Ilimin halittu.

Agroecology wani horo ne na ilimi wanda ke nazarin hanyoyin muhalli da aka yi amfani da su ga tsarin samar da aikin gona. Samar da ka'idojin muhalli na iya ba da shawarar sabbin hanyoyin gudanarwa a cikin tsarin agroecosystems. Kalmar na iya nufin kimiyya, motsi, ko aikin gona. Masana ilimin halittu suna nazarin tsarin halittu iri-iri. Yankin ilimin kimiyyar noma ba shi da alaƙa da wata hanya ta noma, ko yana da kwayoyin halitta, mai sabuntawa, hadin kai, ko masana'antu, mai zurfi ko mai yawa, kodayake wasu suna amfani da sunan musamman don madadin aikin gona. Ma'anar OECD ta bayyana ilimin kimiyyar muhalli a matsayin "bincike game da alaƙar amfanin gona da muhalli". Dalgaard et al. suna nufin ilimin muhalli kamar nazarin hulɗar tsakanin shuke-shuke, dabbobi, mutane da muhallar a cikin tsarin aikin gona. Francis et al. suma suna amfani da ma'anar a wannan hanyar, amma suna tunanin ya kamata a ƙuntata shi ga girma abinci. Agroecology tsari ne na gaba ɗaya wanda ke neman sulhunta noma da al'ummomin yankin tare da matakai na halitta don amfanin yanayi da hanyoyin rayuwa. Agroecology bisa ga asali iri-iri ne, gami da kimiyya kamar aikin gona, ilimin halittu, kimiyyar muhalli, ilimin zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, tarihi da sauransu. Agroecology yana amfani da ilimin kimiyya daban-daban don fahimtar abubuwan da ke tattare da halittu irin su kadarorin ƙasa da hulɗar tsire-tsire, da kuma yin amfani da ilimin zamantakewa don fahimtar tasirin ayyukan noma a yankunan karkara, matsalolin tattalin arziki don bunkasa sababbin hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki, ko abubuwan al'adu da ke ƙayyade ayyukan noma. Abubuwan na tsarin tsarin agroecosystems da aka yi nazari na iya haɗawa da: yawan aiki, kwanciyar hankali, dorewa da daidaito . Agroecology ba'a iyakance ga kowane ma'auni ɗaya ba; yana iya kasancewa daga kwayar halitta ɗaya zuwa ga jama'a gabaɗaya, ko kuma daga filin guda ɗaya a gonar da aka bayar zuwa tsarin duniya. Paul Wojtkowski differentiates the ecology of natural ecosystems from agroecology inasmuch as in natural ecosystems there is no role for economics, whereas in agroecology, focusing as it does on organisms within planned and managed environments, it is human activities, and hence economics, that are the primary governing forces that ultimately control the field. Wojtkowski discusses the application of agroecology in agriculture, forestry and agroforestry in his 2002 book. Iri-iri Frederick Buttel ya gano nau'o'i hudu na ilimin kimiyyar gona a cikin takardar taron 2003. Babban nau'ikan da ya kira ilimin kimiyyar muhalli, wanda ya yi iƙirarin ya samo asali ne daga ilimin muhalli na Howard T. Odum kuma yanayi mai da hankali kan ilimin zamantakewar karkara, da ilimin ilimin muhallu na gona, wanda ya gano cewa yana da alaƙa da haɓaka ilimi da ayyukan da za su sa aikin gona ya fi ɗorewa. Buttel na uku mai tsawo yana kiran Tattalin arzikin siyasa na muhalli, wanda ya bayyana a matsayin sukar siyasa da tattalin arzikin noma kuma ya yi la'akari da siyasa mai tsattsauran ra'ayi. Mafi ƙanƙanta kuma mafi sabon nau'in Buttel kalmomin ilimin muhalli na Yawan jama'a, wanda ya ce yayi kama da na farko, amma an samo shi ne daga kimiyyar muhalli, da farko bisa ga ka'idojin zamani na ilimin muhallar jama'a. Dalgaard et al. sun gano ra'ayoyi daban-daban: abin da suke kira farkon "haɗin kai" agroecology, kamar binciken Henry Gleason ko Frederic Clements. Sashe na biyu sun ambaci Hecht (1995) a matsayin ƙirƙirar ilimin kimiyyar muhalli "mai wuya" wanda suka gano a matsayin mai saurin amsawa ga siyasar muhalli amma ya samo asali ne a cikin raka'a da fasaha. Su da kansu suna kiran "mai laushi" agroecology wanda suka bayyana a matsayin ƙoƙarin auna agroecological dangane da "babban birnin" kamar al'ada ko gogewa. Kalmar agroecology na iya amfani da mutane don kimiyya, motsi ko aiki. Yin amfani da sunan a matsayin motsi ya zama ruwan dare a cikin shekarun 1990, musamman a Amurka. Miguel Altieri, wanda Buttel ya haɗu da masu ilimin kimiyyar muhalli na " siyasa", ya buga shi da yawa a wannan ma'anar. Ya yi amfani da ilimin ilimin kimiyyar noma don Aikin noma mai ɗorewa, madadin aikin gona da ilimin gargajiya. Tarihi Bayani na gaba ɗaya Tarihin ilimin kimiyyar muhalli ya dogara da ko kuna magana da shi a matsayin tunani ko hanyar aiki, kamar yadda yawancin al'adun asali a duniya suka yi amfani da su a tarihi kuma a halin yanzu suna amfani da ayyukan da za mu yi la'akari da amfani da ilimin ilimin muhalli. Misalan sun hada da Maori, Nahuatl, da sauran 'yan asalin ƙasar. Mutanen Mexica da ke zaune a Tenochtitlan kafin mulkin mallaka na Amurka sun yi amfani da tsarin da ake kira chinampas wanda a hanyoyi da yawa ya nuna amfani da composting a cikin aikin gona mai ɗorewa a yau. Amfani da ayyukan agroecological kamar su cycling na abinci mai gina jiki da intercropping yana faruwa a cikin daruruwan shekaru da al'adu daban-daban. Har ila yau, 'yan asalin ƙasar a halin yanzu sun ƙunshi yawancin mutane da ke amfani da ayyukan agroecological, da waɗanda ke da hannu a cikin motsi don matsawa ƙarin noma cikin tsarin agroecology. Manazarta