Multiparty, Multiforum Jurisdiction Act of 1993

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

    This Act may be cited as the ``Multiparty, Multiforum Jurisdiction 
Act of 1993''.

SEC. 2. JURISDICTION OF DISTRICT COURTS.

    (a) Basis of Jurisdiction.--Chapter 85 of title 28, United States 
Code, is amended by adding at the end the following new section:
``Sec. 1368. Multiparty, multiforum jurisdiction
    ``(a) The district courts shall have original jurisdiction of any 
civil action involving minimal diversity between adverse parties that 
arises from a single accident, where at least 25 natural persons have 
either died or incurred injury in the accident at a discrete location 
and, in the case of injury, the injury has resulted in damages which 
exceed $50,000 per person, exclusive of interest and costs, if--
            ``(1) a defendant resides in a State and a substantial part 
        of the accident took place in another State or other location, 
        regardless of whether that defendant is also a resident of the 
        State where a substantial part of the accident took place;
            ``(2) any two defendants reside in different States, 
        regardless of whether such defendants are also residents of the 
        same State or States; or
            ``(3) substantial parts of the accident took place in 
        different States.
    ``(b) For purposes of this section--
            ``(1) minimal diversity exists between adverse parties if 
        any party is a citizen of a State and any adverse party is a 
        citizen of another State, a citizen or subject of a foreign 
        state, or a foreign state as defined in section 1603(a) of this 
        title;
            ``(2) a corporation is deemed to be a citizen of any State, 
        and a citizen or subject of any foreign state, in which it is 
        incorporated or has its principal place of business, and is 
        deemed to be a resident of any State in which it is 
        incorporated or licensed to do business or is doing business;
            ``(3) the term `injury' means--
                    ``(A) physical harm to a natural person; and
                    ``(B) physical damage to or destruction of tangible 
                property, but only if physical harm described in 
                subparagraph (A) exists;
            ``(4) the term `accident' means a sudden accident, or a 
        natural event culminating in an accident, that results in death 
        or injury incurred at a discrete location by at least 25 
        natural persons; and
            ``(5) the term `State' includes the District of Columbia, 
        the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the territories or 
        possessions of the United States.
    ``(c) In any action in a district court which is or could have been 
brought, in whole or in part, under this section, any person with a 
claim arising from the accident described in subsection (a) shall be 
permitted to intervene as a party plaintiff in the action, even if that 
person could not have brought an action in a district court as an 
original matter.
    ``(d) A district court in which an action under this section is 
pending shall promptly notify the judicial panel on multidistrict 
litigation of the pendency of the action.''.
    (b) A Conforming Amendment.--The table of sections at the beginning 
of chapter 85 of title 28, United States Code, is amended by adding at 
the end the following new item:

``1368. Multiparty, multiforum jurisdiction.''.

SEC. 3. VENUE.

    Section 1391 of title 28, United States Code, is amended by adding 
at the end the following:
    ``(g) A civil action in which jurisdiction of the district court is 
based upon section 1368 of this title may be brought in any district in 
which any defendant resides or in which a substantial part of the 
accident giving rise to the action took place.''.

SEC. 4. MULTIDISTRICT LITIGATION.

    Section 1407 of title 28, United States Code, is amended by adding 
at the end the following:
    ``(i)(1) In actions transferred under this section when 
jurisdiction is or could have been based, in whole or in part, on 
section 1368 of this title, the transferee district court may, 
notwithstanding any other provision of this section, retain actions so 
transferred for the determination of liability and punitive damages. An 
action retained for the determination of liability shall be remanded to 
the district court from which the action was transferred, or to the 
State court from which the action was removed, for the determination of 
damages, other than punitive damages, unless the court finds, for the 
convenience of parties and witnesses and in the interest of justice, 
that the action should be retained for the determination of damages.
    ``(2) Any remand under paragraph (1) shall not be effective until 
60 days after the transferee court has issued an order determining 
liability and has certified its intention to remand some or all of the 
transferred actions for the determination of damages. An appeal with 
respect to the liability determination and the choice of law 
determination of the transferee court may be taken during that 60-day 
period to the court of appeals with appellate jurisdiction over the 
transferee court. In the event a party files such an appeal, the remand 
shall not be effective until the appeal has been finally disposed of. 
Once the remand has become effective, the liability determination and 
the choice of law determination shall not be subject to further review 
by appeal or otherwise.
    ``(3) An appeal with respect to determination of punitive damages 
by the transferee court may be taken, during the 60-day period 
beginning on the date the order making the determination is issued, to 
the court of appeals with jurisdiction over the transferee court.
    ``(4) Any decision under this subsection concerning remand for the 
determination of damages shall not be reviewable by appeal or 
otherwise.
    ``(5) Nothing in this subsection shall restrict the authority of 
the transferee court to transfer or dismiss an action on the ground of 
inconvenient forum.''.

SEC. 5. REMOVAL OF ACTIONS.

    Section 1441 of title 28, United States Code, is amended--
            (1) in subsection (e) by striking out ``(e) The court to 
        which such civil action is removed'' and inserting in lieu 
        thereof ``(f) The court to which a civil action is removed 
        under this section''; and
            (2) by inserting after subsection (d) the following new 
        subsection;
    (e)(1) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (b) of this 
section, a defendant in a civil action in a State court may remove the 
action to the district court of the United States for the district and 
division embracing the place where the action is pending if--
            ``(A) the action could have been brought in a United States 
        district court under section 1368 of this title, or
            ``(B) the defendant is a party to an action which is or 
        could have been brought, in whole or in part, under section 
        1368 in a United States district court and arises from the same 
        accident as the action in State court, even if the action to be 
        removed could not have been brought in a district court as an 
        original matter.
The removal of an action under this subsection shall be made in 
accordance with section 1446 of this title, except that a notice of 
removal may also be filed before trial of the action in State court 
within 30 days after the date on which the defendant first becomes a 
party to an action under section 1368 in a United States district court 
that arises from the same accident as the action in State court, or at 
a later time with leave of the district court.
    ``(2) Whenever an action is removed under this subsection and the 
district court to which it is removed or transferred under section 
1407(i) has made a liability determination requiring further 
proceedings as to damages, the district court shall remand the action 
to the State court from which it had been removed for the determination 
of damages, unless the court finds that, for the convenience of parties 
and witnesses and in the interest of justice, the action should be 
retained for the determination of damages.
    ``(3) Any remand under paragraph (2) shall not be effective until 
60 days after the district court has issued an order determining 
liability and has certified its intention to remand the removed action 
for the determination of damages. An appeal with respect to the 
liability determination and the choice of law determination of the 
district court may be taken during that 60-day period to the court of 
appeals with appellate jurisdiction over the district court. In the 
event a party files such an appeal, the remand shall not be effective 
until the appeal has been finally disposed of. Once the remand has 
become effective, the liability determination and the choice of law 
determination shall not be subject to further review by appeal or 
otherwise.
    ``(4) Any decision under this subsection concerning remand for the 
determination of damages shall not be reviewable by appeal or 
otherwise.
    ``(5) An action removed under this subsection shall be deemed to be 
an action under section 1368 and an action in which jurisdiction is 
based on section 1368 of this title for purposes of this section and 
sections 1407, 1659, 1697, and 1785 of this title.
    ``(6) Nothing in this subsection shall restrict the authority of 
the district court to transfer or dismiss an action on the ground of 
inconvenient forum.''.

SEC. 6. CHOICE OF LAW.

    (a) Determination by the Court.--Chapter 111 of title 28, United 
States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following new section:
Sec. 1659. Choice of law in multiparty, multiforum actions
    ``(a) In an action which is or could have been brought, in whole or 
in part, under section 1368 of this title, the district court in which 
the action is brought or to which it is removed shall determine the 
source of the applicable substantive law, except that if an action is 
transferred to another district court, the transferee court shall 
determine the source of the applicable substantive law. In making this 
determination, a district court shall not be bound by the choice of law 
rules of any State, and the factors that the court may consider in 
choosing the applicable law include--
            ``(1) the place of the injury;
            ``(2) the place of the conduct causing the injury;
            ``(3) the principal places of business or domiciles of the 
        parties;
            ``(4) the danger of creating unnecessary incentives for 
        forum shopping; and
            ``(5) whether the choice of law would be reasonably 
        foreseeable to the parties.
The factors set forth in paragraphs (1) through (5) shall be evaluated 
according to their relative importance with respect to the particular 
action. If good cause is shown in exceptional cases, including 
constitutional reasons, the court may allow the law of more than one 
State to be applied with respect to a party, claim, or other element of 
an action.
    ``(b) The district court making the determination under subsection 
(a) shall enter an order designating the single jurisdiction whose 
substantive law is to be applied in all other actions under section 
1368 arising from the same accident as that giving rise to the action 
in which the determination is made. The substantive law of the 
designated jurisdiction shall be applied to the parties and claims in 
all such actions before the court, and to all other elements of each 
action, except where Federal law applies or the order specifically 
provides for the application of the law of another jurisdiction with 
respect to a party, claim, or other element of an action.
    ``(c) In an action remanded to another district court or a State 
court under section 1407(i)(1) or 1441(e)(2) of this title, the 
district court's choice of law under subsection (b) shall continue to 
apply.''.
    (b) Conforming Amendment.--The table of sections at the beginning 
of chapter 111 of title 28, United States Code, is amended by adding at 
the end the following new item:

``1659. Choice of law in multiparty, multiforum actions.''.

SEC. 7. SERVICE OF PROCESS.

    (a) Other Than Subpoenas.--(1) Chapter 113 of title 28, United 
States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following new section:
``Sec. 1697. Service in multiparty, multiforum actions
    ``When the jurisdiction of the district court is based in whole or 
in part upon section 1368 of this title, process, other than subpoenas, 
may be served at any place within the United States, or anywhere 
outside the United States if otherwise permitted by law.''.
    (2) The table of sections at the beginning of chapter 113 of title 
28, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following 
new item:

``1697. Service in multiparty, multiforum actions.''.
    (b) Service of Subpoenas.--(1) Chapter 117 of title 28, United 
States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following new section:
``Sec. 1785. Subpoenas in multiparty, multiforum actions
    ``When the jurisdiction of the district court is based in whole or 
in part upon section 1368 of this title, a subpoena for attendance at a 
hearing or trial may, if authorized by the court upon motion for good 
cause shown, and upon such terms and conditions as the court may 
impose, be served at any place within the United States, or anywhere 
outside the United States if otherwise permitted by law.''.
    (2) The table of sections at the beginning of chapter 117 of title 
28, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following 
new item:

``1785. Subpoenas in multiparty, multiforum actions.''.

SEC. 8. EFFECTIVE DATE.

    The amendments made by this Act shall apply to a civil action if 
the accident giving rise to the cause of action occurred on or after 
the 90th day after the date of the enactment of this Act.

Summary: Multiparty, Multiforum Jurisdiction Act of 1993 - Amends the Federal judicial code to grant Federal district courts original jurisdiction over civil actions arising out of a single accident that results in the death or injury of 25 or more natural persons, provided the amount in controversy exceeds $50,000 per person and minimal diversity of citizenship exists. Authorizes venue in any district in which a defendant resides or in which a substantial part of the accident occurred. Expands district court authority over such transferred actions to permit joint trial of liability and punitive damage issues. Calls for remand of damage determinations , including the possibility of remand to State courts in which actions were originally filed, unless the Federal court finds that it would serve the convenience of parties and witnesses and the interests of justice to retain the damages phase of the action as well. Permits removal of actions from State to US district courts to invoke the proposed jurisdiction and to join actions within the jurisdiction pending before the Federal court. Authorizes removal before trial within 30 days of a defendant's becoming a party to a suit under this Act, or at a later time with leave of the district court. Establishes a presumption in favor of discretionary remand to State courts for damages determinations after rulings on liability. Provides that the district court in which an action under this Act is pending shall determine the source of the applicable substantive law and is not bound by the choice of law rules of any State. Requires the responsible district court to enter an order designating the jurisdiction whose law is to be applied in all actions under this Act arising from the same incident. Identifies factors that may be relevant in such choice of law determinations. Authorizes nationwide service of process and, upon a showing of good cause, nationwide service of subpoenas with regard to actions under this Act.