NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
20
16. MacNeal.—The life history of Trypanosoma lewisi and Trypanosoma brucei.
The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Vol. I, No. 4, November 5th, 1904,
PP. 517—543.
17. Lavaran and Mesnil.—Comptes Rendus Soc. Biolog., 1901, 53 ; Annales de
I'Institut Pasteur, 1901, 15, and 1902, 16 ; Trypanosomes and Trypanosomiases,
Paris, June 1904.
18. Rogers.—The Milroy lectures on Kala Azar. Lecture II, British Medical Journal,
March 2nd, 1907.
19. Prowazek:—Die Entwickelung von Herpetomonas einem mit dem Trypanosomen
verwandten Flagellaten. Arbeiten aus dem kaiserliehen Gesundheitsamte,
B. 20, 1904.
20. Distant.—Fauna of British India, Vol. II.
21. Jenyns.—On three undescribed species of the genus Cimex closely allied to the
common bed-bug. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Vol. III, p. 241,
1839.
G. I . C. P. O. —No. 1 S. C. —11- 9- 07. —1130.
22
EXPLANATION OF PLATE L
Figure 1.—Polymorphonuclear leucocyte containing six parasites. Stained by Roman-
owsky's stain. Magnification 550 diameters.
Figure 2.—Endothelial cell containing forty-nine parasites. Stained by Romanowsky's
stain. Magnification 550 diameters.
Figure 3.—Eosinophyl leucocyte containing two parasites. Stained by Romanowsky's
stain. Magnification 550 diameters.
Figure 4. —Endothelial cell containing thirty-two parasites, six of which are lying on the
nucleus. Stained by Roman owsky's stain. Magnification 550 diameters.
Figure 5.—Large blue body containing two parasites from the peripheral blood of patient
mentioned in text. Stained by Romanowsky's stain, Magnification 550
diameters.
Figure 6. —Large mononuclear leucocyte much distorted containing ten parasites ; note
two of the parasites show commencing development. Stained by Roma-
nowsky's stain. Magnification 550 diameters.
Figure 7.—Parasites showing the early stages of development. Stained by Giemsa's
stain. Magnification 1,000 diameters.
(a) Two unchanged parasites lying in a disintegrating leucocyte 80 hours
after being ingested.
(b) Parasite with a large central vacuole lying in a degenerating leucocyte ;
the macronucleus shows commencing enlargement.
(c) Five parasites lying grouped together in the remains of a leucocyte ;
four of the cells are much enlarged, their protoplasm is vacuolated,
the flagellar vacuoles are well developed, and the macronuclei show
evidences of commencing division ; the fifth parasite is almost
unchanged.
(d) Enlarged parasite lying in a leucocyte, the macronucleus is granular and
situated across the cell ; the protoplasm stains dark blue and
contains a number of large circular vacuoles.
(e) A similar parasite.
(f) Much enlarged parasite with deep blue granular protoplasm and large
circular vacuoles ; the flagellum is commencing to form.
Figure 8.— Parasites showing the early formation of the flagellum. Stained by
Giemsa's stain. Magnification 1,000 diameters.
(a) Enlarged parasite with an elongated macronucleus surrounded by
groups of vacuoles. Adjacent to the micronucleus is the circular
flagellar vacuole which consists of dark strands lying in a light pink.
matrix.
(b) Enlarged oval parasite with two micronuclei close to which is the
developing flagellum.
(c) Parasite showing the very earliest appearance of the flagellum which is
seen as a light pink area with a darker centre lying in the blue
staining protoplasm.
Fig.1.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 7.
Fig. 8.
Pig. 9.
Fig. 10.
PLATE I.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LEISHMAN-DONOVAN PARASITE IN CIMEX ROTUNDATUS. (SECOND REPORT.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 5.
Photogravure.
Survey of India Ofiices,Calcutta,November. 1907.
23
(d) Parasite very similar to ( a), the micronucleus is thickening prior to
division.
(e) Two parasites showing the early development of the flagellum ; in one
there are two micronucle.
(f) A similar parasite, the macronucleus shows evidences of division.
Figure 9 .—Parasites showing the early protrusion and growth of the flagellum. Stained
by Giemsa's stain. Magnification 1,000 diameters.
(a) Parasite showing the flagellum protruding as a short thick brush of fine
filaments.
(b) Twin parasites showing the early protrusion of the flage lum ; in one it
can be traced into the vacuole to a point close to the micronucleus.
(c) Parasite showing the flagellum passing into the vacuole to a point
in close proximity to the micronucleus.
(d) Large vacuolated parasite showing the flagellar vacuole passing to the
margin prior to rupture.
(e) Circular parasite with flagellum seen as a short curved rod ; the macro-
nucleus is dumb-bell shaped and is about to divide.
( f) Large parasite with short flagellum which can be traced up to a
chromatic dot close to the micronucleus ; the macronucleus has ust
divided.
Figure 10 .—Parasites showing the method of formation of the true rosette. Stained by
Giemsa's stain. Magnification 1 ,000 diameters.
(a) Large oval cell consisting of deep blue granular protoplasm containing
a number of small circular vacuoles. The original macronucleus has
divided and one of the daughter nuclei is about to divide ; associated
with the three micronuclei there are three large flagellar vacuoles.
(b) Large parasite with two macro-and micronuclei, the former show signs of
commencing division ; there are no flagellar vacuoles.
(c) A similar cell ; note that the macronuclei are situated at opposite poles.
(d) Large vacuolated parasite showing the recent division and commencing
separat on of the micronuclei.
(e) Elongated parasite, one of the daughter nuclei is commencing to divide.
The two micronuclei have already divided.
(f) Oval cell showing division of a daughter nucleus ; the micronucleus is
thickened and elongated prior to transverse division.
24
EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.
Figure 1 .—Enlarged parasites showing longitudinal division and multiple segmentation.
Stained by Giemsa's stain. Magnification 1,000 diameters.
(a) Large bean-shaped parasite with a fully developed flagellum which ends
in a chromatic dot between the macro- and micronucleus.
(b) Similar parasite showing longitudinal division into two smaller flagel-
lates. Note as division has taken place before the flagellum has
fully developed, it has split throughout its length.
(c) Two large parasites showing various stages of longitudinal division.
(d) Rosette of four flagellates showing the division of the protoplasm.
(e) Large rosette containing five macronuclei and six micronuclei ; four
flagella have passed out from one side and a fifth is developing in
the centre.
Figure 2.—Spindle-shaped flagellates. Stained by Giemsa's stain. Magnification 1,000
diameters.
(a) Spindle-shaped flagellate dividing, the second flagellum has split off from
only a part of the original one.
(b) Similar cell showing unequal longitudinal division.
(c) Two long parasites formed by the division of a large spindle-shaped
flagellate.
(d) Division of a large spindle-shaped flagellate into two smaller ones.
(e) Two similar parasites ; the micronuclei are still close up to the macro-
nuclei and are elongating indicating the cells are about to divide.
Figure 3.—The rosette and its division. Stained by Giemsa's stain. Magnification
1 , 0 0 0 d i a m e t e r s .
(a) Two large flagellates detached from a rosette containing four parasites.
(b) Four elongated flagellates from a rosette of six parasites.
(c) Large rosette containing two large nuclear masses, eight micronuclei and
six flagella. In these rosettes the majority of the flagella usually pass
out fron one side of the cell.
(d) Two long flagellates from a rosette of six parasites.
Figure 4.—Four long flagellates, in one there are a few granules at the posterior end.
Stained by Giemsa's stain. Magnification 1,000 diameters.
Figure 5 .— Appearances seen towards the end of development. Stained by Giemsa's
stain. Magnification 1,000 diameters.
(a) Two small flagellates attached by their posterior poles ; one of the cells is
about to divide again.
(b) Large oval flagellate with a smaller cell splitting off.
(c) Small elongated flagellate with two chromatic granules at the posterior
end.
(d) Two attenuated flagellates from the outer side of one of which a thin
parasite is splitting off.
Fi g. 5.
Fig. 6.
PLATE II.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LEISHMAN-DONOVAN PARASITE IN CIMEX ROTUNDATUS.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 1.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 3.
Photo ģravure.
Survey of India Offices, Calcutta, September. 1907.
25
(e) Small oval parasite showing the early formation of the flagellar vacuole;
this parasite had been in the midgut of the bug for five days.
(f) Larger oval parasite from the same bug. There was no appearance
suggesting the development of the flagellum.
Figure 6.—Flagellates showing multiple segmentation. Stained by Giemsa's stain.
Magnification 1,000 diameters.
(a) Enlarged sound parasite showing the develpment of the flagellum
recovered from a bug five days after being ingested.
(b) Small flagellate showing multiple division which results in the formation
of small irregular flagellates.
(c) Free attenuated flagellate.
(d) Two small flagellates, the result of the division of a larger oval or spindle-
shaped cell ; each daughter cell shows evidences of multiple segmen-
tation.
(e) Small irregular flagellate containing two macronuclei and three micro-
nuclei.
(f) Two small flagellates attached by their posterior poles.
(g) Long flagellate showing evidences of irregular division.
No. 31.
(NEW SERIES.)
SCIENTIFIC MEMOIRS
BY
OFFICERS OF THE MEDICAL AND SANITARY DEPARTMENTS
OF THE
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LEISHMAN-DONOVAN
PARASITE IN CIMEX ROTUNDATUS
SECOND REPORT
BY
CAPTAIN W. S. PATTON, M.B., I.M.S.
(On special duty.)
ISSUED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
BY THE SANITARY COMMISSIONER WITH THE GOVERNMENT
OF INDIA, SIMLA
CALCUTTA
SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA
1907
Price Rupee 1 or 1s 6d.
REPORT
ON THE WORKING OF THE
PUNJAB LUNATIC ASYLUM
For the year 1922.
Lahore :
PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRINTING PUNJAB.
1923.
Price: Re. 0-12-0 or 1s.
Punjab Lunatic Asylum Report for the
year 1922.
Revised List of Agents for the sale of Punjab Government Publications
IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.
CONSTABLE & Co., 10, Orange Street,
Leicester Square, London, W. C.
KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER & Co.,
Limited, 68-74, Carter Lane, E. C., and
39, New Oxford Street London, W. C.
BERNARD QUARITCH, 11, Grafton Street,
New Bond Street, London, W.
T. FISHER UNWIN, Limited, No. 1, Adelphi
Terrace, London, W. C.
P. S. KING & SON, 2 & 4, Great Smith
Street, Westminster, London, S. W.
H. S. KING & Co., 65, Cornhill, and 9,
Pall Mall, London.
GRINDLAY & Co., 54, Parliament Street,
London, S. W.
W. THACKER & Co., 2, Creed Lane,
London, E. C.
LUZAC & Co., 46, Grea Russell Street,
London, W. C.
B. H. BLACKWELL, 50 and 51, Broad
Street, Oxford.
DEIGHTON BELL & Co., Limited, Cam-
bridge.
OLIYER & BOYD, Tweeddale Court, Edin-
burgh.
E. PONSONBY, Limited, 116, Grafton
Street, Dublin.
Messrs. WHELDON & WESLEY, Limited.
2, 3 & 4 Arthur Street, New Oxford
Street, London, W. C. 2.
ON THE CONTINENT.
ERNEST LEROUX, 28, Rue Bonaparte,
Paris, France.
MARTINUS
NIJHOFF, The
Hague,
Holland.
OTTO HARRASSOWITZ, Leipzig.
FRIENLANDER & SOHAN, Berlin.
IN INDIA
THE MANAGER, Imperial Book Depôt,
Delhi.
GULAB SINGH & SONS, Mufid-i-'Am Press,
Lahore.
MANAGER, Punjab Law Book Depôt,
Anarkali Bazar, Lahore.
RAMA KRISHNA & SONS, Book-sellers and
News Agents, Anarkali Street, Lahore.
HONORARY SRCRETARY, Punjab Religious
Book Society, Anarkali, Lahore.
M. ABDUL AZIZ, Manager, The Vakil
and Roze Bazar Electric Press, Am-
ritsar.
L. LABHU RAM, Book-seller, Ludhiana.
N. B. MATHUR, Superintendent and Pro-
prietor, Nazir Kanun Hind Press,
Allahabad.
D. B. TARAPORVALA, SONS & Co.
Bombay.
THACKER, SPINK & Co., Calcutta and
Simla.
NEWMAN & Co., Calcutta.
R. CAMBRAY & Co., Calcutta.
THACKER & Co., Bombay.
HIGGINBOTHAMS, Limited, Madras.
T. FISHER UNWIN, Calcutta.
V. KALYANARAM IYER & Co., 189, Espls-
nade Row, Madras.
G. A. NATESON & Co., Madras.
SUPERINTENDENT, American Baptist Mis-
sion Press, Rangoon.
THE MANAGER, "Hitavada," Nagpur
Central Provinces.
REPORT
ON THE WORKING OF THE
PUNJAB LUNATIC ASYLUM
For the year 1922.
Lahore:
PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT GOVERNMENT PRINTING, PUNJAB.
1923.
No. 16979 (Home—Medical).
From
A. LATIFI, ESQ., O. B. E., I.C.S.,
Secretary to Government, Punjab,
Transferred Departments,
To
THE SECRETARY TO THE GOVERNMENT OF
INDIA, HOME DEPARTMENT.
Dated 8th June 1923.
SUBJECT.—Statistical Tabes of the Punjab Lunatic Asylum for
1922.
Home
Medical
SIR,
I AM directed to forward, for the information of the
Government of India, the statistical tables of the Punjab Lunatic
Asylum for the year 1922 together with a note thereon by the
Inspector-General of Civil Hospitals, Punjab, and to convey the
following remarks of the Punjab Government (Ministry of
Education).
2. The statistics of the Asylum for the year 1922 call
for little comment. There was again a slight decline in the
total population owing to the continued decrease in the number
of admissions from overseas. The average daily strength, however,
rose from 864 in 1921 to 867 in the year under report, and the
number of patients under treatment at the close of the year was
880 as against 46 at the close of 1921. The principal types of
insanity and the predisposing and exciting causes among new
admissions present very little change.
3. The death-rate for the Asylum shows a satisfactory
decrease, and the health of the patients was on the whole good.
There was an increase both in the daily average of sickness and
in the number of patients under treatment for tuberculosis. The
figures for sickness in general, and tuberculosis in particular, are,
however. indicative rather of improved methods of treatment and
2
diagnosis than of any real increase in disease. The tubercular
section of the Asylum which was opened in 1921 is reported to be
working satisfactorily.
4. There was an increase in the recurring expenditure
on the Asylum during the year under report, owing principally
to a revision in the pay of the establishment. The income from
manufactures shows considerable improvement over the figures
reported in 1921.
5. The inadequacy of the existing accommodation for
criminal lunatics has received the attention of the Punjab Gov-
ernment, and it is hoped that with the construction of the projected
new enclosure to accommodate lunatics of this class, anxiety as
to overcrowding in the Asylum will be relieved.
6. The thanks of Government are due to Major H. W. V.
Cox, I. M. D,. who held charge of the Asylum from 1st January
to 13th November 1922, to Captain C. J. Lodge-Patch, I. M.S.,
who relieved Major Cox and continued in charge for the
remainder of the year; and to the Asylum staff, for the efficient
manner in which they performed their duties. In particular the
unselfish work of the Rev. Mother Superior and the Franciscan
Sisters is again worthy of mention.
I have the honour to be,
SIR,
Your most obedient servant,
A. LATIFI,
Secretary to Government, Punjab,
Transferred Departments.
316 CS—298—11-6-23—SGPP Lahore.
Note on the Statistical Tables of the Punjab Lunatic Asylum
for the year 1922.
STATEMENT I.
Admissions, dis-
charges, etc.
Population.—At the commencement of the year 1922 there
were 846 patients (670 males and 176 females)
under treatment in the Asylum ; 260 were admit-
ted and 62 re-admitted during the year, so that
the total population, which stood at 1,204 in 1921
and 1,248 in 1920, fell to 1,168 in 1922. The decline in the total
population is due to the continued decrease in admissions from
overseas. These figures do not, however, give an accurate idea of
the number of cases under treatment at any one time. The
daily average strength of the Asylum for the last three years
shows a steady rise from 862.82 in 1920 to 864.58 in 1921, and
867.17 in 1922. There were 880 patients under treatment at the
close of the year as compared with 846 in 1921, and 854 in 1920.
The accommodation of the Asylum is taxed to its utmost at
present.
2. The number of patients discharged as " cured " was 113,
" improved " 94, " not improved " 20, and " otherwise " 3. The
percentage of " cures " during the year was 13.03 as compared
with 12.40 in 1920 and 15.96 in 1921.
Sickness
and
Mortality.
3. The number of cases under treatment in Hospital in
1922 was 40.61 against 36.13 in the preceding
year. The rise is due to the fact that many
cases of minor ailments, which were formerly
treated as out-patients, are now admitted into the Hospital where
more efficient treatment and supervision are available.
The tubercular section of the Asylum was opened in Septem-
ber 1921, and better facilities are now available for the diagnosis
and treatment of this disease in its early stage. Fifty-two cases
of tuberculosis were under treatment in 1922, as compared with
38 in 1921. This number cannot be considered high for an
Asylum with a population of 880 inmates.
4. Dysentery and diarrhœa as usual accounted for the
greatest number of admissions to Hospital. The death rate for
these diseases was, however, extremely low, being only 7 out of
83 admissions, or 8.43 per cent. In 1921, there were 142 admis-
sions for these two diseases with 21 deaths, or 14.79 per cent.
During the year 1922 there were 11 cases of pneumonia with
3 deaths, a strikingly low mortality when the low vitality
of the insane patient and his diminished powers of resistance to
serious disease is considered. The number of admissions for
2
pneumonia for the year 1921 was 5 with 3 deaths, and for 1920,
23 with 10 deaths.
5. The total death rate for the Asylum was 6.69, as com-
pared with 11.22 in 1921, and 12.63 in 1920. The figures include
three suicides. The high death rates in 1920 and 1921 were due
to some extent to epidemics of cholera and influenza which were
absent in 1922.
STATEMENT II.
Criminal Lunatics.
6. In the beginning of the year there were 156 criminal
lunatics under treatment. There were 42 admis-
sions and re-admissions with 11 deaths and 31
transfers or discharges during the year, leaving
156 inmates of this class under treatment at the end of the year.
The accommodation for criminal lunatics has been and still is
very limited, but the building of the new criminal enclosure has
been started and it is expected that this section will be finished
before the end of 1923. The additional barracks will go very
far towards relieving the congestion in the Asylum.
STATEMENT III.
Religion, Sex &
Residence.
7. Of the admissions, Hindus accounted for 169, Muham-
madans 134, Europeans and Anglo-Indians 6,
Indian Christians 5 and other castes 8.
STATEMENT
IV.
Occupation.
8. " Agriculturists " furnished 39 admissions, while 46 are
shown under the head " Housewives " and 29
under that of " Labourers ." In 43 cases, the
previous occupation was not known.
STATEMENT V.
Age.
9. As regards age, 30 of the total number of patients
admitted were under 20 years, 204 between 20
and 40, 79 between 40 and 60 and 9 above 60.
STATEMENT VI.
Types of Insanity.
10. The form of this statement was revised in 1921, and
the inclusion of "Alternating Insanity" in column
5 enables a certain number of patients who were
formerly classed as manias or melancholias to
be diagnosed more correctly.
STATEMENT VII.
Aetiological Fac-
tors.
11. The exciting and predisposing causes of the mental
illness in the 322 admissions and re-admissions
are shown in this statement. As in most years,
charas and its derivatives head the list of excit-
ing causes with 55 cases. A previous attack is the leading pre-
disposing cause with 52 cases, epilepsy in 13 cases, and congeni-
tal mental defect in 23 cases. It is satisfactory to note that
there were only 101 patients in which the cause was neither
assignable nor ascertained, showing that greater care was taken
3
in investigating the histories of the cases admitted. In 1919,
1920 and 1921, there were 145, 186 and 115 cases under these
heads, respectively. In Indian Asylums, however, there must
always be a certain number of patients with a defective history
as a large number are vagrants.
Escapes.
12. Two patients managed to escape during the year.
They were both non-criminal lunatics and harm-
less. They both effected their escape while
working in the garden. One has since been
brought back to the Asylum.
Suicides.
13. Three patients committed suicide by
hanging.
STATEMENT VIII.
Cash accounts.
14. There was an increase on account of salaries as com-
pared with the preceding year, amounting to
Rs. 3,500 under the head "Superintendence"
and Rs. 9,000 under " Establishment," due, in
the case of the former, to the enhancement of the pay of the
Superintendent and the appointment of a whole-time Deputy
and Assistant Deputy Superintendent, and, in the case of the
latter, to the introduction during the year of a revised scale of
pay for warders.
The amount expended on the diet of the patients is approxi-
mately the same as that in 1921, viz., Rs. 1,27,000. The cost
of clothing of the patients fell by Rs. 6,700 and a reduction was
also effected under the heads " Medicines ", " Contingencies
proper ", and " Repairs and Maintenance ". The taxes, however,
increased by about Rs. 300. A further increase is expected on
account of canal water rates for land now brought under culti-
vation. An increase in the telephone charges has also to be met.
Credits.
15. There is a falling off of Rs. 5,783 in the receipts from
paying patients as compared with 1921. The
reduction is, however, only nominal, for the sums
due from local bodies on behalf of paying patients were actually
greater in 1922 than in 1921. The receipts for 1921 included
Rs. 5,183, paid direct to the Asylum by the Lahore Municipality
instead of by a book adjustment.
16. The Public Works Department charges for minor
works and annual repairs amounted to Rs. 12,500 as compared
with Rs. 7,000 in 1921, and Rs. 67,000 in 1920, the heavy
charges in 1920 being due to the construction of the New Tuber-
cular Section.
Major Works.—No new major works were completed in
1922, but work has been started on the new criminal section,
which it is hoped will be completed in 1923.
4
STATEMENT X.
Manufactures.
17. There was a total profit of Rs. 17,800 during 1922, as
compared with Rs. 12,000 in 1921, and Rs.
13,000 in 1920. These profits include Rs. 5,100
from the sale of vegetables and garden produce
to the Asylum, Rs. 6,700 from the manufacture of blankets,
dasuti and munj mats supplied to the patients, and Rs. 875 from
the sale of such articles to the public. Miscellaneous items,
such as the sale of grass for bullocks, wood for fuel, etc., contri-
buted Rs. 4,800 to the total profit, and there was raw material to
the value of Rs. 345 in stock at the end of 1922 in excess of the
amount in hand on the 1st of January. The profit was due to
the reduction in the price of raw material, and to the rise in the
market price of garden produce.
Acknowledgment.
18. Major H. W. V. Cox, I.M.D., held charge of the Asy-
lum from the 1st January to 13th November
1922, and was therefore responsible for the
management of the institution for practically the whole of the
year. He administered the Asylum with zeal and marked abi-
lity. He was succeeded by Captain C. J. Lodge Patch, M.C.,
I.M.S., a highly trained and experienced Alienist, who has en-
tered upon his duties with energy and enthusiasm. Assistant
Surgeon Thomas, the Deputy Superintendent, has been tactful
and zealous in the performance of his duties, and has ably assisted
the Superintendent in the administration of the Asylum. Sub-
Assistant Surgeons, Chuni Lal and Bhagwant Ram, have per-
formed their duties efficiently. Lala Ram Saran Das, Head
Clerk, has continued to perform his duties in a satisfactory
manner.
The Rev. Mother Superior and the Franciscan Sisters have
given another year of devoted and unselfish work in the care of the
female inmates of the Asylum in which they have been en-
gaged for over 20 years. An extra Sister of their Order joined
the staff in the last week of December to admit of the Sisters
being granted some leave to the hills in the not weather. She
receives no pay except when working in a leave vacancy.
LAHORE :
R.
HEARD, COLONEL, I.M.S.,
The 24th April 1923.
Inspector-General of Civil
Hospitals, Punjab
STATEMENTS.
B