Ụdị ndị ọzọ gụnyere giraffe, blue wildebeest, plains zebra, hippopotamus, impala, common eland, greater kudu, sable antelope, roan antelope, puku, waterbuck, sitatunga, tsessebe, cheetah, African wild dog, spotted hyena, black-backed jackal, caracal, serval, aardvark, aardwolf, bat-eared fox, African savanna hare, honey badger, common warthog, chacma baboon, vervet monkey na Nile crocodile. Delta ahụ nwekwara ihe karịrị ụdị nnụnụ 400, gụnyere helmeted guineafowl, African fish eagle, Pel's fishing owl, Egyptian goose, South African shelduck, African jacana, African skimmer, marabou stork, crested crane, African spoonbill, African darter, southern ground hornbill, wattled crane, lilac-breasted roller, secretary bird na common ostrich. Kemgbe afọ 2005, a na-ewere ebe nchekwa ahụ dị ka Ngalaba Nchekwa Ọdụm yana Ogige Ntụrụndụ Hwange. By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses were living in the northern Okavango Delta. Site na 2020 ruo 2021, ndị na-achụ nta anụ gburu rhino 92 na mpaghara delta, nke mere ka naanị rhino 40 fọdụrụ, nke mere ka gọọmentị chụpụ rhino ndị ahụ na Okavango Delta. Azụ Okavango Delta nwere ụdị azụ̀ iri asaa na otu, gụnyere azụ̀ tigerfish, ụdị azụ̀ tilapia, na ụdị azụ̀ dị iche iche nke catfish. Nha azụ̀ dị site na azụ̀ sharptooth nke Afrịka nke dị mita 1.4 (ụkwụ 4.6) ruo na 3.2 cm (1.3 in) nke sickle barb. Ụdị ihe ndị a na-eme n'Osimiri Zambezi, nke na-egosi njikọ dị n'etiti usoro osimiri abụọ ahụ. Osisi Okavango Delta nwere osisi 1068 nke ezinụlọ 134 na ụdị 530. E nwere osisi mpaghara ise dị mkpa n'ime apịtị ndị na-adịgide adịgide: Papyrus cyperus n'ime mmiri miri emi, Miscanthus n'ebe idei mmiri na-adịghị omimi, na Phragmites australis, Typha capensis na Pycreus n'etiti. Ụdị apịtị ndị a na-ahụkarị n'ime apịtị ndị na-adịgide adịgide, na-agbasakwa ruo n'ebe mmiri na-ezo n'oge. Papyrus cyperus ubi ahịhịa na-eto nke ọma na mmiri na-asọ nwayọ nwayọ nke dị omimi ọkara ma na-apụta ìhè n'akụkụ ọwa mmiri. N'agwaetiti na ala ndị dị n'elu ala ahịhịa ndị idei mmiri jupụtara, e nwere obodo dị iche iche nke osisi dị iche iche. A na-ahụ ụdị ndị a dịka mmiri ha si chọọ: dịka ọmụmaatụ Philenoptera violacea a naghị achọ mmiri nke ọma, ọ na-adịkwa n'ebe kachasị elu n'ala mmiri ndị na-adịgide adịgide, ọ na-adịkarịkwa n'agwaetiti mmiri ndị kpọrọ nkụ n'oge ọkọchị. Osisi ndị a na-ahụkarị n'agwaetiti ndị dị n'ime apịtị na-adịgide adịgide bụ ngwakọta nke osisi nkwụ Hyphaene petersiana na acacias. Osisi ndị dị na delta na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'igbochi mbuze. Agwaetiti ma ọ bụ olulu mmiri nke osimiri na-enwekarị apịtị dị elu, nke a na-ejikọta ya na ájá dị n'osimiri ahụ iji na-ewulite akụkụ osimiri ahụ mgbe niile. Ibu osimiri ahụ dị n'ime delta fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ájá kpamkpam, n'ihi na mmiri dị ọcha nke Okavango nwere obere apịtị. Osisi ndị ahụ na-ejide ájá ahụ, na-arụ ọrụ dị ka gluu ma na-emeju enweghị apịtị, ma na-emepụta agwaetiti ndị ọzọ ebe osisi ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịgba mkpọrọgwụ na ha. Ndị mmadụ Ndị Okavango Delta nwere agbụrụ ise, nke ọ bụla nwere njirimara na asụsụ nke ya: Ndị Hambukushu (a makwaara dị ka Mbukushu, Bukushu, Bukusu, Mabukuschu, Ghuva, Haghuva), Ndị Dceriku (Dxeriku, Diriku, Gciriku, Gceriku, Giriku, Niriku), Ndị Wayeyi (Bayei, Bayeyi, Yei), Ndị Bugakhwe (Kxoe, Khwe, Kwengo, Barakwena, G|anda) Ndị ǁanikhwe (Gxanekwe, ǁtanekwe, River Bushmen, Swamp Bushmen, Gǁani, ǁani, Xanekwe). Ndị Hambukushu, Dceriku, na Wayeyi na-etinye aka n'akụ na ụba dị iche iche dịka ọrụ ugbo millet/sorghum, ịkụ azụ̀, ịchụ nta, ịchịkọta nri osisi ọhịa, na ịzụ anụ ụlọ. Ndị Bugakhwe na ǁanikwhe bụ Ndị Bushmen, bụ́ ndị na-akụ azụ̀, ịchụ nta, na ịchịkọta nri osisi ọhịa; Bugakhwe jiri ma ihe ndị dị n'ime ọhịa ma nke dị n'akụkụ osimiri mee ihe, ebe ndị bi n'akụkụ osimiri lekwasịrị anya nke ukwuu. Hambukushu, Dceriku, na Bugakhwe dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Okavango dị n'Angola nakwa n'akụkụ Caprivi nke Namibia, obere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Hambukushu na Bugakhwe dịkwa na Zambia. N'ime Okavango Delta, n'ime ihe dị ka afọ 150 gara aga ma ọ bụ karịa, Hambukushu, Dceriku, na Bugakhwe ebirila na panhandle na Magwegqana dị na delta ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ndị mmadụ bi na panhandle na mpaghara dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Boro site na delta, tinyere mpaghara dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Boteti. Wayeyi ebiela n'ógbè dị gburugburu Seronga yana mpaghara ndịda gbara gburugburu Maun, na ole na ole Wayeyi bi n'ụlọ nna nna ha dị na Caprivi Strip. N'ime afọ iri abụọ gara aga, ọtụtụ mmadụ si n'akụkụ niile nke Okavango akwagaala Maun, n'ọgwụgwụ afọ 1960 na mmalite afọ 1970, ihe karịrị ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ Hambukushu 4,000 si Angola biri n'ógbè dị gburugburu Etsha na ọdịda anyanwụ Panhandle. Kemgbe ngwụcha narị afọ nke 18, Okavango Delta anọwo n'okpuru ọchịchị nke Batawana (mba Tswana). N'ịbụ onye ụlọ Mathiba nke Mbụ, onye ndu otu ndị Bangladesh, Batawana guzobere njikwa zuru oke na delta ahụ n'afọ 1850 ka azụmaahịa ọdụdụ mpaghara ahụ gbawara. Agbanyeghị, ọtụtụ ndị Batawana bi n'akụkụ delta, n'ihi iyi egwu nke ijiji tsetse na-etinye n'ahụ ehi ha. N'ime oge ezumike nke ihe dị ka afọ iri anọ, ijiji tsetse laghachiri azụ, ọtụtụ ndị Batawana bikwa n'ime apịtị site na 1896 ruo na ngwụcha afọ 1930. Kemgbe ahụ, ọnụ ụzọ delta ahụ ejupụtala nke ukwuu n'ihi mmụba nke ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ na anụ ụlọ ya. Njem Ọzara nke Okavango Delta na anụ ọhịa ya na-adọta ọtụtụ narị puku ndị njem nleta kwa afọ, obodo Maun na-eje ozi dị ka ọnụ ụzọ ámá mpaghara ahụ. Njem nlegharị anya nke oge a malitere n'oge ngwụcha afọ 1960, mgbe e wuru ogige ntụrụndụ nke oge a mbụ na delta. Ngwaahịa njem nlegharị anya kemgbe amụbaala gụnyere safaris ụlọ dị elu, safaris mkpanaka, ịga ụlọikwuu onwe onye, ikiri nnụnụ, draịvụ egwuregwu, ụgbọ elu mara mma, njem a na-eduzi, ịkụ azụ̀ ntụrụndụ na njem ụgbọ mmiri. Botswana akwalitela usoro njem dị oke ọnụ, nke na-anaghị efu nnukwu ego na mpaghara Okavango, nke e bu n'obi iji belata mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi ma na-eme ka ndị ọbịa nwee nnukwu mmefu. Akụkọ UNESCO nke afọ 2014 chọpụtara na e nwere akwa ndị njem nleta 2,129 n'ógbè ahụ. Na 2017, ndị Delta nabatara ndị ọbịa 52,638, nke 43,363 bụ ndị njem nleta mba ofesi ebe 9,275 bụ ndị obodo. Nke a bụ obere akụkụ nke otu nde ndị njem nleta mba ofesi Botswana na-enweta kwa afọ. Molapos (iyi mmiri) Mgbe oge idei mmiri gasịrị, mmiri dị n'akụkụ ala nke delta ahụ, nso ntọala ya, na-ebelata, na-ahapụ mmiri n'ime ala. A na-eji mmiri a fọdụrụnụ akụ ihe ubi na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ nwere ike itolite na ya. A na-akpọ ala a molapo. N'agbata afọ 1974 na 1978, idei mmiri ahụ karịrị nke nkịtị, ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịkọ ihe ubi n'oge ịda ogbenye idei mmiri, ya mere e nwere nnukwu ụkọ nri na nri. N'ihi nzaghachi ya, e bidoro ọrụ mmepe Molapo. O ji ihe ndị e ji ekpuchi ebe ndị dị na molapo chebe ha iji chịkwaa idei mmiri ahụ ma gbochie oke idei mmiri. E tinyere ọnụ ụzọ ámá mmiri n'ime igbe ndị ahụ ka e wee nwee ike ịhapụ mmiri echekwara ma malite ịkụ ihe ubi n'oge idei mmiri. Ihe iyi egwu ndị nwere ike ime Otu ihe nwere ike iyi egwu bụ nchọpụta mmanụ nke ụlọ ọrụ Canada bụ ReconAfrica. Nnyocha mbụ e mere n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2021 gosiri na mmanụ dị n'ime nkume sedimentary. Ndị ọkachamara gburugburu ebe obibi na-enwe nchegbu na ọrụ a ga-enwe mmetụta ọjọọ na gburugburu ebe obibi nakwa na ụfọdụ n'ime isi mmiri nwere ike ịdaba n'ihe ize ndụ. ReconAfrica ekwuola, "Ọ dịghị mmebi ọ bụla ga-eme na gburugburu ebe obibi site na ihe omume ndị a haziri." Gọọmentị Namibia ewepụtala atụmatụ iwulite ọdụ ike mmiri na mpaghara Zambezi, nke ga-achịkwa usoro mmiri Okavango ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị na-akwado ya na-arụ ụka na mmetụta ya agaghị adị obere, ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na-arụ ụka na ọrụ a nwere ike ibibi ọtụtụ anụmanụ na osisi bara ọgaranya na delta. Ihe iyi egwu ndị ọzọ gụnyere mwakpo mmadụ na mpaghara na mwepụta mmiri mpaghara na Angola na Namibia. Onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-echekwa ihe ndị dị na mba Saụt Afrịka bụ Rick Lomba dọrọ aka ná ntị n'afọ 1980 gbasara iyi egwu nke mwakpo ehi na mpaghara ahụ. Ihe nkiri ya bụ The End of Eden gosiri etu o si na-akwado delta. A na-atụ anya na mmiri ozuzo nke Okavango ga-ebelata kwa afọ yana mmụba okpomọkụ n'ihi okpomọkụ ụwa. Mmetụta nke okpomọọkụ ụwa nwere ike ibute mbelata na oke idei mmiri na Okavango Delta, nke ga-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu n'inweta mmiri yana ịzụ anụ ụlọ na ọrụ ugbo na mpaghara ahụ. Ọrụ nchekwa nke Conservation International Botswana na mpaghara Okavango Delta gụnyere agụmakwụkwọ na itinye aka na amụma yana nyocha na nlekota dịka nyocha anụ ọhịa dị n'elu ikuku na ọrụ nyocha ngwa ngwa nke ihe ndị dị ndụ. Hụkwa Ndagwurugwu Kalahari Edensibia Ịgụ ihe ọzọ Allison (2007). Whatever You Do, Don't Run: True Tales Of A Botswana Safari Guide. Globe Pequot. ISBN 9780762745654. Bock (2002). "Learning, Life History, and Productivity: Children's lives in the Okavango Delta of Botswana". Human Nature 13 (2): 161–198. DOI:10.1007/s12110-002-1007-4. PMID 26192757. Njikọ mpụga Conservation International E debere ya na Wayback Machine Ebe ndị Okavango Delta nwere ikike The Ngami Times bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa izu nke Ngamiland Ebe gọọmentị Botswana na Moremi Game Reserve, n'ime Okavango Delta Wild Entrust International Ihe ịtụnanya asaa nke Africa Discovery Channel - Iju Mmiri nke Kalahari Iju Mmiri na-emebi ihe na molapos nke Okavango Delta Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Okavango Mmiri Okavango dị ugbu a, data ihu igwe na foto satellite Archived 7 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine 1986 Ihe omuma The End of Eden nke Rick Lomba