NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
June, 1952] D. P. MUKHERJEE AND P. BHATTACHARYA 89
of bull semen in small test-tubes were put into chipped ice for about half an hour
immediately after collection and later on examined for the percentage of ' bent
tail' sperms. Samples thus treated did not show any increase in the appearance
of bent tails or coiled tails. Mukherjee and Bhattacharya [1949] have shown that
these are not true abnormalities but are immature forms of spermatozoa. It seems,
therefore, that during winter and spring when the rate of spermatogenesis is high,
a considerable number of immature spermatozoa are carried along with the normal
spermatozoa in the male reproductive tract before they come to ampullae for final
ejectment.
Blood constituents
From Plates IV and V, it is clear that the two blood constituents, viz., haemo-
globin and cell volume were inversely related to the changes in air temperature.
Higher the temperature the lesser was the haemoglobin and cell volume contents
in blood. Manersa et al. [1940] also found that haemoglobin index was higher in
winter and lower in summer in Philippine cattle. For both haemoglobin and cell
volume the result reported herein agrees with that reported by Pal et al. [1945]
in dairy cows in India.
During summer air temperature is high as compared with body temperature.
As soon as high air temperature comes in contact with skin, some heat is absorbed
by peripheral blood which subsequently passes through the heat regulating centre.
On coming in contact with blood of higher temperature this centre operates to dis-
pose off the extra heat and as a result the red and white blood corpuscles and plate-
lets go to their reserve places, i.e., spleen and liver. The increased blood plasma
in the dialated capillaries evaporates off in the form of perspiration and keep
the body cool. Secretions of thyroid and adrenal are also inhibited [Kuno, 1935].
During autumn, high environmental temperature with high humidity perhaps
prevent the dissipation of the exrta body heat by retarding body evaporation and
thus the physiological adjustment is to a large extent upset. In consequence,
there is a general derangement of the body functions including the spermatogenesis
of the testes and hence the low concentration of spermatozoa during autumn.
SUMMARY
Seasonal variation in ' reaction-time', semen characteristics, haemoglobin and
cell volume contents in the blood of six Kumauni hill bulls were studied during two
consecutive years.
Highly significant variation was observed among bulls in average ' reaction-
time ', all attributes of semen studied except in the percentage of abnormal
spermatozoa and the two blood constituents.
Reaction-time' did not show any definite seasonal trend and bore no relation-
ship with sperm production.
Colour and consistency of semen was found to be thin milky in autumn and
milky in the other three seasons.
90 SEASONAL VARIATION IN SEMEN QUALITY [Vol. XXII, Part II,
No significant seasonal variation in average semen volume and total number of
spermatozoa was observed.
Highly significant variation was observed in the average initial motility between
years; the first year being superior to the second year. It also varied
significantly among seasons ; summer showing significantly lower motility
than winter.
The pH of semen showed highly significant variation between years and between
months within seasons. pH during the first year was lower than in the
second.
Highly significant variation in sperm concentration was observed among
seasons; autumn showing significantly lower concentration than winter
and spring.
Among seasons highly significant variation was found in the percentage of
abnormal spermatozoa. In summer the percentage of abnormal sperma-
tozoa was less than in other seasons. Some forms of tail abnormalities
such as, bent tail and coiled tail were found to be more preponderant in
winter and spring. In autumn and summer, tailless forms were slightly
more in comparison with the other two seasons.
Haemoglobin and cell volume contents of blood were highly variable among
bulls, between years, among seasons and among months within seasons.
The two blood constituents were higher in the second year than in the
first. Among seasons, spring was found to be the best and autumn the
worst for these characteristics.
The quality of semen and the blood of the bulls were significantly superior in
spring, i.e., February to April and significantly inferior in autumn, i.e.,
August to October. Spring was marked with moderate air temperature,
lowest humidity and scanty rainfall. Whereas, autumn recorded as high
an air temperature as in summer associated with high humidity and
rainfall.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors are indebted to Mr. A. Roy of the Statistical Branch of Indian
Council of Agricultural Research for his valuable suggestions regarding statistical
treatment of the data.
REFERENCES
Anderson, J. (1939). Vet. J. 95, 457-473
(1941). Vet. Rec. 53, 197-205
(1945,a). Imp. Bur. Anim. Breed. Tech. Comm., 4 and 7
(1945,b). J. agric. Sci. 35, 184-196
Berliner, V. R. and Warbritton, V. (1937). Proc. Am. Soc. Anim. Prod., 137-142
Erb, R. E., Andrews, F. N. and Hilton, J. H. (1942). J. dairy Sci. 25, 815-826
June, 1952] D. P. MUKHERJEE AND P. BHATTACHARYA 91
Green, W. W. (1940). Proc. Am. Soc. Anim. Prod. 33rd Ann. Meet., 207-210
Hamilton, J. B. (1937). Endocrinology. 21, 649 (Citation from Sex and Internal Secretion
(1939) by Allen, Danforth and Doisy, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, Page 1219)
Kuno (1935). Quoted by Samson Wright (1938) from Applied Physiology. Oxford Medical
Publication
Lasley, J. F. and Bogart, R. (1943). Res. Bull. Mo. Agric. Exp. Sta. No. 376
McKenzie, F. F. and Berliner, V. (1937). Res. Bull. Mo. Agric. Sta. No. 265
Manersa, M., Reyes, N. C., Gomez, F., Zialcita, L. P. and Falcon, P. R. (1940). Emp. Jour.
Expt. Agric. 8, 97-100
Mercier, E. and Salisbury, G. W. (1946). Corn. Vet. 36, 301-311
Mukherjee, D. P. and Bhattacharya, P. (1949). Proc. Zool. Soc. Bengal, 2, 149-160
Napier, L. E. and Das Gupta, C. R. (1941). Haematological Technique, Thaker, Spink and Co.,
Calcutta
Newcomer, H. S. (1923). J. Biol. Chem. 55, 569
Phillips, R. W., Knapp, B., Heemstra, L. C. and Eaton, O. N. (1943,a). Amer. J. Vet. Res. 4,
115-119
Phillips, R. W., Schott, R. G., Eaton, O. N. and Simmons (1943,b). Corn. Vet. 33, 227-235
Pal, A. K., Momin, S. A. and Mullick, D. N. (1945). Indian J. vet. Sci. 15, 119-122
Raps, G. and Cannon, C. Y. (1947). J. dairy Sci. 30, 933-938
Shapiro, H. A. (1937). Nature. 139, 588 (Citation from Sex and Internal Secretion (1939) by
Allen Danforth and Doisy. Page 1219, Pub. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore)
Stone, C. P. (1939). Endocrinology, 24, 165 (Citation from Imp. Bur. Anm. Breed. Tech.
Comm. 27 (1945) by Anderson, J.)
Salisbury, G. W. (1944). J. dairy Sci. 27, 551-562
Swanson, E. W. and Herman, H. A. (1944). J. dairy Sci. 27, 303-310
Shukla, D. D. and Bhattacharya, P. (1947). In press. (Abot. Proc. Ind. Sci. Cong. Part 3,
215-216)
Weatherby, E. J., Reece, R. P. and Bartlett, J. W. (1940), Amer. Soc. Anim. Prod. Proc. 33,
224
EFFECT OF MUSCULAR EXERCISE ON SEMEN
PRODUCTION
By S. S. PRABHU AND S. GUHA, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar,
Uttar Pradesh
(Received for publication on 12 June 1951)
T HE importance of regular exercise for breeding bulls is mentioned in all
standard books on animal husbandry. Bartlett and Perry [1939] reported
that daily exercise lasting for one hour at the rate of 2½ miles per hour increased
semen output by 51 per cent. Kelly [1940] observed that 30 minutes exercise at
2½ miles per hour greatly increased the quality of the semen. He found that motility
rose from 5 to 45 per cent before exercise to 60 to 100 per cent after exercise. With-
out exercise motility ceased at 3 to 24 hours, while with exercise it was maintained
up to 22 to 39 hours. The report of Hamilton and Symington [1939] showed that
daily exercising increased the volume of ejaculate, sperm concentration and motility,
while Dunlop [1941] laid great stress on plenty of exercise for producing larger
ejaculates containing more sperm of higher activity.
In recent years, increased attention is being paid to the environment as one of
the major factors conditioning the physiological reaction of animals. The breed
of the animal also is known to play an equally important part. With the higher
air temperature and humidity ranges prevailing in this country, it was thought
worthwhile to investigate whether the conclusions on the effect of exercise on semen
production arrived at by the foreign workers held good in 'toto', or at least in part,
under the environmental 'stresses' met here. The immediate object of undertaking
these studies was to arrive at some tested standards for exercising the bulls kept for
routine use at artificial insemination centres. In the present paper are reported the
results of three series of experiments conducted on a lot of 8 Kumauni-hill bulls.
Experimental procedure
Eight Kumauni-hill bulls receiving a uniform and standard diet were divided at
random into 2 groups. The treatments were alloted to the 2 groups at random
and at the end of a certain period which varied with the experimental series—the
treatments were interchanged, following the 'Switch-back' design described by
Brandt [1938].
Experiment I. The experiment I was devised to test the effect of exercise just
prior to collection. The treatments consisted of an hour's exercise and no exercise.
The exercise was imparted by leading the bulls individually round a marked path
at an average speed of about three miles an hour. Immediately on the completion
of the exercise semen was drawn. Four times in a week collections were made
from the bulls and on each day of collection, two ejaculates in rapid succession
were taken. The treatments were interchanged between groups at each ensuing
93
5
94
EFFECT OF MUSCULAR EXERCISE ON SEMEN
[Vol. XXII, Part II,
collections, thus group 1 which received exercise before collection on the first day,
received no exercise at the second day of collection and exercise again on the third
day of collection and so on. The experiment lasted for two weeks. Normally,
only two collections in a week are made from routine artificial insemination bulls.
The decision to have more collections in a week and confine the experiment to only
two weeks was taken in order to eliminate effect of season on semen production.
Daily interchanging of treatments between groups reduced the chances of long term
cumulative effects, if any, of exercise on semen production, so that only the point
at issue namely immediate effect of exercise on semen production and reaction time,
could be studied.
Experiment II. The experiment was planned to test the long term effect of
lack of exercise on semen production and reaction time and was conducted on the
same bulls as used in experiment I. The treatments as before consisted of exercise
for one hour at the rate of three miles an hour and no exercise. As before the
'Switch-back' design was employed. The treatments were interchanged at the end
of a period of one month and, unlike the first experiment, per week only one collec-
tion with two ejaculates collected in rapid succession was made. The experiment
lasted for four months.
Experiment III. This was designed to test two levels of exercise—one hour and
two hours daily—on semen production and reaction time. The experimental design
adopted was the same as followed for Experiments I and II. The treatments con-
sisted in daily exercising of bulls for one hour and two hours respectively at the
usual rate of three miles an hour. Collections were made as in Experiment II.
Unlike Experiment II, the treatments were interchanged between groups at the end
of two months. The experiment lasted for four months.
Semen characteristics studied
In each experiment the two ejaculates were treated separately and studied for
(i) Colour and consistency (ii) Volume (iii) Initial motility (iv) Initial pH. (v) Sperm
concentration (vi) Per cent of abnormal sperm (vii) Total number of sperm in the ejacu-
lum. In addition, records were maintained of the total 'reaction times'.
RESULTS
In all the experiments the procedure given by Brandt [1942] was followed in
analysing the data.
Experiment I. The data are summarized in Table I. The figures given in the
table are averages of four observations taken while receiving the treatment. (Ex-
ercise or no exercise). A preliminary study in which the various sets of observations
on semen characteristics of a given animal while receiving exercise were compared with
similar sets while receiving no exercise, showed no clear-cut 'trends'. Secondly,
bull-wise comparison of the overall averages of the various semen characteristics
of the collections taken in the first week with like averages of the second week also
showed no obvious 'trends'. The results of the analysis of variance carried out for
each semen characteristic and for each ejaculum are given in Table II.
June, 1952]
S.
S.
PRABHU
AND
S.
GUHA
95
TABLE I
Showing bull-wise average characteristics of semen and reaction times observed in experiment I
First ejaculate
Bull number
2
8
16
40
1
18
35
39
Average
Treatment
Exercise
No exercise
Exercise
No exercise
Exercise
No exercise
Exercise
No exercise
Exercise
No exercise
Exercise
No exercise
Exercise
No exercise
Exercise
No exercise
Exercise
No exercise
Volume (c.c.)
1.50
1.55
1.93
1.05
1.55
0.46
1.28
1.24
0.88
1.40
1.31
1.85
1.73
2.20
1.28
2.80
1.43
1.57
Initial
motility
3.88
3.63
3.00
3.25
3.38
1.63
1.88
2.13
2.75
2.75
2.00
1.25
2.00
3.25
2.75
3.63
2.71
2.69
Sperm concen-
tration M/C
595
943
583
648
908
230
360
268
613
295
310
227
265
488
595
845
529
493
Per cent of
abnormal
sperm
8.75
5.00
6.75
5.75
8.00
7.50
7.75
7.25
5.25
9.00
3.00
5.75
6.00
6.00
8.50
5.50
6.75
6.47
Reaction
time
(seconds)
92
191
64
112
73
103
32
55
97
79
133
19
90
64
23
70
75.5
87
Total sperm
in ejaculate
(Millions)
767
1,275
1,459
710
1,505
107
604
344
523
417
562
368
525
1,065
786
2,340
841
828
5A
96 EFFECT OF M
TABLE I—contd.
Showing bull-wise average characteristics of semen and reaction times observed in experiment I
Second ejaculate
Bull number
2
8
16
40
1
18
35
39
Average
Treatment
Exercise
No exercise
Exercise
No exercise
Exercise
No exercise
Exercise
No exercise
Exercise
No exercise
Exercise
No exercise
Exercise
No exercise
Exercise
No exercise
Exercise
No exercise
Volume (c.c.)
1.58
1.64
1.33
0.76
0.80
0.31
1.10
1.18
1.11
1.65
1.43
1.80
1.35
2.80
0.48
1.33
1.15
1.43
Initial
motility
3.13
3.00
1.50
1.88
1.76
1.50
2.00
1.63
2.88
3.50
1.50
2.00
1.38
3.25
1.50
2.00
1.955
2.345
Sperm concen-
tration M/C
703
725
988
1,208
770
558
478
315
493
748
195
342
315
605
735
653
585
644
Per cent of
abnormal
sperm
5.75
6.50
9.50
8.75
8.75
8.00
6.50
13.25
8.75
7.25
11.25
6.50
7.50
10.75
5.25
6.75
7.91
8.47
Reaction
time
(seconds)
167
170
50
80
40
98
43
76
162
147
48
33
146
48
28
30
85.5
85
Total sperm
in ejaculate
(Millions)
1,305
1,187
1,241
778
470
1,612
510
346
549
910
296
603
650
1,647
390
838
676
990
June, 1952j
S.
S.
PRABHU
AND
S.
GUHA
97
TABLE II
Analysis of variance
I Ejaculate
Source of Variation
Between treatments
Error
Volume
d.f.
1
6
M.S.
0.2957
0.1255
E.
2.356
Motility
d.f.
1
6
M.S.
17847.12
8491.14
E.
2.10
Sperm concentration
d.f.
1
5
M.S.
127033.92
195212.63
E.
..
Per cent of ab-
normal sperm
d.f.
1
5
M.S.
5.7992
5.1171
E.
1.13
Reaction time
d.f.
1
6
M.S.
16872240.5
22402002.5
E.
..
Total sperm in ejaculate
d.f.
1
6
M.S.
365736297
1889490615
E.
..
II Ejaculate
Between treatments
Error
1
6
1.1566
0.2301
5.026
1
6
18430.03
6871.53
2.68
1
5
177844.88
127148.03
..
1
5
57.6856
32.7121
1.76
1
6
80361521
17776563
4.52
1
6
2148991240
1001171897
2.14
June, 1952]
S.
S.
PRABHU
AND
S.
GUHA
99
TABLE III
Showing bull-wise average characteristics of semen and reaction times observed in Experiment II
First ejaculate
Bull numbers
60
61
2
25
63
64
1
8
Average
Treatment
Exercise
No exercise
Exercise
No exercise
Exercise
No exercise
Exercise
No exercise
Exercise
No exercise
Exercise
No exercise
Exercise
No exercise
Exercise
No exercise
Exercise
No exercise
Volume (c.c.)
0.49
0.50
2.34
3.70
1.88
2.18
1.49
1.46
1.43
1.04
1.21
1.43
1.29
1.63
2.19
2.39
1.54
1.79
Initial
Motility
3.63
3.31
3.25
3.06
4.06
400
313
3.06
3.40
3.25
2.69
3.06
2.06
3.09
3.94
4.13
3.27
3.37
Sperm con-
centration
M/C
1,522
1,289
633
494
1,046
1,038
460
399
976
725
470
454
209
515
761
944
760
732
Percentage of
abnormal
sperm
4.13
4.88
5.38
3.75
4.00
4.38
6.38
8.13
5.34
7.13
9.13
9.88
3.88
5.13
5.25
4.88
5.44
6.02
Reaction
time
(seconds)
58
81
93
88
77
102
43
28
54
88
82
71
23
115
76
91
63
83
Total sperm
in ejaculate
(million)
765
627
1,640
1,788
2,125
2,242
680
678
1,295
798
676
903
373
1,115
1,770
2,367
1,166
1,315
Initial pH.
5.93
5.90
601
5.96
5.88
5.89
5.94
6.00
5.90
5.93
6.23
6.01
6.39
6.04
5.49
5.81
6.03
5.94
100
EFFECT OF MUSCULAR EXERCISE ON SEMEN
[Vol. XXII, Part II,
TABLE III—contd.
Showing bull-wise average characteristics of semen and reaction times observed in Experiment II
Second ejaculate
Bull numbers
60
61
2
25
63
64
1
8
Average
Treatment
Exercise
No exercise
Exercise
No exercise
Exercise
No exercise
Exercise
No exercise
Exercise
No exercise
Exercise
No exercise
Exercise
No exercise
Exercise
No exercise
Exercise
No exercise
Volume (c.c.)
0.68
0.53
1.54
2.36
1.35
2.01
1.76
2.25
1.13
0.93
1.08
1.04
1.89
1.74
2.93
2.03
1.54
1.61
Initial
Motility
3.73
2.25
3.25
2.75
3.58
3.60
3.13
3.00
2.73
2.81
3.13
3.13
3.63
3.19
4.00
3.44
3.40
3.02
Sperm con-
centration
M/C
1,439
849
741
580
1,168
984
511
570
691
631
992
770
801
800
943
860
910
756
Percentage of
abnormal
sperm
3.79
4.67
5.00
4.75
3.17
4.46
5.00
3.50
6.79
10.38
9.63
11.88
3.75
3.34
5.38
6.50
5.31
6.19
Reaction
time
(seconds)
98
138
68
51
235
192
69
35
42
62
64
107
44
142
85
92
88
102
Total sperm
in ejaculate
(million)
706
442
844
1,246
1,380
2,028
905
1,322
689
472
1,115
775
1,503
1,412
2,424
1,720
1,196
1,177
Initial pH
6.04
6.23
6.15
6.05
5.90
6.12
5.93
6.00
6.25
6.06
5.96
5.88
5.99
5.82
5.94
5.96
6.02
6.02
June, 1952]
S.
S.
PRABHU
AND
S.
GUHA
101
(which in effect amounts to the same thing) of the data grouped by experimental
period as a single observation for statistical treatment. It was argued against this
procedure that possibly averaging of observations within a period smoothened out
actual effects, if any, due to treatment within that period. This would appear to
be so when one considered the possibility of treatment effect being shown only
towards the end, if the period was fairly short or after the expiry of some time, if
the period was a long one. Keeping these points in view, an attempt was made to
study the effect of the nature of grouping of observations in the experimental periods
on the statistical analysis. Analyses were made by first taking only the last observa-
tion within an experimental period before change of treatment, then the average
of similar last two observations and finally the average of all the four observations
within an experimental period. The corresponding results are shown separately for
each characteristic in columns A, B and C of Table IV. The relative precision of
TABLE IV
Showing the error M. S. (Experiment II)
Semen characteristics
Volume
Initial motility
Sperm concentration
Percent of abnormal
sperm.
Reaction time
Total sperms
Initial pH
First ejaculate
d.f.
A B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
A B C
A
B
C
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
—
6
6
—
6
6
6
6
6
M.S.
13.11
10.64
5.25
15.49
1.57
1.08
2265486
540594
158.66
85.82
34.31
—
12515.64
6829.94
—
17521452
3828567
0.47
0.07
0.13
Second ejaculate
d.f.
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
—
6
6
—
6
6
6
6
6
M.S.
12.65
8.30
8.52
8.62
7.03
2.05
1468490
716676
19.58
43.45
23.88
—
73470.54
25194.58
—
5122021
3082961
1.20
0.57
0.27
Pooled average of
the 1st and 2nd
ejaculates
d.f.
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
—
12
12
—
12
12
12
12
12
M.S.
12.88
9.47
6.88
12.05
4.29
1.56
1866988
628635
89.12
64.63
29.09
—
42993.09
16012.26
—
11321736
3455764
0.83
0.32
0.20
the estimates got with A, B and C, procedures would be given by the magnitude
of the respective errors of the mean estimates; the least value corresponding to
6
June, 1952]
S.
S.
PRABHU
AND
S.
GUHA. 103
TABLE V
Analysis of variance (II Experiment)
Source of
variation
Between
treatments
Between
ejaculates
Treatment
and
Ejaculate
Error
Volume
D.F.
1
1
1
12
M.S.
0.0002
4.1371
5.9220
6.8870
F.
..
..
..
..
Initial motili
D.F.
1
1
1
12
M.S.
7.2603
7.1824
33.194 9
1.5667
F.
4.63
4.58
21.18**
Sperm concentration
D.F.
1
1
1
12
M.S.
2867188
159746
1434682
628635
F.
4.56
..
2.28
..
Per cent of abnormal
sperm
D.F.
1
1
1
12
M.S.
206.2814
0.0105
0.0138
291006
F.
7.08*
..
..
Reaction time
D.F.
1
1
1
12
M.S.
56811.9143
31619.0633
473.8240
16012.2575
F.
3.54
1.97
..
Total sperm in ejaculate
D.F.
1
1
1
12
M.S.
33489
28729600
2521744
3455764
F.
..
8.31
..
Initial pH
D.F.
1
1
1
12
M.S.
1.0414
0.0876
0.7310
0.2055
F.
5.06
..
3.55
..
* Significant at 5 per cent level
** Significant at 1 per cent level
104 EFFECT OF MUSCULAR EXERCISE ON SEMEN [Vol. XXII, Part 11,
TABLE VI
Showing average bull-wise characteristics of semen and reaction times observed in
experiment III
First ejaculate
Bull Numbers
40
25
61
2
63
8
64
1
Average
Treatment
1 hour exercise
2 hours exercise
1 hour exercise
2 hours exercise
1 hour exercise
2 hours exercise
1 hour exercise
2 hours exercise
1 hour exercise
2 hours exercise
1 hour exercise
2 hours exercise
1 hour exercise
2 hours exercise
1 hour exercise
2 hours exercise
1 hour exercise
2 hours exercise
Volume (c.c.)
0.78
0.53
2.10
1.68
2.66
1.50
2.08
1.73
0.95
1.37
3.30
1.66
1.23
2.07
1.50
1.51
1.83
1.51
Initial motility
3.78
3.38
3.22
2.63
3.28
4.00
4.11
4.56
2.63
3.28
4.38
3.78
3.31
3.33
3.19
3.93
3.49
3.61
Sperm concentration
(M/C)
1204
1461
581
280
609
1203
1127
1154
1757
1136
1122
744
586
920
484
641
934
942
Percent of abnor-
mal sperm
2.89
7.38
6.78
4.75
4.00
4.00
3.56
2.63
15.38
8.00
6.25
4.78
7.50
10.78
3.88
3.29
6.28
5.70
Reaction time
(seconds)
125
64
20
12
69
71
84
121
146
78
152
86
87
54
43
95
91
73
Total sperm in cjacu-
late (Million)
714
1021
1264
579
1458
1791
2551
2032
1539
1841
3238
1234
704
2018
882
932
1544
1431
Initial
6.08
6.48
5.98
5.90
6.08
6.20
5.93
6.13
6.31
6.02
6.10
5.99
6.20
6.02
6.05
5.94
6.09
6.085
Second ejaculate
Volume
(c.c.)
0.45
0.99
2.08
1.74
2.66
1.38
1.96
1.83
0.90
1.33
3.11
2.49
0.89
1.54
2.06
1.97
1.76
1.66
Initial motility
2.17
2.20
3.33
3.75
3.06
3.19
3.57
3.13
2.92
3.28
4.14
4.44
3.75
3.67
3.75
3.92
3.34
3.45
Sperm concentration
(M/C)
1307
485
516
681
618
1186
964
925
1817
709
1056
1203
1186
994
916
738
1047.5
865
Percent of abnor-
mal sperm
4.00
9.00
4.67
3.63
4.22
5.38
3.29
5.25
12.83
9.78
5.86
6.00
9.38
10.22
7.25
4.83
6.44
6.76
Reaction time
(seconds)
132.00
89.60
11.89
9.25
103.11
137.00
171.83
138.33
102.17
47.67
171.83
75.56
85.00
40.44
58.25
138.50
104.5
85
Total sperm in ejacu-
late (Millions)
637
284
1095
1177
1638
1654
2018
1644
1744
902
3238
2996
1117
1763
1741
1305
1653.5
1466
Initial pH
6.18
6.60
5.99
6.15
6.11
6.40
6.09
6.30
6.32
6.04
6.26
5.93
6.33
6.04
6.19
6.00
6.17
6.18
June,
1952)
S.
S.
PRABHU
AND
S.
GUHA
105
TABLE VII
Analysis of variance experiment III
Source of
variation
Between
treatments
Between
ejaculates
Treatment x
and ejaculate
Error
Volume
D.F.
1
1
1
12
M.S.
0.6765
0.0010
0.8385
0.5062
F.
1.33
..
1.65
..
Initial motility
D.F.
1
1
1
12
M.S.
0.2209
..
0.0006
0.2403
F.
..
..
..
..
Sperm concentration
D.F.
1
1
1
12
M.S.
120756
870
145924
243757
F.
..
..
..
..
Per cent of abnormal
sperm
D.F.
1
1
1
12
M.S.
0.2601
0.8409
3.3358
9.3656
F.
..
..
..
..
Reaction time
D.F.
1
1
1
12
M.S.
5786.6449
12.4962
14.4020
2942.5839
F.
1.96
..
..
..
Total sperm
in ejaculate
D.F.
1
1
1
12
M.S.
361502
13865
22575
669040
F.
..
..
..
..
Initial pH
D.F.
1
1
1
12
M.S.
0.0001
0.0342
0.0012
0.0177
F.
..
1.93
..
..