NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
58
STUDIES
ON
INDIGENOUS
CEEEPERS
(Vol. XXVII, Part II,
From the data shown in the Table IX, it appears that 12 lb. of the green feed
and 1 lb. of inferior quality hay or straw should suffice for 100 lb. ewes during the
last 100 days of gestation as per N.R.C. standard, while in off season 2½ lb. of the
hay and 1 lb. of straw should normally do for the same purpose.
One hundred pounds of the green feed and 5 lb. of straw should support a 15
pounder cow (800 lb.), while 20 lb. of the hay and 2½ lb. straw for an average 10
pounder cow.
Similarly, 50 lb. of the green feed and 1-2 lb. of straw, or 8-9 lb. of the hay in
winter should be adequate during the active period of growth for dairy heifers.
It may be mentioned here that some authorities believe that straws should be
removed from the ration of our animals. By a judicious combination with the
proper type of feeds it should, perhaps, be possible to utilize these straws. It may
be seen that in all these instances, it has been possible to avoid the introduction of
costly concentrates in the ration for different categories of animals.
SUMMARY
When all concentrates are replaced with high protein leguminous feeds and the
whole ration made otherwise adequate by introducing sufficient phosphorus-defi-
cient straws, it has been observed that the low phosphorus content of the 'all rough-
age ration' affects growth and reproduction in dairy animals.
It has been found that the indigenous creeper Ipomoea pestigrides is high in
proteins and calcium like the legumes but unlike the latter is also rich in phosphorus.
It is a rainfed fodder crop which grows profusely in August when it contains over
20 per cent of proteins on dry matter. In October and November when weather
conditions are definitely favourable for hay making almost in every part of the
country, it contains on an average about 12-13 per cent of proteins, 0.9 to 1.0 per
cent of calcium and 0.4 to 0.45 per cent of phosphorus on dry matter.
Adult bullocks weighing a little over 800 lb. consume about 100 lb., while growing
heifers and sheep 56 and 13 lb. respectively of the green feed, which contains on an
average about 16 per cent of dry matter.
Of the 12-13 per cent proteins present in the creeper, bullocks digest about
65 per cent, while the sheep over 70 per cent, as the latter masticate the mature seeds
(which contain over 30 per cent of proteins) of the plant more fully than the former.
Drying the plant in the sun for 4 hours and subsequent storing at 32 per cent
dry matter out of contact with the ground over a structure lowers the protein diges-
tibility by about 20 per cent. The hay thus made retains considerable green colour
and is highly palatable to all species of livestock. On an average sheep consumed
over 3 lb. of the stuff per 100 lb. body-weight.
The green feed contains about 1.5, 9.0 and 10.3 lb. of D.C.P., S. E. and T.D.N.
respectively per 100 lb. of the material, while its hay 7.0, 30.0 and 45.0 lb. res-
pectively of digestible crude proteins, starch equivalent and total digestible
nutrients per 100 lb. of the air dry stuff.
June, 1957] S. K. TALAPATRA AND C. S. BARSAUL 59
It appears that an exclusive feeding of the plant either as a green fodder or as
hay should provide enough nutrients including phosphorus for growth and average
milk production.
When fed in very large quantities it tends to be slightly laxative but the desired
consistency of the faeces is very easily obtained by introducing some straws in the
dietary.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are grateful to Shri P. G. Pande, Director of Animal Husbandry,
Uttar Pradesh and Shri C. V. G. Choudary, Principal, U. P. College of
Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Mathura for their interest in this work.
They also thank Shri S. B. Singh, Farm Manager, District Dairy Demonstration
Farm, Mathura for his valuable assistance.
REFERENCES
Das Gupta, N. C. (1943). Indian J. vet. Sci. 13, 279
Human nutrition vis-à-vis animal nutrition in India (1953). A memorandum prepared by the Nutri-
tion Advisory Committee of the Indian Council of Medical Research and the Animal Nutrition
Committee of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research
Kehar, N. D. (1947). Proc. 35th Indian Sci. Congr. Sec. Physiol., 9
Recommended Nutrient allowances for dairy cattle (1950). A report of the committee on animal Nutri-
tion, National Research Council, U. S. A.
Sen, K. C. (1937). I.C.A.R. Bulletin No. 25
Talapatra, S. K. (1949). Indian J. vet. Sci. 19, 19
—(1950) Indian J. vet. Sci. 30, 183
—(1950) Indian J. vet. Sci. 20, 229
—(1950) Indian J. vet. Sci. 20, 241
—(1950) Indian J. vet. Sci. 20, 257
—(1955) Partly reported in the 11th proceedings of the Animal Husbdandry wing and unpub-
lished work.
Woodman, H. E. (1948). Bulletin No. 48, Ministry of Agriculture & Fisheries, Great Britain.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CONCENTRATES
By SUMATI E. MUDAMBI, M.V. RAJAGOPAL and KAMALA SOHONIE, Institute of
Science, Bombay
[ Received for publication on December 6, 1956
Accepted for publication on January 21, 1957]
T HE major source of cattle-feed are (i) grass, (ii) specially grown fodder crops,
(iii) straws of food grain, (iv) cottonseed and oilcakes and (v) by-products such
as bran. However, food required for producing extra milk such as concentrates must
be fed because (a) the maintenance requirement of cows and buffaloes and the present
supply of milk is mainly derived from bulky unadulterated food, (b) milk production
necessiates a high proportion of protein, (c) the milk is required for heavily populated
areas and if it is to be delivered there in the fluid state, it must be produced in or
near these areas ; such areas have few grazing facilities and for the most part, the
milch animals and specially young stocks must be stall-fed.
All the animals housed in the Government Milk Colony Aarey are stall-fed and
most of the feeds of the cattle are made up of concentrates. To understand how far
the concentrates fed at the colony are nutritious and also as a step towards ulti-
mately carrying out experiments for the study of the effect of different feeds on the
quality of milk, a complete chemical analysis of all the concentrates, being used as
feed at the Colony, was undertaken.
The results of analyses of cottonseed, guar, gram chuni, tur chuni, wheat bran,
long challa, copra cake, groundnut cake and til cake are presented in this article.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Collection of samples
Sample of each concentrate was selected at random from the stores of the
Government Milk Colony, Aarey. Four such samples were collected at different
times of the year.
Method of determination
All analyses were carried out by methods described in the Hand Book of the
A. O. A. C. [1950] (1) in triplicate.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of analyses are presented in Table I. Table I shows that of all the
concentrates groundnut cake contains the maximum protein with til cake coming
next. Guar,tur-chuni and copra cake are also good sources of protein. Cotton-
seed, gram chuni and wheat bran are medium sources of protein, and long challa
is a poor source of protein.
61
82 AR
56
3
62
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CONCENTRATES [Vol. XXVII, Part II,
TABLE I
Percentage composition of concentrates on dry matter basis
Name of concentrate
Gowar
Gram chuni
Tur
chuni
Wheat bran
Groundnut cake
Cotton seed
Til cake
Copra cake
Long challa
Crude protein per cent
Max.
40.83
22.29
30.52
18.96
55.12
21.51
45.68
24.70
Min.
29.30
10.18
21.40
14.57
47.78
19.13
35.67
21.85
8.57
Average
33.19
19.12
25.52
16.83
51.82
21.13
41.48
23.18
Ether extract per cent
Max.
6.54
5.04
2.92
4.56
8.71
22.43
15.82
16.85
Min.
3.13
3.89
1.15
4.53
6.29
20.07
4.90
4.81
0.58
Average
4.78
4.53
2.23
4.54
7.55
21.02
10.72
12.10
Ash soluble in HCl per cent
Max.
3.68
3.59
4.59
5.71
4.48
4.13
10.76
5.17
Min.
3.10
1.41
3.57
3.34
3.62
3.45
8.80
4.49
2.78
Average
3.46
2.83
4.32
4.72
4.07
3.91
9.91
4.87
P as P2O5 per cent
Max.
1.08
1.09
1.62
3.15
1.66
1.69
2.66
1.20
Min.
0.29
0.22
0.19
2.64
0.50
0.41
0.73
0.50
0.37
Average
0.71
0.65
0.83
2.96
0.92
0.88
1.76
0.89
Ca as CaO per cent
Max.
0.63
0.89
0.93
0.37
0.36
0.57
3.96
0.24
Min
0.12
0.74
0.35
0.27
0.24
0.42
2.53
066.
Average
0.40
0.81
0.53
0.31
0.31
0.49
3.24
June, 1957] SUMATI R. MUDAMBI ET. AL.
63
TABLE II
Average percentage composition of concentrates obtained by different workers in different parts of country
(dry matter basis)
Name
Grains and seeds
1. Cottonseed
2. Cottonseed Desi
3. Cottonseed 259 P Amm.
4. Cottonseed 43 F Amer.
5. Cottonseed 4 F
C. Cottonseed (undecosticated)
7. Cottonseed well pressed
8. Cottonseed
Oil cakes and M eals
Ground nut cake
Ground nut cake
Ground nut cake
Ground nut cake
Oil Seeds and Cakes
Til cake
Til cake
Copra cake
Ezpelier
Copra cake
(Country mill pressed)
Co pra cake
Place of
origin
Punjab
Lyllapur
„
„
„
„
..
Bombay
Bangalore
Lyallpur
Bangalore
Bombay
Bangalore
Bombay
Cochin
„
Bombay
Total
ash
4.66
4.70
4.00
3.70
4.60
6.00
4.40
5.09
5.70
5.40
5.30
6.02
11.02
13.53
8.34
8.37
5.88
Ash sol.
in HCL
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
3.46
4.76
..
..
4.07
6.85
9.91
6.48
6.14
4.87
Ether
extract
Crude
protein
20.60
17.60
18.80
17.70
20.70
8.50
6.30
21.00
8.22
6.10
7.70
7.55
9.91
10.72
8.20
13.00
12.10
Carbohydrates
Fiber
N2
free
extract
Ca as
CaO
Organic constituents
18.02
14.40
18.10
15.60
17.50
21.10
28.50
21.10
51.75
37.60
48.70
51.82
46.30
41.48
25.34
23.44
23.18
25.76
21.70
2G.20
25.50
21.50
22.30
23.80
7.39
15.20
6.90
34.61*
4.92
..
13.20
12.91
58.82*
30.98
34.80
25.60
27.00
29.50
34.60
31.70
52.81*
26.94
29.50
25.4
..
28.85
..
44.92
42.28
..
Ca as
CaO
..
0.44
0.34
0.33
0.40
0.25
..
0.49
0.28
0.21
0.25
0.31
..
3.24
0.56
..
0.19
P as
P2O5
..
1.20
1.25
1.29
1.30
1.20
..
0.88
1.28
0.99
1.19
0.93
..
1.76
1.69
..
0.89
Reference
Sen (2)
Lander (3)
„
„
„
„
Morrison (3)
..
Sen (2)
Lander (3)
„
..
Sen (2)
..
Sen (2)
Sen (2)
..
*Carbohydrates by difference
64
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CONCENTRATES
[Vol. XXVII, Part II.
TABLE II—(contd.)
Average percentage composition of concentrates obtained by different workers in different parts of country
(dry matter basis)
Name
By-products:
Guara
Gowar
Gowar
Gram dust
Gram chuni
Tur
chuni
Wheat bran
Wheat bran
Wheat bran
Wheat bran
Wheat bran
Long challa
Place of
origin
Lyallpur
Bombay
Bombay
Pusa
Bombay
Bombay
Bangalore
Pusa
Lyallpur
Bangalore
Bombay
Bombay
Total
ash
4.20
4.22
6.02
5.55
4.44
6.22
5.59
9.90
6.80
4.90
6.01
3.81
Ash sol
In HCL
..
3.50
5.66
4.61
3.46
4.32
4.64
7.23
..
..
4.72
2.78
Ether
extract
4.40
4.80
6.40
2.51
4.53
2.23
3.45
11.39
11.50
13.60
16.83
8.57
Crude
protein
38.40
33.50
46.60
17.48
19.12
25.52
15.41
16.62
12.23
9.60
72.62
87.04*
Carbohydrates
Fibre
..
57.48*
40.98*
27.01
71.91*
66.03*
10.76
60.36
54.10
57.30
..
..
N2 free
extract
55.60*
..
..
47.45
..
..
64.79
1.73
4.40
3.10
4.54
0.58
Ca as
CaO
0.63
0.40
1.79
..
0.81
0.53
0.25
..
0.23
0.22
0.31
0.66
P as
P 2 O 5
1.34
0.71
1.31
..
0.66
0.83
1.98
..
2.00
1.75
2.96
0.38
Reference
Lander (3)
..
..
Sen (2)
..
..
Sen (2)
Sen (2)
Lander (3)
Lander (3)
Lander (3)
*Carbohydrates by difference.
June, 1957]
SUMATI
R.
MUDAMBI
ET.
AL.
65
Cottonseed contains maximum percentage of fat, with copra cake and til cake
coming next. Groundnut cake also contains appreciable quantity of fat; the other
concentrates are poor sources of this nutrient.
Til cake contains the maximum percentage of ash soluble in HCl and calcium.
However, wheat bran contains the maximum phosphorus.
Table II gives the results obtained by other workers in different parts of the
country on these items.
It is seen from Table II that cottonseed available in Bombay is superior in ash
content to those available in other parts of the country. The calcium content is
also high. However, the phosphorus content is low. The protein content is also
high, but only one sample from Lyallpur has higher percentage of protein.
Among the oilcakes, groundnut cake and til cake are richer in mineral matter,
but copra cake from Bombay contains less ash than its counterpart from Cochin.
The protein of groundnut cake compares favourably with that from Bangalore.
The calcium content in the Bombay sample of groundnut cake is the highest while
results of calcium analysis of til cake is not available. Copra cake from Bombay
has very little calcium as compared to that from Cochin. The phosphorus contents
of both groundnut cake and copra cake from Bombay are low.
Among the by-products, the second sample of guar from Bombay is rich in all the
constituents. The contents of the first sample compare favourably with the sample
from Lyallpur. The gram chuni from Bombay has less ash content than its counter-
part—gram dust—from Pusa, but is richer in protein and fat content.
No comparative figures for assessing the value of tur chuni and long challa are
available.
The wheat bran from Bombay has a lesser ash content than the other samples
anlysed except those from Bangalore. The crude protein content and the fat content
are higher than those of the other samples. The calcium and the phosphorus con-
tents are the highest in the Bombay sample.
SUMMARY
1. Four batches of the following concentrates were analysed and their values
compared with those obtained by other workers in different provinces—guar, gram
chuni, tur-chuni, wheat bran, long challa, cottonseed, groundnut cake and til cake.
2. Cottonseed from Bombay had higher ash, and calcium and lower phosphorus
content than those mentioned from other places.
3. Groundnut cake was richer in mineral matter and copra cake poorer than
their counterparts from other places.
4. One sample of guar from Bombay was rich in all constituents, the other com-
pares favourably with the sample from Lyallpur.
5. The crude protein, fat, calcium and phosphorus content of wheat bran from
Bombay was higher than those of the other samples.
82
AR/56
4
66
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CONCENTRATES
[Vol. XXVII, Part II,
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors are thankful to Shri Dinkarrao Desai, Minister-in-Charge, Education,
Law and Aarey Milk Colony for sanctioning the scheme and his interest in it and to
Shri D. N. Khurody for his interest and co-operation in conducting this
investigation. Two of them (S.R.M. and M.V.R.) are thankful to the Bombay
Government for personal grants.
REFERENCES
1. Association of official Agricultural Chemists (1950). Official and Tentative Methods of Analysis.
2. Lander, P. E. (1949). The Feeding of Farm Animals in India, Macmillan and Co., Ltd.
3. Sen, K. C. (1952). The Nutritive Value of Indian Cattle Foods and Feeding of Animals, I.C.A.R.
Bull. No: 25.
ON A COLLECTION OF PARAMPHISTOMES FROM DOME
STICATED ANIMALS IN BIHAR
By A. K. VARMA, Livestock Research Station, Bihar, Patna
[ Received for publication on December 20, 1956
Accepted for publication in February 11, 1957]
(With Plate I)
I N recent years, investigations have proved that the livestock industry
suffers much due to fatal gastro-enteritis caused by immature forms of
various amphistome parasites. There is still much to be learned about the incidence
and distribution of these common amphistomes in India and their specific patho-
genicity and therapeutic. Bhalerao's [1935] work is too meagre for such a big country
and in fact such undertakings should be on regional basis. Pande's [1935] report
that the acute amphistomiasis of cattle in Assam was caused by immature forms
of Paramphistomum cervi was later amended. Pande is said to have expressed the
opinion that the immature forms were probably Cotylophoron sp. [Mudaliar, 1945],
Moghe [1945] observed that infection of cattle with C. cotylophorum and Gastrothylax
crumenifer was high in Central Provinces and Berar (now Madhya Pradesh).
Srivastava [1945] carried out a general survey of helminthic infections of domestic
ruminants in the Punjab, North-west Frontier Province and Sind and found the
amphistomes, C. cotylophorum, P. cervi, P. explanatum and G. crumenifer in varying
degrees of incidence in different hosts. He found that the species P. cervi and
G. crumenifer were very common and widespread. Mudaliar (loc. cit.) records having
recovered a few adult and some immature forms of C. cotylophorum and a very few
specimens of Fischoederius elongatus causing fatal enteritis in goats in Madras "Pinj-
rapole goshala" and states that "there are more cases of amphistomiasis caused by
immature forms of Cotylophoron species on record than by Paramphistomum cervi
or any other amphistoma". He concludes with the following remarks :
"In the course of the routine post-mortem examination of ruminants, the writer
has found adults of Cotylophoron species more frequently than Paramphistomum
species. Hence the writer is inclined to think that the incidence of the species
Cotylophoron, at any rate in South India, may be much more than that of Param-
phistomum, though further statistical evidence of this is necessary."
Srivastava [1947] further reports in a subsequent communication that G. cru-
menifer is the common amphistome parasite in sheep, goats, cattle and buffaloes
and has experimentally indicated its pathogenicity. D'souza [1948] also supports
that C. cotylophorum and G. crumenifer are more common and widespread than
67
82AR/56
5
June,
1957]
A. K. VARMA
69
TABLE I
Incidence in cattle and buffaloes
Locality
Patna
Arrah
Biharsharif
Nawada
Bhagalpur
Supaul
Pipra Bazar
Purnea
Kishanganj
Araria
Total .
No. of
animals
examined
C
48
..
3
5
14
2
1
1
20
2
96
B
4
4
1
1
8
..
..
2
..
1
21
No. found
infected with
C. cotylophorum
C
26
..
1
3
6
2
..
1
6
2
47
B
1
2
1
1
4
..
..
2
..
1
12
No. found
infected with
C. calicophorum
C
6
..
1
2
2
1
..
1
1
1
15
B
..
..
..
..
1
..
..
1
..
1
3
No. found
infected with
G. crumenifer
C
36
..
2
3
10
2
1
1
20
2
77
B
4
4
1
1
8
..
..
2
..
1
21
No. found
infected with
Gigantocotyle
explanatum
C
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
B
..
2
1
1
6
..
..
2
..
..
12
C=Cattle ; B= Buffalose.
70
PARAMPHISTOMES
IN
ANIMALS
[Vol.
XXVII, Part II,
TABLE II
Incidence in sheep and goats
Locality
Patna
Arrah
Daltonganj
Supaul
Bariahi
Pipra Bazar
Madhepura
Purnea
Kishanganj
Katihar
Araria
Total .
No. of animals
examined
S
16
..
1
..
..
..
..
..
..
3
..
20
G
22
6
..
10
24
5
7
4
24
35
17
154
No. found infected
with
C.
cotylophorum
S
10
..
1
..
..
..
..
..
..
1
..
12
G
14
3
..
6
14
3
4
3
11
8
7
73
No. found infected
with
C. calicophorum
S
4
..
1
..
..
..
..
..
..
1
..
6
G
6
2
..
1
6
1
..
..
2
2
3
23
No. found infected
with
G. crumenifer
S
10
..
1
..
..
..
..
..
..
1
..
12
G
12
5
..
10
22
5
6
4
7
2
2
75
S=Sheep ; G=Goats.
June, 1957]
A.
K.
VARMA
71
TABLE III
Incidence of specific infections in different hosts
Amphistome
species
1. Cotylophoron
cotylovhorum
2. Gastrothylax
crumenifer
3. Calicophoron
calicophorum
4. Gigantocotyle
explanatum
5. Pseudodiscus
collinsi
6. Gartsodiscus
secundus
7. Gartsodiscoides
hominis var. suis
Hosts and number of animals examined
Cattle-96
No.
infected
47
77
15
..
..
..
..
Inci-
dence
(Per
cent)
48.9
80.2
15.6
..
..
..
..
Buffaloes-21
No.
infected
12
21
3
12
..
..
..
Inci¬
dence
(Per
cent)
57.1
100
14.2 ×
57.1
..
..
..
Sheep-20
No.
infected
12
12
6
..
..
..
..
Inci-
dence
(Per
cent)
60
60
30
..
..
..
..
Goats-154
No.
infected
73
75
23
..
..
..
..
Inci¬
dence
(Per
cent)
47.4
48.7
14.9
..
..
..
..
Horse-7
No.
infected
..
..
..
..
7
3
..
Inci-
dence
(Per
cent)
..
..
..
..
100
42.8
..
Pigs-8
No.
infected
..
..
..
..
..
..
1
Inci-
dence
(Per cent)
..
..
..
..
..
..
12.5
72
PARAMPHISTOMES
IN
ANIMALS
[Vol. XXVII, Part II,
Although the number of animals examined in different localities was not large,
the figures in Table I to III suggest that G. crumenifer is the commonest and most
widespread amphistome in Bihar. In some animals it was found as the sole infec-
tion and its immature forms were present in large numbers setting up severe fatal
enteritis. C. cotylophorum is also quite common, particularly in sheep and goats ;
but it is noteworthy that not a single example of P. cervi was found during this
survey. G. explanatum was found to occur in buffaloes only in the bile ducts and
it was never seen in cattle or sheep and goats.
. calicophorum, which has been
considered by many authors as a synonym of G. explanatum, was recovered many
a time from the stomach of cattle, buffaloes, sheep and goats. This parasite is
maintained in this paper as a separate species and its distinguishing features have
been discussed. Pseudodiscus collinsi was found to be a common parasite of horses.
OBSERVATIONS
I. Genus COTYLPHORON Stiles & Goldberger, 1910
Species C. cotylophorum (Fischoeder, 1901)
Host: Cattle (Bos indicus), buffaloes (Bos bubalus), sheep (Ovis aries) and
goats (Capra hircus)
Habitat: Rumen and reticulum. Immature forms were found in the abo-
masum and duodenum
Localities : Patna, Arrah, Bhagalpur, Supaul, Bariahi, Pipra Bazar, Madhe-
pura, Purnea, Kishanganj, Katihar, Araria, Biharsharif, Nawada and Daltonganj
This species was found frequently in all the localities visited during this investiga-
tion, and was particularly frequent in sheep and goats. The total incidence of
infection with this amphistome was found to be 49.4 per cent. From a few cases
of ' Chherrah' in young calves, sheep and goats quite a large number of young forms
identifiable as this species, were collected from the abomasum and duodenum,
particularly the pyloric region, and these organs were highly congested, inflamed
and oedematous and sometimes gelatinised. The worms were invariably found
together with immature forms of Gastrothylax sp., which were also present in large
numbers.
This species (C. cotylophorum) in its living state is easily distinguishable from
others by its purple colour. The characteristic genital sucker is also demonstrable
even in very small young forms by flattening the living specimen between two slides
and also by making histological preparations of well-preserved specimens.
II. GENUS GASTROTHYLAX Poirier, 1883
Species G. crumenifer (Creplin, 1847)
Host: Cattle, buffaloes, sheep and goats
Habitat: Rumen and reticulum; young forms in abomasum and duodenum
Localities: All the places visited as stated earlier
Indian J. of Vet. Sci., Vol. XXVII.
PLATE I,
FIGS. 1 and 2—Gigantocotyle explanutum
„
3 and 4—Calicophoron calicophorum
„ 1 and 3—Horizontally bisected specimens
„
2 and 4—Sagittally bisected specimens
Ph. — Pharynx ; GP — Genital pore ; U — Uterus ; T — Testes ; OV — Ovary ;
Vit — Vitellaria ; VS — Ventral sucker