NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
December, 1952 ]
ABSTRACT
323
and stresses the need of preventing mass infestation in young lambs under all condi-
tions. In another experiment, it was observed that an increase of maize ration by
300 gm. a day caused a marked superiority in worm infested sheep as regards their
body weight, appetite for roughage, haemoglobin level, fleece weight and wool
fibre thickness. The immediate cause of death in cases of acute verminosis was
pulmonary oedema. Phenothiazine was not only found to be superior to either
tetrachlorethylene emulsion or copper tartarate and copper arsenate mixture as a
vermifuge but also appeared to be a promotor of bileflow.—[P.C.S.].
SECTION OF PARASITOLOGY
Critical Tests of Phenothiazine as an Anthelmintic for Horses. GIBSON. T. E. (1950).
Vet. Rec. 62, 341-342
T HE author has shown that the efficiency of anthelmintics assessed on pre-and
post treatment egg count is unreliable since the egg production of worms is
inhibited after such treatment. The evaluation of phenothiazine in 30 gm. doses
against stongyle worms conducted on the lines suggested in the Hall's Critical Test,
was based on counting of worms that are eliminated in a representative faecal sample
obtained from animals on the second and third day after, treatment taking also
into account the worms obtained from the bowel washings after slaughtering the
animal. It was observed that the drug at this dosage, though effective against
small strongyles, had low efficiency against the immature small strongyles. Its
efficiency against large strongyles as reported by previous workers was largely due
to higher dosages employed by them.—[D.D.N.].
An inactivated vaccine against Newcastle disease. DOYLE, T. M. AND WRIGHT,
E. C. (1950). British Vet. Jl.06, 139-161
A N inactivated tissue vaccine against Newcastle disease has been described. It
was prepared by inoculating hen's ten days old fertile eggs with virus into the
allantoic cavity and using those embryos which died within seventy-two hours and
had extensive haemorrhages of the feather follicles. The chick embryos were
finely minced and suspended in crystal violet-ethylene glycol.
Most of the vaccine was prepared from either ' Herts ' or Turkey strains of
virus and both of these proved satisfactory. Further work is however indicated to
see if some other strains of higher immunogenic value can be found.
Immunity was established about seven days after vaccination and persisted for
at least twelve months, the longest period so far tested. The vaccine did not evince
any untoward reaction, paralysis or check in growth, and could be used safely on
chick from six weeks of age. It retained its potency for about five months in cold
storage (2 to 4° C.).
The vaccine gave rise to virus neutralising antibodies, but did not induce a
positive haemagglutination—inhibition reaction—which is a considerable advantage,
as it will not interfere with the use of haemagglutination—inhibition test for the
detection of naturally infected fowls. From the casual observations there seemed
to be no adverse influence on egg production controlled tests however had not been
undertaken.
December, 1952 ]
ABSTRACT
325
SECTION OF PARASITOLOGY
A Comparison of the Efficacy of Sulphamezathine (Sulphadimethyl Pyrimidine)
and Sulphaquinoxaline in the Control of Experimentally induced Caecal coccidiosis
in Chicks. KENDALL, S. B. (1950). Vet. Res. 62, 381-382
SULPHAMEZATHINE and Sulphaquinoxaline were compared at concentra-
tions ranging from 0.025 (in water) to 0.25 per cent (in the food), the period of
administration being usually from 48th to 120th hour after infection. Both drugs
proved ineffective when administered from 72 to 96 hours after infection at a con-
centration of 0.025 per cent in water. Both Sulphamezathine and Sulphaquinoxaline
gave significant protection against acute coccidiosis, at a concentration of 0.1 to
0.25 per cent in the food. Sulphaquinoxaline at a concentration of 0.05 per cent in
drinking water proved markedly more effective than Sulphamezathine in limiting
mortality from experimentally induced caecal coccidiosis in young chicks.—[G.A.S.].
The fertility of bovine semen in extenders containing sulfanilamide, penicillin,
streptomycin and polymyxin. FOOTE, R. H. AND BRATTON, R. W. (1950). J.
Dairy Sci., 33(8), 544-47
F ERTILITY rates of bovine semen extended in 3.6 per cent citrate-yolk, con-
taining no antibacterial agent, sulfanilamide, penicillin, streptomycin, polymyxin
or a combination of these antibacterial agents were studied. For the trials, bulls
having both low and high fertility rates were employed. The treatment means
for the per cent non-returns were not" significantly different for the high fertility
group of bulls. On the other hand, the addition of penicillin, streptomycin or the
combination of all antibacterial agents to the extended semen of the low fertility
groups of bulls resulted in an increase in the per cent of non-returns rates which was
on an average approximately 10 per cent higher than that got using sulfanilamide,
polymyxin or no antibacterial agent. The difference in fertility rates between
different extenders on the basis of combined data fell just short of 5 per cent level
of statistical significance. The authors conclude that the results appear to warrant
the use of penicillin, streptomycin, or a combination of these plus polymyxin and
sulfanilamide in extenders for bovine semen for the purpose of increasing to a
limited extent, the overall fertility level of bovine semen used for artificial insemina-
tion.—[S.S.P.].
Inheritance of Susceptibility to Mastitis. LUSH, JAY, L. (1950). J. Dairy Sci.,
33(2), 121-25
C OWS coming from 15 herds in the Canterbury District and 12 herds in the
Manawatu District reported on page 60 of the 21st Annual Report of the New-
zealand Dairy Board, for the year ending 31st July 1945, were classified as ' suscep-
tible ' or as ' resistant ' according as whether they developed mastitis at any age or
reached 8 years of age without showing the injection. The incidence for heritability
was sought simply through undertaking tests to find out whether susceptible dams
produced on an average a higher percentage of susceptible daughters than the
resistant dams in the same herd. For this purpose intra-herd regression of daughters
328
ABSTRACT
[ Vol. XXII, Part IV
hay. Cotton-seed husks in concentrates were excreted at a considerably faster rate
than hay.
Influence of mangolds on the rate of passage of hay through the reticulorumen
was not the same with each cow. The difference appeared to be related to the total
in take of dry matter. Indirect evidence suggested that the rate of passage of man-
golds from the reticulorumen was more rapid than that of hay. Passage of foods
through the omasum, the abomasum and the intestines tended to be rapid when the
diet included a high proportion of water.
A decreased rate of passage of food through the reticulorumen was accompanied
by a raised digestion of crude fibre and a lowered apparent faecal digestibility coeffi-
ceint for crude protein and ether extractable substances.—[A.W.Z.]
Procaine Penicillin and Interrupted Penicillin Treatment in Streptococcus agalactiae
Mastitis. HUGHES, D. L., CHRISTIE, G. T.,AND FARMER, R . K. (1950) Vet. Rec.
62(2), 11-14
T HE authors describe a set of experiments conducted with a view to determining
the penicillin level following the udder infusion and also record the comparative
therapeutic trials conducted with procaine and calcium penicillin in an infection of
Streptococcus agalactiae. As a result of the preliminary trials it was found that,
whereas, the calcium penicillin persisted in the udder for sixty hours the procaine
penicillin was demonstrated for about twelve hours longer than the calcium penicillin.
In the second series of experiments either salt of penicillin was employed in
animals confirmed to be having an infection of Streptococcus agalactiae on milk
sampling. The dose administered comprised 100,000 units per quarter on two
occasions at a 72 hours interval. The interval between the two infusions was planned
by referring to the earlier literature which suggested that the interrupted penicillin
treatment might allow some of the small organisms, referred to as persisters, to
multiply during the intermission and thus rendering them susceptible to treatment
when it is recommenced. Along with this the penicillin ointment was applied to the
teats and to the milkers hands with a view to obviating the chances of skin infection,
Thus, out of twenty one cases treated with procaine penicillin two resisted the treat-
ment (90.5 per cent bacteriological cure) and of 25 cases subjected to a similar treat-
ment with calcium penicillin one failed to respond (96 per cent bacteriological
cure).—[N.S.D.]
The Resistance of the Young Calf to Disease. McEWEN, A. D. (1950). Vet. Reo.
66, 83-93
N EW born calves during their first 2 weeks of life were subjected to variations
in management and feeding and the results were computed in terms of survival
and general condition. Calves kept under cold and damp conditions did not show
increased susceptibility to disease or death, although they had a setback in health
and performance. Pooled colostrum kept at 15°C., thawed and pasteurized was an
effective substitute for fresh colostrum. Calves deprived of colostrum showed wide
variations in susceptibility. Effects of feeding calf serum, colostrum whey, fresh
December, 1952 ]
ABSTRACT
329
milk, stored milk, milk whey, cow serum and effects of injections of calf serum, cow
serum and colostrum whey have been tabulated and discussed. Feeding large quan-
tities of Bact. coli. had no ill effects. Agglutinins against Brucella abortus rose higher
after injections of immune serum than after feeding, but the titre in both cases
dropped by the 3rd week. Bactericidal properties of blood were similar for animals
ranging in age from one day to one month and before or after feeding colostrum. The
resistance or immunity enjoyed by the calf, either as a result of ingestion of colostrum
or acquired in otherways, is discussed. It is suggested that immunity, in so far as
Bact. coli infection is concerned, is independent of immune bodies to the organism
and this immunity is comparable to that of a disease resistant animal. (T.P.B.).
A Comparision of the Effects of Aureomycin, Penicillin and Streptomycin upon
Spermatozoan Livability and Control of Bacteria in Bovine Semen. MYERS, R. M.
AND
ALMQUIST,
J. O. (1951). J. Anim. Sci., 10(2), 322-330
T HE paper deal with the effect of aureomycin upon spermatozoan motility and
the control of bacterial growth in diluted bovine semen. The results are com-
pared with those obtained with penicillin and streptomycin used singly and in
combination. Data on stability of aureomycin in stored semen samples is also
presented.
The tests were carried out on 24 ejaculates. In all seven concentrations of the
drug namely 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500 and 1,000 µg. per ml. of diluted semen were
tried, in addition to the control, and the samples containing 1,000 units each of
streptomycin and penicillin used singly and in combination.
12.5 and 25 µg. concentrations were found to be not toxic to the spermatozoan
while the higher concentrations certainly were. With 50 µg. concentration the toxic
effect was manifest in the later half of 14 days storage period. Levels above 50 µg.
though spermicidal, materially retarded bacterial growth during the storage period
studied.
Penicillin and streptomycin used singly or in combination showed lesser sper-
micidal properties than aureomycin hydrochloride ; the latter however, was equally
efficacious in controlling bacterial growth. A concentration of 50 µg. per ml. of
aureomycin hydrochloride is recommended for routine use at artificial insemination
centres where semen is not normally retained for more than 4 days from the time of
collection.
During storage in diluted semen, aureomycin was found to be relatively stabler
at 4-5°C. than at room temperatures. (S.S.P.)
Spermatozoan Motility as a Measure of Semen Quality. JOHN F. LASLEY (1951).
J. Anim. Sci., 10(1), 211-18
T HE paper discusses data for 78 ejaculates from seven registered Hereford bulls.
Motility was judged on basis of percentage of motile and progressively motile
spermatozoa. Techniques are described for making these determinations.
15
330
ABSTRACT
[Vol. XXII, Part IV
Four distinct groups of spermatozoa are mentioned in both fresh and four days
stored semen. Storage increased the dead, live but non-motile, and weakly motile
sperm groups, but diminished the progressively motile sperm group, from 51.6 per
cent in average fresh semen to 14.2 per cent in semen stored with egg-yolk. As
progressively motile sperm cells were alone believed to take part in fertilization,
caution in evaluation and use of semen is advised.
Correlations between different groups and the relationship between sperm motility
and conception rate are discussed. Percent motile spermatozoa as determined by
haemacytometer count was found to be a good index of motility. (S.V.C.).
The use of Lapinised Rinderpest virus vaccine to replace the annual inoculation of
cattle previously protected with inactivated formolised spleen vaccine.BROTHERSTON,
J. G. AND PURCHASE, H. S. (1952). B. Vet. J. 108, 3, 96-100
T HE success of lapinised rinderpest virus vaccine having been acclaimed in
China, Hong Kong and East Africa, etc., in protecting highly susceptible
cattle, a field experiment was conducted by the authors at a farm in Kenya
having all high-grade susceptible cattle.
The state of immunity in cattle inoculated 14½ months back with formaline
inactivated rinderpest tissue virus was tested by giving 14 cattle a challenge dose
of virulent live virus when only 3 animals out of 14 survived. A batch of 13 cattle
immunized with formaline inactivated spleen vaccine 13 months and 19 days before
was then given an immunizing dose of lapinised vaccine and challenged with live
virus 25 days after immunization when only one out of 13 cattle showed thermal
reaction. Lastly 120 susceptible weaners, aged 8-12 months, were given lapinised
virus vaccine and challenged 25 days later with virulent live virus when all cattle
remained normal—one having died of East Coast Fever.
This proved the potency and superiority of the lapinised vaccine over the for-
malised one. Lapinised vaccine is cheap—one rabbit producing 500-600 cattle doses
many thousands of which can be packed in a small container, its antigenic properties
can be more accurately and quickly titrated and the reaction being very mild there
is no adverse effect on milk yield or pregnancy. Immunity is conferred 84-100 hrs.
after vaccination and this rapid protection makes it useful in combating outbreaks.
[B.N.G.]
REVIEW
DAIRYING IN INDIA, 1951. BY JAMES N. WARNER Published by MacMillan &
Co. Ltd., Calcutta. Pp. 380. Price Rs. 15
T HIS book, published under the auspices of the Indian Council of Agricultural
Research, is the second of a series of manuals relating to animal husbandry
subjects. It is divided into 15 chapters. The first 3 chapters deal with dairy
farming, management of dairy cattle and physiology of milk secretion. The fourth
chapter presents information on the composition of milk, factors affecting the same
and the nutritive qualities of milk and milk products. The next 2 chapters deal
mostly with the general methods of chemical and bacteriological analysis of milk
and milk products. Chapter VII is confined to dairy engineering problems connected
with the management and maintenance of a dairy herd and the operations of a
dairy or creamery. The next chapter covers the principles underlying such common
operations as pasteurisation, separation, homogenisation, and cleaning and sterilisa-
tion of dairy equipments. Chapters IX and X present comprehensive information
on the methods of manufacture, properties and uses of indigenous dairy products.
Chapter XI deals with the principles of production of casein, cheese, ice cream,
evaporated and dried milks. The next 3 chapters deal with milk production records,
dairy book keeping, marketing of milk and cooperative dairying. The last chapter
presents some information on goats and other animals as milk producers.
A few statements deserve some modification : Page 24, ' The calf should be per-
manently marked soon after birth. This may be done by branding.' Branding is
not usually done soon after birth. Page 66, ' Of the amino acid present in casein
and albumin, at least three are essential.' Ten amino acids are now known to be
essential. Page 69, ' The quantity of vitamin D found in milk depends
particularly on the amount of green feed '. It is vitamin A which is markedly
influenced by the green feed. Page 90, ' In forewarming milk it is heated to as high
a temperature as 230°F and held for 5 to 10 minutes.' At such a high temperature
the holding period is usually much less. Page 192, ' Trisodium phospate is a
valuable cleaning material. Its corrosive action may be largely overcome by adding
to it 5 per cent potassium bichromate'. Dichromate is usually used to prevent
corrosion by brine and not in cleansing materials.
This book attempts to cover all aspects of dairying in India and as such, a few
pages might have been allotted for a description of some important breeds of cattle
and systems of breeding (page 3). More information would be useful on the nutritive
value of milk (page 71), its supplementary effect, etc. Some attention could have
been paid on the computation of simple dairy rations (p. 26), on the method of deter-
mination of Reichert value and detection of adulteration in ghee, and on the calcula-
tion of total solids in milk by Richmond's formula.
Due to the delay in the publication of this book, the information presented by
the author in some places have to a certain extent become out of date, but this defect
will no doubt be remedied when a new edition is published.
331
332
REVIEW
[Vol. XXII, Part IV
The material is presented logically and in an easily understandable form. The
general get-up of the book is good except for a few misprints. The book is well
indexed and should prove of value to all who are interested in dairying, especially
students, teachers, field workers and those engaged in dairy business. (K.C.S.)
LITERATURE REVIEW ON FATS AND OILS, 1950
(Published by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi 1952,
Pp. 28.
T HIS pamphlet deals with a review of the literature on oils and fats for the year
1950. It is divided into 2 sections. Section 1 deals with hydrogenated fats
under different heads, viz., production and trade, chemistry and technology of hy-
drogenation, nutritive value, applications, identification and analysis. Section
2 pertains to edible oils and fats and the main subheads are production and trade
composition and structure, synthesis, technology and processing ; deterioration and
spoilage ; nutrition and metabolism ; and lastly methods of analysis.
This pamphlet is presumably intended for research workers and others interested
in the field and as such its usefulness is narrowed down because of the late publication.
The printing and the get up of the pamphlet is good except for a few misprints.
(K.C.S.).
GENERAL ZOOLOGY
BY TRACY I. STORER (Published by Mc Graw-Hill, University of California at
Davis in the Zoological Sciences, Second Edition, 1951. Pp. V-832, with many figures
T HIS well known text book has been so revised and presented in this second edition
that the significant developments in Zoology have been incorporated in a form
which can be easily understood by students in Colleges and Universities. Till recently
Zoology was studied mainly as a descriptive Science with the basic knowledge of
comparative anatomy mostly devoid of consideration of functions and mechanistic
conceptions of the process of life and all the text books dealt with the subject matter
accordingly, but with this change from morphology to Physiology as the basic
theme text books have to be written with the same modern trend of thought ; and
General Zoology by Tracy I. Storer is a good example of this change in Text-book
writing.
The book shows in its present revised form a considerable care and contains
much useful information on almost all topics of Zoology. It is unique in this respect
and is up to date. The whole account is well written and illustrated with the most
suitable diagrams. Most of the illustrations are original, clear and add greatly to
the usefulness of the book.
Part I on General Animal Biology deals comprehensively with the various sub-
jects, notably Organs and Organ systems, Heredity and Genetics, Animal Ecology,
Distribution of animals, Organic Evolution, History of Zoology, Classification and
International Rules of Nomenclature. The chapter on Heredity and Genetics
explains in the most lucid manner the particulars of the subject in the light of most
recent advancements. Addition of such subjects as hormones, genetics of human
December, 1952.]
REVIEW
333
blood groups, populations, human evolution and the relation of genetics to natural
selection have been made.
Part II dealing with the morphology and systematics of the various divisions
of animal kingdom gives all that is required for a general study. Details needed for
a special study of different groups for which special text books are necessary have been
rightly avoided. The synopsis of classification, however, does extend down to orders
and even to the principal families in some orders. At the end of each chapter a good
list or references is given. Chapter on Mankind i.e., Man's place in nature should,
however, have been more comprehensive and should have dealt with the evolution
of man from the point of view of the recent discoveries of ancient proto-human finds.
(H.R.M.).
MGIPC—M- 28 AR—27.4.53—830.
16
Vol XXIII, Part I
March, 1953
The
Indian Journal of Veterinary Science
and
Animal Husbandry
Issued under the authority
of
The Indian Council of Agricultural Research
Annual subscription
Rs. 12 or 20s.
Price per part
Rs. 3 or 5s.
PUBLISHED BY THE MANAGER OF PUBLICATIONS, DELHI.
PRINTED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PRESS, CALCUTTA, IND
1953.
ICAR. 6. XXII. 1.
830.
CONTENTS
Vol. XXIII, Part I
(March, 1953)
The Publications Committee of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research,
India, takes no responsibility for the opinions expressed in this Journal
Original articles
THE EFFECT OF FEEDING THYROPROTEIN
ON SEMEN QUALITY AND ON SOME
PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF GOATS
I. EFFECT ON REACTION TIME AND
SEMEN CHARACTERISTICS (WITH ONE
TEXT-FIGURE)
THE EFFECT OF FEEDING THYROPROTEIN
ON SEMEN QUALITY AND ON SOME
PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF GOATS
II. EFFECT ON SPERM NUTRIENT
AND ITS UTILISATION (WITH ONE
TEXT-FIGURE)
THE EFFECT OF FEEDING THYROPROTEIN
ON SEMEN QUALITY AND ON SOME
PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF
GOATS. III.EFFECT ON PULSE RATE,
RATE OF RESPIRATION, BODY TEMPE-
RATURE AND BODY WEIGHT (WITH ONE
TEXT-FIGURE)
VOLE VACCINATION—ITS VALUE IN THE
CONTROL OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS
CUTANEOUS ERUPTIONS OF RINDERPEST
IN GOATS (WITH PLATE 1)
EFFECT OF GROWTH STAGE ON THE
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOME IN-
DIGENOUS GRASSES OF INDIA (WITH
ONE TEXT-FIGURE)
SELECTION FOR BUTTERFAT PER CENT IN
SOME DAIRY HERDS
STUDIES ON THE QUALITY OF GHEE
AVAILABLE IN THE WHOLESALE AND
RETAIL MARKETS OF CALCUTTA
Abstracts
D. P. Mukherjee, A. Roy, and P.
Bhattacharya
A. Roy, D. P. Muhherjee, S. N.
Luktuke, and P. Bhattacharya
D. P. Muhherjee, S. S. Jawa, and
P. Bhattacharya
J. M. Lall and N. C. Sen
Radhey Mohan and M. R. Bahl
Narindar Nath and N. B. Das
K. A. Alim
Mrityunjoy Prosad Guha and
Manishi Prosad Guha
Page
1
9
15
25
39
43
53
59