Hewlett-Packard

Hewlett-Packard, wanda aka fi sani da Hewlett-Packard ko HP, wani kamfani ne na fasahar watsa labarai na ƙasa da ƙasa na Amurka wanda ke da hedikwata a Palo Alto, California. HP ta haɓaka tare da samar da nau'ikan kayan masarufi iri-iri, gami da software da sabis masu alaƙa ga masu amfani, ƙanana da matsakaitan masana'antu (SMBs), da manyan kamfanoni, gami da abokan ciniki a cikin gwamnati, kiwon lafiya, da sassan ilimi. An kafa kamfanin a cikin garejin mota guda daya a Palo Alto ta Bill Hewlett da David Packard a cikin 1939, kuma da farko ya samar da layin gwajin lantarki da kayan aunawa. Garage na HP a 367 Addison Avenue yanzu an ayyana shi a matsayin Alamar Tarihi ta California, kuma an yi masa alama da wani allo mai suna "Wurin Haihuwar Silicon Valley. Kamfanin ya lashe babban kwangilarsa na farko a shekarar 1938 don samar da HP 200A, ƙaramin oscillator na mitar murdiya don samar da Walt Disney na fim ɗin mai rai Fantasia, wanda ya ba Hewlett da Packard damar kafa Kamfanin Hewlett-Packard a hukumance a ranar 2 ga Yuli, 1939. Kamfanin ya girma ya zama kamfani na ƙasa da ƙasa da ake mutuntawa da samfuransa. HP ita ce babbar masana'antar PC ta duniya daga 2007 har zuwa kwata na biyu na 2013, lokacin da Lenovo ya yi gaba da HP . HP ƙwararre a haɓakawa da kera kwamfuta, adana bayanai, da kayan aikin sadarwar; zayyana software; da kuma isar da sabis. Manyan layukan samfur sun haɗa da na'urorin ƙididdiga na sirri, masana'anta da daidaitattun sabar masana'antu, na'urorin ajiya masu alaƙa, samfuran sadarwar, software, da kewayon firintocin da sauran samfuran hoto. Kamfanin kai tsaye ya sayar da kayayyakinsa ga gidaje; kanana-zuwa matsakaitan kasuwanci da masana’antu, da kuma ta hanyar rarraba kan layi; mabukaci-lantarki da masu sayar da kayan ofis; abokan aikin software; da manyan dillalan fasaha. Hakanan ya ba da sabis da kasuwancin tuntuɓar samfuransa da samfuran abokan hulɗa. Tarihi Bill Hewlett da David Packard sun kammala karatun digiri a fannin injiniyan lantarki daga Jami'ar Stanford a 1935. Kamfanin ya fara ne a gareji a Palo Alto a lokacin zumuncin da suka yi da Farfesa Frederick Terman a Stanford a lokacin Babban Mawuyacin hali, wanda suka dauka shi ne mai ba da shawara wajen kafawa. kamfanin. A shekarar 1938, Packard da Hewlett sun fara aikin ɗan lokaci a cikin garejin haya tare da saka hannun jari na farko na dalar Amurka 538 (daidai da $11,185 a shekarar 2022). A cikin 1939, Hewlett da Packard sun yanke shawarar tsara haɗin gwiwarsu. Sun jefar da tsabar kudi don yanke shawarar ko kamfanin da suka kafa za a kira Hewlett-Packard (HP) ko Packard-Hewlett . Samfurin farko na nasara na kuɗi na Hewlett da Packard shine ingantaccen oscillator audio wanda aka sani da HP 200A, wanda yayi amfani da ƙaramin kwan fitila mai ƙyalli (wanda aka sani da "hasken matukin jirgi") azaman mai tsayayya da yanayin zafi a cikin wani yanki mai mahimmanci na kewaye, kuma mara kyau. madauki martani don daidaita girman girman siginar igiyar ruwa na sinusoidal. Wannan ya ba da damar siyar da HP 200A akan $89.40 lokacin da masu fafatawa ke siyar da ƙarancin barga oscillators sama da $200. Jerin 200 na janareta ya ci gaba da samarwa har zuwa aƙalla 1972 a matsayin 200AB, har yanzu tushen tube amma ya inganta cikin ƙira cikin shekaru . Shekarun 1960s HP aka gane a matsayin alama kafa Silicon Valley, ko da yake shi bai rayayye bincika semiconductor na'urorin har sai da 'yan shekaru bayan da "maci amana takwas" watsi William Shockley ya halicci Fairchild Semiconductor a 1957. Hewlett-Packard ta HP Associates division, kafa a kusa da 1960. ɓullo da na'urorin semiconductor da farko don amfanin ciki. HP Associates wani tsohon mai binciken Bell Labs ne ya kafa shi, MOSFET mai kirkiro Mohamed Atalla, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Daraktan Binciken Semiconductor.[17] Kayan aiki da ƙididdiga wasu samfuran ne da ke amfani da na'urorin semiconductor daga HP Associates. A shekaru 1960, HP ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Sony da Yokogawa Electric a Japan don haɓaka samfura masu inganci da yawa. Samfuran ba su yi wata babbar nasara ba, saboda akwai tsadar tsadar kayayyaki da ake kashewa wajen gina samfuran masu kama da HP a Japan. A cikin 1963, HP da Yokogawa sun kafa haɗin gwiwar Yokogawa-Hewlett-Packard don tallata samfuran HP a Japan. HP ta sayi kason Yokogawa Electric na Hewlett-Packard Japan a 1999 . HP ta ƙaddamar da ƙaramin kamfanin Dynac don ƙware a kayan aikin dijital. An zabi sunan ne domin a iya juyar da tambarin HP ya zama hoton tambarin sabon kamfani. Dynac daga ƙarshe an sake masa suna Dymec kuma ya koma cikin HP a 1959 . HP ta yi gwaji da amfani da na'urori na dijital na Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) tare da kayan aikinta, amma ya shiga kasuwar kwamfuta a cikin 1966 tare da jerin ƙananan na'urori na HP 2100 / HP 1000 bayan ya yanke shawarar cewa zai fi sauƙi a gina wani ƙaramin ƙungiyar ƙira fiye da mu'amala da DEC. . Ƙananan kwamfutoci suna da ƙira mai sauƙi na tushen tarawa tare da rijistar tarawa guda biyu kuma, a cikin ƙirar HP 1000, rijistar fihirisa biyu. An samar da silsilar tsawon shekaru 20 duk da yunƙurin maye gurbinsa da yawa, kuma ya kasance magabatan HP 9800 da HP 250 na jerin kwamfutocin tebur da na kasuwanci. A karshen 1968, Packard ya mika ayyukan Shugaba ga Hewlett don zama Mataimakin Sakataren Tsaro na Amurka a cikin gwamnatin Nixon mai zuwa. Ya ci gaba da shugabancin a 1972 kuma ya yi aiki har zuwa 1993, amma Hewlett ya kasance Shugaba . Shekarun 1970s HP 3000 wani ci gaba ne na ƙira mai tushe don uwar garken kwamfuta na kasuwanci, daga baya aka sake tsara shi da fasahar RISC. Jerin HP 2640 na tashoshi masu kaifin basira da fasaha sun gabatar da musaya na tushen tsari zuwa tashoshin ASCII, kuma sun gabatar da maɓallan ayyuka masu alamar allo, yanzu ana amfani da su akan famfunan gas da ATM na banki. Jerin HP 2640 ya haɗa da ɗayan farkon nunin zane mai taswira wanda, lokacin da aka haɗa shi da HP 2100 21MX F-Series microcoded Scientific Instruction Set, ya kunna shirin gabatarwa na farko na WYSIWYG, BRUNO, wanda daga baya ya zama shirin HP- Zana kan HP 3000. Ko da yake an yi masa ba'a a zamanin da ake ƙirƙira kwamfuta, HP ta zarce IBM a matsayin babban mai siyar da fasaha a duniya ta fuskar tallace-tallace . Shekarun 1980s Mujallar Wired ta bayyana HP a matsayin wadda ta fara samar da na'urar farko a duniya da ake kiranta da na'urar kwamfuta: Hewlett-Packard 9100A, wanda aka gabatar a shekarar 1968 . HP ta kira ta da ma’aunin lissafi, domin kamar yadda Hewlett ya ce: “Da a ce mun kira ta kwamfuta, da masu amfani da kwamfutocin abokan cinikinmu sun ƙi ta saboda ba ta yi kama da IBM ba, don haka muka yanke shawarar kiran ta da kalkuleta. , kuma duk irin wannan shirmen ya bace." Nasarar aikin injiniya a lokacin, an samar da da'irar dabaru ba tare da haɗaɗɗun da'irori ba, kuma an aiwatar da taron CPU gaba ɗaya a cikin sassa daban-daban. Tare da nunin CRT, ajiyar katin maganadisu, da firinta, farashin ya kusan $5,000. Maballin injin ɗin ya kasance giciye tsakanin madannai na lissafin kimiyya da madannai na injin ƙara. Babu madannin haruffa haruffa . Wanda ya kafa kamfanin Apple Steve Wozniak da farko ya kera kwamfutar Apple I ne a lokacin da yake aiki a HP kuma ya ba su a karkashin hakkinsu na kin fara aikin nasa; ba su ɗauke shi kamar yadda kamfanin ke son ci gaba da zama a kasuwannin kimiyya, kasuwanci da masana'antu ba. Wozniak ya ce HP "ya yi watsi da shi sau biyar", amma amincinsa ga HP ya sa ya yi shakka ya fara Apple tare da Steve Jobs. Kamfanin ya sami daraja a duniya don samfurori iri-iri. Sun gabatar da kalkuleta na kimiyyar lantarki na hannu na farko a duniya a cikin 1972 (HP-35), shirye-shiryen hannu na farko a 1974 (HP-65), haruffan farko, wanda za'a iya tsarawa, wanda za'a iya fadadawa a 1979 (HP-41C), kuma na farko. Kalkuleta na alama da zane, HP-28C. Kamar masu lissafin kimiyya da kasuwancin su, HP oscilloscopes, masu nazarin dabaru, da sauran kayan aikin aunawa sun yi suna don ƙarfi da amfani. HP ta gabatar da keɓaɓɓiyar keɓancewar kwamfuta ta Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus (HPIB) (daga baya ta rufe ta National Instruments a matsayin GPIB kuma IEEE ta daidaita kamar IEEE-488) akan samfuran kayan aikin su na relay a 1973; Daga baya an haɗa HPIB cikin mafi girman gwajin ƙarshe & kayan aunawa wanda ya samar daga 1980 gaba . Tun daga shekarar 1977 HP ta fara samar da na'urorin nazarin bakan HP856x don dacewa da mita wutar lantarki ta RF da na'urori masu auna firikwensin da ke iya auna sigina sama da 20 GHz. Har ila yau, HP ta samar da na'urorin da za a iya daidaita su ta chassis masu iya samar da sigina zuwa 20GHz. Sauran samfuran T&M na lokacin sun haɗa da multimeters masu daraja, ƙididdiga na mitar microwave, RF amplifiers, manyan injin gano injin na'ura mai inganci, kayan wutar lantarki da ƙari. Waɗannan samfuran sun sami nasara ta nau'ikan da aka sabunta tare da ƙaddamar da layukan samfur na scalar da vector cibiyar nazarin hanyoyin sadarwa kafin a juye kasuwancin zuwa Agilent Technologies. Shekaran 2000 zuwa 2005 A ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2001, HP ta ba da sanarwar cewa an cimma yarjejeniya da Compaq don haɗa kamfanonin biyu . A cikin Mayu 2002, bayan ƙaddamar da ƙuri'ar masu hannun jari, HP a hukumance ta haɗu da Compaq. Kafin wannan, an yi shiri don haɗa ƙungiyoyin samfuran kamfanoni da layin samfuran . Kamar yadda Compaq ya karɓi Tandem Computers a 1997 da Digital Equipment Corporation a 1998, HP yana ba da tallafi ga tsohon dangin Tandem NonStop da samfuran Kayan Aiki na Dijital PDP-11, VAX da AlphaServer. Hadakar ta faru ne bayan fadan wakili da dan Bill Hewlett Walter, wanda ya ki amincewa da hadewar. HP ya zama babban mai samarwa a cikin kwamfutocin tebur, kwamfyutoci, da sabar don kasuwanni daban-daban. Bayan hadewa da Compaq, sabuwar alamar alamar ta zama "HPQ", hade da alamomin biyu na baya, "HWP" da "CPQ", don nuna mahimmancin haɗin gwiwar da ma mahimman haruffa daga kamfanonin biyu Hewlett-Packard da Compaq (kamfanin na ƙarshe ya shahara da tambarin "Q" akan duk samfuransa). A shekarar 2004, HP ta fitar da jerin DV 1000, gami da HP Pavilion dv 1658 da 1040. A cikin Mayu 2006, HP ta fara yaƙin neman zaɓe, "Computer is Personal Again"; An tsara kamfen don dawo da kwamfuta ta sirri azaman samfur na sirri. Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya yi amfani da tallace-tallace na hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri, ƙayyadaddun abubuwan gani, da gidan yanar gizon sa. Wasu tallace-tallacen sun nuna Pharrell, Jay-Z, Petra Nemcova, Mark Burnett, Mark Cuban, Alicia Keys,, Jay-Z, Gwen Stefani, da Shaun White. A watan Janairu 2005, bayan shekaru na rashin aiki, wanda ya haɗa da haɗin gwiwar HP's Compaq wanda ya ragu da rahotanni masu ban sha'awa, hukumar ta nemi Fiorina ta yi murabus a matsayin shugaba da babban jami'in kamfanin, kuma ta yi a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu. , 2005. Bayan tafiyar ta, hajar HP ta haura kashi 6.9. Robert Wayman, babban jami'in kudi na HP, ya yi aiki a matsayin babban jami'in rikon kwarya yayin da hukumar ta gudanar da aikin neman wanda zai maye gurbinsa. Kayayyaki Tsarin tafiyar da Kamfanin Ma'aikata da Al'adu Hotuna Manazarta