NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
20
I.—VETERINARY INSTRUCTIONS.
3. Daring the year under report, Veterinary Inspector, V. N.
Kulkarni, and Veterinary Assistant Surgeon E. N. Naik were
deputed to the Imperial Laboratory of Veterinary Research,
Muktesar, for a three months' course of training in Laboratory
Methods. At the conclusion of their course, they returned to their
duties and were very favourably reported on by the Director of the
Laboratory.
The usual practical instruction was given to new recruits.
II.—TREATMENT OF DISEASE.
Table II.
4. The Presidency proper has suffered very heavily from
contagious diseases of live-stock during the year. Rinderpest
especially has been very widespread and has
accounted for a very large number of deaths.
There were 3,021 outbreaks of all diseases dealt with by the staff.
In these outbreaks, 1,09,375 animals were attacked and 40,873 died.
The figures for the previous year were, 70,742 attacks and 11,457
deaths. Up to 31st March 1925, 3,037 outbreaks were reported and
3,021 had been attended by Veterinary Assistant Surgeons.
Equine Contagious Disease.
5. Among Equines, outbreaks of Glanders, Epizootic Lymphan-
gitis, Surra and Strangles were reported. There were 50 case9 of
glanders detected, of which 48 were from the City of Bombay and
two from Poona. They were all dealt with under the Glanders and
Farcy Act.
Surra was reported from Bombay City and from 5 Districts in the
mofussil. One hundred and thirty-six animals were seized and the
disease was confirmed in 120 cases. These were either destroyed,
or died before action could be taken. Thana District was severely
affected with this disease, which extended to the cantonment at
Santa Cruz, where nearly all the mules maintained there by the
Military Department were affected and had to be destroyed.
Nine cases of Epizootic Lymphangitis were detected, six in the
City of Bombay and 3 in Poona. They were all destroyed and the
necessary precautions taken to prevent the spread of the disease.
Only 3 cases of Strangles were detected.
Bovine Contagious Disease.
6. Rinderpest, Foot and Mouth Disease, Hæmorrhagic Septicaemia,
Black Quarter and Anthrax were all reported during the year.
There was an increased mortality from Rinderpest and Anthrax, the
other diseases not being so severe as in the previous year.
7. Rinderpest. With the exception of the Panch Mahals District,
the whole of the Presidency, including the City of Bombay experi-
enced this disease to a greater or lesser extent during the year under
21
report. At the close of the previous year, the disease was existing
in a more or less sporadic form and it continued in this way during
the early months of this year. It began to spread later on in a
more virulent form in certain Districts, however, until practically
the whole of the Dharwar, Nasik, East and West Khandesh
Districts and large tracts in Kanara, Belgaum, Kolaba and Thana
Districts were severely affected. The disease reached its height in
October and November, after which it gradually declined until
February, when a slight increase in severity again occurred.
Towards the end of the year however, it was again on the decline,
the number of new outbreaks reported showing a great decrease.
In the whole of the Presidency Proper 1,950 villages were
reported to have suffered from this disease. 77,478 attacks and
36,564 deaths were reported as compared with 5,166 deaths reported
last year. Dharwar District suffered most heavly, having a total
mortality of 10,347. Nasik recorded 5,947, Kanara 3,978 and
Kolaba 2,906 deaths.
8. Foot and Mouth Disease. This disease did not occur to the
extent reported last year. Outbreaks occurred in all Districts of the
Presidency but Kanara and Dharwar probably suffered most, the
disease occurring at the same time as Rinderpest
Twenty-four
thousand three hundred and eighty-four cases and 199 deaths were
reported against 51,412 cases and 348 deaths reported last year.
Kanara and Dharwar each reported over 4,000 attacks and Poona,
Kolaba, Sholapur, Nasik, Ahmedabad and Ahmednagar were
also severely affected. The mortality was highest in Ratnagiri,
Kanara and Thana Districts and in Bombay City.
9. Hæmorrhagic Septicæmia. This disease also was not so
widespread as in the previous year, although reports were received
from all districts except Ahmednagar, East Khandesh and Bijapur.
Two thousand three hundred and fifty cases were reported with
1,584 deaths. In the previous year 3,528 cases with 2,847 deaths
were reported.
The mortality was highest in Kolaba, Dharwar, Belgaum, Broach,
Satara and Surat Districts.
The disease was confirmed microscopically in 25 outbreaks.
10. Black Quarter was reported from Thana, Ahmednagar, West
Khandesh, Nasik, Poona, Satara, Sholapur, Belgaum, Bijapur,
Dharwar and Ratnagiri Districts. It was not so widespread as in
the previous year, except in the Ahmednagar District, where 124
attacks and 110 deaths were reported. The total number of deaths
reported from Black Quarter was 233 as against 2,043 in the year
1923-24.
11. Anthrax. Anthrax was more prevalent than in the last year,
1,226 deaths being reported from this cause against 491. The
disease was reported from 14 Districts, Ratnagiri, Kanara and
Ahmednagar suffering most as usual.
Anthrax was confirmed microscopically in 23 outbreaks,
22
12. Other contagious diseases reported to have occurred in
Bovines include Dengue and Piroplasmosis. The former occurred
in Ahmedabad, Kaira, Panch-Mahals, Ahmednagar, Poona,
Belgaum, Bijapur and Kanara Districts. Piroplasmosis was
confirmed in Belgaum, Kanara and Ratnagiri Districts. This
disease was detected in combination with Rinderpest among calves
affected with the latter disease at the Vaccine Institute, Belgaum.
Contagious Diseases in other Animals.
13. Foot and Mouth Disease in Sheep and Goats was reported
from Satara, Belgaum and Dharwar Districts. Variola from
Ahmedabad, Broach, Kanara and Ratnagiri Districts and contagious
pleuropneumonia from Ahmedabad District.
Anthrax in Sheep was reported from Ahmednagar and Nasik
Districts.
Sixty-seven cases of rabies were dealt with by Veterinary
Assistant Surgeons, as against 90 last year. The brains of HO dogs
suspected to have died from this disease were sent to the Bombay
Bacteriological Laboratory for examination.
Preventive Measures.
Table III.
14. Preventive inoculation against Rinderpest was undertaken
in 975 outbreaks of the 1,950 reported to, and attended by, the staff.
117,358 animals were protected in this
way against 14,854 last year.
In the
975 outbreaks in which Anti-rinderpest inoculations were performed,
15,920 deaths occurred among uninoculated animals and only 354
among the inoculated.
The large increase in the number of Anti-rinderpest inoculations
performed is due to the very widespread prevalence of the disease.
15. Five thousand three-hundred and fifty-seven animals were
protected against Hemorrhagic Septicæmia by the Serum alone
method in 53 outbreaks, as compared with 8,598 inoculations in 89
outbreaks in the previous year. The reduction in the number of
inoculations performed against this disease is due to the fact that
the disease was not so prevalent as in the year 1923-24. In the
villages in which inoculations were performed 9 inoculated animals
and 879 uninoculated died of Hemorrhagic Septicemia.
One thousand two-hundred and seventy-five animals were
vaccinated with Hemorrhagic Septicemia Vaccine in 9 villages as
compared with 1,143 vaccinations in 8 villages last year. This
form of preventing the occurrence of the disease has not yet
attained the popularity it deserves, the reason being that the
agriculturists are very loath to undertake any preventive measures
until disease actually appears in their herds. The fact that
inoculations and vaccinations against this disease have to be paid for
also puts them against it, but the Department is endeavouring to
overcome their objections by means of propaganda.
16. In 13 outbreaks of Anthrax 1,522 animals were protected
with anti-anthrax serum. Nine inoculated and 139 uninoculated
animals died.
23
17. During the year under report inoculations against Black-
Quarter by means of serum and also germ free filtrate were intro-
duced. The former is used in actual outbreaks and confers on the
inoculated animals a short immunity sufficient to protect them
during the outbreak. The latter confers a more lasting immunity,
but the immunity conferred is not set up immediately and so it is
not used in an actual outbreak, except in conjunction with serum.
The Department is endeavouring to induce agriculturists who live
in tracts where this disease occurs almost every year, to have their
cattle protected in this way before the Black-Quarter season sets in,
so that their cattle may be immune to the disease during that part
of the year. Unfortunately this could not be done during the year,
but 296 combined inoculations and 95 serum alone inoculations
were performed. No deaths occurred among the inoculated animals
and the results of the initial attempts may be considered as
satisfactory. The serum and germ free filtrate were manufactured
and supplied by the Muktesar Laboratory.
18. As usual charges were made for inoculations and vaccinations
against Hæmorrhagic Septicæmia and Anthrax, and a sum of
Rs. 1,189-9-0 was recovered as fees. Last year Rs. 1,142-15-0 were
recovered and credited to Government.
Other Diseases.
Table IV.
19. During the year, the members of the staff visited 4,55 L
villages and during the course of their tours, they treated 23.034
animals for contagious diseases and 13,004
for non-contagious diseases, and 10,818
castrations were performed. In the previous year 2,785 villages
were visited, 29,389 cases were treated for contagious diseases,
6,881 for non-contagious diseases, and 5,317 castrations were
performed. There is a reduction in the number of cases treated
for contagious diseases, owing to the fact that Foot and Mouth
Disease, Hæemorrhagic Septicæmia and Black-Quarter were not so
prevalent as in the past year.
Investigation.
20. Two-hundred and sixty-six specimens were sent to the
Sir, D. M. Petit Patho-bacteriological Laboratory, Parel by Veteri-
nary Assistant Surgeons for examination. Some specimens were
also sent for the College Museum.
Veterinary Departments.
Table V.
21. At the beginning of the year there were 83 dispensaries
working in the Presidency proper, and
during the year six new ones were opened,
viz., one each at Chikhli and Olpad in Surat District, Jamner
and Chopda in East Khandesh District, Tasgaon in Satara District
and Dohad in Panch Mahals District, making a total of 89 at the
close of the year. The District Local Board, East Khandesh were
24
anxious to open more, but as their applications for grants-in-aid
and Veterinary Assistant Surgeons were received late in the year, it
was impossible to assist them further. Most of the new dispensaries
are doing very useful work already.
The number of cases treated at Hospitals and Dispensaries
numbered 115,144 against 100,576 last year and medicines were
supplied for 45,636 cases for home treatment, 40,958 being treated
in this way during the previous year.
One Veterinary Assistant Surgeon was again deputed for two
months to the Dangs in the Surat District. The period which he
spends there is all too short for the work to be done. The estab-
lishment of a full time dispensary, partly itinerating in this area
should receive consideration.
22. The construction of suitable buildings for housing Veterinary
Dispensaries proceeds very slowly. During the year under report,
the District Local Board, Kaira purchased a building for the
dispensary at Kapadvani and will undertake necessary additions
and alterations in due course.
The stallion stand at Dhanduka which was handed over to the
District Local Board, Ahmedabad, for the purpose of converting it
into a dispensary, has been extended for this purpose and will
shortly be occupied.
III.—BREEDING OPERATIONS.
(1) Bovines.
23. Nil
(2) Equines.
(i) Horse and Pony Stallions.
Table X.
24. When Horse Breeding Operations were discontinued by
Government, 6 stallions were handed over to
the District Local Board, Ahmednagar, and
two to the District Local Board Sholapur. These two Boards
continued to maintain these stallions during the year. Informa-
tion concerning, the work done by the stallions has not yet been
received.
Table XI.
25. Information not yet received.
Table XII.
26. Information not yet received.
(ii) Donkey Stallions.
27. No official Mule Breeding is carried on in the Presidency.
(3) Others.
28. There is nothing to report under this head.
(4) Fairs and Shows.
Table XIII.
29. No Horse Shows were held during
the year.
25
IV.—SUBORDINATE ESTABLISHMENT.
Table VII.
30. Five Veterinary Inspectors were employed during the year.
In the course of their tours they inspected all the Veterinary
Dispensaries in their Division, visited 377
villages and attended 240 outbreaks of
contagious diseases. They carried out propaganda work in the
villages, delivered lectures on the subject of diseases of animals and
checked the work of the Veterinary Assistant Surgeons in the
villages. Normally each dispensary is inspected every four months,
but during the latter months of the year, it was found necessary to
order the Veterinary Inspectors, Dharwar, Ahmednagar and Surat
Divisions to discontinue routine inspections and confine themselves
to touring in the areas affected with Rinderpest.
Veterinary Inspector R. N. Sane retired on 31st March on
superannuation pension, and Rao Saheb P. D. Maniar, Veterinary
Inspector, Ahmedabad Division, was on leave pending retirement.
At the end of the year 1923-24, there were 95 Veterinary
Assistant Surgeons employed. Ten new men were appointed and
one was promoted to the rank of Inspector to fill the vacancy
caused by the retirement of Mr. R. N. Sane. There were therefore
104 employed at the close of the year.
Veterinary Inspectors and Veterinary Assistant Surgeons have
had a strenuous year and with few exceptions all have worked well
and cheerfully under very trying conditions. Many have been on
tour almost continuously throughout the year. The Superintendent
desires to record his appreciation of the way in which all those
engaged in epizootic work have carried out their duties and to bring
to the notice of Government the names of the following in
particular.
Veterinary Inspectors:—
1. R. N. Sane. 2. P. V. Nagarsheth and acting Veterinary
Inspector M. G. Kulkarni.
Veterinary Assistant Surgeons :—
1. M. N. Ronghe.
2. M. K. Garudachar.
3. G. G. Page.
4. D. C. Bhambure.
5. J. G. Kulkarni.
6. G. V. Sovani.
7. L. N. Ghatpande.
8. S. P. Belunke.
9. B. C. Shiddangowdar.
10. J. M. Badgandi.
11. B. V. Nagnur.
12. N. G. Katti.
13. U. Y. Gadag.
14. G. C. Kale.
V.—EXPENDITURE OF THE DEPARTMENT.
31. The information contained in Table XIV-A is furnished by
the Accountant General, and includes in addition to the expenditure
Q 5—4
26
Table XIV-A.
incurred by this Department—expenditure on account of
Veterinary Education and of the Bombay
City and Harbour Glanders and Farcy
Department. The actual expenditure for this Department from
Provincial Revenues was Rs. 280,658-4-5 against Rs. 228,499-9-8
last year.
VI.—GENERAL REMARKS.
32. The outstanding feature of the year has been the widespread
epidemics of Rinderpest. It is some years since the Presidency has ex-
perienced so serious an outbreak and the resources of the Department
were taxed to the utmost in combating it. The Superintendent and
Acting Superintendent paid several visits to the most seriously affec-
ted quarters to organise the work. A special series of lectures to
village officers and leading Ryats was undertaken in which advice on
preventive measures and early reporting were given. The number of
inoculations performed is the highest ever recorded in this Presidency.
Inoculations were however only undertaken in about 50 per cent. of
the outbreaks attended. Many more would have been done had
more men been available. Owing to the large number of villages
attacked, many had perforce to be visited late and many outbreaks
were, in addition, reported too ]ate for the members of the staff to
give any assistance. On the whole however, reporting has been
fairly good.
This outbreak has shown the necessity for (1) a larger mobile
force of Veterinary Assistant Surgeons than we have at present and
(2) the necessity for some form of legislation to deal with cattle
disease. As most of the men employed are in charge of Stationary
Dispensaries, it is difficult to transfer them from their own districts
for special work, and the only extra hands available are reserves.
The number of these is too small for the purpose.
A very large number of people are anxious to have their cattle
protected against the disease, but so long as a certain number refuses
to do so, the disease is kept alive in the villages and it is necessary
to reinoculate. This has been done in many villages, but it increases
the cost of dealing with an outbreak. Compulsory inoculation
therefore appears to be indicated.
The large increase in the number of castrations is also worthy of
mention. Since the introduction of the Burdizzo Method of castra-
tion, the instrument has become increasingly popular. There are
now 51 instruments supplied to dispensaries and as some Boards are
loath to incur the necessary expenditure for supplying them, in view
of the amount of cruelty saved by this method of castration, it is
suggested that Government should either undertake the supply of
more instruments, or advance money to the Boards for their pur-
chase. The question of including the country method of castration
as an act of cruelty under the Act for the Prevention of Cruelty to
Animals is worthy of consideration.
During the year under report proposals for the more rapid
expansion of the Department and for introducing legislation for the
27
control of contagious diseases of cattle, in connection with the re-
commendations of the Cattle Breeding Committee were submitted
to Government.
At the request of the Agricultural Adviser to the Government of
India the following programme of work is included in the Annual
Report:—
The energies of the Department will be directed towards the
practical application of modern scientific methods of treatment of
disease, both curative and prophylactic.
E. S. FARBROTHER,
Superintendent, C. V. D.,
Bombay Presidency.
29
TABLE
II.
Showing
the number
of deaths
from
contagious
diseases
amongst
animals
during
the year
1924-25.
District.
1
1 Ahmedabad ...
2 Broach ...
3 Kaira ...
4 Panch Mahals ...
5 Surat ...
6 Thana ...
7 Ahmednagar ...
8 East Khandesh...
9 West Khandesh .
10 Nasik ...
11 Poona ...
12 Satara ...
13 Sholapur ...
14 Belgaum ...
15 Bijapur ...
16 Dharwar ...
17 Kanara ...
18 Kolaba ...
19 Ratnagiri ...
20 Bombay City ...
Total ...
Equines.
Glanders.
2
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
48
50
Anthrax.
3
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Surra.
4
...
...
...
2
3
91
...
...
...
2
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
18
...
4
120
Strangles.
5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2
1
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
3
Other contagious
diseases.
6
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
(a) 3
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
(a) 6
9
Total.
7
...
...
...
2
3
91
...
...
2
3
5
...
...
...
...
...
...
18
...
58
182
Bovines.
Rinderpest.
8
129
557
545
...
488
1,683
1,672
2,009
1,521
5,947
517
87
485
1,932
1,577
10,347
3,978
2,906
109
25
36,564
Foot and Mouth
disease.
9
...
...
...
...
4
23
6
3
...
14
10 22
4
16
40
12
30
15
199
Hæmorrhagic
Septicæmia.
10
4
149
102
35
123
34
...
...
29
13
41
128
48
182
...
200
12
438
46
...
1,584
Black Quarter.
11
...
...
...
...
...
3
110
...
5
10
35
5
13
31
10
6
...
...
5
...
233
Anthrax.
12
27
...
...
...
...
37
208
7
13
8
28
40
...
29
23
95
273
149
289
...
1,226
District.
1
1 Ahmedabad ...
2 Broach ...
3 Kaira ...
4 Panch Mahals ...
5 Surat ...
6 Thana ...
7 Ahmednagar ...
8 East Khandesh ...
9 West Khandesh...
10 Nasik ...
11 Poona ...
12 Satara ...
13 Sholapur ...
14 Belgaum ...
15 Bijapur
16 Dharwar ...
17 Kanara
18 Kolaba ...
19 Ratnagiri ...
20 Bombay City ...
Total ...
Bovines—
contd.
Other contagious
diseases.
13
...
...
...
(b) 1
...
...
(b) 19
...
...
...
(b) 18
...
...
(b) 4
(b) 4
(d) 2
...
(b) 2
(d) 8
...
...
...
58
Total.
14
160
706
647
36
615
1,780
2,015
2,019
1,568
5,978
653
260
556
2,250
1,620
10,664
4,313
3,505
479
40
39,864
Others.
Foot and Mouth
disease in sheep
and goats.
15
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
250
...
...
...
...
250
Other contagious
diseases.
16
(c) 324
...
...
...
...
...
(e) 190
...
...
(e) 40
...
...
...
(f) 11
...
...
(d) 10
...
...
...
575
Variola
Caprina
and Ovina.
17
...
(a) 2
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2
Total.
18
324
2
...
...
...
...
190
...
...
40
..
...
...
11
...
250
10
...
...
...
827
Remarks.
19
(a) Epizootic Lymphangitis.
(b) Dengue.
(c) Contagious Pleuro-pneu-
monia in goats.
(d) Undiagnosed.
(e) Anthrax in sheep.
(f) Contagious dermatitis in
sheep.
(a) Sheep Pox.
30
TABLE
III.
Showing
the Results
of Preventive
Inoculation
during
the year
1924-25.
District.
1
Ahmedabad ...
Broach ...
Kaira ...
Surat ...
Thana ...
Ahmednagar ...
East Khandesh ...
West Khandesh ...
Nasik ...
Poona ...
Satara ...
Sholapur ...
Belgaum ...
Bijapur
...
Dharwar
...
Kanara
...
Kolaba
...
Total ...
Name of
disease against
which inocu-
lation was
carried out.
2
Rinderpest ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do
...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ..
......
Method of
inoculation
followed.
3
Serum alone.
Do.
...
Do.
...
Do.
...
Do.
...
Do.
...
Do.
...
Do.
...
Do.
...
Do.
...
Do.
...
Do.
...
Do. ...
Do.
...
Do. ...
Do.
...
Do.
...
......
Number of
outbreaks in
which inocula¬
tion was under¬
taken.
4
2
18
8
18
101
62
100
49
114
44
5
28
56
81
191
57
43
975
Number of
animals which
died un-inoculated
in the course of
outbreak.
Equines.
5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Bovines.
6
48
240
112
474
1,201
845
1,932
760
2,129
404
49
424
875
1,678
3,189
883
677
15,920
Others.
7
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Number of
animals
inoculated
or vaccinated.
Equines.
8
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Bovines.
9
72
1,429
757
2,847
10,461
4,678
13,767
4,549
11,618
3,319
320
5,224
5,490
11,413
31,132
6,246
4,036
1,17,358
Others.
10
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Number of
inoculated
animals
which died of
the disease.
Equines.
11
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Bovines.
12
9
1
1
20
14
35
25
20
20
1
9
21
15
139
19
25
354
Others.
13
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Remarks.
14
31
Dharwar ...
Kanara ...
Total
...
Ahmedabad ...
Broach ...
Kaira ...
Surat ...
Poona ...
Satara ...
Belgaum ...
Dharwar ...
Kolaba ...
Total ...
Kaira ...
Surat ...
Thana ...
Belgaum ...
Total ...
Belgaum ...
Dharwar
...
Total
...
Ahmednagar ...
Total
...
Grand Total
...
Anthrax
Do.
Hæmorrhagic
Septicæmia.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
......
Hæmorrhagic
Septicæmia.
Do.
Do.
Do.
......
Black Quarter.
Do.
Black Quarter.
......
......
Serum alone
Do.
Serum alone.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
......
Vaccination.
Do.
Do.
Do.
......
Serum and
Germ Free
Filtrate.
Do.
......
Serum alone.
......
......
3
10
13
1
2
1
9
1
7
15
4
13
53
1
5
1
2
9
1
1
2
1
1
1,053
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
14
125
139
5
11
31
98
9
65
143
27
490
879
...
...
...
...
...
18
7
25
12
12
16,975
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
297
1,225
1,522
35
103
60
1,838
18
640
1,115
1,077
471
5,357
58
811
220
186
1,275
171
125
296
95
95
1,25,903
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2
7
9
...
1
...
...
3
3
1
1
...
9
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
372
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...