Navvye/Olympiad-Problems-CSV huggingface dataset:
Problem: Two unit squares are selected at random without replacement from an $n \times n$ grid of unit squares. Find the least positive integer $n$ such that the probability that the two selected unit squares are horizontally or vertically adjacent is less than $\frac{1}{2015}$

Solution: There are 3 cases in this problem. Number one, the center squares. Two, the edges, and three, the corners. The probability of getting one center square and an adjacent square is $\frac{(n-2)(n-2)}{n^2}$ multiplied by $\frac{4}{n^2 -1}$ . Add that to the probability of an edge and an adjacent square( $\frac{4n-8}{n^2}$ multiplied by $\frac{3}{n^2-1}$ ) and the probability of a corner and an adjacent square( $\frac{4}{n^2}$ multiplied by $\frac{2}{n^2-1}$ ) to get $\frac{4n^2-4n}{n^4-n^2}$ . Simplify to get $\frac{4}{n^2+n}$ . With some experimentation, we realize that the smallest value of n is $\boxed{090}$

Answer:  090
Problem: Steve says to Jon, "I am thinking of a polynomial whose roots are all positive integers. The polynomial has the form $P(x) = 2x^3-2ax^2+(a^2-81)x-c$ for some positive integers $a$ and $c$ . Can you tell me the values of $a$ and $c$ ?"
After some calculations, Jon says, "There is more than one such polynomial."
Steve says, "You're right.  Here is the value of $a$ ." He writes down a positive integer and asks, "Can you tell me the value of $c$ ?"
Jon says, "There are still two possible values of $c$ ."
Find the sum of the two possible values of $c$

Solution: We call the three roots (some may be equal to one another) $x_1$ $x_2$ , and $x_3$ .  Using Vieta's formulas, we get $x_1+x_2+x_3 = a$ $x_1 \cdot x_2+x_1 \cdot x_3+x_2 \cdot x_3 = \frac{a^2-81}{2}$ , and $x_1 \cdot x_2 \cdot x_3 = \frac{c}{2}$
Squaring our first equation we get $x_1^2+x_2^2+x_3^2+2 \cdot x_1 \cdot x_2+2 \cdot x_1 \cdot x_3+2 \cdot x_2 \cdot x_3 = a^2$
We can then subtract twice our second equation to get $x_1^2+x_2^2+x_3^2 = a^2-2 \cdot \frac{a^2-81}{2}$
Simplifying the right side:
\begin{align*} a^2-2 \cdot \frac{a^2-81}{2} &= a^2-a^2+81\\ &= 81.\\ \end{align*}
So, we know $x_1^2+x_2^2+x_3^2 = 81$
We can then list out all the triples of positive integers whose squares sum to $81$
We get $(1, 4, 8)$ $(3, 6, 6)$ , and $(4, 4, 7)$
These triples give $a$ values of $13$ $15$ , and $15$ , respectively, and $c$ values of $64$ $216$ , and $224$ , respectively.
We know that Jon still found two possible values of $c$ when Steve told him the $a$ value, so the $a$ value must be $15$ .  Thus, the two $c$ values are $216$ and $224$ , which sum to $\boxed{440}$

Answer:  440
Problem: Steve says to Jon, "I am thinking of a polynomial whose roots are all positive integers. The polynomial has the form $P(x) = 2x^3-2ax^2+(a^2-81)x-c$ for some positive integers $a$ and $c$ . Can you tell me the values of $a$ and $c$ ?"
After some calculations, Jon says, "There is more than one such polynomial."
Steve says, "You're right.  Here is the value of $a$ ." He writes down a positive integer and asks, "Can you tell me the value of $c$ ?"
Jon says, "There are still two possible values of $c$ ."
Find the sum of the two possible values of $c$

Solution: First things first. Vietas gives us the following:
\begin{align} x_1+x_2+x_3 = a\\ x_1 \cdot x_2+x_1 \cdot x_3+x_2 \cdot x_3 = \frac{a^2-81}{2}\\ x_1 \cdot x_2 \cdot x_3 = \frac{c}{2} \end{align}
From $(2)$ $a$ must have odd parity, meaning $a^2-81$ must be a multiple of $4$ , which implies that both sides of $(2)$ are even. Then, from $(1)$ , we see that an odd number of $x_1$ $x_2$ , and $x_3$ must be odd, because we have already deduced that $a$ is odd. In order for both sides of $(2)$ to be even, there must only be one odd number and two even numbers.
Now, the theoretical maximum value of the left side of $(2)$ is $3 \cdot \biggl(\frac{a}{3}\biggr)^2=\frac{a^2}{3}$ . That means that the maximum bound of $a$ is where \[\frac{a^2}{3} > \frac{a^2-81}{2},\] which simplifies to $\sqrt{243} > a$ , meaning \[16 > a.\] So now we have that $9<a$ from $(2)$ $a<16$ , and $a$ is odd from $(2)$ . This means that $a$ could equal $11$ $13$ , or $15$ . At this point, we have simplified the problem to the point where we can casework+ brute force. As said above, we arrive at our solutions of $(1, 4, 8)$ $(3, 6, 6)$ , and $(4, 4, 7)$ , of which the last two return equal $a$ values. Then, $2(3 \cdot 6 \cdot 6+4 \cdot 4 \cdot 7)=\boxed{440}$ AWD.

Answer:  440
Problem: Steve says to Jon, "I am thinking of a polynomial whose roots are all positive integers. The polynomial has the form $P(x) = 2x^3-2ax^2+(a^2-81)x-c$ for some positive integers $a$ and $c$ . Can you tell me the values of $a$ and $c$ ?"
After some calculations, Jon says, "There is more than one such polynomial."
Steve says, "You're right.  Here is the value of $a$ ." He writes down a positive integer and asks, "Can you tell me the value of $c$ ?"
Jon says, "There are still two possible values of $c$ ."
Find the sum of the two possible values of $c$

Solution: Since each of the roots is positive, the local maximum of the function must occur at a positive value of $x$ . Taking $\frac{d}{dx}$ of the polynomial yields $6x^2-4ax+a^2-81$ , which is equal to $0$ at the local maximum. Since this is a quadratic in $a$ , we can find an expression for $a$ in terms of $x$ . The quadratic formula gives $a=\frac{4x\pm\sqrt{324-8x^2}}{2}$ , which simplifies to $a=2x\pm\sqrt{81-2x^2}$ . We know that $a$ is a positive integer, and testing small positive integer values of $x$ yields $a=15$ or $a=1$ when $x=4$ , and $a=15$ or $a=9$ when $x=6$ . Because the value of $a$ alone does not determine the polynomial, $a$ $a$ must equal $15$
Now our polynomial equals $2x^3-30x^2+144x-c$ . Because one root is less than (or equal to) the $x$ value at the local maximum (picture the graph of a cubic equation), it suffices to synthetically divide by small integer values of $x$ to see if the resulting quadratic also has positive integer roots. Dividing by $x=3$ leaves a quotient of $2x^2-24x+72=2(x-6)^2$ , and dividing by $x=4$ leaves a quotient of $2x^2-22x+56=2(x-4)(x-7)$ . Thus, $c=2\cdot 3\cdot 6\cdot 6=216$ , or $c=2\cdot 4\cdot 4\cdot 7=224$ . Our answer is $216+224=\boxed{440}$ ~bad_at_mathcounts

Answer:  440
Problem: Triangle $ABC$ has side lengths $AB = 12$ $BC = 25$ , and $CA = 17$ . Rectangle $PQRS$ has vertex $P$ on $\overline{AB}$ , vertex $Q$ on $\overline{AC}$ , and vertices $R$ and $S$ on $\overline{BC}$ . In terms of the side length $PQ = \omega$ , the area of $PQRS$ can be expressed as the quadratic polynomial \[Area(PQRS) = \alpha \omega - \beta \omega^2.\]
Then the coefficient $\beta = \frac{m}{n}$ , where $m$ and $n$ are relatively prime positive integers. Find $m+n$

Solution: If $\omega = 25$ ,  the area of rectangle $PQRS$ is $0$ , so
\[\alpha\omega - \beta\omega^2 = 25\alpha - 625\beta = 0\]
and $\alpha = 25\beta$ .  If $\omega = \frac{25}{2}$ , we can reflect $APQ$ over $PQ$ $PBS$ over $PS$ , and $QCR$ over $QR$ to completely cover rectangle $PQRS$ , so the area of $PQRS$ is half the area of the triangle.  Using Heron's formula, since $s = \frac{12 + 17 + 25}{2} = 27$
\[[ABC] = \sqrt{27 \cdot 15 \cdot 10 \cdot 2} = 90\]
so
\[45 = \alpha\omega - \beta\omega^2 = \frac{625}{2} \beta - \beta\frac{625}{4} = \beta\frac{625}{4}\]
and
\[\beta = \frac{180}{625} = \frac{36}{125}\]
so the answer is $m + n = 36 + 125 = \boxed{161}$

Answer:  161
Problem: Triangle $ABC$ has side lengths $AB = 12$ $BC = 25$ , and $CA = 17$ . Rectangle $PQRS$ has vertex $P$ on $\overline{AB}$ , vertex $Q$ on $\overline{AC}$ , and vertices $R$ and $S$ on $\overline{BC}$ . In terms of the side length $PQ = \omega$ , the area of $PQRS$ can be expressed as the quadratic polynomial \[Area(PQRS) = \alpha \omega - \beta \omega^2.\]
Then the coefficient $\beta = \frac{m}{n}$ , where $m$ and $n$ are relatively prime positive integers. Find $m+n$

Solution: [asy] unitsize(20); pair A,B,C,E,F,P,Q,R,S; A=(48/5,36/5); B=(0,0); C=(25,0); E=(48/5,0); F=(48/5,18/5); P=(24/5,18/5); Q=(173/10,18/5); S=(24/5,0); R=(173/10,0); draw(A--B--C--cycle); draw(P--Q); draw(Q--R); draw(R--S); draw(S--P); draw(A--E,dashed); label("$A$",A,N); label("$B$",B,SW); label("$C$",C,SE); label("$E$",E,SE); label("$F$",F,NE); label("$P$",P,NW); label("$Q$",Q,NE); label("$R$",R,SE); label("$S$",S,SW); draw(rightanglemark(B,E,A,12)); dot(E); dot(F); [/asy]
Similar triangles can also solve the problem.
First, solve for the area of the triangle. $[ABC] = 90$ . This can be done by Heron's Formula or placing an $8-15-17$ right triangle on $AC$ and solving. (The $8$ side would be collinear with line $AB$
After finding the area, solve for the altitude to $BC$ . Let $E$ be the intersection of the altitude from $A$ and side $BC$ . Then $AE = \frac{36}{5}$ . 
Solving for $BE$ using the Pythagorean Formula, we get $BE = \frac{48}{5}$ . We then know that $CE = \frac{77}{5}$
Now consider the rectangle $PQRS$ . Since $SR$ is collinear with $BC$ and parallel to $PQ$ $PQ$ is parallel to $BC$ meaning $\Delta APQ$ is similar to $\Delta ABC$
Let $F$ be the intersection between $AE$ and $PQ$ . By the similar triangles, we know that $\frac{PF}{FQ}=\frac{BE}{EC} = \frac{48}{77}$ . Since $PF+FQ=PQ=\omega$ . We can solve for $PF$ and $FQ$ in terms of $\omega$ . We get that $PF=\frac{48}{125} \omega$ and $FQ=\frac{77}{125} \omega$
Let's work with $PF$ . We know that $PQ$ is parallel to $BC$ so $\Delta APF$ is similar to $\Delta ABE$ . We can set up the proportion:
$\frac{AF}{PF}=\frac{AE}{BE}=\frac{3}{4}$ . Solving for $AF$ $AF = \frac{3}{4} PF = \frac{3}{4} \cdot \frac{48}{125} \omega = \frac{36}{125} \omega$
We can solve for $PS$ then since we know that $PS=FE$ and $FE= AE - AF = \frac{36}{5} - \frac{36}{125} \omega$
Therefore, $[PQRS] = PQ \cdot PS = \omega (\frac{36}{5} - \frac{36}{125} \omega) = \frac{36}{5}\omega - \frac{36}{125} \omega^2$
This means that $\beta = \frac{36}{125} \Rightarrow (m,n) = (36,125) \Rightarrow m+n = \boxed{161}$

Answer:  161
Problem: Triangle $ABC$ has side lengths $AB = 12$ $BC = 25$ , and $CA = 17$ . Rectangle $PQRS$ has vertex $P$ on $\overline{AB}$ , vertex $Q$ on $\overline{AC}$ , and vertices $R$ and $S$ on $\overline{BC}$ . In terms of the side length $PQ = \omega$ , the area of $PQRS$ can be expressed as the quadratic polynomial \[Area(PQRS) = \alpha \omega - \beta \omega^2.\]
Then the coefficient $\beta = \frac{m}{n}$ , where $m$ and $n$ are relatively prime positive integers. Find $m+n$

Solution: Using the diagram from Solution 2 above, label $AF$ to be $h$ . Through Heron's formula, the area of $\triangle ABC$ turns out to be $90$ , so using $AE$ as the height and $BC$ as the base yields $AE=\frac{36}{5}$ . Now, through the use of similarity between $\triangle APQ$ and $\triangle ABC$ , you find $\frac{w}{25}=\frac{h}{36/5}$ . Thus, $h=\frac{36w}{125}$ . To find the height of the rectangle, subtract $h$ from $\frac{36}{5}$ to get $\left(\frac{36}{5}-\frac{36w}{125}\right)$ , and multiply this by the other given side $w$ to get $\frac{36w}{5}-\frac{36w^2}{125}$ for the area of the rectangle. Finally, $36+125=\boxed{161}$

Answer:  161
Problem: Triangle $ABC$ has side lengths $AB = 12$ $BC = 25$ , and $CA = 17$ . Rectangle $PQRS$ has vertex $P$ on $\overline{AB}$ , vertex $Q$ on $\overline{AC}$ , and vertices $R$ and $S$ on $\overline{BC}$ . In terms of the side length $PQ = \omega$ , the area of $PQRS$ can be expressed as the quadratic polynomial \[Area(PQRS) = \alpha \omega - \beta \omega^2.\]
Then the coefficient $\beta = \frac{m}{n}$ , where $m$ and $n$ are relatively prime positive integers. Find $m+n$

Solution: Using the diagram as shown in Solution 2, let $AE=h$ and $AP=L$ Now, by Heron's formula, we find that the $[ABC]=90$ . Hence, $h=\frac{36}{5}$
Now, we see that $\sin{B}=\frac{PS}{12-L}\implies PS=\sin{B}(12-L)$ We easily find that $\sin{B}=\frac{3}{5}$
Hence, $PS=\frac{3}{5}(12-L)$
Now, we see that $[PQRS]=\frac{3}{5}(12-L)(w)$
Now, it is obvious that we want to find $L$ in terms of $W$
Looking at the diagram, we see that because $PQRS$ is a rectangle, $\triangle{APQ}\sim{\triangle{ABC}}$
Hence.. we can now set up similar triangles.
We have that $\frac{AP}{AB}=\frac{PQ}{BC}\implies \frac{L}{12}=\frac{W}{25}\implies 25L=12W\implies L=\frac{12W}{25}$
Plugging back in..
$[PQRS]=\frac{3w}{5}(12-(\frac{12W}{25}))\implies \frac{3w}{5}(\frac{300-12W}{25})\implies \frac{900W-36W^2}{125}$
Simplifying, we get $\frac{36W}{5}-\frac{36W^2}{125}$
Hence, $125+36=\boxed{161}$

Answer:  161
Problem: Triangle $ABC$ has side lengths $AB = 12$ $BC = 25$ , and $CA = 17$ . Rectangle $PQRS$ has vertex $P$ on $\overline{AB}$ , vertex $Q$ on $\overline{AC}$ , and vertices $R$ and $S$ on $\overline{BC}$ . In terms of the side length $PQ = \omega$ , the area of $PQRS$ can be expressed as the quadratic polynomial \[Area(PQRS) = \alpha \omega - \beta \omega^2.\]
Then the coefficient $\beta = \frac{m}{n}$ , where $m$ and $n$ are relatively prime positive integers. Find $m+n$

Solution: Proceed as in solution 1. When $\omega$ is equal to zero, $\alpha - \beta\omega=\alpha$ is equal to the altitude. This means that $25\beta$ is equal to $\frac{36}{5}$ , so $\beta = \frac{36}{125}$ , yielding $\boxed{161}$

Answer:  161
Problem: Let $a$ and $b$ be positive integers satisfying $\frac{ab+1}{a+b} < \frac{3}{2}$ . The maximum possible value of $\frac{a^3b^3+1}{a^3+b^3}$ is $\frac{p}{q}$ , where $p$ and $q$ are relatively prime positive integers. Find $p+q$

Solution: Let us call the quantity $\frac{a^3b^3+1}{a^3+b^3}$ as $N$ for convenience. Knowing that $a$ and $b$ are positive integers, we can legitimately rearrange the given inequality so that $a$ is by itself, which makes it easier to determine the pairs of $(a, b)$ that work. Doing so, we have \[\frac{ab+1}{a+b} < \frac{3}{2}\] \[\implies 2ab + 2 < 3a + 3b \implies 2ab - 3a < 3b - 2\] \[\implies a < \frac{3b - 2}{2b - 3}.\] Now, observe that if $b = 1$ we have that $N = \frac{a^3 + 1}{a^3 + 1} = 1$ , regardless of the value of $a$ . If $a = 1$ , we have the same result: that $N = \frac{b^3 + 1}{b^3 + 1} = 1$ , regardless of the value of $b$ . Hence, we want to find pairs of positive integers $(a, b)$ existing such that neither $a$ nor $b$ is equal to $1$ , and that the conditions given in the problem are satisfied in order to check that the maximum value for $N$ is not $1$
To avoid the possibility that $a = 1$ , we want to find values of $b$ such that $\frac{3b - 2}{2b - 3} > 2$ . If we do this, we will have that $a < \frac{3b - 2}{2b - 3} = k$ , where $k$ is greater than $2$ , and this allows us to choose values of $a$ greater than $1$ . Again, since $b$ is a positive integer, and we want $b > 1$ , we can legitimately multiply both sides of $\frac{3b - 2}{2b - 3} > 2$ by $2b - 3$ to get $3b - 2 > 4b - 6 \implies b < 4$ . For $b = 3$ , we have that $a < \frac{7}{3}$ , so the only possibility for $a$ greater than $1$ is obviously $2$ . Plugging these values into $N$ , we have that $N = \frac{8(27) + 1}{8 + 27} = \frac{217}{35} = \frac{31}{5}$ . For $b = 2$ , we have that $a < \frac{4}{1} = 4$ . Plugging $a = 3$ and $b = 2$ in for $N$ yields the same result of $\frac{31}{5}$ , but plugging $a = 2$ and $b = 2$ into $N$ yields that $N = \frac{8(8) + 1}{8 + 8} = \frac{65}{16}$ . Clearly, $\frac{31}{5}$ is the largest value we can have for $N$ , so our answer is $31 + 5 = \boxed{036}$

Answer:  036
Problem: Let $a$ and $b$ be positive integers satisfying $\frac{ab+1}{a+b} < \frac{3}{2}$ . The maximum possible value of $\frac{a^3b^3+1}{a^3+b^3}$ is $\frac{p}{q}$ , where $p$ and $q$ are relatively prime positive integers. Find $p+q$

Solution: \[\frac{ab + 1}{a + b} < \frac{3}{2} \rightarrow 2ab + 2 < 3a + 3b \rightarrow 4ab - 6a - 6b + 4 < 0 \rightarrow (2a - 3)(2b - 3) < 5.\]
\[2a - 3, 2b - 3 \in \{x \neq 2k, k \in Z \} \rightarrow\] $(2a-3)$ and $(2b-3)$ each cannot be even or else $a$ and $b$ will not be integers \[(2a - 3)(2b - 3) = 1, 3 \rightarrow (2a - 3, 2b - 3) = (1, 1), (1, 3), (3, 1).\] \[(a, b) = (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 2).\] \[\frac{a^3 b^3 + 1}{a^3 + b^3} = \frac{65}{16}, \frac{31}{5}.\] \[\frac{31}{5} \rightarrow \boxed{036}.\]

Answer:  036
Problem: Let $a$ and $b$ be positive integers satisfying $\frac{ab+1}{a+b} < \frac{3}{2}$ . The maximum possible value of $\frac{a^3b^3+1}{a^3+b^3}$ is $\frac{p}{q}$ , where $p$ and $q$ are relatively prime positive integers. Find $p+q$

Solution: Notice that for $\frac{a^3b^3+1}{a^3+b^3}$ to be maximized, $\frac{ab+1}{a+b}$ has to be maximized. We simplify as above to $2ab + 2 < 3a + 3b$ , which is $(a-\frac{3}{2})(b-\frac{3}{2}) < \frac{5}{4}$ . To maximize, $a$ has to be as close to $b$ as possible, making $a$ close to $\frac{3+\sqrt{5}}{2}$ . Because $a$ and $b$ are positive integers, $a = 3$ , and checking back gives $b = 2$ as the maximum or the other way around, which the answer is thus $\frac{216+1}{27+8} = \frac{217}{35} = \frac{31}{5} \rightarrow \boxed{036}$

Answer:  036
Problem: A cylindrical barrel with radius $4$ feet and height $10$ feet is full of water. A solid cube with side length $8$ feet is set into the barrel so that the diagonal of the cube is vertical. The volume of water thus displaced is $v$ cubic feet. Find $v^2$
[asy] import three; import solids; size(5cm); currentprojection=orthographic(1,-1/6,1/6);  draw(surface(revolution((0,0,0),(-2,-2*sqrt(3),0)--(-2,-2*sqrt(3),-10),Z,0,360)),white,nolight);  triple A =(8*sqrt(6)/3,0,8*sqrt(3)/3), B = (-4*sqrt(6)/3,4*sqrt(2),8*sqrt(3)/3), C = (-4*sqrt(6)/3,-4*sqrt(2),8*sqrt(3)/3), X = (0,0,-2*sqrt(2));  draw(X--X+A--X+A+B--X+A+B+C); draw(X--X+B--X+A+B); draw(X--X+C--X+A+C--X+A+B+C); draw(X+A--X+A+C); draw(X+C--X+C+B--X+A+B+C,linetype("2 4")); draw(X+B--X+C+B,linetype("2 4"));  draw(surface(revolution((0,0,0),(-2,-2*sqrt(3),0)--(-2,-2*sqrt(3),-10),Z,0,240)),white,nolight); draw((-2,-2*sqrt(3),0)..(4,0,0)..(-2,2*sqrt(3),0)); draw((-4*cos(atan(5)),-4*sin(atan(5)),0)--(-4*cos(atan(5)),-4*sin(atan(5)),-10)..(4,0,-10)..(4*cos(atan(5)),4*sin(atan(5)),-10)--(4*cos(atan(5)),4*sin(atan(5)),0)); draw((-2,-2*sqrt(3),0)..(-4,0,0)..(-2,2*sqrt(3),0),linetype("2 4")); [/asy]

Solution: Our aim is to find the volume of the part of the cube submerged in the cylinder. 
In the problem, since three edges emanate from each vertex, the boundary of the cylinder touches the cube at three points.  Because the space diagonal of the cube is vertical, by the symmetry of the cube, the three points form an equilateral triangle.  Because the radius of the circle is $4$ , by the Law of Cosines, the side length s of the equilateral triangle is
\[s^2 = 2\cdot(4^2) - 2\cdot(4^2)\cos(120^{\circ}) = 3(4^2)\]
so $s = 4\sqrt{3}$ .* Again by the symmetry of the cube, the volume we want to find is the volume of a tetrahedron with right angles on all faces at the submerged vertex, so since the lengths of the legs of the tetrahedron are $\frac{4\sqrt{3}}{\sqrt{2}} = 2\sqrt{6}$ (the three triangular faces touching the submerged vertex are all $45-45-90$ triangles) so
\[v = \frac{1}{3}(2\sqrt{6})\left(\frac{1}{2} \cdot (2\sqrt{6})^2\right) = \frac{1}{6} \cdot 48\sqrt{6} = 8\sqrt{6}\]
so
\[v^2 = 64 \cdot 6 = \boxed{384}.\]

Answer:  384
Problem: A cylindrical barrel with radius $4$ feet and height $10$ feet is full of water. A solid cube with side length $8$ feet is set into the barrel so that the diagonal of the cube is vertical. The volume of water thus displaced is $v$ cubic feet. Find $v^2$
[asy] import three; import solids; size(5cm); currentprojection=orthographic(1,-1/6,1/6);  draw(surface(revolution((0,0,0),(-2,-2*sqrt(3),0)--(-2,-2*sqrt(3),-10),Z,0,360)),white,nolight);  triple A =(8*sqrt(6)/3,0,8*sqrt(3)/3), B = (-4*sqrt(6)/3,4*sqrt(2),8*sqrt(3)/3), C = (-4*sqrt(6)/3,-4*sqrt(2),8*sqrt(3)/3), X = (0,0,-2*sqrt(2));  draw(X--X+A--X+A+B--X+A+B+C); draw(X--X+B--X+A+B); draw(X--X+C--X+A+C--X+A+B+C); draw(X+A--X+A+C); draw(X+C--X+C+B--X+A+B+C,linetype("2 4")); draw(X+B--X+C+B,linetype("2 4"));  draw(surface(revolution((0,0,0),(-2,-2*sqrt(3),0)--(-2,-2*sqrt(3),-10),Z,0,240)),white,nolight); draw((-2,-2*sqrt(3),0)..(4,0,0)..(-2,2*sqrt(3),0)); draw((-4*cos(atan(5)),-4*sin(atan(5)),0)--(-4*cos(atan(5)),-4*sin(atan(5)),-10)..(4,0,-10)..(4*cos(atan(5)),4*sin(atan(5)),-10)--(4*cos(atan(5)),4*sin(atan(5)),0)); draw((-2,-2*sqrt(3),0)..(-4,0,0)..(-2,2*sqrt(3),0),linetype("2 4")); [/asy]

Solution: Visualizing the corner which is submerged in the cylinder, we can see that it's like slicing off a corner, where they slice an equal part off every edge, to make a tetrahedron where there are 3 right isosceles triangles and one equilateral triangle. With this out of the way, we can now just find the area of that equilateral triangle, using the fact that the circle of radius $4$ is the circumcircle of the equilateral triangle. Using equilateral triangle properties, you can find that the height of the triangle is $6$ , and the side length is $\frac{6}{\sqrt{3}}=2\sqrt{3} \cdot 2=4\sqrt{3}$ . As the other faces are right isosceles triangles, they are $\frac{4\sqrt{3}}{\sqrt{2}}=2\sqrt{6}$ . Therefore the volume of this tetrahedron is
\[\left(\frac{2\sqrt{6}}{2}\right)^2=12 \ \cdot \ (2\sqrt{6})=24\sqrt{6} \implies \frac{24\sqrt{6}}{3}=8\sqrt{6} \implies (8\sqrt{6})^2=\boxed{384}\]

Answer:  384
Problem: A cylindrical barrel with radius $4$ feet and height $10$ feet is full of water. A solid cube with side length $8$ feet is set into the barrel so that the diagonal of the cube is vertical. The volume of water thus displaced is $v$ cubic feet. Find $v^2$
[asy] import three; import solids; size(5cm); currentprojection=orthographic(1,-1/6,1/6);  draw(surface(revolution((0,0,0),(-2,-2*sqrt(3),0)--(-2,-2*sqrt(3),-10),Z,0,360)),white,nolight);  triple A =(8*sqrt(6)/3,0,8*sqrt(3)/3), B = (-4*sqrt(6)/3,4*sqrt(2),8*sqrt(3)/3), C = (-4*sqrt(6)/3,-4*sqrt(2),8*sqrt(3)/3), X = (0,0,-2*sqrt(2));  draw(X--X+A--X+A+B--X+A+B+C); draw(X--X+B--X+A+B); draw(X--X+C--X+A+C--X+A+B+C); draw(X+A--X+A+C); draw(X+C--X+C+B--X+A+B+C,linetype("2 4")); draw(X+B--X+C+B,linetype("2 4"));  draw(surface(revolution((0,0,0),(-2,-2*sqrt(3),0)--(-2,-2*sqrt(3),-10),Z,0,240)),white,nolight); draw((-2,-2*sqrt(3),0)..(4,0,0)..(-2,2*sqrt(3),0)); draw((-4*cos(atan(5)),-4*sin(atan(5)),0)--(-4*cos(atan(5)),-4*sin(atan(5)),-10)..(4,0,-10)..(4*cos(atan(5)),4*sin(atan(5)),-10)--(4*cos(atan(5)),4*sin(atan(5)),0)); draw((-2,-2*sqrt(3),0)..(-4,0,0)..(-2,2*sqrt(3),0),linetype("2 4")); [/asy]

Solution: We can use the same method as in Solution 2 to find the side length of the equilateral triangle, which is $4\sqrt3$ . From here, its area is \[\dfrac{\bigl(4\sqrt3\bigr)^2\sqrt3}4=12\sqrt3.\] The leg of the isosceles right triangle is $\dfrac{4\sqrt3}{\sqrt2}=2\sqrt6$ , and the horizontal distance from the vertex to the base of the tetrahedron is $4$ (the radius of the cylinder), so we can find the height, as shown in the diagram. [asy] import olympiad;  pair V, T, B; V = (-4, 0); B = origin; T = (0, 2*sqrt(2));  draw(V--B--T--cycle); draw(rightanglemark(V, B, T));  label("Vertex", V, W); label("Tip", T, N); label("Base", B, SE);  label("$4$", V--B, S); label("$2\sqrt6$", V--T, NW);  [/asy] The height from the tip to the base is $2\sqrt2$ , so the volume is $\dfrac{12\sqrt3\cdot2\sqrt2}3=8\sqrt6$ , and thus the answer is $\boxed{384}$

Answer:  384