NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
June, 1956]
ALEX
REED
AND
JOHN
G.
VELU
41
There was no apparent difference in egg size attributable to the system of
feeding. Group B on limited feeding produced eggs slightly larger than those
of Group A on ad libitum feeding during October and November. Egg size was
maintained by Group A during December and January while on limited feeding.
Eggs produced by Group A during February and March while on ad libitum
feeding were slightly larger than those produced by Group B on limited feeding
during the same period. Egg size of both the groups was smallest during
March.
SUMMARY
Two groups of 31 hens each were used in a double reversal feeding trial for
comparing ad libitum and limited feeding for egg production. The difference in egg
production under the two systems of feeding was highly significant in favour of
ad libitum feeding. Ad libitum feeding resulted in greater egg production to the
extent of 3.60 eggs per two-month period, with standard error of 1.02 eggs.
The Group-A hens produced eggs more efficiently on ad libitum feeding while
Group-B hens produced eggs more efficiently on limited feeding.
There is some indication that ad libitum feeding had a significant influence
upon body weight but due to the curved trend in weight data there is some doubt
as to the true nature of treatment upon the body weight.
There was no correlation between initial body weight and first month's egg
production nor between initial body weight and total egg production.
There was no significant relationship between egg size and system of feeding
in this experiment.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors express their appreciation to Mr H. W. Norton, Professor of
Agricultural Statistics, University of Illinois, U. S. A. for his kindness in checking
the statistical analysis of the results of this experiment.
REFERENCES
Bird, H. R. (1948). "Nutritive Requirements and Feed Formulae for Chickens." U. S. D. A.
Circular 788
Halerow, H. G. and Cushman, H. E. (1947). " Guides to Poultry Profits in Montana."
Montana
State Col. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 443
Harrop, F. B. and Florence Harrop. " The Feeding of Adult Poultry. " Dept. Agric. Leaflet No. 47
Heuser, Gustave F. (1946). Feeding Poultry. John Wiley, New York
Jull, M. A. (1938). Poultry Husbandry. McGraw-Hill Co., New York
Romanoff, A. L. and Romanoff, A. J. )1949). The Avian Egg. John Wiley, New York
Snedecor, George, W. (1946). Statistical Methods. Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa
" The Feeding of Poultry." Dept. Agric. S. S. and F. M. S. Poult. Ser. Leaflet No. 1
Vernon, W. M., Whitfield, W. R. and Wilcha, H. L. (1942). " Feeding and Management of Hens."
Iowa State College of Agric. Ext. Circ. 200
Winter, A. R. and Funk, E. M. (1947), Poult. Sci. and Practice, J. B. Lippincott and Co., Chicago.
Illinois
42
FEEDING OF WHITE LEGHORN PULLETS [Vol. XXVI, Part II,
APPENDIX I
Eggs produced by individual hens by two-month periods
Group A
P 1
(ad lib.)
36
43
28
42
43
19
26
27
16
21
44
51
41
43
7
33
P 2
(limited)
11
8
13
42
28
13
25
27
11
16
41
43
40
45
23
31
P 3
(ad lib.)
5
39
33
42
30
36
26
34
21
37
31
38
35
28
28
25
P 1 —2P 2 +P 3
36—22+ 5=19
43—16+39=66
28—26+33=35
42—84+42= 0
43—56+30=17
19—26+36=29
26—50+26=2
27—54+34=7
16—22+21 = 15
21—32+37=26
44—82+31=— 7
51—86+38= 3
41—80+36=— 4
43—90+28=—19
7—46+28=—11
33—62+25=— 4
Group B
P 1
(limited)
19
43
41
43
14
26
21
28
34
31
36
33
38
21
41
35
P 2
(ad lib.)
20
38
41
35
10
23
24
25
32
30
42
43
37
19
35
22
P 3
(limited)
14
31
35
39
18
22
28
32
19
18
37
20
27
23
36
38
P 1 —2P 2 +P 3
19—40+14=— 7
43—76+31=— 2
41—82+35=— 6
43—70+39=12
14—20+18=12
26—46+22=2
21—48+28=1
28—50+32=10
34—64+19=—11
31—60+18=—11
36—84+31=—11
33—86+20=—33
38—74+27=— 9
21—38+23=6
41—70+36=7
35—44+38= 29
June, 1956]
ALEX REED AND JOHN G. VELU
43
APPENDIX I-contd.
Eggs produced by individual hens by two-month period
Group A.
P 1
ad lib.
20
34
38
17
42
5
36
8
41
22
16
41
38
17
22
917
P 2
limited
28
39
27
29
32
9
37
17
14
16
33
8
33
14
12
765
P 3
ad lib.
30
44
25
35
43
17
38
32
28
17
42
20
32
39
30
966
P 1 —3P 2 + P 3
20—56+30— 0
34—78+41 =
0
38—54+25=
9
31—58+35=— 6
42—64+43= 21
5—18 + 17=
4
30—74+38=
0
8—34+32=
0
41—28 + 28= 41
22—32 + 17=
7
16—66+42=— 8
41—16 + 26= 51
38—66+32=
4
17—28 + 39= 28
22—24 + 30= 28
353
Group B
P 1
limited
35
33
33
31
18
46
35
41
29
45
32
42
41
23
21
1,009
P 2
ad lib.
36
36
33
23
18
30
27
32
39
47
30
38
38
42
31
970
P 3
limited
23
24
27
24
14
29
35
21
33
39
34
28
32
35
25
800
P 1 —2P 2 + P 3
35—00+23=— 2
33—72 + 24=—15
33—66+27=— 6
31—40+24=
9
18—36+14=— 4
40—72 + 29=
3
35—54 + 35= 16
41—04+21=— 2
29—78 + 33=—16
45—94 + 39=—10
32—00+34=
6
42—76+28=— 0
41—76+32=—3
23—84 + 35 = —26
21—62 + 25=—16
—83
Group A—19 2 +66 2 +35 2 ——etc. + 28 2 =15,223 (353) 2 /31 =11,203.4
Group B—(—7) 2 +(—2) 2 +(—6) 2 ——etc. + (—16) 2 =4,941 (—83) 2 /31 =4,718.8
11,203.4+4,7l8.8= 15,922.2 15,922.2/60 = 265.37
[353—(—83)] 2 /62
=
3,066.06
=
3,066.06/265.37
=11.55 P<0.01 by Behrens-Fish
2 AR/56
9
44
FEEDING
OF
WHITE LEGHORN PULLETS [Vol. XXVI, Part II,
APPENDIX II
Net changes in body weight of individual hens during each two-month feeding
period
P 1
ad lib.
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.7
0.3
0.2
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.3
0.8
1.0
0.2
04
0.2
0.8
0.7
0.3
0.5
0.4
0.6
0.4
1.3
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.4
14.9
Group A (lb.)
P 2
limited
0.3
1.2
0.6
—0.2
0.4
0.6
0.3
—0.3
0.4
0.5
0
0
—0.1
—0.1
0
—0.2
0.7
—0.1
0.4
0
0.2
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.3
—0.4
0.1
0.3
0.2
0
7.2
P 3
ad. lib.
0
—1.5
—0.8
—0.4
—0.6
—0.3
—0.9
—0.1
—0.9
—0.5
—0.3
—0.6
—0.2
—0.2
—0.3
—0.4
—1.1
—1.0
—0.6
—1.2
—0.9
—1.1
—0.9
—1.0
—0.8
—0.5
—0.8
—0.2
—0.3
—0.6
0
—19.5
P 1 —2P 2 +P 3
0.3—0.6+0=0.3
0.2—2.4+(1.5)
= —3.7
= —1.8
=+0.5
= —0.9
= —1.4
= —1.0
= 1.2
= —1.4
= —1.3
= 0.4
=
.0
= 0.6
= 0.3
= 0.5
= 1.0
= —2.3
= —0.4
= —1.2
= —0.4
= —0.6
= —2.4
= —1.4
= —1.6
= —0.8
= —0.7
= 1.3
= —0.2
= —0.7
= —0.7
= 0.4
—19.0
P 1
limited
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.2
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.7
0.5
0.1
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.1
0.4
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.2
0.3
0.8
11.9
Group B (lb.)
P 2
ad lib.
—0.1
1.0
—0.2
0.8
0.9
0.4
0
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.6
0.1
0.7
0.7
0.2
0.5
0.2
0.4
0.7
0.1
0.6
0.7
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
11.2
—0.7
—14
—0.3
—1.1
—1.4
—1.0
—0.6
—0.8
—0.9
—0.7
—1.4
—0.7
—0.6
—0.9
—0.8
—0.9
—0.9
—0.8
—0.6
—1.0
—0.8
—1.0
—0.8
—0.5
—0.9
—0.7
—0.8
—0.8
—0.7
—0.6
—0.7
—25.8
P 3
limited P 1 —2P 2 +P 3
0.6—(—.2) + (—.7)
=
1
5—2+(—1.4)
= —2.9
= 0.5
= — 2.5
= —2.7
= —1.3
= —0.2
= —0.9
= —0.8
= —1.0
= — 2.1
= —1.4
= —0.5
= —2.1
= —1.9
= —1.0
= —1.5
= —0.7
= —1.0
= —2.3
= —0.6
= —2.1
= —2.0
= —0.7
= —0.9
= —1.0
= —0.8
= —0.7
= —0.7
= —0.5
= —0.1
—36.3
Group A—(—3.7) 2 +(—1.8) 2 +0.1 2 +0.4 2 +49.68— (—19.0) 2 /31 =38.04
Group
B—0.1 2 +(—2.9)+0.5 2 +(—2.5) 2
+ (—0.1) 2 =64.01— (—36.3) 2 /31=21.51
38.04+21.51=59.55
59.55/60
= 0.9925
[—19—(36.3)] 2 / 62 =4.8263
4.8273/0.9925
=4.863
P<0.05
MEDULLATION IN WOOL—V
TREATMENT OF MEDULLATED WOOL WITH WOOL PROTEIN
EXTRACTS
T. K. DESAI and M. R. PADHYE, Department of Chemical Technology,
University of Bombay
(Received for publication on April 11, 1955)
F OLLOWING the successful synthesis of polypeptides from the anhydrides of
N. carboxy-α-amino acids by Woodword and Schramm [1947], many attempts
have been made to copolymerize the anhydrides of different aminoacids by Leggett
Bailey [1950]. The structures of these polymerized products have been extensively
studied using X-ray diffraction and other methods by Astbury, et al. [1948] and
Bamford, et al. [1949]. The deposition of these anhydrides especially the anhy-
drocarboxyglycine on the wool fibres to make wool unshrinkable has also been
described by Baldwin, Barr and Speakman [1946].
The possibility of producing regenerated protein fibres has also been investi
gated. The proteins for such fibres is obtained by dissolving some polypeptides
in aqueous sodium sulphide and precipitating by an acid. The product after
mixing with lactic casein is dispersed in alkali and extruded in a suitable salt or
acid bath. The preliminary attempts were not very successful and the possibility
of choosing the proper extrusion technique and suitable hardening after-treatment
has been investigated extensively by Wormell [1948].
In a later paper by Wormell [1950], the author has indicated specially the
methods of producing regenerated keratin fibre from wool. In this method the
wool degradation product from sodium sulphide is refined in cuprammonium solution
and is spun into a yarn either from cuprammonium or ammonium bath. The authors
have given the optimum conditions of extrusion, prehardening and subsequent
hardening and stretching. The structure of such a regenerated fibre has shown
that it consists essentially of ß-keratin form. The possibility of obtaining the
α-keratin form for the regenerated proteins has been indicated by Mercer [1949].
It is shown that by dissolving even a hard keratin in strong solvent like saturated
urea containing reducing agents, two kinds of precipitated proteins could be pre
pared, one at pH 6-7 at 40°C and the other at pH 8-9 at 50°C. The second material
specially gives fine fibres with the characteristics of α-keratin.
In the light of these experiments it was thought interesting to investigate the
possibility of impregnation and subsequent combination of the polypeptide in the
hairy portion of the medullary space of coarse wool. In general there are three
types of treatments that can be considered with a view to modify the nature of hairy
wool by filling up the hollow central canal in the medullary portion. Firstly, the
polymer treatment has to be considered. Such a treatment is used mainly to con
trol the shrinking property of wool and it is generally known that it gives a sur
face deposition. The treatment of methyl-methacrylate monomer showed that it
increases the diameter to about 200 per cent and makes the fibres hard and brittle-
45
2 AR/56.
10
June, 1956]
T.
K.
DESAI
AND
M.
R.
PADHYE
47
It was finally washed in distilled water and dried. The samples before being treated
with different protein solutions were pre-treated with solutions of the type usually
suggested for spinning bath.
For Solution I, a weighed quantity of the sample of wool was pre-treated with
solution containing 5 per cent sulphuric acid, 10 per cent sodium sulphate, and 30
per cent hydrated magnesium sulphate. Two batches of four lots of 2.5 g. each of
wool were treated in this solution for two hours and eight hours each. Two samples
from each of these batches were taken and washed in distilled water at room, tempe-
rature and dried while the remaining two samples from each of the two batches were
dried at room temperature without washing. One washed and one unwashed
sample from each of the two batches with two hours and eight hours treatment were
treated with solution I for one hour and four hours respectively. All these eight sam-
ples were treated with a hardening bath containing 10 per cent sodium sulphate and
1 per cent formaldehyde and washed with distilled water, dried and taken for exa-
mination. The diameter, C.V. and medullation are given in Table I.
TABLE I
Effect of 'Solution I' treatment on medullated wool.
Serial No.
Original
1
2
3
4
Original
5
6
7
8
Pre-treatment
5 per cent H 2 SO 4 ,
10 per cent Sod.
sulphate and 30
per cent hydra-
ted magnesium
sulphate
..
2 hours
2 hours
2 hours
2 hours
..
8
hours
8 hours
8 hours
8 hours
Other treatments
..
Washed
and
dried
Washed
and
dried
Unwashed and
dried
Unwashed and
dried
..
Washed
and
dried
Washed
and
dried
Unwashed and
dried
Unwashed and
dried
Solution I
treatment
..
One hour
Four hours
One hour
Four hours
..
One hour
Four hours
One hour
Four hours
Mean
Diameter
in µ.
43
47
45
47
45
43
37
40
42
38
C. V. in
percentage
46
35
39
45
43
56
51
49
46
45
Medulla-
tion in
percent-
age
22
24
22
24
23
32
28
30
22
24
48
MEDULLATION
IN
WOOL
[Vol. XXVI, Part II.
For solution II treatment similar pre-treatment was given to another batch of
eight samples and treated with protein solution II as in the previous case. The
same hardening bath was used. The results of the treatment are given in Table II.
TABLE II
Effect of 'Solution II' treatment on medullated wool.
Serial No.
Original
1
2
3
4
Original
5
6
7
8
Pre-treatment
5 per cent H 2 SO 4
10 per cent Sod.
sulphate and 30
per cent Hydra-
ted Magnesium
sulphate
..
2 hours
2 hours
2 hours
2 hours
..
8 hours
8 hours
8 hours
8 hours
Other treatments
..
Washed
and
dried
Washed
and
dried
Unwashed and
dried
Unwashed and
dried
..
Washed
and
dried
Washed
and
dried
Unwashed and
dried
Unwashed and
dried
Solution I
treatment
..
One hour
Four hours
One hour
Four hours
..
One hour
Four hours
One hour
Four hours
Mean
Diameter
in µ
42
42
40
39
43
68
60
54
58
60
C. V. in
percentage
39
46
41
43
49
55
50
55
52
59
Medulla-
tion in
percent-
age
30
26
18
19
14
48
46
48
48
46
June, 1956]
T.
K.
DEASI
AND
M.
R.
PADHYE
49
For solution III treatment, four weighed lots of wool samples were soaked in
distilled water at 60°C for eight hours and were put in oven at 70°C. The lots were
successively removed from oven after one hour, 2½ hours, 4 hours and 6 hours, and
then treated with 100 cc. of solution III for 1¼ hours. The samples were washed
and dried. The results are given in Table III.
TABLE III
Effect of Solution III treatment on medullated wool.
Serial No.
Original
1
2
3
4
Treatment with
distilled water
at 60°C
..
8 hours
8 hours
8 hours
8 hours
Period of drying
in oven at 70°C
..
One hour
2½ hours
Four hours
Six hours
Solution III
treatment
..
1½ hours
1½ hours
1½ hours
1½ hours
Mean
diameter
in µ.
64
59
46
51
50
C. V. in
percentage
66
65
67
65
57
Medulla-
tion in
percentage-
49
42
34
37
38
DISCUSSION
The results show that two hours pre-treatment followed by Solution I treatment
for one or four hours does not change the properties of the fibres. The fibres show a
decrease in medullation with eight hours pre-treatment followed by Solution I treat-
ment on unwashed samples for one hour and four hours. The medullation falls
from 32 to about 23 per cent. Since the mean diameter does not change, it shows
that the protein has penetrated inside the fibres. It is clear that washing the sample
after pre-treatment does make a difference. In the case of Solution II, Table II shows
that two hours pre-treatment followed by one or four hours treatment with solution
II reduces the medullation considerably. In the case of sample 4 it falls to 14
from 30 per cent. The reduction of medullation in four hours treatment in
washed sample is about the same as one hour in unwashed sample. Curiously
enough Solution II does not change the characteristics of wool after eight hours
pre-treatment. In the case of Solution III the characteristic improves as the drying
time is increased successively up to two and a half hours after soaking for eight
hours in water. It, however, does not show further improvement on drying after
increasing the drying time before Solution III treatment.
2
AR/56
11
50
MEDULLATION
IN
WOOL
[Vol. XXVI, Part II,
The results show the expected change in the characteristics of the fibres. The
fibres maintain their other characteristics of ' feel ' , ' tensile strength ' which
were shown by the preliminary experiments. As to whether such a modification
in fibre characteristics increases the spinning value of the fibres or not has yet to be
seen. It is very likely that the treatment with N-carboxy α-amino anhydride may
give more promising results.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors are grateful to the Indian Council of Agricultural Research for
financial help for this scheme and also for financial help to one of them (T.K.D.) and
for giving them permission to publish these results.
REFERENCES
Astbury, W. T., Dalgliest, C. E., Darmon S. E., and Sutherland, G. B. B. M. (1948). Nature, 162, 596
Baldwin, A. W., Barr., T., and Speakman, J. B. (1946). J. Soc. Dyers and Colorists, 62, 4
Bamford, D .C. H., Hanby, W. E. and Happey, F. (1949). Nature, 164, 751
Happey, F. and Wormell, R. L. (1949). J. Text. Inst., 40, P. T. 855
Leggett Bailey, J. (1950). J. Chem. Soc., 3461
—
(1949). Nature, 164, 889
Mercer (1949). Nature, 163, 18
Woodward, R. B. and Schramm, C. H. (1947). J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 69, 1551
Wormell, R. L. (1948). J. Tex. Inst,. 39, P. T. 219
—
(1950). M. Text. Inst., 41, P. 16
—
(1949). Nature, 163, 18
MGIPC—M—2 AR/56—20-8-56—770.
104
PATHOGENICITY OF MONIEZIA EXPANSA
[ Vol. XXVI, Part III,
FIG. 1. Segment of Maniezia expansa showing arrangement of the testes, CS=Cirrus Sac ; GP=Genital pore
OV=Ovary; EV=Excretory Vesicle; Vit=Vitellaria; T=Testes and IPG=Inter-proglottidal glands.
FIG. 2. Ova of Moniezia expansa.
106 PATHOGENICITY OF MONIEZIA EXPANSA [ Vol. XXVI, Part III,
breeding farm near Mysore showed that nearly 90 per cent lambs succumbed annually
to the infection of this parasite. The infected animal shows progressive anaemic
and debilitating symptoms and retardation in growth. The infection has,
however, been rarely held to be of any pathological significance in buffalo calves.
The following case report will illustrate its pathogenicity and significance as an
etiological agent for calf-mortality in buffaloes :
" On the 5th May, 1955 five buffalo calves were brought at the Bihar Veteri-
nary College Laboratory for some safety tests of the newly evolved
Bain's H. S. vaccine. One of these died on the 11th May after show-
ing the following daily temperatures recorded both in morning and
evening. The animal was about ten months old and the general con-
dition was suspicious of helminthiasis.
Date
6-6-55 ..
7-6-55 ..
8-6-55 ..
9-6-55 ..
10-6-55 ..
11-6-55 ..
Morning temp.
100°F
100.4°F
100.6°F
100.8°F
100°F
97°F
—
—
—
—
—
—
Evening temp.
102.8°F
103.2°F
102.8°F
102.2°F
102.2°F
Died at 11.45 a.m.
(The animal was given 2 c.c. of the Bain's H.S. vaccine on 9-6-55 in the neck
region without any reaction.)
The general post-mortem picture was that of extreme anaemia and debility.
Fats were gelatinised, the peritoneal cavity contained about 8 oz. of serous fluid
and the gall bladder about 4 oz. of greenish bile. The small intestine was congested
throughout and two long strobilae, measuring about 450 c.m. in length, of what was
subsequently identified as Moniezia expansa were present. Caecum contained
only a few examples of Trichuris ovis. The general post-mortem character suggested
that the animal died of inanition due to Moniezia infection. Examination of smears
from heart blood proved negative and the faecal sample showed numerous eggs of
M. expansa and a few of T. ovis.
The remaining test-animals were then thoroughly examined for helminthiasis
by regular examination of faecal samples. Three of these showed infection with
Moniezia and it was observed that mucous flakes were often discharged with the
faeces. Entangled with the mucous flakes were often found a few eggs of the parasite
(Moniezia). The infected animals were not in proper condition.
September, 1956 ]
A. K.
VARMA
107
SUMMARY
1. Some observations on the arrangement of the testes in Moniezia expansa
are recorded with illustration in confirmation of the findings of some previous
authors. This supports invalidation of the species M. trigonophora Stiles and
Hassall, [1893].
2. An illustrated account of the morphology of the eggs of M. expansa is fur-
nished in settlement of the disputed variations in their shape and size appearing
in the existing text books.
3. A case of monieziasis in a buffalo calf is described to illustrate its pathogeni-
city and significance as an etiological agent for calf-mortality in buffaloes.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author is thankful to Shri D. N. Sahay and Shri S. M. Hadis of the Bihar
Veterinary College Laboratory for kindly affording an opportunity to study the
cases of monieziasis in buffalo calves.
REFERENCES
Baer, J. G. (1927). Monographie des cestodes de la famille des Anoplocephalidae. Bull. Biol. France
et Belg., Suppl. X, Paris, pp. 241
Baylis, H. A. (1929). A Manual of Helminthology (Medical and Veterinary), London
Bhalerao, G. D. (1935). Helminth parasites of the domesticated animals in India. Sci. Monogr
Coun. agric. Res. India, No. 6, pp. 365
—(1947). Applied Helminthology, its past and future in India. Proc. 34th Indian
Sci Congr. Sec. 7, 1-20
Hansen, M. F., Kelley, G. W. and Todd, A. C. (1950). Observations on the effects of a pure infection
of Moniezia expansa in lambs. Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc., 69 (2), 148-155
Harries, L. G. (1953). Treatment of tapeworm infestations in sheep. Vet. Rec., 65 (50), 894-895
Kates, K. C. and Goldberg, A. (1949). Experimental tapeworm (Moniezia expansa) infections in
young lambs. J. Parasit., 35 (6, Sect. 2) Suppl., 38
—(1951) Idem. The pathogenicity of the common sheep tapeworm Moniezia expansa.
Proc. Hel. Soc. Washington, 18 (2), 87-101
Lafenetre, H. (1948). A propos d'une enzootie de monieziose ovine. Bull. Acade. Vet. France, 21 (4),
152-156
Link, R. P. Lavine, N. D., Danks, A. G. and Woelffer, E. A. (1950). Moniezia infection in a calf
herd. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Ass., 117 (880), 52-53
Mönnig, H. O. (1950). Veterinary Helminthology and entomology, London, III Ed.
Southwell, T. (1930). (Cestoda, The Fauna of British India—Vol. II)
Taylor, E. L. (1928). Moniezia, a genus of cestode worms and the proposed reduction of its species
to three. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 74, 2612-2628
Theiler, G. (1924). On the classification of the cestode genus Moniezia (Blanchard. 1891). Ann.
Trop. Med. Parasit., 18 (1), 109-123
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IN-VITRO TRIALS OF SOME NEW ANTI-TUBERCULOUS
COMPOUNDS-I*
By M. R. DHANDA, GAJINDAR SINGH, M. P. KHARE and J. M. LALL
(Received for publication on December 1, 1955)
S INCE the early days of the empirical use of salts of heavy metals in human
medicine, for combating infection due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, much
progress has been witnessed in the chemotherapy of this disease. Each promising
compound is now assessed quantitatively for its activity in the test-tube and in
experimental animals before being introduced to the veterinary and human medicine.
According to Hart, the pioneer work on these lines against tubercle bacillus was
started with the experimental trial of sulphanilamide by Rich and Follis [1938].
The large volume of literature on this subject that has since accumulated has
equipped the clinician with more effective weapons for fighting the scourge, e.g.
TB1 (p-acetamido-benzaldehydethiosemicarbazone), PAS (para-amino-salicylic
acid), INH (iso-nicotinic acid hydrazide), etc. None of the compounds synthesised
so far can, however, rid the system of all the bacteria responsible for the disease
and, consequently, quest for more effective drugs against tuberculosis continues.
In his search for more efficient anti-tuberculous compounds, the chemist has,
among other things, been guided by the revelation of the chemical structure of the
tubercle bacillus itself. The presence of fatty acids in the superficial layer of the
bacillus led Robinson [1940] to conjecture the suitability of lipophilic and basic
compounds as potent remedies against tubercular infection. With the same object
in view the authors have tested in-vitro the anti-tuberculous activity of several
4-acyl-4-aminodiphenyls and their N-4-diphenylyl amidines. Ortho, meta and para-
cresotinic acid hydrazides and their substituted N'-benzylidene derivatives have also
been tested in pursuance of the findings of Buu Hoi [1952] in respect of anti-tuber-
culous properties of non-pyridinic hydrazides, especially in the hope of being able
to correlate their structural features with activity.
Although the authors are aware of the absence of quantitative relationship
between the in-vitro and in-vivo activities of drugs against infective agents ; trials in
guinea-pigs were, like many other workers, omitted in the preliminary stage in
order to conserve time, funds and labour.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
The bacteriostatic properties of these compounds were studied on floating
culture pellicles, the use of submerged cultures for the purpose having been abandoned
for want of adequate number of colorimetrically matched tubes.
*Work conducted under the aegis of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
109
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