NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
June, 1953]
ABSTRACTS
137
The average daily yield of 4 per cent F. C. M. per cow for 12 weeks was 20.6
lb. on ration A, 21.7 lb. on ration B, 23.4 lb. on ration C and 23.8 lb. on ration D.
Pulse rates per minute for cows with no roughage were 62 and increased to 69 with
roughage. Thus, for high milk production, the crude fibre level in the feed should
not exceed 16 per cent of the dry matter of the ration. This holds true for feeds
such as mature Napier grass and pine apple bran as major constituents of the
rations. Variations may occur according to the types of roughage used.
[B.N.M.]
Digestibility of rations for ruminants as affected by proportions of nutrients
SWIFT, R.W.,THACKER,E. J., BLACK, A., BRATZLER, J.W. and JAMES, W. H.
(1947). J. Anim. Sci. 6, 4
T HE effect of supplements of a mixed ration for sheep was studied, using five
sheep in each treatment. Supplements were fed in two different quantities,
representing crude fibre, ether extract, protein, carbohydrate and urea respectively.
By the addition of crude fibre the total amounts of protein and ether extract
digested were reduced while the addition of carbohydrate reduced the digestible
crude fibre and digestible protein. The addition of casein increased the digestibility
of protein, ether extract and energy and decreased the digestibility of the crude
fibre and nitrogen-free extract. Urea significantly increased the digestibility of
protein, while corn oil, in small amounts, increased the digestibility of each
feed constituent. When a larger amount of corn oil was given, the effect was just
the reverse. [K. C.]
Surface active agents as growth stimulators in chick rations. ELY, C. M., AND SCHOTTS
(1952). World's Poult. Sci. J. 8, 2, 133-144
R ESULTS of experiments on 108 experimental groups, which included 3,500
chicks, showed positive growth responses in which surfactants were fed. Of the
surfactants reported, lauryl ethylene oxide condensate, sodium ethylene diamine
tetra acetic acid, quaternary ammonium compounds, sodium alkyl aryl sulfanate
and certain specially formulated products gave the best growth stimulating effect
in market weight comparisons. A very high degree of correlation was noted bet-
ween the growth response on the surfactants and antibiotics. This observation
added weight to the hypothesis that the two products react similarly on chicks.
A total of 21 tests showed that vitamin B12 supplements were more effective
as the lone supplement to all vegetable basal diets than either surfactants or anti-
biotics. It is of interest to note that chicks fed on all vegetable basal diets supple-
mented with vitamin B12 showed remarkable growth increases during the early
weeks, whereas with surfactant or antibiotics, growth improvement over the control
lots was shown only after the sixth or seventh week.
Two theories have been proposed concerning the mode of action of surfactants
in stimulating growth. These are (1) selective inhibition of non-coli-aerogenes
bacteria in the intestine of the chick and (2) more rapid assimilation of nutritional
factors from the intestine due to the wetting properties of surfactants. [S.B.]
12A
June, 1953]
ABSTRACTS
139
Trichostrongylus axei. No noticeable symptoms of infestation were seen in
several calves 8 to 9 months old with a count of 750 e.p.g. to 900 e.p.g. but one calf
having a count of 2,500 e.p.g. T. axei and other having a count of 1,000 e.p.g. T. axei
and 1,000 e.p.g. H. contortus, died as a result of parasitism.
Ostertagia ostertagi. Egg counts above 150 e.p.g. had not been observed in
any animal. Counts of this order appeared to be of little significance.
Cooperia sp. Egg counts for Cooperia punctata and C. pectinata upto 5,000
e.p.g. were not usually associated with visible evidence of any systemic disturbance.
Counts of 10,000 e.p.g. to 37,000 e.p.g. however, were accompanied by a profuse
diarrhœa, some degree of anæmia, emaciation and death.
Bosicola radiatus. Counts over 500 e.p.g. were considered important and 1,000
e.p.g. or more to signify a seriously pathogenic infestation.
Bunostomum phlebotomum. In general, counts of 500 e.p.g. to 800 e.p.g. were
found to be indicative of a highly pathogenic infestation in animals of any age.
[K.N.M.]
The immunising properties of an egg-adapted strain of fowl poxvirus. PIERCY, S.
E. (1952). J. Comp. Path. 62, 1 52-160
I N view of the superiority of the process of manufacture of the egg-adapted
vaccine over the dried scab suspension vaccine, where a number of disadvantages
such as a considerable discomfort to the birds for a period of 10 to 14 days, bacterial
contamination and the rapid loss of potency of the dried scab material, etc. were
to be experienced, the author adapted a Kenya strain of fowl pox virus to the dhorio-
allantoic membrane of embryonated eggs. The procedure used for the preparation
of vaccine has been described in detail. The egg-adapted virus when used as a
vaccine, which consisted of infected chorio-alantotic membranes suspended in
glycerine and broth, conferred a solid immunity, lasting well over a year against
challenge with homologous scab virus. The potency of egg-adapted vaccine re-
mained unaltered for 6 to 12 weeks at room temperature and for 6 to 12 months at
refrigerator temperature. [H.S.D.]
Experimental immunisation of chickens with combined whole embryo Newcastle and
fowl pox vaccines. PRIER, J. E. (1951). Vet. Med. 46, 3, 103
T HE author reports the successful immunising capacity of combined Newcastle
and fowl pox whole embryo vaccines in 50 per cent buffer glycerol. The vaccines
were prepared by cultivating separately Newcastle virus and fowl pox virus on
embryonating eggs. Entire contents of the eggs, inoculated with Newcastle and
fowl pox virus and incubated for two days and four days respectively following
inoculation, were harvested and emulsified separately in the waring blendor.
To prepare the mixed vaccine 10 c.c. of Newcastle virus suspension and 10 c.c.
of fowl pox virus suspension were added to 80 c.c. of 50 per cent buffered glycerol,
the latter having been prepared by dissolving 1.62 gm. of anhydrous potassium
dihydrogen phosphate in 375 c.c. of glycerol. Separate fowl pox and Newcastle
vaccines were prepared by adding 10 c.c. of respective embryo suspensions to 90
c.c. of 50 per cent buffer glycerol.
140
ABSTRACTS
[Vol. XXIII, Part II,
The above vaccines were used in 235 birds by two prong wing-web stick method
and some of the birds thus vaccinated were later challenged with either Newcastle
or fowl pox virulent virus. It was observed that there was 100 per cent protection
against needle challenge of Newcastle virus and 80 to 90 per cent protection against
fowl pox virus following vaccination with combined Newcastle and fowl pox vaccine.
[N.S.D.]
Intracaudal vaccinations with Brucella obortus strain 19. GREGORY, T. S. (1952).
Aust. Vet. J. 28, 265-269
E XPERIMENTS were performed with a view to assess the value of an
intracaudal method of Brucella abortus strain 19 vaccination in comparison
with the standard subcutaneous method. The cattle in these experiments had been
vaccinated when seven to ten months old and were kept in an uncontaminated en-
vironment for a period of 15 months with the control group. During this period all
the animals, on repeated serological testing, were found to be free from Brucella
abortus infection. The vaccinated and control animals which were hand-mated
with the brucellosis-free bulls, were introduced into a contaminating environment,
specially produced by artificially infected cattle, after a pregnancy period of 6 to 14
weeks.
In the first trial, during the first pregnancy in the second year after vaccination,
24.4 per cent of the cattle injected intracaudally with 1 c.c. of the vaccine, 37.8 per
cent of those injected by the standard method with the 5 c.c. dose and 87.8 per
cent in the control group, either aborted or picked up infection till the time of
parturition. The vaccinated animals which had proved to be immune during the
first pregnancy, were again exposed during a second pregnancy, in the third year
after vaccination. In this trial, the percentage of animals, that either aborted
or got injected in the intracaudal, subcutaneous and control groups, was 18.2, 9.1
and 93.1 respectively.
The author, while briefly reviewing the experiments, performed by workers in
the United Kingdom and New Zealand, in support of intracaudal method, recom-
mends a more extensive use of this method of vaccination on the basis of the
practical advantages associated with reduction in dose of vaccine without resultant
reduction of immunity. [M.M.S.]
The spermatozoa of sterile bulls. HANCOCK, J. L. (1952). Proc. II Int. Congr.
Physis. Path. Anim. Reprod. A. I. 36-40
S TERILITY in some bulls was traced to a defect in spermatozoa which took the
form of eccentrically placed thickening of acrosome. The defect was genetic in
nature and the mode of transmission suggested it to be due to a recessive gene.
Since this morphological deformity was subject to change while preparing stained
semen smears for microscopic examination, experiments designed to study the effects
of post mortem changes produced by various treatments on the morphology of the
defect carrying spermatozoa were carried out and the results are reported in this
paper.
June, 1953]
ABSTRACTS
141
Of the various techniques tested, only the Giemsa and Indian Ink staining
methods gave accurate estimates of proportion of abnormal spermatozoa in semen
samples. Smears of killed spermatozoa stained with nigrosin and eosin or with
Heidenhain's iron haematoxylin showed little evidence of the abnormality. It was
also indistinct in dead spermatozoa examined with the phase-contrast microscope.
[S.S.P.]
The roll of carotene in the periodicity of reproduction in livestock. CSUKAS, Z.
(1949). Rep. XIV Int. Vet. Congr. Lond. 3, 114-118
T HE paper traces the progress of the knowledge of essential elements, the vita-
mins, for maintaining the normality in reproduction in livestock. Depletion of
vitamin A is shown to harm the reproductive system more quickly than other parts
of the body. Various ills of the reproductive system in the female and male, re-
sulting from insufficient intake of vitamin A are described and discussed. Expression
of the ill-effects varies, but young and pregnant animals are found to suffer more
seriously and have a higher mortality than adults and barren females.
Irregularities in the pasturing season have been found to be very significantly
reflected in the breeding performance of the animals in that region. Drought caused
absence of green feed and carotene in pasture and fodder supplies. Unless this was
supplemented in the ration, cows bred very late, and bulls did not react and refused
to mount cows in heat. In normal years, summer which followed the dry winter,
had lower percentage of fertile matings than in the winter which was preceded by
a rainy summer. [S.V.C.]
Feed supplement containing aureomycin and vitamin B 12 for dairy calves.
MACKAY, A. M., RIDDLE, W. H. AND FITZSIMMONS, R. (1952). J. Anim. Sci.
11, 341-345
T HE experiment was conducted to study the influence of antibiotic feed supple-
ment containing aureomycin and vitamin B 12 on (1) growth and feed utilisation
efficiency and (2) incidence of scours in dairy calves.
Out of 15 heifer calves, every third calf was used as control. Vitamin B 12
and antibiotic feed supplement containing not less than 1.8 mgm. of vitamin B 12
activity per pound and not less than 1.8 gm. of aureomycin hydrochloride per pound
was added to the milk of the experimental group. This was given as a finely ground
powder at the rate of nine grams per 100 lb. body weight. Weekly adjustments were
made for gain in weight. The feeding trial was continued for 12 weeks.
The average gain for the supplemented calves was found on statistical analysis
to be significantly greater than the average gain of the control calves.
No significant difference in utilisation of feed nutrients was observed between
the two groups.
There was no evidence of scours in any of the calves during the period of the
trial. [D.N.M.]
REVIEW
INTRODUCTION TO VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS
BY
GEORGE
F. BODDIE
[Published by Oliver and Boyd Ltd., Price 15s.]
T HE distinguished author is Professor of Medicine at the Royal. (Dick) Veterinary
College, Edinburgh and has to be congratulated for attempting a concise and
comprehensive review of the Fundamentals of Veterinary Applied Pharmacology.
There is no doubt that such a book is required very badly, although there will
be some disagreement, regarding the way the work is presented.
The book mostly deals with brief illustrated definitions of the various groups
of drugs, system by system, with a dosage table at the end of each chapter.
The preliminary chapters which deal with the ' Elements of Materia Medica'
are bound to be controversial as this has not been presented in the Orthodox and
Official acceptable form. In the chapter on Chemotherapeutics specially and in
other places also greater use has been made of the various proprietory names which
may be confusing to the students. This, however, does not detract the value of the
publication as a useful addition and will be welcome both by the students and the
veterinary profession.
The printing and the general get up of the book is very satisfactory. [R.R.G.]
142
MGIPC—M—3 AR/53—12-10-53—875.
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT FODDERS
ON THE MILK YIELD AND ITS COMPOSITION AND
MINERAL METABOLISM IN SAHIWAL COWS*
By M. L. MATHUR and S. V. DESAI, Indian Agricultural Research Institute,
New Delhi
(Received for publication on 12 April 1951)**
T HE importance of minerals in the feeding of farm animals specially milch
cattle has been stressed by many workers in Europe, U. S. A. and South Africa
and a good deal of work on mineral metabolism has been done. In India, Sen
[1933] pointed out the desirability of assessing the mineral requirements of Indian
cows. But so far no planned work was taken up. In our previous paper [1945],
we have pointed out how we came to be seized of the problem.
In order to study the mineral requirements of milking cows under the standard
dairy feed a balance experiment was planned. Four high milking Sahiwal cows
of about the same age and the same stage of lactation were selected for experiment.
TABLE I
Cows and their particulars
Cow
Lenjurki (929)
Larajbani (932)
Haskila (955)
Yulamati (966)
Date of
birth
4-9-41
19-9-41
22-5-42.
7-9-42
Date of
calving
21-3-46
25-3-46
8-3-46
8-3-46
Number of
calf
3rd calver
2nd „
2nd „
2nd „
Average
milk yield
during the
experiment
in lb.
32
31
35
29
Average
liveweight
during the
experiment
in lb.
959
995
829
725
All the cows received the same grain mixture, though the quantities for different
animals varied according to their requirements.
* Part of the thesis submitted for the Ph. D. degree of the Agra University.
**Revised in April 1952.
143
5 AR/53
144
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT FODDERS IN SAHIWAL COWS [Vol. XXIII, Part III,
The grain mixture consisted of the following:
Barley
Cow peas
Wheat bran
Groundnut cake
Linseed cake
Common salt (NaCl)
Chalk (CaCO3)
30 per cent
25 per cent
20 per cent
15 per cent
10 per cent
100 per cent
1.5 per cent of the grain
mixture
1.6 per cent of the grain
mixture
These were obtained in one lot and samples were taken for analysis.
The fodders selected for the experiment were unmanured green berseem, manured
green berseem*, green lucerne, jowar silage and lucerne hay. The fodders were
given ad lib. according to chart on the Latin square basis as shown in Table II.
TABLE II
Scheme of feeding fodders
Names of cows
Lenjurki (732)
Larajbani (932)
Haskila (955)
Yulamati (966)
Period I
A
Unmanured
berseem
B
Manured*
berseem
C
Lucerne
D
Jowar
silage
lucerne hay
Period II
B
Manured *
beraeem
C
Lucerne
D
Jowar
silage
plus lucerne
hay
A
Unmanured
berseem
Period III
C
Lucerne
D
Jowar
silage
plus lucerne
hay
A
Unmanured
berseem
B
Manured*
berseem
Period IV
D
Jowar
silage plus
lucerne hay
A
Unmanured berseem
B
Manured berseem*
C
Lucerne
* Manured with four maunds of ammonium phosphate per acre
September, 1953]
M. L. MATHUR AND S. V. DESAI 147
Determination of sodium and potassium
For the estimation of sodium by uranyl-zinc acetate or uranyl-rnagnesium
acetate, the phosphate was removed as ferric phosphate by adding FeCl 3 to the
HCl extract, evaporating to dryness and igniting. The sodium and potassium
salts were taken in water, while ferric phosphate remained on the filter paper. The
removal of phosphate as Mg NH 4 PO 4 by magnesium acetate was found to be lengthy
and tedious.
Fifty to hundred c.c. aliquot, depending upon the quantities of sodium and
potassium, was taken in a flat bottomed silica dish and 1 to 2 c.c. of 10 per cent.
Fe Cl 3 solution, depending upon the phosphate contents, added. It was evaporated
to dryness on a water bath and ignited very gently on a rose top burner for about
five minutes, cooled, extracted with water and filtered in a 50 c.c. flask. From this
solution aliquots for sodium and potassium were taken.
Determination of sodium (Kahanes method modified)
An aliquot of 10 to 20 c.c. from the above solution was taken in a 100 c.c. beaker
or basin, evaporated to about five c.c. Two to three drops of acetic acid were added
and then 15 to 20 c.c. of uranyl magnesium acetate reagent added and stirred
until precipitation occurred. It was kept for about half an hour but not more
and then filtered on a weighed gooch crucible with a fritted disc. The precipitate
was washed twice with two c.c. portion of the reagent then five times with 96 per
cent alcohol saturated with the triple salt Na (UO 2 ) 3 Mg (C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 9 -8H 2°) finally
with ether. It was dried in an oven at 105°C for about 30 minutes, cooled in a
desiccator and weighed.
Determination of potassium
An aliquot of 10 to 20 c.c. was taken in a 100 c.c. beaker and evaporated to
about five c.c. When cold 1.5 c.c. glacial acetic acid and 10 c.c. saturated solution
of NaCl were added in order. The contents of beaker were stirred and five c.c.
of 35 per cent sodium nitrate was added and stirred again. When the solution
was complete 5 c.c. of 20 per cent cobalt nitrate solution was added with a dropping
pipette with an enlarged aperture (the addition was done rapidly taking not more
than 2 to 3 minutes) and with constant stirring, since the desired composition of
the precipitate formed depends on the rapid addition of the reagent. The contents
of the beaker were stirred for 40 to 60 seconds, covered and allowed to stand over
night. The precipitate was filtered on a tarred filter paper and washed with 35
per cent alcohol. It was either dried in on air oven at 105°C and weighed or dissolved
in excess of standard potassium permanganate and back titrated with oxalic acid.
Determination of phosphorus
Pemberton [1882].
Determination of chlorine
Husband and Godden [1927].
148
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT FODDERS IN SAHIWAL COWS [Vol. XXIII, Part III,
RESULTS
Tables III and IV give in grams the average daily intake of minerals and the
average daily outgo in milk, faeces and urine, the average daily balance and the
total and the percentage assimilation by the cows during the four periods.
TABLE III
Intake, outgo and percentage assimilation of berseem fodder
Item
(average per day)
Intake
Milk
Faeces and urine
Total outgo
3alance
Assimilation total
Per cent of intake
Intake
Milk
Faeces and urine
Total out go
Balance
Assimilation total
Per cent of intake
Intake
Milk
Faeces and urine
Total outgo
Balance
Assimilation total
Per cent of intake
Intake
Milk
Faeces and urine
Total outgo
Balance
Assimilation total
Per cent of intake
Unmanured berseem
Lenjurki
150.00
27.92
105.80
133.78
+16.22
44.14
29.43
55.50
4.07
50.55
54.62
+0.88
4.95
8.92
103.56
6.51
86.45
92.96
+10.00
17.11
16.52
196.50
20.26
160.89
181.15
+15.35
35.61
18.12
Larajbani
207.94
25.89
176.34
202.23
+5.71
31.60
15.20
72.07
4.49
65.18
69.67
+2.40
6.89
9.56
94.68
6.22
79.91
86.13
+8.55
14.77
15.00
198.23
20.16
167.75
187.91
+10.32
30.48
15.38
Haskila
249.11
29.60
210.31
239.91
+9.20
38.80
15.58
88.37
4.81
79.83
84.64
+3.73
8.54
9.66
108.52
4.90
100.09
104.99
+3.53
8.43
7.77
253.65
20.06
219.73
245.79
+7.80
33.92
13.37
Yulamati
Manured berseem
Lenjurki
CaO in grams
208.93
23.96
179.51
203.47
+5.46
29.42
14.08
234.44
28.95
184.08
213.04
+21.40
50.36
21.48
MgO in grams
71.26
3.82
60.96
64.78
+6.48
10.30
14.45
73.09
4.74
65.01
69.75
+3.34
8.08
11.05
Na 2 O In grams
108.30
5.55
98.53
104.08
+4.22
9.77
9.02
113.93
7.01
91.82
98.83
+15.10
22.11
19.41
K 2 O in grams
216.83
19.43
190.30
209.73
+7.10
26.53
12.24
187.69
24.74
181.30
206.04
—18.35
6.39
3.40
Larajbani
157.88
28.17
116.81
144.98
+12.90
41.07
26.01
59.54
4.22
50.15
60.37
—0.83
3.39
5.69
90.37
6.47
76.33
82.80
+7.57
14.04
15.54
178.60
20.16
152.77
172.93
+5.73
25.89
14.49
Haskila
224.56
27.97
186.20
214.17
+10.39
38.36
17.08
82.86
5.00
70.86
75.86
+7.00
12.00
14.48
124.07
6.67
103.40
110.07
+14.00
20.67
16.66
199.48
25.39
162.39
187.78
+11.70
37.09
18.59
Yulamati
235.88
23.82
197.57
221.39
+14.49
30.31
15.39
75.14
3.78
63.61
67.39
+7.75
11.53
15.34
107.88
5.63
97.30
102.93
+4.95
10.58
9.81
193.27
22.90
100.59
189.49
+3.78
20.08
13.80
September, 1953] M. L. MATHUR AND S. V. DESAI; 149
TABLE III—(contd.)
Intake, outgo and percentage assimilation of berseem fodder—contd.
Item
(average per day)
Intake
Milk
Faeces and urine
Total outgo
Balance
Assimilation total
Per cent of intake
Intake
Milk
Faeces and urine
Total outgo
Balance
Assimilation total
Per cent of intake
Unmanured berseem
Lenjurki
81.10
31.44
74.27
105.71
—24.61
6.83
8.42
100.17
10.74
87.03
97.77
+2.40
13.14
13.12
Larajbani
106.24
29.43
90.64
120.07
—13.83
15.60
14.68
125.39
9.98
107.77
117.75
+7.64
17.62
14.05
Haskila
121.99
33.44
95.09
128.53
—6.54
26.90
22.05
167.05
13.39
148.64
162.03
+5.02
18.41
1
11.02
Yulamati
Manured berseem
Lenjurki
P 2 O 6 in grams
104 .06
25.82
81.29
107.11
—3.05
22.77
21.88
111.99
28.01
80.63
108.64
+3.35
31.36
28.00
Cl in grams
124.18
11.98
103.40
115.38
+8.80
20.78
16.73
118.87
14.25
107.48
121.33
—2.86
11.39
9.58
Larajbani
91.36
37.25
74.93
112.18
—20.82
16.43
17.98
94.05
9.60
80.26
89.86
+4.19
13.79
14.66
Haskila
129.82
31.90
105.91
137.81
—7.99
23.91
18.42
124.33
11.83
108.59
120.42
+3.91
15.74
12.66
Yulamati
118.91
25.69
75.20
100.89
+18.02
43.71
36.76
124.70
11.07
109.59
120.66
+4.04
15.11
12.1
TABLE IV
Intake, outgo and percentage assimilation of jowar and lucerne
Item
(average per day)
Intake
Milk
Faeces and urine
Total outgo
Balance
Assimilation total
Per cent of intake
Intake
Milk
Faeces and urine
Total outgo
Balance
Assimilation total
Per cent of intake
Lucerne
Lenjurki
233.10
28.76
187.51
216.27
+16.83
45.59
19.56
75.17
4.54
63.17
67.71
+7.46
12.00
15.96
Larajbani
201.45
26.35
165.84
192.19
+9.26
35.61
17.68
70.56
4.13
62.61
66.74
+3.82
7.95
11.27
Haskila
Yulamati
Jowar silage and lucerne hay
Lenjurki
CaO in grams
182.08
31.59
139.82
171.41
+10.67
42.26
23.21
67.94
4.89
59.85
64.74
+3.20
8.09
11.91
202.25
25.24
174.08
199.32
+2.93
28.17
13.93
152.34
26.27
118.10
144.37
+7.97
34.24
22.48
MgO in grams
77.90
4.47
68.68
73.15
+4.75
9.22
11.84
76.71
4.58
66.08
70.66
+6.05
10.63
13.86
Larajbani
141.95
24.50
114.09
138.59
+3.36
27.86
19.63
73.62
3.87
65.97
69.84
+3.78
7.65
10.39
Haskila
181.39
28.56
146.62
175.18
+6.21
34.77
19.17
89.91
4.54
76.65
81.19
+8.72
13.26
14.75
Yulamati
120.55
23.55
92.77
116.32
+4.25
27.78
23.04
67.75
3.61
59.65
63.26
+4.49
8.10
11.96