NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
2S
TABLE 23.
Comparative table of incidence of Enteric Group Fevers, over 20 years.
Year .
(Ratios per 1000)
British
troops.
Indian
troops.
1913 .
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
2.3
1.6
1919-1928 (Average 10 years) .
.
.
.
.
.
.
3.3
0.9
1929 .
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
4.2
2.9
1930 .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
3.7
2.3
1931 .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
3.3
2.5
1932.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
3 . 4
2.2
1933 .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
3.2
2.5
1934 .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
1.7
1.9
1935 .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2.0
1.4
1936 .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1.5
0.6
1937 .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.8
0.9
1938 .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.9
0 8
.
1939 .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1.1
0.5
In Deccan and Madras Districts there have been no cases for the second
year in succession, but there were 9 cases in. all in Southern Command.
Eastern and Northern Commands both record slight increases. In the
latter however Lahore District continued to show the previous year's decrease,
the rate now being 2 . 2 per 1,000 with no deaths. In Peshawar District there
was an epidemic in the villages surrounding Nowshera and a number of cases.
in the Saddar Bazzar. Northern Command as a whole showed a slight increase.
to 1.51 per 1,000 but the total military cases in the Command only numbered
19.
The A. D. H. & P. comments to the following effect. Considering the
disease was rife in surrounding villages (Nowshera and Abbottabad) we must
conclude that inoculation plus water treatment are the cause and our safeguard,
and that this is not due to improved sanitation (other than water). The
dysentery incidence which is not affected by either of these preventive measures
shows no sign of reduction. The fact that during the year nearly 2,000 British
troops were in camps in Waziristan together with Indian Troops, Followers.
and labourers and that no single case of Enteric occurred speaks well for our
control in Military areas.
The only case in Western District was due for inoculation.
The relative proportions of the members of the Enteric Group of diseases
is shown by the next table.
29
TABLE 24.
Comparative Table of Types in the Enteric Group. Actual admissions and deaths.
(Unclassified cases are not shown).
Years.
British troops
Indian troops
Ty-
phoid
Para
A
Para
B
Para C
Ty-
phoid
Para
A
Para
B
Para
C
1935
A
.
.
.
.
.
. . 27 13
4
. . .
55 46
1 ...
D
.
.
.
. .
.
.
8 . . .
. . .
. . .
8
3 ...
...
1936 A
.
.
.
.
.
.
. 14 13
1
1
29 14
1
...
D D
.
.
.
. .
.
. 2 ...
...
...
3
. . .
. . .
. . .
1937
A A
.
.
.
.
.
. 6
2
2 ...
36 23 ...
..
D
.
.
. .
.
. . 3
. . .
. . .
. . .
6
1 ...
. . .
1938
A
. .
.
.
.
. . 15
2
4
...
38 15
1
1
D D
. .
.
.
.
. . 3 ...
...
...
5
. . .
. . .
. . .
1939
A
. .
.
.
.
. . 14
7
2
...
27 16
1
...
D
. .
.
.
.
. .
1
. . .
1
. . .
5
. . .
. . .
. . .
The decrease in the Para. A group noted in 1937 for British troops has not
been fully maintained but Indian troops show a further decrease this year.
Paratyphoid A .—Inoculation. —
With the reduction in the dosage of T. A. B.
to the yearly half cc. the question arose whether the amount of Paratyphoid.
A vaccine was now sufficient to give immunity. A close watch has been kept,
month by month on the incidence of Para A fevers during the year. Actually
it has been found that there has been no tendency to increase, there being
6 fewer total cases this year compared with 1938.
The influence of the seasons .
—
The seasonal incidence of the group is similar
to last year ; but with a tendency to prolong into the autumn, possibly on
account of the extension of the warm weather [see paragraph 6 ( a)]. The
monthly figures indicate that some factor connected with the warm-wet months
is the cause of many of such of the infections as have occurred, similarly to
those for dysentery. The probable factor appears to be fly prevalence with
fly borne infection of milk and food.
TABLE 25.
Seasonal distribution per cent. of Enteric Group fevers.
British and Indian Troops.
Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
All India
.
2.7 6.3 5.4 4.5 11.7 8.1 15.3 16.2 16.2 6.3 4.5 2.7
The prevalence of infection in the months of the fly season is strikingly
illustrated by these figures.
Enteric Group Carriers.—That these exist even in our midst is a fact which
is now often forgotten in our well protected cantonment communities. The
presence of such carriers is well illustrated by the following.
30
B. typhosum was isolated on routine examination from the Head Cook
of the R. A. F. Officers Mess at Risalpur. A widal test gave the following
results:
TO 240
AO Nil
VI
Nil
R V Nil
But this is only one example out of a number.
Protective inoculation.—T. A. B. inoculation has been satisfactorily main
t a i n e d a n d t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f t h o s e p r o t e c t e d i s h i g h e v e n t h o u g h i n o c u l a t i o n
remains an entirely voluntary procedure. The following table gives the
incidence of the Enteric Group fevers amongst all classes both protected and
unprotected.
TABLE 26.
Table showing infection rate of Enteric Group Fevers in protected and
unprotected personnel.
Admissions.
Total.
Percentage. Typhoid Para
A
Para
B
Para
C
Enteric
group
Officers
(B. S. & I. S.)
Protected . 96.33
2
..
..
..
3
5
Unprotected 3.67
1
1
..
. .
..
2
Women
Protected . 90.00
2
2
. .
. .
1
5
Unprotected 10.00
2
. .
. .
. .
..
2
Children
Protected . 85.00
2
1
..
..
3
6
Unprotected 15.00
5
1
. .
..
1
7
Inoculation state among B. 0. Rs.
Group.
Ratio per 1,000
Case
mortality
per cent.
Cases.
-
Deaths.
Protected 99.16 per cent
.
.
.
.
.
1.17
0.06
5.26
Unprotected 0.84 per cent
.
.
.
.
.
3.53
..
..
The extent to which the Army in India is now immunised by T. A. B.
inoculation and protected thereby is illustrated by the plaint of an enthusiastic
officer who was endeavouring to carry through research work on the laboratory
estimation of anti-bodies produced in fever cases of different types at the
hospitals in the District concerned.
He writes:
" The paucity of Enteric among British and Indian troops resulted in
a lack of material from that source, but this was more than
made up for by the material from uninoculated cases." (Civilian).
31 01
12. Dysentery, Diarrhœa, Colitis and Amoebic Hepatitis
In this Group of diseases an entirely different and unsatisfactory state of
affairs is shown once more by the incidence for British personnel during
1939. An increase of nearly 3 per 1,000 has taken place although for Indian
troops there has been a reduction of 1.4 per 1,000. This is the highest figure
for over 20 years.
It is true that this may in part be accounted for, as can all increases this
year, by the reduction in strength and the presence of a majority of the unfits
of units which had gone ; but comments from Commands and Districts indicate
that the high prevalence of dysenteric infection is due to the lack of sanitation
which surrounds our troop areas. We have no sure preventive measures such
as we have for the Enteric Group, namely inoculation of the individual and
purification of the water supplies of the population ; we have to depend on
mechanical protection against this fly borne group and the present results show
how much we are at the mercy of sanitary or rather insanitary conditions which
surround our cantonments. We do not claim that all cantonment areas have
perfect sanitation, far from it ; but at least there is evidence of some measure
of control in many cantonments and some evidence of a reasonable standard
of sanitation in the areas occupied by troops. But comments from Districts
show clearly how those troops which are closest to any uncontrolled city or
bazaar area outside cantonments suffer from the complete lack of sanitary
control which appears to exist therein.
What we need now is some protective measure or device which can be
surely applied to each individual, as is our T. A. B. against the Typhoid fevers.
No real success has yet been achieved by anti-dysenteric inoculations and
at present we have to depend on measures directed against that ubiquitous
carrier, the House-fly.
For British troops the present rise in incidence is shown best by the
following table and graph. Table 27 shows the admission rates for British and
Indian troops over 20 years.
TABLE 27.
The Incidence of the Total Dysentery-Diarrhoea Group.
Year
British
troops
Indian
troops
1913
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
18.5
25.9
1919
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
45.3
31.1
1925
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
24.3
20.3
1929
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
36.3
24.6
1930
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
40.5
27.7
1931
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
43.9
22.6
1932
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
38.2
21.8
1933
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
40.2
23.3
1934
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
40.4
30.2
1935
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
43.1
17.8
1936
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
40.7
17.2
1937
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
41.8
17.9
1938
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
44.8
24.7
1939
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
47.2
23. 4
It will be seen that there is little tendency to reduction in either British or
Indian figures ; such fluctuations as there are being dependent on good or bad
years or in other words the climatic effects on the prevalence of the carrier,
the Housefly: and yet this is a strictly preventable disease.
The rise during the past few years amongst British troops is illustrated by
the graph, No. VI.
32
CHART NO. VI.
DYSENTERY & DIARRHOEA—B.O.R.S
R A T I O P E R 1 0 0 0 .
1
Y E A R .
The fly borne nature of infection.— This is shown not only by unanimous
opinion of experienced officers but by a study of the seasonal incidence of the
disease group in district or station. As an example of the former Poona gives
a characteristic series of figures. Of 88 cases in the year, 54 occurred in the
4 months of February-March (27) and July-August (27) the fly months of this
area. A majority of the remainder were from camps.
The all India seasonal table also shows this point, but in this vast country
there must obviously be local differences in the fly season. As a whole one can
say that the fly season is February to April and mid July to late September.
This seasonal incidence in a two peak curve is also clearly shown in the graphs
of the past 5 years in Chart No. VII.
TABLE 28.
The Seasonal incidence of the Dysentery-Diarrhœa Group.
British
Indian
1937
1938
1939
1937
1938
1939
January
.
.
1.7
1.6
2.5
0. 8
0.6
0.6
February
.
.
1.5
1.9
2.9
0. 4
0.4
0.6
March .
.
.
3.3
3.7
3.2
0.8
0.7
0.7
April
.
.
.
6.4
6.3
5.4
1.6
2.3
1.7
May
.
.
.
5.0
4.6
4.9
1.8
3.1
3.1
June
.
.
.
2.6
4.7
3.2
1.6
2.9
2.2
July
.
.
.
3.5
6.3
5.3
1.9
3.8
2.3
August.
.
.
5.3
5.0
6.7
2.9
3.7
2.7
September
.
.
3.6
2.2
4.2
2.1
2.3
2.4
October
.
.
2.2
2 . 7
3.5
1. 7
1 . 7
2.6
November
.
.
3.7
3.0
3.5
1.7
1.9
2.7
December
.
.
2.5
1.7
1.9
1.0
1.0
1.5
In reference to fly-borne infection comment is made from Deccan District
that increased mechanisation and the consequent reduction in the number of
horses will help to reduce the flies in cantonments to some extent, but it is more
often in the stable in Officers compounds than in unit lines that fly-breeding is
found.
In the 1938 Report a contrast was shown between the dysentery group
incidence at Agra, where troops are relatively separate from city or large
bazaars, and Jhansi, where a large bazaar, a city and the notorious municipal
trenching grounds are in close proximity to Lines. Once again the incidence in
this fly infested area is double that of the relatively free Agra area although
strengths and general climatic conditions approximate.
TABLE 29.
Dysentery and Diarrhœa at Jhansi and Agra.
Ratios per 1,000
Jhansi
Agra
Year
British
Indian
British
Indian
1936
.
.
.
.
.
.
. 43.3
27.3
28.4
29.4
1937
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
91.5
28.4
22.7
6.7
1938
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
64.4
49.1
35.5
16.7
1939
.
.
.
.
.
.
. 83.1
41.0
41.7
28.9
OHART NO.VII.
BRITISH
T R O O P S = —
INDIAN TROOPS =—
DYSENTERY,ALL INDIA
MONTHLY ADMISSION RATIOS PER 1000 OF STRENGTH.
36
It was hoped that the Municipal trenching grounds at Jhansi would be
moved at the end of the year. No action to this effect has been successful and
the Municipal authorities do not appear to be willing to make any improvement
in the sanitation of areas under their control.
Fly infestation with its high dysenteric consequence will therefore remain
unabated.
The relative incidence of the whole Dysentery group is of interest also in
showing the decline of the amoebic type of infection compared with the fly-
borne bacillary type. It will be noted that amoebic hapatitis, liver abscess and
colitis are well below 1 per 1,000 and show a decreasing tendency while the
fly-borne preventable bacillary dysentery and diarrhœa show no tendency to
decrease but assume, considerable proportions.
TABLE 30.
The incidence of Dysentery, Diarrhœa, Colitis and Amoebic Hapatitis.
Ratios per 1,000.
Dysentery Diarrhœa Colitis
Total
Amcebic
Hapatitis
Liver
Abscess
1933
.
. .
24.9
15.3
1.0
41.2
0.65
0.13
1934
.
.
.
25.5
14.9
0.8
41.2
0.96
0.09
1935
.
.
.
29.2
13.9
0.4
43.5
0.46
0.08
1936
.
.
.
24.6
16.5
0.9
42.1
0.29
0.04
1937
.
.
.
25.5
16.1
0.3
41.9
0.23
0.06
1938
.
.
.
26.8
18.0
0.2
45.0
0.53
0.07
1939
.
.
.
29.0
18.2
0.6
47.8
0.69
0.06
The distribution of the four disease types by Commands shows that
B a c i l l a r y c a s e s r e m a i n h i g h , p r o t o z o a l c a s e s r e m a i n s t e a d y a t a r e a s o n a b l y
low figure, while cases diagnosed " bacillary exudate " show a gratifying
decrease in each Command.
TABLE 31.
Dysentery by Commands for the years 1937-38-39.
Command
Bacillary
Bacillary
exudate
Protozoal
C l i n i c a l
Total
Northern
.
.
8.6
3.4
1.9
7.2
21.0
11 . 5
2.8
1.5
5.4
21,1
10. 2
2.6
1.8
4.5
19.0
Western
.
.
11 . 2
6.7
1.5
8.5
27.3
18.7
6.0
1.7
16.2
42.5
7 . 8
4.1
0.5
9.2
21.5
Eastern
.
.
15.8
4.2
3.6
5.5
29.0
16 . 4
4.1
5.5
3.8
29.8
23.9
3.2
4.5
5.6
37.2
Southern
.
.
13.5
7.0
2.8
2.3
18.5
12.1
7.2
3.9
2.4
25.6
22 . 9
3.6
2.2
5.4
34.1
The percentage of types shown below indicates clearly that a common
standard of diagnostic procedure is carried out successfully in all Commands
and variations are within narrow limits, clinical and exudate cases continue to
decrease steadily as bacteriologically proved cases increase.
37
TABLE 32.
Percentage diagnosis of dusentery-diarrhaa group.
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
Dysentery Protozoal.
.
10.3
10.8
10.4
12.7
9.1
Dysentery Bacillary (proved).
41.5
46.1
49.3
51.3
61.6
Dysentery Bacillary (exudate).
23.0
22.4
19.6
17.4
10.9
Bacillary clinical. .
.
25.3
20.7
20.7
18.5
18.4
13. Cholera
As an aftermath of 1938 Cholera was wide-spread, reaching epidemic form
in the east and centre of India [see paragraph 6 ( c)]. In spite of disturbed
conditions, in spite of garrisoning security posts in unhealthy isolated areas and
in spite of many unusual moves by train and road throughout the year, although
there were a number of alarms of cholera in cantonments, there were NO cases
.amongst British troops in 1939 and only two civilian cases in cantonments,
Lucknow Cantonment.
14. Disease of the Digestive System.
The admission rate for this group of diseases has again risen appreciably
viz. by 10 per 1,000 to the considerable figure of nearly 124 per 1,000.
1936 .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. 103.1 per 1,000.
1937 .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. 99.4 per 1,000.
1938 .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. 113.6 per 1,000.
1939
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. 123.5 per 1,000.
This follows closely the rise in the general Dysentery group and as far as
the intestinal infections go is dependent on similar causes namely disturbed
conditions, much travelling and camping also probably the earlier return from
Hill stations.
Tonsillitis which is included in this group shows a satisfactory reduction of
over 200 cases but is still 3rd on the list of principal diseases. Both catarrhal
jaundice and gastritis show appreciable reductions during the year ; the former
28 cases less and the latter 80 cases. Pharyngitis however which is one of this
group produced a substantial increase of nearly 100 cases.
The increase in digestive diseases does not in any way seem to be connected
with the increased ration allowance as was feared by one medical specialist in
;the previous year.
An outbreak of intestinal trouble, acute diarrhœa and vomiting with 71
cases affected of which 27 showed blood and mucous, occurred in a training
camp on the Hab River in Western Ind. District. Reports indicated that the
trouble was not a fly-borne infection of any kind but was probably due to sili-
cate crystals in the local water supply. Heavy dust clouds may have aggra.
vated the condition.
An exactly similar outbreak had occurred two years previously which was
remedied by supplying water from Karachi. This outbreak resembles that
reported from Ghariom Camp in 1937 in which deposites of mica and silicate
crystals were found in the water from one particular source
38
15. Cysticercosis, Epilepsy and the Worm Infections
Cysticercosis.—There was again only one case of this distressing disease but
curiously enough from the same neighbourhood as the Lahore case last year
viz. at Amritsar. The details are briefly as follows :
Private D. M. who was of Indian domicile was enlisted into a British Regi
ment in India in 1935. In 1936 he was for the first time admitted to hospital
and diagnosed Epilepsy. At that time complete X-ray examination was under-
taken with negative results.
He was again admitted to hospital in 1939 having suffered from fits. On
this occasion X-ray examination revealed the presence of calcified masses in
the calf muscles of both legs, and left upper arm, no subcutaneous nodules were
palpable. He was invalided to the United Kingdom and further information
concerning the progress of the case is not at present available.
The following case is worth recording :
Cysticercosis in a dog .—The dog developed fits and on being shot by the
owner was found to be infested with cysticeri containing scolices of T. solium.
This appeared to be a true case of cysticercus cellulosae of the dog, which,
though often found to pass lengths of the tapeworm (T. solium) never becomes.
a true definitive host.
Epilepsy.—There was only one case invalided during this year compared
with 11 the previous year, but 6 cases of N. Y. D. convulsions were invalided,
from Southern Command. None of these appeared to resemble a case of
cysticercosis.
There were in all 4 cases of epilepsy amongst British troops and 41 cases:
from Indian troops during the year.
Tape-worm infections .—Amongst British troops, cases of infection with T.
saginata and T. solium have shown a general decrease over the past three years.
Decrease or increase during the year.
T. saginata. T. solium.
1937
. •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
—2
+3
1938 .
.
. •
•
•
.
.
•
—9
—16
193
.
.
.
•
0
•
a
•
•
—64
+8
The prevalence of tape-worm infestation in beef supplies both in Western
Ind. District and in Southern Command have again been noted during the
year.
Amongst Indian troops there has been an increase of cases both of T.
saginata, 5 cases increase, and T. solium, 2 more cases ; the numbers are however
not great probably only because Indian troops do not report sick with such,
infections.
Worm infestation .—Considerable attention has however been paid to this.
amongst recruits of the Indian Army. Numerous investigations have shown
a high rate of infestation. Hookworm infestation in numbers varying from 39
to 87 or even 93 per cent. " Deworming " of Recruits has therefore received
attention and mass treatment is stated to have produced most satisfactory
results in the general physical and mental improvement subsequently achievedb
y these recruits. This is a method of improvement in physique which should
be widely adopted throughout recruit training centres.
39
16. Oriental Sore.
There was an increase of 16 cases of cutaneous Leishmaniasis amongst
British troops. The relative figures for the past 5 years are shown below.
Increase or decrease of Oriental Sore.
Year
British
troops
Indian
troops
1935
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+2
—36
1936
.
.
..
+27
+105
1937
.
.
.
.
•
•
•
-22
—37
1938
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
—4
—49
1939
.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
+16
+41
It will be noted that considerable fluctuations of indefinite character occur
annually, depending presumably on the sandfly prevalence of each particular
year in conjunction with moves of salted and fresh troops from and to infested
areas.
At Quetta, where the condition has received much attention and preven
tive measures such as spraying with insecticide, protection of infested sores
from access to sandflies and the general removal of builders rubble (see para-
graph 8) have been carefully carried out and the two main nullahs have been
bricked, the number of cases has markedly decreased this year.
TABLE 33.
Incidence of Oriental Sore in Quetta Cantonment.
British
troops
Indian
troops
and
followers
Total
1936
.
.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
63
448
511
1937
.
.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
36
165
201
193
.
•
•
•
.
.
•
•
•
53
391
444
1939
.
.
-
.
.
.
-
-
•
19*
205
224
* NOTE.—That the British unit only arrived in November 1938 and any real crop of
sores are not likely to appear until the spring of 1940.
Northern Command produced 5 scattered cases. The bulk of British cases
came from one British Regiment in Bombay District (14 cases) but infection
was not local.
The following observation by the D. A. D. P. Western District is worth
recording : " It is interesting to note that since 1936 I have only seen one
case of an oriental sore on the face of an adult European female. Boys and
girls are equally affected on the face. Ladies are mostly infected round the
arms and legs. It appears that the powder and cosmetics used by ladies have
a repellant effect."
17. Minor Septic and Local injury Group.
This combined group as before produces a very large number of admissions
with high rates of temporary inefficiency. For British troops admissions show
a decrease of 574 but the total is still nearly 5,000 in the year. Indian troops
40
however show an increase of 458 admissions with a total nearly up to 11,000
cases. In addition there are the numerous cases retained under Barrack
treatment.
It is likely that something could be done by close supervision of all cases
in their early stages, but the very nature of military training and particularly
of any frontier operations tends to produce large numbers of such cases.
In Northern Command this group always produces large numbers of ad
missions. In the present year there is a substantial increase of nearly 20 per
1,000 to 135.11 per 1,000. A ten year table shows that the rate rarely drops
below 120 per 1,000.
The total inefficiency caused by this group is summarised in the following
table.
TABLE 34.
Minor Septic and local injury over the past 10 years.
Ratios per 1,000.
British Troops
Indian Troops
Minor
septic
Local
Injury
Total
Minor
septic
Local
Injury
Total
1930
.
.
.
52.7
58.9
111.6
25.6
38.3
63.9
1931
.
.
.
59.0
61.7
120.7
30.0
41.2
71.2
1932
.
.
.
56.2
58.5
114.7
30.4
43.7
74.1
1933
.
.
.
58.1
60.2
118.3
32.7
48.2
80.9
1934
.
.
.
57.9
62.3
120.2
17.5
49.0
66.5
1935
.
.
.
59.7
62.2
121.9
35.3
53.1
88.4
1936
.
.
.
59.5
61.8
121.3
33.4
52.6
86.0
1937
.
.
.
54.6
57.6
112.2
31.4
52.0
83.4
1938
.
.
.
59.2
62.7
121.9
33.4
58.7
92.1
1939
.
.
.
66.9
63.0
129.9
36.8
57.0
93.8
Cellulitis still retains second place as a single cause of admission to hospital
and in spite of a reduction of 107 cases the rate for the year has increased from
45.2 of 1938 to 51.1 this year.
Boils which have shown a slight reduction of recent years now show a rise
in rates for both British and Indian troops.
TABLE 35.
The incidence of Boils.
British
Indian
1936
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
9.1
6.0
1937
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7.3
5.4
1938
.
.
.
. .
.
.
. .
.
.
7.7
5.8
1939
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
8 .2
7. 5