NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
( xii )
No. VIII.
Asylums in the United Provinces for the year 1908 and Provincial totals for two previous years.
ges.
Bazar
medicines.
12
Rs.
46
162
86
294
223
281
Contingencies.
Contingen-
cies proper
13
Rs.
940
788
§5,552
7,280
3,667
10,490
Repairs and
mainten-
ance.
14
Rs.
…
…
...
...
…
…
Rates and
Taxes
15
Rs.
…
191
224
415
663
575
Remitted
to treasury
on account
of paying
patients,
&c.
16
Rs.
13,546
827
2,720
17,093
12,880
12,408
Miscellane-
ous items.
17
Rs.
9,330
1,263
||2,080
12,673
12,643
12,061
Total of
columns
8—17
18
Rs.
53,195
33,131
71,814
1,58,140
1,31,437
1,45,109
Charges on
account of
works done
by the
public
Works De-
partment.
19
Rs.
4,285
2,595
2,795
9,675
10,912
7,780
Book charges.
Cost of
printed
forms and
stationery.
20
Rs.
15
7
70
92
115
450
Cost of Eng-
lish stores
and medi-
cines, &c.
21
Rs.
133
199
205
537
268
775
Total of
columns
18—21.
22
Rs.
57,628
35,932
74,884
1,68,444
1,42,732
1,54,114
‡ Includes jail supplies to the value of
...
...
...
§ „ „ „ „ „ ... ... ...
|| „ „ „ „ „ ... ... ...
Total
...
...
Rs.
1,441
96
328
1,865
those of the Government Dairy farm which has been closed in November 1908.
No. IX.
the Bareilly, Benares and Agra Asylums
December 1908.
3
Benares.
Number.
…
1
...
1
1
1
...
…
1
1
1
3
21
7
...
...
1
5
3
1
1
...
1
1
...
51
Monthly
wages.
Rs.
250
†l25
a.
0
0
p.
0
0
…
50
55
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
…
…
12
8
9
24
147
49
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
...
...
5
30
13
4
6
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
...
5
6
0
0
0
0
…
808 8 0
4
Agra.
Number.
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
4
40
14
2
…
1
6
3
1
...
…
‡1
1
1
89
Monthly
wages.
Rs.
§1,050
|| 250
130
¶90
**55
10
40
100
30
20
18
32
280
98
16
a.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
p.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
...
7
36
13
4
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
...
...
6
10
10
2,305
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
Daily average number of males
...
Ditto
ditto females ...
Proportion ...
Jamadars to males
...
Jamadars
to females
...
...
Male keepers to males
...
...
Female keepers to females ... ...
903.81
292.26
225.95
73.06
9.13
9.74
( xiv )
STATEMENT No. X.
Showing receipts and expenditure on account of manufactures in the Lunatic Asylums in the
United Provinces for the year 1908 and Provincial totals for two previous years.
1
Name of asylum.
Bareilly ...
Benares ...
Agra ...
Total ...
Provincial total
for 1906.
Ditto
1907
2
Mean population.
Male.
216.15
260.18
427.48
903.81
924.16
912.62
Female.
84.10
77.74
130.42
292.26
291.70
292.10
Total.
300.25
337.92
557.90
1196.07
1215.86
1204.72
3
4
5
6
7
8
Credits.
Cash paid
into Trea-
sury for
articles
sold.
Rs.
10,008
212
266
10,486
8,105
7,501
Value of
manufac-
tured goods
made over
to Asylum
for Asylum
purposes.
Rs.
5,298
2,432
2,925
10,655
9,365
10,484
Value of
manufac-
tured goods
in store at
the end of
the year.
Rs.
127
180
200
507
2,152
1,520
Value of
raw mate-
rials in
store at the
end of the
year.
Rs.
...
10
125
135
891
1,232
Value of
plant and
machinery
in store at
the end of
the year.
Rs.
163
114
517
794
7,640
6,990
Total
credits.
Rs.
15,596
2,948
4,033
22,577
28,153
27,727
Name of
Asylum.
Bareilly...
Bienares ...
Agra ...
Total ...
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Debits.
Value of
manufactured goods
in store on
1st Jan-
uary.
Rs.
1,150
154
216
1,520
Value of raw
materials in
store on 1st
January.
Rs.
981
151
100
1,232
Value of plant
and machin-
ery in store
on 1st Jan-
uary.
Rs.
6,359
114
517
6,990
Raw
materials
purchased.
Rs.
5,849
738
885
7,472
Contingen-
cies of ma-
nufactures.
Rs.
1,939
525
867
3,331
All other
charges.
Rs.
1,542
...
...
1,542
Total
debits.
Rs.
17,820
1,682
2,585
22,087
Excess of
credits or
profits.
Rs.
...
1,266
1,448
2,714
Excess
of debits
or loss.
Rs.
2,224
...
...
2,224
Average num-
ber of lunatics
employed in
manufactory.
Rs.
145
154
173
472
or net profit
=490
Provincial
total for
1906.
Ditto 1907
1,369
2,152
1,162
891
7,988
7,358
7,369
7,182
3,713
3,249
2,069
1,630
23,670
22,462
4,483
5,265
...
...
575
589
NOTE.-The Government Dairy farm was closed in November 1908, and the proceeds of the sale of stock &c. have been included
in column 3 of 1908.
ORDERS OF GOVERNMENT.
No. 1256/VI-344-1909 OF 1909.
RESOLUTION.
JUDICIAL (CRIMINAL) DEPARTMENT.
Dated Naini Tal, the 29th April 1909.
READ—
The Triennial Report on the Lunatic Asylums in the United Provinces for the years 1906,
1907 and 1908.
OBSEEVATIONS.—The Lucknow asylum was closed during the
first year of the period dealt with in. the report, and since that time there
have been three asylums in the province instead of four. The number of
lunatics in the asylums shows only a slight variation from that in the
three years preceding, but the sickness and mortality among them has been
very much greater and the death rate for the whole period was 10.78 against
6.29 during the preceding triennium. The average was exceeded in
Bareilly during 1908 when 35 deaths occurred, and at Agra during 1906
and 1908 when the mortality was 85 and 87 respectively. In 1908 the
health of the inmates of the Bareilly asylum was seriously affected by
malaria, and at Agra by the results of a severe epidemic of influenza which
occurred at the end of the preceding year. In 1906 the Agra asylum
returned a number of deaths from heat stroke, but it is satisfactory
to note that the measures taken to prevent a recurrence of mortality
from this cause have been quite successful, and that no deaths from it
took place in 1908, whilst there was only one in 1907.
2. During 1908 two lunatics committed suicide and one was
killed by a fellow-lunatic. Magisterial inquiries were held in all these
cases, and the management of the asylums was absolved from blame on
each occasion.
3. The asylums were all visited once or oftener by the Inspector
General and found in good order. The acknowledgements of Govern-
ment are due to the several Superintendents and to Colonel Murray for
his supervision of the administration of the asylums.
ORDER.—Ordered that a copy of this resolution be published in
the United Provinces Government Gazette and that a copy be forwarded to
the Inspector General of Civil Hospitals, United Provinces, and to the
Superintendents of the lunatic asylums at Agra, Benares and Bareilly,
for information.
By order of the Hon'ble the Lieut. Govr., United Provinces.
F. E. TAYLOR,
Secy. to Govt., United Provinces.
No. 36.
(NEw SERIES.)
SCIENTIFIC MEMOIRS
BY
OFFICERS OF THE MEDICAL AND SANITARY DEPARTMENTS
OF THE
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
OBSERVATIONS ON RABIES:
WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO AN ATROPHIC
FORM OF THE DISEASE OCCURRING IN ANIMALS.
BY
MAJOR G. LAMB, M.D., I.M.S.
AND
CAPTAIN A. G. MCKENDRICK, M.B., I. M.S.
ISSUED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
BY THE SANITARY COMMISSIONER WITH THE GOVERNMENT
OF INDIA, SIMLA.
.
CALCUTTA
SUPERINTENDENT GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA
Price Annas 8 or 9d.
x
No. 36.
(NEW SERIES.)
SCIENTIFIC MEMOIRS
BY
OFFICERS OF THE MEDICAL AND SANITARY DEPARTMENTS
OF THE
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
OBSERVATIONS ON RABIES:
WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO AN ATROPHIC
FORM OF THE DISEASE OCCURRING IN ANIMALS.
BY
MAJOR G. LAMB, M.D., I.M.S.
AND
CAPTAIN A. G. MCKENDRICK, M.B., I.M.S.
ISSUED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
BY THE SANITARY COMMISSIONER WITH THE GOVERNMENT
OF INDIA, SIMLA.
CALCUTTA
SUPERINTENDENT GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA
1909
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List of numbers of Scientific Memoirs by Officers of Medical and Sanitary
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N o . 1 . S t a n d a r d i s a t i o n o f C a l m e t t e ' s A n t i - V e n o m o u s S e r u m w i t h P u r e C o b r a V e n o m : t h e
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No. 4. On the Action of the Venoms of the Cobra and of the Daboia on the Red Blood
corpuscles and on the blood plasma, by Captain G. Lamb, I.M.S.P r i c e
As. 8 or 9d.
No. 5. Specificity of Anti-Venomous Sera, by Captain G. Lamb, I.M.S. Price As. 3
or 4d.
No. 6. First Report on the Anti-Malarial Operations in Mian Mir, 1901-03, by Captain
S. P. James, I.M.S. Price As. 12 or 1s. 2d.
No. 7. Some Observations on the Poison of the Banded Krait (Bungarus Fasciatus), by
Captain G. Lamb, I.M.S. Price As. 8 or 9d.
No. 8. A Preliminary Report on a Parasite found in Patients suffering from Enlargement
of the Spleen in India, by Lieutenant S. R. Christophers, I.M.S.P r i c e R e . 1 - 8
or 2s. 3d.
No. 9. Second Report of the Anti-Malarial Operations at Mian Mir, 1901-03, by Lieu-
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No. 10. Specificity of Anti-Venomous Sera (Second Communication), by Captain G. Lamb, I.M.S.
Price As. 8 or 9d.
No. 11. On a Parasite found in persons suffering from Enlargement of the Spleen in
India-Second Report, by Lieutenant S. R. Christophers, I.M.S. Price
Rs. 2 or 3s.
No. 12. On the Morphology, Teratology, and Diclinisin of the Flowers of Cannabis, by
Major D. Prain, I.M.S. Price As. 14 or 1s. 4d.
No. 13. Oriental or Delhi Sore, by Captain S. P. James, I.M.S. Price As. 10 or 1s.
No. 14. On a Parasite found in the White Corpuscles of the Blood of Dogs, by Captain
S. P. James, I.M.S. Price As. 10 or 1s.
No. 15. On a Parasite found in persons suffering from Enlargement of the Spleen in
India-Third Report, by Lieutenant S. R. Christophers, I. M.S. Price
As. 10 or 1s .
No. 16. The Specificity of Anti-Venomous Sera with special reference to a Serum prepared
with the Venom of the Daboia Russellii, by Captain G. Lamb, I.M.S. Price
As. 6 or 7 d.
No. 17. Snake-Venoms in relation to Hæmolysis, by Captain G. Lamb, I.M.S. Price As. 6
or 7 d.
No. 18. Hæmogregarina Gerbilli, by Lieutenant S. R. Christophers, M.B., I.M.S. Price
As. 10 or 1s.
No. 19. On Kala Ażar, Malaria and Malarial Cachexia, by Captain S. P. James, M.B.,
I.M.S. Price Re. 1-4 or 1s. 1 1d.
No. 20. Serum-Therapy of Plague in India; Reports by Mr. W. M. Haffkine, C.I.E., and
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1
s .
4
d .
2
No. 21. On the Standardisation of Anti-Typhoid Vaccine, by Captain George Lamb,
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Forster, M.B., D.P.H., I.M.S. Price As. 6 or 7d.
No. 22. Mediterranean Fever in India: Isolation of the Micrococcus Melitensis, by Captain
George Lamb, M.D., I.M.S., and Assistant Surgeon M. Kesava Pai, M.B.,
C.M. (Madras). Price As. 10 or 1 s .
No. 23. The Anatomy and Histology of Ticks, by Captain S. R. Christophers, M.B.,
I.M.S. Price Rs.3 or 4s . 6d.
No. 24. On a Parasite found in the White Corpuscles of the blood of Palm Squirrels, by
Captain W. S. Patton, M.B., I.M.S. Price As. 12 or 1s. 2 d.
No. 25. On the importance of Larval Characters in the Classification of Mosquitoes, by
Captain S. R. Christophers, M.B., I.M.S. Price As. 8 or 9d.
No. 26. Leucocytozoon Canis, by Captain S. R. Christophers, M.B., I.M.S. Price
As. 12 or 1s. 2 d.
No. 27. Preliminary Report on the Development of the Leishman-Donovan Body in the
Bed Bug, by Captain W. S. Patton, M.B., I.M.S. Price As. 8 or 9 d.
No. 28. The Sexual Cycle of Leucocytozoon Canis in the Tick, by Captain S. R. Chris-
tophers, M.B., I.M.S. Price As. 12 or 1s. 2 d.
No. 29. Piroplasma Canis and its Cycle in the Tick, by Captain S. R. Christophers, M.B.,
I.M.S. Price Rs. 2 or 3 s.
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M.B., I.M.S., and Captain Anderson McKendrick, MB., I.M.S. Price
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E. D. W. Greig, M.D. Price Re. 1-2 or 1s. 9d.
No. 33. The Production of Alkali in Liquid Media by the Bacillus Pestis, by Lieutenant-
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No. 34. Standards of the Constituents of the Urine and Blood and the bearing of the
Metabolism of Bengalis on the Problems of Nutrition, by Captain D. McCay,
M.B., I.M.S. Price As. 12 or 1s . 2 d.
No. 35. Black-water Fever, by Captain S. R. Christophers, M.B., I.M.S., and Dr. C. A.
Bentley.
No. 36. Observations on Rabies : with special reference to an Atrophic form of the disease
occurring in animals, by Major G. Lamb, M.D., and Captain A. G.
McKendrick, M.B., I.M.S. Price annas 8 or 9 d.
Published by and on sale at the Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India, Calcutta.
Copies are also available from all Agents for the sale of Government publications.
OBSERVATIONS ON RABIES: WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO AN
ATROPHIC FORM OF THE DISEASE OCCURRING
IN ANIMALS
CONTENTS.
I . — I n t r o d u c t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page.
II.—The passage of the virus of the street through the dog
.
. . . . . 2
III.—A peculiar form of rabies seen in rabbits and dogs .
. . . . . . 4
IV.—The susceptibility of various animals towards fixed rabbit virus
. . . . 7
V.—An attempt to immunise monkeys by means of single doses of fixed rabbit virus injected
subcutaneously
1 1
VI.—Bactericidal properties of the Serum of patients taken both during the course of anti-rabic
inoculations and after the treatment had been completed
12
Protocols
. . . . .
. . . .
. . .
. . 16
I.—Introduction.
There are still many problems in connection with rabies which await
solution. The greatest of these problems is, of course, the nature and life history
of the organism which causes the disease. Until this organism has been
thoroughly investigated many of the subsidiary questions must remain hidden and
be matters only for speculation. Still, within the last few years especially, a
considerable number of new facts have been added to our knowledge, which
help to a better understanding of the ætiology of the disease, of its evolution and
of the immunising process to which persons bitten by rabid animals are now
subjected.
We propose in the present communication to put on record some obser-
vations which we have made during the last few months bearing on certain
points which appear to be of importance. While we have to acknowledge that
these observations are somewhat fragmentary and by no means exhaustive of
the questions with which they deal, we publish them in this condition as our
respective spheres of work now lie some hundreds of miles apart and are not
likely ever to come together again.
Before proceeding with the subject matter proper of the communication it
is necessary to define one or two terms which are used throughout and which,
although in common use by those working at the subject, may not be understood
by others.
As the organism of rabies has not yet been discovered, the term virus is
used to denote this hypothetical germ. The term "virus of the street" was
given by Pasteur to the virus as found in rabid animals in nature. When tested
B
on rabbits in the laboratory it varies much in virulence according to the animal
from which it is obtained. The term "fixed virus" is used to denote a virus
which by passage through a series of animals has become of such a strength
that the incubation period of the disease after subdural inoculation of the virus is
practically always the same and cannot be shortened by further passages.
As a rule this term is applied to a virus which has become of definitely short
incubation period by passage through rabbits, but, as we shall see, we may also
have a fixed dog virus, that is to say, a virus which has become fixed by passage
through dogs.
Also, it is to be noted that, as the rabies virus is principally found in the
central nervous system of animals dead of the disease, it has come about that
the term "virus" is sometimes used to denote the central nervous system or
portions thereof containing the virus. Thus for the sake of brevity we often
talk of an emulsion of virus, when we really mean an emulsion of a portion of
the central nervous system containing the virus. No ambiguity, however, has
been allowed to occur owing to this use of the word.
I I . — P a s s a g e o f t h e v i r u s o f t h e s t r e e t t h r o u g h t h e d o g .
Until quite recently it has been generally held that by passage through
certain species of animals, e.g., the monkey and the dog, rabies virus so lost
its virulence as ultimately to become innocuous, and, on the other hand, that
passage through other species, e. g., the rabbit, exalted the virulence. This
supposition was Pasteur's original idea and, supported by the experiments of
several other workers, it has been more or less generally accepted. Further, as
a consequence of this hypothesis, it has been postulated that in nature the
virus, as commonly found in the canine tribe, must occasionally pass through
another species of animal in order to retain its virulence. It has been
conjectured that the cat or the rat was this other species.
Recently, however, Marie (1907) has made two series of observations on
this subject and has obtained somewhat different results. Starting originally
with a dog virus of the street and a virus of human origin, he has made in dogs
by subdural inoculations 12 passages with the former and 15 passages with the
latter. Not only did the virus never fail to give furious rabies but its virulence
was so increased after 6 or 7 passages as to give an incubation period of 8 or 9
days. Blasi and Travali (1894) working with rats and cats had previously
obtained similar results. There was no attenuation of the virus. On the other
hand it was found that the incubation period became very short, shorter than
by passage through the rabbit.
The experiments which we have made on this question were carried out
on the dog. The original virus was contained in the central nervous system of
3
a dog which had died of furious rabies in Meerut. When this virus was inocu
lated subdurally into a rabbit the incubation period of the disease was 11 days.
Before the first passage was made the virus had been kept in glycerine for three
weeks.
A reference to Table I of the protocols will show that in all 13 passages were
made, the first three by subdural and the remaining ten by intraocular inocula-
tions. All the dogs developed furious rabies and died very shortly after the
onset of symptoms.
The points, worthy of note, which emerge from a study of the table, are
as follows—
The first three passages reduced the incubation period from I 1 to 8 days.
It has already been mentioned that in these passages the inoculations were
made subdurally.
In the first passage made by intraocular injection the incubation period
was lengthened from 8 to 13 days. Further, it would appear that while the
infection was easily carried on from dog to dog when the intraocular method
was used, the incubation period was somewhat irregular in succeeding passages.
While this is so, there was on the whole a gradual shortening, that is to say,
a gradual increase of virulence. Thus the incubation period between the 4th
and 9th passage was shortened from 13 to 8 days, although the 7th dog had
an incubation period of 20 days. The dogs of the last two passages again had
somewhat prolonged incubation periods, but these were not due to a diminution
in virulence. This is shown not to be the case, as a rabbit inoculated subdurally
with an emulsion of the medulla of the dog of the last passage developed rabies
in 7 days, that is to say, the usual incubation period of a virus which has
become fixed by passage through the rabbit. We had, therefore, increased
the virulence of the dog virus of the street for the rabbit, obtaining a virus
which, in this respect at least, did not differ from ordinary fixed rabbit virus.
The bearing of this fact will be referred to later on.
Finally, we have to draw attention to the results of a microscopic examina-
tion which was made to determine the presence or absence of Negri bodies in
certain portions of the central nervous system of all the dogs which died in the
course of these passages. The technique employed was to fix small pieces of
the tissues in Zenker's fluid, to cut in paraffin and to stain by Mann's or Unna's
method.
In the dog of the first passage Negri bodies were found to be abundant in
the horn of Ammon, plentiful in the cerebral cortex, and few in the cerebellum.
In the dogs of the next few passages they were also easily demonstrated,
especially in the hippocampus major. In the dog of the 5th passage, there
was doubt as to their presence and if they were present they were very few in.
B 2