NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
TO FACE P. 43.
FIGURES OF PATHOGENIC SPIRILLOIDS OR RELAPSING FEVER ORGANISMS
LENGTH OF PARASITES
ESTIMATED AT 3 TO 6.
TIMES THAT OF RED
CORPUSELES.
ROUGH DRAWINGS OF THE PARASITES MADE BEFORE THE METHOD OF STAINING WAS ADOPTED. INSERTED WITH A
VIEW TO ILLUSTRATING THE GENERAL IMPRESSION CONVEYED TO ME BY THEM AS SEEN IN ACTIVITY: BELOW THESE
DIAGRAMS WAS A NOTE THAT THE FRAGMENTS OF CORPUSCLES WERE QUIVERING OR BEING DRAGGED HASTILY OVER
THE FIELD OR HAVING A PARASITE HOVERING ROUND THEM.
DRAWINGS FROM STAINED SFECIMENS. THE DETAILS OF INDIVIDUAL PARASITES HAVE BEEN SHOWN BUT THE FIGURES
ARE NOT TO SCALF AND IN THE SELECTION OF INDIVIDUALS FOR DELINEATION THERE WAS A BIAS TOWARDS THOSE
BEST GROWING THE SPIRAL FORM THIS FEATURE OF THE DRIED & STAINED PARASITE HAVING BEEN DENIED.
FIG: 9. AFTFR ZIEGLEP FROM THE
ENGLISH EDITION OF HIS "PATHOLOGICAL
ANATOMY."
FIG: 10. HUMAN BLOOD OF RELAPSING
FEVER FROM THE "PRACTITIONER." × 700.
(AFTER KOCH)
FIG. 11 . BLOOD OF APE INOCULATED WITH
BLOOD OF PATIENT FROM WHOM FIG: 10
OBT × 700 FROM THE "PRACTITIONER" (AFTER KOCH)
FIG: 12 & 13. WILL PROVE OF INTEREST AS
THEY WERE PRODUCED BY CONDUCTOR SMILES
FROM SPECIMENS HANDED OVER TO HIM ON LOA
(WITH MY MICROSCOPE) HE PREPARED THESE
DIAGRAMS,WHICH MUST THEREFORE SETAKEN
AS ENTIRELY UNBIASSED TESTIMONT AS TO
THE FORM OF THE PARASITES.
FIG: 12 . ANIMAL STAINED SPECIMENS
REF THE WEIGHTHKOCK METHOD, FROM
THE BRITISH SURYA OUTBREAK (BLUE)
FIG: 13. SAME AS FIG: 12.
(MAUENTA)
51
(12) As also have the post-mortem appearances.
(13) The manner in which death is brought about has been determined.
(14) The influence of climate, locality, season, &c, on the production of this
disease has been discussed, and some conclusions as to etiology, based on
statistics, have been obtained.
(15) A number of proximate causes have been determined.
(16) Determination of the nature and causes of the disease has enabled me to
suggest prophylactics.
(17) The inefficiency of certain methods of curative treatment has been demon-
strated.
(18) Evidence bearing on its communication from animal to animal has been
obtained.
(19) The exact relations of gastric ulceration to relapsing fever have been
ascertained.
(20) The methods of a systematic inquiry into an outbreak of specific disease
have been placed on record for guidance of, and improvement by, future
workers.
(21) The value of modern instruments of precision for diagnosis has been
vindicated.
The principal matters to be solved in the pathology of relapsing fever of mules on
which light may be thrown during future outbreaks are—
(a) The mode of entry into, and exit from the organism, of the parasite.
(b) The post-mortem, developmental, and free changes which it undergoes.
(c) The following out of the parasite in the processes by which it enters mules.
(d) The means by which the hitherto invariable fatality of the disease may be
changed in the future. Curative treatment.
(e) The exact relations between surra, relapsing fever of man and of mules ;
also of the organisms which give rise to them.
(f) The relations of pathogenic to non-pathogenic spirilla.
POSTSCRIPTUM.
1. In submitting this report, I beg to acknowledge the valuable assistance which
I have received in collection of the matter contained in it from certain Government
officers as follows : —
Dr. Evans, Inspecting Veterinary Surgeon.—Advice at various stages of the
inquiry.
Dr. Vandyke Carter, Brigade-Surgeon, Indian Medical Department.—Advice as
to methods of staining.
The Officers of the Army and Indian Medical Departments at Tonghoo.—Post-
mortem records.
Inspecting Veterinary Surgeon Shaw, Indian Veterinary Department.—His
report on the disease.
Veterinary Surgeon (First-class) Frost, Army Veterinary Department.—His
report and verbal information and suggestions.
Veterinary Surgeon Fred Smith.—Figures of spirilla from man and precis of
recent information on relapsing fever in man.
Lieutenant MacMahon, Madras Transport.—Verbal information, returns,
facilities for investigation.
Conductor Smiles, Madras Transport.—Verbal information, figures of parasite.
I am also much indebted to the General Officer Commanding British Burma
Division and to the officers commanding outstations and regiments, also to the Deputy
Surgeon-General to the Forces in British Burma for assistance and support.
2. I have the honor to request that, if this report be printed by order of Govern-
ment, I be permitted to correct the proof-sheets, and that a few copies be given me
for distribution to the professional journals, as the disease is one which is but little
known to the veterinary profession.
53
Urines Nos. 7, 8, 9, and 10 showed on test copious albumen; no sugar nor bile constituents
detected.
The following is a Specimen of my further investigations of urine :—
Morning of 27th November.
Case.
Uric and Hippuric Acids.
Hippurates.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
I. Treat with HNO 3 and boil.
Slight sediment, mainly mucous
crystals.
Coagulum
Precip. deep yellow; amorphous
crystals.
crystals, a few
..
Dark brown deposit; amorphous
granular.
Nil—A red brown color
Coagulum, dark
..
Copious granular amorphous
deposit.
Coagulum, granular
Deep color, feathery crystals ..
II. Allow to stand in
Watch Glass.
No change
..
,.
Slight milkiness
No change
Do
Nil
Nil
crystals, a few;
also others.
No change
A little cloudiness
Do.
III. Add KHO.
Needle-shaped crys-
tals and flocculi.
Flocculi.
Slight deposit.
Slight
amorphous
deposit.
Creamy change ; spi-
cular crystals and
flocculi.
Slight flocculi.
Flocculi.
Granular crystaline
deposit.
Flocculent deposit.
Almost
solidified ;
flocculent coagulum.
The thread test, murexide test, and others were also resorted to, but not as a matter of
routine, only for the settlement of dubious points.
At first, while the clinical features of the disease were being ascertained, the blood was not
examined daily in each case, but the microscopes were used freely in examination of evacuations of
various kinds, but without any substantial results. I also similarly examined the various articles
of diet, water collected from wells and drinking tubs, soil, &c, but with no substantial benefit.
Later in the inquiry my methods changed somewhat, and I adopted a different form of table
for clinical record, of which the following is an example :—
Saturday, 17th January 1885, Temperature 71° at 8 a.m.
No.
5
7
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Pony.
Bull.
Goat.
Dog.
Tempe-
rature.
100
99
102
103
99
Obiit
nocte.
100
100.5
98
101
98.6
101.5
104
102
Respi-
ration.
18
16
24
20
22
..
24
48
32
20
16
24
...
..
Pulse.
48
48
72
52
52
..
48
40
40
60
36
60
136
145
Parasites.
None detected ..
One seen
Many nuclei
Many ; active, free
or adherent.
Some tessellated
arrangement.
None in blood ..
Many mulberry-
shaped spherical
bodies; corpuscles
look like spores.
None detected ..
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Many blood crys-
tals.
Membranes.
Slight spots
Spots
Membranes yellow-
ish.
Membranes yellow-
ish
lachry-
mation.
Slight ulceration
near tushe, left
side upper jaw.
....
....
Spots both eyes ..
Spot loft eye
....
....
....
....
URINE.
Specific
gravity.
..
10.50
10.40
..
10.30
10.40
..
..
10.40
10.30
10.36
...
...
Reaction.
..
Alk.
..
Acid
..
Acid
Slight acid
...
...
...
...
Alk. ..
Alk. ..
Acid
...
...
Characters.
....
Slight cloud.
Clear viscid.
....
Pale yellow, very
cloudy.
Very thick dark
color.
....
....
Slightly yellow,
slight cloud.
Light
yellow,
slight cloud.
Clear watery.
....
...
Remarks.
(As the urine was not at this time being specially
examined, it was less carefully selected and ela-
borately tested than earlier in the inquiry.)
Nasal dis.
charge
....
14
NLS to
insert
Black and
white image
59
MILITARY DEPARTMENT.
DECEMBER 1880.
No. 7.
REPORT ON "SURRA" DISEASE.
From G. EVANS, Esq.,M.D., Inspecting Veterinary Surgeon, British Army, on Special
Duty, to the Assistant Adjutant-General, Punjab Frontier Force, dated
Simla, 13th November 1880, No. 27 B.
In continuation of this office No. 17 B., of the 19th October 1880, I have the
honor to submit the following report upon my investigations relative to the disease
called " surra," in the Dera Ismail Khan district, for the information of the Brigadier-
General Commanding the Frontier Force and of His Honor the Lieutenant-Governor
of the Punjab.
2. I arrived at Dera Ismail Khan on Saturday evening, the 18th September, and
left there on my return to Simla on the morning of Tuesday, the 19th October
after spending a week in visiting the out-posts.
3. The name " surra " is used by the natives to denote anything rotten, and is
applied by them to a dry rot, such as a withered leaf, and to a moist rot, such as a
putrid carcase. The name is thus a very comprehensive one, and is applied loosely
to all chronic ailments of a lowering character which have not a specific designation.
A native will speak of himself as " sur gia " (gone rotten) when he has felt for some
time in ill-health and does not know what he suffers from. The name surra is given
to this disease among horses as a distinctive designation because a withering or falling-
off in condition is a marked feature in its progress without any visible lesion post
mortem to account for it. In England we speak of the " rot " in sheep, and " decay,"
" consumption," &c., in man, to denote affections characterised by wasting during life.
4. This disease is different in some important respects from any other that has
ever been reported upon in man or beast. It is quite new to science, and until the
parasite, which is found in the blood of animals suffering from it, is better known and
studied, I think it would be wise to retain the name " surra " to designate the disease.
But though new to science, it is not new in reality, for it has been only too well
known to the natives of Dera Ismail Khan district for several generations as an
occasional scourge.
5. Geographical distribution.—So far as I have been able to learn, the disease
is not known east of the Indus ; but it has an extensive range, I believe, on the west
of that river. Major Underwood, 4th Punjab Cavalry, told me he was informed that
the 3rd Punjab Cavalry lost 350 horses from surra at Asni near Rajanpore a few years
ago. Surgeon Haig, of the Indian Medical Department, who took a great interest in
my investigations at Dera Ismail Khan, informed me that he noticed a disease among
the horses in Persia in the autumn of 1876 which had all the outward symptoms of
surra, and he was told it was always fatal. The Persian horses fed then upon chopped
straw, and had very impure water to drink, from irrigation channels, &c., such as the
horses of the district of Dera Ismail Khan have.
16
75
Table showing the variations in the pulse, temperature, urine and blood of case 2.
Date 1880.
Sept.
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
19th
20th
21st
22nd
23rd
24th
25th
26th
27th
28th
29th
30th
Morning or
Evening.
Morning
Evening
Morning
Evening
Morning
Evening
Morning
Evening
Morning
Evening
Morning
Evening
Morning
Evening
Morning
Evening
Morning
Evening
Morning
Evening
Morning
Morning
Pulse.
50
56
47
64
46
50
46
53
50
52
40
58
45
52
45
56
46
64
48
68
44
Tempera-
ture of
Rectum.
103
105 2/5
102 2/5
106 2/5
102
105 2/5
103
104 4/5
104
104
100
104
100 2/5
103 2/5
100 4/5
104
100 2/5
105 1/5
101 2/5
106 1/5
100 2/5
Destroyed.
Urine.
Sp. G.
...
.28
.32
.26
.30
.22
.28
.20
.30
...
.22
.30
.28
.32
.31
.36
.32
...
.24
...
Albumen.
...
Present.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
...
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
...
Present
...
Present
Do.
...
Blood, &c.
First examination of blood with
good light. Many parasites
present; white corpuscles ab-
normally increased in number.
Blood not examined.
Do.
do.
Do.
do.
Do.
do.
Only two parasites found. White
corpuscles continue increased
in number with much granu-
lar matter and red particles in
the serum.
Blood not examined.
Do.
do.
Do.
do.
Do.
do.
Do.
do.
Do.
do.
Only one parasite found : it was
active.
Parasites found in the blood, but
not so many as on the 22nd.
NOTE—The abnormal increase of temperature and pulse in the evening.
APPENDIX C.
CASE 3.—SURRA.
Regimental No. 866.—Brood Mare, aged 9.
September 25th, 1880—Evening.—This mare was brought to the sick lines when I was
examining the other cases, and I was told she was only just reported as suffering from the first
symptoms of surra. Her history was that on' the 8th March last she went to Khuttee, about
15 miles from Dera Ismail Khan, and returned to head-quarters on the 29th April; on the 5th
May she went to Tank outpost; on the 5th of June to Zam outpost ; on the 15th August
returned to Tank; and on the 2nd instant she returned to head-quarters, Dera Ismail Khan.
Present symptoms.—Pulse 58, respirations 36, temperature 105. Urine not shown. Blood
not examined because my eyes were already overworked and the glare from the sun was great.
Conjunctiva oedematous with several small petechia). Lachrymation excessive.
All visible mucous membranes yellow, the vagina especially so, in which also were many
deep-colored petechia). Mouth dry with great thirst, slight oedema of legs, gait weak and stiff;
eats nothing; the general condition is very fair, as fat as any working horse should be, but not
September 26th—Morning.—Pulse 50, respirations 11, temperature 1014/5. Parasites found
swarming in the blood and very active, white corpuscles in great numbers; a large increase in the
number of the very granular white corpuscles. Refuses grain, eats a little grass, is very thirsty.
OEdema of hind legs increased since yesterday. Mouth moist (before any drink was given).
Urine, specific gravity 50, alkaline, has no albumen ; color normal. Dung normal.
Evening.—Pulse 66, respirations 38, temperature 106. Urine, specific gravity 41, normal
color, free from albumen. Eats grass freely, refuses grain.
20
77
Table showing the variations in the puke, temperature, urine, and blood of case 3.
Date 1880.
Sept. 25th.
„ 26th
„ 27th
„ 28th
„ 29th
„ 30th
Oct. 1st
„
2nd
„
3rd
„
4th
„
5th
„
6th
„
7th
„
8th
„
9th
„ 16th
„
18th
Morning or
Evening.
Evening.
Morning.
Evening.
Morning.
Evening.
Morning.
livening.
Morning.
Evening.
Morning.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Pulse.
58
50
66
60
62
49
62
50
56
60
54
60
58
62
64
65
66
60
50
58
Destroyed.
Tempera-
ture of
Rectum.
105
101 4/5
106
104
105
101 1/5
104 4/5
100 3/5
103f
101
101 3/8
104 1/5
102 3/5
103
103
102
102 1/5
103 2/5
100 2/5
100 2/5
...
Urine.
Sp. Gr.
.50
.41
...
.40
.38
.26
.34
...
...
.32
.32
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Albumen.
Absent.
Do.
...
Absent
Present.
Do.
Do.
...
...
Absent.
Do.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Blood, &c.
Blood not examined.
Parasites in blood swarming, white
corpuscles in great numbers.
Blood not examined.
Do.
do.
Do.
do.
Do.
do.
Only one parasite found.
Blood not examined.
Do.
do.
Do.
do.
Do.
do.
Do.
do.
Only one parasite found in the
blood.
Blood not examined.
Do.
do.
A great many parasites in drop of
blood.
Blood not examined.
Do.
do.
No parasite found . White cor-
puscles continue in great numbers.
Many of the red corpuscles
smaller in size than normal,
mere particles ; much granular
matter in the serum.
Few parasites found in the blood.
NOTE—The abnormal increase of temperature in the evening.
APPENDIX D.
CASE 4.—EXPERIMENTAL BY INOCULATION.
Regimental No. 337.—Grey Horse (entire), aged 19.
September 23rd, 1880—Morning.—Having found the parasite in the blood and watched
its movements, I could have no doubt that it was most intimately related to the disease, if it
was not the immediate cause of it. It became necessary to prove whether the disease could be
transmitted to a healthy horse by inoculation: there was no evidence which I could find to show
that it is contagious by ordinary means. This horse was therefore placed at my disposal for
the experiment. I examined the animal carefully and found him in good health: he was one of the
horses soon to be cast for old age and worn out. The temperature of the rectum, 100. I examined
the visible mucous membranes particularly and found them of a normal color. I examined the
blood also and found it free from parasites and healthy in appearance. Blood was drawn
from the jugular of case 2 (dun gelding, appendix B) and immediately (before it coagulated),
with an ordinary hypodermic syringe, I injected three separate drams beneath the skin of this
horse in three separate places—the lower part of the neck. This blood contained the parasite in
abundance.
Evening.—Temperature 101.
September 24th—Morning.—Temperature 103. Evening.—Temperature 99. This observation
was repeated.
September 25th—Morning.—Temperature 99 3/5. Blood examined for parasite; none found;
appears healthy. Evening.—Temperature 101 2/5.
September 26th—Morning.—Temperature 100. Evening.—Temperature 103.
September 27th.—Morning—Temperature 102. Evening.—Temperature 105. The mucous
membranes are approximating in appearance to the dirty yellow peculiar in surra; the eyes
89
26. Zarkani Post, 14th October 1880.—Militia post of thirteen sabres. Uncovered standings
for horses in good order. The grass is good now, but in a month or two it will be gone and horses
will get chopped straw. Gram good. The water is obtained from a rapidly-flowing stream, 3
or 4 feet wide, and over a foot deep near the fort. There is constant flow from the hills a few
miles off ; the bed of the stream is clean gravel, so far as I was able to explore.
27. There were no cases of surra here this year, nor the last; but in 1878, eight horses
died of surra at this post, early in the cold season, besides thirteen other horses belonging to Nawab
Nowrung Khan, which were constantly coming to the post for 8 or 10 days at the time. It
was a very remarkably rainy year. The zamindars have never heard of surra affecting horned
cattle.
28. Draband Post, 15th October 1880.—Thirty-five sabres, 1st Punjab Cavalry. Standings
raised, uncovered, ground uneven, soil not much impregnated. Grass good, gram good. Water
is got from an open tank outside the fort, 7 feet deep about 9 paces by 9, supplied from
Draband Zam river, by a shallow dirty irrigation channel. It is very impure.
29. There have been no cases of surra here this year, but there were thirty-three cases last
year and three cases in 1878 : all proved fatal.
From Colonel S. BLACK, Secretary to Government, Punjab, Military Department, to
the Secretary to the Government of India, Military Department, dated Lahore,
3rd December 1880, No. 439-4467.
I am desired to forward, for the information of the Government of India, a copy
of a report by Veterinary Surgeon G. Evans, M.D., of his investigation into the nature
and origin of the disease named surra, which has recently been so fatally destructive
among the horses of the 4th Punjab Cavalry, and which appears to be locally prevalent
on the Dera Ismail Khan border.
2. His Honor will not at present offer any remarks on this interesting report, but
he extremely regrets to observe that no cure for surra has been discovered.
No. 4467 A.
Copy forwarded to Brigadier-General T. G. Kennedy, C.B., for information.
No. 4467 B.
Copy forwarded to Adjutant-General, for information.
THE
MADRAS PLAGUE REGULATIONS
IN FORCE OUTSIDE THE PRESIDENCY TOWN.
(Revised up to 23rd March 1909.)
MADRAS:
PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRESS.
1909.
[PRICE,
3
annas.]
[3
pence.]
THE
MADRAS PLAGUE REGULATIONS
IN FOECE OUTSIDE THE PRESIDENCY TOWN,
(Revised up to 2nd October 1906.)
MADRAS:
PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRESS.
1906.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
I.—The Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897
..
.,
..
..
1
II.—Notification of the Government of India in the Home Depart-
ment No. 302, dated 4th February 1897, delegating to Local
Governments powers ander the Epedemic Diseases Act
..
3
III.—Plague regulations in force outside the Presidency Town
..
4
APPENDICES.
APPENDIX I.—Notes on certain matters connected with plague—
(1) General remarks ..
..
..
..
.. 61
(2) Advantages of early discovery of plague
..
62
(3) Observation, disinfection and segregation of
contacts ..
....
..
..
.. 63
(4) Evacuation ..
63
(5) Inoculation ..
..
..
..
.. 64
(6) Disinfection
65
(7) Bat-plague and destruction of rats
..
..
68
„ II—A.—Plague passport
..
..
..
..
.. 70
„
II-B.—General pass, for journeys by road or boat
..
71
„
II-C.—General pass, for journeys by rail .
..
.. 72
„
II-D.—General pass, for persons leaving an infected or
notified place to attend markets
..
.. 72
„ II-E.—Special pass for persons leaving an inhabited
infected area
..
..
• •
..
..
73
„
II-E 1 .—Pass for plague contacts ..
..
..
.. 74
,,
II-F.—Plague inoculation certificate
.,
..
.. 75
,,
II-G. — Register of permanent passes issued to persons
attending markets ..
...
..
..
.. 75
,,
II-H.—Relaxation of passport rules
..
,.
.. 76
„
II-H 1 .—Ex-offioio exemption certificate
..
..
.. 78
,,
II-I.—Intimation form
..
..
..
..
.. 79
,,
II-J.—Time allowed at inspection stations for plague
examination
..
..
..
..
.. 80
„
II-K.—Detention certificate ..
..
..
..
.. 80
,,
II-M.—Statement to accompany proposals for placing
restrictions on fairs and festivals
..
.. 81
,,
II-N.—Notifications for placing restrictions on fairs and
festivals ..
..
..
.. 82
„
II-O.—Plague report to be submitted to Government ..
83
„
II-O 1 .—Plague report to be submitted to Collector
,.
84
iv
APPENDIX
"
"
"
"
"
""''''''"
>
5
Il-P.— - Destruction of plague records
. .
. .
. .
II-Q. — Distribution of. spare copies of printed orders of
Government
IE-R. — Part I — Allowances of officers deputed to plague
duty . .
II-R. — Part II — Salaries of officers temporarily enter-
tained for plague duty
U-S. — Pay and allowances of .plague inspectors
II-T. — List of plague charges
II-U. — Madras Command order No. 810, dated 27th
October 1903, prescribing rules regulating the
movement of troops from infected areas
II- V.— G.O., No. 656, Financial, dated 29th September
1905, prescribing the form of the quarte ily state-
ments of audited charges to be submitted by
the Accountaut-Generai . .
II-W. — Instructions for the forwarding of material to the
King Institute of Preventive Medicine, Guiucly.
II-X. — Scheme for rat extermination
. .
. .
. .
PAGE
87
88
89
92
9-1
97.
100
104
110
114
THE MADRAS PLGUE REGULATIONS IN FORGE
OUTSIDE THE PRESIDENCYHTOWN,
!
THE EPÍDEMIC DISEASES ACT (III OP 1897).
An Act to provide for the better prevention of the spread of
Dangerous Epidemic Disease.
WHKBBAS it is expedient to provide for the better prevention
of the spread of dangerous epidemic disease ; It is hereby
enacted as follows :—
Short title, extent and
eonvmencem.en.1;.
1. (7) This Act may be called the
Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897 ;
(2) It extends to the whole of British India (inclusive
of Upper Burma, British Baluchistan, the Santal Parganas
and the Pargana of Spiti) ; and
(3) It shall come into force at once.
Power to take sppcial
measures and prescribe
regulations as to dangerous
epidemic disease.
2. (1) When at any time the Governor-General in Council
is satisfied that India or any part
thereof is visited by, or threatened with,
an outbreak of any dangerous epidemic
disease, the Governor-General in Council,
if he thinks that the ordinary provisions of the law for the
time being in force are insufficient for the purpose, may take
or require or empower any person to take such measures and,
by public notice, prescribe such temporary Regulations to be
observed by the public or by any person or class of persons
as he shall deem necessary to prevent the outbreak of such
disease or the spread thereof, and may determine in what
manner and by whom any expenses incurred (including com-
pensation if any) shall be defrayed.
(2) in particular and without prejudice to the gene-
rality of the foregoing provisions, the Governor-General in
Council may take measures and prescribe regulations for—
(a) the inspection of any ship or vessel leaving, or
arriving at, any port in British India and such
detention thereof, or of any person intending
to sail therein, or arriving thereby, as may be
necessary; and