NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
15
Deinocerites.
6. Trumpets abruptly truncated (Pl. I, fig. 15) .
.
. .
. Howardina.
Acartomyia.
7. Trumpets contracted at opening ; opening circula
. .
. Mochlonyx.
8. Trumpets contracted at opening ; opening slit like
. .
. Corethra.
Two types of antennæ occur in the above descriptions.
1. Stegomyia type figs. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, seen in Stegomyia, Desvoidea, Acartomyia.
2. Culex type figs. 13, 14, 15, 16, seen in Culex, Melanoconion, Tæniorhynchus,
Grabhamia.
The differences in the two types is so fundamental as to suggest that the
siphonate Culicidæ are derived from two main types, one giving rise to the
Stegomyiæ, the other to the Culicinæ (restricted sense, see later). The
antennæ of C. concolor and Mucidus appear distinct from either, though that of
Mucidus approaches more closely to the Stegomyia than the Culex type.
The siphon tube is of specific value since it is subject to considerable varia-
tion in nearly related species. In many cases the characters of the siphon tube
appear also to be of generic significance, i.e., Culex, Stegomyia, Tæniorhynchus,
etc.
The mental plate is a structure well worth further study. Very distinct
characters were present in Stegomyia, Culex, Melanoconion, Tæniorhynchus,
C. concolor, and Mudicus.
It is evident that, in general, genera based upon the adult characters are
established still more firmly by a consideration of the characters of the immature
stages. But there are many points brought out very clearly by immature
characters which are not so evident on consideration of adult characters alone.
Theobald's classification according to adult characters is briefly as follows. (The
reasons for the groups are not given. See, however, manual of the Culicidæ. )
SUB-FAMILY.
Sec. A.
1. Sub-fam. Anophelina .
.
.
.
. Anopheles, etc., etc.
2. „
Megarhinina
.
.
.
. Megarhinus.
Toxorhynchites.
Janthinsoma.
3. „
Culicina
.
.
.
.
. Psorophora.
Mucidus.
Stegomyia.
Desvoidea.
Theobaldia.
Lutzia.
Culex.
Gilesia.
Lasionocops.
Melanoconion.
Grabhamia.
Acartomyia.
Tæniorhynchus.
Mansonia.
16
Sec. A.
4. Sub-fam. Joblotina
.
.
.
.
. Joblotia.
5. „
Heptaphlebotomyina .
.
. Heptaphlebotomyia.
6. „
Aedeomyina
.
.
. .
. Deinocerites.
Howardina and 18
other genera.
Sec. B.
1. Sub-fam. Corethrina.
In the first place the position occupied by Stegomyia is too subordinate.
A consideration of the characters of Stegomyia show that these mosquitoes
differ much more from Culex than do Melanoconion, Tæniorhynchus, etc.
Theobald's classification might be modified by removing the Stegomyiæ alto-
gether from the Culicina. This I propose to do and to place them in a
division Stegomyina. The groups of genera Culex, Theobaldia, Melanoconion,
Tæniorhynchus, and Mansonia will then form a natural division differing widely
from the last mentioned.
Stegomyina.
Ova * laid separately upon the water. Each ovum surrounded by
small air chambers.
Larva long and worm-like. Attitude vertical. Antennæ degenerate.
Basal tuft represented by small hair. Median and terminal spines
rudimentary. Siphon tube short and stout. Index=2.
Nymph trumpets expanded. Broadly triangular in shape.
Imago. Habits diurnal. Scale structure distinctive.
Culicina (restricted sense).
Ova cemented together to form rafts.
Larva more or less spiny in appearance. Antennæ fully developed.
Siphon tube rather long. Index 4 to 12.
Nymph trumpets narrow. Openings oblique.
Imago. Habits nocturnal. Scale structure distinct.
In the second place it is doubtful if Megarhinus and Toxorhynchites by
themselves should be placed in a separate sub-family—a division of equal
importance to that of Anophelina and Culicina. The character of the palps in
this case does not seem to me a sufficiently important feature upon which to found
the division, especially since in Toxorhynchites the female palps are not much
longer than in Mucidus. The genera Megarhinus, Toxorhynchites, Mucidus, and
Psorophora appear to be a group of closely related genera showing the following
features in common:
—
Larva specially modified for cannibal habits. Attitude horizontal, etc.
Imago large and conspicuous species. The palps in the female longer
than in Culex.
* I think the observation by Skuse that the ova of S. notoscripta are laid in rafts needs confirmation
before it can be accepted.
17
To remove Mucidus and Psorophora from the Culiana and to adopt
provisionally a new division including Megarhinus, Toxorhynchites, Mucidus,
Psorophora, and possibly Janthinsoma and the genera Lutzia and Jamesia,
would seem to be more natural.
The larval stages of the Aedeomyina are so little known that I make no
attempt to consider the position of this group. In the few species described
there are however some features, e.g., the larval antennæ, which suggest a
distant relationship to the Stegomyina rather than to the Culicina.
The affinities of the Culicidæ would then be shown as follows :—
1. Sub-fam. Megarhinina
.
Megarhinus.
Toxorhynchites.
Mucidus.
Psorophora.
Janthinsoma.
Lutzia. (?)
Jamesia. (?)
2. Sub-fam. Stegomyina
. Stegomyia.
Desvoidea.
3. Sub-fam Aedeomyina
. Howardina.
Deinocerites and 18 other genera (acartomyia ?).
4 . Sub-fam. Culicina .
.
Culex.
Theobaldia.
Melanoconion.
Tæniorhynchus.
Mansonia.
Grabhamia. (?)
I do not claim the above as, in any sense, a rigid classification, but it
appears to me that a truer proportion exists in the groups than in the original
classification by the adult characters alone. Classification by the scale structure
has been shown even by the consideration of immature characters to be a very
natural one, but in the variations of the ovum, larva, and nymph, we have a most
important additional means of determining the natural affinities of mosquitoes.
REFERENCES.
Stephens and Christophers. Reports to the Malaria Committee of the Royal Society.
7th series. Harrison & Sons.
Also later "The Practical Study of Malaria." Longmans, Green & Co.
James, who was associated with us, has also described the immature stages of most
of the Indian anopheles " Malaria in India." Scientific Memoirs by officers of
the Medical and Sanitary Departments of the Government of India. New series,
No. 2. Vide also James and Liston. Anopheles Mosquitoes of India. Thacker,
Spink, Calcutta.
2. Meinart. De Encephale Myggelarver. K. Danske veiden scabernes Selskabs
Skriften. III, Copenhagen, 1886.
18
3. Howard. The Mosquitoes of the United States. Bulletin No. 5. N. S. U. S.
Department Agriculture, Division Entomology, 1896.
4. James. Indian Med. Gazette. The collection of mosquitoes and their larvæ.
December 1889.
5. James : Letter to Theobald. Manual of the Culicidæ, Vol. II, p. 110.
6. Theobald. Manual of the Culicidæ. Chiefly Vol. III.
7. Daniels and Ross. Quoted by Theobald.
8. Lutz. Communication to Theobald. Vol. I, p. 48.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
PLATE I.
Figs. 1—16. Respiratory trumpets of nymph.
1. Nyssorhynchus fuliginosus.
2. Myzomyia Rossii.
3. Stegomyia sugens.
4. Stegomyia fasciata.
5. Desvoidea fusca.
6. A culex the larval characters of which differ from the type group. See
Pl. II, figs. 7 and 19, and Pl. III, fig. 2.
7. Culex fatigans.
8. Melanoconion (n. sp.).
9. Nymph of Culex showing position of trumpets.
10.
„
Melanoconion showing position of trumpets.
11.
„
Tæniorhynchus „ „ „
12.
„
Culex concolor
„ „ „
13. Tæniorhynchus.
14. Culex concolor.
15. Howardina (n. sp.).
16. An atypical culex. See Pl. II, figs. 9 and 21, also Pl. III, fig. 7.
Fig. 17. The eighth and ninth abdominal segments of larva of Stegomyia sugens.
Fig. 18. The head of Melanoconion showing mental plate, structure of antenna.
Fig. 19. Larva of Stegomyia sugens.
Fig. 20. „
Melanoconion, n. sp.
Fig. 21. „
Tæniorhynchus tenax (Theo.).
Fig. 22. „
A culex related to species shown in Pl. I, fig. 16. See Pl. II,
figs. 10 and 22, and Pl. III, figs. 8, 23, and 24.
Fig. 23. „
Culex concolor (cannibal larva).
PLATE I.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 1.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 7
Fig. 8.
Fig. 9.
Fig 10.
Fi g. 11.
Fig. 12.
Fig.15.
Fig.16
Fig. 14.
Fig.18.
Fig. 17.
Fig.21.
Fig. 19.
Fig. 22.
Fig. 23.
Fig. 20.
PLATE II.
Figs. 1 — 1 6. Antennæ of larvæ.
1. Myzomyia Rossii.
2. Anopheles Lindesayi.
3. Myzorhynchus nigerrimus.
4. Stegomyia sugens.
5. Stegomyia fasciata.
6. Desvoidea fusca.
7
Species of culex with antennæ not of type form.
8.
9.
10.
11. Culex concolor.
12. Mucidus scatapiagoides.
13. Culex fatigans.
14. Culex. (?)
15. Melanoconion, n. sp.
16. Tæniorhynchus tenax (Theo.).
Figs. 17—27. Siphon tubes of larva.
17. Stegomyia sugens.
18. Stegomyia fasciata.
19. Tubes of atypical species of culex.
20.
21.
Enormous siphon tubes (culex).
22.
23. Culex impellens.
24. Culex fatigans.
25. Culex. (?)
26. Melanocomon, n. sp.
27. Tæniorhynchus tenax.
PLATE II.
Fig. 2.
Fig.1..
Fig 3.
Fig 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6.
Fig. 8.
Fig. 11
Fig. 9.
Fig. 12.
Fig. 10.
Fig. 7.
Fig. 13.
Fig. 15.
Fig. 14.
Fir; 17.
Fig, 18.
Fig. 19.
Fig. 20.
Fig. 27.
Fig. 26.
Fig. 24.
Fig.23.
Fig.22.
Fig. 21.
PLATE III.
Figs. 1—8. Mental plates of larva.
.
1. Stegomyia sugens.
2. Culex (atypical).
3. Melanoconion, n. sp.
4. Tæniorhynchus tenax.
5. Culex concolor.
6. Mucidus scataphagoides.
7. Culex (atypical).
8.
„ „
Figs. 9-11. Clypeal hairs.
9. Clypeal hairs of Stegomyia sugens.
10.„ „ „ fasciata.
11. „ „ „
scutellaris. (?)
Fig. 12. Head of Toxorhynchites speciosus (after Theobald).
Fig. 13. Head of Cu lex concolor.
Fig. 14. Mouth parts of M. scataphagoides showing concave clypeus, modified
brushes, mandibles, and small maxillæ.
Fig. 15. Mouth parts of Culex concolor.
Fig. 16. Eighth and ninth abdominal segments of M. scataphagoides.
Fig. 17. „ „ „ „
Culex tigripes.
Fig. 18. „ „ „ „ Culex concolor.
Fig. 19 . „ „ „ „
Toxorhynchites (after Theobald)
.
Fig. 20. Position at rest of Culex fatigans, larva.
Fig. 21. „ „ Tæniorhynchus tenax, larva.
Fig. 22. „ „
Stegomyia.
Fig. 23. Position in progression of larva with enormous siphon tube.
Fig. 24. „ at rest
„ „ „ „
Fig. 25. „ „ Culex concolor, larva.
PLATE III,
Fig. 2.
Fig. .3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 1.
Fig. 11.
Fig. 10.
Fi g. 8.
Fig. 9.
Fig. 7.
Fig. 15.
Fig. 14.
Fig. 12.
Fig. 17
Fig 21.
Fig 13.
Fig. 16.
Fig 18.
g. 23
Fig 24.
Fig, 22.
Fig 19.
No. 25.
( NEW SERIES. )
SCIENTIFIC MEMOIRS
BY
OFFICERS OF THE MEDICAL AND SANITARY DEPARTMENTS
OF THE
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
ON THE IMPORTANCE OF LARVAL CHARACTERS
IN THE CLASSIFICATION OF MOSQUITOES.
BY
CAPTAIN S. R. CHRISTOPHERS, M.B., I.M.S.
ISSUED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
BY THE SANITARY COMMISSIONER WITH THE GOVERNMENT
OF INDIA, SIMLA.
CALCUTTA:
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.
1906
.
Price annas eight or 9d .
ARMY REGULATIONS,INDIA
VOLUME VIII.
VETERINARY
ARMY REGULATIONS, INDIA.
VOLUME VIII.
VETERINARY.
Agents for the Sale of Books Published by the
Superintendent of Government Printing, India, Calcutta.
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ARMY REGULATIONS, INDIA.
VOLUME VIII.
VETERINARY.
Government of India
Army Department,
1916.
CALCUTTA
SUPERINTENDENT GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA
1916
Price ten annas or one shilling.
PREFACE.
T HIS volume contains the orders of the Government of India on veterinary
matters and is intended principally for the use of officers of the veteri-
nary service. Such subsidiary instructions as may be necessary will be issued in
pursuance of these orders under the orders of the Commander-in-Chief. Officers
are expected to interpret these regulations reasonably and intelligently with due
regard to the interests of the service. No attempt has been made to prescribe for
necessary and self-evident exceptions, nor for such matters of detail as should be
provided for by local authorities.
The other volumes of regulations with which the veterinary service is con-
cerned are—
King's Regulations.
Army Regulations, India,
„ „ „ „
„ „ „ „
„ „ „ „
„ „ „ „
„ „ „ „
„ „ „ „
Vol. I—Pay and Allowances.
II—Regulations and Orders for the Army .
III—Financial Instructions.
VII—Dress.
X—Passages.
XI—Clothing.
XII—Military Work's.
Army Tables, Miscellaneous Services, Part I.
Army Act and Manual of Indian Military Law.
Field Service and War Manuals.
Civil Service Regulations.
(Corrected up to August 1916).
CONTENTS.
Establishments
Officers
Hospitals
Contagious and infectious diseases
Movements of troops
Attendance on chargers
Instruction
Training of regimental establishments . . . . . .
Army Veterinary Schools . . . . . . . . . . .
The Punjab Veterinary College . . . . . . . . .
Books, reports and returns
Appendix I.—Glanders and Farcy Act
„
II.—Classification and nomenclature of diseases . .
„
III.—Army Veterinary Schools—Syllabi of instruction .
„
IV.—Punjab Veterinary College—Syllabus . . .
„
V.—Fees and allowances
„
VI.—Station Veterinary Hospital supplies—
Table I.—Supplies by the Ordnance Department
„ II.— „
„
S. and T. Corps
„ III.— „
„
M. W. Services (or P. W. D.)
„ IV.— „
„
Medical Store Department .
.
.
.
„ V.— „
„
Stationery Department
.
.
.
.
„ VI.—Supplies purchased locally
Index
PARAS.
1—3
4—18
19—28
29—38
39—41
42—43
44—47
48—60
61—68
69—72
PAGES
13—14
15—18
19
20
20
21—22
23
24—25
26—33
34
34
35—38
Abbreviations.
Appx. . .
A. R. I. . .
A. V. C. . .
A. V. S. . .
Bde. . . .
Bde. Comdr. .
C.-in-C. . .
Dn. . . .
Dy. P. V. O. India
Dvl. Comdr. .
G. O. C. .
G. S.
gr. . . .
Hd. Qrs. . .
I. A. F. . .
Infy. . .
I. P. . .
lbs. . . .
L. S.
M. C. . .
Medl. Store Dept.
M. W. S. . .
N. C. O. . .
O. C. . .
ozs. . . .
P. M. E. . .
pr. . . .
P. V. O. India . .
P. W. D. . . .
qr. . . . .
Q. M. G. India . .
S. and T. . .
S. of S. . . .
S. V. H. . . .
S. V. O. . . .
U. L. . . .
V. H. S. . . .
V. O. . . .
Appendix.
Army Regulations, India.
Army Veterinary Corps.
Army Veterinary Service.
Brigade.
General Officer Commanding Brigade.
Commander-in-Chief.
Division.
Deputy Principal Veterinary Officer in India.
General Officer Commanding Division.
General Officer Commanding.
General Service.
Grains.
Head Quarters.
India Army Form.
Infantry.
Indian pattern.
Pounds.
Lower Standard.
Medical certificate.
Medical Store Department.
Military Works Services.
Non-commissioned officer.
Officer Commanding.
Ounces.
Post-mortem examination.
Pair.
Principal Veterinary Officer in India.
Public Works Department.
Quire.
Quarter-master General in India.
Supply and Transport.
Secretary of State for India.
Station Veterinary Hospital.
Senior Veterinary Officer of Division.
Unattached list.
Veterinary History Sheet.
Veterinary Officer.
ARMY REGULATIONS, INDIA.
VOLUME VIII.—VETERINARY.
Establishments.
Officers and
classifica-
tion of
hospitals.
1. The establishment of officers of the A. V. S. in India is sixty-three,
of whom two are allotted to Army Hd. Qrs., and ten to the Army Re-
mount Department, whilst the remainder (51) are allotted as shown
below :—
Division.
Peshawar (and Bannu and
Kohat Brigades).
Rawal Pindi . . .
Lahore (and Derajat Bri-
gade).
Quetta
.
.
.
.
Mhow
.
.
.
.
Poona (and Aden Brigade)
Meerut .
.
.
.
Carried over
Total
number of
Veterinary
Officers
per
Division.
4
6
(a)7
3
8
(a)4
6
38
Station Veterinary Hospitals.
Class I.
Peshawar. . . .
Nowshera Cantonment.
Risalpur.
Rawal Pindi .
Sialkot. . .
Lahore
Cantonment .
Ambala . .
Quetta . . .
Hyderabad (Sind) .
Mhow . . .
Jubbulpore . . .
Jhansi . . .
Neemuch . . .
Saugor. . . .
Kirkee . .
Meerut No. 1 . .
Meerut No. 2 . .
Muttra . . .
18
Class II.
Campbellpore.
Multan. (Two hospitals.)
Ferozepore.
Jullundur.
Karachi.
Nasirabad
Kamptee.
Nowgong.
Ahmednagar.
Belgaum.
Bareilly.
Agra.
13
(a) Includes one veterinary officer each for the Army Veterinary Schools at Ambala and Poona.
Officers.
2
Division.
Brought forward .
Lucknow. . . .
Secunderabad . . .
Burma . . .
TOTAL.
Total
number of
Veterinary
Officers
per
Division.
38
5
7
1
51
Station Veterinary Hospitals.
Class I.
18
Lucknow . . .
Allahabad . . .
Fyzabad . . .
Secunderabad
Bangalore . . .
....
23
Class II.
13
Barrackpore.
Cawnpore.
Dinapore.
Bellary.
St. Thomas' Mt.
Madras.
....
26th Light Cavalry.
27th „ „ .
28th „ „ .
22
N -C. Os.
2. Two farrier-quartermaster-sergeants and twenty farrier-staff-ser-
geants and farrier-sergeants are borne on the U. L. for employment
in Class I. S. V. Hs.
Postings
and trans-
fers.
3. The Q. M. G., India, will post Officers and N. C. Os. to Dns.
and carry out transfers between them ; the posting and transfer of estab-
lishments within a Dn. will be carried out by the Dvl. Comdr.
Officers.
Military
control.
4. The relations between the P. V. O., India, S. V. Os. and executive
veterinary officers are purely departmental. In all other respects these
officers are subject to military control in the usual way.
Administrat-
tive appoint-
ments.
5. The administrative appointments of P. V. O., India, Dy. P. V. O.,
India, and two S. V. Os. will be held by selected officers not under the
rank of lieutenant-colonel, who have served at least three years in India
as executive officers. These officers are nominated by the S. of S. for
War, appointed by the S. of S. for India, and posted by the C.-in-C.
The tenure of the appointment of P. V. O., India, is for five years. The
tour of service abroad of Dy. P. V. O., India, and the two S. V. Os.
above-mentioned is for five years.
Tour of
executive
officers.
6. Executive officers of the A. V. C. are detailed by the War Office
for a tour of five years' service abroad, which commences from the date
of embarkation. This period is subject to extension in the interests of
the service. Any period spent out of India (a) on general or privilege
leave, (b) on m. c. leave up to 12 months, (c) on duty at another foreign
station between original embarkation and arrival in India will count to-
wards the completion of a tour. Reliefs during a trooping season will
be arranged for those officers whose tours expire on or before the 30th.
June following.
Hospitals.
4
to be
kept ready
forase.
over of perishable articles, is at all times complete, serviceable, and ready
for use. Veterinary Universal Chests allotted to units for mobilization
purposes will not be used in peace time, except on the line of march when
the unit is marching in relief or when detailed for divisional or brigade
training within or outside its own Dn. and then only at the direc-
tion and under the orders of the S. V. O. On arrival of the unit at its
new station, the chests will be handed over to the officer in charge of
the S. V. H. for completion and retention. But in cases where mobilized
units exchange stations with non-mobilized units, the former will, on
arrival at their new stations, return the chests to the hospitals whence
they were supplied.
Field Veterinary Sections will only be used with the sanction of the
Q. M. G., India. On the conclusion of manœuvres, etc., they will be
returned to the hospital that supplied them and be completed at once.
Only such articles of field veterinary equipment as cannot be satis-
factorily repaired or refitted locally should be sent to the Medical Store
Depôts.
Reports to
be con-
municated
to O. C.
station and
S. V. O.
16. The O. C. the station will be informed of any report or sugges-
tion made to the S. V. O. by the V. O. in charge of a unit referring to
the health of the horses, sanitary condition of the locality in which
they are placed, or departmental discipline. Copies of similar reports
by the O. C. a unit to the O. C. the station will be furnished to the
S. V. O.
Native
language.
17. Officers appointed to the Army Remount Department who have
not previously passed L. S. in Hindustani are required to do so within
12 months from the date of joining.
Muktesar
Laboratory.
18. Facilities are offered at the Muktesar Laboratory to V. Os. who
have been through a Post-graduate in bacteriology to carry out investi-
gations into disease under the guidance of the Imperial Bacteriologist.
Applications to attend may be submitted through S. V. O. to Q. M. G.,
India.
Hospitals.
Hospital
establish-
ment.
19. Station veterinary hospitals are classed I and II. Their sub-
ordinate establishments are as follows :—
British. 1
Class I
hospital.
Class II
hospital.
1 N. C. O. (U. L.)
1 shoeing-smith
1 line-orderly
.
1 clerk .
1
farrier-ser-
geant. 2
1 shoeing-smith 3
Detailed by
Bde.
Comdr.
from
mounted
corps
at
station.
All
hospitals
Indian
Permanent—
1 bhisti
.
1 sweeper
.
5
2 syces per
squadron.
1 syce per
battery.
Temporary—
1 syce for 2
sick
ani-
mals.
Detailed
by
Bde.
Comdr. 4
from
mounted
corps at
station.
Detailed
by
O.
C. unit.
Cavalry School, Sauger.
1
1
1
1
1
Cavalry shoeing-smith (one year's tour).
Bhisti.
Sweeper.
Naik.
Dresser.
1 The non-silladar cavalry will furnish a proportion of the establishment.
2 He will perform his regimental duties in addition.
3 He will also be line-orderly.
4 O. C. unit, in single battery station.
5 Of the total number one will be appointed naik.