Timgad

Timgad (Larabci: تيمقاد, romanized: Tīmqād, wanda aka fi sani da Marciana Traiana Thamugadi) birni ne, da ke a tsaunin Aurès na Aljeriya. Sarkin Roma Trajan ne ya kafa ta a kusan 100 AD. Cikakken sunan garin shine Colonia Marciana Ulpia Traiana Thamugadi. Sarkin sarakuna Trajan ya kira birnin don tunawa da mahaifiyarsa Marcia, babbar 'yar'uwar Ulpia Marciana, da mahaifinsa Marcus Ulpius Traianus. Da yake a cikin Aljeriya ta zamani, kimanin kilomita 35 (22 a gabashin birnin Batna, rushewar tana da ban sha'awa don wakiltar ɗayan misalai mafi kyau na Tsarin grid kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin shirin garin Roman. An sanya Timgad a matsayin Gidan Tarihin Duniya ta UNESCO a shekarar 1982. Sunan A cikin tsohon sunan Timgad, Marciana Traiana Thamugadi, ɓangaren farko - Marciana Praiana - Roman ne kuma yana nufin sunan wanda ya kafa shi, Sarkin sarakuna Trajan da 'yar'uwarsa Marciana . Sashe na biyu na sunan - Thamugadi - "ba shi da wani Latin game da shi". Thamugadi shine sunan Berber na wurin da aka gina birnin, don karanta nau'in Timgad na jam'i na Tamgut, ma'ana "ƙwanƙwasawa" ko "ƙwanci". Tarihi Sarkin sarakuna Trajan ne ya kafa birnin a matsayin mulkin mallaka na soja a shekara ta 100 AD. An yi niyyar yin aiki da farko a matsayin sansanin Romawa a kan Berbers a cikin Dutsen Aures da ke kusa, kuma tsoffin sojan Romawa da masu mulkin mallaka ne suka fi zama a ciki. Kodayake mafi yawansu ba su taɓa ganin Roma ba, kuma Timgad yana da daruruwan mil daga birnin Italiya, ya saka hannun jari sosai a Al'adun Romawa da kuma ainihi. Birnin ya ji daɗin rayuwa cikin zaman lafiya na shekaru ɗari da yawa na farko kuma ya zama cibiyar ayyukan Kirista tun daga Karni na 3, da kuma cibiyar Donatist a ƙarni na 4. A lokacin Kirista, Timgad wani diocese ne wanda ya zama sananne a ƙarshen Karni na 4 lokacin da Bishop Optat ya zama mai magana da yawun ƙungiyar Donatist. Bayan Optat, Thamugadai yana da bishops biyu Gaudentius (Donatist) da Faustinus (Katolika). A cikin Karni na 5, Vandals sun kori birnin kafin ya fada cikin raguwa. An lalata Timgad a ƙarshen karni na 5 ta kabilun Berber daga Dutsen Aurès. A cikin 539 AD, a lokacin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Moor, Janar Solomon na Byzantine ya sake dawowa kuma ya sake gina birnin, ya haɗa shi cikin Byzantine Arewacin Afirka. Sake mamayewa ya farfado da wasu ayyukan a cikin birni, wanda ya zama wani ɓangare na layin tsaro daga Moors. Koyaya, nasarorin musulmai na farko sun kawo lalacewar karshe na Thamugadi yayin da aka daina zama a cikin karni na 8. Tafiya ta Arewacin Afirka, mai binciken Scotland James Bruce ya isa rushewar birnin a ranar 12 ga Disamba 1765, mai yiwuwa ya kasance Turai ta farko da ta ziyarci shafin a cikin ƙarni kuma ta bayyana birnin a matsayin "ƙaramin gari, amma cike da gine-gine masu kyau". A cikin 1790, ya buga littafin Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile, inda ya bayyana abin da ya samu a Timgad. Littafin ya sadu da shakku a Burtaniya, har zuwa 1875 lokacin da Robert Lambert Playfair, wakilin Burtaniya a Algiers, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar asusun Bruce, ya ziyarci shafin. A cikin 1877 Playfair ya bayyana Timgad dalla-dalla a cikin littafinsa Travels in the Footsteps of Bruce in Algeria and Tunis . A cewar Playfair, "Waɗannan tuddai an rufe su da lambobi masu yawa na mafi ban sha'awa mega-lithic". Masu mulkin mallaka na Faransa sun mallaki shafin a 1881, sun fara bincike kuma sun kiyaye shi har zuwa 1960. A wannan lokacin, an tono shafin a hankali.Ta hanyar yanke shawara na Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Fine Arts ne aka fara tonowa a cikin 1880s a Timgad, kuma an kirkiro mukamin babban masanin gine-gine na abubuwan tarihi na Aljeriya, tare da manufar gudanar da sabis na abubuwan tarihi da Aljeriya da kuma kula da wuraren tonowa da sabuntawa. Bayyanawa Da yake a wurin da hanyoyi shida suka haɗu, an kewaye birnin amma ba a gina shi ba. Asalin da aka tsara don yawan jama'a kusan 15,000, birnin da sauri ya wuce ainihin ƙayyadaddun sa kuma ya zubo bayan grid na orthogonal a cikin salon da ba a tsara shi ba. A lokacin da aka kafa shi, yankin da ke kewaye da birnin yanki ne mai kyau na noma, kimanin mita 1000 sama da matakin teku. Tsarin asalin Roman yana bayyane sosai a cikin ƙirar orthogonal, wanda aka nuna ta hanyar decumanus maximus (street da ke gabashin yamma) da cardo (street din da ke arewa maso kudu) wanda aka haɗa da wani bangare na Koranti. cardo ba ya ci gaba gaba gaba gaba ɗaya ta cikin birni amma a maimakon haka ya ƙare a cikin wani taro a tsakiya tare da decumanus. A ƙarshen yammacin decumanus ya tashi wani babban arko mai tsayi 12 m, wanda ake kira Arch na Trajan, wanda aka mayar da shi a cikin 1900. Ginin yafi na sandstone, kuma yana cikin tsarin Koranti tare da arches uku, na tsakiya yana da faɗin 11'. An kuma san akwatin da sunan Timgad Arch . Laburaren karatu Laburaren da ke Timgad kyauta ce ga mutanen Romawa ta Julius Quintianus Flavius Rogatianus a farashin 400,000 sasterces. Kamar yadda babu wani ƙarin bayani game da wannan mai taimako da aka gano, ainihin ranar da aka gina ɗakin karatu ya kasance ba a tabbatar da shi ba. Dangane da sauran shaidun archaeological, masana sun ba da shawarar cewa ya kasance daga ƙarshen 3rd ko yiwuwar karni na 4. Laburaren yana da tsawon mita 81 da mita 23 a fadin. Ya ƙunshi babban ɗaki mai tsaka-tsaki wanda ke da ɗakuna biyu na rectangular, kuma an riga shi da wani U-shaped portico da ke kewaye da bangarori uku a kan buɗewa. Gidan yana kewaye da ɗakuna biyu masu tsawo a kowane gefe, kuma babban zauren da aka ɗora zai haɗu da ayyukan ɗakin karatu, ɗakin ɗaki, kuma watakila ɗakin lacca. Oblong alcoves suna riƙe da ɗakunan katako tare da ganuwar da wataƙila sun cika tare da bangarori, baya da ƙofofi, bisa ga ƙarin shaidar da aka samu a ɗakin karatu a Afisa. Yana yiwuwa cewa akwatunan littattafai masu zaman kansu a tsakiyar dakin, da kuma teburin karatu, na iya kasancewa. Duk da yake gine-ginen Laburaren a Timgad ba abin mamaki ba ne, binciken ɗakin karatu yana da mahimmanci a tarihi saboda yana nuna kasancewar tsarin ɗakin karatu mai cikakken ci gaba a cikin wannan birni na Roma, yana nuna babban matsayi na ilmantarwa da al'adu. Duk da yake babu wata shaida game da girman tarin da ɗakin karatu ke ciki, an kiyasta cewa zai iya karɓar naɗaɗɗun littattafai 3,000. Manazarta