NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
June, 1956] M. R. DHANDA, V. R. GOPALAKRI SHANAN AND H. S. DHILLON 15
other two types and so in view of the high cost of animals, it was not considered
advisable to undertake any further experimentation. Details are given in Table I.
TABLE I
Summary of treatment with Aphtisine-131
Serial
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Animal No.
Hill bull No. 13
Bull calf No. 152
Hill bull No. 157
Hill bull No. 12
Hill bull No. 90
Bull calf No. 108
Hill bull No. 1
Hill bull No. 38
Heifer calf No. 451
Hill bull No. 40
Hill bull No. 7
Date of injection
Aphtisine-131
9-10-50
do.
do.
10-10-50
do.
do.
11-10-50
do.
do.
—nil—
—nil—
Virus Type 'O'
10-10-50
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Reaction
Reacted severely
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Not reacted
Remarks
Received 2 doses of the
drug
9th and 13th October
Died of foot and mouth
disease on 20-10-50
Probably immune
Lacto-therapy
Milk cure or lacto-therapy was undertaken as an experimental trial with reference
to an abstract of an article by Borosovich [1946] who has claimed that complete
immunity is produced against foot and mouth disease by milk treatment and lacta-
tion is also restored speedily. The method recommended is to boil skim milk for
five minutes, then cool to 37°C and inject intramuscularly 80 to 100 c.c. daily for
three days in succession.
Experiment: (a) Four hill bulls were injected intramuscularly with boiled skim
milk on three successive days, each receiving 80 c.c. on the first day and 100 c.c.
on the following two days. After an interval of four days they were tested with
live virus type 'O'.
(b) Four hill bulls were infected with live virus Type 'O' intralingually. Twenty-
four hours later they were treated with boiled skim milk administered intramus-
cularly, a course of three daily injections of 80 c.c, 100 c.c. and 100 c.c. being given
to each animal.
(c) Two healthy hill bulls were kept as controls and they received virus only.
Results. (a) Two hill bulls reacted showing primary and secondary lesions.
The remaining two did not react; they had probably become immune due to previous
infection.
(b) All the four bulls reacted after the milk treatment showing primary lesions,
three of them developed secondary lesions also.
16
TREATMENT OF FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE [Vol. XXVI, Part II,
(c) Typical reaction was observed in the controls. As a curative, milk therapy
seems to have no effect. As a protective, its effect is none the better ; besides, this
method would hardly serve as a handy and practical one for disease control in the
field. An earlier experimental trial in guinea-pigs proved that milk treatment is
of no avail.
Marking nuts
Experimental treatment with marking nuts was undertaken at the suggestion of
Lt. Col. M. S. Apte of Gwalior, who claimed to have had good results in the treatment
and control of foot and mouth disease by the administration of marking nuts. He
had also given details in regard to dose and mode of administration.
Experiment : (a) Three hill bulls were given one marking nut each daily for
seven days from 21st February 1951 at the end of which they were tested with live
virus type 'O'.
(b) Three hill bulls were given virus on 22nd January 1951 and were treated with
marking nuts for five days from 23rd January 1951, each animal receiving in its
feed two marking nuts daily.
(c) Three healthy hill bulls were kept as controls, receiving virus only.
Results. In the first lot, two hill bulls reacted and one did not show any reaction.
In the second lot also two hill bulls reacted and one did not. Two of the controls
reacted typically and one failed to show any lesion. In fact, in each lot one hill
bull showed primary lesions, another primary and secondary lesions, and the third
did not react probably having become immune due to previous infection. From
the experiment it is evident that marking nuts have not proved of any avail both
in the treatment and prophylaxis of the disease.
'Mokhur'
Experimental treatment of foot and mouth disease was carried out at the instance
of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, using Mokhur, a homeopathic drug
supplied by Dr K. K. Lakhanpal of Delhi who had claimed great success with the
drug and was giving a wide publicity to it amongst the members of the profession.
He came personally to observe the experiment. He administered the drug orally
in the dosage adequate for the guinea-pigs.
Experiment. Four lots of four guinea-pigs each were used; the first lot received
Mokhur, followed 24 hours later by virus type 'O'; the second lot received virus
and Mokhur practically simultaneously ; the third lot was given virus first, followed
24 hours later by Mokhur; the fourth lot was kept as healthy controls receiving
virus only.
Results. All the guinea-pigs of the four lots developed lesions practically in
an identical manner. There was no difference in the type of reaction—primary
lesions followed by generalisation—in all the tested animals. It was evident that
Mokhur had neither preventive nor curative effect on foot and mouth disease. Details
are given in Table II. In conclusion, it may be added in respect of Mokhur that
a drug which has now been revealed by Dr Lakhanpal to be Mokhur was sent to this
June, 1956] M. R. DHANDA, V. R. GOPALAKRI SHANAN AND H. S. DHILLON 17
Institute for trial of its efficacy by him through the Ministry of Agriculture, Govern-
ment of India, in 1948. It was experimentally tried on hill bulls and guinea-pigs
and the results showed that the drug possessed neither curative nor prophylactic
value against foot and mouth disease infection [Seetharaman, 1949].
TABLE II
Details of treatment of foot and mouth disease with Mokhur
Serial
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Guinea-pig
No.
281
282
283
284
285*
286*
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
Weight in
gm.
310
320
360
320
320
300
300
370
310
300
300
340
320
380
290
290
Date of giving
Mokhur
20-9-51
20-9-51
20-9-51
20-9-51
21-9-51
21-9-51
21-9-51
21-9-51
22-9-51
22-9-51
22-9-51
22-9-51
Virus controls
not treated
do.
do.
do.
Date of
giving Virus
Type 'O'
21-9-51
21-9-51
21-9-51
21-9-51
21-9-51
21-9-51
21-9-51
21-9-51
21-9-51
21-9-51
21-9-51
21-9-51
21-9-51
21-9-51
21-9-51
21-9-51
Reaction
22-9-51
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
23-9-51
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
24-9-51
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
Remarks
Tongue
epithelium
peeling off
*Mokhur was again
given
on
23rd
September 1951
do.
Tongue
epithelium
peeling off
Tongue
epithelium
peeling off
+0=Primary lesions only
++ = Primary and generalised lesions
18
TREATMENT OF FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE [Vol. XXVI, Part II,
Experimental treatment was conducted using 'Wilco' foot and mouth disease
cure, supplied by Dr Om P. Agrawal, Ayurvedacharya Homeopath, Hapur. It was
on the same lines as the above experiment, using three guinea-pigs in each lot. The
dose was three drops in water (10 drops dosage was recommended for cattle) and
four such doses were given to guinea-pigs.
All the treated guinea-pigs reacted typically showing primary and secondary
lesion as also the control animals. So this drug did not prove in any way better
than the other previous ones. Details of the experiment are given in Table III.
TABLE III
Details of treatment of foot and mouth disease with 'Wilco'
Sl.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Guinea-pig
No.
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
Weight
in gm.
450
410
340
410
340
340
390
370
430
330
290
380
Date of
giving
medicine
27-9-51
27-9-51
27-9-51
28-9-51
28-9-51
28-9-51
29-9-51
29-9-51
29-9-51
Virus
Controls
not treated
do.
do.
Date of
giving virus
type 'O'
28-9-51
28-9-51
28-9-51
28-9-51
28-9-51
28-9-51
28-9-51
28-9-51
28-9-51
28-9-51
28-9-51
28-9-51
29-9-51
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
Reaction
30-9-51
++
++
++
+0
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
1-10-51
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
2-10-51
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
+ 0=Primary lesions only
++ = Primary and generalised lesions
June, 1956] M. R. DHANDA, V. R. GOPALAKRI SHANAN AND H. S. DHILLON 19
DISCUSSION
The results of these experiments clearly indicated that none of the drugs and
other substances used had any curative effect, nor was there any indication in the
tested animals that the severity of reaction was controlled or mitigated. Neither
the onset of the disease was arrested nor was its course modified in any appreciable
way.
It has been reported that chemo-therapeutic treatment has some beneficial
effect in mitigating the course or severity of the disease [Stirling, loc. cit.]. However,
it should be remembered that a comparatively large dose of the drug may affect
the condition of the animal and thus make it unable to react to the infection with
virus. Such an observation was made [Galloway, loc. cit.] in guinea-pigs treated with
lugol's iodine. Though normal dosage did not prevent the development of primary
and generalised lesions in guinea-pigs, yet when larger doses of iodine were given
some animals did not develop lesions. This was attributed to the illness caused
by large doses of iodine. In foot and mouth disease reaction, it is well-known
that animals that are not in good condition fail to react.
Some of the drugs that were tested experimentally are reported to have been
used by field workers in actual outbreaks. Conclusions in regard to the effect
of the drugs are generally conflicting. It is, however, difficult to assess the value of
a drug by large scale treatment of animals in various stages of the disease in an
outbreak, unless carried out under controlled conditions.
The experiments carried out with the drugs and other substances as recorded
in this article give clear and sufficient proof of the futility of therapeutic treatment
for foot and mouth disease. Agents of drugs and patent medicines seem to advertise
their products and bring them for sale in the open market without subjecting them
to controlled experimental tests to ensure their efficacy. They even approach
the Government, not to speak of professional workers, with a claim of efficacy for
their products. It is, therefore, necessary for professional workers and the public
to guard themselves against the indiscriminate use of such drugs against so highly
an infectious disease as foot and mouth disease.
SUMMARY
Details are given of the experiments carried out to assess the therapeutic value
of five drugs and substances, claimed to be effective against foot and mouth disease
infection.
Against artificial infection with disease virus, none of them appears to have any
beneficial effect, either as a curative or as a prophylactic.
Observations on the chemo-therapeutic treatment of other workers elsewhere
are discussed.
20
TREATMENT OF FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE [Vol. XXVI, Part II
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The work has been carried out under a scheme of research financed by the Indian
Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi.
REFERENCES
Andrews, W. H. and Coll (1931). Fourth Progress Report of the Foot and Mouth Disease Research
Committee, App. I, 126
Borisovich, F. (1946). Vet. Bull., 20, (2), 77
Galloway, I. A. (1931). Fourth Progress Report of the Foot and Mouth Disease Research Committee,
App. III, 213
Maitland, H. B. (1928). Third Progress Report of the Foot and Mouth Disease Research
Committee, App. II, 81
Seetharaman, C. (1949). Annual Report of the Foot and Mouth Disease Scheme, 1948-42
Stirling, R. F. (1927). J. Comp. Path. & Therp. 274
Walker, G. K. and Taylor, W. (1926). Department of Agriculture, Punjab, Vet. Bull., 17.
INFLUENCE OF FACTORS AFFECTING SEX-DRIVE ON
SEMEN PRODUCTION OF BUFFALOES-II
By S. S. PRABHU, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, U. P.
(Received for Publication on February 15, 1955)
(With Plates VII-IX)
S OME of the major and essential factors governing the initial appearance,
maintenance, disappearance and subsequent revival of male behaviour pattern
are now clear from the numerous experiments carried out mostly on laboratory
animals [Moore, 1938; Stone, 1939 ; Ball, 1939, 1940 ; Milovanov and Smirnov-
Ugrjumov, 1940 ; Beach, 1940, 1942 (a), (b) and (c), 1944 ; Petersen et al., 1941;
Evlampieva, 1945 ; Smirnov-Ugrjumov, 1945 ; Beach and Holz, 1946 and Ras-
mussen, 1952]. Walton [1950] summarises the information on the structural
pattern of male sex-behaviour as follows: (i) The male pattern is not sex-specific
and is not dependent upon the possession of male organs, (ii) the pattern is innate
and not learned, (iii) sex-response is elicited by the sum of the excitatory value of
the sexual object and the sex-drive of the male, (iv) response is not 'all or nothing',
but is graduated by varying completeness of expression and (v) performance of
the sexual pattern may be facilitated or inhibited by the development of conditioned
reflexes. Response is elicited by the sum of the sex-drive (increased by abstinence
or decreased by use) and the algebraic addition of conditioned facilitation or inhibi-
tion.
The importance of more information on the sex behaviour of farm animals is
being increasingly felt with the rapid adoption of the technique of artificial insemina-
tion as an accepted method of breeding. A few reports have appeared in which
the earlier experiments of Milovanov and Smirnov-Ugrjumov [1940] on cattle
were repeated [Hart, Mead and Regan, 1946 ; Sarthou-Mountegou, 1950 ; Hell-
strom, 1947 ; Collins, Bratton and Henderson, 1951 and Branton, D'Arensbourg
and Johnston, 1952]. These papers cover but a fraction of the vast field remaining
unexplored and only bring out the necessity of undertaking such experiments in
cattle. With buffaloes, on the other hand, very little work on the subject had been
undertaken so far. Buffaloes are of particular interest to India, for, compared to
their relative size in population, they contribute a large proportion of the overall
production of milk and milk products.
In an earlier paper [Prabhu and Bhattacharya, 1954] results of a detailed investi-
gation on buffaloes where the effect of short term sex stimulus, in the form of provid-
ing an 'on heat' cow instead of the usual anoestrous dummy at the time of collection,
21
2AR/56
5
22
INFLUENCE OF FACTORS AFFECTING SEX-DRIVE [Vol. XXVI, Part II,
on the reaction time and semen characteristics were reported. It was found that
the physiological condition of the dummy had no significant effect on sex-drive as
judged by reaction time and quality of the semen obtained. Further, no ' carry
over' effects due to frequent change in dummies which formed part of the experi-
mental design employed could be detected. In the present study the effect of the
following additional factors, introduced as before for a short period and then changed,
were tried and their effect on sex-drive and semen quality determined.
Factors investigated :
(i) Male as teaser
(ii) Different males as teasers
(iii) Different coloured females as teasers
(iv) Effect of five minutes cold shower bath prior to collection
(v) Making collections in the evenings
(vi) Making collections at night under artificial light
EXPERIMENTAL
The experiments were conducted on non-descript buffaloes purchased through
the Institute contractors. At purchase, they possessed full mouths and appeared
healthy and vigorous. A short term test which consisted in obtaining semen in an
artificial vagina and typing it for quality was carried out on all animals presented
for selection and only those which approached certain standards were selected.
During the experimental period, the animals received rations consisting of wheat
bhoosa, greens and concentrates. The last mentioned was made up of crushed oats
and linseed cake in the proportion of 2 : 1 by weight. It was given at the rate of
3 lb. per 800 lb. body weight. The appearance and condition of bulls can be judged
from the photographs on Plate VII. Bulls Nos. 40 and 26 which died are not included
in the Plate. The experimental design employed was the same as used in our earlier
study (loc. cit.) and consisted in changing over bulls between treatments following
each collection. The horn number of bulls and their distribution in each of the six
experiments are given below :
Experiment I (Male as teaser). Two series were run, one after the other. The
first series was started on the 25th May 1953 and came to a close on the 6th
June 1953. There were ten bulls. The group in which the first ejaculate was taken
with male as teaser contained bulls Nos. 26, 28, 22, 20 and 25. The other group
in which the first ejaculate was taken on the usual dummy consisted of bulls Nos.
40, 36, 16, 33 and 37. In the second series, the former group had bulls Nos. 16,
28, 31, 33 and 36 while the latter was made up of bulls Nos. 20, 22, 25, 37 and 40.
The collections consisting of two ejaculates per collection were taken thrice a week.
The number of teaser bull was 38.
Indian J. vet. Sci. Vol. XXVI PART II]
PLATE VII
PLATE I. Photographs of experimental buffalo bulls. The tatoo numbers of the bulls appear on the lower
right hand corner.
June, 1956]
S.
S.
PHABHU
23
Experiment II (different males as teasers). Only one series was run. It commen-
ced on the 14th July 1953 and ended with a collection on the 25th July 1953. The
teasers employed were bulls Nos. 31 and 40. There were only seven bulls in this
experiment. The groups in which the first ejaculate was taken with bull No. 31 in
the service crate had other bulls Nos. 37, 25 and 36 in it while the group wherein
the other bull was used consisted of bulls Nos. 20, 22, 16 and 28. Collections were
taken twice a week.
Experiment III (different coloured cows as teasers). Only a single series was run.
It started on the 2nd March 1954 and came to a close on the 15th March 1954. There
were 12 bulls in this experiment. One of the cows was dark and the other light in
colour. Photographs of these two animals are given on Plate IX, Figs. (3) and (4).
Bulls Nos. 23, 33, 28, 37, 24 and 22 had their first ejaculate taken on the light
coloured female, while bulls Nos. 31, 20, 36, 38, 16 and 25 had theirs taken on the
dark coloured females. Two collections per week were taken.
Experiment IV (shower bath prior to collection). One series was run. The experi-
ment commenced on the 12th April 1954 and closed on the 22nd April 1954. There
were 8 bulls. The teaser used was the one routinely used. The bulls in the group
receiving the bath were Nos. 33, 22, 16 and 23. The other group was made up of
bulls Nos. 37, 24, 28 and 25. Two collections per week were taken.
Experiment V (evening collection). This experiment was run side by side with
experiment IV on the same lot of bulls. The morning collections commenced at
8-30 A.M., while the evening collections were taken at 3-30 P.M.
Experiment VI (night collectton). Only one series formed the experiment. It was
begun on the 25th March 1954 and came to a close on the 7th April 1954. Using the
routine female teaser, collections were taken from 10 bulls divided into two groups.
In the group in which the first ejaculate was taken during the day collection, were
bulls Nos. 16, 24, 37, 23 and 38, while Nos. 25, 33, 28, 22 and 31 had the first ejaculate
taken first during the night collection. Collections during the night were made
with the aid of a Petromax lamp having 300 candle power. Two collections per
week were taken.
It may be mentioned here that on the termination of each experiment, reassess-
ment of bulls based on their latest performance of reaction time and semen quality
was made and fresh groups formed at random for the subsequent experiment.
That is why the same bulls were not carried in the same groups in all the experi-
ments.
In addition to reaction time, the following semen criteria were studied in all
the experiments : (i) Volume, (ii) initial motility, (iii) sperm concentration, (iv) per-
centage of abnormal spermatozoa, (v) total spermatozoa in ejaculate and (vi) initial
pH.
24
INFLUENCE OF FACTORS AFFECTING SEX-DRIVE [Vol. XXVI, Part II,
RESULTS
The average values of reaction time and semen characteristics actually observed
in the six experiments are presented in Table I. Summary of the analysis of variance
appropriate to the ' Switch-back' design carried out is given in Table II. The
figures mentioned are proportional quantities.
TABLE I
Average semen criteria and reaction time in the different experiments
Experi-
ment
No.
I
I(a)
II
III
IV
V
VI
Factor studied
On male
On female
On male
On female
On bull
No. 31
On bull
No. 40
On light colour-
ed female
On dark female
With bath
Without bath
Morning
Evening
Day
Night
Eja-
culate
No.
I
II
I
II
I
II
I
II
I
II
I
II
I
II
I
II
I
II
II
II
I
II
I
II
I
II
I
II
Volume
(c.c.)
1.6
1.1
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.0
1.6
1.2
1.4
1.0
1.5
1.3
2.1
2.0
2.4
2.0
3.7
3.2
3.8
3.5
3.9
3.4
3.6
3.2
3.7
3.0
3.5
2.5
Initial
motility
1.1
1.6
1.9
0.8
1.3
0.9
0.4
1.0
1.9
1.4
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.5
2.1
2.4
2.6
2.6
2.3
2.6
2.3
2.7
2.5
2.6
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.5
Sperm
concen-
tration
(M/cc)
617
635
630
782
531
670
473
672
633
748
746
724
916
1,180
1,030
1,204
833
989
600
768
623
783
810
974
520
556
814
806
Percen-
tage of
abnormal
sperm
10
8
10
9
10
8
9
8
9
10
10
8
19
26
25
21
6
6
5
5
7
6
5
5
22
21
18
13
Total
sperm in
ejaculate
(M)
898
607
699
998
672
665
730
700
1,012
744
956
881
2,265
2,480
2,044
2,132
2,947
2,581
2,074
2,473
2,442
2,316
2,580
2,738
2,048
1,458
2,511
1,632
Initial pH
6.9
6.9
6.9
7.0
6.9
6.7
6.7
6.9
6. 9
7.0
6.9
6. 9
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.8
6.6
6.8
6.7
6.7
6.8
6.8
6.7
6.8
Reaction
time
(seconds)
32
27
54
53
30
37
66
34
42
71
49
74
37
43
45
45
68
90
53
60
65
75
55
75
51
55
55
55
June, 1956]
S.
S.
PRABHU
25
TABLE II
Analysis of variance
Serial
No.
1
2
3
4
Item studied.
Volume
Initial motility
Sperm concentration
Percentage of abnormal
sperm
Eja-
culate No.
I
II
I
II
II
I
II
Variation
Treatment
Error
Treatment
Error
Treatment
Error
Treatment
Error
Treatment
Error
Treatment
Error
Treatment
Error
Treatment
Error
Experiment I(a)
D.F.
1
8
1
8
1
8
1
8
1
8
1
8
1
8
1
8
M.S.
8.65
68.64
135.65
74.22
36.10
64.37
22.10
61.80
4175744
11372608
14624000
6235720
2622464
17513467
7430440
3367743
Experiment 1(6)
D.F.
1
8
1
8
1
8
1
8
1
8
1
8
1
8
1
8
M.S.
0.33
0.16
0.25
0.88
0.89
27.73
1.00
3.78
0
91019
18865
119925
0.01
9.20
18.88*
3.25
Experiment II
D.F.
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
M.S.
5.66
12.73
0.16
13.09
2.00
41-00
23-47
55.82
245473
1238889
32805
1704913
6
40
72
242
Experiment III
D.F.
1
10
1
10
1
10
1
10
1
10
1
10
1
10
1
10
M.S.
7.23
24.13
23.60
13.54
0
4.94
3.00
3.59
8361690
12442023
6838790
9306559
4961*
681
5208
1594
Experiment IV
D.F.
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
M.S.
72
3329
181
3521
34.50*
2.48
0.12
1.56
8652800
3540925
9746113
881929
145
437
685
129
Experiment V
D.F.
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
M.S.
0.98
33.25
0.41
35.45
3.13
6.04
3.12
1.06
8820000
3513058
3087613
9941679
1018
292
12
186
Experiment VI
D.F.
1
8
1
8
1
8
1
8
1
8
1
8
1
8
1
8
M.S.
1.68
34.02
93.02
32.40
0.90
2.88
19.35
9.22
20377563*
3365680
7921000
2467120
1989
2436
8237
3589
* Significant at 5 per cent level
26
INFLUENCE OF FACTORS AFFECTING SEX.DRIVE [Vol. XXVI, Part II,
TABLE II—contd.
Analysis of variance
Serial
No.
5
6
7
Item studied
Total sperm in ejacu-
late
Initial pH
Reaction time
Eja-
culate
No.
I
II
I
II
I
II
Variation
Treatment
Error
Treatment
Error
Treatment
Error
Treatment
Error
Treatment
Error
Treatment
Error
Experiment I (a)
D.F.
1
8
1
8
1
8
1
8
1
1
1
8
M.S.
39181690
36890926
607622
14899365
0.58
0.96
0.72
1.70
189613*
27771
254403*
37952
Experiment I(b)
D.E.
1
8
1
8
1
8
1
8
1
8
1
8
M.S.
442363
314630
50575
308901
0
0.02
0.01
0.01
2384
3984
469
1692
Experiment II
D.E.
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
M.S.
20274379
6669575
5029664
4630994
2.40
0.14
0.18
0.15
1860
2394
31363
14713
Experiment III
D.E.
1
10
1
10
1
10
1
10
1
10
1
10
M.S.
25010081
98492432
224631880
207200687
0.18
0.26
0.56
1.00
5167
18267
3888
13500
Experiment IV
D.E.
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
M.S.
112335061
72871798
6516050
33695353
72.00
72.00
64.24
36.00
41121
17637
113288
41068
Experiment V
D.E.
1
6
2
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
M.S.
61228178
81389612
45011072
27092250
0.18
0.80
0
0.45
7813
23188
1458
59706
Experiment VI
D.F.
1
8
1
8
1
8
1
8
1
8
1
8
M.S.
78237684
20553063
2081184
9125637
0.98
0.44
0.37
0.59
22753
34165
10369
25690
* Significant at 5 per cent level