Nithinram2006/squad huggingface dataset:
Seven Years' War

Austria was not able to retake Silesia or make any significant territorial gain. However, it did prevent Prussia from invading parts of Saxony. More significantly, its military performance proved far better than during the War of the Austrian Succession and seemed to vindicate Maria Theresa's administrative and military reforms. Hence, Austria's prestige was restored in great part and the empire secured its position as a major player in the European system. Also, by promising to vote for Joseph II in the Imperial elections, Frederick II accepted the Habsburg preeminence in the Holy Roman Empire. The survival of Prussia as a first-rate power and the enhanced prestige of its king and its army, however, was potentially damaging in the long run to Austria's influence in Germany.

Question: What happened to Austrian prestige due to the war?
Answer: Austria's prestige was restored in great part

Question: How would Prussia's outcome affect Austria in the long run?
Answer: was potentially damaging in the long run to Austria's influence in Germany.

Question: What area was preserved from Prussian invasion?
Answer: it did prevent Prussia from invading parts of Saxony

Question: Did Austria get Silesia back?
Answer: Austria was not able to retake Silesia

Question: Who did Frederick II promise to vote for in the imperial elections?
Answer: by promising to vote for Joseph II in the Imperial elections
Seven Years' War

Not only that, Austria now found herself estranged with the new developments within the empire itself. Beside the rise of Prussia, Augustus III, although ineffective, could mustered up an army not only from Saxony, but also Poland, considering the elector was also the King of Poland. Bavaria's growing power and independence was also apparent as she had more voices on the path that its army should have taken, and managed to slip out of the war at its own will. Most importantly, with the now somehow-belligerent Hanover united personally under George III of Great Britain, It can amassed a considerable power, even brought Britain in, on the future conflicts. This power dynamic is important to the future and the latter conflicts of the empire. The war also proved that Maria Theresa's reforms were still not enough to compete with Prussia: unlike its enemy, the Austrians went almost bankrupt at the end of war. Hence, she dedicated the next two decades to the consolidation of her administration.

Question: What was the impact of the war on the wealth of Austria?
Answer: the Austrians went almost bankrupt at the end of war.

Question: What was the change in the status of Prussia because of the war?
Answer: Beside the rise of Prussia

Question: What was Hanover's attitude toward Austria?
Answer: -belligerent Hanover

Question: How much military aggression did Maria Theresa exert following the war?
Answer: she dedicated the next two decades to the consolidation of her administration.

Question: Which British king supported Hanover following the war?
Answer: George III of Great Britain
Seven Years' War

Prussia emerged from the war as a great power whose importance could no longer be challenged. Frederick the Great’s personal reputation was enormously enhanced, as his debt to fortune (Russia’s volte-face after Elizabeth’s death) and to the British subsidy were soon forgotten while the memory of his energy and his military genius was strenuously kept alive. Russia, on the other hand, made one great invisible gain from the war: the elimination of French influence in Poland. The First Partition of Poland (1772) was to be a Russo-Prussian transaction, with Austria only reluctantly involved and with France simply ignored.

Question: What did the war do for the reputation of Frederick the Great?
Answer: Frederick the Great’s personal reputation was enormously enhanced

Question: What was the general opinion of Frederick the Great military acumen?
Answer: his military genius was strenuously kept alive

Question: What good fortune from Russia assisted Frederick the Great?
Answer: Russia’s volte-face

Question: What gain did Russia make from the results of the war?
Answer: Russia, on the other hand, made one great invisible gain from the war: the elimination of French influence in Poland

Question: What countries were party to The First Partition of Poland?
Answer: a Russo-Prussian transaction, with Austria only reluctantly involved
Seven Years' War

The British government was close to bankruptcy, and Britain now faced the delicate task of pacifying its new French-Canadian subjects as well as the many American Indian tribes who had supported France. George III's Proclamation of 1763, which forbade white settlement beyond the crest of the Appalachians, was intended to appease the latter but led to considerable outrage in the Thirteen Colonies, whose inhabitants were eager to acquire native lands. The Quebec Act of 1774, similarly intended to win over the loyalty of French Canadians, also spurred resentment among American colonists. The act protected Catholic religion and French language, which enraged the Americans, but the Québécois remained loyal and did not rebel.

Question: Who was George III trying to please with the Proclamation of 1763?
Answer: American Indian tribes

Question: Who was aggravated by the Proclamation of 1763?
Answer: outrage in the Thirteen Colonies, whose inhabitants were eager to acquire native lands

Question: Who did George III try to please with the Quebec Act of 1774?
Answer: French Canadians

Question: How did the Quebec Act of 1774 affect religion?
Answer: The act protected Catholic religion

Question: What did the Quebec Act of 1774 do about language?
Answer: The act protected Catholic religion and French language
Seven Years' War

The war had also brought to an end the "Old System" of alliances in Europe, In the years after the war, under the direction of Lord Sandwich, the British did try to re-establish this system. But after her surprising grand success against a coalition of great powers, European states such as Austria, The Dutch Republic, Sweden, Denmark-Norway, Ottoman Empire, and Russia now saw Britain as a greater threat than France and did not join them, while the Prussians were angered by what they considered a British betrayal in 1762. Consequently, when the American War of Independence turned into a global war between 1778–83, Britain found itself opposed by a strong coalition of European powers, and lacking any substantial ally.

Question: What British nobleman attempted to retain European alliances following the Seven Years' War?
Answer: Lord Sandwich

Question: What countries joined Britain as allies?
Answer: lacking any substantial ally

Question: Did the European countries see Britain or France as a greater threat?
Answer: now saw Britain as a greater threat than France

Question: When did the American War of Independence turn into a global conflict?
Answer: 1778–83

Question: What drove Prussia away from renewing its alliance with Britain?
Answer: Prussians were angered by what they considered a British betrayal in 1762
Kievan Rus'

Kievan Rus' begins with the rule (882–912) of Prince Oleg, who extended his control from Novgorod south along the Dnieper river valley in order to protect trade from Khazar incursions from the east and moved his capital to the more strategic Kiev. Sviatoslav I (died 972) achieved the first major expansion of Kievan Rus' territorial control, fighting a war of conquest against the Khazar Empire. Vladimir the Great (980–1015) introduced Christianity with his own baptism and, by decree, that of all the inhabitants of Kiev and beyond. Kievan Rus' reached its greatest extent under Yaroslav I (1019–1054); his sons assembled and issued its first written legal code, the Rus' Justice, shortly after his death.

Question: What year was Kievan Rus became a territory?
Answer: 882

Question: Who achieve the first major expansion of Kievan?
Answer: Kiev. Sviatoslav I

Question: Who was the ruler at the begining of Kievan?
Answer: Prince Oleg

Question: Which ruler introduced Christianity in Kievan Rus?
Answer: Vladimir the Great

Question: What did Yaroslav sons achieve  during his time in Keivan Rus?
Answer: issued its first written legal code
Kievan Rus'

The term "Kievan Rus'" (Ки́евская Русь Kievskaya Rus’) was coined in the 19th century in Russian historiography to refer to the period when the centre was in Kiev. In English, the term was introduced in the early 20th century, when it was found in the 1913 English translation of Vasily Klyuchevsky's A History of Russia, to distinguish the early polity from successor states, which were also named Rus. Later, the Russian term was rendered into Belarusian and Ukrainian as Кіеўская Русь Kijeŭskaja Rus’ and Ки́ївська Русь Kyivs'ka Rus’, respectively.

Question: When was the term Kievan Rus first coined?
Answer: 19th century

Question: When did the term Kievan Rus first appear in English?
Answer: 1913

Question: Who first translated the term Kievan Rus into english from russian?
Answer: Vasily Klyuchevsky
Kievan Rus'

Prior to the emergence of Kievan Rus' in the 9th century AD, the lands between the Baltic Sea and Black Sea were primarily populated by eastern Slavic tribes. In the northern region around Novgorod were the Ilmen Slavs and neighboring Krivichi, who occupied territories surrounding the headwaters of the West Dvina, Dnieper, and Volga Rivers. To their north, in the Ladoga and Karelia regions, were the Finnic Chud tribe. In the south, in the area around Kiev, were the Poliane, a group of Slavicized tribes with Iranian origins, the Drevliane to the west of the Dnieper, and the Severiane to the east. To their north and east were the Vyatichi, and to their south was forested land settled by Slav farmers, giving way to steppelands populated by nomadic herdsmen.

Question: Who populated the area between the Baltic Sea and the Black sea before Kievan Rus?
Answer: Slavic tribes

Question: Where were the Limen Slavs located before Kievan Rus?
Answer: Novgorod

Question: Where was the Finnic Chud Tripe located curing this time period?
Answer: Ladoga and Karelia regions

Question: Which tribe resided in the south?
Answer: Poliane
Kievan Rus'

Controversy persists over whether the Rus’ were Varangians (Vikings) or Slavs. This uncertainty is due largely to a paucity of contemporary sources. Attempts to address this question instead rely on archaeological evidence, the accounts of foreign observers, legends and literature from centuries later. To some extent the controversy is related to the foundation myths of modern states in the region. According to the "Normanist" view, the Rus' were Scandinavians, while Russian and Ukrainian nationalist historians generally argue that the Rus' were themselves Slavs. Normanist theories focus on the earliest written source for the East Slavs, the Russian Primary Chronicle, although even this account was not produced until the 12th century. Nationalist accounts have suggested that the Rus' were present before the arrival of the Varangians, noting that only a handful of Scandinavian words can be found in modern Russian and that Scandinavian names in the early chronicles were soon replaced by Slavic names. Nevertheless, archaeological evidence from the area suggests that a Scandinavian population was present during the 10th century at the latest. On balance, it seems likely that the Rus' proper were a small minority of Scandinavians who formed an elite ruling class, while the great majority of their subjects were Slavs. Considering the linguistic arguments mounted by nationalist scholars, if the proto-Rus' were Scandinavians, they must have quickly become nativized, adopting Slavic languages and other cultural practices.

Question: What controversy currently surrounds the Rus?
Answer: whether the Rus’ were Varangians (Vikings) or Slavs

Question: What were the "Rus" accourding to the "Normanist"?
Answer: Scandinavians

Question: What did the Russians beleive the Rus were?
Answer: Slavs
Kievan Rus'

Ahmad ibn Fadlan, an Arab traveler during the 10th century, provided one of the earliest written descriptions of the Rus': "They are as tall as a date palm, blond and ruddy, so that they do not need to wear a tunic nor a cloak; rather the men among them wear garments that only cover half of his body and leaves one of his hands free." Liutprand of Cremona, who was twice an envoy to the Byzantine court (949 and 968), identifies the "Russi" with the Norse ("the Russi, whom we call Norsemen by another name") but explains the name as a Greek term referring to their physical traits ("A certain people made up of a part of the Norse, whom the Greeks call [...] the Russi on account of their physical features, we designate as Norsemen because of the location of their origin."). Leo the Deacon, a 10th-century Byzantine historian and chronicler, refers to the Rus' as "Scythians" and notes that they tended to adopt Greek rituals and customs.

Question: Which early traveler provided an early description of the Rus?
Answer: Ahmad ibn Fadlan

Question: What did Ahmad say about the Rus when he described clothing?
Answer: garments that only cover half of his body

Question: Which historian refered to the Rus as "Scythians"?
Answer: Leo the Deacon
Kievan Rus'

According to the Primary Chronicle, the territories of the East Slavs in the 9th century were divided between the Varangians and the Khazars. The Varangians are first mentioned imposing tribute from Slavic and Finnic tribes in 859. In 862, the Finnic and Slavic tribes in the area of Novgorod rebelled against the Varangians, driving them "back beyond the sea and, refusing them further tribute, set out to govern themselves." The tribes had no laws, however, and soon began to make war with one another, prompting them to invite the Varangians back to rule them and bring peace to the region:

Question: Which two groups were divided inn the territories of the East Slavs?
Answer: Varangians and the Khazars

Question: In what year did the Varangians impose tribute from the Slavic and Finnic?
Answer: 859

Question: In what year did the Slavic and Finnic tribes rebel againts the Varangians?
Answer: 862
Kievan Rus'

The three brothers—Rurik, Sineus, and Truvor—established themselves in Novgorod, Beloozero, and Izborsk, respectively. Two of the brothers died, and Rurik became the sole ruler of the territory and progenitor of the Rurik Dynasty. A short time later, two of Rurik’s men, Askold and Dir, asked him for permission to go to Tsargrad (Constantinople). On their way south, they discovered "a small city on a hill," Kiev, captured it and the surrounding country from the Khazars, populated the region with more Varangians, and "established their dominion over the country of the Polyanians."

Question: What were the names of the three brothers that rulled Novgotod, Beloozero, and Izborsk?
Answer: Rurik, Sineus, and Truvor

Question: Whoch of the three brothers become the sole ruller over all three of the teritories?
Answer: Rurik

Question: What was the name of the small city on the hill that was discovered by Rurik's men?
Answer: Kiev
Kievan Rus'

The Chronicle reports that Askold and Dir continued to Constantinople with a navy to attack the city in 863–66, catching the Byzantines by surprise and ravaging the surrounding area, though other accounts date the attack in 860. Patriarch Photius vividly describes the "universal" devastation of the suburbs and nearby islands, and another account further details the destruction and slaughter of the invasion. The Rus' turned back before attacking the city itself, due either to a storm dispersing their boats, the return of the Emperor, or in a later account, due to a miracle after a ceremonial appeal by the Patriarch and the Emperor to the Virgin. The attack was the first encounter between the Rus' and Byzantines and led the Patriarch to send missionaries north to engage and attempt to convert the Rus' and the Slavs.

Question: Between what years did Askold and Dir continued to attack Kiev?
Answer: 863–66

Question: What did the attack between Rus and Byzantines lead to?
Answer: Patriarch to send missionaries north to engage

Question: Wat was the purpose of the Patriarch when they were sent north?
Answer: to convert the Rus' and the Slavs.
Kievan Rus'

Rurik led the Rus' until his death in about 879, bequeathing his kingdom to his kinsman, Prince Oleg, as regent for his young son, Igor. In 880-82, Oleg led a military force south along the Dnieper river, capturing Smolensk and Lyubech before reaching Kiev, where he deposed and killed Askold and Dir, proclaimed himself prince, and declared Kiev the "mother of Rus' cities." Oleg set about consolidating his power over the surrounding region and the riverways north to Novgorod, imposing tribute on the East Slav tribes. In 883, he conquered the Drevlians, imposing a fur tribute on them. By 885 he had subjugated the Poliane, Severiane, Vyatichi, and Radimichs, forbidding them to pay further tribute to the Khazars. Oleg continued to develop and expand a network of Rus' forts in Slav lands, begun by Rurik in the north.

Question: When did Ruik past away?
Answer: 879

Question: Who declared Kiev "The mother of Rus citis'?
Answer: Prince Oleg

Question: When Rurik past away, who took over?
Answer: Prince Oleg

Question: What year did Oleg conquer the Drevlians?
Answer: 883
Kievan Rus'

The new Kievan state prospered due to its abundant supply of furs, beeswax, honey, and slaves for export, and because it controlled three main trade routes of Eastern Europe. In the north, Novgorod served as a commercial link between the Baltic Sea and the Volga trade route to the lands of the Volga Bulgars, the Khazars, and across the Caspian Sea as far as Baghdad, providing access to markets and products from Central Asia and the Middle East. Trade from the Baltic also moved south on a network of rivers and short portages along the Dnieper known as the "route from the Varangians to the Greeks," continuing to the Black Sea and on to Constantinople. Kiev was a central outpost along the Dnieper route and a hub with the east-west overland trade route between the Khazars and the Germanic lands of Central Europe. These commercial connections enriched Rus' merchants and princes, funding military forces and the construction of churches, palaces, fortifications, and further towns. Demand for luxury goods fostered production of expensive jewelry and religious wares, allowing their export, and an advanced credit and money-lending system may have also been in place.

Question: Why did the Kievan state prosper?
Answer: abundant supply of furs, beeswax, honey, and slaves for export

Question: How many trade routes did the Kievan state control?
Answer: three

Question: What other means of pay when purchasing items may have been in place?
Answer: money-lending system

Question: Which route was a central post in Kiev?
Answer: Dnieper route
Kievan Rus'

The rapid expansion of the Rus' to the south led to conflict and volatile relationships with the Khazars and other neighbors on the Pontic steppe. The Khazars dominated the Black Sea steppe during the 8th century, trading and frequently allying with the Byzantine Empire against Persians and Arabs. In the late 8th century, the collapse of the Göktürk Khaganate led the Magyars and the Pechenegs, Ugric and Turkic peoples from Central Asia, to migrate west into the steppe region, leading to military conflict, disruption of trade, and instability within the Khazar Khaganate. The Rus' and Slavs had earlier allied with the Khazars against Arab raids on the Caucasus, but they increasingly worked against them to secure control of the trade routes.

Question: What led to constant problems with the Khazars?
Answer: rapid expansion of the Rus' to the south

Question: Which area did the Khazars rule over?
Answer: Black Sea steppe

Question: Who were allies with the Khazars?
Answer: Byzantine Empire

Question: Who were common enimies to both the Khazars and Byzantine Empire?
Answer: Persians and Arabs
Kievan Rus'

The Byzantine Empire was able to take advantage of the turmoil to expand its political influence and commercial relationships, first with the Khazars and later with the Rus' and other steppe groups. The Byzantines established the Theme of Cherson, formally known as Klimata, in the Crimea in the 830s to defend against raids by the Rus' and to protect vital grain shipments supplying Constantinople. Cherson also served as a key diplomatic link with the Khazars and others on the steppe, and it became the centre of Black Sea commerce. The Byzantines also helped the Khazars build a fortress at Sarkel on the Don river to protect their northwest frontier against incursions by the Turkic migrants and the Rus', and to control caravan trade routes and the portage between the Don and Volga rivers.

Question: What did the Byzantine empire use to expand its political influence?
Answer: turmoil

Question: What teritory did the Byzantine empire hit first with their political beliefs? 
Answer: Khazars

Question: What did the Byzantines help the Khazars with?
Answer: build a fortress at Sarkel
Kievan Rus'

The expansion of the Rus' put further military and economic pressure on the Khazars, depriving them of territory, tributaries, and trade. In around 890, Oleg waged an indecisive war in the lands of the lower Dniester and Dnieper rivers with the Tivertsi and the Ulichs, who were likely acting as vassals of the Magyars, blocking Rus' access to the Black Sea. In 894, the Magyars and Pechenegs were drawn into the wars between the Byzantines and the Bulgarian Empire. The Byzantines arranged for the Magyars to attack Bulgarian territory from the north, and Bulgaria in turn persuaded the Pechenegs to attack the Magyars from their rear. Boxed in, the Magyars were forced to migrate further west across the Carpathian Mountains into the Hungarian plain, depriving the Khazars of an important ally and a buffer from the Rus'. The migration of the Magyars allowed Rus' access to the Black Sea, and they soon launched excursions into Khazar territory along the sea coast, up the Don river, and into the lower Volga region. The Rus' were raiding and plundering into the Caspian Sea region from 864, with the first large-scale expedition in 913, when they extensively raided Baku, Gilan, Mazandaran and penetrated into the Caucasus.

Question: What led to Khazar having to put more strain on its military?
Answer: expansion of the Rus

Question: Who led the war on Dniester and Dnieper?
Answer: Oleg

Question: What year were the Magyars and Pechenges drug into the war?
Answer: 894

Question: What year did the Rus raid Baku, Gilan,Mazandaran, and Caucasus?
Answer: 913
Kievan Rus'

As the 10th century progressed, the Khazars were no longer able to command tribute from the Volga Bulgars, and their relationship with the Byzantines deteriorated, as Byzantium increasingly allied with the Pechenegs against them. The Pechenegs were thus secure to raid the lands of the Khazars from their base between the Volga and Don rivers, allowing them to expand to the west. Rus' relations with the Pechenegs were complex, as the groups alternately formed alliances with and against one another. The Pechenegs were nomads roaming the steppe raising livestock which they traded with the Rus' for agricultural goods and other products. The lucrative Rus' trade with the Byzantine Empire had to pass through Pecheneg-controlled territory, so the need for generally peaceful relations was essential. Nevertheless, while the Primary Chronicle reports the Pechenegs entering Rus' territory in 915 and then making peace, they were waging war with one another again in 920. Pechenegs are reported assisting the Rus' in later campaigns against the Byzantines, yet allied with the Byzantines against the Rus' at other times.

Question: Around what time did the Khazars unable to no longer command tribute from Volga?
Answer: 10th century

Question: Who did the Byzantium ally with against the Khazar's?
Answer: Pechenegs

Question: What did the Pechenges trade with the Rus?
Answer: livestock