NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
December, 1956]
GOBIND
SINGH
THAPAR
255
TABLE VII—(concld.)
Statement showing incidence and intensity of infection in sheep
Name of parasites
Cotylophoron cotylophorum
P. orthocoelium
Gastrothylax crumenifer
Fasciola gigantica
P. explanatum
Bunostomum
trigonocephalum
Gaigeria
pachyscelis
Haemonchus contortus
Oesophagostomum columbianum
Trichocephalus ovis
Trichostrongylus
colubriformis
Strongyloides papillosus
Moniezia expansa
Avitellina centripunctata
Stilesia globipunctata
January, 1941
No. examined
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
No. infected
12
..
6
..
..
20
..
14
10
21
..
1
21
15
23
Per cent of infection
52.2
..
26.1
..
..
87.0
..
60.8
43.5
91.3
..
4.3
91.3
65.2
100.0
Total No. of paraites
recovered
978
..
327
..
..
389
..
326
115
414
..
13
31
50
394
Average load
per
infection
81
..
54
..
..
19
..
23
11
20
..
13
1
3
17
February, 1941
No. examined
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
No. infected
4
..
3
..
..
13
..
8
5
16
..
..
15
8
16
Per cent of infection
25.0
..
18.7
..
..
81.2
..
50.0
31.2
100.0
..
..
93.7
50.0
100.0
Total No. of parasites
recovered
304
..
927
..
..
316
..
205
74
184
..
..
30
40
219
Average load per
infection
76
..
309
..
..
24
..
26
15
11
..
..
2
5
14
March, 1941
No. examined
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
No. infected
6
..
5
..
..
19
3
9
15
16
..
1
22
14
21
Per cent of infection
27.3
..
22.7
..
..
86.3
13.6
40.9
68.2
72.7
..
4.5
100.0
63.6
95.4
Total No. of parasites
recovered
929
..
1,223
..
..
174
8
40
191
199
..
30
43
29
215
Average load per
infection
155
..
245
..
..
9
3
4
13
12
..
30
2
2
10
NOTE. In the calculation of average load per infection fractions of one-half or less have been omitted while those more than one-half counted as one.
256 SYSTEMATIC SURVEY OF HELMINTH [Vol. XXVI, Part IV,
TABLE VIII
Statement showing incidence and intensity of infection in goats
Name of parasites
Paramphistomum
orthocoelium
Paramphistomum
explanatum
Cotylophoron
cotylophorum
Gastrothylax
crumenifer
Fischoederias
elongatus
Faciola
gigantica
Hœmonchus
contortus
Bunostomum
trigonocephalum
Gaigeria
pachyscelis
Trichostrongylus
colubriformis
Strongyloides
papillosus
Oesophagostomum
columbianum
Trichocephalus
ovis
Moniezia
expansa
Avitellina
centripunctata
Stilesia
globipunctata
April, 1939
No. examined
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
No. infected
8
..
13
12
..
3
4
19
4
..
..
20
10
4
18
21
Per cent of infection
36.3
..
59.1
54.5
..
13.6
18.2
86.3
18.2
..
..
90.9
72.6
18.2
81.8
95.4
Total No. of parasites
recovered from the
infected animals
539
..
2,382
2,140
..
35
55
232
8
..
..
241
129
4
64
438
Average load per
animal
67
..
183
178
..
12
14
13
2
..
..
12
8
1
3
21
May, 1939
No. examined
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
No. infected
2
1
8
20
..
..
6
16
3
1
..
20
15
4
18
23
Per cent of infection
8.3
4.2
33.3
83.3
..
..
25
66.6
12.5
4.2
..
83.3
62.5
16.2
75
95.8
Total No. of parasites
recovered from the
infected animals
142
7
793
2,351
..
..
48
104
4
16
..
292
151
5
65
458
Average
load per
animal
71
7
99
117
..
..
8
7
1
16
..
15
10
1
4
20
June, 1939
No. examined
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
No. infected
5
..
5
22
..
..
7
19
..
1
..
25
15
20
11
24
Per cent of infection
20
..
20
88
..
..
28
76
..
4
..
100
60
80
44
96
Total No. of parasites
recovered from the
infected animals
244
..
503
3,369
..
..
38
183
..
1
..
585
152
34
25
358
Average load per
animal
49
..
100
153
..
..
5
10
..
1
..
23
10
2
2
15
NOTE. In the calculation of average load per infection fractions of one-half or less have been omitted while those more than one-half counted as one.
December, 1956]
GOBIND
SINGH
THAPAR
257
TABLE VIII—(contd.)
Statement showing incidence and intensity of infection in goats
Name of parasites
Paramphistomum
orthocoelium
Paramphistomum
explanatum
Cotylophoron cotylophorum
Gastrothylax
crumenifer
Fischoederius elongatus
Faciola gigantica
Hœmonchus contortus
Bunostomum trigono cephalum
Gaigeria pachyscelis
Trichostrongylus colubriformis
Strongyloides papillosus
Oesophagostomum columbianum
Trichocephalus ovia
Moniezia expansa
Avitellina
centripunctata
Stilesia globipunctata
July, 1939
No. examined
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
No. infected
7
..
8
19
..
..
5
20
..
..
..
21
18
22
16
23
Per cent of infection
30
..
35
82.7
..
..
21.7
87
..
..
..
91.3
81.8
95.6
69.6
100
Total No. of parasites
recovered from the
infected animals
636
..
2,720
3,417
..
..
70
216
..
..
..
490
169
48
51
458
Average load per
animal
91
..
365
179
..
..
14
11
..
..
..
23
9
2
3
20
August, 1939
No. examined
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
No. infected
6
1
11
19
1
..
12
19
..
..
..
20
20
24
9
22
Per cent of infection
25
4.2
45.8
80
4.2
..
50
79.1
..
..
..
83.3
83.3
100
37.5
91.7
Total No. of parasites
recovered from the
infected animals
294
16
1,105
4,687
3
..
326
121
..
..
..
225
232
48
11
304
Average load per
animal
49
16
100
247
3
..
27
6
..
..
..
11
12
2
1
14
September, 1939
No. examined
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
No. infected
..
..
11
7
..
1
21
17
1
..
..
17
19
23
13
23
Per cent of infection
..
..
48
30.4
..
4.3
91.3
4
4.4
..
..
74
82.6
100
56.1
100
Total No. of parasites
recovered from the
infected animals
..
..
2,285
1,060
..
3
1,147
62
1
..
..
493
230
68
36
452
Average load
per
animal
..
..
208
151
..
3
54
4
1
..
..
29
12
3
3
20
NOTE. In the calculation of average load per infection fractions of one-half or less have been omitted while those more than one-half counted as one.
258
SYSTEMATIC SURVEY OF HELMINTH
[Vol. XXVI, Part IV,
TABLE VIII-(contd.)
Statement showing incidence and intensity of infection in goats
Name of Parasites
Paramphistomum orth ocoelium
Paramphistomum
explanatum
Cotylophoron cotylophorum
Gastrothylax
crumenifer
Fischoederius elongatus
Faciola gigantica
Hœmonchus contortus
Bunostomum
trigonocephalum
Gaigeria pachyscelis
Trichostrongylus
colubriformis
Strongyloides papillosus
Oesophagostomum columbianum
Trichocephalus ovis
Moniezia expansa
Avitellina
centripunctata
Stilesia globipunctata
October, 1933
No. examined
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
No. infected
..
..
11
17
..
..
12
15
..
..
..
22
18
22
11
21
Per cent of infection
..
..
48
74
..
..
52.2
65.2
..
..
..
95.6
81.8
95.6
48
91.3
Total No. of parasites
recovered from the
infected animals
..
..
2,357
3,383
..
..
277
112
..
..
..
285
142
110
36
291
Average load per
animal
..
..
214
199
..
..
23
8
..
..
..
13
8
5
3
14
November, 1939
No. examined
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
24
23
23
23
23
No. infected
..
1
16
7
..
..
12
19
1
..
..
20
19
23
9
23
Per cent of infection
..
4.3
70
30.4
..
..
52.2
82.6
4.3
..
..
87
82.6
100
39.1
100
Total No. of parasites
recovered from the
infected animals
..
2
3,792
1,108
..
..
160
163
1
..
..
306
122
130
16
445
Average load per
animal
..
2
237
158
..
..
13
8
1
..
..
15
6
6
2
19
December, 1939
No. examined
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
No. infected
..
..
17
8
..
..
14
18
1
..
..
21
20
22
13
22
Per cent of infection
..
..
74
34.4
..
..
63.6
81.8
4.5
..
..
95.4
91
100
59.1
100
Total No. of parasites
recovered from the
infected animals
..
..
3,571
311
..
..
267
118
2
..
..
240
171
53
24
340
Average load per
animal
..
..
210
39
..
..
19
7
2
..
..
11
9
2
14
15
NOTE. In the calculation of average load per infection fractions of one-half or less have been omitted while those more than one-half counted as one.
December, 1956]
GOBIND
SINGH
THAPAR
259
TABLE VIII—(contd.)
Statement showing incidence and intensity of infection in goats
Name of parasites
Paramphistomum orthocoelium
Paramphistomum
explanaptum
Cotylophoron cotylophorum
Gastrothylax
crumenifer
Fischoederius elongatus
Faciola gigantica
Hœmonchus contortus
Bunostomum
trigonocephalum
Gaigeria pachyscelis
Trichostrongylus col ubriformis
Strongyloides papillosus
Oesophagostomum columbianum
Trichocephalus ovis
Moniezia expansa
Avitellina
centripunctata
Stilesia globipunctata
January, 1940
No. examined
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
No. infected
..
..
13
7
..
..
5
25
5
..
..
1.7
25
25
14
25
Per cent of infection
..
..
52
28.0
..
..
20
100
20
..
..
68
100
100
56
100
Total No. of parasites
recovered from the
infected animals
..
..
1,425
752
..
..
18
265
7
..
..
102
570
59
23
398
Average load per
animal
..
..
109
107
..
..
4
11
1
..
..
6
23
2
2
16
February, 1940
No. examined
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
No. infected
..
..
18
7
..
..
11
21
3
..
..
19
22
22
13
22
Per cent of infection
..
..
81.7
30.4
..
..
50
95.4
13.6
..
..
86.4
100
100
59.1
100
Total No. of parasites
recovered from the
infected animals
..
..
3,469
848
..
..
75
267
3
..
..
141
477
49
26
492
Average load per
animal
..
..
192
121
..
..
7
13
1
..
..
7
22
2
2
22
March, 1940
No. examined
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
No. infected
..
..
13
10
..
1
12
19
6
..
..
14
21
20
19
20
Per cent of infection
..
..
62
47.6
..
4.8
57.1
90.5
28.6
..
..
66.6
100
95.2
90.5
95.2
Total No. of parasites
recovered from the
infected animals
..
..
1,499
2,069
..
5
75
122
10
..
..
158
450
24
45
326
A verage load per
animal
..
..
115
207
..
5
6
6
2
..
..
11
21
2
2
16
NOTE. In the calculations of average load per infection fractions of one-half or less have been omitted and those more than one-half counted as one.
31 AR/56
18
260
SYSTEMATIC SURVEY OF HELMINTH
[Vol. XXVI, Part IV,
TABLE VIII—(contd.)
Statement showing incidence and intensity of infection in goats
Name of parasites
Cotylophoron cotylophorum
Paramphistomum orthocoelium
Gastrothylax crumenifer
Bunostomum trigonocephalum
Haemonchus contortus
Gaigeria pachyscelis
Oesophagostomum
columbianum
Trichocephalus ovis
Strongyloides papillosus
Moniezia expansa
Avitellina centripunctata
Stilesia globipunctata
April, 1940
No. examined
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
No. infected
16
1
7
20
11
5
20
23
..
23
23
23
for cent of infection
64.0
4.0
28.0
80.0
44.0
20.0
30.0
92.0
..
92.0
92.0
92.0
Total No. of parasites
recovered
1,941
20
1,069
144
98
8
117
490
..
32
65
245
Average
load per
infection
121
20
153
7
9
2
6
21
..
1
3
11
May, 1940
No. examined
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
No. infected
10
1
15
21
11
3
8
25
..
25
13
25
Per cent of infection
40
4
60
84
44
12
32
100
..
100
52
100
Total No. of parasites
recovered
1,711
70
2,828
150
68
4
71
361
..
43
21
335
Average load per
infection
171
70
188
7
6
1
9
14
..
2
2
13
June, 1940
No. examined
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
No. infected
13
..
16
12
10
..
14
24
..
24
9
24
Per cent of infection
54.1
..
66.6
50.0
41.6
..
58.3
100.0
..
100.0
37.5
100.0
Total No. of parasites
recovered
1,548
..
2,885
45
57
..
54
436
..
39
15
272
Average load per
infection
119
..
180
4
6
..
4
18
..
2
2
11
NOTE. In the calculations of average load per infection fractions of one-half or less have been omitted and those more than one half counted as one.
December, 1956]
GOBIND
SINGH
THAPAR
261
TABLE VIII-(contd.)
Statement showing incidence and intensity of infection in goats
Name of parasites
Cotylophoron cotylophorum
Paramphistomum orthocoelium
Gastrothylax crumenifer
Bunostomum trigonocephalum
Haemonchus contortus
Gaigeria pachyscelis
Oesophagostomum columbianum
Trichocephalus ovis
Strongyloides papillosus
Moniezia expansa
Avittelina centripunctata
Stilesia globipunctata
July, 1940
No. examined
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
No. infected
9
..
23
19
17
..
20
27
..
20
14
27
Per cent of infection
33.3
..
85.2
70.4
63.0
..
74.0
100.0
..
96.3
51.8
100.0
Total No. of parasites
recovered
1,310
..
4,062
113
127
..
219
617
..
41
24
439
Average load per
infection
145
..
176
6
7
..
11
23
..
2
2
16
August, 1940
No. examined
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
No. infected
22
..
20
22
19
..
18
25
..
25
11
25
Per cent of infection
88
..
80
88
76
..
72
100
..
100
44
100
Total No. of parasites
recovered
5,229
..
3,559
240
343
..
167
837
..
59
33
714
Average load per
infection
238
..
178
11
18
..
9
33
..
2
3
28
September, 1940
No. examined
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
No. infected
18
..
17
21
23
..
19
24
..
24
8
24
Per cent of infection
75.0
..
71.0
87.5
95.9
..
79.1
100.0
..
100.0
33.3
100.0
Total No. of parasites
recovered
3,183
..
4,419
79
830
..
137
557
..
74
14
627
Average load per
infection
177
..
60
4
36
..
7
23
..
3
2
26
NOTE. In the calculations of average load per infection fractions of one-half or less have been omitted and those more than one-half counted as one.
262
SYSTEMATIC SURVEY OF HELMINTH
[Vol. XXVI, Part IV,
TABLE VIII—(contd.)
Statement showing incidence and intensity of infection in goats
Name of parasites
Cotylophoron cotylophorum
Paramphistomum orthocoelium
Gastrothylax crumenifer
Bunostomum trgionocephalum
Haemo nchus contortus
Gaigeria pachyscelis
Oesophagostomum
columbianum
Trichocephalus ovis
Strongyloides
papillosus
Moniezia expansa
Avitellina centripunctata
Stilesia globipunctata
October, 1940
No. examined
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
No. infected
10
1
15
13
14
..
16
19
..
17
7
19
Per cent of infection
52.6
5.2
79.0
68.4
73.7
..
84.2
100.0
..
89.5
37.0
100.0
Total No. of parasites
recovered
2,884
135
4,130
99
221
..
182
302
..
89
28
436
Average load per
infection
288
135
275
7
16
..
11
16
..
5
4
23
November, 1940
No. examined
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
No. infected
16
..
9
9
5
..
14
16
1
22
9
20
Per cent of infection
69.6
..
39.1
39.1
21.7
..
60.9
69.6
4.3
95.6
39.1
87.0
Total No. of parasites
recovered
4,301
..
795
76
129
..
123
186
2
96
26
316
Average load per
infection
269
..
88
8
26
..
9
12
2
4
3
16
December, 1940
No. examined
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
No. infected
7
..
7
13
11
1
9
21
1
18
11
23
Per cent of infection
30.4
..
30.4
56.5
48.0
4.3
39.1
91.3
4.3
78.2
48.0
100.0
Total No. of parasites
recovered
261
..
395
40
143
1
66
160
22
57
66
160
Average load per
infection
37
..
56
3
13
1
7
8
22
3
6
7
NOTE. In the calculations of average load per infection fractions of one-half or less have been omitted and those more than one-half counted as one.
December, 1956]
GOBIND
SINGH
THAPAR
263
TABLE VIII-(concld.)
Statement showing incidence and intensity of infection in goats
Name of parasites
Cotylophoron cotylophorum
Paramphistomum
orthocoelium
Gastrothylax crumenifer
Bunostomum trigonocephalum
Haemonchus contortus
Gaigeria pachyscelis
Oesophagostomum columbianum
Trichocephalus ovis
Strongyloides papillosus
Moniezia expansa
Avitellina centripunctata
Stilesia globipunctata
January, 1941
No. examined
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
No. infected
10
..
4
11
19
..
12
20
1
20
7
23
Per cent of infection
43.5
..
17.4
48.0
82.6
..
52.1
87.0
4.3
87.0
30.4
100.0
Total No. of parasites
recovered
963
..
190
92
187
..
64
277
126
28
18
282
Average load per
infection
96
..
47
8
10
..
5
14
126
1
3
12
February, 1941
No. examined
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
No. infected
3
..
3
13
8
..
7
15
1
14
11
15
Per cent of infection
18.8
..
18.8
81.2
50.0
..
43.7
93.7
6.2
87.5
68.8
93.7
Total No. of parasites
recovered
109
..
427
172
130
..
46
147
79
25
35
145
Average load per
infection
36
..
142
13
16
..
6
10
79
2
3
10
March, 1941
No. examined
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
No. infected
4
..
5
14
11
..
15
18
1
22
13
20
Per cent of infection
18.1
..
22.7
63.6
50.0
..
68.1
81.7
4.5
100.0
59.1
90.9
Total No. of parasites
recovered
294
..
2,178
119
50
..
122
237
16
29
31
270
Average load per
infection
73
..
435
8
5
..
8
13
16
1
2
13
NOTE. In the calculations of average load per infection fractions of one-half or less have been omitted and those more than one-half counted as one.
264
SYSTEMATIC SURVEY OF HELMINTH
[Vol. XXVI, Part IV,
TABLE IX A
Incidence and intensity of infection with Olveria indica, Olveria bosi and Param-
phistomum gotoi in buffalo of Lucknow from June, 1950 to May, 1951
Month
June 1950
July 1950
August 1950
September 1950
October 1950
November 1950
December 1950
January 1951
February 1951
March 1951
April 1951
May 1951
Olveria indica
Number
examined
10
14
22
18
16
20
18
20
18
20
21
17
Number
infected
9
9
10
9
11
8
10
14
14
8
10
6
Percentage
of
infection
90
64.2
45.4
50
68.7
40
55.5
70
77.7
40
47.6
35.2
Total No. of
parasites
recovered
550
2,357
6,488
6,850
3,380
1,702
2,510
7,866
5,176
714
13,276
1,106
Average
load per
animal
61
261
648
761
307
212
251
561
369
89
1,327
184
December, 1956]
GOBIND
SINGH
THAPAR
265
TABLE IX A—(contd.)
Incidence and intensity of infection with Olveria indica, Olveria bosi and Param-
phistomum gotoi in buffalo of Lucknow from June, 1950 to May, 195.1
Month
June 1950
July 1950
August 1950
September 1950
October 1950
November 1950
December 1950
January 1951
February 1951
March 1951
April 1951
May 1951
Olveria bosi
Number
examined
10
14
22
18
16
20
18
20
18
20
21
17
Number
infected
1
-
3
2
1
4
2
-
3
1
3
3
Percentage
of
infection
10
-
13.6
11.1
6.2
20
11
-
16.6
5
14.2
17.6
Total No. of
parasites
recovered
38
49
300
288
1,090
17
-
6,356
325
277
1,190
Average
load per
animal
38
-
16
150
288
272
8
-
2,118
325
92
390
266
SYSTEMATIC SURVEY OF HELMINTH [Vol. XXVI, Part IV,
TABLE IX A—(contd.)
Incidence and intensity of infection with Olveria indica, Olveria bosi and Param-
phistomum gotoi in buffalo of Lucknow from June, 1950 to May, 1951
Month
June 1950
July 1950
August 1950
September 1950
October 1950
November 1950
December 1950
January 1951
February 1951
March 1951
April 1951
May 1951
Paramphistomum gotoi
Number
examined
10
14
22
18
16
20
18
20
18
20
21
17
Number
infected
1
-
4
2
1
-
-
3
2
2
2
1
Percentage
of
infection
10
-
18.1
11.1
6.2
-
-
15
11.1
10
9.5
5.8
Total No. of
parasites
recovered
55
-
2,274
102
80
-
-
25
946
406
91
22
Average
load per
animal
55
-
568
51
80
-
-
8
473
203
45
22
December, 1956]
GOBIND
SINGH
THAPAR
267
TABLE IX B
Incidence and intensity of infection with Olveria indica, Olveria bosi and
Paramphistomum gotoi in buffalo of Lucknow from June, 1951 to May, 1952
Month
June 1951
July 1951
August 1951
September 1951
October 1951
November 1951
December 1951
January 1952
February 1952
March 1952
April 1952
May 1952
Olveria indica
Number
examined
16
19
17
19
14
17
16
17
19
18
18
21
Number
infected
7
8
9
8
6
11
7
8
10
9
10
13
Percentage
of
infection
43.7
42.1
52.9
42.1
42.8
64.7
43.7
47
52.6
50
55.5
61.9
Total No. of
parasites
recovered
852
1,455
275
5,825
2,818
5,171
445
7,821
8,403
7,515
1,127
6,342
Average
load per
animal
121
181
30
728
469
470
63
977
840
835
112
487
31 AR/56
19
268
SYSTEMATIC SURVEY OF HELMINTH [Vol. XXVI, Part IV,
TABLE IX B—(contd.)
Incidence and intensity of infection with Olveria indica, Olveria bosi and
Paramphistomum gotoi in buffalo of Luchnow from June, 1951 to May, 1952
Month
June 1951
July 1951
August 1951
September 1951
October 1951
November 1951
December 1951
January 1952
February 1952
March 1952
April 1952
May 1952
Number
Examined
16
19
17
19
14
17
16
17
19
18
18
21
Olveria bosi
Number
infected
—
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
3
3
3
Percentage
of
infection
—
5.2
11.7
5.2
14.2
5.8
12.5
5.8
5.2
16.6
16.6
14.2
Total No. of
parasites
recovered
—
144
70
10
435
18
21
60
15
1,091
1,108
190
Average
load per
animal
—
144
35
10
217
18
10
66
15
363
369
63
December, 1956]
GOBIND
SINGH
THAPAR
269
TABLE IX B—(contd.)
Incidence and intensity of infection with Olveria indica, Olveria bosi and
Paramphistomum gotoi in buffalo of Lucknow from June, 1951 to May, 1952
Month
June 1951
July 1951
August 1951
September 1951
October 1951
November 1951
December 1951
January 1952
February 1952
March 1952
April 1952
May 1952
Number
Examined
16
19
17
19
14
17
16
17
19
18
18
21
Paramphistemum gotoi
Number
infected
1
-
1
2
1
1
-
1
2
3
3
2
Percentage
of
infection
6.2
-
5.8
10.5
7.1
5.8
-
5.8
10.5
16.6
16.6
9.5
Total No. of
parasites
recovered
8
—
18
493
30
3,465
-
6
2,582
2,449
290
27
Average
load per
animal
8
—
18
246
30
3,465
—
6
1,291
833
96
13
IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON PASTEURELLA
SEPTICA
I—TRIALS ON ADJUVANT VACCINE
By M. R. DHANDA, M. S. DAS, J. M. LALL and R. N. SETH, Indian Veterinary Re-
search Institute, Mukteswar-Kumaon
(Received for publication on January 16, 1956)
P ASTEURELLOSIS is to-day one of the most serious diseases of livestock
especially in the countries in the East. It has been estimated that in India alone
the loss due to haemorrhagic septicaemia in cattle runs annually into several lakhs
of rupees and at an average more than 33,000 deaths occur each year. Besides,
Past. septica is responsible for loss in several other species of animals, e.g. the sheep,
the goat, the swine, the poultry, etc.
In endemic areas, haemorrhagic septicaemia has a seasonal incidence and
generally a large number of outbreaks appear with the onset of the monsoon and
winter rains. The onset of the disease is usually very sudden and the course ex-
tremely short and rapid. As such, treatment with the well-known sulpha prepara-
tions can hardly be taken up in time. Besides, the cases of the disease may be so
widely scattered that it may be difficult to pay individual attention. The only
practical approach in the control of haemorrhagic septicaemia, therefore, seems to
be to carry out timely vaccinations in the endemic areas and to treat the sporadic
cases, wherever possible, with the sulpha preparations.
For the past two or three decades, vaccinations have generally been carried out
with cultures of Past. septica grown for 24-48 hours in nutrient broth or agar and
killed by heat or chemicals like formalin, phenol, lysol, etc. These vaccines, no
doubt, afford some degree of protection but the immunity has been found to be
short and of a low order. A comparison of the average figures compiled by the
Statistics Section of this Division, for the period from 1936-1944 and 1949-1953 will
show that the extent of loss due to haemorrhagic septicaemia has not gone down
appreciably although vaccinations with the commercial broth and agar-wash vacc-
ines have been carried out intensively for the past several years Table I.
TABLE I
Showing the average annual figures for haemorrhagic septicaemia
Number of
Out breaks
Animals affected
Deaths
1936—1944
7,000 (about)
54,900 „
40,000
„
1949—53
7,300 (about)
43,000
„
33,700
„
273
31 A R/56
21