NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
June, 1952]
S.
S.
PRABHU
AND
S.
GUHA
107
(vi) Total sperm in an ejaculate. In both the caculates, bulls in the one hour
exercise group gave larger number of sperm than those in the two hour group, the
respective overall means being 1598 and 1448 millions respectively. The difference
did not approach the 5 per cent level of significance.
(vii) Initial pH. In both ejaculates, there was hardly any difference in the values
of pH of the semen of bulls in the two groups.
On the whole, no significant differences in the various attributes of semen quality
and reaction time were found between the animals subjected to the two levels of
excercise, showing clearly that no material advantage was gained by increasing
the rate of exercise from one to two hours daily.
SUMMARY
1. Experiments were undertaken on Kumauni hill bulls to study the effect of
immediate, long term (one month) and two levels of exercise (one hour and two hours
on semen production. The exercise (when otherwise stated) consisted in leading the
bulls on a marked pathway at the rate of 3 miles an hour for approximately an hour.
2. With the exception of semen volume, on significant difference was observed
in the semen characteristics and reaction time of bulls receiving and not receiving
exercise just prior to collection. Bulls receiving no exercise for a period of one month
showed significant changes in intial pH and percentage of abnormal sperms while
changes in sperm concentration and motility rating approached 5 per cent level of
significance. There was no significant difference in the quality of semen and reaction
times of bulls receiving one hour and two hour daily exercise. It has been concluded
that while lack of exercise for long periods is detrimental to sperm production,
increase in the daily level of exercise from one to two hours is not likely to
materially improve semen production and reaction time.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are indebted to Dr P. Bhattacharya, the Officer-in-Charge of the
Animal Genetics Section, for providing the necessary facilities in conducting these
studies and to Messers A. R. Roy and V. N. Amble of the Statistical Section, Indian
Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, for help and advice in the statistical
treatment of the data. Their thanks are due to the Director, Indian Veterinary
Research Institute, for all help and encouragement.
REFERENCES
Anderson, J. (1945). Semen of animals and its use for Artificial Insemination Imp. Bar. Anim. Gen.,
Edinburgh
Bartlett, J. J. W. and Perry, E. J. (1939). Amer. Soc. Anim. Prod. Proc. 32 243-245.
Brondt, A. E. (1938). Ioxa Agri. Expt. Sta. Res. Bull., 234
Branton, C., Bratton, R. W. and Salisbury, G. W. (1947). J. Dairy Sci., 30(12), 1003-1013
Cochran, W. G., Autrey, K. M. and Cannon, C. Y. (1941). J. Dairy Sci., 24(11), 937-951
Dunlop, W. L. (1941), Arysh. Digest., 27(8) 7
Hamilton, J. G., and Symington, E. L. (1939). Canad. J. Comp. Med., 3, 337
Kelly, P. L. (1940). Hoard's Dairym., 85, 40
Sriedecor, G. W. (1946), Statistical Methods. The Lowa State College Press, Ames, Lowa
SEASONAL VARIATION IN 'REACTION-TIME' AND
SEMEN QUALITY OF SHEEP
BY D. D. SHUKLA AND P. BHATTACHARYA, Animal Genetics Section,
Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar
(Received for publication on 30 July 1951)
(With one text-figure)
T HERE is a distinct breeding season when the testes show maximum reproductive
activity in the males of wild forms of domesticated animals [Marshal, 1922].
In the domesticated animals, however, probably as a result of changed environmental
conditions attending the process of domestication, the males have become conti-
nuous breeders. Radulescu [1933] studied spermatogenesis in rams during all
months of the year and found continuous spermatogenesis. Roux and Hoffman
[1935] observed that rams do not become impotent during any part of the year.
Though spermatogenic activity goes on throughout the year, its extent and rate
have been found to depend on environmental temperature. Thus, McKenzie and
Berliner [1937] at Missouri found that in Shropshire and Hampshire rams high
summer temperature induced a decrease in the numbers of normal and an increase
in that of abnormal spermatozoa. Green [1940] observed low sperm concentration
and rise in the proportion of abnormal spermatozoa from June to August in Shrop-
shire rams at Minnesota. From January to May the semen quality was best in
these rams. Gunn et al. [1942] observed marked seasonal degeneration in rams
in Australia during hot weather and a gradual recovery in cooler season. Phillips
et al. [1943, b] have made similar observations in Hampshire, Karakul, Shropshire
and South down rams at Maryland. In Kenya, seasonal variations in the semen
of rams have been observed by Anderson [1945]. One singular fact which emerges
out of the review of the literature is that climatic conditions influence very greatly
the spermatogenic activity of rams and that high environmental temperature dec-
reases the spermatogenesis.
In the present study an attempt has been made to determine the seasonal varia-
tions of semen characteristics of indigenous rams. This was considered worthwhile
in view of the fact that the climatic conditions in India are very different from those
of other countries and also the sheep of this country belong to distinctly different
breeds from those on which similar studies have been conducted.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Experimental animals consisted of 9 rams, 2½ to 4 years of age of the type common-
ly met within Uttar Pradesh. They were selected for good health and sex ability.
Before the commencement of the experiment, they were trained to mount an anoe-
strous ewe and ejaculate semen in the artificial vagina.
109
7
110
SEASONAL VARIATION IN REACTION TIME
[Vol. XXII, Part II,
Throughout the experimental period the animals were tied separately in well
ventilated sheds and were kept under uniform dietary regime. The concentrates
supplied consisted of the following ingredients : —
Rape cake
.
.
.
.
.
.
Wheat bran
Gram
Indian corn
Barley crushed
Salt
.
1000
200
600
680
680
28
parts
„
„
„
„
„
by
„
„
„
„
„
weight.
„
„
„
„
„
To each animal half a pound of the above mixture was given per day along with
8 lb. of green leaves. In addition the animals were allowed free grazing for six
hours a day.
Two collections of semen at an interval of 15 minutes were made from each
animal every fortnight for two consecutive years. Each semen sample obtained
was examined for the following physical characteristics :—
(1) Colour and consistency of semen.
(2) Total volume of semen.
(3) Initial motility of spermatozoa.
(4) pH of semen.
(5) Sperm concentration per c.c. of semen.
(6) Total number of spermatozoa per ejaculate.
(7) Percentage of abnormal spermatozoa.
Besides the above semen characteristics, the 'reaction-time', i.e., the time interval
between the release of the male near the female and actual moment of ejaculation,
of the animals was noted. The time was measured in seconds.
Colour and consistency were examined by the visual appearance of the semen.
Volume was measured to the nearest 1/100 c.c. of semen. Initial motility was
scored according to the criterion recommended by Erb, Andrews and Hilton [1942].
Hydrogenion concentration of semen samples was determined by B.D.H. capillator
by colorimetric method. Sperm concentration was determined by the usual haema-
cytometer method. Total number of spermatozoa was determined from the data
on total volume and the sperm concentration per unit volume of semen. Percentage
of abnormal spermatozoa was determined according to the method of Mukherjee
and Bhattacharya [1947].
RESULTS
Data showing the average quality of semen produced by the rams in each month
are presented in Table I. Examination of the data reveals that there did not exist
any relationship between the 'reaction-time' and quality of semen produced by
the rams in each month. Colour of the samples during the entire experimental
period was creamy. The consistency of the samples was either thin or thick. From
the Table it is apparent that sperm concentration and total number of spermatozoa
for thin creamy samples varied from 1666 to 2371 millions of supermatozoa per c.c.
of semen and 901 to 1838 millions per ejaculate respectively. Thick creamy samples
had the sperm concentration from 2429 to 4951 millions per c.c. of semen and total
number of spermatozoa per ejaculate from 1359 to 3891 millions. Thin creamy
samples had comparatively higher pH than thick creamy samples.
June, 1952]
111
Reaction-time (in seconds)
Colour and consistency
Volume of semen (in ml.)
Initial motility
pH of semen
Sperm concentration (in rl
per ml. of semen)
Total number of spermat
millions)
Percentage abnormal s1
tozoa.
4
9
3
2
1946-47
J
29
T. C.
0.68
4.9
6.3
2,591
1,740
7.3
J
32
T. C.
0.69
4.7
6.3
2,204
1,838
3.9
A
29
T. C.
0.62
5.0
6.4
1,997
1,415
5.0
S
24
T. C.
0.57
4.9
6.5
1,855
1,130
7.7
O
18
T. C.
0.56
4.7
6.5
1,906
1,119
6.9
N
18
Th. C.
0.54
4.8
6.4
2,429
1,359
6.8
D
16
Th.C.
0.67
4.5
6.4
3,236
2,233
10.3
8
June, 1952]
D.
P.
MUKHERJEE
AND
P.
BHATTACHARYA
111
TABLE 1
Average monthly variation in 'reaction-time' and semen characteristics of rams
Reaction-time (in seconds)
Colour and consistency
Volume of semen (in ml.)
Initial motility
pH of semen
Sperm concentration (in millions
per ml. of semen)
Total number of spermatozoa (in
millions)
Percentage abnormal sperma-
tozoa.
1945-46.
J
36
Th. C.
0.57
4.3
6.l
3,751
2,423
11.5
F
27
Th. C.
0.76
4.7
6.1
4,038
3,141
3.0
M
38
Th. C.
0.76
4.8
6.2
3,553
2,857
2 .6
A
33
Th. C.
0.75
4.9
6.2
4,951
3,891
3.0
M
22
Th. C.
0.60
4.8
6.0
2,841
2,033
2.4
J
27
T. C.
0.64
4.8
6.4
2,371
1,579
3.5
J
39
T. C.
0.56
4.9
6.4
2,025
1,205
9.0
A
47
T. C.
0.54
4.0
6.1
1,666
901
17.1
S
40
T. C.
0.47
4.3
6.1
1,901
1,015
5.2
O
31
T. C.
0.52
4.9
6.1
1,909
1,305
2.8
N
30
Th. C.
0.54
4.3
6.0
3,159
1,710
3.9
D
33
Th. C.
0.56
4.8
6.0
3,685
2,133
7.2
1946-47
J
23
Th. C.
0.56
4.3
6.4
2,593
1,472
7.2
F
24
Th. C.
0.59
4.5
6.4
3,016
1,931
4.7
M
22
Th. C.
0.61
4.7
6.3
3,268
2,171
4.3
A
20
T. C.
0.63
4.7
6.4
2,158
1,447
7.1
M
23
T.C.
0.54
4.9
6.3
2,291
1,302
4.1
J
29
T. C.
0.68
4.9
6.3
2,591
1,740
7.3
J
32
T. C.
0.69
4.7
6.3
2,204
1,838
3.9
A
29
T. C.
0.62
5.0
6.4
1,997
1,415
5.0
S
24
T. C.
0.57
4.9
6.5
1,855
1,130
7.7
O
18
T. C.
0.56
4.7
6.5
1,906
1,119
6.9
N
18
Th. C.
0.54
4.8
6.4
2,429
1,359
6.8
D
16
Th. C.
0.67
4.5
6.4
3,236
2,233
10.3
T. C.=Thin creamy
Th. C.=Thick creamy
8
112
SEASONAL VARIATION IN REACTION TIME
[Vol. XXII, Part II,
TABLE II
Seasonal variations in average ' reaction-time ' and semen characteristics of rams
Autumn (August to October)
Winter (November to January)
Spring (February to April)
Summer (May to July)
Reaction
time (in
seconds)
23.4
19.1
22.0
27.8
Colour
and
Consis-
tency of
semen
T. C.
Th. C.
Th. C.
T. C.
Volume
of semen
(in c.c.)
0.55
0.57
0.69
0.62
Initial motility
of spermatozoa
4.78
4.62
4.78
4.89
pH of
semen
6.3
6.2
6.2
6.4
Sperm
concentration
(in millions
per c.c. of semen)
1,872
3,142
3,497
2,787
Total no. of
spermatozoa
(in millions
per ejaculate)
1,148
1,892
2,573
1,617
Percentage of
abnormal sperma-
tozoa per
ejaculate
7.45
7.81
4.11
5.03
T. C.=Thin creamy
Th. C.=Thick creamy
June,
1952]
D. P. MUKERJEE AND P. BHATTACHARYA
113
FIG, 1. Showing the month variation.
9
June, 1952] D. P. MUKHERJEE AND P. BHATTACHARYA 116
TABLE III
Summary of the result of analysis of data on ' reaction-time' and semen characteristics
of rams
Factors for analysis
Reaction-time
Volume of semen
Initial motility of spermatozoa
pH of semen
Sperm concentration
Total number of spermatozoa
Percentage of abnormal sper-
matozoa per ejaculate.
Source of variation
Between
Animals
**
**
°
**
**
**
**
Between
Years
**
°
°
**
**
**
°
Between
seasons
°
**
**
**
**
**
**
Interaction
between
seasons
and
years
°
**
**
**
**
**
**
Between
months
within
seasons
°
°
**
**
**
**
**
** Significant at one per cent level.
° Not significant.
variation among rams. Between the two experimental years 1945-46 and 1946-47,
the variations observed in 'reaction-time', pH of semen, sperm concentration and
total number of spermatozoa were highly significant, whereas the variations observed
in volume of semen, initial motility and percentage of abnormal spermatozoa were due
to chance and not real. Variations between seasons and due to interaction between
seasons and years were highly significant in all the characteristics of semen. Between
months within seasons highly significant variations were found in initial motility,
sperm concentration, total number of spermatozoa and percentage of abnormal
spermatozoa.
To test the differences between rams, between years and between seasons with
regard to the variable semen characteristics as presented in Table III, critical
difference (C.D.) at five per cent level of the variable characteristics have been
worked out and are presented in Table IV to VI. The average figure shown
under the same bar in these tables did not vary at five per cent level.
9 A
116
SEASONAL VARIATION IN REACTION TIME
[Vol. XXII, Part II,
TABLE IV
Critical difference at 5 per cent level of probability in ' reaction-time ' and variable
semen characteristics among rams
Variable characteristics
Reaction-time
Volume of semen
pH of semen
Sperm concentration
Total number of spermato-
zoa.
Percentage of abnormal
spermatozoa.
Value
of
C.D.
11.0
0.12
0.08
508
613
24
Averages of the rams are arranged in ascending order.
47
(11.1)
30
(0.87)
47
(6.08)
30
(1,795)
30
(667)
65
(4.6)
30
(17.3)
46
(0.52)
27
(6.20)
67
(1,880)
3
(1,182)
07
(4.8)
46
(18.9)
49
(0.54)
49
(6.21)
74
(1,971)
67
(1,190)
47
(5.0)
49
(20.9)
3
(0.55)
65
(6.26)
3
(2,120)
46
(1,345)
74
(5.1)
74
(25.6)
65
(0.63)
46
(6.20)
65
(2,417)
74
(1,468)
27
(5.4)
65
(36.3)
67
(0.63)
3
(6.32)
46
(2,472)
49
(1,559)
40
(6.6)
3
(38.1)
74
(0.72)
67
(6.34)
27
(2,747)
65
(1,764)
30
(6.8)
67
(38.6)
47
(0.75)
74
(6.41)
49
(2,895)
27
(2,229)
49
(6.9)
27
(55.6)
27
(0.82)
30
(6.42)
47
(3,782)
47
(3,074)
3
(9.0)
TABLE V
Critical difference at five per cent level of probability between years
Variable characteristics
Reaction-time
pH of semen
Sperm concentration
Total number of spermatozoa
Value of
C. D. at
5 per cent
level
3.5
0.03
237
289
The averages of the years
are arranged in ascending
order
1946.47
(22.7)
1945-46
(6.2)
1946-47
(2,462)
1946-47
(1,599)
1945-46
(35.6)
1946-47
(6.4)
1945-46
(2,987)
1945-46
(2,016)
June, 1952]
D. P. MUKERJEE AND P. BHATTACHARYA
117
TABLE VI
Critical difference of variable semen characteristics at 5 per cent level of probability
between seasons
Variable characteristics of
semen
Volume of semen
Initial motility
pH of semen
Sperm concentration
Total number of spermatozoa
Percentage of abnormal sper-
matozoa
Value of
C.D.
0.07
0.09
0.04
335
408
1.58
Averages of the seasons are arranged in ascending
order
Autumn
(0.55)
Winter
(4.62)
Winter
(6.2)
Autumn
(1,872)
Autumn
(1,148)
Spring
(4.11)
Winter
(0.57)
Autumn
(4.65)
Spring
(6.2)
Summer
(2,787)
Summer
(1,617)
Summer
(5.03)
Summer
(0.62)
Spring
(4.78)
Autumn
(6.3)
Winter
(3,142)
Winter
(1,892)
Autumn
(7.45)
Spring
(0.69)
Summer
(4.89)
Summer
(6.4)
Spring
(3,497)
Spring
(2,573)
Winter
(7.81)
Table IV shows C.D. at five per cent level of the variable characteristics between
rams. This table "further shows that the 'reaction-time' of rams did not bear any
relationship with the quality of semen produced by them. The quality of semen
of rams under the same bar which did not show significant variation in their average
'reaction-time' varied considerably. For instance, the quality of semen (as judged
by sperm concentration and total number of spermatozoa) of ram 47, whose 'reaction-
time' did not vary significantly from rams 30, 46 and 49, was significantly superior
to that of these animals. Ram 74 had the average 'reaction-time' significantly
less than rams 3 and 67, but the' average sperm concentration and total number
of spermatozoa of these rams did not vary significantly. Ram 27, whose average
'reaction-time' was significantly more than that of the rest of the rams, had average
sperm concentration and total number of spermatozoa lower than only ram 47.
Volume of semen of ram 30 was lower than of all other rams. Rams 46, 49
and 3 had significantly lower semen volume than rams 74, 47 and 27. Rams 65
and 67 had lower semen volume than rams 47 and 27. The rest of the rams did not
vary significantly among themselves.
Average pH of semen of ram 47 was significantly lower than of the rest of the
animals. It is also evident from the table that the average sperm concentration
and total number of spermatozoa of ram 47 were significantly higher than those of
the rest of the rams. Semen of ram 27 had significantly lower pH than of rams 46,
3, 67, 74 and 30. Its average sperm concentration was higher than of these animals
122
SEASONAL VARIATION IN REACTION TIME
[Vol. XXII, Part II,
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are indebted to Mr. A. Roy, Statistician of the Indian Council
of Agricultural Researh for valuable suggestions regarding statistical treatment
of the data, and Dr. D. P. Mukherjee for valuable assistance.
REFERENCES
Anderson, J. (1939). Vet. J. 95, 457
Anderson, J. (1939). J. agric. Sci. 35, 185
Berliner, V. R., and Warbritton, V. (1937). Proc. Am. Soc. Anim. Prod., 137
Brogart, R and Mayar, D. T. (1946). Mo. Agri. Expt. Sta. Res. Bull. 402
Comstock, R. E., and Brady, D. E. (1937). Amer. Soc. Anim. Prod., 30th Ann. Meet, 233
Erb, R. E., Andrews, F. N., and Hilton, J. H. (1942). J. Dairy Sci. 35, 815
Green, W. W. (1940). Proc. Amer. Soc. Anim. Prod. 33rd Ann. Meet, 207
Gunn, R. W. C., Sanders, R. N., and Granger, W. (1942). Bull. Coun. Sci. Industr. Res. Aust. 148
Marshal, F. H. A. (1922). The physiology of Reproduction. Longmans, Green and Co., London,
2nd edition
McKenzie, F. F., and Berliner, V. (1937). Res. Bull. Mo. Agri. Expt. Sta., 265
Mukherjee, D. P. and Bhattacharya, P. (1947). Proc. Ind. Sci. Cong. Part 3, 215 In press (Abst).
Mukherjee, D. P. and Bhattacharya, P. (1949). Proc. Zool. Soc. Bengal 2, 149
Phillips, R. W., and McKenzie, F. F. (1934). Missouri Agri. Exper. Sta. Res. Bull. 217
—,
Kanap B (Jr.) Heemstia, L. C., and Eaton, 0. N. (1943). Amer. Vet. Res. 4, 115
—,
Schott, R.G., Eaton, O.N., and Simmons, V. L. (1943, b). Corn. Vet. 33 (3), 227
Radulescu, A. (1933). Aun. Inst. Nat. Zool. Roumanid, 2, 152
Roux, L. L., and Hoffman, F. F. (1935). Fugs. Agri. 6, 465
Terril, C. E. (1937). Prod. Amer. Soc. Anim. Prod. 30th Ann. Meet : 311
COMPOSITION OF MILK OF INDIAN ANIMALS
III-FREEZING POINT, LACTOSE AND CHLORIDE CONTENT OF MILK
SAMPLES FROM DIFFERENT FARMS IN INDIA
By NOSHIR N. DASTUR, C. S. DHARMARAJAN AND R. VENKATESWARA RAO, Indian
Dairy Research Institute, Bangalore
( Received for publication on 23 May 1951)
I N a previous communication [Dharmarajan, Venkateswara Rao, Menon and
Dastur, 1950], results of analysis of nearly 1,300 samples of milk produced at
the Indian Dairy Research Institute, Bangalore, from herd and individual animals
were discussed. It was shown that the average value for the freezing point of cow
and buffalo milk was identical, viz.—0.548 o C. Over 96 per cent of the samples
studied showed a freezing point depression greater than 0.530°C. and hence this
value was recommended for use for legal purposes. Buffalo milk was found to be
richer in lactose content than cow milk. The average value for lactose content
of cow milk was 4.92 per cent, and of buffalo milk 5.26 per cent. On the other hand,
cow milk contained a larger amount of chlorine than buffalo milk, the average values
being 0.089 and 0.072 per cent, respectively.
It was thought desirable to extend the study and compare the results with those
of milk samples collected from other farms in India. All the samples were obtained
from dairy farms in different parts of the country where animals were milked
under strict supervision.
EXPERIMENTAL
For the collection of samples to be obtained from long distances a preservative
had to be used. From a large number of trails it was found that mercuric perchloride
in the concentration of 0.075 per cent was the most suitable preservative [Venka-
teswara Rao, Dastur and Dharmarajan, 1950]. The avarage increase in freezing
point depression by the addition of mercuric perchloride in this concentration was
0.02°C.
Samples were obtained in 300 ml. glass bottles closed with rubber stoppers. It
was previously ascertained that rubber stoppers had no effect on the freezing point.
A 4.5 per cent solution of mercuric perchloride in ethyl ether was prepared and 5 ml.
of this added to each sample bottle. The ether was then removed under suction.
In this way the addition of extraneous water was avoided. These bottles were
despatched to the respective collecting centres with instructions to fill them up to the
mark and send the samples as early as possible to Bangalore by post. A record
was kept of the breed of animals from which samples were obtained, the number of
animals in the herd and the number of days after which the sample was analysed in
the laboratory.
Freezing point, lactose and chlorine were determined by the methods already
described in previous communication [Dharmarajan, et al., 1950]. The apparent
123
11
124
COMPOSITION OF MILK OF INDIAN ANIMALS III
[Vol. XXII, Part II,
values for freezing point obtained were corrected by subtracting 0.02°C. from the
observed values. Similarly, chlorine percentage found was corrected by the amount
contributed by the added preservative. In Tables 1 and II, only corrected figures
are given. The average data for milk of different breeds of animals are sum-
marised in Table III.
TABLE I
Freezing point, lactose and chlorine in cow milk samples from different farms in
India
Sample
number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Place of origin
Agra
„
„
Allahabad
„
„
„
Ambala
„
„
Bombay
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Dalhousee
„
„
„
„
„
Jullundar
„
„
„
„
„
„
Breed.
Crossbred
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Number of
animals
in the
herd
3
4
4
45
70
60
56
86
87
90
6
147
245
258
269
278
349
358
44
36
51
54
50
45
8
9
16
7
13
9
22
Samples
analysed
after days
8
10
9
10
9
6
5
15
7
9
6
5
5
16
15
12
9
6
8
9
13
12
11
9
7
7
7
7
7
7
10
Freezing
point
—°C.
0.545
0.560
0.536
0.538
0.539
0.530
0.544
0.540
0.530
0.530
0.547
0.540
0.533
0.534
0.543
0.536
0.530
0.542
0.573
0.550
0.550
0.530
0.555
0.542
0.548
0.555
0.556
0.558
0.544
0.550
0.563
Lactose
monohy-
drate
per cent
5.07
5.06
4.55
5.20
5.22
5.24
5.22
5.20
5.35
5.07
4.62
..
5.68
5.69
5.34
5.68
5.38
5.36
5.06
5.60
4.85
4.33
..
4.70
4.31
5.51
5.49
5.21
5.65
4.76
..
Chlorine
per cent
0.087
0.095
0.122
0.072
0.072
0.064
0.068
0.088
0.082
0.081
0.110
..
0.060
0.063
0.060
0.050
0.060
0.065
0.094
0.091
0.093
0.091
..
0.089
0.122
0.065
0.070
0.084
0.058
0.114
June, 1962] N. N. DASTUR, C. S. DHARMARAJAN AND R. V. RAO
125
TABLE I—contd.
Freezing point, lactose and chlorine in cow milk samples from different farms in
India—contd.
Sample
number
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
Place of origin
Jullundar
„
Kasauli
„
„
Lahore
„
„
„
„
Mysore
„
„
Sialkot
„
„
„
„
„
„
Average
Wardha
„
„
„
Average
Bombay
„
„
„
„
„
Average
Hosur
„
Breed
Crossbred
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Gaolao
„
„
„
Gir
„
„
„
„
„
Hallikar
„
„
Number of
animals
in the
herd
9
8
1
1
i
2
21
4
8
3
3
1
1
24
18
5
9
19
3
8
12
13
14
10
12
198
199
234
271
400
..
2
2
Samples
analysed
after days
10
10
7
0
7
24
24
24
24
24
3
3
3
11
7
8
8
8
12
10
16
15
6
10
7
3
2
6
14
6
4
4
4
Freezing
point
—°C.
0.553
0.550
0.560
0.553
0.540
0.550
0.551
0.545
0.531
0.525
0.530
0.540
0.546
0.545
0.550
0.540
0.545
0.552
0.550
0.540
0.544
0.548
0.544
0.540
0.570
0.551
0.544
0.550
0.531
0.535
0.535
0.550
0.541
0.574
0.545
0.540
Lactose
monohy-
drate
per cent
..
..
5.34
4.89
4.48
4.78
5.38
5.23
5.21
5.10
4.71
5.53
5.34
4.78
5.38
5.37
5.22
5.21
5.36
5.22
5.14
5.52
5.53
5.45
5.44
5.49
5.51
..
4.46
4.76
5.22
5.51
5.09
5.18
5.67
5.38
Chlorine
per cent
..
0.070
0.101
0.103
0.123
0.085
0.088
0.088
0.075
0.121
0.074
0.115
0.097
0.081
0.090
0.060
0.079
0.076
0.074
0.084
0.058
0.054
0.061
0.059
0.058
0.075
..
0.104
0.109
0.076
0.050
0.083
0.082
0.058
0.069
11 A