NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
126
COMPOSITION OF MILK OF INDIAN ANIMALS III
[Vol. XXII, Part II,
TABLE I—contd.
Freezing point, lactose and chlorine in cow milk samples from different farms in
India—contd.
Sample
number
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
Place of origin
Hosur
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Mysore
„
Average
Dacca
„
Lucknow
Agra
„
Average
Hissar
„
Average
Hosur
„
„
„
„
„
„
Breed
Hallikar
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Hariana
„
„
„
„
Hissar
„
Kangayam
„
„
„
„
„
„
Number of
animals
in the
herd
15
17
11
17
14
10
8
12
16
9
7
9
10
11
7
11
4
1
10
5
16
3
4
30
50
..
20
25
24
25
25
29
Samples
analysed
after days
3
4
4
4
4
2
2
11
4
5
8
7
3
3
4
4
2
3
3
9
10
20
8
10
9
7
4
4
4
3
4
4
4
Freezing
point
—°C.
0.539
0.536
0.552
0.540
0.548
0.542
0.540
0.570
0.540
0.550
0.545
0.552
0.540
0.550
0.550
0.548
0.575
0.535
0.548
0.549
0.533
0.547
0.547
0.545
0.560
0.546
0.530
0.555
0.543
0.560
0.538
0.528
0.530
0.542
0.542
0.530
Lactose
monohy-
drate
per cent
5.22
5.53
5.98
5.59.
5.58
..
5.56
5.52
5.37
..
5.53
5.37
5.37
5.53
5.68
5.82
5.83
5.31
5.66
5.53
5.51
5.51
4.73
5.07
5.06
5.18
5.21
5.11
5.16
5.35
5.36
5.38
5.46
5.82
5.32
5.29
Chlorine
per cent
0.080
0.050
0.043
0.055
0.055
..
0.060
0.064
0.066
..
0.063
0.067
0.064
0.061
0.054
0.057
0.061
0.054
0.063
0.062
0.062
0.062
0.095
0.087
0.095
0.080
0.072
0.080
0.076
0.073
0.057
0.055
0.063
0.057
0.055
0.059
June, 1952] N. N. DASTUR, C. S. DHARMARAJAN AND R. V. RAO 127
TABLE I—contd.
Freezing point, lactose and chlorine in cow milk samples from different farms in
India—contd.
Sample
number
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
106
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
Place of origin
Hosur
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Average
Bombay
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Average
Breed
Kangayam
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Kathiawadi*
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Number of
animals
in the
herd
22
29
27
31
31
29
25
21
26
18
..
21
99
134
204
209
215
246
320
323
339
345
353
359
369
363
367
365
378
388
392
394
401
387
Samples
analysed
after days
4
2
11
4
5
8
7
5
5
4
2
5
7
6
6
5
6
5
9
7
8
6
7
8
6
7
6
5
10
7
6
5
5
8
Freezing
point
—°C.
0.546
0.530
0.565
0.540
0.545
0.546
0.543
0.540
0.550
0.542
0.578
0.544
0.543
0.542
0.532
0.545
0.545
0.540
0.532
0.546
0.544
0.530
0.535
0.550
0.545
0.535
0.530
0.535
0.535
0.540
0.540
0.541
0.535
0.542
0.556
0.542
Lactose
monohy-
drate
per cent
5.38
5.07
5.37
5.37
..
5.35
5.37
5.62
5.53
5.51
5.52
5.41
5.36
5.53
5.68
4.90
4.91
..
..
5.66
5.53
5.08
5.67
5.51
..
..
..
..
..
5.36
5.36
5.36
5.52
5.67
5.66
5.42
Chlorine
per cent
.064
0.073
0.068
0.069
..
0.068
0.064
0.078
0.059
0.063
0.068
0.064
0.077
0049
0.057
0.110
0.094
..
..
0.089
0.084
0.076
0.058
0.043
..
..
..
..
..
0.076
0.082
0.080
0.080
0.065
0.067
0.068
(*Samples were received under this designation though there is no officially recognised breed of this name.)
128
COMPOSITION OF MILK OF INDIAN ANIMALS III [Vol. XXII, Part II,
TABLE I—contd.
Freezing point, lactose and chlorine in cow milk samples from different farms in
India—contd.
Sample
number
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
Place of origin
Delhi
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Jallundar
„
Ferozepore
Telankheri, M.P.
„
„
Koradih, M.P.
„
„
„
Average
Allahabad
„
„
„
„
Hosur
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Breed
Sahiwal
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Red Sindhi
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Number of
animals
in the
herd
49
53
58
63
67
75
73
70
71
1
1
12
24
24
31
19
18
17
..
25
30
35
30
27
..
40
38
35
37
36
43
43
40
40
40
Samples
analysed
after days
5
5
9
10
17
6
8
10
11
7
10
6
4
3
7
29
21
20
4
10
6
5
6
6
4
4
4
4
4
2
4
5
8
7
5
Freezing
Point
—°C.
0.536
0.533
0.542
0.530
0.544
0.540
0.550
0.554
0.555
0.551
0.575
0.528
0.541
0.543
0.555
0.535
0.542
0.553
0.553
0.545
0.540
0.527
0.535
0.545
0.535
0.554
0.535
0.530
0.537
0.540
0.506
0.563
0.535
0.537
0.545
0.530
Lactose
monohy-
drate
per cent
5.56
5.51
5.36
5.28
5.39
5.52
5.05
4.62
4.99
5.50
..
5.21
5.07
507
4.88
5.06
5.22
..
5.22
4.94
5.24
5.22
..
5.34
4.89
5.31
5.22
5.19
5.38
5.06
5.36
..
5.22
5.36
5.36
Chlorine
per cent
0.068
0.067
0.066
0.068
0.055
0.068
0.064
0.063
0.066
0.141
..
0.068
0.103
0.083
0.080
..
0.078
0.074
..
0.076
0.084
0.060
0.066
..
0.064
0.099
0.067
0.061
0.068
0.064
0.064
0.066
..
0.072
0.061
0.066
June, 1952] N. N. DASTUR, C. S. DHARMARAJAN AND R. V. RAO 129
TABLE I—concld.
Freezing point, lactose and chlorine in cow milk samples from different farms in
India—concld.
Sample
number
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
Place of origin
Hosur
„
„
Karachi
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Poona
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Average
Karavai
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Karnal
„
„
„
„
„
„
Average
Breed
Red Sindhi
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Tharparkar
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
A verage for all cow milk samples
Number of
animal
in the
her d
40
39
35
About 60
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
3
3
4
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
20
20
14
18
20
18
20
Samples
analysed
after days
5
4
4
11
8
9
10
7
9
11
7
8
7
6
7
0
7
6
5
6
5
11
9
11
7
9
11
15
7
9
6
10
6
6
7
5
Freezing
point
—°C
0.540
0.560
0.525
0.563
0.540
0.560
0.550
0.570
0.545
0.565
0.554
0.537
0.550
0.530
0.535
0.560
0.540
0.530
0.546
0.552
0.561
0.543
0.540
0.558
0.566
0.561
0.555
0.565
0.548
0.545
0.538
0.550
0.550
0.542
0.544
0.548
0.531
0.549
0.545
Lactose
monohy-
drate
per cent
5.22
5.37
5.36
5.06
4.76
5.23
5.66
5.38
5.36
5.06
6.15
5.21
5.08
5.08
4.76
5.36
4.60
..
5.11
4.82
5.11
5.20
5.18
5.83
5.37
5.37
5.39
5.51
4.62
5.08
5.45
5.37
..
5.51
5.28
5.20
5.49
5.33
5.27
Chlorine
per cent
0.064
0.060
0.065
0.065
0.087
0.065
0.050
0.058
0.059
0.060
0.054
0.074
0.094
0.081
0.073
0.070
0.096
..
0.061
0.071
0.061
0.068
0.050
0.050
0.078
0.065
0.060
0.061
0.063
0.082
0.055
0.062
..
0.061
0.050
0.061
0.063
0.062
0.072
130
COMPOSITION OP MILK OP INDIAN ANIMALS III
[Vol. XXII, Part II,
TABLE II
Freezing point, lactose and chlorine in buffalo milk samples from different farms in
India
Sample
number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
Place of
origin
Allahabad
„
„
„
„
Ambala
„
Dacca
„
Hosur
„
„
„
„
„
Madras
„
„
Mahurzari, M.P.
„
„
„
Average
Mahurzari, M.P.
„
„
„
Average
Poona
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Breed
Murrah
„
„
„
„
„
„
..
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Nagpuri
„
„
„
Surti
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Number of
animals
in the
herd
12
15
14
14
15
28
27
50
100
1
1
1
1
1
1
9
28
20
9
8
6
4
22
24
20
16
3
2
5
4
3
4
4
3
Samples
analysed
after
days
10
9
5
8
10
15
7
9
11
4
4
2
2
4
4
6
17
4
34
14
6
5
34
14
6
5
8
7
6
7
6
4
7
6
Freezing
point
—ºC.
0.540
0.532
0.540
0.555
..
0.550
0.530
0.545
0.540
0.535
0.566
0.554
0.540
0.534
0.577
0.530
0.550
0.525
0.534
0.527
0.540
0.556
0.543
0.539
0.532
0.538
0.561
0.542
0.532
0.540
0.542
0.552
0.542
0.560
0.550
0.535
Lactose
Monohy-
drate
per cent
4.96
5.37
5.52
5.66
5.65
5.38
5.64
5.53
5.59
5.62
5.88
..
5.53
5.66
5.71
5.34
5.54
5.51
. .
5.49
5.20
5.22
5.50
5.64
5.34
5.20
5.39
5.35
5.81
5.66
5.50
5.81
5.50
5.34
..
Chlorine
per
cent
0.062
0.056
0.049
0.052
0.059
0.059
0.062
0.041
0.053
0.057
0.080
..
0.058
0.079
0.064
0.059
0.050
0.042
. .
0.066
0.077
0.071
0.060
0.064
0.065
0.065
0.065
0.070
0.066
0.061
0.053
0.055
0.053
0.061
..
June, 1952] N. N. DASTUR, C. S. DHARMARAJAN AND R. V. RAO 131
TABLE II—contd.
Freezing point lactose and chlorine in Buffalo milk samples from different farms in
India—contd.
Sample
number
35
36
37
Place of Origin
Poona
„
„
Average
Breed
Surti
„
„
..
Average for all buffalo milk samples
Number of
animals
in the
herd
3
4
4
..
..
Samples
analysed
after
days
5
6
5
..
..
Freezing
point
—ºC.
0.558
0.548
0.548
0.546
0.544
Lactose
Monohy-
drate
per cent
5.34
5.34
4.68
5.43
5.47
Chlorine
per
cent
0.064
0.050
0.063
0.060
0.060
TABLE III
Summary of results for freezing point, lactose and chlorine of milk samples from different
farms in India
Breed
Number of
samples
examined
Freezing
point
—ºC.
Lactose
monohy-
drate
per cent
Chlorine
per cent
Lactose
chlorine
number
Cow milk samples
Cross bred
Gaolao
Gir
Hallikar
Hariana
Hissar
Kangayam
Kathiwadi
Sahiwal
Red Sindhi
Tharparkar
Average for all cow milk
samples.
42
4
6
22
5
2
18
23
19
37
15
202
0.544
0.551
0.541
0.549
0.546
0.543
0.544
0.542
0.545
0.543
0.549
0.545
5.14
5.49
5.09
5.53
5.18
5.16
5.41
5.42
5.22
5.20
5.33
5.27
0.084
0.058
0.083
0.062
0.080
0.076
0.064
0.068
0.076
0.068
0.061
0.072
6.27
6.27
6.21
6.37
6.26
6.19
6.38
6.34
6.25
6.12
6.15
6.34
Buffalo milk samples
Murrah
Nagpuri
22
4
0.543
0.542
5.50
5.39
0.060
0.065
6.31
6.27
12
132
COMPOSITION OF MILK OF INDIAN ANIMALS III [Vol. XXII, Part II,
TABLE III—contd.
Summary of results for freezing point, lactose and chlorine of milk samples from
different farms in India—contd.
Breed
Surti
Average for all buffalo milk
samples.
Number of
samples
examined
11
37
Freezing
point
—ºC.
0.546
0.544
Lactose
monohy-
drate
per cent
5.43
5.47
Chlorine
per cent
0.060
0.060.
Lactose
chlorine
number
6.24
6.28
DISCUSSION
Altogether 202 cow and 37 buffalo milk samples have been analysed. As already
indicated, these samples were all preserved with mercuric perchloride. The interval
between their collection and analysis varied from 2 to 34 days in extreme cases.
It was previously shown by Venkateswara Rao, Dastur and Dharmarajan [1950],
that mercuric perchloride in the concentration of 0.075 per cent preserved the milk
in a good condition for over a month without affecting the value of the constants
studied here. The present data give valuable information about the average com-
position of genuine milk, especially when considered in conjunction with the results
for fresh samples already described [Dharmarajan et al., 1950]. The average de-
pression in freezing point of cow and buffalo milk samples varied between 0.541° to
0.551ºC., with an overall average of 0.545ºC. For milk samples reported in Part
I of the present series, the average freezing point depression was found to be 0.548ºC.
Amongst the samples examined in the study here only about 3 per cent showed
freezing point depression of less than 0.530°C. As previously recommended, this
value can therefore with advantage be adopted for establishing the purity of market
samples.
A glance at the data for lactose content of milk of samples in Tables I and II
reveals that the values were higher than those obtained for Bangalore milk samples
The average lactose per cent in the milk of different breeds of cows varied between
5.09 and 5.53, with an overall average of 5.27. In contrast, milk samples at Bangalore
had given an average of 4.92 per cent. The average for buffalo milk was also slightly
higher than the previous results, namely, 5.47 per cent, compared to 5.25 per cent.
Milk samples studied here have given noticeably low values for chlorine content.
In the previous paper [Dharmarajan, et. al., 1950] with herd milk samples collected
at Bangalore the chlorine content obtained was 0.089 per cent for cow milk and
0.066 per cent for buffalo milk. The average obtained in the present study was
0.072 per cent for cow milk and 0.061 per cent for buffalo milk.
The lactose-chlorine number of samples gave an average value of 6.34 for cow
milk and 6.28 for buffalo milk. These values were very close to those given by
Davies [1939], but slightly higher than the previous results with Bangalore samples.
June, 1952] N. N. DASTUR, C. S. DHARMARAJAN AND R. V. RAO 133
SUMMARTY
Two hundred and two samples of cow and thirty-seven samples of buffalo milk
collected from different parts of the country were analysed for freezing point, lactose
and chlorine. The average freezing point depression of all the samples was 0.548ºC.,
no difference being noticed in the values for cow and buffalo milk samples. Nearly
97 per cent of the samples gave a freezing point depression higher than 0 530ºC.
The average lactose and chlorine contents were respectively 5.28 per cent and 0.072
per cent for cow milk, and 5.27 per cent and 0.061 per cent for buffalo milk.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are grateful to the Indian Council of Agricultural Research for
providing a special grant for carrying out the above studies.
REFERENCES
Davies, W. L. (1939). Chemistry of Milk, 50. Chapman and Hall, Ltd., London
Dharmarajan, C. S., Venkateswara Rao, R., Menon, M. N. and Dastur, Noshir N. (1950). Indian
J. vet. Sci., 20, 35
Venkateswara Rao, R., Dastur, Noshir N. and Dharmarajan, C. S. (1950). Indian J. Vet. Sci.,
20, 263
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND SEASONAL
INCIDENCE OF MAIN CONTAGIOUS DISEASES AMONG
BOVINES IN THE PUNJAB FROM 1944-45 TO 1949-50
By TULSA RAM, L.V.P., M.Sc., Ph.D., Veterinary Investigation Officer, Government
Livestock Farm, Hissar
(Received for publication on 16 July 1951)
(With three text-figures)
T HE information regarding the occurrence of main contagious diseases among
cattle in the Punjab was published in Indian Farming, Volume 3, March, 1946.
This, however, related to the Joint Punjab and for the period from 1932-33 to
1934-44. The data, now presented in this article, relate to the Punjab (India) and
for a period of six years from 1944-45 to 1949-50.
The Punjab State now comprises of thirteen districts divided into two revenue
divisions of Jullundur and Ambala.
The data have been collected from the reports of outbreaks received from the
field staff through their respective Divisional Superintendents,
TABLE I
Incidence of the main contagious diseases in bovines year-wise
Name of disease
Rinderpest
Haemorrhagic septicaemia
Foot and mouth
Black quarter
Number of outbreaks
1944-45
681
1,111
147
115
1945-46
725
1,026
517
59
1946-47
759
807
718
36
1947-48
1,573
114
88
5
1948-49
777
705
296
23
1949-50
127
472
1,067
11
From Table I presenting data for 6 years and Fig. 1 showing yearly distribution
of contagious diseases since 1932-33, it is observed that rinderpest occurs in cycles.
The first peak occurred in 1932-33 and 1933-34; second peak occurred after three
years, i.e. in 1937-38 and 1938-39 and the third peak began in 1944-45, which lasted
upto 1947-48 and since then it is on the decline. From the trend the next peak
cycle can be predicted with some accuracy and thus mass prophylactic vaceination
against rinderpest could be carried out a year earlier to prevent its causing heavy
losses.
135
13
136
MAIN CONTAGIOUS DISEASES AMONG BOVINES
[Vol. XXII, Part II,
FIG. 1. Yearly distribution of contagious diseases.
June, 1952]
TULSA
RAM
137
The year 1947-48 was unprecedented in the history of the Punjab in which
movement of livestock along with human population took place on mass scale due to
the partition of the Province resulting in the spread of rinderpest also on mass scale
throughout the State. The incidence of other contagious diseases, on the other hand,
was lowest in the same year, most probably, due to the break down of communication
and transport systems and preoccupation of the people in domestic worries due to
the upheavel.
Great variation in the number of reports in the case of all other infectious diseases
was observed from year to year, depending upon movement of livestock, rainfall
and other environmental factors.
Lall [1946] reported that rinderpest was on the decline in the Punjab since 1932-33.
However, observations recorded above do not agree with his findings. In so far
as other diseases of bovine are concerned, the above observations are in conformity
with those recorded by him.
Seasonal incidence
The number of outbreak reports of each disease received each month for all the
years from 1944-45 to 1949-50 were pooled together to determine the seasonal
incidence. Table II below shows the result.
TABLE II
Number of outbreaks of main contagious diseases in bovines month-wise
Name of disease
Rinderpest
Haemorrhagic septicaemia
Foot and mouth
Black quarter
January
914
246
43
8
February
277
156
26
11
March
206
129
78
10
April
269
91
401
30
May
164
79
826
17
June
257
73
819
25
July
236
235
218
20
August
244
1258
90
49
September
288
1178
121
33
October
338
400
102
22
November
654
183
63
12
December
695
207
47
12
Table II and Fig. 2 indicate that February and March arc comparatively the
healthiest months each year when the total number of reports of all epidemic diseases
is the lowest.
Rinderpest. This disease is encountered more frequently during winter months,
i.e., November to January.
Foot and mouth disease. The number of outbreaks of this disease begins to
increase in early April, reaches its peak in May, stays in June and shows an abrupt
decline from July onwards. In other words, with the onset of rains it declines fairly
rapidly and is lowest during winter months.
Haemorrhagic septicaemia. The highest number of outbreaks of this disease
occurs during and soon after the summer rainy season; thus it is at its climax during
the months of August and September and may commence as early as July and later
13A
138
MAIN CONTAGIOUS DISEASES AMONG BOVINES
[Vol. XXII, Part II
FIG. 2. Seasonal distribution of main contagious diseases in the Punjab.
June, 1952]
TULSA
RAM
139
extend to the month of October depending upon the length of rainy season. The
disease also shows tendency to flare up occasionally after winter rains during the
months of December and January.
Black quarter. In the case of black quarter, the outbreaks are fairly evenly
distributed throughout the year but some increase is noticed during the months of
August and September.
It is thus observed that each calendar year starts with rinderpest at its peak in
January followed by comparatively healthy period for two months, i.e., February
and March. Foot and mouth disease makes its appearance and holds sway from
April to June, and then haemorrhagic septicaemia flares up with the onset of rainy
season and holds the field upto September and October, when Black quarter also
breaks out and takes its toll. In the end rinderpest starts increasing again in
November and thus the cycle repeats itself each year.
The above conclusions in respect of various diseases are in agreement with those
recorded by Lall [1946] except in the case of Foot and mouth disease, in which he
mentioned that the disease started declining from June onward and was at low
level in rainy season, where as observations recorded above indicate that the disease
stays in June and July marks the decline of the infection and is low in winter months.
In this respect observations recorded in this paper are in conformity with those
reported by Hutyra and Marek [1949].
The above observations are supported by statistical analysis and finding the
value of 't' and testing its significance.
In the case of rinderpest
Mean value for peak months of November, December and
January
Mean value for other 9 months . . . .
t =
√754.3
—253.2/5887.9
X
0.7
=754-3
=253.2
= 9.3**
This is significant beyond 1 per cent level and thus the difference observed due to
seasonal effect is real and is not a chance occurrence.
Haemorrhagic Septicaemia—
Mean value for peak months of August and September . .
Mean value for other 10 months . . . . .
t = √1218 —179.9/9246.7 X 0.8
=1218
=179.9
= 13.6**
In this case also chance occurrence is much beyond 1 per cent level and the seasonal
difference is highly significant.
Foot and Mouth disease —
Mean value for April, May and June
Mean value for other 9 months . . .
t
=
√682
—87.4/14510.3
X
0.7
=682
=87.4
= 7.0**
Highly significant beyond 1 per cent level.
140
MAIN CONTAGIOUS DISEASES AMONG BOVINES
[Vol. XXII, Part II,
Table III indicates the distribution of contagious diseases district-wise. The
number of reports of outbreaks received in case of each disease in each district is an
average of last 6 years period. As the cattle population varies considerably from
district to district, the number of outbreaks per 1,00,000 cattle was calculated to get
comparative idea on uniform basis.
TABLE III
District-wise distribution of contagious diseases in bovines and effect of rainfall on them
Name of district
Ferozepur
Hissar
Rohtak
Gurgaon
Karnal
Amritsar
Ludhiana
Jullundur
Hoshiarpur
Ambala
Gurdaspur
Kangra
Simla
Total cattle
population
7,48,080
4,89,893
5,33,948
5,28,446
7,43,823
5,44,641
4,11,802
5,03,529
6,26,416
5,16,808
6,36,067
7,08,116
21,417
Average
rainfall
per annum
during
last 6 years
in inches
12.9
15.1
15.9
21.2
21.8
22.4
27.5
29.0
36.1
40.2
45.7
71.7
39.9
Average number of reports received
per annum per 1,00,000 cattle
R. P.
7.3
8.4
6.8
7.5
10.6
13.0
12.5
12.6
11.4
10.0
10.9
17.8
24.8
H. S.
8.4
5.5
7.8
6.6
3.7
24.3
15.4
14.2
12.7
8.9
13.5
4.0
0
F.M.
5.1
7.5
7.8
8.1
5.8
4.7
5.2
11.9
4.2
11.3
3.8
5.2
88.8
B.Q.
0.1
1.6
2.1
1.3
0.4
0.03
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.04
0.2
0.8
Total No. of
out breaks
per 1,00,000
cattle
20.9
23.9
24.5
23.5
20.5
42.0
33.5
39.2
28.7
30.4
27.7
27.2
114.4
Remarks
From Table III, it is observed that the first five districts have an average rainfall
of 17.4 inches per annum and the total number of outbreaks is 22.5 per annum per
1,00,000 animals. In the next five districts the average rainfall is 31.0 inches per
annum and the total number of reports is 34.8 per annum per 1,00,000 animals.
In the last two districts the average rainfall is 58.7 per annum and the total number
of reports is 27.5 per annum per 1,00,000 cattle. Thus moderate rainfall between
22 in. to 40 inches in the Punjab is more favourable for occurrence of epidemic
diseases than rainfall below 22 in. and above 40 inches.
In so far as individual contagious diseases are concerned, rinderpest is observed
to continue increasing with increasing rainfall; while on the other hand, Black quarter
shows decline with increasing rainfall. The incidence of hemorrhagic septicaemia
and Foot and mouth disease is more in medium rainfall as compared with both
low and high rainfall. Table IV clearly illustrates the above statement.
June, 1952]
TULSA
RAM
141
FIG. 3. Incidence of contagious diseases on regional basis according to the rainfall
Histograme Scale 1 in. =400 outbreaks.
142
MAIN CONTANGIOUS DISEASES AMONG BOVINES
[Vol. XXII, Part II,
TABLE IV
Incidence of contagious diseases according to rainfall
Average rainfall in inches
17.4
31.0
58.7
Average number of reports per annum per 1,00,000 cattle
R.P.
8.1
11.9
14.4
H.S.
6.4
15.1
8.8
F.M.
6.9
7.5
4.2
B.Q.
1.1
0.3
0.1
Total
22.5
34.8
27.5
Effect of rainfall is also further apparent when the state is divided into four
regions according to rainfall and the effect of rainfall determined on each disease
separately.
1. Above 40 inches.
2. 30 in. to 40 inches.
3. 20 in. to 30 inches.
4. Below 20 inches.
The number of outbreaks in each region has been calculated per 1,00,000 cattle
popultion in each region and is given in Table V.
TABLE V
Regional distribution of the State according to rainfall and its effect on incidence of
contagious diseases
Regions according to rainfall
1. Above 40 in.
2. 30 in. to 40 in.
3. 20 in. to 30 in.
4. Below 20 in.
Number of reports per 1,00,000 cattle
R.P.
87
67
66
45
H.S.
51
65
73
45
F.M.
26
53
42
39
B.Q.
2
2
3
7
From Table V and Fig. 3 also it is observed that foot and mouth disease and
haemorrhagic septicaemia outbreaks are more in region numbers 2 and 3 with
rainfall between 20 to 40 in. than in regions 1 and 4 in which the rainfall is above
40 in. and below 20 in. respectively. Black quarter outbreaks are more in low
rainfall region than in any other region. Rinderpest outbreaks are also lowest in
region 4 with rainfall below 20 in., but it is higher in region 1 as well with rainfall
above 40 in. which may, most probably, be due to greater susceptibility of hill cattle
to this disease.
REFERENCES
Lall. H. K. (1946). Indian Fmg. 3
Hutyra and Marek (1949). Special Pathology and Therapeutic of the Diseases of Domestic
Animals I, 396-397