NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
June, 1957]
A.
K.
VARMA
73
This was found to be the commonest species throughout the State, its total
incidence being 63.2 per cent. It was also observed that this species occurs in
much greater numbers in buffaloes than in other hosts and in a few animals that
died of parasitic enteritis (acute amphistomiasis) it was found to occur as the sole
infection in a very large number. This is interesting and lends support to Srivas¬
tava's [1947] laboratory experimentations regarding the pathogenicity of this
species.
The ventral pouch, characteristic of this group of amphistomes, was not found
developed in very small young forms and this might have misled early workers to
identify these as P. cervi. In this study the identification was mostly inferential.
Those undeveloped very small young forms were taken as belonging to this species,
as in the same case a large number of amphistomes in different developmental stages
showing characteristic features of G. crumenifer was found as sole infection. In
cases where there was mixed infection with this parasite as well as C. cotylophorum
C. calicophorum, the latter two were easily identified by their distinguishing features
discussed in this paper.
III. Genus GIGANTOCOTYLE Nasmark, 1937
Species G. explanatum (Creplin, 1847)
(Figs. 1 and 2)
Host: Buffaloes (Bos bubalus)
Habitat: Bile ducts
Localities: Arrah, Bhagalpur, Purnea, Biharsharif and Nawada
Out of a total number of 21 buffaloes examined, 12 or 57.1 per cent were found
infected with this species. It is interesting that this parasite was not found in any
other host, although the infection was very heavy in most of the buffaloes found
infected.
This species was discovered by Creplin [1847] in the bile ducts and gall bladder
of what he called Bovis tauri indict at Berlin (Germany). Fischoeder [1904] records
having examined specimens of this species from the bile ducts of the zebu at Berlin
and also Buffelus indicus of Saigon (Cochin-China). Dawes [1936] examined some
specimens of this parasite from the bile ducts of Malayan cattle, buffalo and goats.
In India, Bhalerao [1935] records the parasite from both cattle and buffaloes occurr-
ing in their bile ducts, gall bladder, stomach and duodenum; but then he con-
sidered Paramphistomum calicophorum under the synonymy of this species. Sri-
vastava [1945] also records it from both these hosts, but it is not clear from his writ-
ings whether he made any distinction between these two species, nor does he mention
the locations of the parasites in the hosts.
These amphistomes have large ventral suckers measuring 3.4 to 4.2 mm. in
diameter and the body length measures from 9 to 10.5 mm. in preserved specimens
(measurements were taken from 20 specimens), giving a ratio of the diameter of
74
PARAMPHISTOMES
IN
ANIMALS
[Vol. XXVII, Part II,
the ventral sucker to the length of the body as 1: 2.5-2.6. The testes are charac-
teristically placed one behind the other, the anterior one inclined more ventrad. The
parasites have a characteristic habitat, namely, in the bile ducts. These are the
main characters on which the identification of the species is based.
IV. Genus CALICOPHORON Nasmark, 1937
Species C. calicophorum (Fischoeder, 1901)
(Figs. 3 and 4)
Host: Cattle, buffaloes, sheep and goats
Habitat: Rumen and reticulum
Localities : Patna, Bhagalpur, Supaul, Bariahi, Madhepura, Pipra Bazar, Purnea
Kishanganj, Katihar, Araria, Biharsharif, Nawada and Daltonganj
This species was also occasionally met with, the total incidence being 16.1 per
cent; but the degree of infection was never found to be heavy in any case. Un-
like other intestinal amphistomes this parasite has a large ventral sucker measur-
ing about 3 mm. in diameter. The body-length of the parasite measures about
8 mm. (average of 20 specimens). Thus, the ratio of the diameter of the ventral
sucker to the body-length is 1 : 2.6. The testes are lobulated like a cauliflower
and are situated side by side at the mid-level of the body. Owing to these distinc-
tive morphological characters coupled with the characteristic habitat of the parasite,
it was identified as C. calicophorum.
Maplestone [1923], while reviewing the family Paramphistomidae, records
having examined some material from the stomachs of bullocks of South Africa,
Australia, Sudan and Nyasaland which he identified as Paramphistomum expla-
natum. He further proposed a drastic synonymisation in this group and considered
Fischoeder's Paramphistomum calicophorum under the synonymy of P. explanatum.
Apart from overlooking the morphological differences between these two forms,
it is apparent, Maplestone ignored altogether the specific habitat of the parasite in
the host. The testes in Maplestone's specimens were always diagonally situated,
one overlapping the other, both laterally and antero-posteriorly, in fully grown
worms. Swart [1954], however, considers this African species as C. calicophorum.
A few examples of these African amphistomes from the rumen of cattle were examin-
ed by the author through the kind courtesy of Dr. P. L. LeRoux and Maplestone's
observations in respect of the obliquely tandem disposition of the testes were con-
firmed. In the Indian collection from Bihar the specimens of this parasite did
not appear to be fully grown ones, although some of them were gravid judging by
the presence of ova in their uteri. The testes in these are placed exactly side by
side and it is quite probable that with the maturity of the parasite this arrange-
ment is affected by voluminous development of the gravid uterus causing an
obliquity in their disposition.
This parasite, as far as the writer is aware, has not been recorded hitherto from
sheep and goats in India, hence this is a new record. It is also noteworthy that
very small young forms of this species may be mistaken for P. cervi. Durie [1951],
June, 1957]
A.
K.
VARMA
75
while studying the texonomy of Paramphistomes in cattle in Australia has also
shown that the species previously identified as Paramphistomum cervi is in reality
two species, namely, Ceylonocotyle streptocoelium and Calicophoron calicophorum.
V. Genus PSEUDODISCUS Sonsino, 1895
Species P. collinsi (Cobbold, 1875)
Host: Horse (Equus caballus)
Habitat: Colon
Localities: Patna, Arrah and Nawada
All the seven horses examined at the above localities were found infected, which
suggests that it is a common parasite of horses in this State. Very little is known
about the pathogenecity of this amphistome, but from one animal about 2,000
specimens were recovered and the host was anaemic and debilitated.
VI. Genus GASTRODISCUS Leuckart, 1877
Species G. secundus Looss
Host: Horse
Habitat: Colon
Localities: Patna
Out of seven horses examined only 3 were found infected with this parasite.
The infection was very light in all the infected animals.
VII. Genus GASTRODISCOIDES Leiper, 1913
Species G. hominis var. suis (Varma, 1954)
Host: Pig (Sus cristatus)
Habitat: Large intestine
Localities : Forbesganj (Purnea district)
After administering soap-water enema to 8 pigs a single specimen of this parasite
was obtained from one of these animals. This has been morphologically and epi-
demiologically distinguished by the author [1954] from G. hominis and named G.
hominis var. suis and in absence of any recorded evidence this represents the first
record of the parasite in this host in the State of Bihar.
SUMMARY
Seven species of amphistomes, representing seven genera, are recorded from
different localities from domesticated animals from the State of Bihar. Gastro-
thylax crumenifer was found to be the commonest and most widespread species in
the State. Calicophoron calicophorum, whose distinguishing features from Gigan-
tocotyle explanatum are discussed, is recorded for the first time from Indian sheep
and goats. The latter parasite (G. explanatum) was found to occur only in buffaloes
in the bile ducts. Pseudodiscus collinsi is recorded as a common parasite of horses.
82
AR/56
6
REVIEW
Veterinary Clinical Diagnosis by PROF. DAVID WIRTH, 1st English translation
by ANNIE I. LITTLEJOHN.
Published by Bailliere Tindall and Cox, London. Pages 232 with 213
illustrations. Price 25$.
Books on clinical diagnosis of the diseases of domestic animals are scarce, at
least in English language. The art of diagnosis is acquired largely by personal
observation and experience through a number of years. Availability of an up-to-
date, handy and well-illustrated book on the subject has greatly facilitated a sound
preliminary training of the students in veterinary medicine. Those of us who have
profitably used the Clinical Diagnostics by Malkmus in our student days would
readily applaud the present attempt and welcome this valuable addition to the
English veterinary literature. It should prove very useful to teachers as well as
those engaged in the field investigation of animal diseases.
This is the first English edition of Professor Wirth's book, " Introduction to the
clinical diagnosis of the diseases of the internal organs and skin of the domestic
animals ", the first Austrian edition of which was published in 1934 and the third
in 1949. The English edition, however, is not merely a translation of the third
Austrian edition, as it incorporates many additions and alterations with a view to
improve the text to " meet the needs of British students mainly on account of
differences in the incidence of certain diseases and in the relative importance of the
various species ". In part or whole of certain chapters " this adaptation has
amounted to complete rewriting". Similarly, 92 new illustrations have been
added, " the majority of them being from photographs specially taken for this edi-
tion, and relating mainly to the examination of food-producing animals ". About
30 illustrations included in the Austrian edition have been either ommitted or re-
produced only in part.
The book is divided into 36 chapters of different sizes, dealing with general exami-
nation of the animals, signs of disturbances in the working of the various systems,
examination of faeces and urine, radiography, exploratory puncture and biopsy,
allergic tests, serological examination, and clinical methods of examination appli-
cable to individual organs. It is written in very simple and lucid language, and
the text is profusely supplemented by examples drawn from a large variety of
disease conditions.—R.N.M.
77
MGIPC—M—82 AR/56—26-6-57.—1,000
ERRATA
Indian Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Vol. XXVI, Part III,
September, 1956
Page
111
113
Line
11th from bottom
Table I, Col. I, No. 35
For
absorption
p-amino-phenylpyridine
Read
adsorption
p-amino-x-
phenylpyridine
NOTE ON THE OCCURRENCE OF ATYPICAL STRAINS
OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS IN INDIA*
By M. R. DHANDA, V. R. GOPALAKRISHNAN and H. S. DHILLON,
Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar—Kumaon, U.P.
[ Received for publication on July 23, 1955
Accepted for publication on August, 1957]
A scheme of research financed by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research,
is being operated at the Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar,
with the object of devising a suitable method of vaccination for the control of foot-
and-mouth disease among cattle in India. The disease is widespread in this country
and causes substantial loss to the cultivators. It is caused by three distinct immuno-
logical types of the virus known as Vallee " O " and "A" and Waldmann " C ".
A number of outbreaks of the disease caused by one or the other
of these types occur annually in various
parts of the country
but the
clinical manifestation
in the
affected
animals is the
same for all the types. As the types of the virus are immunologically distinct
from one another, any attempt at vaccination as a measure of control of the disease
should necessarily contain the representative types that cause the epizootics. In
order to have an idea of the frequency and distribution of the occurrence of the
different types, fresh material was obtained from natural outbreaks in the fields and
typed by cross immunity test in guinea pigs. In the course of type determination,
variants of the three standard types of the virus have been observed to cause out-
breaks in this country [Seetharaman and Dutt, 1951]. The occurrence of atypical
strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus is of interest and, therefore, is recorded
in this article. An analysis of the results of typing of 72 field strains of the virus
isolated from different parts of India, showing the frequency distribution of the
various types is given in Table I
Atypical strains
The first atypical strain was isolated from the material collected from a buffalo in
an outbreak at Rawalpindi (Punjab), and sent to the Institute in April, 1944. After
adaptation of the strain of virus to guinea pigs, cross immunity tests were carried
out to determine the type. It was found to be quite distinct from the standard
types as it broke immunity against all of them, each of which in turn broke immunity
against it. Its behaviour continued to remain unaltered after 61 guinea pig
passages.
* Paper read at the Indian Science Congress held at Hyderabad in January 1954.
79
18 AR/57
2
80
ATYPICAL STRAINS OF FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE [Vol, XXVII, Part III,
TABLE I
Distribution of various types of foot-and-mouth disease virus in India
Place of origin
State
Andhra Pradesh
Assam
Bengal
Bihar
Bombay
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu and Kashmir
Madhya Pradesh
Madras
Orissa
Punjab
Uttar Pradesh
Areas now in Pakistan
Total
Percentage
Types
'O'
1
..
..
..
1
1
..
..
..
1
1
17
2
24
33.3
'O'
variant
1
1
..
1
1
..
1
..
..
1
..
9
1
16
22.2
'A'
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
5
..
5
7.0
'A'
variant
..
..
..
..
1
..
..
1
1
1
3
9
..
16
22.2
'C'
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1
..
..
1
..
2
2.8
'C'
variant
..
..
1
..
..
..
..
1
..
..
..
2
1
5
7.0
Atypical
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
3
1
4
5.5
Two strains were obtained from natural outbreaks at the Indian Veterinary
Research Institute, Izatnagar in May, 1951. Izatnagar is about 1000 miles south-east
of Rawalpindi area. Material was collected from fresh cases at the Izatnagar Dairy
as well as from animals of the Animal Nutrition Division. These two strains were
found atypical, breaking immunity against the standard types. However, they
were immunologically identical.
Again there was an outbreak of the disease among cattle of the Animal
Nutrition Division, Izatnagar in April, 1952. Fresh material was collected and this
strain also proved to be atypical and immunologically identical with the Izatnagar
strain of 1951.
These Izatnagar strains have each undergone more than a dozen guinea-pig
passages. They maintain their immunological character.
82
ATYPICAL STRAINS OF FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE [Vol. XXVII, Part III,
TABLE II
Cross immunity test with Rawalpindi atypical strain of virus
Guinea
Pig
No.
120
121
102
103
126
127
153
180
146
147
160
161
Immune to type
Pirbright " A "
do.
Pirbright "O"
do.
Pirbrigh " C "
do.
I. S. Izat., A.N.S.
do.
I.S.Izat., Dairy
do.
I.S. 19 Rawalpindi
do.
Interval
between
immuni-
sation and
test (days)
53
53
58
58
52
52
47
38
48
48
44
44
Days:
Date:
1
22
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
00
00
2
23
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
00
00
3
24
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
00
00
4
25
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
00
00
5
26
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
00
00
6
27
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
00
00
7
28
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
00
00
8
29
Note : (1) The guinea pigs were tested on June 22, 1952 with I. S. 19 Rawalpindi strain collected from guinea pigs
on June 9, 1952.
(2) 00, + 0 and ++ represent " no reaction ", " local reaction " and " local reaction plus generalisation " res-
pectively.
TABLE III
Cross immunity with standard type " O ", " A" and " C " virus of guinea pigs immu-
nised against I.S. 19 Rawalpindi strain
Guinea
Pig
No.
296
302
304
305
303
Interval
between
immunisa-
tion and
test (days)
33
38
35
35
34
Tested with strain
Pirbright "A"
do.
Pirbright " O "
do.
Pirbright " C "
Reaction after test.
Date:
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
14
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
15
+0
+0
++
++
++
16
+0
++
++
++
++
17
++
++
++
++
++
18
++
++
++
++
++
19
++
++
++
++
++
20
++
++
++
++
++
Note : +0 and ++ represent " local reaction " and " local reaction plus generalisation, " respectively.
September, 1957] M. R. DHANDA AND V. R. GOPALAKRISHNAN 83
TABLE IV
Cross immunity test with Izatnagar Dairy atypical strain of virus
Guinea
Pig
No.
118
119
100
101
124
125
158
159
151
152
144
145
Immune to type
Pribright " A "
do.
Pirbright " O "
do.
Pirbright " C "
do.
I.S. 19 Rawalpindi
do.
I.S. Izat. A.N.S.
do.
I.S. Izat. Diary
do
Interval
between
immuni¬
sation
and test
(days)
50
50
56
56
49
49
41
41
44
44
45
45
Reaction after test.
Days:
Date:
1
19
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
00
00
00
00
2
20
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
00
00
00
00
3
21
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
00
00
00
00
4
22
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
00
00
00
00
5
23
6
24
7
25
8
26
Notes : (1) The guinea pigs were tested on June 19, 1952 with I.S. Izat. Dairy strain collected from guinea pigs on June
14, 1952
(2) 00, +0 and ++ represent "no reaction," "local reaction " and "local reaction plus generalisation" ,
respectively.
TABLE V
Cross immunity test with I.S. Izatnagar A.N.S. atypical strain of virus
Guinea
pig
No.
116
117
98
99
122
123
150
157
142
143
148
149
Immune to type
Pirbright " A "
do.
Pirbright "O"
do.
Pirbright "C"
do.
I.S.19 Rawalpindi strain
do.
I.S. Izatnagar Diary strain
do.
I.S. Izatnagar A.N.S. strain
do.
Interval
between
immuni-
sation
and test
(days)
47
47
53
53
46
46
38
38
42
42
41
41
Days:
Date:
1
10
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
00
00
00
00
2
17
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
+0
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
+ 0
00
00
00
00
3
18
+ 0
++
++
+ 0
+ 0
++
++
++
00
00
00
00
4
19
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
00
00
00
00
5
20
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
00
00
00
00
6
21
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
00
00
00
0
7
22
8
23
Notes: (1) The guinea pigs were tested on June 16, 1952 with I.S Izatnagar A.N.S. strain collected from guinea pigs
on June 15, 1952
(2) 00, +0 and ++ represent "no reaction" "local reaction" and "local reaction+ generalisation", respectively.
18 AR/57
3
84
ATYPICAL STRAINS OF FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE [Vol. XXVII, Part III
SUMMARY
An analysis of the results of typing of 72 strains of foot and-mouth Disease
virus isolated from different parts of India shows that the frequency distribution
of the various types is as follows:
Vallee " O " 24 " O "
Vallee "A" 5 "A"
Waldmann " C " 2 " C "
Atypical
4
Variant
Variant
Variant
—
16
16
5
—
55.6 per cent
29.1 per cent
9.7 per cent
9.6 per cent
Variants of the three types of the virus Vallee "O ", and " A " and Waldmann
" C " have been observed to occur in various parts of the country. The occurrence
of four atypical strains of Foot-and-Mouth Disease virus is recorded. A noteworthy
feature is the occurrence of immunologically identical atypical strains causing repeated
outbreaks of the disease. However, the atypical strains obtained from Izatnagar
were found to be immunologically distinct from the atypical strain from Rawalpindi,
nearly a thousand miles away.
REFERENCES
Lancet (1952). Annotations—Foot-and-Mouth Disease. 262, 299
Ramon, G. (1952). Bull. Off. internat. Epiz. 37, 102 (ab. Vet. Bull. 22, 624)
Seetharaman, C. and Dutt, N. S. (1951) Indian J. vet. Sci. 21, 251
Ubertini, B. (1951). Bull. Off. internat. Epiz. 35, 627. (abstr. Vet. Bull. 22, 626)
SEX MATURITY IN DAIRY CATTLE AND THE PROBABLE
CAUSES OF DELAYED PUBERTY
By M. P. JOHARI and S. K. TALAPATRA, U. P. College of Veterinary, Mathura
[ Received for publication on October 27, 1956
Accepted for publication on June 11, 1957]
(With 4 Text Figures)
I NFERTILITY and delayed maturity in dairy animals are important factors
that limit the development of dairy industry in this country. Infertility in
animals, whether temporary or permanent, is a great liability which tells severely
on the economic resources of our farmers.
Of late, organised attempts have been made to study the various factors res-
ponsible for delayed maturity in dairy herds. The different factors of the infertility
problem are also being actively persued. Little is known about the age at first
calving amongst the various breeds of cattle in India, as also the influence of sire or
the effect of better feeding on the onset of early maturity.
The introduction of the recent legislation has complicated the issue and made
the disposal of these unprofitable animals further difficult. The problem has thus
assumed a serious proportion not only with private individuals but even in State
managed farms where cattle are normally kept in a better condition.
It has, therefore, been considered necessary to carry out some systematic work
on the various aspects of infertility and late maturity in cattle. In this article
an attempt has been made to give an account of these investigations in four parts
as follows:
(a) The determination of the age at first calving in various State managed
farms
(b) The influence of sire on the age at first calving
(c) The percentage of abnormal animals in the age group in different herds
(d) The effect of feeding on sex maturity in dairy animals
(a) Age at first calving in different farms
A. survey of the State farms in Uttar Pradesh was carried out at 6 centres and
in all, records of 434 heifers of Hariana breed were analysed. All the heifers were
farm-bred and had their first calving at the farm. A general idea regarding the
method of feeding and the environment in which they live in these farms during
early life may be obtained from the following:
Feeding : The animals at these farms are fed a prescribed ration. If the article
mentioned in the ration schedule is not available, some alternative feed having
85
18 AR/57
4
86
SEX MATURITY IN DAIRY CATTLE
[ Vol. XXVII, Part III,
almost the same nutritive value is included as an emergency measure. Although
the ingredients of the ration may vary to some extent from centre to centre, the
effect of the whole ration on the basis of digestible nutrients is more or less the
same in all the centres.
Management
The environment in which cattle generally live in these farms may be considered
satisfactory and is more or less uniform. There may, however, be some variation
in the management. The animals are generally not tied and are fed in lots of 15 to
30 in a common feeding trough where the feed for the lot is distributed in a long
feeding channel.
The age at first calving in Hariana heifers is given in Table I. In calculating
the age at first calving, only those neifers which calved between the age of 3-5 years
have been considered. Heifers which calved later were thought to be abnormal
cases. The number of heifers considered at each farm for calculating the average
is shown in parenthesis. The average age at first calving at the different farms varied
from 1262 days (approximately 42 months) at Babugarh to 1693 (approximately
56½ months) at Nilgaon. The minimum age at which the heifer had calved was 895
days (approximately 30 months) and the maximum 2659 days (approximately
7¼ years).
TABLE I
Comparative statement showing the age at first calving in the Hariana breed at the cattle
farms in Uttar Pradesh
Name of the Farm
1. Mechanised State Farm, Madhurikund
2. Mechanised State Farm, Bharari
3. Mechanised State Farm, Babugarh
4. Mechanised State Farm, Hastinapur
5. Mechanised State Farm, Nilgaon
6. District Dairy Demonstration Farm,
Mathura
Age at first calving in days
Average
1546(95)
1683(135)
1262(61)
1498(26)
1693(54)
1544(63)
Range
Minimum
1013
1112
895
995
1115
898
Maximum
2659
2337
1817
1825
2262
2264
Remarks
Average age at 1st calving in the Hariana breed
1538±65 days
(approximately 51 months)
Among other Indian breeds of cattle, the age at first calving has been deter-
mined as 1331.3±16.9 days in Sindhi and 1447±60.2 days in Kangyam [Rajgopalan
1952]. Sharma [1951] found the age at first calving in Hariana as 1618 ± 10.5
days which is not very much different from what we have seen in Uttar Pradesh.