NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
September, 1952]
N. C. KAUSHASH
213
1. Rinderpest—
(a) March and September (months of
highest incidence)
(b) November and December (months
of lowest incidence)
t=2.3, significant at 5 per cent level.
t=3.4, significant at 1 per cent level.
2. Haemorrhagic septicaemia.—
July and August (months of highest
incidence).
t =6.5, significant at 0.1 per cent level.
3. Blackquarter—
July and August (months of highest
incidence)
t=7.l, significant at 0.1 per cent level.
4. Anthrax -
June, July and August (months of
highest incidence)
t=3.7, significant at 1 per cent level.
5. Foot and mouth disease—
February and March (months of
highest incidence).
t=5.4 significant at 0.1 per cent level.
DIVISIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF OUTBBREAKS
The respective number of outbreaks of each disease in the four divisions of the
state were found out by adding up the annual district totals for the years 1936 to
1950 and the number of outbreaks per 10,000 animals and 100 sq. miles area during
this period were worked out to get a comparative idea of the incidence. Calcula-
tions were also made on the basis of the population and area of the whole of the
state and it was ascertained that there were 68.4 outbreaks per 10,000 animals and
96.1 outbreaks per 100 sq. miles giving annual averages of 4.5 and 6.4 outbreaks
respectively. Table III and map below show the divisional distribution of out-
breaks.
TABLE III
Divisional distribution of the number of outbreaks
Name of division
Jabalpur division
Nagpur division
Berar division
Chhattisgarh divi-
sion.
Cattle
popula-
tion
3517445
3237444
2225186
4637131
Ar ea square
miles
25638
27284
17767
27719
Rinderpest
Total out-
breaks
4G03
4259
1077
7302
Per 10,000
bovines
13.4
13.1
8.8
15.7
Per 100
Sq. miles
17.9
15.5
11.1
26.3
Haemorrhagic
septicaemia
Total out-
breaks
2393
2942
3383
3337
Per 10,000
bovines
6.8
94
15.2
7.2
Per 100
Sq. miles
9.2
10.7
19.0
12.0
Blackquarter
Total out-
breaks
1683
2G65
898
312
Per 10,000
bovines
4.7
8.2
4.3
0.66
Per 100
Sq. miles
6.5
9.7
5.05
1.12
Anthrax
Total out-
breaks.
366
469
166
687
Per 10,000
bovines
1.0
1.44
0.74
1.4
Per 100
Sq. miles.
1.4
1.71
0.93
2.4
Foot and Mouth
Total out-
breaks
12282
13681
9538
20637
Per 10,000
bovines
34.9
42.2
42.8
44.5
Per 100
Sq. miles
47.8
50.1
53.6
74.4
214
MAIN
CONTAGIOUS
DISEASES
[Vol XXII, part III,
Both rinderpest and foot and mouth diseases are more common in Chhattis.
garh division due probably to it being a rice growing calcium deficient area where
cattle do not thrive thus leading to regular import of cattle from outside for replace-
ment with consequently more chance of dissemination of infection, and, also, in
part, to the greater relative density of cattle population in the division. Haemorrha.
gic septicaemia occurs more in Berar where the rainfall is on the whole low (32 in.—
34 in.) as compared to other places. Blackquarter is commonest in the Nagpur
division and the disease is of little consequence in Chhattisgarh. The incidence of
anthrax is comparatively low all over the province though more outbreaks occur
in the Chhattisgarh and Nagpur divisions.
INCIDENCE OF DISEASES ACCORDING TO RAINFALL
The Madhya Pradesh can be divided from the point of view of rainfall into
three regions :—(1) 32 to 34 inches; (ii) 42 to 52 inches and (iii) 55 to 65 inches.
The respective number of outbreaks of different diseases per 10,000 bovines and
100 sq. miles area, during the period under review in the regions, are given below.
TABLE IV
Incidence of diseases according to rainfall
OUTBREAKS
Region
Region I (4 Districts
(32 in. to 34 in.)
Region II (11 Dis-
tricts) (42 in. to 52
in.)
Region III (4 Dis-
tricts) (55 in. to 65
in.)
Rinder
pest
Per
10,000
bovines
10.3
13.8
13.35
Per
100 Sq.
miles
11.9
19.8
13.15
Haemorrhagic
septicaemia
Per
10,000
bovines
15.4
7.5
8.0
Per
100 Sq.
miles
17.9
10.8
11.4
Blackquarter
Per
10,000
bovines
3.7
4.4
2.7
Per
100 Sq.
miles
4.3
6.3
4.0
Anthrax
Per
10,000
bovines
0.80
1.1
1.8
Per
100 Sq.
miles
0.93
1.6
2.0
Foot and Mouth.
Per
10,000
bovines
49.5
41.7
30.3
Per
100 Sq.
miles
57.5
59.9
43.5
Rinderpest is less common in region No. 1 (32 in.—34 in.) haemorrhagic septi.
caemia is, however, more common here as compared to the other two regions. Out-
breaks of blackquarter occur more in region No. 2 (42 in. to 52 in.). The incidence
of anthrax is highest in region No. 3 (55 in. to 65 in.) while that of foot and mouth
disease in this area is on the other hand the lowest of the lot.
DISTRIBUTION OF DISEASES ACCORDING TO AGRICULTURAL ZONES
The Madhya Pradesh can be divided into three tracts on the basis of the princi
pal crops grown which again is dependent on the nature of soil etc., in the respec-
tive areas viz., (a) cotton tract, (b) wheat tract, and (c) rice tract.
September, 1952]
N.
C.
KAUSHASH
215
FIG. 4. Regional distribution of rainfall in the Madhya Pradesh (excluding merged states).
216
MAIN
CONTAGIOUS
DISEASES
[Vol. XXII, part III,
TABLE V
Incidence of diseases according to Agricultural zones
OUTBREAKS
Agricultural zones
1. Cotton tract (7
Districts).
2. Wheat tract (6
Districts).
3. Rice tract
(6
Districts).
Rinderpost
Per
10,000
bovines
10.4
12.2
15.7
Per
100 Sq.
miles
14.0
18.0
22.8
Haemorrhagic
septicaemia
Per
10,000
bovines
13.1
7.5
6.9
Per
100 Sq.
miles
16.1
11.07
10.0
Blackquarter
Per
10,000
bovines
5.0
7.1
0.76
Per
100 Sq.
miles
6.3
10.5
1.1
Anthrax
Per
10,000
bovines
1.2
0.8
1.5
Per-
100 Sq.
miles
1.6
1.2
2.2
Foot and Mouth
Per
10,000
bovines
47.0
32.6
44.2
Per
100 Sq.
miles
59.0
47.9
04.5
Rinderpest and anthrax are more common in the rice tract, haemorrhagic
septicaemia in the cotton tract, blackquarter in the wheat tract, and foot and mouth
disease in the cotton and rice tracts. The incidence of blackquartcr is very low
in the rice tract.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to acknowledge the help rendered by Shri S. P. Kaduskar, Laboratory
Veterinary Assistant Surgeon, in collection of information and compilation of tables,
etc.
AN IMPROVED SALMONELLA ANTIGEN FOR THE RAPID
WHOLE BLOOD AGGLUTINATION TEST
By S. B. V. Rao, Poultry Research Section, Indian Veterinary Research Institute,
Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh
(Received for publication on 14 September 1951)
T HE occurrence of Salmonella pullorum/gallinarum, S. aertrycke, and certain
members of other paratyphoid groups in commercial poultry flocks in widely
separated areas since 1949 for the first time in this country, has created a serious
hazard to the growing poultry industry, and a potential menace to public health,
and has made the study [Rao et al., 1950] of the various aspects of the disease
possible and its control imperative.
Fifty-two strains of Salmonella pathogenic to man have been so far isolated-
in the U. S. A. from dried eggs, chickens and turkeys [Soloway et al., 1947]. Even
S. pullorum, which was considered host-specific to chickens only, has been incri-
minated in several cases of human food poisoning. [Mitchell, Garlock and
Brokkahn, 1946 and Judefind, 1947.]
The control plans of Salmonella pullorum/gallinarum primarily aim at the
elimination of the infected bird by any one of the accepted blood test methods,
viz. the slow tube, the rapid serum, or the whole blood agglutination test. On the
contrary, paratyphoid (motile) organism, usually not being yolk borne, does not
seem to create such a serious 'carrier' problem as its spread is by shell contamination
or by penetration of the shell during incubation [Schalm, 1937, and Wilson, 1944].
The yolk-borne nature of S. typhimurium infection recorded by Wilson [1949] is
considered as exceptional and rare, the motile organism as a rule being localized in
the intestine and occasionally in the gall bladder [Buxton and Gordon, 1947]. The
egg-shells become infected by contaminated faeces. Blood tests are found useless
as agglutinin production by the carrier birds is erratic and therefore unreliable for
diagnostic purpose. The disease, however, is controlled for all practical purposes
by incubator fumigation and farm sanitation [Buxton, 1948]. In rare cases where
direct yolk transmission is proved it would be necessary to test each bird with '0'
and 'H' antigen from the specific organism by the slow tube method, combined with
incubator fumigation [Dobson, 1950]. Such special tests are not carried out as
a routine by most laboratories because of the complexities of the antigenic structure
involved and the difficulty of obtaining a satisfactory antigen which will produce.
reliable agglutination results [Van Roekel, 1950].
As for S. pullorum/gallinarum infection, whole blood rapid plate agglutination
test or simply 'spot test' is perhaps the only method capable of easy application
in the field, and hence much work has been done to improve the specificity and the
keeping qualities of the antigen. For instance, an alcoholised antigen, issued by
the Poultry Diagnosis Laboratory Department, "Weybridge, has been prepared from
217
10
220:
IMPROVED
salmonella antigen, ETC. [Vol. XXII, Part III
serum by venous puncture. These had been picked up previously from the flock
in the fourth monthly test by the same antigen which was then under trial.
TABLE I
End titre of serum of birds which were exclusively positive to the experimental
antigen No. 3
No. of birds
End titre
1168
1:60
1653
1:47
237
1:40
68
1:16
7082
1:32
458
1:20
Comparison by the standard tube agglutination was made as a check by a
single tube of 1 to 80 dilution in all cases (Table I) and also in different lower dilutions
in the above cited special cases of six birds.
The close agreement in low dilutions with the tube tests indicates the high
antigenic specificity of the experimental antigen No. 3. The results were further
checked by autopsy of the reactors and cultural tests, and these were again found
to be mostly in agreement with the tube tests with the exception of four birds in
which there were no discernable lesions and the cultural tests also proved negative.
The experimental antigen No. 3 when stored in darkness at 60° F. under re-
frigeration was found to be efficient up to 145 days.
The rapidity of agglutination was influenced by temperature up to 40° C. beyond
which it did not hasten the reactions. Below 20° C. the agglutination was retarded.
Mechanical features of the test
Glass slides 2 in. x 3 in. were used in place of glass plates as these could be
easily picked up after stirring, and rocked a few times to hasten reaction.
Finely drawn pipettes were employed for the delivery of a droplet of. antigen
to ensure constancy in measurements.
A thin glass rod was used to wipe off a constant quantity of blood from the
snipped end of a serration of a comb. The blood droplet was about half the size of
the antigen drop.
DISCUSSION
The experimental antigen No. 3 proved to be more sensitive than the other
two antigens, as it detected low titre birds with titres ranging from 1: 16 to 1: 60.
These low titre ones have subsequently been confirmed to be infected, by post-mortem
findings as well as by cultural tests.
Following factors in the preparation of the antigen might have combinedly
contributed towards its efficiency:
(1). Special medium, which produces a higher yield of organism with greater
antigenic specificity, (2). 12 per cent hypertonic saline Suspending fluid which hastens
the flocculation, by reducing the electric potential of the antigen, (3). The final pH.
of the antigen before use adjusted to 6.5 or 8.0 which makes it more agglutinable,
and (4). Phenol and formaline used in low concentration of 0.125 per cent, as with.
September, 1952] S. B. V. RAO, S. NARAYANAN, D. R. RAMNANI AND J. DAS 221
TABLE II
Recreations of Carrier fowls to the antigens, cultural tests, and autopsy lesions
Serial
num-
ber
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Bird
No.
1147
1445
7094
1455
7082
1132
Nil
1168
1447
1528
1632
68
1138
1713
1288
1745
Antigen
No. 1
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
—
+ +
+ + +
—
+ + +
+
+
+ +
—
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
Antigen
No. 2
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
—
+
+ + +
—
+ + +
+
+
—
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
Exptl.
antigen
No. 3
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ +
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ +
Single tube
test 1
to 80
+
+
+
+
—
+
+
—
+
+
+
—
+
+
+
+
End titre
Not put up
„
„
+
1: 32
Not put up
„
1: 60
Not put up
„
„
1 : 48
Not put up
„
„
„
Ovarian
culture
+
+
+
+
Not done
+
+
+
+
—
+
+
+
+
+
—
Autopsy lesions
Sacculated leathery cystic ovary.
Chronic yolk peritonitis.
Abnormal dark green ova.
Necrotic foci in both testis.
Bird lost.
Chronic yolk peritonitis.
Two green ova and pericarditis.
Single dark green ovum, healed liver lesion.
Cystic ovary.
Ovary appeared normal.
Chronic yolk peritonitis.
To dark green ova.
Chronic yolk peritonitis and heart lesions.
Chronic yolk peritonitis
Mis-shapen abnormal ova.
Ovary appeared normal.
222
IMPROVED
salmonella antigen, ETC. [Vol. XXII, Part II
TABLE II—conld.
Recreations of Carrier fowls to the antigens cultural tests and autopsy lesions
Serial
num-
ber.
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Bird
No.
1126
1522
1159
7690
237
1555
1149
295
1419
1435
1553
458
Antigen
No. 1
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
—
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
+
—
—
Antign
No. 2
+
+
+
+
+ +
—
+
+
+
+ +
+ +
+ +
+
+
—
—
Exptl.
antigen
No. 3
+
+
+ + +
+
+
+
+ + +
+
+ + +
+ +
+
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+
+
+
Single tube
test 1
to 80
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
—
—
End titre.
Not put up
„
„
„
1: 16
Not put up
„
„
„
„
1: 40
1: 20
Ovarian
culture
—
+
+
+
+
+
+
Not done
+
+
+
—
Autopsy lesions
Testis normal, liver lesions cicatrices.
Yolk peritonitis.
Mis-shapen ova.
Mis-shapen and green ova.
Arrested ovary.
Yolk peritonitis.
4 Mis-shapen ova.
Bird lost.
2 Cystic ova.
Mis-shapen abnormal ova.
2 dark green small arrested ova.
Testis normal. Heart extensive adhesions of pericardium
Cicatrices of liver lesions. This cock was kept under
observation for six months. After it was picked up as
reactor. It showed a decline in titre after the third
monthly test, and was negative to both plate and tube
test in the fourth test.
Grading of the various degree of reactions
(1) + + + Clumping of the antigen in well developed flocculi surrounded by a clear space, and clumps floating in clear fluid
(2) + + Weaker reaction consisting of small clearly visible clumps of antigen partially surrounded by a clear space
(3) + Just visible clumps to the naked eye and confirmed easily by a lens, (x 10)
September, 1952] S. B. V. RAO, S. NARAYANAN, D. R. RAMNANI AND J. DAS 223
a concentration of 0.2 to 0.3 per cent and pH. adjusted to 8.0 or 8.2 the flocculent
precipitate is prevented [Caseman George and Rettger, 1930].
The reaction graded No. 3 may be termed 'sandy' which is classified by some
workers as non-specific, but in the opinion of the author is a result of weak agglutinin
level in the blood, since the infection has been confirmed subsequently by post-
mortem findings as well as cultural tests. Such a reaction has also been considered
in an earlier work as indicating either an old quiescent infection or a very recent
one by Linn, et al. [1944].
SUMMARY
An improved antigen for Salmonella pullorum/gallinarum with a high antigenic
specificity has been developed for use in the rapid whole blood agglutination plate
test. It consists of a single strain of the organism colony selected from glucose
glycerine agar plate, and grown on beef infusion agar containing sodium thiosulphate
and glycerine, and suspended in 12 per cent sodium chloride solution, with 0.125
per cent formaline and 0.125 per cent phenol, killed and adjusted to a turbidity of
100 times Brown's opacity standard tube No. 1, and stained with addition of 0.03
per cent crystal violet and a final pH of 6.5 or 8.0 just before use.
This antigen proved superior to the two earlier ones, by detecting, carrier birds
particularly of low titres ranging from 1 to 16 to 1 to 60.
The antigen has its qualities preserved up to 145 days under 60° F. refrigeration.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I am deeply indebted to Dr S. Datta, D.Sc, M.R.C.V.S., Director, Indian
Veterinary Research Instisute for his continued interest and encouragement and
to Mr S. G. Iyer, Officer-in-Charge, Poultry Research Section, for his helpful guidance.
It is also a pleasure to express thanks to Mr D. R. Ramnani for his assitance.
REFERENCES
Barger, E.H. and Torry, J.P. (1933). J.A.V.M.A. 82. 84-92
Bergey, D.H. (1948). Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, Sixth edition. Bailliere, Tindal
& Cox
Bunyea, H., Hall, W.J. and Dorset, M. (1929). J.A.V.M.A. 75. 408-410
Buxton, A. (1948). Proceeding of the Eighth World Poultry Congress 619-603
Buxton, A. and Gordon, R.F. (1947). J. Hyg. (Cambs) 45: 265 as quoted by Buxton
Coburn, D. R. & Stafseth, H.J. J.A.V.M.A. 79 : 241-243
Caseman, E.P. & George Valley (1930). J. Immunol 18. 353
Dobson (1950). Private communication
Edwards, P.R. & Hull, F.E. (1929). Kontucky Ag. Ex. St. Res. Bull. 296
Edwards, P.R. and Brunner, D.W. (1946). Cornell Vet. 36. 318
Gaiger and Davis (1948). Vet. Pathy Bacty. Third Edition. 237
Gwatkin, R. (1945). Canada J. Comp. Med. 9. 183
Gwatkin, R and Bond, E. W. (1945). Canada. J. Pub. Hlth, 36. 160
Hinshaw, W.P., Harr, J.R. and Niemeyer, W.E. (1940). Cornell Vet. 30. 30-35
Judefind, T.F. (1947). J. Bact. 54. 667-668
224
IMPROVED
salmonella antigen, ETC. [Vol. XXII, Part III
Linn, R.H., Leask,. W.H., Gunderson, M.F. and Slack, J.M. (1944). Am. J. Vet, Res.5.159-163
Lubbehusen, R.E. & Beach, J.R. (1935). J.A.V.M.A. 86. 620-625
Mitchell, R.B., Garlock; F.C. and Brok-Khan (1946). J. Inf. Dis. 79. 7-62
Macdonald, A.D. (1941). Conference of N.L.P. Imp. Plna. June 17-20. Chicago. III Rep.
by Anim. Husb. Div. Baius. Dept. Agric. 122-127
Macdonald, A.D. (1947). K. Antigen for the detection of Pullorum Dis.
Rao, S.B.V., Narayanan, S., Ramnani, D.R. and Das, J. (1950). Avian Salmonellosis (Under
publication)
Reid Roger, D. (1938). J. Bact. 35. 62
Stafseth, H.J. (1938). Vet. Med. 33. 6-9
Schaffer, J.M., Macdonald, A.D., Hall, W.J. and Bunyea, H. (1931). J.A.V.M.A. 79. 236-240
Soloway, M., Vernon, H., Mc. Farlane, Spaulding, E.H., Cacillia, C. (1947). Amer J. P. Hlth.
37 (8) 971. Quoted by H.E. Coresline. Eighth World Poultry Congress (1948) 604
Schalm, O.W. (1937). J. Inf. Dis. 61. 208
Van Rokel (1950). Private communication
Winter, A.R. (1939). Poult. Sci. 18. 26-30
Wilson, J.E. (1944). Vet. Rec. 56. 521
Wilson, J.E. (1947). Vet. J. 103. 101
Wilson, J.E. (1948). Vet. Rec. 60. 615
Wilson, J.E. (1949). Vet. J. 195. 403
Wilson, J.E. (1950). Vet. Rec. 31. 62
...
CALOTROPIS-STANDARDISATION AND BIOLOGICAL
ASSAY
By V. RATHNASABAPATHY, B.V.Sc., and V. ISWARIAH, B.A., M.B.B.S., M.R.C.P.
(Published from the Research Unit Indigenous Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, Madras
Medical College, Madras)
(Received for publication on 19 January 1952)
(With Plates XVII to XX)
C ALOTROPIS GIGANTEA, commonly known by the following names in
various Indian languages, arka (Sanskrit); madar (Hindi); akand (Bengali);
erukku (Tamil); and jelledu (Telugu); has been dealt with in detail in most of the
indigenous medical literature and is highly spoken of as a very good alterative and
tonic, [Watt, 1893 and Chopra 1933]. A preliminary study made by the senior
author and his colleagues on the various parts of the plant namely, the leaves, the
flowers and the root bark, revealed that the leaf powder in small repeated doses
exerted a tonic effect on the ruminants. Active principles were isolated from the
leaves and the milky juice (madar juice) and they were found to be identical in
their physiological activities, except that the one obtained from the latter was
more potent. Both of them produced a sustained rise of blood pressure when
given intravenously to anaesthetised dogs [Rathnasabapathy, Lakshman,
Krishnaswamy and David, 1949].
Pitchandi in 1948, isolated the active principle of the madar juice in a pure
crystalline form and proposed the formula C24 H36 09 provisionally and suggested
the name 'Gigantin' to the substance thus obtained.
The pharmacology of gigantin has been thoroughly investigated by the authors
both on the amphibians and the mammals and its action on all the organs with
special reference to the cardio-vascular system has been worked out in detail. It
was shown that the drug, by a direct action on the musculature of the heart and
blood vessels produces a persistent rise of blood pressure; the efficiency of the
heart is increased in physiological doses and that the action on the heart is similar
to that of digitalis [Rathnasabapathy, David and Iswariah 1951].
With all these beneficial actions of a good drug, gigantin has its disadvantages
as a good pharmaceutical preparation. As it is insoluble in water it is unsuitable
for easy parenteral administration and as the quantity obtained is not commensurate
with the labour and cost involved in its preparation, it is uneconomical for manufac-
ture on a large scale. It was therefore considered profitable to utilise the leaves
of Calotropis gigantea, which have got active principles having the same physio-
logical activity as gigantin, in the form of tincture after standardisation. The close
resemblance of calotropis and digitalis in their biological activities, suggested that
tincture calotropis can be assaved in the same manner as tincture digitalis.
225
September, 1952] V. RATHNASABAPATY AND V. ISWARIAH
227
TABLE I
Cat Assay of Standard Tincture Calotropis
serial
number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Date of
experiment
29-11-50
30-11-50
4-12-50
4-12-50
6-12-50
1-32-50
8-12-50
3-12-50
12-12-50
12-12 50
14-12-50
18-12-50
18-12-50
19-12-50
Description
of cat.
Weight in
Kg.
F
2.15
M 2.10
F 2.00
M 2.03
M 2.08
F 2.05
M 2.35
M 2.05
M 2.55
M 2.25
F 2.05
M 2.45
M 2.40
M 2.00
Initial
B.P. mm.
of Hg.
90
110
90
55
60
90
110
70
100
90
80
70
70
130
Amount of
Tr. in c.c.
to arrest
the heart
27
30
26
25
29.3
25
37
26.5
46
32
19
27
32.6
31
Time taken
for arrest
of heart,
in minutes
27
36
25
25
27
25
37
26.5
45
33
19
24
81
31
Average
per Kg.
in c.c.
12.56
14.29
13.00
12.32
14.09
12.19
15.74
12.93
18.04
14.22
9.27
11.02
13.54
15.50
Mean
average
13.48
Standard
deviation 'd'
—0.92
+ 0-81
—0.48
—1.16
+ 0.61
—1.29
+2.26
—0.55
+ 4.56
+ 0.74
—4.21
—2.46
+ 0.06
+2.02
Standard deviation of mean or standard
error
√(w d2)/n(n-l)
w=Sum of.
d= deviation.
n=number of cats used.
13.48±0.5619
F—Female; M—Male.
12
Indian J. vet. Sci. VOL. XXII, Part III]
PLATE XVII
Biological assay of Tr. calotropis on a cat.
A record of the carotid blood pressure of a cat. 2.5 Kg. under chloralose anaesthesia.
Respiration artificial. Tr. Calotropis 1 in 20 was injected through the femoral vein at the rate of
about 1 c.c. per minute till the heart was completely arrested. Time marking.—6 seconds.
PLATE XVIII
[ Indian J. vet. Sci. VOL. XXII, Part III
A record of the carotid blood pressure and myocardiogram of a dog, 4 Kg. under paraldehyde
anaesthesia, after atropinisation. Note the persistent rise in blood pressure when 0.4 c.c. of Tr.
Calotropis was given intravenously. The systolic levels of the heart beats are increased whereas
the diastole is normal. Up-strokes are systole. L. A.—Left auricle. L. V.—Left ventricle.
Time.—6 seconds.
Indian J. vet. Sci. VOL, XXII, Part III ]
PLATE XIX
A record of the carotid blood pressure of a dog 5 Kg. under paraldehyde anaesthesia after severing
the vagi and atropinisation. Note the rise of blood pressure when 0.4 c. c. of Tr. Calotropis was
given intravenously.
Time.—6 seconds.
PLATE XX
[ Indian J. vet. Sci. VOL. XXII, Part III
A record of the carotid blood pressure and respiration of a dog 4 Kg. under paraldehyde anaesthesia.
Note the rise in blood pressure when 0.3 c.c. of Tr. Calotropis was administered intravenously. Also
note the increase in the depth and slowing in the rate of the respiration. Upper tracing.—Respiration.
Lower.—Blood pressure.
Time.—6 seconds.