NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF THE INDIGENOUS GRASSES
OF ASSAM
VI. THE GRASS JOY-JOHA (ISCHAEMUM RUGOSUM SALISB) AS A
CATTLE FEED
By B. K. DAS AND N. C. MUKHERJEE, Animal Nutrition Research Scheme, Gauhati
(Received for publication on 27 December 1951)
I N a series of papers, recently Talapatra [1949 and 1950] showed that although the
indigenous grasses are deficient in some of the indispensable mineral elements like
calcium and phosphorus yet they could profitably be introduced in the dietary of
cattle in various forms; in the case of the aquatic grasses, however, he and his
associate [Talapatra et al, 1949] observed that green feeding led to considerable worm
troubles, while the mature hay from these grasses could be fed to any type of cattle
without the least fear of helminthic infection.
Most of the investigations so far reported from this laboratory seem to indicate
that the animals thriving on the indigenous grasses suffer from a sort of chronic
calcium deficiency, because of the very low content of this mineral in the herbage.
Recently we have come across a kind of semi-aquatic grass which appears to be
fairly rich in. both calcium and phosphorus even at the flowering stage. This is
commonly known as Joy-Joha (Ischaemum rugosum Salisb). It is an annual grass,
tall, erect or ascending in robust tufts and branching at the base. The branches
are often 2-nate, compressed, very glabrous and swollen at the top. Leaf-blades are
soft, flat, linear or almost lanceolate. The culms are 6 to 39 inches tall. It looks
more or less like 'Bao' (spring) paddy. It is available from June to November and
flowers during the middle of October, when the other grasses in this part turn woody
and fibrous. As the weather is generally favourable for hay making in October,
it can be conserved by the ' Tripod System ' in large quantities.
An attempt has been made in the present paper to study the chemical compo-
sition and the nutritive value of this grass when fed both as a green fodder and a
hay at the flowering stage.
(a) As a green fodder (flowering stage )
Four adult Assamese bullocks weighing about 570 lbs. were taken and fed exclu-
sively with the grass for a period of 31 days; and as usual urine and faeces were
collected during the last 10 days. Residues left during the collection period were
kept separately for each animal and accounted for.
The chemical composition, the dry matter consumption, the digestibility co-
efficients and the calcium, the phosphorus and the nitrogen balances have been
shown in the following
tables.
2 3 9
240 INDIGENOUS GRASSES OF ASSAM, VI [ Vol. XXII, Part IV,
TABLE I
The chemical composition of Joy-Joha (on dry basis)
Nutrients
Crude protein
Ether Extract
Ash
Crude fibre
Nitrogen free extract
Total carbohydrates
Organic matter
Calcium (Ca)
Phosphorus (P)
Whole plant
7.13
2.50
10.07
29.80
50.50
80.30
89.93
0.38
0.31
Stem (residue)
4.03
1.27
7.87
35.18
51.6
86.78
92.13
0.24
0.18
The chemical composition of the grass even at the flowering stage indicates a
fairly high proportion of protein while the content of calcium and phosphorus having
an ideal Ca/P ratio is much higher than those previously reported from this laboratory.
TABLE II
Dry matter consumption of green Joy-Joha
Animal number
1
3
4
5
Body
weight
(lb)
565
570
564
557
Dry matter
consumed
(lb)
11.05
10.60
10.92
10.38
Dry matter
consumed
per 100 lbs
of body-
weight
(lb)
1.96
1.86
1.94
1.81
Average
(lb)
1.89
The average dry matter consumption of 1.89 lbs per 100 lbs of body weight
indicates that the grass is highly palatable as a green fodder even at the flowering
stage.
December, 1952]
B. K. DAS AND N. C. MUKHERJEE 241
TABLE III
Digestibility coefficients of the organic nutrients
Animal number
1
3
4
5
1
3
4
5
1
3
4
5
1
3
4
5
1
3
4
5
1
3
4
5
Amount
supplied
in feed
(gm.)
7067
7007
7067
7067
503-9
503.9
503.9
503.9
176.7
176.7
176.7
176.7
21060
2106.0
2106.0
2106.0
3568.8
3568.8
3568.8
3568.8
5671.8
5674.8
5674.8
5674.8
Amount
left in
residue
(gm.)
2057
2258
2115
2355
82.9
91.0
85.2
94.9
26.1
28.7
26.9
29.9
724.1
794.8
744.5
829.0
1061.4
1165.1
1091.3
1215.1
1785.5
1959.9
1835.8
2044.1.
Intake
Excreted
in
faeces
Dry Matter
(gm.)
5010
4809
4952
4712
(gm.)
2173
1901
2061
2044
Crude protein
421.0
412.9
418.7
409.0
161.0
147.8
171.4
160.4
Ether extract.
150.6
148.0
149.8
146.8
54.8
41.8
41.2
39.5
Crude fibre
1381.9
1311.2
1361.5
1277.0
528.0
452.4
500.8
504.9
N-free extract
2507.4
2403.7
2477.5
2353.7
1080.0
944.8
995.5
983.2
Total carbohydrates
3889.3
3714.9
3839.0
3030.7
1808.0
1397.2
1496.3
1488.0
Amount
digested
(gm.)
2837
2908
2891
2668
259.9
265.1
247.3
248.6
95.8
100.2
108.0
107.3
853.9
858.83
860.7
772.1
1427.4
1458.9
l482.0
1370.5
2281.3
2317.7
2342.7
2142.7
Digestibility
coefliclents
per cent
57
61
58
57
62
64
59
61
64
72
73
73
62
66
63
60
57
61
60
58
59
62
61
59
Average
digestibility
coeflicients
58
62
71
63
59
60
The data in Table III show that the protein digestibility from the green Joy.
Joha even at the flowering stage is quite satisfactory.
The digestibility of ether extract however is very high and is not generally to
be experienced with ;the indigenous grasses.
The digestibility of crude fibre appears to be normal. As regards N free extract
andtotal carbohydrates all the animals behaved uniformly.
242 INDIGENOUS GRASSES OF ASSAM, VI [Vol. XXII, Part IV,
From the average digestibility coefficients, the starch equivalent has been
calculated according to the method of Kellner and is shown below along with some of
the cultivated fodder plants. The average dry matter is 28.27 lbs per 100 lbs of the
green feed fed to the animals.
TABLE IV
Digestible nutrients in Joy-Joha (flowering) as compared to cultivated fodder plants
—
Joy-Joha (flowering)
Guinea (young)
Napier
Jawar
Quara
Digestible nutrients per 100
lbs of the green stuff
D.P.
1.25
1.11
0.96
0.84
1.33
S.E.
10.88
7.30
9.6
7.2
6.2
It is quite evident, therefore, from the data shown above that the grass Joy-
Joha is in no way inferior to any one of the cultivated fodder plants.
Calcium, phosphorus and nitrogen balances under Joy-Joha feeding.—The
calcium, phosphorus and nitrogen balances have been shown in Table V.
TABLE V
Calcium, phosphorus and nitrogen balances of the animals
Animal
number
1
3
4
5
1
3
4
6
1
3
4
5
Total
intake
(gm.)
21.91
21.43
21.78
21.20
18.21
17.85
18.10
17.67
67.35
66.06
66.98
65.43
Excreted in
faeces
(gm.)
17.28
14.36
17.25
17.77
10.16
9.57
9.61
9.99
25.78
23.65
27.43
25.67
Excreted in
urine
Calcium
(gm.)
2.03
0.75
1.67
1.25
Phosphorus
0.12
0.14
0.15
0.10
Nitrogen
14.75
14.39
14.25
14.82
Total
excreted
(gm.)
19.31
15.11
18.92
19.02
10.23
9.71
9.76
10.09
40.53
38.04
41.68
40.49
Balance
(gm.)
+2.60
+6.32
+2.86
+2.18
+7.93
+8.14
+8.34
+7.58
+26.82
+28.02
+25.30
+24.94
December, 1952 ] B. K. DAS AND N. C. MUKHERJE 243
It may be seen from the above data that definite positive balances of calcium
and phosphorus are assured under Joy-Joha feeding. The heavy retention of
nitrogen is perhaps purely of a temporary nature and is generally observed with
adult animals kept on a high plane of nutrition. The positive calcium and phos-
phorus balances observed in this case are not generally found with most of the indi-
genous grasses in this part of the country particularly when fed as a single feed,
[Talpatra, 1949, 1950]. It may possibly be due to a high intake of protein. A liberal
intake of protein and the nature of protein seem to have some influence on the
absorption of both calcium and phosphorus [Lehmann et al 1942, Mc Cance et al 1942,
Desikachar, H. S. R. and Subrahmanyan. V. 1949]. Better assimilation of minerals
is sometimes attributed to improved crude fibre digestibility [Maynard, 1937]. In
this case the crude fibre digestibility also may probably have some effect on the
positive retention of calcium and phosphorus.
(b) Joy-Joha as hay (flowering stage)
The grass was turned into hay by the well-known ' Tripod System'. The
hay retained good green colour and no sign of decomposition was noticed.
Three adult Assamese bullocks weighing about 525 lbs were taken and fed
exclusively with the hay for a sufficiently long period which was then followed as
usual by a ten day period of collection of both faeces and urine. Residues left during
the collection period were kept separately and accounted for. The chemical compo-
sition, the dry matter consumption, the digestibility coefficients and the calcium,
the phosphorus and the nitrogen balances have been shown in the following tables.
TABLE VI
Chemical composition of Joy-Joha hay (on dry basis)
—
Crude protein
Ether extract
Ash
Crude fibre
N-free extract
Total carbohydrates
Organic matter
Calcium(Ca)
Phosphorus(P)
Whole plant
(hay)
6.63
2.18
9.63
33.72
47.84
81.56
90.37
0.37
0.24
Stem
(residue)
3.39
1.99
6.71
42.95
44.96
87.91
93.29
0.245
0.164
The chemical composition of the hay is almost identical with that of the green
grass.
244
INDIGENOUS GRASSES OF ASSAM, VI [Vol. XXII, Part IV
TABLE VII
Dry matter consumption of Joy-Joha hay
Animal
number
1
3
4
Body
weight
(lb)
525
532
523
Dry matter
consumed
(lb)
7.5
7.5
7.7
Dry matter
consumed per
100 lbs of
body-weight
(lb)
1.4
1.4
1.5
Average
(lb)
1.4
Contrary to expectation, the same grass when turned into hay almost at the
same stage of growth was not much relished, as indicated by the decreased consump-
tion of dry matter. It may be seen that the dry matter consumption was, de-
creased by about 25 per cent.
TABLE VIII
Digestibility coefficients of the organic nutrients of Joy-Joha hay
Animal
number
1
3
4
Average
Dry
matter
50
56
49
52
Crude
protein
44
46
36
42
Ether
extract
56
60
50
55
Crude
fibre
65
68
65
66
N-free
extract
47
54
47
49
Total carbo-
hydrates
54
60
54
56
A perusal of the data in Table VIII shows that the digestibility figures for a
mature grass-hay are quite satisfactory. From the average digestibility coefficients
the net energy value of Kellner has been calculated and shown along with some of
the well-known hays of the country.
Names of hays
Joy-Joha hay
Arali hay
Anjan hay
Bolaram hay
Jowar hay
Guinea grass hay
Usar hay
Ambala hay
Digestible nutrients per 100
lb. of the raw stuff
D.P.
(lb)
2.4
2.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
1.9
2.31
2.2
S.E.
(lb)
26.7
23.9
29.2
27.8
24.8
19.9
17.5
23.5
December, 1952 ]
B. K. DAS AND N. C. MUKHERJEE
215
It is evident from the above figures that the Joy-Joha hay is comparable to most
of the well-known hays of the country.
Calcium, phosphorus and nitrogen balances under Joy-Joha hay feeding.—Under
the same dietetic conditions of the above digestibility trial calcium, phosphorus and
nitrogen balances were determined and shown below in the Table IX.
TABLE IX
Calcium, phosphorus and mitogen balances per day
Animal
number
1
3
4
1
3
4
1
3
4
Intake
(gm.)
13.74
13.70
13.94
.
8.69
8.69
8.82
40.81
40.71
41.24
Excreted in
faeces
(gm.)
14.34
12.51
14.71
8.49
7.08
8.18
22.98
22.02
26.26
Excreted in
urine
(gm.)
Calcium
1.77
1.73
1.89
Phosphorus
0.08
0.10
0.13
Nitrogen
10.05
10.04
9.11
Total
excreted
(gm.)
16.11
14.24
16.60
8.57
7.18
8.31
33.03
32.06
35.37
Balance
(gm.)
—2.37
—0.54
—2.66
+0.12
+ 1.51
+0.51
+7.78
+8.65
+5.87
The low dry matter consumption is perhaps responsible for the negative calcium
balance. The nitrogen balance is definitely positive which indicates that the hay is a
maintenance ration. In these cases the digestible protein provided was at the rate
of 0.46 lbs per 100 lbs body weight. Though the balance of calcium is negative, the
phosphorus balances were all positive showing possibly that much of the phosphorus
present in the grass is in organic combination and is closely related with the protein
metabolism.
SUMMARY
The grass Joy-Joha can profitably and successfully be utilized in the dietary
of cattle till November as a green feed. At the flowering stage it contains 7.13
per cent of crude protein on dry basis. The digestibility coefficients of crude protein,
ether extract and total carbohydrates are 62, 71 and 60 respectively. The digestible
protein and the starch equivalent (Kellner) per 100 lbs of the green stuff are found
to be 1.25 and 10.88 lbs respectively. Unlike most of the indigenous grasses in this
246 INDIGENOUS GRASSES OF ASSAM, VI [ Vol. XXII, Part IV,
part of the country, positive balance of both calcium and phosphorus were assured
when the grass was fed as a green fodder.
Joy-Joha hay at the flowering stage was not much relished by cattle. The
hay prepared from the grass at the flowering stage contains 6.63 per cent of crude
protein. The digestibility coefficients of crude protein, ether extract and total
carbohydrates are 42, 55 and 56 respectively. The digestible protein and the starch
equivalent (Kellner) per 100 lbs of the stuff are 2.4 and 26.7 lbs respectively.
A positive retention of calcium is not assured but the hay provides a mainte-
nance ration with regard to both protein and phosphorus.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are greatly indebted.to Shri L. K. Handique, B.Sc, Agri. (Edin.),
Director of Agriculture, Assam and Dr S. K. Talapatra, B.Sc, Ph D., Professor of
Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U. P.,
Mathura, for their valuable suggestions and interest in the work. They also extend
their thanks to Dr S. K. Mukherjee, Curator of Herbarium, India Botanic Garden,
Calcutta, for ascertaining the species of the grass.
REFERENCES
Desikachar, H.S. R. and Subrahmanyan. V. (1949), Indian J. Med. Res. 37, 85-90
Lehmann, H. and Pllak. L. (1942). J. Physio. 100, 17
Mc Cance, R. A., Widdowson, E. M., and Lehmann, H. (1942). Biochem. J. 36, 686
Maynard, L. A. (1937). Animal Nutrit. 123 and 139. (1st edition)
Talapatra, S. K. and Dev Goswami, M. N. (1949) Indian. J. Vet. Sci. XIX, I
Talapatra, S. K. (1950) Indian J. Vet. Sci. XX, IV
THE UTILISATION OF MANGO-SEED KERNEL AND
JAMAN SEED MEAL IN A SIMPLIFIED POULTRY RATION
FOR GROWING CHICKEN
By S. BOSE, B. M. THAKRAL AND S. NARAYANAN, Poultry Research Section, Indian
Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh
(Received for publication on 1 February 1952)
I N view of the acute food shortage in the country, investigations into the
proper utilisation of the waste materials in the poultry ration are of great
importance for the poultry industry in India. In a previous investigation Bose,
Thakral and Narayanan [1950] concluded that mango-seed kernel, which is generally
thrown away as a waste material, could be utilised by replacing as much as 20 per
cent of yellow maize meal in the laying ration with beneficial results. The inclu-
sion of Jaman seed meal, on the other hand, had great depressing effect on the
egg production. The present investigation has been undertaken to study the
effects of the addition of mango-seed-kernel and jaman seed meal to a simplified
poultry ration for growing chickens.
EXPERIMENTAL
A total of 45 Rhode Island Red chicks hatched in May, 1950, were divided
into three comparable groups and fed on the experimental diets for a period of eight
weeks. The birds were fed on all-mash rations in a wet crumbly state according
to appetite in the morning, noon and afternoon. Broken limestone, succulent
green food and fresh clean water were supplied ad lib. during the experimental period.
Group I was fed on the basal ration consisting of yellow maize meal 55 parts, wheat
bran 25 parts, groundnut cake meal 19 parts and common salt 1 part. Group II
received all-mash ration in which 20 per cent of yellow maize meal of the basal
ration was replaced by mango-seed-kernel. Group III was fed on all-mash ration
in which 20 per cent of yellow maize meal of the basal ration was replaced by jaman
seed meal. Cooked meat offal was mixed with the mash and fed to the birds in all
the three groups as protein supplement at the rates of 1 part of meat offal for every
2 parts of the mash. The quantity of meat offal required every day was cooked for
about an hour in a small quantity of water and run through a mincing machine
prior to mixing with the mash.
247
248
MANGO-SEED KERNEL AND JAMAN SEED MEAL [ Vol. XXII, Part IV
The average percentage chemical composition of the experimental ration is
shown in Table I.
TABLE I
The average chemical composition of the experimental growing rations on dry basis
Feed
Mash—
Group I
Group II
Group III
Meat Offal
Crude
protein
18.3
17.9
17.0
64.5
Ether
Extraot
4.1
5.7
3.6
30.7
Ash
3.7
4.4
5.1
4.8
Carbo-
hydrates
73.9
72.0
74.3
..
The chickens were weighed individually at weekly intervals. The average
weights of the males and females from 0 to 8 weeks are recorded in Table II.
TABLE II
Average weiglds in oz
—
Day old
1 week
2 weeks
3 weeks
4 weeks
5 weeks
6 weeks
7 weeks
8 weeks
GROUP I
Male
1.4
1.5
2.4
3.8
4.8
7.1
9.9
13.0
15.1
Female
1.5
1.7
2.9
4.4
5.3
7.4
9.4
11.7
13.3
GROUP II
Male
1.4
1.5
2.6
4.0
5.4
7.6
9.8
12.5
14.1
Female
1.4
1.6
2.4
3.8
4.9
6.7
9.0
11.6
13.7
GROUP III
Male
1.4
1.7
2.8
4.4
5.6
7.3
10.1
11.5
l5.2
Female
1.5
1.6
2.6
3.8
5.0
7.0
8.6
10.3
18.4
The average food consumption in ounces per bird per day and the correspond-
ing figures of the utilisation of food in ounces, per ounce live weight gam, are record-
ed in Table III.
December, 1952] S. BOSE, B. M. THAKUR AND S. NARAYAN 249
TABLE III
Food consumption and utilisation
Weeks
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
AVERAGE FOOD CONSUMPTION
PER BIRD PER DAY
(oz)
Group I
0.17
0.27
0.43
0.42
0.71
0.93
1.23
1.60
Group 11
0.24
0.28
0.40
0.47
0.73
0.98
1.55
1.75
Group III
0.21
0.33
0.46
0.51
0.94
1.44
1.43
2.10
FOOD CONSUMPTION IN OUNCES PER
OUNCE LIVE-WEIGHT GAIN
Group
7.93
1.80
2.08
3.10
2.26
2.71
3.19
6.05
Group II
11.20
2.06
2.00
2.63
2.56
2.05
3.09
6.62
Group III
7.35
2.20
2.30
2.98
3.55
3.63
646
4.32
The general health of the birds in all the three groups, as judged by handling
and appearance, was satisfactory. The mortality percentage during the experi-
mental period for groups, I, II and III were 6.6, 0, 13.2 respectively.
The statistical examination of the data of Tables II and III are shown in Table
IV.
TABLE IV
Statistical analysis
(Analysis of variance)
Sample
Table II—
(a) Body weights of male birds
(b) Body weights of female birds
Table III—
(a) Food consumption
(b) Food consumption per oz live weight
gain.
Magnitude
of variation
F=0.003
F=0.025
F=0.18
F=0.14
Remarks
As the points at the 5 per cent and I
per cent for the distribution of F are
3.47 and 5.78 respectively, the groups
or sub-samples evidently come from
the same population. The differences
are, therefore, not significant.
Do.
Do.
Do.
2
250
MANGO-SEED KERNEL AND JAMAN SEED MEAL [ Vol. XXII, Part IV
DISCUSSION
At eight weeks the average weights in ounces of the males in Groups I, II and
III were 15.1, 14.1 and 15.2 respectively. The corresponding figures for females
were 13.3, 13.7 and 13.4. Although the experiment was carried out in the monsoon
season, which is not very suitable for growing chickens in the Northern India, it is
remarkable that the rate of growth of the chickens compared very favourably with
the rate of growth usually obtained during the winter months. At no stages of
growth there was any significant difference between the average weights of Group
I, II and III. Both mango-seed-kernel and Jaman seed meal can, therefore,
replace 20 per cent of the yellow maize meal in growing ration without any detri-
mental effect. This is rather interesting because similar experiments carried out
on laying hens [Bose, Thakral and Narayanan, loc. cit.] revealed that jaman seed
meal had great depressing effect on egg production. The factor present in jaman
seed meal, which adversely affected egg production, had therefore no detrimental
effect on the growth of chickens.
The average food consumptions were satisfactory and very similar for all the
three groups. The utilisation of the experimental rations in ounces per ounce
live weight gain did not show any significant difference.
SUMMARY
The inclusion of mango-seed-kernel and jaman seed meal by replacing 20 per
cent of yellow maize meal separately in a normal growing ration showed no detri-
mental effect. The rate of growth, food consumption and food utilisation were
similar in all the three groups.
REFERENCES
Bose, S., Thakral, B. M. and Narayanan, S. (1950). The effect of the addition of mango-seed
kernel and jaman seed meal in a simplified poultry ration for egg production.
(1) Proc. Indian Sci. Cong. Poona, 1950.
(2) Indian Poult. Gaz., 24, 4, 12-17.
PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE BLOOD OF DOMES-
TIC ANIMALS III. THE NORMAL BLOOD PICTURE OF
THE KUMAONI BULLOCK*
By V. N. MURTY AND N. D. KEHAR, Animal Nutrition Division, Indian Veterinary
Research Institute, Izatnagar.
(Received for publication on 30 January 1952)
T HE importance of the study of the normal blood composition of animals in
nutritional and physiological research has been emphasized by Sen and Roy
[1933], Kehar [1940] and Kehar et al. [1940, 1945, 1951a, 1951b]. The factors likely
to cause variations in blood from the normal range may be of food, breed or climate.
Mullick and Pal [1943] observed variations in the blood composition of Hariana
and Dhanni breeds. Since extensive nutritional investigations are carried out on
Kumaoni bullocks, which are commonly found in the lower Himalayan ranges and
are very economical and docile, it was considered desirable to study in detail their
normal blood components.
EXPERIMENTAL
Twenty four healthy adult Kumaoni bullocks were selected for analysing the
morphological, organic and inorganic constituents of blood. They were main-
tained on the Institute basal ration consisting of rape cake and wheat bhoosa
throughout the experimental period. The observations were recorded during the
TABLE I
Showing the morphological constituents of Kumaoni bullock as compared to Hariana
and Dhanni bullocks
Constituents
Haemoglobin gms/100 ml. blood
Red blood corpuscles—millions
per c.mm. of blood
White blood corpuscles—thou-
sands per c.mm. of blood
Cell volume—per cent
Corpuscular values (calculated)—
Mean corpuscular
volume
(M.C.V) cubic microns
Mean corpuscular haemoglobin
(M. C. H.)
micromicro
grammes
Mean corpuscular haemoglobin
concentration (M. 0. BT. 0.)
per cent
KUMAONI BULLOCK
Maximum
9.2
8.4
1l .9
16.2
63.5
14.3
25.3
Minimum
6.2
4.4
6.4
24.6
43.4
10.1
19.0
Mean with
standard
error
7.4±0.18
6.5±0.24
8.4±0.33
35.3 ±1.34
54.6±1.17
11.6±0.29
21.2±0.40
HARIANA BULLOCK
Mean
[Kehar and
Murty, 1945]
11.0
7.7
7.7
50.6
68.7
14.9
21.8
Mean
[Mullick and
Pal, 1943]
10.8
8.0
8.4
..
..
..
..
DHANNI
BULLOCK
Mean
[Mullick and
Pal, 1943]
12.5
7.9
8.0
..
..
..
..
* Read at the Indian Science Congress Session 1948—Proc. Ind. Sci. Cong. 35. No. 3, 96.
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