NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
ABSTRACTS
Production of food in fishery ponds suitable for major carps and seasonal variations
of the food of carps. R. BHATTACHARYA(1948-50)
T HE paper relates to the investigations on the production and seasonal varia-
tions of food suitable for major carps in the fish ponds of West Bengal. The
investigation is directed to find out the effect of some of the ecological factors
on the culture of major carps, Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhina mrigala. The
water is more alkaline (pH above 8) in summer, but there is a fall of pH., and in
concentrations, of organic matter and chlorides, in the rainy season. The avail-
ability of plankton as food of fish is meagre in winter months and high in spring and
summer. Microcystis, amongst phytoplankton, and Ceriodaphnia sp. and Cypris sp.
amongst Zooplankton, dominate the plankton in summer and early part of rainy
season. Catla catla feeds only on plankton throughout its life, whereas Cirrhina
mrigala and Labeo rohita are planktonic feeders in the fingerling stage but feed
mainly on decomposed vegetable matter afterwards. [B.N.G.]
Ecology of Mugil parsia in the salt water bheries. P. S. MUKHOPADHYAY (1948-50)
T HE present investigation includes the studies on life history, bionomics and
ecology of Mugil parsia with special reference to the conditions under which
this fish is cultured in salt water bheries in the southern parts of Bengal. Sea-
sonal occurrence of phyto and Zooplankton, availability of food for the fish at
different stages and in different seasons and conditions of maturity are also discussed.
The bheries are rich in plankton, Diatoms and Myxophyceae, constituting
the larger portion of phytoplankton, and protozoans and Crustaceans that of Zoo-
plankton. Phytoplankton is found in abundance from January to September,
with a peak in March, and Zooplankton from July to January with a peak in Novem-
ber.
The food of the fry of Mugil parsia consists of Diatoms, Myxophyceae, Chloro-
phyceae and Crustacea while fingerlings and adults feed on purely vegetable mattter
comprising of Diatoms, Myxophyceae and Chlorophyceae. The fish feeds mainly
at the bottom or at the edges, whereas its fry feeds at the surface, thus indicating
selective feeding. The intensity of feeding is much reduced during September
to December, when growth is also retarded.
From the examination of gonads and from the appearance of fry and fingerlings,
it has been inferred that the breeding season extends from January to June. In
view of the availability of the food of this fish in freshwaters of the State, it has
been suggested that Mugil parsia can be successfully cultivated in these waters.
It has also been indicated that, if stocked in an advanced stage, this fish can be
grown along with prawns and crabs and also with carnivorous fishes. [B.N.G.]
299
7 AR/53
18
300
ABSTRACTS
[Vol, XXIII, Part IV,
Diet protein in relation to disturbed host-parasite balance. CORKILL, N. L. (1950).
Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 44(3), 212-221
T HE author has reviewed the literature in detail and has described the distur-
bance of host-parasite balance as due to certain factors, protein intake of the host
being the chief amongst them. He has shown that in certain infections in which
phases of latency exist, failure of host-parasite balance may follow infection with
a different pathogen, tissue trauma, physiological stress or protein subnutrition.
The breakdown of the body protein is common to all these conditions which pre-
sumably includes antibody gamma-globulin. He has suggested that in such circum-
stances there is inhibition of resynthesis of gamma-globulin, as antibody, owing to
the insufficiencies of dispensable amino-acids in the protein reserve or of indispen-
sable amino-acids in the dietary intake, or of both. Lysine appears to be of special
interest in this connection, since it is quantitatively the most important indispensable
amino-acid in gamma-globulin. He has also suggested that the abnormal low-
albumin high-globulin pattern of plasma-protein response in infection, trauma
and subnutrition is purposive, in that, since in all these conditions there is increased
danger of infection (old or new) overpowering the existing antibody defence, economy
in dietary lysine (of which albumin contains about twice as much as globulin) enables
a greater amount of globulin antibody to be formed from an intake which is assumed
to remain constant. He has not suggested that the reasons for the failure of host-
parasite balance are necessarily as simple as the above hypothesis might seem to
indicate, nor that the part played by lysine is as important as might apppear.
[K.N.M.]
Sweet potato root meal versus yellow corn meal in the chick's diet. M. M.
ROSENBERG and JAMES SEU (1952). World's Poult. Sci. J. 8 (2), 93-98
T HE sweet potato utilised in this study is named Ono Lena, a Puerto Rican
type, i.e. a moist, high dextrin tuber. It is recognised for its carbohydrate value
and can be raised in the tropics. Previous work on this subject had revealed that
the starches in raw sweet potato, among others, caused digestive disturbances
when fed to certain animals in large quantity, and that cooking or heating of the
tubers in the presence of water, dextrinised the starches and thereby eliminated
this problem. In the present study the authors have investigated and procured
data on the carbohydrate value of sweet potato root meal, processed or otherwise
in the chick's diet.
Uncured, uncooked dehydrated sweet potato root meal was prepared by slicing
newly unearthed roots and dehydrating the chips at 150ºF. When dry, the chips
were ground and screened and stored in four-ply paper bags at room temperature.
In the first experiment this meal was substituted on a pound for pound basis for
yellow maize meal in a series of rations fed for 21 days to straight-run, day-old
New Hampshire chicks housed in battery brooders. In the second experiment a
supply of fresh sweet potato roots was cured or cooked or both. Curing was done
December, 1953]
ABSTRACTS
301
by storing roots in burlap sacs for 10 days, then sliced, dehydrated, and ground
while cooking was by treatment in boiling water until soft. The cooked mass
was mashed, dehydrated and ground. The various treated meals were substituted
for. yellow corn meal at different concentrations and fed to chicks in the same manner
as in the first experiment. The results are as follows:
According to the authors the carbohydrates in the uncured sweet potato are
not readily digested in the intestine of the chick. Dehydrated sweet potato root
meal produced from freshly unearthed tubers gave significantly poorer results
than yellow corn meal (maize) when fed to chicks for three weeks at levels ranging
from 7.5 to 45.0 per cent of the experimental diets. When cured or cooked, or both,
the nutritive value of sweet potato root meal was significantly improved and changes
beneficial to the chick were induced, but the authors do not recommend more than
22.5 per cent cured or cooked or cured and cooked root meal in the chick's rations.
[S.G.I.]
REVIEWS
ANATOMY OF CHORDATES
By CHARLES K. WEICHERT
(Published by McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 1951, pp. 921, Price $8)
A NATOMY of chordates is not only a good treatise on chordate anatomy but
also gives an interesting account of the natural history of these animals.
The author has divided the book into three parts, (1) Review of the Phylum
Chordata, (2) Organ System of Vertebrates, and (3) Representative animals;
followed by a summary giving classification with characteristics and advances.
The introduction given in the first chapter rightly emphasises that morphology
and physiology go hand in hand and that the former has little meaning unless it
is interpreted in terms of function. The author has consequently included func-
tional point of view in every chapter of the organ systems.
The chapter on the Classification and Natural History of Chordates is profusely
illustrated and deals with the subject in such a way that it hardly leaves anything
to be desired. Some of the figures of the recent and extinct chordates are rare,
and others are of the forms shown in their natural back-ground which are not avail-
able in any other single book.
The chapters on organ systems are clearly written and well illustrated with
an instructive summary given at the end of each. The account of the gills and
phylogenetic origin of lungs and swim bladder may be cited as an instance of a subject
dealt with in a remarkably good manner. The account of the digestive, excretory
and reproductive systems, as well as of the receptor organs is also good. The
chapter on Endocine system is a very useful addition as the information on this
subject is not ordinarily available in such books. Some of the information contained
is recent and valuable. Though no distinct pancreas is present in Cyclostomes,
a few small masses of cells buried in the substance of the liver and wall of the intestine
represent pancreatic tissue comparable to the island of Langerhans. The symptoms
and changes in physiology due to removal of pancreas are also given in detail.
The chapter on the skeletal system, though it gives a fairly good account of
the appendicular skeleton, lacks some important features. For instance a com-
parative account of the skulls of reptiles and mammals from phylogenetic standpoint
has not been dealt with.
The book is an important and useful contribution. It is of much help to a
beginner as well an advanced student. The subject matter is well illustrated and
the facts are properly correlated and blended in a harmonious whole. [H.R.M.]
302
Vol. XXIII, Part IV]
REVIEWS
303
BANHAM'S THE VETERINARY SURGEONS VADE MECUM
By W. ALSTAIR GREIG
(Published by Bailliere, Tindall and Co., London, 1952, pp. 240, Price 17s. 6d.)
T HIS new edition is an enlarged and modified volume of the already well known
Banham's Veterinary Posology and Other Information. The contents
have been brought up-to-date and complete chapters on nutrition, milk, blood
and urine examinations, allergic tests and on poisonous plants have been incorpora-
ted. The book is divided into ten chapters dealing with important information.
In the first chapter the author has dealt with materia medica and pharmacology
including Posology, formulae, classification of drugs, solubilities and incompati-
bilities of drugs, abbreviations used in prescription writing, dangerous drugs and
poisons legislation, poisons and their antidotes and plants poisonous to live-stock.
Most of the work in this chapter is in tabulated form and presents an easy access.
The second chapter deals with bacteriology and parasitology. In this chapter
the bacteria and the viruses are classified. A concise account of the diseases caused
by Mycosis and other living agents, stains and staining methods, animal parasites
of domestic animals, examination of faeces, identification of Mange mites and incuba-
tion periods has been dealt with precisely.
The third and fourth chapters deal with nutrition, food stuffs and milk while
in the fifth chapter normal temperature, pulse rate, respiration, oestrum, gestation,
puberty and weaning periods are given in a nut-shell form. Post-mortem signs,
description of animals, colour and markings of horses and dentition are also dealt
with in this chapter.
The sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth chapters deal with notifiable diseases,
allergic tests, blood, urine, and faecal examination, respectively.
In the 10th chapter, tables of constants and conversion formulae are given
along with such other useful information.
The book has been printed on very good paper and nicely brought up. This
hand book will be found valuable and handy aid to all the workers in the field of
veterinary science, students and professionals alike. (M.R.M.)
A WORLD DICTIONARY OF BREEDS, TYPES AND VARIETIES OF LIVESTOCK
By I. L. MASON
(Technical Communication No. 8 of the Commonwealth Bureau of Animal
Breeding and Genetics, Edinburgh, 1951, pp. 272, Price 30s.)
T HIS volume is a compilation containing nomenclature, synonyms, physical
description of breed characteristics, economic use, origin and location of com-
mon farm animals such as cattle, horses, buffaloes, sheep, goats and pigs,
as found in countries all over the world. The need for such a reference book at the
present times cannot be over exaggerated. It seeks to remove once for all the
7 AR/53
19
304
REVIEWS
[December, 1953
existing confusion and inconsistency that are commonly observed in the use of
names and synonyms of various breeds and types described by different authors
all over the world. Such a compilation will, no doubt, be an extremely valuable
guide to those interested in farm animals, students of animal husbandry and research
workers in animal genetics. The book would have been more complete if it con-
tained illustrations and maps showing breed location for comparative study. This
omission, however, has been accepted by the author.
The task involved in such a compilation must have been tremendous, requiring
data from innumerable references, sifting, collecting and collating information,
which appeared during the last 20 years or more. It not only clarifies many mis-
conceptions as regards breeds, their origin and use and ensures uniformity in the
use of names and synonyms, but also furnishes information such as colour, shape
of horn, productivity and purpose for which they are bred. The book consists
of two parts and begins with an introduction, details of abbreviations and transla-
tion of Russian words.
In part I of the volume, the author describes in alphabetical order the names
of species, types or varieties, consisting of more than 4000 entries. It commences
with an explanatory note which serves as a key or guide to the method of presenta-
tion of the nomenclature, location of breeds, economic use, relationship to other
breeds, breed characteristics, synonyms, prescribed names, etymology and references.
In Part II are given the latest numerical strength, percentage of composition
and male and female ratio of some breeds wherever such data are available along
with relevant references. In this part, descriptions have been given countrywise
of all the animals, viz. horses, asses, cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats and pigs. [S.K.S.]
MGIPC—M—7 AR/53-3-3-54—875.
THE
MADRAS MARINE PLAGUE
REGULATIONS.
(Revised up to 30th September 1910.)
MADRAS:
PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRESS.
[PRICE, 1 anna 6 pies.]
1910.
[3
pence.]
THE
MADRAS PLAGUE REGULATIONS
IN FOECE OUTSIDE THE PRESIDENCY TOWN.
(Revised up to 23rd March 1909.)
M A D R A S :
PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRE9S.
1909.
CONTENTS.
1.
n.-
m.-
— The Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897
. .
. . • . .
— Notification of the Government of India, Home Department
(Sanitary— Plague). No. 2256, dated 22nd December 1906,
delegating to Local Governments powers under the
Epidemic Diseases Act
—Plague regulations in force outside the Presidency Town
PAGE
1
3
4
APPENDIOES.
APPENDIX
"
"
"
"
, •
"
"
"
"
I. — Notes on certain matters connected with plague
(1) General remarks ..
(2) Advantages of early discovery of plague
(3) Observation, disinfection and segregation of
(4) Evacuation
(6) Inoculation
(6) Disinfection
(7)Rat-plague and destruction of rats
II-A. — Plague passport
II-B. — General pass, for journeys by road or boat
II-C. — General pass, for journeys by rail
II-D. — General pass, for persons leaving an infected or
notified place to attend markets •
II-E. — Special pass, for persons leaving an inhabited
infected area
II-E1.. — Pass for plague contacts . .
II-F. — Plague inoculation certificate
II-G. — Register of permanent passes issued to persons
attending markets
II-H. — Relaxation of passport rules
H-H1 — Ex-offioio exemption certificate
II-I. — Intimation form
II-J. — Time allowed at inspection stations for plague
examination
II-K. — Detention certificate
II-M. — Statement to accompany proposals for placing
restrictions on fairs and festivals
II-N. — Notifications for placing restrictions on fairs and
festivals
II-O. — Plague report to be submitted to Government
II-O1. — Plague report to be submitted to Collector
60
61
62
62
63
64
66
70
71
72
72
73
74
74
75
76
78
79
80
80
81
82
83
84
iv
APPENDIX
"
»
!>
5?
»
"
"
) )
II-P. — Destruction of plague records
II-Q. — Distribution of spare copies of printed orders of
Government
II-R. — Part I — Allowances of officers deputed to plague
duty
Part II — Salaries of officers temporarily enter-
tained for plague duty . .
II- S. — Pay and allowances of plague inspectors
II-T. — List of plague charges
II-U. — Madras Command order No. 810, dated ¿7th
October 1903, prescribing rules regulating the
movement of troops from infected areas
II-V.— G.O., No. 656, Financial, dated 29th September
1905, prescribing the form of the quarterly
statements of audited charges to be submitted
by the Accountant- General
II-W. — Instructions for the forwarding of material to the
King Institute of Preventive Medicine, Guindy.
II-X. — Rules for the use of Cyllin
II-Y. — Description of the ' Success Knapsack Sprayer.'
PAGE
87
88
89
92
94
97
101
106
in
115
116
THE MADRAS PLAGUE REGULATIONS IN FORCE
OUTSIDE THE PRESIDENCY TOWN.
I.
THE EPIDEMIC DISBASES ACT (III OF 1897).
An Act to provide for the letter prevention of the spread of
Dangerous Epidemic Disease.
WHERBAS it is expedient to provide for the better prevention
of the spread of dangerous epidemic disease ; It is hereby
enacted as follows :—
Short title, extent and
commencement.
1. (1) This Act may be called the
Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897 ;
(2) It extends to the whole of British India (inclusive
of Upper Burma, British Baluchistan, the Santal Parganas
and the Pargana of Spiti) ; and
(3) It shall come into force at once.
2. (1] When at any time the Governor-General in Council
Power to take special
measures and prescribe
regulations as to dangerous
epidemic disease.
is satisfied that India or any part
thereof is visited by, or threatened with,
an outbreak of any dangerous epidemic
disease, the Governor-General in Council,
if he thinks that the ordinary provisions of the law for the
time being in force are insufficient for the purpose, may take
or require or empower any person to take such measures and,
by public notice, prescribe such temporary Regulations to be
observed by the public or by any person or class of persons
as he shall deem necessary to prevent the outbreak of such
disease or the spread thereof, and may determine in what
manner and by whom any expenses incurred (including com-
pensation if any) shall be defrayed.
(2) In particular and without prejudice to the gene-
rality of the foregoing provisions, the Governor- General in
Council may take measures and prescribe Regulations for-
(a) the inspection of any ship or vessel leaving, or
arriving at, any port in British India and such
2
[Epidemic Diseases Act.
detention thereof, or of any person intending
to sail therein, or arriving thereby, as may be
necessary ; and
(b) the inspection of persons travelling by railway
or otherwise and the segregation, in hospital,
temporary accommodation or otherwise, of
persons suspected by the inspecting officer of
being infected with any such disease.
(3) The Governor-General in Council may, by general
or special order, direct that all or any of the powers conferred
by this Act may also be exercised by any Local Government
with respect to the territories administered by it.
3. Any person disobeying any regulation or order made
under this Act shall be deemed to have
Penalty. committed an offence punishable under
section 188 of the Indian Penal Code,
XLV
1860.
Protections to persons
acting under Act.
4. No suit or other legal proceeding shall lie against any
person for anything done or in good
faith intended to be done under this
Act.
3
II.
NOTIFICATION OF THE GOVERNMENT OP INDIA, HOME
DEPARTMENT (SANITARY—PLAGUE), No. 2256, DATED
CALCUTTA, THE 22ND DECEMBER 1906, DELEGATING TO
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS AND ADMINISTRATIONS POWERS
CONFERRED BY THE EPIDEMIC DISEASES ACT, 1897.
WHEREAS certain parts of ,India are visited by, and others
threatened with, an outbreak of dangerous epidemic disease
known as plague, the Governor-General in Council, in exercise
of the powers conferred by section 2, sub-section (3) of the
Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897 (III of 1897), is pleased to direct
that the powers conferred by the said Act may be exercised,
to prevent the outbreak of plague or the spread thereof, by
local Governments and administrations with regard to their
respective territories as follows :—
(a) All the said powers by the Governors of Fort St.
George and Bombay in Council, the Lieutenant-Governors of
Bengal, Eastern Bengal and Assam and Burma ;
*
*
2. The notifications of the Government of India in the
Home Department, No. 302, dated the 4th February 1897,
No. 834, dated the 6th March 1897, No. 1330, dated the 27th
May 1898, and No. 4614, dated the 28th November 1898, are
hereby cancelled.
4
III,
PLAGUE REGULATIONS IN FORCE OUTSIDE
THE PRESIDENCY TOWN.
WHEEEAS certain parts of the Presidency of Madras are
visited by, and other parts are threatened with, an outbreak of
a, dangerous epidemic disease known as plague, and whereas the
ordinary provisions of the law for the time being in force in the
Presidency are insufficient for the purpose of preventing the
outbreak or spread of the disease :
In exercise of the powers conferred by section 2, sub-
section (1) of the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897, and delegated
to him under sub-section (3) of the same section by the
notification of the Government of India in the Home Depart
ment, No. 2256, of the 22nd December 1906, the Governor of
Fort St. George in Council is pleased to prescribe under the
said Epidemic Diseases Act, and in supersession of all regula-
tions previously issued on the subject, the following regulations
to be observed throughout the Presidency except the City of
Madras :—
Part I.—The Passport System and other General Precau-
tionary Measures to be adopted in all Towns and
Villages outside the Presidency Town.
Infected
area.
1. The Local Government, or, subject to their control, the
Collector of a District, may issue an order declaring that any
town, village or other area is infected with plague ; and a copy
of such order shall be notified in the next issue of the Fort St.
George or District Gazette. The order will ordinarily take
effect from the date of notification in the Gazette. But when
the order is issued by the Collector in an emergency, it will
take effect as soon as it has been notified locally by beat of
tom-tom under the Collector's orders. As a rule, only places
in which one or more indigenous cases of plague have occurred
or in which the existence of plague among rats has been proved
by bacteriological tests should be so notified. The Local
Government may in the same manner notify railway stations,
which, from their proximity to infected areas, are liable to be
used by persons leaving such areas,