i can not assent to the vital proposition so generally assumed as self evident by the free trade that the ability to give employment to labor is always in proportion to the amount of capital and that the increase of capital as compared with population necessarily leads to an increase of wages i will not deny that such ought to he the result in a perfect state of society that it is the result is plainly contradicted by glaring facts the french tion diminished greatly the of property in france as compared with its population yet the average rewards of labor s political economy labor were thereby the amount of capital as compared to population is less in america than in yet the rewards of labor are here higher on the contrary there are many instances where the wealth of a people has increased yet the condition and rewards of its with the demand for labor have political economy has yet to take to itself a broader field than that of discovering the means whereby the wealth of a nation may be increased it must consider also how its labor may be most fully and equally rewarded and by what means the largest proportion of the increase of wealth and comforts may be secured to those who have produced them i am not unaware that at present the current of opinion on this subject sets or seems to set against me � that the dead fish all float that way i realize that the great majority of authors and professors who treat of political economy are free � that their writings are admired and commended as liberal beneficent and of while ours of the contrary part are as narrow partial and impelled by a transient or selfish i perceive that the tendency of our time is toward adventure and speculation � that the great mass of the educated and intellectual are making haste to be rich and generally by buying and selling other men s labor or its fruits rather than by laboring themselves commerce and fortunes and the great journals with and found and fashion the public sentiment of the comfortable class with regard to labor its position and i see that the very progress hitherto made in the useful arts under the shelter of duties the progress still making by virtue of the impulse thus given may render the existence of decided and protection less obviously necessary than it was in the infancy of our country and her hints toward industry yet i see too that we who stand for protection read study and endeavor to understand both sides of the question � are familiar with our arguments have considered them and think we see why and wherein they are mistaken and while they habitually treat our arguments with studied contempt or with a radical which gross ignorance or i can not doubt that this country is now losing many millions per for want of a more efficient and protection of its industry though some articles are really others partially protected by it and that our labor is receiving in the average at least one eighth less than it would be under a thoroughly while hundreds of thousands stand idle and earn nothing whom that would amply employ and reward so believing i can not but hope that time and discussion and contemplation and the down of party and the progress of events will work a silent but thorough revolution in our national and that the adequate and comprehensive protection of will again be regarded by and people as among the most urgent essential and beneficent duties of the government and its effects ix their essential nature and necessary effect the human constitution is a peculiar combination of and it is a compound unknown to nature but by art from certain vegetable in a peculiar stage of dissolution the first step toward producing is the death of the grain or fruit destined to yield it when the life of any substance is destroyed that substance by a law of the universe to decay and dissolution more accurately with the of life the laws of vitality by which the peculiar of elements forming the the apple the of wheat or was created and sustained now lose their power over this matter and the opposite laws of take effect upon it causing its several to enter into new with each other and with other wherewith they are brought in contact by the ac tion of air water and otherwise thus the sugar which � in the form of or forms one of the of certain and fruits is dissolved in an early stage of the process of decay and with other or and enters upon the stage known as prepared by request of the national division of the sons of and published under the direction of a committee at the of may � s hints toward reform that of in this stage is produced a fiery nearly transparent liquid which by itself is a most and deadly poison to mankind as well as to nearly or quite every animal had been originally and uniformly produced and of other there can be no question that it would have been recognized and as a deadly as any other vegetable poison but does not naturally manifest itself of other the water which forms so large a proportion of the the apple the the and which must be with the in order to produce the remains combined with the after the has produced it some small portion also of the other of the original substance are held in solution or combination by their with the water or or both united indeed it was not till the ninth century that was separated and recognized as a distinct substance by an has been very generally practised more or less rudely from a very early age and of course produced and just as naturally followed how or 