NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
72
on the experience that serum of such activity showed decided curative effects in plague
patients in doses of about 60 c.c.
The serum was neither sterilised nor was an antiseptic added to it, but its sterility was
controlled bacteriologically and its innocuity by injection in white mice before issue.
Every thing used for the preparation of the serum was of course sterilised.
APPENDIX B.
Abstract of an unpublished paper by Captain E. D. W. Greig, M.B., B.Sc., Edin., I.M.S.,
"On the Infection of the Blood in Bubonic Plague" (From the Plague Research
Laboratory, Parel, Bombay, 18th June 1902).
Object of the research:—To ascertain—
(a) The frequency of blood infection in ordinary cases of bubonic plague.
(b) The effect of such invasion on the case mortality.
(c) Whether the invasion takes place early in the disease, or only just prior to death.
Plan of work: —The observations were made in cases on the first day of their
admission to hospital. No case was examined which had been more than three days ill. The
site of bubo and termination of the case was noted.
One c.c. of blood was taken from a superficial vein in each case, by means of
a sterilised syringe. The blood was at once transferred to a flask containing 50 c.c. of
sterile bouillon, so that it was diluted 50 times. In this way the effects of any bacteri-
cidal substances in the blood were lessened. The flasks were kept in the laboratory at
room temperature (about 28º to 29º cent.), and the appearance of stalactite growth
looked for.
From the flasks sub-cultures were made on dry agar, and the growth tested in the
usual ways. In a certain number of instances the virulence of the growth was tested by
inoculation of monkeys, rats or guinea-pigs. "A similar method was employed by Cas-
tellani to determine the presence of bacillus typhosus in the blood of typhoid fever cases."
(Centralblatt für Bact. Bd. XXXI, No. 10.)
The result of this investigation was as follows:—
The number of patients examined was 132, of which number 79 had plague bacilli
in the blood, or a percentage of 59.8. Of these 79 cases, 77 died, a case mortality of
97.6 per cent. On the other hand, the remaining cases, 53 in number, in which the blood
was sterile at the time of examination, showed a case mortality of 44.1 per cent. only.
Of the 79 blood-infected cases, 26 were examined on the first day of illness, 27 on the
second, and 20 on the third day.
The length of life of a patient subsequent to the invasion of his blood by plague
bacilli, and therefore probably the time during which there is danger of his spreading the
infection, may be roughly gauged from the following statement:—Ten cases died within
12 hours of the discovery of the bacillus in the blood ; 24 cases died within 24 hours ;
15 cases within two days ; 19 cases within three days; 3 cases within four days; 4 cases
within five days ; one case within seven days ; and one within nine days. The above shows
that in the severe cases of ordinary bubonic plague invasion of the blood occurs very early
73
and greatly increases the gravity of the prognosis; and that there is really no distinction
to be drawn between bubonic and septicæmic plague, the one type merging into the other.
A further interesting point is the varying length of time patients live after the appear-
ance of plague germs in their blood. This may be ascribed to a variation in the bactericidal
power of the blood in different individuals. Wright (Lancet, March 22, 1901) has shown
that human blood usually exhibits little or no bactericidal power towards the plague
bacillus, and this may serve to explain the fatal nature of septicæmic cases in this
disease.
The following are briefly the conclusions to be drawn from the above research :—
(1) That blood infection is more frequent than has been supposed in ordinary cases
of bubonic plague, and averages 60 per cent.
(2) That the case mortality of such cases is extremely high, about 98 per cent.
(3) That the blood invasion, in most cases, occurs at an early date in the disease.
(4) That the lymphatic glands present little or no obstacle to the invasion of the
blood stream by the bacilli.
(5) That the period between the time of invasion of the blood and the death of
the patient is longer than was previously believed.
L
No. 20.
(NEW SERIES.)
SCIENTIFIC MEMOIRS
BY
OFFICERS OF THE MEDICAL AND SANITARY DEPARTMENTS
OF THE
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
SERUM-THERAPY OF PLAGUE IN INDIA;
REPORTS BY MR. W. M. HAFFKINE, C.I.E., AND VARIOUS OFFICERS
OF THE PLAGUE RESEARCH LABORATORY, BOMBAY.
EDITED WITH AN INTRODUCTION
BY
LIEUT.-COL. W. B. BANNERMAN, M.D., B.Sc., F.R.S.E., I.M.S.,
Director, Plague Research Laboratory, Bombay.
ISSUED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
BY THE SANITARY COMMISSIONER WITH THE GOVERNMENT
OF INDIA, SIMLA.
CALCUTTA:
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.
1905.
ANNUAL REPORT
ON THE
PUNJAB VETERINARY COLLEGE,
CIVIL VETERINARY DEPARTMENT,
PUNJAB,
AND THE
GOVERNMENT CATTLE FARM, HISSAR,
For the year 1919-20.
Lahore:
PRINTED
BY THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRINTING, PUNJAB;
1920.
Price per copy 0-8-0 or 11d.
Annual Report on the Punjab Veterinary
College, Civil Veterinary Department,
Punjab, and the Government Cattle
Farm, Hissar, for 1919-20.
Revised List of Agents for the Sale of Punjab Government Publications.
IN THE UNITED KINGDOM
CONSTABLE & Co., 10, Orange Street,
Leicester Square, London, W. C.
KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER & Co.,
Limited. 68-74, Carter Lane, E. C., and
25, Museum Street, London, W. C.
BERNARD QUARITCH, 11, Grafton Street,
New Bond Street, London, W.
T. FISHER UNWIN, Limited, No. 1, Adelphi
Terrace, London, W. C.
P. S. KING & SON, 2 & 4, Great Smith
Street, Westminster, London, S. W.
H. S. KING & Co., 65, Cornhill, and 9,
Pall Mall, London.
GRINDLAY & Co., 54, Parliament Street,
London, S. W.
W. THACKER & Co., 2, Creed Lane,
London, E. C.
LUZAC & Co.., 46, Great Russell Street,
London, W. C.
B. H. BLACKWELL, 50 and 51, Broad
Street, Oxford.
DEIGHTON BELL & Co., Limited, Cam-
bridge.
OLIVER & BOYD, Tweeddale Court, Edin-
burgh.
E. PONSONBY, Limited, 116, Grafton
Street, Dublin.
WILLIAM WESLEY & SON, 28, Essex Street,
Strand, London.
ON THE CONTINENT.
ERNEST
LEROUX, 28, Rue Bonaparte,
Paris, France.
MARTINUS NIJHOFF, The Hague, Holland.
IN INDIA.
The Manager, Imperial Book Depôt, Delhi.
GULAB SINGH & SONS, Mufid-i-'Am Press,
Lahore.
MANAGER, Punjab Law Book Depôt,
Anarkali Bazar, Lahore.
RAMA KRISHNA & SON, Book-Sellers and
News Agents, Anarkali Street, Lahore.
HONORARY SECRETARY, Punjab Religious
Rook Society, Anarkali, Lahore.
N. B. MATHUR, Superintendent and Pro-
prietor, Nazir Kanun Hind Press,
Allahabad.
D. B. TARAPOREVALA, SONS & Co.,
Bombay.
THACKER SPINK & Co., Calcutta and
Simla.
NEWMAN & Co., Calcutta.
R. CAMBRAY & Co., Calcutta.
THACKER & Co., Bombay.
HIGGINBOTHAMS, Limited, Madras.
T. FISHER UNWIN, Calcutta.
V. KALYANARAM IYER & Co., 189, Espla-
nade Row, Madras.
G. A. NATESAN & Co., Madras.
SUPERINTENDENT,
American
Baptist
Mission Press, Rangoon.
ANNUAL REPORT
ON THE
PUNJAB VETERINARY COLLEGE,
CIVIL VETERINARY DEPARTMENT,
PUNJAB,
AND THE
GOVERNMENT CATTLE FARM, HISSAR,
For the year 1919-20.
Lahore:
PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRINTING, PUNJAB.
1920.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Para.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
1—5
6
Subject.
NOTE ON VETERINARY PROGRESS IN
THE PUNJAB BY THE DIRECTOR
OF AGRICULTURE.
REPORT ON THE PUNJAB VETERINARY
COLLEGE FOR THE YEAR 1919-20.
Gazetted Staff ... ... ... ...
Non-Gazetted Staff ... ... ...
Sessions ... ... ... ...
Admissions ... ... ... ...
Course of Study ... ... ...
Post Graduate Instruction ... ... ...
Examination results ... ... ...
Dressers' class... ... ... ...
Farriers' class ... ... ... ...
Hospital ... ... ... ...
Contagious Ward ... ... ...
Income ... ... ... ...
Expenditure ... ... ... ...
General remarks ... ... ... ...
REPORT OF THE CIVIL VETERINARY
DEPARTMENT PUNJAB, FOR THE
YEAR 1919-20.
Part I.—Administration.
General Administration ... ... ...
Part II.—Treatment of Disease,
1.—CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.
Mortality—Table II ... ... ...
Page.
1-5
6
ib.
ib.
7
ib.
ib.
ib.
8
ib.
ib.
ib.
9
ib.
ib.
9-12
12
ii
Para.
7
8
9
10
11
12
18
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
28
24
25
26
27
28
29
Subject.
1 (a).—Equines.
Glanders—Table II ... ... ...
Anthrax—Table II ... ... ...
Surra—Table II ... ... ...
Dourine—Table II ... ... ...
Other contagious diseases—Table II ...
...
1 (b).—Bovenes.
Rinderpest—Table II ... ... ...
Anti-Rinderpest Inoculations—Table III ...
Foot and Mouth diseases—Table II ... ...
Hæmorrhagic Septicæmia—Table II ... ...
Preventive Vaocinations—Table II ... ...
Preventive Inoculations—Table III ... ...
Black Quarter—Table II ... ... ...
Vaccinations against black quarter—Table III
... ...
Other contagious diseases—Table II ... ...
1 (c).—Other Animals.
Mortality—Table II ... ... ...
II.—OTHER DISEASES.
Treatment of diseases in villages—Table IV ...
III.—VETERINARY HOSPITALS.
Number of Veterinary Hospitals—Table V ...
Work at the hospitals—Table V ... ...
Building of Veterinary Hospitals ... ...
Part III.—Breeding Operations.
I.—BOVINES.
Stud bulls—Table VIII ... ... ...
II.—EQUINES.
Number of Stallions—Table X
...
...
Services of Horse, Pony and Donkey Stallions—
Table XI.
Feed and Keep of Stallions—Table XII ...
Page.
13
ib.
ib.
14
ib.
ib.
ib.
15
ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.
16
ib.
ib.
ib.
17
ib.
ib.
17-19
19
20
ib.
iii
Para.
30
31
32
33
34
35
1—7
8
9
Subject.
III.—SHEEP AND GOAT BREEDING.
IV.—FAIRS AND SHOWS.
Fairs and Shows—Tables XIII and XIV ...
V.—MISCELLANEOUS. ...
Cattle Insurance ... ... ...
Part IV.—Establishment
Numerical Strength—Table VII ... ...
Part V.—Expenditure.
Expenditure—Table XIV-A ... ...
Part VI.—General Remarks.
General Remarks
...
... ...
REPORT ON THE GOVERNMENT CATTLE
FARM, HISSAR, FOR 1919-20.
REPORT BY MR. BRANFORD, SUPERIN-
TENDENT, CATTLE FARM, HISSAR.
General ... ... ... ...
Contagious diseases—
(a) Black Quarter ... ... ...
(b) Equine Contagious Abortion ... ...
(c) Foot and Mouth disease ... ...
(d) Hæmorrhagic Septicæmia ... ...
(e) Piroplasmosis ... ...
(f) Navel ill ... ... ...
(g) Rinderpest ... ... ...
Farm Stock during the year—
Herd bulls ... ... ...
Supernumerary bulls ... ... ...
Male produce ... ... ...
Cows ... ... ... ...
Heifers ... ... ... ...
Bullocks ... ... ... ...
Page.
20
21
ib.
ib.
22
ib.
23-24
24
ib.
ib.
25
ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.
26
ib.
ib.
iv
Para.
10
11
12
13
14
Subject.
Farm Stock during the year—concld—
Mules ... ... ... ...
Arab Breeding Scheme... ... ...
Donkey Stock ... ... ...
Mule breeding mares ... ... ...
Sheep
...
...
...
...
Cultivation ... ... ... ...
Veterinary Hospital ... ... ...
Feeding Experiments ... ... ...
General ... ... ... ...
Description of Photos ... ... ...
Page.
27
ib.
ib.
28
ib. 29
30
ib.
31
ib.
No. 7117-8. (Rev.& Agri. —Genl.), dated Simla, the 9th October 1920.
From—The Hon'ble Mr. E. JOSEPH, I.C.S., Revenue Secretary to Government, Punjab,
To—The Secretary to the Government of India, Department of Revenue and Agriculture.
I AM directed to submit, for the information of the Gov-
ernment of India, a copy of the annual report on the Punjab
Veterinary College, Civil Veterinary Department, and Gov-
ernment Cattle Farm at Hissar for the year 1919-20, together
with a note on veterinary progress in the Punjab by the
Director of Agriculture, Punjab.
2. The staff of the College, which was depleted during
the war, was strengthened by the addition of Captains Sewell
and Dowland as Post graduate Professor and Professor of
Sanitary Science, respectively. Lieutenant-Colonel Walker
took over charge of the post of Principal in July 1919 from
Colonel Pease, who thus terminated a connexion with the
College that extended at different periods over 21 years
during which great development and advance resulted from
his ability and energy. Mr. Burke, I.S.O., Professor of
Surgery, also retired with a meritorious record of 37 years'
service in the Veterinary Department. By the death (which
occurred after the close of year under report) of Khan
Bahadur Saiyad Mehtab Shah, Professor of Anatomy and
Physiology, the College has lost a highly capable and effici-
ent teacher who had devoted his energies for 33 years to
the service of the Province. Eighty-one new students were
admitted to the College against 78 in the previous year.
Altogether 217 students presented themselves in the various
annual examinations, the results of which were satisfactory.
The post-graduate class, which it was intended to re-open
during the year under review, could not be started owing to
lack of candidates. The revised course of studies which has
been approved by the Government of India demands better
educational qualifications from the students who enter the
College, as admission will be open only to those who have
passed the Matriculation examination or an equivalent stand-
ard and instruction will be imparted in English. The
question of affiliation of the College to the Punjab University
and constitution of a veterinary faculty is under the consider-
ation of Government.
3. The number of in-patients and out-patients treated
in the hospital attached to the College shows a slight decrease
from the previous year although the attendance at the dog
hospital increased by 164 in-patients and 35 out-patients.
The delay in the opening of the Branch Veterinary Hospital
in Aitchison Ganj is unsatisfactory.
2
4. There was a comparatively high mortality from
contagious diseases amongst cattle, rinderpest accounting for
42,155 deaths against 20,842 in the previous year. This
is attributed to a low vitality consequent on shortage of
fodder which decreases the ability to resist disease. The
number of deaths from foot and mouth disease was 2,592
against 536 in the year 1918-19 and hæmorrhagic septicæmia
was responsible for 6,319 deaths against 5,349.
While it is a matter of gratification that vaccinations
against hæmorrhagic septicæmia are increasing in popularity
it is to be regretted that inoculation against rinderpest had
to be restricted owing to the shortage of serum. The Punjab
is largely an agricultural province and the agriculturists'
is took in trade consists to a large extent of his cattle. It
is, therefore, essential that outbreak of disease amongst cattle
should be prevented at the earliest opportunity, and the
Lieutenant-Governor trusts that local officers will insist
on prompt reports by the Patwari staff of the outbreak of
disease.
Amongst equines 15 cases of glanders were dealt with in
the Gurdaspur District by the Civil Veterinary Department,
and three cases in the Rawalpindi District by the Army
Remount Department. Surra was prevalent in the districts
of Ferozepore, Shahpur, Gujrat, Amritsar, and Dera Ghazi
Khan, and the steps taken by the Department to combat
this disease, in spite of the shortage of staff, are credit-
able. Fortunately no case of dourine occurred during
the year.
5. The number of veterinary hospitals in the Province
increased by two and is now 131, in addition to which there
are six dispensaries. A sum of Rs. 48,000 has been allotted
for the construction of new hospital buildings and improve-
ment of the existing ones. These institutions are increasing
in value and popularity, and the number of patients con-
tinues to rise. There is room for many more veterinary
hospitals, and Sir Edward Maclagan hopes that private-
munificence will be forthcoming to supplement public
expenditure in this direction. Cattle Insurance Societies
are being promoted in several districts in the Province,
and the inhabitants of the Rohtak District are anxious
to start re-insurance unions in order to save the primary
societies from ruin in case of serious outbreak of epidemics.
3
The question of a financial guarantee by Government to
such unions will shortly be referred to the Government
of India.
6. The progress already achieved in cattle-breeding is
creditable to the Civil Veterinary Department. The
number of stud bulls working in the Province increased
by 82 to 1,352, and 198 bulls were sent out by the Govern-
ment Cattle Farm at Hissar. The scheme for subsidising
selected owners of the Dhanni bulls has worked satisfactorily
and the Lieutenant-Governor is pleased to observe that the
Chief Superintendent is hopeful of reviving the breed which
showed signs of extinction a short time ago.
The popularity of three-quarter and half-bred merino
rams continues and during the year under review the Hissar
Farm supplied 110 rams to private individuals and three to
the Jullundur District Board.
7. Mr. Branford is again to be congratulated on his
successful management of the Hissar Cattle Farm, which
enjoyed a healthy year. Owing to the absence of grazing
from the 1st of April to August, stall-feeding had to be
resorted to, and the cows were consequently not in very good
condition. The profit and loss account showed a loss of
Rs. 29,766 against a profit of Rs. 11,534 in the previous year.
This is attributable to high price of gram, increased expendi-
ture on stall-feeding, grant of various kinds of allowances to
the employees, restricted sowings in 1918, and the conse-
quently smaller outturn of the oats crop.
8. Although the Province has been fortunate in
obtaining a number of promising recruits the year under
report and the months immediately following it have
laid a heavy hand on the veterinary services. Colonel
Farmer, C.I.E., broke down in health towards the close of
the year and proceeded on leave in March It was hoped
that rest, if it did not restore his full energy would at
least prolong his life, but news of his death at Home reached
India a short time ago. His administration of the Depart-
ment was always characterised by ability and enthusiasm,
and the Lieutenant-Governor has little doubt that he sacri-
ficed his health to the work in which he was so interested.
In him the Government has lost a very capable officer
and the Department and the people of the Province a most
sympathetic friend. The retirement of Colonel Pease and
4
of Mr. Burke and the death of Saiyad Mehtab Shah have
already been recorded. Captain Morris retired from the
Hissar Cattle Farm after 32 years' service there. Death
robbed the Farm of the services of Mr. MacCutchan and
the Province of those of Captain Daunt Meadows, the Camel
Specialist. Mr. George Taylor was transferred to Bombay
on the return to the Punjab of Colonel Walker.
9. His Honour's thanks are also due to the officers of
all grades of the Department for the efficient manner in
which they have discharged their respective duties.
23 DA—359 -5-11-20—SGPP Lahore.
Note on the Veterinary progress in the Punjab by the
Director of Agriculture, Punjab.
The Punjab Veterinary
College.
LIEUTENANT-COLONEL WALKER took over charge of the
post of Principal of the Punjab Veteri-
nary College from Colonel Pease on
20th July 1919, and he has initiated
many reforms with characteristic energy and administrative
ability. Captains Sewell and Dowland joined on October
15th and the 1st December 1919, as Post Graduate Professor
and Professor of Sanitary Science respectively. Mr. Burke,
I. S. O., Professor of Surgery, retired on March 31st, after-
noon, after a meritorious service of more than 10 years in the
College. Captain Dowland is now working as Professor of
Surgery in addition to his own duties, and it is understood
that the Secretary of State is recruiting an Imperial Officer
to fill the vacancy. The death of Khan Bahadur Syed
Mehtab Shah, Professor of Anatomy and Physiology, on
28th May 1920, is regretted. Revision of salaries is under
the consideration of the Government. There were 81* admis-
sions as against 78 last
year : 57 for 3 years'
course and 24 for 4
years' course. The four
years' course was how-
ever abandoned. Fifty-
six men passed the final
examination (3 years'
course) and out of
these 17 were Punjab
Civilian Students. The post-graduate course was held in
abeyance. Colonel Walker has drawn up an outline scheme
for a 4 years' course, which has been approved by the Gov-
ernment of India. He has latterly drawn up a syllabus,
which is being sent up. Instruction will be in English.
*Indian Cavalry ...
Remount Department ...
Imperial Service Troops ...
State nominees ...
Central Provinces and Berar
United Provinces of Agra
and Oudh ...
Baluchistan ...
District Boards, Punjab ...
Punjab Civil Students ...
Total ...
28
8
3
7
5
4
2
6
18
81
3 years' course.
4 years' course.
The plans and estimates for the new hostel are being
sent up to Government for administrative approval. The
present hostel has been put in charge of an Assistant Pro-
fessor and Colonel Walker has made many other improve-
ments. Colonel Walker has declined to have anything to
do with the Branch Veterinary Hospital at Aitchison Ganj,
Lahore, as he considers, I think rightly, that his duties are
educational only. Mr. Quirke has now examined the pro-
2
posals, and I have sent a draft agreement of the lines of
working to the Municipal Committee.
District Work.
Cattle disease.
2. Colonel Farmer, Chief Superintendent, proceeded on
8 months leave on 22nd March 1920,
and Mr. Quirke has, except for a very
brief interregnum, officiated since that date. Should Colonel
Farmer not return the Province will have lost its most
enthusiastic Veterinary Officer. Mr. Garewal is holding
charge of the North Punjab and though he has not been
in the best of health appears to take a keen interest in his
work. Captain Doyle joined the Department on 28th March
1920, and has been posted to the Government Cattle Farm,
Hissar, for training.
3. The figures of deaths from contagious diseases are
given below :—
BOVINES.
Equines
87
Rinderpest
42,155
Foot and
mouth
disease
2,592
Hæmorrhagic
septicæmia
6,319
Black¬
quarter.
242
Other contagi¬
ous diseases.
516
This should be compared with the table of morta-
lity from contagious diseases given in my note last year.
The mortality from rinderpest is about 3 per thousand.
Deaths among inoculated cattle during outbreaks were 1 per
thousand.
Wheat profits.
4. I have communicated to District Boards the grants
allotted to them out of the sum of
Rs. 48,000 devoted to Veterinary pur-
poses from the wheat profits grant.
Cattle-breeding.
5. The 2 variables which have to be considered
are quantity and quality, and the posi-
tion in respect to both is unsatisfactory.
This must not be understoed as criticism of the past efforts
of the Civil Veterinary Department, which has been for the
purpose in question without staff and organisation. But
because a man is swimming it does not follow he is getting
any nearer the shore. The tide may be running strongly
3
against him, and his bearings may be in error. I have
made proposals elsewhere in an apercu of the situation, for
obtaining our bearings and accelerating our rate of progres-
sion. The shortage of quantity in farm and dairy stock is
indicated by the following figures:—
—
Bulls and bullocks
...
Cows
...
She-buffalces
...
Total
...
1914
Millions.
4.6
3.7
2.7
11.0
1920
Millions.
4.0
2.7
2.4
9.1
Decrease.
Millions.
0.6
1.0
0.3
1.9
Apart from the loss in plough power, the decrease of 9.5
millions tons per annum in the already inadequate supply
of farm yard manure, must tend to produce lower crop
yields. This quantity of manure would in fact suffice
to manure a million acres of land each year.
The decrease is not caused apparently by exports,
which amount after deducting imports, to 80,000 only in the
period 1914-15 to 1918-19, or to the reported deaths from
contagious disease, which for the period 1914-15 to 1919-20
number about 160,000. I am of opinion that an annual
census of cattle is desirable during the next few years, and
that in selected areas at any rate the births and deaths
should be reported continuously.
Want of space precludes me from noting on the details
of the work of the Civil Veterinary Department in relation
to cattle-breeding, but that it has not been idle is shown by
the fact that there are now .1,352 bulls chiefly from the
Government Cattle Farm, Hissar, at stud in the Province, as
against half that number, 637, at the end of 1914. The
requirements of the Province, as I have pointed out else-
where, are about 50,000 stud bulls. For such advance as
has been made much credit is due to Colonel Farmer, who
was never tired of pointing out to District Boards how
serious was their neglect of cattle-breeding.