Nithinram2006/squad huggingface dataset:
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact

The Finnish and Baltic invasions began a deterioration of relations between the Soviets and Germany. Stalin's invasions were a severe irritant to Berlin, as the intent to accomplish these was not communicated to the Germans beforehand, and prompted concern that Stalin was seeking to form an anti-German bloc. Molotov's reassurances to the Germans, and the Germans' mistrust, intensified. On June 16, as the Soviets invaded Lithuania, but before they had invaded Latvia and Estonia, Ribbentrop instructed his staff "to submit a report as soon as possible as to whether in the Baltic States a tendency to seek support from the Reich can be observed or whether an attempt was made to form a bloc."

Question: Who wanted to know the moment an anti-german bloc was to form?
Answer: Ribbentrop

Question: Why did the Germans distrust the soviet agenda?
Answer: Stalin's invasions were a severe irritant

Question: What caused distrust between the German and Soviet governments?
Answer: Stalin's invasions were a severe irritant to Berlin
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact

In August 1940, the Soviet Union briefly suspended its deliveries under their commercial agreement after their relations were strained following disagreement over policy in Romania, the Soviet war with Finland, Germany falling behind in its deliveries of goods under the pact and with Stalin worried that Hitler's war with the West might end quickly after France signed an armistice. The suspension created significant resource problems for Germany. By the end of August, relations improved again as the countries had redrawn the Hungarian and Romanian borders, settled some Bulgarian claims and Stalin was again convinced that Germany would face a long war in the west with Britain's improvement in its air battle with Germany and the execution of an agreement between the United States and Britain regarding destroyers and bases. However, in late August, Germany arranged its own occupation of Romania, targeting oil fields. The move raised tensions with the Soviets, who responded that Germany was supposed to have consulted with the Soviet Union under Article III of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact.

Question: Who stopped the trade because of a disagreement involving Romania?
Answer: Soviet Union

Question: What regions were redrawn in effort to improve relations between Germany and the Soviets?
Answer: Hungarian and Romanian borders

Question: Who started refining Romanian oil?
Answer: Germany
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact

After Germany entered a Tripartite Pact with Japan and Italy, Ribbentrop wrote to Stalin, inviting Molotov to Berlin for negotiations aimed to create a 'continental bloc' of Germany, Italy, Japan and the USSR that would oppose Britain and the USA. Stalin sent Molotov to Berlin to negotiate the terms for the Soviet Union to join the Axis and potentially enjoy the spoils of the pact. After negotiations during November 1940 on where to extend the USSR's sphere of influence, Hitler broke off talks and continued planning for the eventual attempts to invade the Soviet Union.

Question: What countries agreed to a tripartisan agreement?
Answer: Germany entered a Tripartite Pact with Japan and Italy

Question: Which Foreign Minister proposed that the Soviets should join this agreement of axis powers?
Answer: Ribbentrop

Question: Who would the axis powers oppose in the new agreement?
Answer: Britain and the USA
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact

In an effort to demonstrate peaceful intentions toward Germany, on 13 April 1941, the Soviets signed a neutrality pact with Axis power Japan. While Stalin had little faith in Japan's commitment to neutrality, he felt that the pact was important for its political symbolism, to reinforce a public affection for Germany. Stalin felt that there was a growing split in German circles about whether Germany should initiate a war with the Soviet Union. Stalin did not know that Hitler had been secretly discussing an invasion of the Soviet Union since summer 1940, and that Hitler had ordered his military in late 1940 to prepare for war in the east regardless of the parties' talks of a potential Soviet entry as a fourth Axis Power.

Question: Who was planning an invasion of the Soviet Union?
Answer: Hitler

Question: Who did the Soviet Union agree to remain neutral with when they signed a treaty on the 13th of April?
Answer: Japan

Question: Why did Stalin sign the pact? 
Answer: reinforce a public affection for Germany
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact

Nazi Germany terminated the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact at 03:15 on 22 June 1941 by launching a massive attack on the Soviet positions in eastern Poland which marked the beginning of the invasion of the Soviet Union known as Operation Barbarossa. Stalin had ignored several warnings that Germany was likely to invade, and ordered no 'full-scale' mobilization of forces although the mobilization was ongoing. After the launch of the invasion, the territories gained by the Soviet Union as a result of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact were lost in a matter of weeks. Within six months, the Soviet military had suffered 4.3 million casualties, and Germany had captured three million Soviet prisoners. The lucrative export of Soviet raw materials to Nazi Germany over the course of the Nazi–Soviet economic relations (1934–41) continued uninterrupted until the outbreak of hostilities. The Soviet exports in several key areas enabled Germany to maintain its stocks of rubber and grain from the first day of the invasion until October 1941.

Question: Where did the German attack on Soviet forces occur?
Answer: Soviet positions in eastern Poland

Question: How many Soviet military members died within the first six months of the war between the two countries?
Answer: 4.3 million casualties

Question: How many Soviet prisoners did german take within the first six months of war between the two countries?
Answer: three million Soviet prisoners

Question: How long did it take to capture regions of the world that were once occupied by soviets once the initial attack occurred?
Answer: matter of weeks
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact

The German original of the secret protocols was presumably destroyed in the bombing of Germany, but in late 1943, Ribbentrop had ordered that the most secret records of the German Foreign Office from 1933 on, amounting to some 9,800 pages, be microfilmed. When the various departments of the Foreign Office in Berlin were evacuated to Thuringia at the end of the war, Karl von Loesch, a civil servant who had worked for the chief interpreter Paul Otto Schmidt, was entrusted with these microfilm copies. He eventually received orders to destroy the secret documents but decided to bury the metal container with the microfilms as a personal insurance for his future well-being. In May 1945, von Loesch approached the British Lt. Col. Robert C. Thomson with the request to transmit a personal letter to Duncan Sandys, Churchill's son-in-law. In the letter, von Loesch revealed that he had knowledge of the documents' whereabouts but expected preferential treatment in return. Colonel Thomson and his American counterpart Ralph Collins agreed to transfer von Loesch to Marburg in the American zone if he would produce the microfilms. The microfilms contained a copy of the Non-Aggression Treaty as well as the Secret Protocol. Both documents were discovered as part of the microfilmed records in August 1945 by the State Department employee Wendell B. Blancke, head of a special unit called "Exploitation German Archives" (EGA).

Question: How many pages of secret documents were microfilmed?
Answer: 9,800 pages

Question: What did Wendell B. Blancke investigate at the end of the war?
Answer: Exploitation German Archives

Question: Near the end of the war, where the did some of the german command flee to?
Answer: Thuringia

Question: Why did Karl von Loesch bury the microfilm?
Answer: personal insurance for his future well-being

Question: Where was Karl von Löesch transferred to after he turned over the documents?
Answer: the American zone
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact

The treaty was published in the United States for the first time by the St. Louis Post-Dispatch on May 22, 1946, in Britain by the Manchester Guardian. It was also part of an official State Department publication, Nazi–Soviet Relations 1939–1941, edited by Raymond J. Sontag and James S. Beddie in January 1948. The decision to publish the key documents on German–Soviet relations, including the treaty and protocol, had been taken already in spring 1947. Sontag and Beddie prepared the collection throughout the summer of 1947. In November 1947, President Truman personally approved the publication but it was held back in view of the Foreign Ministers Conference in London scheduled for December. Since negotiations at that conference did not prove constructive from an American point of view, the document edition was sent to press. The documents made headlines worldwide. State Department officials counted it as a success: "The Soviet Government was caught flat-footed in what was the first effective blow from our side in a clear-cut propaganda war."

Question: Who printed the secret German-Soviet treaty in Britain?
Answer: the Manchester Guardian

Question: Which world leader favored the publication of Nazi-Soviet Relations to be printed?
Answer: President Truman

Question: Where was the Foreign Ministers conference held?
Answer: London

Question: Who put the Nazi-Soviet Relations publication together?
Answer: Raymond J. Sontag and James S. Beddie

Question: What was the description of the Soviet government in the world press in regards to the treaty and subsequent breaking of the treaty by germany?
Answer: flat-footed
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact

In response to the publication of the secret protocols and other secret German–Soviet relations documents in the State Department edition Nazi–Soviet Relations (1948), Stalin published Falsifiers of History, which included the claim that, during the Pact's operation, Stalin rejected Hitler's claim to share in a division of the world, without mentioning the Soviet offer to join the Axis. That version persisted, without exception, in historical studies, official accounts, memoirs and textbooks published in the Soviet Union until the Soviet Union's dissolution.

Question: What year was Joseph Stalin’s version of the pact published?
Answer: 1948

Question: What was the Soviet response to the Nazi-Soviet Relations publication
Answer: Falsifiers of History

Question: How long did Stalins version of what happened between the Germans and the Soviets last?
Answer: until the Soviet Union's dissolution
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact

For decades, it was the official policy of the Soviet Union to deny the existence of the secret protocol to the Soviet–German Pact. At the behest of Mikhail Gorbachev, Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev headed a commission investigating the existence of such a protocol. In December 1989, the commission concluded that the protocol had existed and revealed its findings to the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union. As a result, the Congress passed the declaration confirming the existence of the secret protocols, condemning and denouncing them. Both successor-states of the pact parties have declared the secret protocols to be invalid from the moment they were signed. The Federal Republic of Germany declared this on September 1, 1989 and the Soviet Union on December 24, 1989, following an examination of the microfilmed copy of the German originals.

Question: Who created an investigation into whether or not the Soviet-German Pact happened?
Answer: Mikhail Gorbachev, Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev

Question: Which states have argued that the Soviet-German Pact was invalid from the inception?
Answer: Both successor-states of the pact parties

Question: Which government agency received the news that the Soviet-German Pact had existed?
Answer: Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact

Regarding the timing of German rapprochement, many historians agree that the dismissal of Maxim Litvinov, whose Jewish ethnicity was viewed unfavorably by Nazi Germany, removed an obstacle to negotiations with Germany. Stalin immediately directed Molotov to "purge the ministry of Jews." Given Litvinov's prior attempts to create an anti-fascist coalition, association with the doctrine of collective security with France and Britain, and pro-Western orientation by the standards of the Kremlin, his dismissal indicated the existence of a Soviet option of rapprochement with Germany.[f] Likewise, Molotov's appointment served as a signal to Germany that the USSR was open to offers. The dismissal also signaled to France and Britain the existence of a potential negotiation option with Germany. One British official wrote that Litvinov's disappearance also meant the loss of an admirable technician or shock-absorber, while Molotov's "modus operandi" was "more truly Bolshevik than diplomatic or cosmopolitan." Carr argued that the Soviet Union's replacement of Foreign Minister Litvinov with Molotov on May 3, 1939 indicated not an irrevocable shift towards alignment with Germany, but rather was Stalin's way of engaging in hard bargaining with the British and the French by appointing a proverbial hard man, namely Molotov, to the Foreign Commissariat. Historian Albert Resis stated that the Litvinov dismissal gave the Soviets freedom to pursue faster-paced German negotiations, but that they did not abandon British–French talks. Derek Watson argued that Molotov could get the best deal with Britain and France because he was not encumbered with the baggage of collective security and could negotiate with Germany. Geoffrey Roberts argued that Litvinov's dismissal helped the Soviets with British–French talks, because Litvinov doubted or maybe even opposed such discussions.

Question: Who was ordered to remove the Jews from the Ministry?
Answer: Molotov

Question: Who gave the order to remove the Jews from the Ministry?
Answer: Stalin

Question: Who believed that the firing of Litvinov allowed the Soviets to quicker negotiations with Germany?
Answer: Derek Watson

Question: Who believed that the hiring of Molotov would result in a better deal with the western countries?
Answer: Geoffrey Roberts
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact

Edward Hallett Carr, a frequent defender of Soviet policy, stated: "In return for 'non-intervention' Stalin secured a breathing space of immunity from German attack."[page needed] According to Carr, the "bastion" created by means of the Pact, "was and could only be, a line of defense against potential German attack."[page needed] According to Carr, an important advantage was that "if Soviet Russia had eventually to fight Hitler, the Western Powers would already be involved."[page needed] However, during the last decades, this view has been disputed. Historian Werner Maser stated that "the claim that the Soviet Union was at the time threatened by Hitler, as Stalin supposed ... is a legend, to whose creators Stalin himself belonged. In Maser's view, "neither Germany nor Japan were in a situation [of] invading the USSR even with the least perspective  [sic] of success," and this could not have been unknown to Stalin. Carr further stated that, for a long time, the primary motive of Stalin's sudden change of course was assumed to be the fear of German aggressive intentions.

Question: Edward Carr believes that in a war between Germany and the Soviet Union, who else would have been participating?
Answer: the Western Powers would already be involved

Question: Who believes that the Soviet Unions was afraid of Germany?
Answer: Historian Werner Maser

Question: The pact according to Edward Carr’s view was to provide what between Germany and the Soviet Union?
Answer: a line of defense against
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact

Some critics of Stalin's policy, such as the popular writer Viktor Suvorov, claim that Stalin's primary motive for signing the Soviet–German non-aggression treaty was his calculation that such a pact could result in a conflict between the capitalist countries of Western Europe.[citation needed] This idea is supported by Albert L. Weeks.[page needed] Claims by Suvorov that Stalin planned to invade Germany in 1941 are debated by historians with, for example, David Glantz opposing such claims, while Mikhail Meltyukhov supports them.[citation needed] The authors of The Black Book of Communism consider the pact a crime against peace and a "conspiracy to conduct war of aggression."

Question: Who was skeptical of Stalin’s policies?
Answer: Viktor Suvorov

Question: What is the claim the pact promoted, purported by the The Black Book of Communism?
Answer: a "conspiracy to conduct war of aggression."

Question: Who doesn’t believe that Joseph Stalin had plans to invade Germany?
Answer: David Glantz
History of India

The Empire was established in 1336 by Harihara I and his brother Bukka Raya I of Sangama Dynasty. The empire rose to prominence as a culmination of attempts by the southern powers to ward off Islamic invasions by the end of the 13th century. The empire is named after its capital city of Vijayanagara, whose ruins surround present day Hampi, now a World Heritage Site in Karnataka, India. The empire's legacy includes many monuments spread over South India, the best known of which is the group at Hampi. The previous temple building traditions in South India came together in the Vijayanagara Architecture style. The mingling of all faiths and vernaculars inspired architectural innovation of Hindu temple construction, first in the Deccan and later in the Dravidian idioms using the local granite. South Indian mathematics flourished under the protection of the Vijayanagara Empire in Kerala. The south Indian mathematician Madhava of Sangamagrama founded the famous Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics in the 14th century which produced a lot of great south Indian mathematicians like Parameshvara, Nilakantha Somayaji and Jyeṣṭhadeva in medieval south India. Efficient administration and vigorous overseas trade brought new technologies such as water management systems for irrigation. The empire's patronage enabled fine arts and literature to reach new heights in Kannada, Telugu, Tamil and Sanskrit, while Carnatic music evolved into its current form. The Vijayanagara Empire created an epoch in South Indian history that transcended regionalism by promoting Hinduism as a unifying factor. The empire reached its peak during the rule of Sri Krishnadevaraya when Vijayanagara armies were consistently victorious. The empire annexed areas formerly under the Sultanates in the northern Deccan and the territories in the eastern Deccan, including Kalinga, while simultaneously maintaining control over all its subordinates in the south. Many important monuments were either completed or commissioned during the time of Krishna Deva Raya. Vijayanagara went into decline after the defeat in the Battle of Talikota (1565).

Question: In what year was Sangama Dynasty formed?
Answer: 1336

Question: At what location are the best known monuments in the south of India?
Answer: Hampi

Question: What mathematician founded the Kerala school of astronomy? 
Answer: Madhava of Sangamagrama

Question: When was the Kerala school established?
Answer: 14th century

Question: What did the Vijayanagara Empire promote to unify Indian culture?
Answer: Hinduism
St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador

St. John's (/ˌseɪntˈdʒɒnz/, local /ˌseɪntˈdʒɑːnz/) is the capital and largest city in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. St. John's was incorporated as a city in 1888, yet is considered by some to be the oldest English-founded city in North America. It is located on the eastern tip of the Avalon Peninsula on the island of Newfoundland. With a population of 214,285 as of July 1, 2015, the St. John's Metropolitan Area is the second largest Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) in Atlantic Canada after Halifax and the 20th largest metropolitan area in Canada. It is one of the world's top ten oceanside destinations, according to National Geographic Magazine. Its name has been attributed to the feast day of John the Baptist, when John Cabot was believed to have sailed into the harbour in 1497, and also to a Basque fishing town with the same name.

Question: In what country is St. John's located?
Answer: Canada

Question: What is the name of the island that St. John's is located?
Answer: Newfoundland

Question: What city is ranked 20th in largest metropolitan area for Canada?
Answer: St. John's

Question: Where on the Avalon Peninsula is St. John's located?
Answer: eastern tip

Question: In what year did St. John's have a population of 214,285?
Answer: 2015
St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador

St. John's is one of the oldest settlements in North America, with year-round settlement beginning sometime after 1630 and seasonal habitation long before that. It is not, however, the oldest surviving English settlement in North America or Canada, having been preceded by the Cuper's Cove colony at Cupids, founded in 1610, and the Bristol's Hope colony at Harbour Grace, founded in 1618. In fact, although English fishermen had begun setting up seasonal camps in Newfoundland in the 16th Century, they were expressly forbidden by the British government, at the urging of the West Country fishing industry, from establishing permanent settlements along the English controlled coast, hence the town of St. John's was not established as a permanent community until after the 1630s at the earliest. Other permanent English settlements in the Americas that predate St. John's include: St. George's, Bermuda (1612) and Jamestown, Virginia (1607).

Question: Which city is considered one of the oldest settlements in North America?
Answer: St. John's

Question: Around what year did settlement begin to occur in St. John's?
Answer: 1630

Question: When was Cuper's Cove colony founded?
Answer: 1610

Question:  What year was Bristol's Hope colony founded?
Answer: 1618

Question: Who forbade the  english fisherman to setup seasonal camps in Newfoundland?
Answer: British government
St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador

Sebastian Cabot declares in a handwritten Latin text in his original 1545 map, that the St. John's earned its name when he and his father, the Venetian explorer John Cabot became the first Europeans to sail into the harbour, in the morning of 24 June 1494 (against British and French historians stating 1497), the feast day of Saint John the Baptist. However, the exact locations of Cabot's landfalls are disputed. A series of expeditions to St. John's by Portuguese from the Azores took place in the early 16th century, and by 1540 French, Spanish and Portuguese ships crossed the Atlantic annually to fish the waters off the Avalon Peninsula. In the Basque Country, it is a common belief that the name of St. John's was given by Basque fishermen because the bay of St. John's is very similar to the Bay of Pasaia in the Basque Country, where one of the fishing towns is also called St. John (in Spanish, San Juan, and in Basque, Donibane).

Question: What was John Cabot's sons first name?
Answer: Sebastian

Question: What was the occupation of John Cabot?
Answer: explorer

Question: Where did the French, Spanish and Portuguese start to travel to fish yearly in 1540?
Answer: Avalon Peninsula

Question: Where is the Bay of Pasaia located?
Answer: Basque Country

Question: In what language did Sebastian Cabot write his map from 1545?
Answer: Latin