Nithinram2006/squad huggingface dataset:
Kievan Rus'

Due to the expansion of trade and its geographical proximity, Kiev became the most important trade centre and chief among the communes; therefore the leader of Kiev gained political "control" over the surrounding areas. This princedom emerged from a coalition of traditional patriarchic family communes banded together in an effort to increase the applicable workforce and expand the productivity of the land. This union developed the first major cities in the Rus' and was the first notable form of self-government. As these communes became larger, the emphasis was taken off the family holdings and placed on the territory that surrounded. This shift in ideology became known as the verv'.

Question: How did the leader of Kiev gain political control?
Answer: Due to the expansion of trade

Question: From what did this new princedom emerge from?
Answer: from a coalition of traditional patriarchic family communes

Question: What type of government came from the coalition of traditional patriachic family?
Answer: first notable form of self-government
Kievan Rus'

In the 11th century and the 12th century, the princes and their retinues, which were a mixture of Slavic and Scandinavian elites, dominated the society of Kievan Rus'. Leading soldiers and officials received income and land from the princes in return for their political and military services. Kievan society lacked the class institutions and autonomous towns that were typical of Western European feudalism. Nevertheless, urban merchants, artisans and labourers sometimes exercised political influence through a city assembly, the veche (council), which included all the adult males in the population. In some cases, the veche either made agreements with their rulers or expelled them and invited others to take their place. At the bottom of society was a stratum of slaves. More important was a class of tribute-paying peasants, who owed labour duty to the princes. The widespread personal serfdom characteristic of Western Europe did not exist in Kievan Rus'.

Question: Which two groups dominated the society of Kievan Rus?
Answer: mixture of Slavic and Scandinavian elites

Question: What was severely lacking in Kievan in the 12th century?
Answer: class institutions and autonomous towns

Question: What was the group called that owed labour duty to the princes?
Answer: tribute-paying peasants
Kievan Rus'

The change in political structure led to the inevitable development of the peasant class or smerdy. The smerdy were free un-landed people that found work by labouring for wages on the manors which began to develop around 1031 as the verv' began to dominate socio-political structure. The smerdy were initially given equality in the Kievian law code, they were theoretically equal to the prince, so they enjoyed as much freedom as can be expected of manual labourers. However, in the 13th century they began to slowly lose their rights and became less equal in the eyes of the law.

Question: What eventually led to the creation of the peasant/smerdy class?
Answer: change in political structure

Question: When did wages on the manors develop?
Answer: 1031

Question: What were the smerdy initially given in the Kievian law code?
Answer: given equality
Kievan Rus'

Kievan Rus', although sparsely populated compared to Western Europe, was not only the largest contemporary European state in terms of area but also culturally advanced. Literacy in Kiev, Novgorod and other large cities was high. As birch bark documents attest, they exchanged love letters and prepared cheat sheets for schools. Novgorod had a sewage system and wood paving not often found in other cities at the time. The Russkaya Pravda confined punishments to fines and generally did not use capital punishment. Certain rights were accorded to women, such as property and inheritance rights.

Question: Despite being much smaller than wester europe, what they known for being?
Answer: the largest contemporary European state

Question: What could you find in Novgorod that you couldn't in most other cities?
Answer: sewage system and wood paving

Question: What were some of the rights women had during this time period?
Answer: property and inheritance rights
Kievan Rus'

Kievan Rus' also played an important genealogical role in European politics. Yaroslav the Wise, whose stepmother belonged to the Macedonian dynasty, the greatest one to rule Byzantium, married the only legitimate daughter of the king who Christianized Sweden. His daughters became queens of Hungary, France and Norway, his sons married the daughters of a Polish king and a Byzantine emperor (not to mention a niece of the Pope), while his granddaughters were a German Empress and (according to one theory) the queen of Scotland. A grandson married the only daughter of the last Anglo-Saxon king of England. Thus the Rurikids were a well-connected royal family of the time.

Question: To which dynasty did Yarolav's step mother belong to?
Answer: Macedonian dynasty

Question: Which three countried did Yaroslav's daughters become queens of?
Answer: Hungary, France and Norway

Question: Who did Yaroslav's sons marry?
Answer: daughters of a Polish king and a Byzantine emperor
Kievan Rus'

From the 9th century, the Pecheneg nomads began an uneasy relationship with Kievan Rus′. For over two centuries they launched sporadic raids into the lands of Rus′, which sometimes escalated into full-scale wars (such as the 920 war on the Pechenegs by Igor of Kiev reported in the Primary Chronicle), but there were also temporary military alliances (e.g. the 943 Byzantine campaign by Igor). In 968, the Pechenegs attacked and besieged the city of Kiev. Some speculation exists that the Pechenegs drove off the Tivertsi and the Ulichs to the regions of the upper Dniester river in Bukovina. The Byzantine Empire was known to support the Pechenegs in their military campaigns against the Eastern Slavic states.[citation needed]

Question: How early did the relationship begin between the Pecheneg and the Rus?
Answer: 9th century

Question: What did the Pecheneg frequesntly do over the span of two centuries?
Answer: sporadic raids into the lands of Rus

Question: What year did the Pechenges attack the city of Kiev?
Answer: 968

Question: Whichgroup was known to support the Pecheneges in their military efforts?
Answer: Byzantine Empire
Kievan Rus'

The exact date of creation of the Kiev Metropolis is uncertain, as well as who was the first leader of the church. Predominantly it is considered that the first head was Michael I of Kiev, however some sources also claim Leontiy who is often placed after Michael or Anastas Chersonesos, became the first bishop of the Church of the Tithes. The first metropolitan to be confirmed by historical sources is Theopemp, who was appointed by Patriarch Alexius of Constantinople in 1038. Before 1015 there were five dioceses: Kiev, Chernihiv, Bilhorod, Volodymyr, Novgorod, and soon thereafter Yuriy-upon-Ros. The Kiev Metropolitan sent his own delegation to the Council of Bari in 1098.

Question: Although uncertian, who is considered to be the first head of Kiev?
Answer: Michael I

Question: Who was considered to be the first bishop of the Church of the Titches?
Answer: Leontiy
Immaculate Conception

Mary's complete sinlessness and concomitant exemption from any taint from the first moment of her existence was a doctrine familiar to Greek theologians of Byzantium. Beginning with St. Gregory Nazianzen, his explanation of the "purification" of Jesus and Mary at the circumcision (Luke 2:22) prompted him to consider the primary meaning of "purification" in Christology (and by extension in Mariology) to refer to a perfectly sinless nature that manifested itself in glory in a moment of grace (e.g., Jesus at his Baptism). St. Gregory Nazianzen designated Mary as "prokathartheisa (prepurified)." Gregory likely attempted to solve the riddle of the Purification of Jesus and Mary in the Temple through considering the human natures of Jesus and Mary as equally holy and therefore both purified in this manner of grace and glory. Gregory's doctrines surrounding Mary's purification were likely related to the burgeoning commemoration of the Mother of God in and around Constantinople very close to the date of Christmas. Nazianzen's title of Mary at the Annunciation as "prepurified" was subsequently adopted by all theologians interested in his Mariology to justify the Byzantine equivalent of the Immaculate Conception. This is especially apparent in the Fathers St. Sophronios of Jerusalem and St. John Damascene, who will be treated below in this article at the section on Church Fathers. About the time of Damascene, the public celebration of the "Conception of St. Ann [i.e., of the Theotokos in her womb]" was becoming popular. After this period, the "purification" of the perfect natures of Jesus and Mary would not only mean moments of grace and glory at the Incarnation and Baptism and other public Byzantine liturgical feasts, but purification was eventually associated with the feast of Mary's very conception (along with her Presentation in the Temple as a toddler) by Orthodox authors of the 2nd millennium (e.g., St. Nicholas Cabasilas and Joseph Bryennius).

Question: What Empire held  Grecian teachers of the virginity of Mary's conception ?
Answer: Greek theologians of Byzantium

Question: Who gave a reason for the purging of evil for the Blessed Virgin and her first child ?
Answer: St. Gregory Nazianzen, his explanation of the "purification" of Jesus and Mary

Question: What procedure was being performed while he gave his reasoning ?
Answer: the circumcision

Question: Who was compelled to write of this instance that was also an author of one of the book of the Bible ?
Answer: Luke

Question: What became associated with the celebration of Mary's inception in the womb ? 
Answer: purification was eventually associated with the feast of Mary's very conception
Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnesses is a millenarian restorationist Christian denomination with nontrinitarian beliefs distinct from mainstream Christianity. The group claims a worldwide membership of more than 8.2 million adherents involved in evangelism, convention attendance figures of more than 15 million, and an annual Memorial attendance of more than 19.9 million. Jehovah's Witnesses are directed by the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses, a group of elders in Brooklyn, New York, which establishes all doctrines based on its interpretations of the Bible. They prefer to use their own translation, the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, although their literature occasionally quotes and cites other translations. They believe that the destruction of the present world system at Armageddon is imminent, and that the establishment of God's kingdom over the earth is the only solution for all problems faced by humanity.

Question: What are the Jehovah Witnesses?
Answer: millenarian restorationist Christian denomination

Question: What are the beliefs of Jehovah Witnesses distinct from?
Answer: mainstream Christianity

Question: How many adherents worldwide does the group claim?
Answer: more than 8.2 million

Question: Who is in charges of directing the Jehovah Witnesses?
Answer: Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses

Question: Where are the group elders located?
Answer: Brooklyn, New York
Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnesses are best known for their door-to-door preaching, distributing literature such as The Watchtower and Awake!, and refusing military service and blood transfusions. They consider use of the name Jehovah vital for proper worship. They reject Trinitarianism, inherent immortality of the soul, and hellfire, which they consider to be unscriptural doctrines. They do not observe Christmas, Easter, birthdays or other holidays and customs they consider to have pagan origins incompatible with Christianity. Adherents commonly refer to their body of beliefs as "the truth" and consider themselves to be "in the truth". They consider secular society to be morally corrupt and under the influence of Satan, and most limit their social interaction with non-Witnesses. Congregational disciplinary actions include disfellowshipping, their term for formal expulsion and shunning. Baptized individuals who formally leave are considered disassociated and are also shunned. Disfellowshipped and disassociated individuals may eventually be reinstated if deemed repentant.

Question: What are Jehovah witnesses best known for?
Answer: their door-to-door preaching

Question: What do Jehovah Witnesses refuse?
Answer: military service and blood transfusions

Question: What do Jehovah Witnesses consider the name Jehovah vital for?
Answer: proper worship

Question: Why do Jehovah Witnesses reject inherent immortality of the soul, hellfire and Trinitarianism?
Answer: they consider to be unscriptural doctrines

Question: Why don't Jehovah Witnesses celebrate the usual holidays and customs?
Answer: they consider to have pagan origins
Jehovah's Witnesses

In 1870, Charles Taze Russell and others formed a group in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to study the Bible. During the course of his ministry, Russell disputed many beliefs of mainstream Christianity including immortality of the soul, hellfire, predestination, the fleshly return of Jesus Christ, the Trinity, and the burning up of the world. In 1876, Russell met Nelson H. Barbour; later that year they jointly produced the book Three Worlds, which combined restitutionist views with end time prophecy. The book taught that God's dealings with humanity were divided dispensationally, each ending with a "harvest," that Christ had returned as an invisible spirit being in 1874 inaugurating the "harvest of the Gospel age," and that 1914 would mark the end of a 2520-year period called "the Gentile Times," at which time world society would be replaced by the full establishment of God's kingdom on earth. Beginning in 1878 Russell and Barbour jointly edited a religious journal, Herald of the Morning. In June 1879 the two split over doctrinal differences, and in July, Russell began publishing the magazine Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence, stating that its purpose was to demonstrate that the world was in "the last days," and that a new age of earthly and human restitution under the reign of Christ was imminent.

Question: When did Charles Taze Russell form a group?
Answer: 1870

Question: Where did Russell and others form their group?
Answer: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Question: What was the purpose of Russell's group?
Answer: to study the Bible

Question: 1914 would mark the end of a 2520 year period known as what?
Answer: the Gentile Times

Question: When Russell met Nelson H. Barbour in 1876, they jointly produced what book?
Answer: Three Worlds
Jehovah's Witnesses

From 1879, Watch Tower supporters gathered as autonomous congregations to study the Bible topically. Thirty congregations were founded, and during 1879 and 1880, Russell visited each to provide the format he recommended for conducting meetings. As congregations continued to form during Russell's ministry, they each remained self-administrative, functioning under the congregationalist style of church governance. In 1881, Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society was presided over by William Henry Conley, and in 1884, Charles Taze Russell incorporated the society as a non-profit business to distribute tracts and Bibles. By about 1900, Russell had organized thousands of part- and full-time colporteurs, and was appointing foreign missionaries and establishing branch offices. By the 1910s, Russell's organization maintained nearly a hundred "pilgrims," or traveling preachers. Russell engaged in significant global publishing efforts during his ministry, and by 1912, he was the most distributed Christian author in the United States.

Question: When did Watch Tower supporters gather as autonomous congregations to study the Bible?
Answer: From 1879

Question: How many congregations were founded?
Answer: Thirty

Question: What did the congregations which continued to form during Russell's ministry remain?
Answer: self-administrative

Question: When did Russell visit each of the congregations to provide the format he recommended to conduct their meetings?
Answer: during 1879 and 1880

Question: Who presided over Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society in 1881?
Answer: William Henry Conley
Jehovah's Witnesses

Russell moved the Watch Tower Society's headquarters to Brooklyn, New York, in 1909, combining printing and corporate offices with a house of worship; volunteers were housed in a nearby residence he named Bethel. He identified the religious movement as "Bible Students," and more formally as the International Bible Students Association. By 1910, about 50,000 people worldwide were associated with the movement and congregations re-elected him annually as their "pastor." Russell died October 31, 1916, at the age of 64 while returning from a ministerial speaking tour.

Question: When did Russell move the Society's headquarters to Brooklyn?
Answer: 1909

Question: What did Russell combine at the headquarters?
Answer: printing and corporate offices with a house of worship

Question: What was the name of the residence where volunteers were housed?
Answer: Bethel

Question: When did Russell die?
Answer: October 31, 1916

Question: How many people worldwide were associated with Russell's movement by 1910?
Answer: about 50,000 people
Jehovah's Witnesses

In January 1917, the Watch Tower Society's legal representative, Joseph Franklin Rutherford, was elected as its next president. His election was disputed, and members of the Board of Directors accused him of acting in an autocratic and secretive manner. The divisions between his supporters and opponents triggered a major turnover of members over the next decade. In June 1917, he released The Finished Mystery as a seventh volume of Russell's Studies in the Scriptures series. The book, published as the posthumous work of Russell, was a compilation of his commentaries on the Bible books of Ezekiel and Revelation, plus numerous additions by Bible Students Clayton Woodworth and George Fisher. It strongly criticized Catholic and Protestant clergy and Christian involvement in the Great War. As a result, Watch Tower Society directors were jailed for sedition under the Espionage Act in 1918 and members were subjected to mob violence; charges against the directors were dropped in 1920.

Question: Who was elected as the Watch Tower Society's president in January of 1917?
Answer: Joseph Franklin Rutherford

Question: When did Rutherford release The Finished Mystery?
Answer: June 1917,

Question: What had Rutherford been before being elected the group's president?
Answer: legal representative

Question: Who did the Finished Mystery strongly criticize? 
Answer: Catholic and Protestant clergy

Question: What were Watch Tower Society directors jailed for?
Answer: sedition
Jehovah's Witnesses

Rutherford centralized organizational control of the Watch Tower Society. In 1919, he instituted the appointment of a director in each congregation, and a year later all members were instructed to report their weekly preaching activity to the Brooklyn headquarters. At an international convention held at Cedar Point, Ohio, in September 1922, a new emphasis was made on house-to-house preaching. Significant changes in doctrine and administration were regularly introduced during Rutherford's twenty-five years as president, including the 1920 announcement that the Jewish patriarchs (such as Abraham and Isaac) would be resurrected in 1925, marking the beginning of Christ's thousand-year Kingdom. Disappointed by the changes, tens of thousands of defections occurred during the first half of Rutherford's tenure, leading to the formation of several Bible Student organizations independent of the Watch Tower Society, most of which still exist. By mid-1919, as many as one in seven of Russell-era Bible Students had ceased their association with the Society, and as many as two-thirds by the end of the 1920s.

Question: Where as an international convention held in September of 1922?
Answer: Cedar Point, Ohio

Question: What did Rutherford institute the appointment of in each congregation in 1919?
Answer: a director

Question: What was a new emphasis made on at the international convention?
Answer: house-to-house preaching

Question: What were all members instructed to report weekly to the Brooklyn headquarters?
Answer: preaching activity

Question: How long was Rutherford's tenure as president of the Society?
Answer: twenty-five years
Jehovah's Witnesses

On July 26, 1931, at a convention in Columbus, Ohio, Rutherford introduced the new name—Jehovah's witnesses—based on Isaiah 43:10: "Ye are my witnesses, saith Jehovah, and my servant whom I have chosen"—which was adopted by resolution. The name was chosen to distinguish his group of Bible Students from other independent groups that had severed ties with the Society, as well as symbolize the instigation of new outlooks and the promotion of fresh evangelizing methods. In 1932, Rutherford eliminated the system of locally elected elders and in 1938, introduced what he called a "theocratic" (literally, God-ruled) organizational system, under which appointments in congregations worldwide were made from the Brooklyn headquarters.

Question: When did Rutherford introduce the new name for the Society?
Answer: July 26, 1931

Question: What biblical passage was the name Jehovah's witnesses based on?
Answer: Isaiah 43:10

Question: What system did Rutherford eliminate in 1932?
Answer: locally elected elders

Question: Where were appointments in congregations worldwide made from?
Answer: the Brooklyn headquarters
Jehovah's Witnesses

From 1932, it was taught that the "little flock" of 144,000 would not be the only people to survive Armageddon. Rutherford explained that in addition to the 144,000 "anointed" who would be resurrected—or transferred at death—to live in heaven to rule over earth with Christ, a separate class of members, the "great multitude," would live in a paradise restored on earth; from 1935, new converts to the movement were considered part of that class. By the mid-1930s, the timing of the beginning of Christ's presence (Greek: parousía), his enthronement as king, and the start of the "last days" were each moved to 1914.

Question: From when was it taught that the little flock would not be the only people to survive Armageddon?
Answer: 1932

Question: What was the number of the little flock set at?
Answer: 144,000

Question: Where would the great multitude live?
Answer: a paradise restored on earth

Question: All new converts to the movmeent since 1935 were considered part of what class?
Answer: great multitude

Question: When was the start of the last days moved to in the mid-1930s?
Answer: 1914
Jehovah's Witnesses

Nathan Knorr was appointed as third president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in 1942. Knorr commissioned a new translation of the Bible, the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, the full version of which was released in 1961. He organized large international assemblies, instituted new training programs for members, and expanded missionary activity and branch offices throughout the world. Knorr's presidency was also marked by an increasing use of explicit instructions guiding Witnesses in their lifestyle and conduct, and a greater use of congregational judicial procedures to enforce a strict moral code.

Question: Who was appointed as the third president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in 1942?
Answer: Nathan Knorr

Question: What did Knorr commission?
Answer: a new translation of the Bible

Question: When was the full version of the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures released?
Answer: in 1961

Question: What was Knorr's presidency marked by the increasing use of?
Answer: explicit instructions guiding Witnesses

Question: What was greater use of congregational judicial procedures used to enforce?
Answer: a strict moral code