M'zab

M'zab, ko Mzab (Mozabite: Aghlan, Larabci: , ), yanki ne na halitta na arewacin hamadar Sahara a Lardin Ghardaïa, Aljeriya . Tana da nisan kilomita 600 kilometres (370 mi) (370 kudu da Algiers kuma tana da kusan mazauna 360,000 (kimanin shekara ta 2005). Ilimin ƙasa M'zab tudu ne na dutse, wanda ke tsakiyar kwarin Wad M'zab (Oued Mzab). Tarihi Mozabites ("Ath Mzab") reshe ne na babban kabilar Berber, Iznaten, wanda ke zaune a manyan yankuna na tsakiyar kudancin Aljeriya. An zana haruffa da alamomi da yawa na Tifinagh a kusa da kwarin Mzab. Bayan Nasarar Musulmi a Maghreb, Mozabites sun zama Musulmai na makarantar Mu'tazili. Jama'ar Kirista na asali sun ci gaba har zuwa karni na 11. Bayan faduwar jihar Rustamid, dangin sarauta na Rustamid tare da wasu daga cikin 'yan ƙasarsu sun zaɓi kwarin Mzab a matsayin mafakarsu. Koyaya, Rostemids Ibadi ne kuma sun aika da mai wa'azi (Abu Bakr an-Nafusi) wanda ya sami nasarar juyar da 'yan asalin Mozabites. Faransa ta ci Aljeriya a 1830. An haɗa M'zab zuwa Faransa ne kawai a cikin 1882 kuma ya koma mulkin 'yan asalin Aljeriya a lokacin rani na 1962 a kan 'yancin kai na ƙasa. Ghardaia (Taghardait) ita ce babban gari kuma babban birnin M'zab, kuma El Atteuf (Tajnint) ita ce mafi tsufa a yankin. Beni Isguen (A Isgen) ita ce mafi tsarki garin Musulunci na Berber. Ya haramta duk wadanda ba M'zabites ba daga sassa daban-daban na garin, da kuma duk baƙi daga kwana a cikin ganuwarsa. Melika (A Mlichet) wani gari ne mai suna Mlikch wanda har yanzu yana kusa da Bouira, kuma yana dauke da makabarta masu faɗi da Masallacin tarihi a tsakiyar Ksar, kuma Bounoura (A Bounour) ksar ne na tarihi wanda ke dauke da itacen dabino na Azwil, yayin da El Guerrara (Igraren) da Berrizabane (Iberguen) sun kasance wani ɓangare na M' tun daga karni na 17. Gine-gine Akwai qsur guda biyar "ƙauyuka masu ganuwa" (Ksour) da ke kan dutsen dutse tare da Wəd Mzab da aka sani da Pentapolis, wanda aka kafa tsakanin 1012 da 1350. Su ne: Ghardaia (Tagherdayt), babban ƙauyen a yau; Beni Isguen (A Isjen) (Arabic); Melika (A Mlishet); Bounoura (A Bunur); da El Atteuf (Tajnint), mafi tsufa daga cikin ƙauyuka biyar. Ƙara ƙauyuka na baya-bayan nan na Berianne da El Guerrara, an kammala Mzab Heptapolis. Haɗin aikin tsabta na bangaskiyar Ibāḍī tare da hanyar rayuwa da ake buƙata kusa da oasis ya haifar da tsari mai tsauri na ƙasa da sarari. Kowace birni tana da Masallaci mai kama da masallatai, wanda Minaret dinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin hasumiyar tsaro. An gina gidaje masu girman gaske da nau'in a cikin da'irori masu ma'ana a kusa da masallacin. An tsara gine-ginen ƙauyukan M'zab don rayuwa ta daidaito, tare da girmama sirrin iyali. Tsarin gine-ginen M'zab na Libyan-Phoenician ne, musamman na salon Berber kuma an sake shi a wasu sassan Sahara. A lokacin rani, M'zabites sun yi ƙaura zuwa 'birane na rani' da ke tsakiyar itatuwan dabino. Wannan yana daya daga cikin manyan kungiyoyin oasis na hamadar Sahara kuma yana da iyaka da ƙasar da aka sani da Chebka, wanda ya ratsa busassun kogin. An lissafa kwarin M'zab a matsayin Gidan Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO a cikin 1982, a matsayin misali mai kyau na mazaunin ɗan adam na gargajiya wanda ya dace da muhalli. Jama'a Yanayin tsibirin Ibāḍiyya ya kiyaye yankin, kuma Ibāḍī Sezzaba ya ci gaba da mamaye rayuwar jama'a ta yankin. Majalisar tarayya, Majlis Ammi Said, ta haɗa wakilan ƙauyuka bakwai da Ouargla, wani tsohon gari mai nisan kilomita 200 a kudu maso gabashin kwarin Mzab. Wannan majalisa ta samar da wata kungiya ta tarayya don al'amuran addini, zamantakewa da, da yawa, al'adu. Majalisar tarayya ta addini tana wakiltar "irin gwamnati ta Islama" wanda yake na musamman a yau. Wannan gwamnatin Islama ce ke gudanar da cikakkun bayanai game da rayuwar jama'a ta Ibāḍiyya, kamar nauyin zinariya da aka ba mace a matsayin sadaki (mafi girman 60 g) har zuwa tsawon bikin aure (kwana uku). Majalisar tana yanke shawara kan cikakkun bayanai kamar sadaki, bukukuwa, tufafi. An yi amfani da shi don sanya horo ciki har da gudun hijira da kuma wani nau'i na Tabriyya "keɓewa" wanda mai laifi ba zai iya hulɗa da 'yan uwansa ba. Koyaya, tare da haɗin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da siyasa ga Aljeriya, waɗannan takunkumin ba su da tasiri sosai, kuma suna da tasiri sosai ga mata. Harshen yankin na Mozabite shine Mozabite (Tumẓabt), reshe na Ƙungiyar Zenati na yarukan Berber. Ghardaya kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan yankuna huɗu na soja da na gudanarwa waɗanda aka raba kudancin Aljeriya. Yawan jama'a Sezzaba sune Ibadis. Shahararrun mutane Moufdi Zakaria, mawaki na Aljeriya, marubucin taken kasa. Ibadism a cikin Maghreb Manazarta