Ladde Fetsara

Ladde Fetzara woni ko to fuɗnaange-rewo leydi Alseri, 18 km (11 mi) fuɗnaange-rewo wuro Annaba. Njaajeendi mayri ko 17 km (11 mi) tuggi fuɗnaange haa hirnaange e 13 km (8,1 mi) tuggi worgo haa fuɗnaange, tawi njaajeendi mayri ko hedde 18 600 ektaar (46 000 ektaar). Nde limtaa ko e dow laabi e nder nokku "Ramsar", tawi ina jeyaa heen reende ooɗoo nokku. Wiɗtooji keewɗi mbaɗaa e ndiyam e leydi diiwaan Fetzara [1-7]. Ɗeeɗoo wiɗtooji mbaɗaama ngam yuurnitaade salndu nduu e teeŋtinde iwdi mum e geɗe laawɗinaaɗe ɗum. Faandaare mawnde ndee zoo wizto ko yuurnitaade sifaaji leydi e nder maayo Fetzara ngo fenaande salinirde ndee toɗɗii e wizto mbayliigu mum e luggiɗde. Sammbaaji ɗii ƴettaa ko e laabi ɗiɗi gadani ɗii (0–20 cm e 20–40 cm) e nokkuuji jeetati saraaji maayo Fetzara, tawi ko 16 sammbaaji. Njiylawu oo hollitii wonde salinirde leydi ndii yettiima ɗo tolnii e fuɗnaange-rewo (diiwaan Wadi Zied) e fuɗnaange-rewo maayo (diiwaan Cheurfa) tawi ko ɓuri heewde e faccirooji kuloriid sodium-kemikal. Wakere Lake Fetzara ina woni 18 km to fuɗnaange-rewo wuro Annaba to fuɗnaange-rewo toowngo Alseri. Ko kiloomeeteeruuji 17 (11 mi) tuggi fuɗnaange haa hirnaange e 13 kiloomeeteer (8,1 mi) tuggi worgo haa fuɗnaange tawi njaajeendi mayri ko hedde 18 600 ektaar (46 000 ektaar). Oo nokku ina jogii weeyo Mediteraane, tawi ina waɗi yontaaji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi : heen sahaaji ina ɓuuɓi, goɗɗo oo ina yoori. Ndiyam maayo ngoo ko juutngo fawaade e tiiɗnaare dumunna toɓo ngo fawii ko e mum ko famɗi fof, ko ɓuri heewde ko nokkuuji ko ina tolnoo e 13000 ha leydi ndi ɓuuɓnata e nder ndunngu, ina waɗa kadi laddeeji mawɗi. Heɓde laawol mawngol e nder maayo ngoo gila fuɗnaange haa fuɗnaange ina addana ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓde, kono ina famɗi ɗo ndiyam ɗam yaltinta e nder ndunngu. Ganndo leydi biyeteeɗo Henri Fournel yiytii ɓulli magnetit sara porto Bone e hitaande 1843. Mineraal oo ina woɗɗi Bone fotde 35 km e nder tufnde Mokta sara maayo Fetzara to les ŋoral koɗki ummoraade fuɗnaange haa worgo, caggal ɗuum ina wirna fuɗnaange porto Bone. Innde "Mokta-el-Hadid" (paas njamndi) hollitii wonde desorɗe njamndi ina ɓooyi anndaade, kono alaa ko holliti wonde nde golloraama ko adii jarribooji tokoosi gadani e hitaande 1840. E oon sahaa, tooweeki maayo ngoo ina waawi yettaade 16 meeteer (52 ft) e ndunngu, tawi njaajeendi mum ko 14 000 ektaar (35 000 ektaar). Leydi ndii ina keerorii e ƴiye e ƴiye, ina huutoree ngam ɓuuɓnude colli dillooji, ina heewi liɗɗi. Leydi ndii ina sikkaa ko ɓuuɓri, kadi ko 16 kiloomeeteer (9,9 mi) laawol ɓuuɓngol ngol ilnata e nder Oued Meboudja, kono hay so tawii Société Générale Algérienne (SGA) ina joginoo hakkeeji e daande maayo ngoo to bannge worgo e fuɗnaange, ɗum waɗaani hay huunde. E kitaale 1870 sosiyetee ministeer oo aawi leɗɗe eukaliptus keewɗe e saraaji maayo Fetzara, kono ɗe fof mbaraa ko ndiyam lamɗam ɓuuɓɗam ummoraade e maayo ngoo. E hitaande 1877 sosiyetee Mokta El Hadid heɓi yamiroore ɓuuɓnude maayo ngoo ngam ustude njoɓdi leydi ndi ɓe keɓi ndii. Laabi ina ummoo e hakkunde maayo ngoo, ina taƴa 22 meeteer (72 ft) bannge hirnaange, ina njahda e Meboudja. Toowgol leydi ndii ustii haa 12 meeteer (39 ft) e hitaande 1880, kono maayo ngoo ina heddii e ɓuuɓde e ndunngu. Caggal hitaande 1903 sosiyetee oo rokki hakkeeji mum e maayo Fetzara e koloñaal SGA, o ƴetti golle ɗee, o timmini ɗum e hitaande 1935. Kalite leydi Kalite leydi ndii siifaama ko batte sifaaji mum fisik, kemikal e biyoloji, baawzi addande mawnugol e vamtaare gese, regle e limto vursugol ndiyam e nder weeyo e golloraade no pompe filtirde feewde e mborosaaji. Kalitee leydi ina hollita mbaawka mum jogaade e yaltinde ndiyam e ñamri ngam hisnude keewal mum e reentaade batte golle baawɗe addande ɗum bonnude. Ina laaɓi wonde moƴƴere leydi feewde e kuutoragol dottaangol fawii ko e sifaaji ndernderiiji weeyo e weeyo e kuutoragol mum e yimɓe. Maandolji Leyɗeele maayo Fetzara ɗee ko huunde nde wiɗtooji keewɗi mbaɗi ngam ƴellitde ndema, ɗe fof kollirii kala ko ina addana ɗe huutoraade ɗum en ko wayi no salinization e hydromorphy [1, 2, 3, e 7]. Ɗeeɗoo wiɗtooji mballitii renndinde leyɗeele ɗee e nder cate nay : leydi ɓurndi famɗude ƴellitaare ndi iwdi mum wonaa kilimatiseer, ndi ummorii ko e ɓuuɓri, e ɓuuɓri koloñaal e alluwal, woni vertisol ; ɓuuɓri alluvial jogiindi loope toowɗe no yooro arirta e weeɓde ɓuuɓde ; leydi hidromorfik e leydi halomorfik jogiindi salte toownde. Kaɓirɗe e laabi Sammbagol ngol waɗiraa ko e laabi ɗiɗi gadani ɗii (0 – 20 cm e 20 – 40 cm) sabu, e ooɗoo tolno, ko mbayliigu iyon ɓurngu teeŋtude waɗata. Ɗe mbaɗaa ko e nokkuuji jeetati saraaji maayo Fetzara walla ko ina tolnoo e 16 sample. Sammbaaji leydi zi njoornaama haa leydi ndi henndu laaɓndu, zi njuppaama haa 2 mm ngam hevaade tovo ngo huutortee e denndaangal wiztooji kemikal e fisik-kemikal. Anndugol leydi ngol wazaama ko feewti e vursugol, vursugol, karbon e vursugol, pH, vursugol kuuraa e salteeji vursugol. Ɗeeɗoo sifaaji keɓaama e laabi ƴeewndo hannde e nder ganndal leydi. Njeñtudi e yeewtere Sifaa ɓalli leydi ndii Sifaa fisik leydi ndi salte ɓuuɓɗe toɗɗii ina feeñnina e waylooji teskaaɗi ɗii. Sifaa leydi maayo Fetzara ko sifaa prismatik haa e mbaydi koloñaal, ɗeen sifaaji ko ɗi leydi ndi salteende toɗɗii. Leydi maayo Fetzara ina maantiniri ɓuuɓri goonga fotde 2,31 g/cm3, ɓuuɓri hakkundeeri fotde 33%, permeabiliteeji e ko ɓuri heewde ina famɗi 2 cm / h, pH ina famɗi seeɗa haa alkali (5,65 haa 7,93), e ɓuuɓri mbaylaandi no feewi (7.2%) to6.0%. Evolution majji ina ɓadii no feewi cirƴam ndiyam, e ilam ɓuuɓɗam e ndunngu. Janngude salndu leydi Wiɗtooji ɓennuɗi ɗii kollitii wonde salinirde ndee ina teskaa e fuɗnaange, fuɗnaange e fuɗnaange-rewo maayo Fetzara. Hirnaange e hakkunde maayo ngoo ina wayi no ko nokkuuji ɗi salteeji ɗii njibini seeɗa sabu yahdu salteeji feewde e periferik e desalination maayo hakkundeejo ngoo. Hakindo njuuteendi kuuraa e nder weeyo ngo ko hedde 1534 μs/cm wonande laral 0–20 cm, e 2577 μs/cm wonande laral goɗngal ngal 20–40 cm, ko ɗum hollirta mbayliigu mawngu no feewi hakkunde laral ɗiɗmal ngal tawa ina waɗi ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓndi e nder luggiɗde. Leydi ndii ina waawi heɓtaade caɗeele salte sabu woodgol ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓndi, sodium walla ɗiɗi fof e sahaa gooto. Ko ɓuri heewde e salteeji ɓuuɓɗi ɗii ko, Ca++, Mg++, K+, Na+, Cl-, SO4—e HCO3- (Taƴre 2). Ƴeewndo komponenteeji mawɗi. Teskagol taarik korrelaasiyoŋ mo jokkere enɗam ɗiɗi F1 e F2 mbaɗi, en kollitii wonde faktoriyaal F1 ina hollita 72,40% e mbayliigu nguu (Natal 5). E dow ngool ŋorol, ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓndi (Ca++, Mg++, Na+, Cl-, SO4—e EC) ina luurdi e HCO3-ko ɗum woni alkali karbonaat. Ko ɗum aksiyoŋ mo ina gasa tawa ina hollita e sahaa gooto feere salinization toɗɗiinde won e sifaaji leydi e alkalinaasiyoŋ ƴellitoowo e dow goɗɗe [10]. Aksiyoŋ ɗiɗaɓo F2, ko 12,29% e mbayliigu nguu, ina luurdi e salteeji ɓuuɓɗi ɗii e alkaliniteer, pH e K+. Ina waawi hollirde geɗe salndugol e alkalinaasiyoŋ. Kono kadi feere fiɓnde K+ e won e miniraaji loope, yeddaaka. Peccitagol yimɓe ina addana en yiytude pelle tati pelle ; fedde adannde ndee G1 (S3, S4, S8, S11, S12 e S16) ina maantini e ɓuuɓri miniraal, nde luurdi e fedde ɗiɗmere G2 (S6, S7, S14 e S15) tawa ina lomtoo ɓuuɓri miniraal ɓurndi famɗude. Fedde tataɓere G3 (S1, S2, S9 e S10) ina waɗi ɓuuɓri gonndi e bikarbonaat. Tuugnorgal