NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
2
10. During the year under report the following amounts were sanctioned
and spent from my discretionary grant for the undermentioned minor works at
Lunatic Asylums :—
(1) Rs. 24 for providing an iron-barred ventilator to the latrine
of the Asylum at Ahmedabad.
(2) Rs. 35 for a latrine of the district pattern for the Hospital Assist-
ant's quarters at the Asylum, Dhárwár.
(3) Rs. 132 for fixing ridge ventilators to the roof of one of the male
wards at the Poona Asylum.
(4) Rs. 44 for raising the floor of the back verandah to the level of the
floor of one of the male wards in the Poona Asylum.
11. On the statements appended at the end of the report I beg to make
the following comments.
12. Statement No. I giving the admissions, discharges, &c., of the
lunatics in the asylums shows that the total population during the year under
report was 1,000 as compared with 988 in the previous year. Of these, 808 were
males and 192 females, as compared with 800 and 188 respectively, in 1893. On
1st January 1894 there remained 585 males and 148 females, 203 males and
41 females were admitted, and 20 males and 3 females re-admitted. The num-
ber discharged was 192—163 males and 29 females. Of these, 66 males and
15 females were reported cured, 93 males and 13 females transferred to friends
(79 males and 6 females improved and 14 males and 7 females not improved), and
4 males and 1 female were discharged otherwise. 79 males and 22 females
died against 62 males and 15 females in 1893, leaving at the end of the year
566 males and 141 females—total 707 as compared with 733 in the previous year.
The daily average strength was 583.1 males and 144.4 females—total 727.5
against 716.1 in the preceding year.
The percentages of cures and deaths to the daily average strength were :—
Cured ...
Died
...
Males
...
...
...
...
Females ... ...
...
...
Males ... ... ... ...
Females...
...
...
...
11.3
10.4
13.5
15.2
Total ...11.1
Total ...13.9
The percentages to admissions were :—
Cured
...
Died
...
Males ...
...
...
...
Females ... ... ... ...
Males ...
...
...
...
Females ... ... ... ...
29.6
34.1
35.4
50.0
Total ... 30.3
Total ... 37.8
Statement No. II is a return of criminal lunatics. On the 1st January
1894 there remained 103 males and 10 females, 14 males and 2 females were
admitted and 1 male was re-admitted, making a total of 118 males and 12
females, giving a total of 130 in all confined, or 3 less than in the previous year.
Of these, 14 males and 2 females were discharged, transferred, &c., 13 males
died, and 91 males and 10 females remained at the end of the year. The daily
average strength of this class of insanes was 97.7 males and 9.4 females—total
107.1 as compared with 106.5 in 1893.
Particulars of the different kinds of these insanes are shown in the follow-
ing table as ordered by the Government of India :—
Kind of Criminal Lunatics.
Those tried and acquitted on
the ground of insanity ..
Those insane on admission and
found to be incapable of
making a defence ..
Those who became insane during
imprisonment ... ...
Total ...
Colába.
14
41
8
63
Ratnágiri.
9
17
1
27
Poona.
...
...
1
1
Dhárwár.
1
2
3
6
Ahmedabad
4
8
3
15
Hyderabad.
2
11
5
18
Total.
30
79
21
130
3
Statement No. III is a return showing the religion, sex, and residence of
the patients admitted during the year. Of the 267 admissions and re-admissions
48 were Christians (Europeans 43, Eurasians 2 and Native Christians 3),
118 Hindoos, 71 Mahomedans, and 30 of other castes. As usual, the majority
of Europeans admitted were soldiers coming from various parts of India.
Statement No. IV shows the occupation of the patients admitted. Beggars
and mendicants form the majority, viz. 33, soldiers numbered 30, cultivators and
labourers 29, merchants and traders 21, clerks 12, sepoys and peons 11, domestic
servants 8, and students and mechanics 7 each. 25 patients had no occupation,
and in 48 cases the occupation was not ascertained.
Statement No. V gives the ages of the lunatics admitted according to sex.
Under 20 there were 18 males and 2 females, between 20 and 40 there were
169 males and 31 females, between 40 and 60 years of age 34 males and
9 females, and above 60 years 2 males and 2 females.
Statement No. VI shows the various types of insanity, and the following
table gives the number remaining, admitted, recovered, improved and died in
each form of insanity :—
Mania
...
...
...
Melancholia ... ...
Dementia ... ...
Idiocy ... ... ...
Epileptic insanity ... ...
Charas smoking ... ...
Gánja smoking ... ...
Use of bháng ... ...
Opium smoking ... ...
Opium eating ... ...
Spirit drinking ... ...
Other types ... ...
Total ...
Remaining.
292
86
135
34
26
5
84
26
...
5
27
13
733
Admitted.
129
52
32
8
10
3
13
2
1
...
10
7
267
Total.
421
138
167
42
36
8
97
28
1
5
37
20
1,000
Recovered.
41
16
4
...
1
...
12
1
...
1
4
1
81
Improved.
33
22
13
...
2
...
5
2
...
...
7
1
85
Died.
42
17
21
7
3
2
4
2
...
...
1
2
101
Statement No. VII gives the alleged causes of insanity among the lunatics.
Of the 1,000 cases a cause is given in 487 and is unknown in 513. Physical
causes numbered 409 and moral 78. Among the former the use of intoxicat-
ing drugs and abuse of spirits are credited with 176 cases, hereditary causes
accounted for 40, epilepsy and previous attacks 37 each, fever 30, destitution
and congenital disease 21 each, masturbation 12, injury to head 10, sunstroke 6,
child birth 5, syphilis and climate 4 each, sexual excess 2, and concussion of
brain, uterine disease, old age and paralysis 1 each. Of moral causes, grief
is the alleged cause in 48 cases, religion in 9, anger in 7, fear in 4, anxiety and
study in 3 each, and jealousy and loss of money in 2 each. Among criminal
insanes, charged with crimes of violence, the following are the alleged causes
of insanity :—
Gánja smoking
Opium eating
Charas smoking ...
Spirit drinking
Fever ...
Peurperal fever ...
Epilepsy
8
2
1
2
3
1
5
Injury to head
Hereditary
Congenital
Grief
Religion
Anxiety
Anger ...
1
3
1
4
1
1
1
In 36 such cases the cause is not known.
Statement No. VIII is a return of the sick in the asylum hospitals (for
diseases other than insanity) with the results. At the beginning of the year
there remained 42 patients under treatment and 443 were admitted during the
year, making a total of 485 against 350 in 1893. Of these, 330 were cured, 13
8
poses, will be necessary, and plant and machinery of a good and modern descrip-
tion for manufacturing purposes will be required.
At Ahmedabad and Poona, and perhaps Hyderabad, the conditions are more
favourable than elsewhere but land and machinery are required, and I am not
sure that even if supplied the result would be commensurate with the outlay.
So far as I have been able to judge from a cursory inspection, I do not think
the soil at Naupada will in any way compare with that of Bengal and the North-
-estern Provinces, and the results must always be unfavourable from an agri-
cultural and financial point of view.
Statement No. XII gives the condition of the insanes as to caste, sex and
marriage, and is summarized in the following tables :—
TABLE I.
Single
...
Married ...
Widowed ...
Unknown ...
1893
...
...
...
1894
...
...
...
1893
...
...
...
1894
...
...
...
1893
...
...
...
1894
...
...
...
1893
... ... ...
1894
...
...
...
Total ...
1893 ...
1894
...
TOTAL NUMBER.
Treated.
Males.
373
380
251
250
58
59
118
119
800
808
Females.
28
26
88
100
46
41
26
25
188
192
Total.
401
406
339
350
104
100
144
144
988
1,000
Cured.
Males.
27
23
32
31
4
4
...
3
63
66
Females.
1
...
6
8
6
7
...
...
13
15
Total.
28
23
38
39
10
11
...
3
76
81
Died.
Males.
26
33
18
17
3
9
15
20
62
79
Females.
4
6
5
8
5
4
1
4
15
22
Total.
30
39
23
25
8
13
16
24
77
101
PERCENTAGE OF
Cured to treated.
Males.
7.2
7.4
12.7
12.4
6.9
6.8
...
2.5
7.9
8.2
Females.
3.6
...
6.8
8.0
13.4
17.1
...
...
6.9
7.8
Total.
7.0
6.9
11.2
11.1
9.6
11.0
...
2.1
7.7
8.1
Deaths to treated.
Males.
7.0
8.7
7.2
6.8
5.2
15.3
12.7
16.8
7.7
9.8
Females.
14.3
23.1
5.7
8.0
10.9
9.8
3.8
16.0
8.0
11.5
Total.
7.4
9.6
6.8
7.1
7.7
13.0
11.1
16.7
7.8
10.1
TABLE II.
Single
...
Married
...
Widowed
...
Unknown
...
Hindus
...
...
Mahomedans ... ...
Pársis ...
...
...
Hindus
...
...
Mahomedans
...
...
Pársis
...
...
...
Hindus
...
...
Mahomedans ... ...
Pársis
...
...
...
Hindus
...
...
Mahomedans ... ...
Pársis ... ... ...
Number.
1893.
162
128
15
197
77
28
58
18
13
90
42
...
1894.
167
119
14
203
82
28
61
18
7
91
42
...
Percentage to
total treated.
1893.
40.4
31.9
3.7
58.1
22.7
8.3
55.8
17.3
12.5
62.5
29.1
...
1894.
41.1
29.3
3.4
58.0
23.4
8.0
61.0
18.0
7.0
63.2
29.2
...
Percentage to
total of each caste.
1893.
32.0
48.3
26.8
38.9
29.1
50.0
11.4
6.8
23.2
17.7
15.8
...
1894.
32.0
45.6
28.6
39.0
31.4
57.1
11.6
6.9
14.3
17.4
16.1
...
Statement No. XIII gives the particulars regarding criminal lunatics. Of
the average strength of 107.1, including 97.7 males and 9.4 females, 44.8 males
and 6.2 females, or a total of 51, were employed. 22 males and 3 females had
been charged for theft, 41 males and 5 females with culpable homicide amount.
9
ing to murder, 5 males and 1 female with culpable homicide not amounting to
murder, 2 males with attempt to commit suicide, 12 males and 1 female with
causing grievous hurt, 7 males with house-breaking, 11 males with mischief and
assault, and 18 males and 2 females with miscellaneous offences.
13. The official visitors were regular in attendance at all the asylums
except at Colába, where, as in 1893, the 2nd Presidency Magistrate was un-
avoidably absent but no substitute was provided as required by Government
Resolution No. 104, dated 12th January 1874 (General Department).
14. The Principal Medical Officer, Sind District, inspected the Cowasji
Jehángir Asylum, Hyderabad, in September and found it in good order, and
I inspected the Colába Lunatic Asylum on the 20th November, the Ratnágiri
Asylum on the 10th December, the Dhárwár Asylum on the 21st December,
the Poona Asylum on the 28th December 1894, and the Ahmedabad Asylum
on the 1st February 1895. That I found them all in perfect condition I am
unable to report, but they were in as good condition as the Superintendents
could make them. As is well known, the Colába Asylum has for a long time been
unsuited for its purpose, but it will soon, it is hoped, be provided with a new
building and ground for agricultural purposes at Naupada near Thána, the
foundation stone having been laid by His Excellency Lord Harris on the 11th
February last.
The Poona Asylum requires the addition of a wing for criminal lunatics,
the provision of ground for agricultural purposes and sheds for day rooms and
for manufacturing purposes.
Some alterations in the arrangements of the Dhárwár Asylum are required
and have been sanctioned to be carried out when money is available. For a
considerable portion of the year water for gardening purposes is deficient or
not available.
The asylums of Ratnágiri and Ahmedabad are in good order, but the latter
requires the addition of a wing for criminal lunatics, which question and that of
the Poona Asylum are, at present, under the consideration of Government.
15. I am glad to be able to report that the Superintendents of all the
Asylums performed their duties very satisfactorily throughout the year.
I have the honour to be,
Sir,
Your most obedient Servant,
P. S. TURNBULL, M.D., Surg.-Major-Genl.,
Surgeon-General with the Government of Bombay.
B 2064—3
26
No. XI.
Showing Receipts and Expenditure on account of Manufactures in the Lunatic Asylums in the Bombay Presidency during the year 1894.
1
Name of Asylum.
Colába
...
...
Ratnágiri
... ...
Poona ... ... ...
Dhárwár
... ...
Ahmedabad ... ...
Hyderabad
(Sir
Cowas ji Jehángir)
Total ...
2
Mean Population.
Male.
220.1
72.7
76.9
28.0
89.4
96.0
583.1
Female.
67.5
23.9
18.1
10.0
15.9
9.0
144.4
Total.
287.6
96.6
95.0
38.0
105.3
105.0
727.5
3
4
5
6
7 8
CREDITS.
Cash paid
into Treasury
during the
year for
articles sold.
Rs.
565
27
266
31
516
220
1,628
a.
15
4
5
13
7
5
1
p.
4
0
4
0
0
2
10
Value of
Manufactured
Goods made
over to
Asylum
for Asylum
purposes.
Rs.
707
91
a.
15
6
p.
5
0
......
151
219
7
3
6
2
......
1,173 0 1
Value of
Raw
Materials
in Store
at end of
the year.
Rs.
110
a.
0
p.
0
...
...
...
...
...
110 0 0
Value of
Manufac-
tured
Goods in
Store at
end of
the year.
Rs.
347
a.
0
p.
0
...
...
...
...
...
347 0 0
Value of
Plant and
Machinery
in Store
at end of
the year.
Rs.
190
81
a.
0
9
p.
0
6
...
...
...
...
271 9 6
Total
Credits.
Rs.
1,920
203
266
183
735
220
3,529
a.
14
3
5
4
10
6
11
p.
9
6
4
6
2
2
5
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
DEBITS.
Value of
Manufac-
tured
Goods in
Store
on 1st
January.
Rs.
377
a.
8
p.
0
...
...
...
...
...
377 8 0
Value of
Raw-
Materials
in Store
on 1st
January.
Rs.
100
a.
0
p.
0
...
...
...
...
...
100 0 0
Value of
Plant and
Machinery
in Store
on 1st
January.
Rs.
184
94
a.
0
8
p.
0
3
...
...
...
...
278 8 3
Raw
Materials
purchased.
Rs.
832
a.
12
p.
9
......
......
88 15 5
......
......
921 12 2
Contin-
gencies of
Manufac-
tures.
Rs. a. p.
...
9 6 0
...
...
583 15 6
...
593 5 6
All other
Charges.
Rs. a. p.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Total
Debits.
Rs.
1,494
103
a.
4
14
p.
9
3
......
88
583
15
15
5
6
......
2,271 1 11
16
17
RESULTS.
Excess of
Credits or
Profits.
Rs.
426
99
266
94
151
220
1,258
a.
10
5
5
5
10
5
9
p.
0
3
4
1
8
2
6
Excess of
Debits
or Loss.
Rs. a. p.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
18
Average Number
of Insanes employed
during the year.
Male.
80.4
50.3
22.0
13.4
48.5
40.0
254.6
Female.
16.4
11.9
12.0
6.0
9.4
3.0
58.7
Total.
96.8
62.2
34.0
19.4
57.9
43.0
313.3
19
REMARKS.
Lunatic Asylums.—
Report on the Lunatic Asylums in the
Bombay Presidency for the year 1894.
General Department.
Bombay Castle,
No. 2714
2nd July 1895.
Letter from the Surgeon General with the Government of Bombay, No. S.B.—380,
dated 11th April 1895—
Submitting the Annual Report on Lunatic Asylums in the Bombay Presidency for the
year 1894.
RESOLUTION.—The total population of the asylums in this Presidency
was 1,000 in the year 1894, as compared with 988 in the previous year, and there
was an increase also in the daily average population, which was 727.5 as
compared with 716.1.
2. There have for some years past been no great fluctuations in the popula-
tion of the Colába Asylum. The daily average strength in this asylum was
31.5 Europeans and 256.1 Natives in the year under review.
3. At the Ratnágiri Asylum, with accommodation for 73 males and 39
females, the population has been steadily increasing for some years past, and
the daily average was for males 72.7 and 23.9 for females. It thus appears
that the male wards were virtually always full, and it is observed that on
one occasion there were 76 males in the asylum. At Ahmedabad, too,
though the average, 105.3, has not varied much for some years, it was nearly
equal to the accommodation, and it appears that on one night this asylum was
quite full, there being 91 males and 17 females, as compared with accommodation
for 90 of the former and 18 of the latter.
4. At Poona there have been recently no great fluctuations. At Dhárwár
there is accommodation for 88 patients, though the maximum number confined
in one night was 40 and the daily average 38 only. In Hyderabad also there
is accommodation for many more patients than those confined, and it is
observed that there has been a falling off in the number confined during the
last two years.
5. Of 152 patients newly admitted to the Colába Asylum in the year
under review, a large portion (87) were, as might be expected, natives of Bombay
City or the Konkan : but 23, of whom 14 were Europeans, were received from
Bengal or Madras. In Ratnágiri, Poona and Ahmedabad, most of the patients
belonged to those districts, respectively, or others easily accessible therefrom.
But only 2 out of 7 admitted to the Dhárwár Asylum belonged to the Dhárwár
District, and only 5 out of 31 in the Hyderabad Asylum belonged to the
Hyderabad District. This last-mentioned asylum draws its patients from a
large area.
6. The comparisons instituted, at page 7 of the report, between daily
strength and expenditure, indicate that (omitting Colába, which is on a different
footing from the rest) though there is not much variation in the total cost of
keeping a lunatic, the expenditure under different heads, such as medicines,
contingencies, clothing and bedding, varies very considerably. Some attempt
should be made in future to explain these variations when they are noticeable.
7. The mortality from cholera at Poona was specially large in the year
under review, and there were no less than 8 deaths from epilepsy.
2
8. The attention of the Judicial Department should be drawn to para-
graph 13 of the report.
9. There are many recognized unsatisfactory features in connection with
the important asylum at Colába, but no sufficient remedy can be expected till it
is removed to a more convenient situation. The matter has long engaged the
attention of Government, and shortly after the close of the year under review
His Excellency Lord Harris laid the foundation stone of a new asylum on a
site at Nowpáda about 20 miles from Bombay, which had been specially
selected by a committee of experts as suitable for the lunatics of the City
of Bombay and the Konkan, who form a large portion of the insanes at present
accommodated at Colába.
J. DE C. ATKINS,
Secretary to Government.
To
The Surgeon General with the Government of Bombay,
The Sanitary Commissioner for the Government of
Bombay,
The Commissioner in Sind,
The Commissioner, N. D.,
The Commissioner, C. D.,
The Commissioner, S. D.,
The Collectors of Ahmedabad, Poona, Dhárwár and
Ratnágiri,
The Judicial Department of the Secretariat,
The Public Works Department of the Secretariat,
With copies of
the report.
The Editors' Table, Bombay,
The Editors' Table, Poona, care of the City Magistrate, Poona,
The Editor of the Dhárwár Vritt (for his own use and for the use of
the Editors of other newspapers in Dhárwár),
The Editors' Table, Belgaum, care of the Secretary, Belgaum Muni-
cipality,
The Government of India,
The Secretary of State for India. By letter.
ANNUAL ADMINISTRATION
AND
PROGRESS REPORT
ON THE
LUNATIC ASYLUMS IN THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY
FOR THE YEAR 1895.
Bombay:
PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT CENTRAL PRESS.
1896.
No. S.B./360 OF 1896.
FROM
THE SURGEON GENERAL WITH THE
GOVERNMENT OF BOMBAY;
To
THE CHIEF SECRETARY TO GOVERNMENT,
General Department
Bombay.
Bombay, 18th March 1896.
SIR,
I have the honour to forward, for the information of Government, the annual
Administration Report on the Lunatic Asylums for 1895.
2. The Public Works Department have carried out the usual repairs during
the year.
3. At Colába the cost of repairs to the building amounted to Rs. 4,847-10-4
as compared with Rs. 4,513-15-0 in the previous year. Two latrines have been
constructed during the year, as a tentative measure, at a cost of Rs. 199-9-2 by
the Public Works Department.
4. At Ratnágiri sleeping barracks, cells, hospitals, &c., are in good order,
but it is impossible to keep them as " sweet" as could be desired on account of
insufficient water for washing them and the badly arranged night urinals. Plans
and estimates for improving these defects, for heightening a compound wall
between the male and female portions of the asylum, for enlarging the cook-
rooms and for making additional cells have been prepared and submitted to
Government, but these have not yet been sanctioned.
5. At Poona the two old padded cells which have been practically use-
less for a considerable period, were converted at a cost of Rs. 40 into ordinary
cells. One of these is now being used as a reading-room and a few of the
lunatics who wish quietness resort regularly to it. The enclosed passage between
the front buildings has been altered into a store-room and provided with a door
and windows. For some years the floor of the grinding-room, being merely clay,
was difficult to keep clean and free from dust ; now it has been cemented at a cost
of Rs. 60, which renders the flour of a purer quality.
6. At Dhárwár plans and estimates for quarters for the warders and
servants have been approved and sanctioned by Government as stated in the last
year's report, but the Public Works Department will not, it is presumed, be able
to complete the buildings before the end of the financial year. The alterations
to the female yard and the building of a verandah and wall to isolate the present
female day-room are being carried out, and three of the single cells will now open
into the female airing ground instead of into the male side of the asylum as
formerly.
7. At Ahmedabad the widening of the verandahs has been sanctioned,
though this cannot be done without raising the roof, as widening of the verandahs
under the present circumstances will lower the roof and lowering of the roof will
facilitate the escape of lunatics. Two day sheds have been sanctioned and will
be provided during the year.
8. At Hyderabad there has been no change in the buildings during the
year, except that a gate has been put up between two court-yards, thus providing
separate accommodation for criminal lunatics.
9. The water-supply is good and abundant. At Colába, the auxiliary tank
is almost always full and met the requirements of the institution. The Munici-
B 2209—1
3
Particulars of the different kinds of these insanes are given in the following
table :—
Kind of Criminal Lunatics.
Those tried and acquitted on the ground
of insanity ... ... ... ...
Those insane on admission and found to
be incapable of making a defence ...
Those who became insane during impri-
sonment ... ... ... ...
Total ...
Colába.
13
32
7
52
Ratná-
giri.
9
16
1
26
Poona.
...
4
2
6
Dhár-
wár.
...
4
5
9
Ahmed-
abad.
5
9
4
18
Hyder-
abad
(Sir
Cowasji
Jehán-
gir).
3
9
3
15
Total.
30
74
22
126
Statement No. III shows the religion, sex and residence of the lunatic,
admitted during the year. Of the 271 admissions and re-admissions, 56 were
Christians (40 Europeans, 4 Eurasians and 12 Native Christians), 133 Hindus
63 Mahomedans and 19 of other castes. Of the 29 European military insanes
14 came from Bombay, 11 from Bengal and 4 from Madras. Of the 7 civilian
admissions, 4 were from Bombay, 2 from Bengal and 1 from Madras. The
remaining 4 Europeans were sailors brought from the Bombay Harbour.
Statement No. IV is a return showing the previous occupations of the
insanes admitted during the year under review. Beggars and mendicants fur-
nished, as usual, the largest number of admissions, viz. 71 ; cultivators and
labourers numbered 30, soldiers 29, merchants and traders 31 and domestic
servants 12. In 8 cases the occupation was not ascertained and 35 had no
occupation.
Statement No. V shows the ages of the lunatics admitted according to sex.
There were 12 insanes (males 11 and female 1) under the age of 20, 209 (males 187
and females 22) between 20 and 40, 48 (males 38 and females 10) between 40
and 60, and 2 (both males) above 60 years of age.
Statement No. VI gives the details of the various types of insanity, and the
following table shows the types of insanity with the result of the treatment of
each form :—
Mania ... ... ... ...
Melancholia ... ... ...
Dementia ... ... ... ...
Idiocy ... ... ... ...
Epileptic insanity
...
...
Charas smoking ... ... ...
Gánja smoking ... ... ...
Use of bháng
...
...
...
Opium smoking
...
...
...
Opium eating ... ... ...
Spirit drinking ... ... ...
Other types
...
...
...
Total ...
Remained.
294
80
127
35
26
5
75
23
...
4
24
14
707
Admitted.
121
66
23
8
12
5
19
2
...
...
13
2
271
Total.
415
146
150
43
38
10
94
25
...
4
37
16
978
Recovered.
40
15
...
1
1
4
11
3
...
1
3
1
80
Improved.
42
15
10
1
3
...
8
3
...
...
8
...
90
Died.
31
10
11
4
6
...
3
1
...
...
1
1
68
Statement No. VII gives the alleged causes of insanity among the lunatics.
Of the 978 insanes confined in the asylums, a cause is given in 460 cases and
is unknown in 518. Of the known causes, 396 are attributed to physical and 64
to moral causes. Of the former, the use of intoxicating drugs and abuse of spirits