NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
CONTENTS
VOL. XXIX, PART I
(March, 1959)
The Publications Committee of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, India, takes no responsibility for
the opinions expressed in this Journal.
Original Articles
SEMI-FIELD TRIALS WITH SOME NEW ORGANIC INSECTICIDES FOR THE CONTROL
OF LICE ON LIVESTOCK
A NOTE ON HELMINTHS OF THE INDIAN ELEPHANT-AMPHISTOMATOUS PARASITES
(WITH 4 TEXT FIGURES)
SEMEN CHARACTERISTICS OF FOREIGN AND NATIVE FOWLS UNDER EGYPTIAN
CONDITIONS (WITH 2 TEXT FIGURES)
SEASONAL CYCLE IN THE GONADS OF Cirrhina reba (HAMILTON) (WITH 2 PLATES)
INVESTIGATIONS ON SUBSIDIARY FEEDS-RICE (Oryza sativa) HUSK AS CATTLE
FEED
INVESTIGATIONS ON SUBSIDIARY FEEDS-Mahua (Bassia latifolia) FLOWERS
AS CATTLE FEED
STUDIES ON ENSILING GREEN TREE LEAVES-Peepal LEAVES (Ficus religiosa)
SILAGE
INVESTIGATION ON SILAGE MAKING-DIGESTIBILITY AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF
GREEN Guar (Cyamopsis psoraloides). AND WHEAT (Triticum vulgare)
Bhoosa SILAGE
Abstracts
Review
R. P. Chaudhari and
Pavan Kumar
B. S. Malik, P. Rai
and S. S. Ahluwalia
Camal A. R. Kamar
A. G. Sathyanesan
N. D. Kehar, K. Chandra
and P. N. Johri
N. D. Kehar, K. Chandra
and P. N. Johri
N.D. Kehar and P.N.
Johri
N.
D. Kehar and
P. N. Johri
Page
1
11
19
27
35
39
43
47
51
53
4
INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
[VOL XXIX, PART I
TABLE II—Efficacy of treatments with some modern insecticides on the control of cattle louse, Linognathus
vituli, on calves*
Treatments
0.25 per cent DDT
0.1 per cent lindane
0.1 per cent chlordane
0.25 per cent dieldrin
0.05 per cent diazinon
0.25 per cent malathion
No. of lice
per calf, 24
hours before
treatment
12
27
11
147
148
54
Per cent lice
control,
24
hours
after
treatment
10.0
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
*There was no infestation six weeks after the treatment.
No sign of ill effect from the insecticidal treatments was observed on any of the treateP
calves.
In the next trial with these insecticides against the same species of cattle lice namely L.
vituli the concentration of the insecticides was reduced, for it was thought that the concentration
used in the preceding trial might have been too high, as a result of which there was no re-
infestation in any of the cases even till six weeks after treatment. The concentration of the
various insecticides used in the present trial was as follows: DDT 0.1 per cent, lindane 0.05 per
cent, chlordane 0.05 per cent, dieldrin 0.1 per cent, diazinon 0.05 per cent and malathion
0.05 per cent. Each of these insecticides was applied to a calf infested with lice. About 1.5
pints of fluid was needed for treating each calf. The application was made on June 19, 1956.
The observation of the effect of the treatments made 24 hours after application and at weekly
intervals thereafter up to five weeks was done by counting, as far as possible, all the mobile
forms of lice present on the calves. The results are shown in Table III.
TABLE III—Efficacy of treatments with some modern insecticides on the control of cattle louse, Linognathus
vituli, on calves
Treatments
0.1 per cent DDT
0.5 per cent lindane
0.05 per cent chlordane
0.1 per cent dieldrin
0.25 per cent diazinon
0.05 per cent malathion
No. of lice
per calf, 24
hours before
treatment
50
76
54
68
90
98
No. of lice per calf after different periods
of treatment
24
hr.
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
weeks
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
weeks
0
10
0
3
1
4
3
weeks
0
26
0
dead†
11
50
4
weeks
0
14
0
..
25
22
5
weeks
0
11
0
..
28
20
Initial
control
100—
100
100—
100
100
100
Weeks
effec-
tive
*
1
*
2
1
1
* These calves had to be kept separately from others.
† This calf was already in bad condition.
MARCH,
1959]
CONTROL OF LICE
5
Table III shows that even at these low concentrations all the insecticides gave 100 per-
cent initial control of the parasite and except the one treated with 0.05 per cent malathion
all other calves remained louse-free for at least one week after the treatment. The effective pe-
riod in all cases was much shorter than in the case of preceding trials when the insecticides were
used at higher concentration. The effective periods of the treatments with lindane, dieldrin, and
diazinon were respectively 1,2 and 1 weeks only; for the malathion treatment it was less than
one week. Since the calf treated with DDT and chlordane had to be removed to another shed
and kept away from other calves, the effective periods of these two treatments could not be de-
termined although the calves remained free from lice till the end of the period of observation
at the end of fifth week. In none of the treated calves was any ill effect of the insecticide treat-
ments noticed. The calf treated with dieldrin died two weeks after the treatment, but this
death could not be attributed to the insecticide, for the calf was in bad condition even, before
the treatment was applied.
Trial against goat lice (Linognathus stenopsis and Damalinia caprae)
In a trial against goat lice L. stenopsis and D. caprae conducted during early summer 0.2
percent DDT, 0.01 per cent lindane, 0.2 per cent toxaphene, 0.05 per cent chlordane, 0.2
per cent rhothane, 0.1 per cent aldrin, 0.1 per cent dieldrin, 0.05 per cent diazinon and 0.05
per cent malathion were used. Two goats infested with lice were treated with each of the in-
secticides. About one pint of fluid was used for treating each goat. Efficacy of the treatments
was evaluated on the basis of the number of lice found on the right half of the body of each
goat. The treatments were applied on April 27th, 1956. The results are shown in Table IV.
TABLE IV—Efficacy of treatments during summer with some modern insecticides in the control of lice,
Linognathus stenopsis and Damalinia caprae, on goats
Treatments
0.2 per cent DDT
0.1 per cent lindane
0.2 percent toxaphene
0.05 per cent chlordane
0.2 per cent rhothane
0.1 per cent aldrin
0.1 per cent dieldrin
0.05 per cent diazinon
0.05 per cent malathion
Water (control)
Average No.
of lice per
right half
of goats, 24
hours be-
fore treat-
ment
232.5
85.5
174.5
96
168.5
129
56.5
192
108.5
109.5
Average number of lice per right half of
goats after
24
hr.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
102
13
Weeks
0
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
82
14
Weeks
0
18
0.5
0
3.5
2.5
0
1.5
1.5
89
15
Weeks
0
48
3.5
.5
3
.5
1.5
0
1
108
17
Weeks
0
151.5
0.5
1
9.5
1.5
1
1.5
3.5
100.5
19
Weeks
3.5
L
4.5
3.5
8
5
11.5
21
12
120.5
Per
cent
initial
control
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
. .
Weeks
effec-
tive
18
12
13
14
13
13
14
13
13
. .
L = Large number.
Table IV shows that all the insecticidal treatments gave cent per cent initial control
of the lice and all the treated goats remained free from lice for several weeks varying from
12 to 18 weeks. The reason for such long effective periods with the treatments might be
2—4 I.C.A.R./59
6
INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
[VOL. XXIX, PART I
either the higher concentration in which the insecticides were used or the season (summer)
in which the trials were conducted, for during this season the population of goat lice parti-
cularly of D. caprae decreased. The trials were repeated once again during the winter months
and with reduced concentration of some of the insecticides. Treatments were applied on
November 14th, 1956. Besides the two goats treated with plain water, another two goats were
kept without any treatment as untreated control. The results are shown in Table V.
TABLE V—Efficacy of treatments, during winter with some modern insecticides in the control of lice
Linognathus stenopsis and Damalinia caprae, on goats
Treatments
0.1 per cent DDT
0.05 per cent lindane
0.1 per cent toxaphane
0.05 per cent chlordane
0.1 per cent rhothane
0.1 per cent aldrin
0.05 per cent dieldrin
0.05 per cent diazinon
0.05 per cent malathion
Water (control)
Untreated (control)
Average No.
of lice per
right half
of goat, 24
hours be-
fore treat-
ment
74
58
139.5
27.5
28
28.5
34
87.5
51
116
93
Average number of lice per right half of
goat after
24
hr.
0
0
14.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
67
95
6
weeks
0
1.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
31.5
165.5
8
weeks
0
3.5
0
1.5
1
0
0
2.5
2
21
118
10
weeks
0
55
4
9.5
10
4.5
1
2
9.5
32
195.5
12
weeks
18.5
160
2
6.5
11.5
5.5
11.5
9
23.5
47.5
L
14
weeks
25.5
L
13.5
8
13.5
11.5
16
17
51.5
51.5
L
Initial
control
100
100
96.7
100
100
100
100
100
100
42.2
. .
Effec-
tive
weeks
9
5
9
7
7
9
9
8
8
. .
. .
L=Large number.
It is seen from Table V that even during the winter months and with reduced concen-
tration in some treatments, compared to those in the preceding trials, all the treatments except
that with toxaphene gave cent per cent initial control of the goat lice. Only in the case of
toxaphene on one of the goats 28 sucking lice (L. stenopsis) and one biting louse (D. caprae)
were found when observed 24 hours after the treatment was applied. Until five weeks after
treatment, no louse was found on any of the goats treated with insecticides. However, here
in this trial the effective period was very much shorter in all the cases than in the preceding
one, being shortest in the case of 0.05 per cent lindane which kept the goats absolutely free
from lice only for about five weeks. DDT, toxaphene, aldrin and dieldrin kept the goats
louse-free for about nine weeks, diazinon and malathion for about eight weeks, and chlordane
and rhothane for about seven weeks. Population of the lice found on the untreated check
goats showed clearly that during this experimental period the lice population on goats was
developing gradually and there was no seasonal effect on the reduction of the population of
lice on treated goats in this trial. It is also seen from the results that the effect of the treatment
with lindane and malathion disappeared quicker than those of the other insecticides used
MARCH,
1959]
CONTROL OF LICE
9
Smith, C. L. and Richards. R (1955). Evaluation of some new insecticides against lice on livestock and poultry
J. econ. Ent. 48 : 566-568
Snips, B. Thomas (1948). One treatment control for cattle lice. Agri. Chem. 3 : 30—34
Sweetman, H. L. (1947). New organic insecticides to control hog lice. J. econ. Ent. 40 : 454-455
U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service (1954). Losses in Agriculture. A preliminary appraisal for review
190 pp. (Insect pests of livestock and poultry pp. 150—4) (Quoted by Smith and Richards, 1955)
Wells, R. W. and Barrett (Jr.) W. L. (1946). Benzene hexachloride as an ovicide for the short nosed ox louse.
J. econ. Ent. 39 : 816.
MARCH,
1959]
HELMINTHS OF ELEPHANTS
13
description and the diagram given herein helps in getting a proper idea of the internal structure
of the species. The apparent differences in the two accounts may either be due to omission
Fig. 1. Pfenderius papillatus
Acet.—Acetabulum, Cs.—Cirrus sac, Gp.—Genital pore, Mg.—Mehlis gland, Od.—Oesophageal diver-
ticulum, Oes.—Oesophagus, Os.—Oral sucker, Ov.—Ovary, Pap.—Papillae, T.—Testis, Ut.—Uterus
Fig. 2. Magnified view of external genetalia of P. papillatus
or inadequate description, or fixation. Thus, our specimen shows oral papillae, sub-terminal
posterior sucker, a few sacculations or diverticula in the wavy caeca and the pear-shaped
seminal vesicle and these are the main points of difference which are not considered adequate
to warrant creation at this stage of new species for it. Bhalerao [1935], however, had pointed
to two omissions in the accounts of this species—the omission of presence of oesophageal and
hermaphrodite bulbs. In regard to these points, the authors feltt hat in the posterior limits of
3—4 I. C. A. R./59
14
INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VOL. XXIX, PART I
oesophagus, in most of the species, a prominent and muscular enlargement is always observed
and this has been found in all the three species of amphistomes studied by us from elephant
and the terminal ducts of genitalia also, in continuation of the genital atrium, form a cone-like
structure.
PFENDERIUS HETEROCAECA [Fukui, 1926; Bhalerao, 1935] Syn. TEGUMAEA HETEROCAECA
[Fukui, 1926]
Eleven specimens belonging to this species were collected. At the time of collection
these were without any sign of life and, consequently, in a greatly extended condition. The
body was white and with an oval shape with dorsal side convex, ventral flat or slightly concave
and anterior end attenuated. The stained preparations measured 5.1 to 5.9 × 2.2 to 2.9 mm.
in size.
The oral sucker is terminal and with the two diverticula (pharyngeal sacs) is 0.93 mm.
× 0.42 to 0.5 mm. in size. The oesophagus, 1.4 mm. in length, has posteriorly a well-deve-
loped and muscular enlargement which bifurcates into two intestinal caeca, each with a much
swollen anterior and a slender posterior part which ends much in front of the acetabulum.
Acetabulum is terminal and 1.2-1.4 × 1.0 mm. in size.
The testes, lying immediately behind the intestinal caeca, measure 0.4–50.5 × 0.4–0.4
mm. in size and have smooth margins. Ovary is of rounded shape with entire margin and
lies just behind the testes with a laterally situated Mehlis gland. The cirrus sac is muscular
anteriorly elongated or somewhat club-shaped, lying in the oesophageal zone. The common
genital pore connected with well developed cone-like genital papilla is situated anterior to the
intestinal bifurcation in level with the anterior extremity of the oesophagus. The specimens
collected did not contain eggs, though the extent of uterus was visible in some preparations.
Fig. 3. Pfenderius heterocaeca
Act.—Acetabulum, Cs.—Cirrus sac, Gc.—Genital cone, Ic.—Intestinal caecum, Od.—Oesophageal
diverticulum, Oes.—Oesophagus, Os.—Oral sucker, Ov.—Ovary, T.—Testis
Bhalerao [1935 a] has given a detailed account of this species from the specimens
which he had received from Burma as the original description was incomplete in
some
respects. Through the courtesy of the Head of the Division of Parasitology,
Indian
Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, the sections of P. heterocaeca, studied by Bhalerao,
were available. Our specimens agree in general with the description given by him except
in the testes and ovary being with entire margins. The diagram given by Westhuysen and
MARCH,
1959]
HELMINTHS OF ELEPHANTS
15
Skrajabin (after Fukui and Travassos), however, is somewhat at variance from the speci-
mens at our disposal in the matter of size and position of acetabulum and the position of
gonads in relation to the intestinal caeca. However, the specimens are assigned to this
species.
The authors follow Bhalerao and Westhuysen in retaining the genus Pfen-
derius for all the three species, P. papillatus, P. heterocaeca and P. birmanicus which can be
easily distinguished in accordance with the following key :
1. Acetabulum papillated and common genital pore at the level of intestinal bifurca-
tion—P. papillatus.
2. Acetabulum not papillated but common genital pore in front of the intestinal
bifurcation (a) and (b).
(a) Intestinal caeca with a wider anterior and a much barrower posterior region
—P. heterocaeca.
(b) Intestinal caeca with internal diverticulae—P. birmanicus.
Because of the presence of a well developed muscular cirrus sac, this genus has its
proper place under the sub-family Pfenderinae of the family Cladorchidae, which is distin-
guishable from Paramphistomidae on account of the presence of a pair of pharyngeal sacs, as
has been done by Skrajabin who has placed it in this sub-family but along with Tegumaeo, which
now stands merged into synonymy with Pfenderius.
PSEUDODISCUS HAWKESII [Cobbold, 1875]
The material consists of seven stained and mounted specimens and one of the preserved
specimen was later sectioned. Body, 7.8—10.8 × 4.8 mm. in size, is pinkish in tinge,
Fig. 4. Pseudodiscus hawkesii
Acet.—Acetabulum, Fgp.—Female genital pore, Gc.—Genital cone, Mg.—Mehlis gland, M.gp.—Male
genital pore, Od.—Oesophageal diverticulum, Oes.—Oesophagus, Os.—Oral sucker, Ov.—Ovary, Sv.—Seminal
vesicle, T.—Testis, Ut.—Uterus, Vd.—Vas deferens, Vi.—Vitellaria
MARCH,
1959]
HELMINTHS OF ELEPHANTS
17
REFERENCES
Bhalerao, G. D. (1931). A note on the occurrence of Pseudodiscus collinsi in Indian elephant. Proc. 18th
Indian. Sci. Congr., 359-360.
—(1933). The trematode parasites of the Indian elephant, Elephas indicus. Indian J. vet. Sci. 3: 103—115
—(1935). Helminth parasites of the Indian elephant from Andaman and Burma. Indian J. vet. Sci. 5: 35—48
—(1935 a). Helminth parasites of domestic animals I. C. A. R. Scientific monograph. No. 6, 56—58, 64
Mudaliar, S. V. and Alwar, V. S. (1947). Check list of parasites (class Trematoda and Cestoda) in the depart-
ment of Parasitology, Madras Veterinary College laboratory. Indian Vet. J. 23 : 423—434
—(1948). Check list of parasites (Class Tremutoda and Cestoda) in the department of Parasitology, Madras
Veterinary College laboratory, Indian Vet. J. 24 : 77—94
Nasmark, K. E. (1937). A revision of the trematode family Paramphistomidac, Zoologiska Bidrag Fran Uppsale
Band, 16 : 302—565
Nickel (1949). Uber einen Elefantentrematoden der Gattung Hawkesius, Deuts. Tier. Wochenser. 56: 184—186
Ramanujachari, C. and Alwar, V.S. (1954). A check list of parasites (class Trematoda Cestoda and Nematoda
in the department of Parasitology, Madras Veterinary College. Indian Vet. J. 31 : 46—56
Skrajabin, K. I. (1949). Revision of the Systematics of the Trematoda order Paramphistomata (Szidat, 1936)
(Skrajabin and Schulz, 1937). Doklodi Akademii Nauk USSR 65 (6)
Travassos, L. (1934). Synopse dos. Paramphistomoidea. Reimpresso des Memoivias de Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
t29—Fasc I Novembro 1934
Westhuysen, O. P. (1938) A monograph on the helminth parasites of the elephant. Onderstepoort. J. Vet. Sci.
10 : 49—190.
SEMEN CHARACTERISTICS OF FOREIGN AND NATIVE FOWLS
UNDER EGYPTIAN CONDITIONS
GAMAL A. R. KAMAR, Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Giza, Egyp
Received on July 7, 1958 and accepted for publication on September 18, 1958
(WITH 2 TEXT FIGURES).
The general improvement programme of poultry industry in Egypt includes the
importation of standard foreign breeds of fowls and crossing them with the indigenous fowls,
besides the improvement of the native fowls. Trials are being carried out to study the
behaviour and adaptation of these foreign breeds and their crosses under Egyptian condi-
tions. These include studies on some characteristics of the birds.
A great deal of variation in semen characteristics has been reported by various investiga-
tors, depending upon the technique employed for semen collection, breed used, length
of time between ejaculates, locality, management and nutrition. Breed differences in
semen characteristics are observed [Raimo, 1943 ; Allen and Champion, 1955] when these
different breeds are compared under the same locality and conditions (Table I).
TABLE I—Semen characteristics of different breeds of cocks
Breeds
White Leghorn
Rhode Island Red
Barred Rock
(Raimo, 1943)
White Wyandotte
New Hampshire
White Leghorn
White Rocks
Barred Rocks
(Allen and Champion, 1955)
Volume
cc.
0.420
0.215
0.165
1.15
1.26
0.75
0.82
0.69
Motility
6.75
8.75
9.20
6.42
8.70
9.02
6.80
8.80
Conc.
(mils.-
mm.c.)
2.01
1.88
2.25
2.21
2.24
2.18
1.92
2.49
No. of
sperms-ejac.
(bils.)
..
..
..
2.53
2.70
1.64
1.59
1.74
Abnormal
(per cent)
..
..
..
13.03
8.61
10.27
7.83
9.32
The work reported in the present paper has been carried out to compare semen char-
acteristics of the two standard improved breeds of fowls in Egypt, namely Fayomi and White
Baladi with a Mediterranean breed, namely the White Leghorn under the normal manage-
mental and environmental conditions of Egypt.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Semen was collected from 18 Fayomi, 12 White Baladi and 12 White Leghorn cocks
of 15 months age for three successive months. The cocks were reared, fed and treated
according to the normal managemental conditions of the Animal Breeding Research Farm,
Faculty of Agriculture, Giza, Egypt. Semen was collected without milking the copulatory
organs [Kamar, 1958] twice a month. Soon after the semen was collected the samples
were examined for the studied semen characteristics. Semen volume was measured by a
19
20 INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
[VOL. XXIX, PART I
tuberculine syringe graduated to 0.01 cc. Motility rating was scored, using as spermotherm
adjusted to 39°C., according to arbitrary scheme of classification ranging from 0 to 10. Sperm
concentration was measured with Thoma-Zeis haemocytometer by counting the sperms
per cubic millimeter. A combined stain method was used to calculate live sperms per-
centages [Kamar, 1958], where brom-phenol blue and nigrosin stains were dissolved in a
buffer solution adjusted to pH 7.5. Semen films used to calculate live sperm percentages
were also used to have the abnormal forms of spermatozoa. A portion of undiluted semen
was inserted in a stoppered vial to study the effect of storing. Semen samples were cooled
gradually in a double-wall glass beaker full of water to avoid low temperature shocks. These
were kept in the refrigerator at 4° C. for 72 hours. Samples were examined after storage
for live percentages. The cocks were weighed after semen collections. Total number of
sperms, total number of live sperms and total number of abnormal sperms per ejaculate
were calculated. Analysis of variance were calculated according to Snedecor [1950].
RESULTS
Semen characteristics
Breed differences for the studied semen characters are given in Table II and Fig. 1.
White Leghorn cocks showed the highest sexual activity, Fayomi cocks medium, while
the White Baladi one showed the least percentages of successful trials. Semen volume
produced by White Leghorn was relatively larger than in White Baladi, while the smallest
volume was produced by the Fayomi cocks. The differences in volumes between breeds
were significant. The highest motility was scored for White Leghorns. The Fayomi
cocks, in turn, showed higher motility than the Baladi ones. The differences in motility
between breeds, however, were not significant. The lowest percentage of live sperms in
fresh semen was for the White Baladi cocks, while the Leghorns gave the maximum and
TABLE II—Breed differences in semen characteristics and body weight
Characteristics
Successful trials per cent
Volume (cc.)
Motility
Per cent live in fresh
Per cent live in stored
Per cent abnormalities
Conc. (mils-c.mm.)
No. of sperm-ejac. (mils.)
No. of live sperm-ejac. (mils.)
No. abnormal sperm-ejac. (mils.)
Body weight (gm.)
White
Baladi
63.33
0.318
4.450
65.63
54.53
23.87
6.530
2092.32
1411.18
496.18
1585.69
White
Leghorn
73.33
0.358
5.680
67.82
59.64
23.14
6.030
2641.45
2127.09
567.52
2244.73
Fayomi
67.59
0.256
5.520
68.14
57.45
26.70
3.740
1137.22
843.44
270.66
1629.07
Total
average
67.98
0.298
5.300
69.99
57.35
24.99
5.070
1798.38
1347.02
410.22
. .
S.D.
..
*
N.S.
†
N.S.
N.S.
†
†
†
*
. .
S.D.—Significant differences.
N.S.—Not significant.
*Significant at 5 per cent level.
†Highly significant at 1 per cent level.
MARCH,
1959]
SEMEN CHARACTERISTICS OF FOREIGN AND NATIVE FOWLS
21
F.L.G. I
Fig. 1. Breed differences in semen characteristics, and body weight
4-4 I.C.A.R./59.