Kungiyar Tsaro da Haɗin Kai a Turai

Ƙungiyar Tsaro da Haɗin gwiwa a Turai ( OSCE ) ƙungiya ce ta gwamnatoci masu zaman kansu da ke da alaƙa da tsaro a yankin da ta ƙunshi ƙasashe mambobi a Turai, Arewacin Amurka, da Asiya. Aikinta ya haɗa da batutuwa kamar kula da makamai, haɓaka haƙƙin ɗan adam, 'yancin manema labarai, da zaɓe mai 'yanci da adalci . Tana ɗaukar ma'aikata kusan 3,460 aiki, galibi a ayyukanta na fage amma kuma a sakatariyarta da ke Vienna, Austria, da cibiyoyinta. Tana da matsayin mai lura a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . Kungiyar OSCE ta samo asali ne a shekarar 1975: magabatanta sun haɗu a lokacin Yaƙin Cacar Baki don samar da dandalin tattaunawa tsakanin Ƙungiyar Yamma da Ƙungiyar Gabas . Yawancin ƙungiyoyinta 57 Kasashen da ke cikin wannan shirin suna cikin Turai, amma akwai wasu membobi a Asiya ko kuma a Arewacin Amurka . Kasashen da ke cikin shirin sun kai kimanin kashi 55.4% na fadin yankin Arewacin Duniya . OSCE tana da hankali kan gargaɗi da wuri, rigakafin rikici, magance rikici, da kuma gyara bayan rikici. Tarihi Tushe Ƙungiyar ta samo asali ne daga taron tsaro da haɗin gwiwa a Turai na shekarar 1975 (CSCE). An yi ta tattaunawa game da ƙungiyar tsaron Turai tun daga shekarun 1950, amma Yaƙin Cacar Baki ya hana duk wani ci gaba mai mahimmanci har sai da aka fara tattaunawar a Dipoli a Espoo a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1972. An gudanar da waɗannan tattaunawar ne bisa shawarar Tarayyar Soviet wadda ke son amfani da tattaunawar don ci gaba da iko da ƙasashen gurguzu a Gabashin Turai, kuma Shugaban ƙasar Finland Urho Kekkonen ya karɓi baƙuncinsu domin ƙarfafa manufarsa ta rashin nuna bambanci . Duk da haka, Yammacin Turai ya ga waɗannan tattaunawar a matsayin wata hanya ta rage tashin hankali a yankin, da haɓaka haɗin gwiwar tattalin arziki da kuma samun ci gaban jin kai ga al'ummar ƙungiyar gurguzu . Shawarwarin tattaunawar, a cikin nau'in "Littafin Shuɗi", sun ba da tushe mai amfani ga taron matakai uku mai suna "Tsarin Helsinki". An buɗe CSCE a Helsinki a ranar 3 ga Yuli 1973 tare da jihohi 35 da suka aika wakilai. Na ɗauki kwana biyar kacal kafin na amince na bi Littafin Shuɗi. II shine babban matakin aiki kuma an gudanar da shi a Geneva daga 18 ga Satumba 1973 zuwa 21 ga Yuli 1975. Sakamakon Mataki Na biyu shine Dokar Ƙarshe ta Helsinki . An sanya hannu kan wannan dokar ta 35 jihohin da suka shiga a lokacin Mataki III, wanda ya gudana a zauren taro na Finlandia tsakanin 30 ga Yuli - 1 ga Agusta 1975. Jami'in diflomasiyyar Holy See Cardinal Agostino Casaroli, wanda shi ne shugaban taron ne ya bude taron. An ƙirƙiro manufofin inganta dangantaka da aiwatar da dokar a cikin jerin tarurrukan da suka biyo baya, tare da manyan tarurruka a Belgrade (4 ga Oktoba 1977) – 8 Maris 1978), Madrid (11 Nuwamba 1980 – 9 ga Satumba 1983) da kuma Vienna (4 ga Nuwamba 1986) – 19 Janairu 1989). An rubuta alƙawarin Copenhagen "don tabbatar da cewa an ba wa mutane damar yin amfani da haƙƙinsu na yin taro cikin lumana da 'yancin yin cuɗanya, gami da 'yancin kafawa, shiga da shiga cikin ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu yadda ya kamata, waɗanda ke neman haɓaka da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da 'yancin asali." An amince da Tsarin Moscow a shekarar 1991. CSCE ta zama OSCE Rushewar Tarayyar Soviet ya buƙaci canjin matsayi ga CSCE. [ me yasa? ] Yarjejeniyar Paris don Sabuwar Turai, wacce aka sanya hannu a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 1990, ta nuna farkon wannan sauyi. An kawo ƙarshen wannan tsari da sake suna CSCE a matsayin OSCE a ranar 1 ga Janairu 1995, bisa ga sakamakon wani taro da aka gudanar a Budapest a shekarar 1994. Yanzu OSCE tana da sakatare na hukuma, Majalisar Manyan Hukumomi, Majalisar Dokoki, Cibiyar Rigakafin Rikici, da Ofishin Zaɓe Mai 'Yanci, wanda daga baya ya zama Ofishin Cibiyoyin Dimokuraɗiyya da 'Yancin Dan Adam. manazarta