Gidan Tarihi na Sarauta na Afirka ta Tsakiya

Gidan kayan gargajiya na Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA) Koninklijk Museum voor Midden-Afrika (KMMA); Faransanci: Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale (MRAC); Jamusanci: Königliches Museum für Zentralafrika (KMZA)), yana sadarwa a ƙarƙashin sunan AfricaMuseum tun 2018, gidan kayan gargajiya ne na tarihin al'adu da Tarihin halitta wanda ke cikin Tervuren a cikin Flemish Brabant, Belgium, kusa da Brussels. An gina shi ne don nuna Jihar Congo ta Sarki Leopold II a baje kolin kasa da kasa na shekara ta 1897. Gidan kayan gargajiya yana mai da hankali kan Kongo, tsohon mulkin mallaka na Belgium. Yankin sha'awa, duk da haka, musamman a cikin binciken halittu, ya kai ga duk yankin Kongo, Afirka ta Tsakiya, Gabashin Afirka, da Yammacin Afirka, yana ƙoƙarin haɗa "Afirka" gaba ɗaya. An fara shi ne a matsayin gidan kayan gargajiya na mulkin mallaka, daga 1960 zuwa gaba ya mai da hankali kan ilimin lissafi da ilimin ɗan adam. Kamar yawancin gidajen tarihi, yana da sashen bincike ban da sashen baje kolin jama'a. Ba duk binciken da ya shafi Afirka ba (misali bincike kan Archaeozoology na Sagalassos, Turkiyya). Wasu masu bincike suna da dangantaka mai karfi tare da Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Royal Belgium. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2013, gidan kayan gargajiya ya rufe don aikin gyare-gyare mai yawa, gami da gina sabon wurin baje kolin, kuma an sake buɗe shi a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018. Tarihi Nunin Duniya (1897) Bayan da Taron Berlin na 1884-85 ya amince da Jihar Congo Free State, Sarki Leopold II ya so ya tallata aikin wayewa da damar tattalin arziki da ke cikin mulkin mallaka mai zaman kansa ga jama'a da yawa, a Belgium da kuma duniya. Bayan la'akari da wasu wurare, sarki ya yanke shawarar yin nune-nunen wucin gadi a cikin gidansa na sarauta a Tervuren, gabashin Brussels, a lardin Flemish Brabant na yau. Lokacin da aka gudanar da baje kolin kasa da kasa na 1897 a Brussels, an gina wani sashi na mulkin mallaka a Tervuren, wanda aka haɗa shi da tsakiyar gari ta hanyar Avenue de Tervueren / Tervurenlaan. An gina layin jirgin ƙasa na Brussels-Tervuren 44 a lokaci guda kamar gidan kayan gargajiya na asali na Leopold II don kawo baƙi daga tsakiyar gari zuwa baje kolin mulkin mallaka. An shirya sashin mulkin mallaka a Fadar Koloni. Masanin gine-ginen Faransa Alfred-Philibert Aldrophe ne ya tsara ginin da lambuna na gargajiya na masanin gine-gine na Faransa Elie Lainé. A cikin babban zauren, wanda aka sani da Hall of the Great Cultures (Faransanci: Salon des Grandes Cultures), masanin gine-gine da mai ado Georges Hobé ya tsara tsarin katako na Art Nouveau don tayar da gandun daji na Kongo, ta amfani da Itacen Bilinga, itacen Afirka. Nunin ya nuna abubuwa na ethnographic, dabbobi da kayan fitarwa na Kongo (misali kofi, koko da taba). A cikin wurin shakatawa, an gina wani "Gidan namun daji na ɗan adam" na wucin gadi - kwafin ƙauyen Afirka - inda mutane 60 na Kongo suka zauna a lokacin baje kolin. Bakwai daga cikinsu, duk da haka, ba su tsira daga tilasta zama a Belgium ba. Ci gaban gidan kayan gargajiya Nasarar nune-nunen ta haifar da kafawa ta dindindin, a cikin 1898, na (Faransanci: Musée du Congo, Museum van Kongo), gidan kayan gargajiya da cibiyar kimiyya don yada farfaganda mulkin mallaka da tallafi ga ayyukan mulkin mallaka na Belgium, kuma an shigar da nune-nun dindindin a Fadar Koloni. Shekaru goma bayan haka, a cikin 1912, an buɗe ƙaramin gidan kayan gargajiya - Gidan Tarihin Afirka na Namur - a Namur. Gidan kayan gargajiya ya fara tallafawa binciken ilimi, amma saboda tarin masana kimiyya, ba da daɗewa ba tarin ya girma sosai ga gidan kayan gargajiya kuma ana buƙatar faɗaɗa. Tervuren, wanda ya zama wani yanki mai arziki na Brussels, an sake zabarsa a matsayin wurin fadada gidan kayan gargajiya. Sabon gidan kayan gargajiya ya fara gini a shekara ta 1904 kuma masanin gine-ginen Faransa Charles Girault ne ya tsara shi a cikin gine-ginin "gidan sarauta", wanda ya tuna da Petit Palais a Paris, tare da manyan lambuna da suka kai cikin gandun daji na Tervuren (wani ɓangare na gandun daji ya Sonian). An buɗe shi a hukumance a 1910, shekara guda bayan mutuwar Leopold II, ta magajinsa, Sarki Albert I, kuma an ba shi suna Gidan Tarihi na Belgian Congo (Faransa: Musée du Congo Belge, Museum van Belgisch-Kongo). Shekaru masu zuwa sun ga karfafawa da fadada tarin gidan kayan gargajiya. A cikin 1934, an canja wurin kayan gargajiya na gidan kayan gargajiya zuwa Gidan Aljanna na Belgium (a yau Meise Botanic Garden a Meise, Flemish Brabant). A cikin 1952, an kara adjective "Royal" a cikin sunan gidan kayan gargajiya. A shirye-shiryen baje kolin duniya na Brussels na 1958 (Expo 58), a cikin 1957, an gina babban gini don karɓar ma'aikatan Afirka da ke aiki a cikin baje kolin: Cibiyar Amincewa da Ma'aikatan Afirka (CAPA). A cikin 1960, bayan samun 'yancin kai na Kongo, an canza sunan gidan kayan gargajiya zuwa sunansa na yanzu: Gidan Tarihi na Royal na Afirka ta Tsakiya ( Koninklijk Museum voor Midden-Afrika ko KMMA, Faransanci: Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale ko MRAC, Jamusanci: Königliches Museum für Zentralafrika ko KMZA). Gyaran Gini (2013–2018) A farkon wannan mileniyom din, gidan kayan gargajiya yana bukatar cikakken gyara. Ginin tsakiyar da ya wuce shekara 100 ba ya dace da bukatun gidan kayan gargajiya na zamani. Baya ga haka, nunin da ake yi na dindindin ya tsufa kuma ba ya nazari sosai kan tarihin mulkin mallaka. Sabon tsarin kallo ya zama tilas. An tsara wata babbar manufa a shekarar 2007 don duk wurin. Hukumar Gidaje ta Belgium ta ba da aikin ga Kungiyar Lokaci ta Stéphane Beel Architects (TV SBA). A karshen shekarar 2013, an rufe gidan kayan gargajiya don ba da dama ga babban aikin gyara da faɗaɗa ginin. Gwamnatin Belgium ta kashe €66 miliyan don inganta gidan kayan gargajiya. An ƙara yawan wurin nuni daga 6,000 m2 (65,000 sq ft) zuwa 11,000 m2 (120,000 sq ft), tare da rage adadin abubuwan da ake nuna wa daga 1,400 zuwa 700 (daga cikin jimillar abubuwa 180,000 da ake da su). Wurin ƙarin ya ba da damar nuna fasahar zamani daga Afirka ta Tsakiya tare da abubuwan zaman mulkin mallaka na asali. An sake sanya masa suna AfricaMuseum, kuma an sake buɗe shi a ranar 9 ga Disamba, 2018. An maye gurbin mutumin King Leopold II da ke tsaye a Babban Dandali da wani sassaka daga ɗan fasaha dan asalin Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo, Aimé Mpane. Wasu daga cikin gumakan mulkin mallaka da ake nuni da su a baya a gidan kayan gargajiya an mayar da su a 2023 zuwa wuraren da ake zuwa ne kawai da jagorar yawon shakatawa. Gine-gine Cibiyar AfricaMuseum a halin yanzu tana da ginin shida. Babban ginin da ke tsakiyar fili shi ne ke dauke da baje kolin dindindin. An gina shi a zamanin Sarki Leopold II ta hannun ɗan gini Faransa mai suna Charles Girault. Ginin yana da tsawon 125 metres (410 ft) da fadin 75 metres (246 ft). Fuskarsa tana da ado a cikin salon gine-ginen neoclassical na manyan fadojin Faransa. A gefen dama (kudu-maso-yamma) na wannan babban gini akwai Ginin Zartarwa, sannan a gefen hagu (arewa-maso-gabas) akwai Ginin Stanley, wanda ke dauke da dukkan tarihin Stanley. Tsohon Fadar Ma’aikatar Afirka (wanda yanzu aka fi sani da Africa Palace) an maida shi cibiyar tarba, ɗakin karatu na zamani da kuma ɗakin liyafa. Ginin Centre d'Accueil du Personnel Africain (CAPA), wanda aka gina a 1957 don ma'aikatan Afirka, yana dauke da sassa daban-daban na bincike. Bayan gyaran ginin gidan kayan tarihin, an hada wasu daga cikin tsofaffin bayanan tarihin da aka warwatsa a baya a cikin sabbin dakunan baje koli a wurin. Ginin tarba, wanda aka gina a 2016, tsakanin ginin gudanarwa da Africa Palace, shi ne ke matsayin kofar shiga. Wannan ginin yana dauke da ofishin sayar da tikiti, ɗakin ajiye kaya, shago, gidan cin abinci, da kuma filin cin abinci ga yara. Daga ginin tarba akwai ramin kasa wanda ke kaiwa zuwa ginin gidan kayan tarihi. Wannan wuri ma yana da amfani don baje kolin wucin gadi. A cikin farfajiyar ginin, an ƙara lambun da ke zurfi da hasken rana (light shaft) domin samar da haske a matakin karkashin kasa. Tarakai Gidan kayan gargajiya na AfricaMuseum yana dauke da tarin abubuwa da dabbobi da ba su da kama a duniya, daga cikinsu kashi kadan ne kawai ake iya nunawa. A cewar shafin yanar gizon gidan kayan gargajiya, abubuwan da ake nunawa a babban ginin ba su kai kashi 5% na cikakken tarin gidan kayan gargajiya ba: Sashen Nazarin Dabbobi yana da fiye da samfura miliyan 10, ciki har da kwari miliyan 6 da kifaye miliyan 1. Sashen Duwatsu da Ma’adinai yana da fiye da samfuran itatuwa 56,000 a cikin xylotheque, tare da samfuran duwatsu 200,000 da ma’adinai 17,000. Sashen Nazarin Al’adu yana da abubuwan ethnographic guda 120,000 (guda 1,600 daga cikinsu ne a dakunan baje koli). Tarin kayan kida na ethnomusicology ya hada da kayan kida 8,000, da kuma sa’o’i 2,500 na rakodin wakokin gargajiya daga yankin sub-Saharan Africa, musamman daga Afirka ta Tsakiya (Congo, Rwanda da Burundi), inda tsohuwar rakodin ta fara tun 1910 (akwatin fari na Edison). Bugu da kari, fiye da fina-finai da hotuna 500,000 ana ajiye su a dakin fina-finai da na hotuna. A karshe, Sashen Tarihi da Sabis na Kimiyya na Gaba daya yana kula da dubban kayayyakin tarihi da kundin tarihi 350, ciki har da wasu daga cikin kundin rubutun Henry Morton Stanley. Wasu daga cikin tarin ana iya kallonsu ta hanyar dijital. Tarin herbarium na tsohon Gidan Kayan Gargajiya na Congo an mika shi ga Gidan Shukar Kasa na Belgium a shekara ta 1934. Ajiyayyun Tarihi Gidan kayan tarihi yana adana ajiyayyun bayanai da ke da alaka da tarihin cibiyar kanta, da kuma na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, kungiyoyi, da kuma mutane. Daga shekarar 2018, ana samun bayanai ta yanar gizo dangane da ajiyayyun bayanan Laftanar-Janar Alphonse Cabra, masanin kiɗa Paul Collaer, masanin ƙasa Jules Cornet, Kwamandan Francis Dhanis, Gwamna-Janar na Congo ta Beljiyam Félix Fuchs, Laftanar-Janar Cyriaque Gillain, Janar-Major Josué Henry de la Lindi, mai bincike Charles Lemaire, Bafillatama dan bincike Richard Mohun, Kanal Emmanuel Muller, Baturen Jamus Paul Reichard, Kyaftin Albert Sillye, dan binciken Birtaniya Henry Morton Stanley, soja kuma mai bincike Émile Storms, Mataimakin Gwamna Janar na Congo ta Ƙasar 'Yanci Alphonse van Gèle, masanin tarihi Jan Vansina, mai gudanar da yankuna Auguste Verbeken, masanin tarihi Benoît Verhaegen, Kwamandan Gustave Vervloet, da kuma kamfanonin layin dogo na Compagnie du chemin de fer du bas-Congo au Katanga (BCK) da Groupe Empain. Bincike Nunin da jama’a ke iya gani kai tsaye yana wakiltar kusan kashi 25 cikin 100 na ayyukan gidan kayan tarihin. Sassan kimiyya, wadanda ke dauke da mafi yawan ayyukan bincike da nazari na gidan, tare da manyan tarin kayayyakin tarihi, suna cikin tsohon Fadar Afirka (Palace of the Colonies), dakin Stanley Pavilion da ginin CAPA. Akwai sassa guda 4: Sashen Al’adu da Dan Adam (Cultural Anthropology) Nazarin Kabilu (Ethnography) Arkiyoloji da Tarihin Kafin Rubuce-rubuce (Archaeology da Prehistory) Harsuna da Kiɗan Kabilu (Linguistics da Ethnomusicology) Ilmin Dan Adam da Tarihin Al’adu (Anthropology da Ethnohistory) Sashen Ilimin Ƙasa da Ma’adinai (Geology da Mineralogy) Ilimin Ƙasa gabaɗaya Ilmin Ma’adinai da Tsarin Dutse (Petrography) Taswira da fassarar hoto (Cartography da Photo interpretation) Kimiyyar Ma’adinai da Jiki (Physical da Mineral chemistry) Sashen Ilimin Dabbobi (Zoology) Dabbobin da ke da kashin baya (Ornithology, Ichthyology, Herpetology, Osteology da Mammalogy) Ilmin Kwari (Entomology) Dabbobin da ba kwari ba ne (Arachnology, Myriapodology, Acarology) Sashen Tarihi da Ayyukan Kimiyya gabaɗaya Tarihin Zamanin Mulkin Mallaka Tarihin Zamanin Yanzu Ilimin Tattalin Arzikin Noma da Daji (Agricultural da Forest economics - Geomorphology, da Dakin Nazarin Halittar Itatuwa) Gidan kayan tarihin yana kuma da ɗakin karatu da ke da fiye da littattafai 130,000. A cikin tattaunawa kan maidowa da kayan tarihi na Afirka da aka kwaso a lokacin mulkin mallaka, Gidan Tarihin Afirka ya fara bayyana asalin wadannan kayayyaki ga jama’a a cikin nunin dindindin tun daga 2021. Cece-kuce An samu cece-kuce dangane da Gidan Kayan Gargajiya na Sarki na Afirka ta Tsakiya. A da, an bayyana gidan kayan a matsayin wanda "ya tsaya cak a tarihi". Ba a ambaci satar albarkatun kasa da kuma kisan gilla a Congo Free State ba, haka zalika ba a bayyani sosai game da zamanin mulkin mallaka na Belgium ba. Jaridar The Guardian ta bada rahoto a watan Yuli na shekarar 2002 cewa, bayan fushin farko daga wasu masana tarihin Belgium kan littafin tarihin jama'a mai suna King Leopold's Ghost wanda Adam Hochschild ya rubuta, wanda ke bayyana ra'ayinsa game da mulkin Congo Free State da wasu suka kira "zargi mara nauyi", gidan kayan gargajiya wanda gwamnati ke daukar nauyi ya yanke shawarar daukar bincike don duba wadannan zarge-zarge. Nunin zamani na The Memory of Congo (Fabrairu–Oktoba 2005) ya yi kokarin fada labarin Congo Free State kafin ta zama mallakin Belgium da kuma bayar da wani hangen nesa na daban game da mulkin mallaka na Belgium. Jaridun duniya sun yabawa wannan nuni, inda jaridar Faransa Le Monde ta ce "gidan kayan gargajiya ya fi kawai dubi wannan shafin rikice na tarihi... [ya] karfafa jama'a su shiga bincike kan gaskiyar mulkin mallaka." Hochschild da kansa ya bayar da sharhi mai hade da yabo da kuma suka game da sabon fasalin gidan kayan gargajiya.