NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
September, 1953]
N.
NATH
AND
N.
B.
DAS
195
The Meda trimula and Amphilophis odorata have equal crude fibre content of
28.86 and 28.88 per cent, respectively, being higher than that of any other grass.
But the former has the highest average protein content while the latter has the least
average value.
TABLE VII
Variations in nitrogen-free-extract content
(percentage expressed on dry matter basis)
Names of grasses
Dichanthium annulatum
Amphilophis odorata
Iscilema laxum
Themeda trimula
Amphilophis glabra
Pennisetum orientale
Panicum repens
Chrysopogan montanus
Sehima nervosum
Heteropogon contortus
Monthly average
Number and date of cutting
1st
2-5-49
48.58
49.92
51.78
51.38
51.02
50.78
52.81
47.25
49.93
51.57
49.50
2nd
1-6-49
47.63
46.98
47.28
42.30
45.22
42.34
47.78
47.75
39.27
51.56
45.81
3rd
1-7-49
49.00
48.16
48.55
47.81
48.95
48.05
50.49
44.01
38.89
50.21
47.41
4th
31-7-49
41.63
44.68
43.44
43.91
39.89
39.58
43.31
45.00
37.27
44.35
42.30
5th
30-8-49
48.95
47.16
46.48
45.47
46.63
46.20
40.82
45.32
37.80
46.34
45.72
6th
28-9-49
48.33
47.85
47.39
44.55
48.35
44.68
46.78
49.19
38.47
44.45
46.00
7th
28-10-49
49.49
45.90
47.18
46.54
46.72
41.60
49.00
45.16
37.47
45.49
45.48
Average
47.66
47.24
47.44
45.99
46.68
44.74
48.14
46.24
38.44
47.74
46.03
Nitrogen-free-extract
Table VII shows the changes occurring in nitrogen-free-extract during the period
of investigation and it is seen that there is good similarity of variation in different
species. Comparing the data with protein content, it is seen that nitrogen-free-
extract varied inversely with protein. First cutting gave maximum content of
nitrogen-free-extract. While protein content was minimum and it was exactly the
reverse in the fourth cutting. The variations in nitrogen-free-exract and crude
fibre are almost similar.
Crude-ash, silica and insoluble residue, and silicia-free-ash
Out of these three constituents silica-free-ash is the more valuable portion of
the crude ash as it provides more accurate estimate of mineral contents of the plants,
but other two constituents from the basis of determining the mineral constituents.
Both crude ash, silica and insoluble residue varied in manner similar to crude protein.
Silica and insoluble residue were mainly responsible for the changes in the crude ash
content of the grasses. The variation in silica-free-ash tended to follow variations
in crude ash and crude protein, but not so regularly. Thus silica-free-ash averaged
highest in the samples collected on 1 June, while average crude protein and crude ash
reached their peak values in the fourth cutting. Pennisetum orientale gave the
highest average silica-free-ash content of 6.79 per cent while in Heteropogon contortus
it averaged least and was 4.09 per cent of the dry matter.
196 EFFECT OF MONTHLY CUTS ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION [Vol. XXIII, Part III,
TABLE VIII
Variations in crude-ash content
(percentage expressed on dry matter basis)
Names of grasses
Dichanthium annulatum
Amphilophis odorata
Iseilema laxum
Themeda trimula
Amphilophis glabra
Pennisetum orientale
Panicum repens
Chrysopogan montanus
Sehima nervosum
Heteropogon contortus
Monthly average
Number and date of cutting
1st
2-5-49
8.59
9.07
11.78
8.08
10.17
13.07
10.33
15.18
19.08
12.72
11.81
2nd
1-6-49
15.48
11.88
13.21
10.98
14.91
18.62
14.46
13.07
19.16
12.14
14.39
3rd
1-7-49
13.54
12.09
15.76
10.12
14.34
15.26
11.93
15.88
20.13
13.28
14.33
4th
31-7-49
20.64
13.41
16.43
11.89
22.19
18.94
16.50
14.26
20.84
13.37
16.85
5th
30-8-49
13.13
11.64
12.38
10.80
14.93
12.84
12.14
12.78
20.60
14.07
13.53
6th
28-9-49
12.08
10.79
11.22
10.47
13.08
16.02
10.95
11.30
19.75
15.07
13.07
7th
28-10-49
12.81
14.79
15.24
12.91
15.58
17.85
12.99
15.57
23.12
17.79
15.87
Average
13.75
11.95
13.72
10.75
15.03
16.09
12.76
14.01
20.53
14.06
14.27
TABLE IX
Variations in silica and insoluble residue content
(percentage expressed on dry matter basis)
Names of grasses
Dichanthium annulatum
Amphilophis odorata
Iseilema laxum
Themeda trimula
Amphilophis glabra
Pennisetum orientale
Panicum repens
Chrysopogan montanus
Sehima nervosum
Heteropogon contortus
Monthly average
Number and date of cutting
1st
2-5-49
4.52
5.41
6.70
4.49
6.03
6.15
5.73
9.73
13.95
7.65
7.04
2nd
1-6-49
10.68
7.30
8.00
5.17
9.76
8.95
8.76
8.02
13.85
8.33
8.88
3rd
1-7-49
10.06
7.74
11.60
5.22
10.66
8.69
7.27
11.89
17.81
10.66
10.16
4th
31-7-49
15.45
8.39
11.25
6.59
16.51
9.66
10.98
9.40
16.54
9.13
11.39
5th
30-8-49
9.10
7.75
7.87
5.98
10.34
8.63
6.83
8.13
16.24
9.41
9.03
6th
28-9-49
7.75
7.02
6.69
6.21
8.64
10.21
7.33
7.55
16.35
11.53
9.93
7th
28-10-49
9.21
10.59
10.80
7.60
11.39
12.80
8.41
10.40
18.89
13.48
11.36
Average
9.54
7.74
8.99
5.89
10.47
9.30
7.90
9.30
16.23
10.03
9.54
September, 1953] N. NATH AND N. B. DAS
TABLE X
Variations in silica-free-ash content
(percentage expressed on dry matter basis)
Names of grasses
Dichanthium annulatum
Amphilophis odorata
Iseolema laxum
Themeda trimula
Amphilophis glabra
Pennisetum orientate
Panicum repens
Chrysopogan montanus
Sehima nervosum
Heteropogon contortus
Monthly average
Number and date of cutting
1st
2-5-49
4.07
3.66
5.08
3.59
4.14
6.92
4.60
5.45
5.13
5.07
4.77
2nd
1-6-49
4.80
4.58
5.21
5.81
5.15
9.67
5.70
5.05
5.31
3.81
5.51
3rd
1-7-49
3.48
4.35
4.16
4.90
3.69
6.57
4.66
3.99
3.32
2.62
4.17
4th
31-7-49
5.19
5.02
5.18
5.30
5.68
9.28
5.52
4.86
4.30
4.24
5.40
5th
30-8-49
4.03
3.89
4.51
4.82
4.59
4.21
5.31
4.65
4.36
4.66
4.50
6th
28-9-49
4.33
3.77
4.53
4.26
4.44
5.81
3.62
3.75
3.40
3.54
4.15
7th
28-10-49
3.60
4.20
4.44
5.31
4.19
5.05
4.58
5.17
4.23
4.31
4.51
Average
4.21
4.21
4.73
4.86
4.55
6.79
4.85
4.70
4.29
4.09
4.72
Table XI
Variations in lime (CaO) content
(percentage expressed on dry matter basis)
Names of grasses
Dichanthium annulatum
Amphilophis odorata
Iseilema laxum
Themeda trimula
Amphilophis glabra
Pennisetum orientale
Panicum repens
Chrysopogan montanus
Sehima nervosum
Heteropogon contortus
Monthly average
Number and date of cutting
1st
2-5-49
0.96
0.92
1.30
0.86
0.83
0.81
0.67
1.63
1.17
0.72
0.98
2nd
1-0-49
0.88
0.68
0.99
0.80
0.86
0.82
0.79
1.24
0.86
0.65
0.86
3rd
1-7-49
0.95
0.82
1.11
1.08
0.97
0.92
0.71
1.32
0.86
0.65
0.94
4th
31-7-49
0.92
0.79
0.73
0.66
0.82
0.72
0.37
1.06
0.94
0.65
0.77
5th
30-8-49
0.93
0.86
0.89
0.72
0.94
0.68
0.85
1.09
1.28
0.85
0.91
6th
28-9-49
1.02
0.99
0.97
1.15
1.01
0.88
0.59
1.05
1.00
0.93
0.96
7th
28-10-49
1.08
1.20
1.07
0.89
1.15
0.95
0.70
1.35
1.33
l.06
1.08
Average
0.96
0.88
1.01
0.88
0.94
0.83
0.67
1.25
1.06
0.79
0.93
198 EFFECT OF MONTHLY CUTS ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
[Vol. XXIII, Part III,
TABLE XII
Variations in phosphoric acid (P 2 O 5 ) content
(percentage expressed on dry matter basis)
Names of grasses
Dichanthium annulatum
Amphilophis odorata
Iseilema laxum
Themeda trimula
Amphilophis glabra
Pennisetum orientate
Panicum repens
Chrysopogan montanus
Sehima nervosum
Heteropogon contorlus
Monthly average
Number and date of cutting
1st
2-5-49
0.56
0.52
0.63
0.49
0.48
0.69
0.45
0.56
0.52
0.64
0.55
2nd
1-6-49
0.75
0.51
0.76
0.75
0.68
0.93
0.87
0.76
0.64
0.58
0.72
3rd
1-7-49
0.72
0.46
0.73
0.68
0.61
0.79
0.82
0.47
0.50
0.51
0.63
4th
31-7-49
0.82
0.66
0.77
0.73
0.88
1.24
0.99
0.77
0.79
0.81
0.85
5th
30-8-49
0.78
0.60
0.78
0.70
0.66
0.74
0.63
0.64
0.57
0.65
0.68
6th
28-9-49
0.85
0.65
0.87
0.75
0.68
0.73
0.69
0.61
0.57
0.74
0.71
7th
28-10-49
0.70
0.55
0.74
0.60
0.60
0.74
0.63
0.60
0.55
0.76
0.65
Average
0.74
0.56
0.75
0.67
0.66
0.84
0.73
0.63
0.59
0.67
0.68
Lime and phosphoric acid
The changes in the lime and phosphoric acid contents are represented in the
Tables XI and XII respectively. It is seen that the two constituents displayed
variations opposite to each other throughout the investigation. Phosphoric acid
contents of the grasses increased after the first cutting while lime content slightly
decreased. The opposite variations in the two constituents became marked in the
most humid part of the season. The samples collected on 31 July after the heaviest
monthly rainfall recorded maximum phosphoric acid content and minimum
lime content. After this percentage of lime increased with each successive
cutting while that of phosphoric acid decreased. It is noteworthy that though the
percentage of phosphoric acid decreased at the end of the investigation the value was
still higher than that in the first cutting. This maintenance of high percentage of
phosphoric acid is the result of systematic continuous cutting on the grasses and is
thus of practical significance. It has been reported that phosphoric acid content
of Indian grasses is low, but in this investigation it has been found that phosphoric
acid remained fairly high throughout and even in certain cases exceeded the lime
content. This tendency of phosphoric acid to exceed lime content was marked in
Panicum repens and Pennisetum orientale, though similar tendencies were noted in
Iseilema laxum, Themeda trimula, Amphilophis glabra and Heteropogon contortus in
samples collected on 31 July.
It is also found that the dry matter of individual grasses showed wide variations
in their percentage of lime and phosphoric acid, though the variation trends were
almost similar in all the grasses. Again comparing these data of phosphoric acid
September, 1953]
N.
NATH
AND
N.
B.
DAS
199
and lime with the crude protein it is found that there was a parallelism between
variations in crude protein and phosphoric acid contents while lime. varied inversely
with both of them. Similar variations between crude protein and phosphoric acid
and lime were reported by Ramiah [1933] in his investigation on spear grass. Wood-
man and his associates [1926] also noticed a rough parallelism between crude protein
and phosphoric acid and opposite variations in lime content of the herbage kept
short by mowing. Ray and Sen [1933] found that both phosphoric acid and lime
increased with the incidence of rain.
The different grasses can be best evaluated as to their mineral content by
comparing the analytical data with the requirements of the cattle. Black, Tash,
Jones and Kleberg [1943] report that phosphorus content of 0.13 per cent (P 2 0 5 =
0.30 per cent) and calcium content of 0.23 per cent (CaO=0.32 per cent) of the dry
matter of the vegetation consumed are generally accepted as the minimum quantities
of these elements required by range cattle. The data show that none of the grasses
studied fell short of these requirements at any period of investigation, on the other
hand considerably higher values were obtained in most of the cases. Morrison
[1945] on the basis of the recommendations of Huffman and his associates states
that the ration of 1200 lb. cow producing about 30 lb. of milk per day should con-
tain 0.23 per cent phosphorus (P 2 O 5 =0.53 per cent). It is found that under monthly
system of cutting the average phosphoric acid content in each species of grass is
higher than this value, though in certain cuttings it fell below the value of 0.53
per cent P 2 0 5 in the sample collected before the onset of rains. Among those grasses
which fell below this value during any cutting is Amphilophis odorata in all the three
cuttings taken before the rains.
TABLE XIII
Variations in lime/phosphoric acid ratio
Names of grasses
Dichanthium annulatum
Amphilophis odorata
Iseilcma lacum
Themeda trimula
Amphilophis glabra
Pennisetum orientale
Panicum repens
Chrysopogan montanus
Sehima nervosum
Heteropogon contortus
Monthly average
Number and date of cutting
1st
2-5-49
1.71
1.58
2.06
1.76
1.73
1.17
1.49
2.91
2.25
1.13
1.78
2nd
1-6-49
1.17
1.33
1.30
1.07
1.26
0.88
0.91
1.63
1.34
1.12
1.20
3rd
1-7-49
1.32
1.78
1.44
1.59
1.59
1.16
0.87
2.81
1.72
1.27
1.56
4th
31-7-49
1.12
1.20
0.95
0.90
0.93
0.58
0.37
1.38
1.19
0.80
0.94
5th
30-8-49
1.19
1.43
1.14
1.04
1.42
0.92
1.35
1.70
2.25
1.31
1.38
6th
28-9-49
1.20
1.52
1.11
1.58
1.49
1.21
0.86
1.72
1.75
1.26
1.37
7th
28-10-49
1.54
2.18
1.44
1.48
1.49
1.30
1.11
2.25
2.42
1.39
1.66
Average
1.32
1.57
1.35
1.34
1.42
1.03
0.99
2.06
1.85
1.18
1.41
200 EFFECT OF MONTHLY CUTS ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION [Vol. XXIII, Part III,
Lime/Phosphoric acid ratio
Another factor responsible for the proper assimilation of the two constituents
is the ratio in which these minerals occur in the rations of animals. As stated before
these constituents in a well-balanced ration should be present in an approximate
ratio of 1 to 1.5 parts of lime for each part of phosphoric acid. It is seen that monthly
cutting keeps the lime/phosphoric acid ratio (Table XIII) quite near to the standard ;
but in certain cases wider or narrower ratio was also obtained. The wider ratio
(excess of CaO over P 2 O 5 ) was obtained in some samples collected during dry months,
i.e. in the beginning of May and end of October ; while narrower values (excess of
P 2 O 5 over CaO) was obtained in some samples collected at the end of July, which
month also had the heaviest rainfall. It is, therefore, recommended that rations
composed solely of these grasses individually may with advantage be supplemented
with phosphoric acid concentrates during very dry periods. While lime concentrates
may be added during very humid period to get a balanced ration as regards these
minerals. But it will not be advisable to add P 2 0 5 concentrates to rations composed
of Pennisetum orientale and Panicum repens at any part of the seasons. Similarly
lime concentrates should not be added to the rations composed of Chrysopogon mon
tanus or Sehima nervosum, but on the other hand these grasses may with advantage
be supplemented with P 2 0 5 concentrates throughout except during very humid
part of season, when these grasses become balanced with respect to these minerals.
The CaO/P 2 O 5 ratio tended to deviate less from the standard in case of Dichan
thium annulatum, Heteropogon contortus, Amphilophis glabra and Themeda trimula
and therefore these grasses may be taken best as regards mineral nutrition under
monthly system of cutting.
TABLE XIV
Variations in percentage of original moisture
Names of gra sses
Diehanthium
annulatum
Amphilophis
odarata
Iseilema laxum
Themeda trimula
Amphilophis
glabra
Pennisetum orientale
Panicum repens
Chrysopogan
montanus
Sehima nervosum
Heteropogon contortus
Monthly average
Number and date of cutting
1st
2-5-49
45.6
50.6
40.0
47.2
54.2
66.9
62.8
56.2
55.7
50.5
53.0
2nd
1-6-49
60.4
63.5
63.2
70.5
66.4
73.1
65.1
60.6
61.2
59.5
64.4
3rd
1-7-49
58.9
62.8
54.9
51.0
63.7
69.8
61.5
59.2
58.4
54.3
59.5
4th
13-7-49
75.8
77.0
78.3
83.4
78.4
84.2
77.6
75.6
77.5
78.9
78.7
5th
39-8-49
67.8
71.2
74.1
78.3
69.2
71.6
75.4
72.4
68.5
71.3
72.0
6th
28-9-49
67.8
70.7
72.3
77.5
68.9
73.8
75.1
74.6
68.6
76.0
72.5
7th
28-10-49
56.4
63.6
55.1
67.3
58.9
66.6
64.3
67.6
64.5
56.6
61.8
Average
61.8
65.6
62.6
67.9
65.7
72.4
68.8
66.6
64.5
63.9
66.0
September, 1953]
N.
NATH
AND
N.
B.
DAS
201
Original moisture
The changes in the moisture content are represented in Table XIV. These
variations are similar to crude protein and phosphoric acid while opposite to each
of crude fibre and nitrogen-free-extract. It appears, therefore, that moisture con-
tent is a good indication of the nutrient contents of grasses under monthly system
of cutting.
Yield per acre
To compare the relative out-turn of nutrients by various grasses during the
period of investigation total yields of green matter, dry matter, crude protein,
lime and phosphoric acid have been calculated and given in Table XV.
TABLE XV
The yields of green matter, dry matter, crude protein, lime and phosphoric acid in
pounds per acre
Names of grasses
Dichanthium annulatum
Amphilophis odorata
Iseilema laxum
Themeda trimula
Amphilophis glabra
Pennisetum orientale
Panicum repens
Chrysopogon montanus
Sehima nervosum
Heteropogon contortus
Green
matter
16740
42795
10710
57210
15424
24402
20253
15360
38628
24540
Dry
matter
7364
15609
3138
17905
5431
6220
6252
5228
13194
8308
Crude
protein
328
876
245
1320
376
459
499
435
1126
562
Lime
70
114
29
147
47
50
41
63
135
59
Phosphoric
acid
48
85
24
106
34
51
38
33
79
53
The highest yields of green matter, dry matter, crude protein, lime and phos-
phoric acid are given by Themeda trimula. Amphilophis odorata ranks second as
regards yield of green and dry matter and phosphoric acid, while Sehima nervosum
is second best in case of yield of lime and crude protein per acre. The lowest values
of yields of various constituents per acre are recorded in case of Iseilema laxum.
Correlation co-efficients
It has been pointed out during the course of discussion that there is a close
parallelism between variations in crude protein and phosphoric acid, while lime
varied generally in a manner opposite to both of them. To ascertain whether these
correlated variations have any statistical significance, the data were subjected to
5AR/53
202 EFFECT OF MONTHLY CUTS ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
[Vol. XXIII, Part III
statistical examination. Table XVI gives correlation co-efficients between crude
protein and each of phosphoric acid and lime contents of different grasses.
TABLE XVI
Correlation co-efficients
Names of grasses
Dichanthium annulatum
Amphilophis odorata
Iseilema laxum
Themeda trimula
Amphilophis glabra
Pennisetum orientale
Penicum repens
Chrysopogon montanus
Sehima nervosum
Heteropogon contortus
Crude protein and
phosphoric acid
Corr.
coeff.
r.*
+0.9160
+0.8176
+0.6383
+0.9311
+0.8706
+0.8469
+0.5931
+0.6436
+0.8627
+0.7392
Significance
Highly significant
Significant
Not significant
Highly significant
Significant
Do.
Not significant
Do.
Significant
Not significant
Crude protein and lime
Corr.
coeff.
r.
—0.0974
+0.3349
—0.9951
—0.2130
+0.0312
—0.3767
—0.3407
—0.8480
—0.0470
—0.0882
Significance
Not significant
Do.
Highly significant
Not significant
Do.
Do.
Do.
Significant
Not significant
Do.
Number of samples =7
Value of r for significance up to 1 per cent level =0.8745
Value of r for significance up to 5 per cent level =0.7545
* Value of r taken from Fisher's tables
It is seen that high positive correlation co-efficients between crude protein and
phosphoric acid are of general occurrence, though in some cases, statistical signifi-
cance is not obtained. Dichanthium annulatum and Themeda trimula have positive
correlation co-efficients which are significant up to one per cent level, while in case
of Amphilophis odorata, Amphilophis glabra, Pennisetum orientale and Sehima
nervosum, the correlation co-efficients are significant up to five per cent level. In
other grasses the correlation co-efficients are not statistically significant. It cannot
be said what factors are responsible for this highly positive correlation co-efficients
between crude protein and phosphoric acid. It may be argued that changes in the
proportion of major constituents, i.e., crude fibre and nitrogen-free-extract resulted
in simultaneous and opposite changes in the proportion of both crude protein and
phosphoric acid. If this be so, then the changes in other constituents not present
in carbohydrates should also change in the similar manner. Lime content on the
other hand shows variations which are opposite to both of them and correlation co-
efficients in case of crude protein and lime vary from highly significant negative
September, 1953]
N.
NATH
AND
N.
B.
DAS
203
correlation co-efficients in case of Iseilema laxum to positive ones in case of Amphi-
lophis odorata and Amphilophis glabra. Most of the grasses have negative though
. not significant correlation co-efficients between crude protein and lime.
This leads to the conclusion that the positive correlation co-efficients between
crude protein and phosphoric acid indicate some sort of association between the
two constituents in continuously cut grasses.
SUMMARY
Investigations were undertaken to study the effect of monthly cuts on the
chemical composition of ten Indian grasses.
(1) Monthly cuts were found to maintain the protein, phosphoric acid, lime and
ether extract contents of different grasses fairly high during the period of investiga-
tion. The percentage of crude protein and phosphoric acid seldom fell below that
recorded for the first cutting. While considerably higher values were obtained in
the samples collected after the onset of rains. Lime phosphoric acid ratio deviated
less from the standard in most of the cases under monthly system of cutting.
(2) There was a close parallelism between the variations in crude protein and
phosphoric acid throughout the investigation, while lime generally varied inversely
to both of them.
(3) Ether extract increased with crude protein after first cutting but afterwards
was subjected to less variations which were not regular in all the species. There
was sharp decline in ether extract content of all grasses at the end of the investigation.
(4) Crude fibre and nitrogen-free-extract tended to display variations opposite
to crude protein, but crude fibre was somewhat variant throughout.
(5) Crude ash, silica and insoluble residue, and silica-free-ash varied in a way
similar to crude protein and phosphoric acid but variations in silica-free-ash were
not so regular.
(6) Changes in original moisture were related to crude protein and phosphoric
acid.
(7) Yields of green matter, dry matter, crude protein, lime and phosphoric acid
per acre for different grasses have been calculated. Maximum output of different
constituents was obtained in case of Themeda trimula, while it was least in Iseilema
laxum.
(8) Statistical examination of the results gave positive and in most cases signi-
ficant correlation co-efficients between crude protein and phosphoric acid contents
of different grasses indicating some sort of association between the two. Correla-
tion co-efficients in case of crude protein and lime varied from highly significant
negative correlation co-efficients to positive ones, but in most of the grasses, the
correlation co-efficients were negative though not significant.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thanks are due to Mr P. M. Dabadghao, Assistant Agrostologist, Division of
Agronomy, for his help in the collection of samples of grasses and in supplying
information about their habits of growth and the places from which these grasses
204 EFFECT OF MONTHLY CUTS ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION [Vol. XXIII, Part III
were brought. We are also thankful to Dr P. Saxena, Statistician, for statistical
examination of the results.
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