NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
March, 1957]
M.
L.
KOHLI
AND
K.
R.
SURI
31
DISCUSSION
The results of these investigations revealed that Hariana cattle carried their
calves for a mean period of 290.73 days, which was longer than that for European
and Indian cattle except the Tharparkar cows which carried their calves for 290 days
[Kumaran, 1947] which was almost the same as observed in this study. This
indicated that the dual purpose breed carried their calves longer than dairy breeds.
The sex of the calf was responsible for variation in the length of gestation period.
Significant difference of two days was found between gestation periods for males
and females which showed that the sex of the calf had an effect on it. This was in
agreement with the observations of other workers [Jafar et al., 1950; Choudhry and
Sinha, 1951; Jordao et al., 1951; Lazarus and Anantakrishnan, 1952].
Sequence of calving and the sex was observed to have a significant effect on
the gestation period whereas Choudhry and Sinha [1951] observed that the age of
the cow slightly affected the gestation period.
The month of freshening was found to have influence on duration of pregnancy
and this result agreed with the observations made by Ragab and Asker [1951],
Choudhry and Sinha [1951] and Brakel et al., [1952].
The paternal influence in the gestation period was found to be statistically
significant and this confirmed the findings of Ragab and Asker [1951], Brakel et al.
[1952], Wheat and Riggs [1952].
The positive correlation between the birth weight of the calf and duration of
pregnancy was in agreement with the findings of Jafar et al., [1950], Ragab and
Asker [1951], Jordao et al.,[1951], Brakel et al., [1952] and Arunachalam et al.,[1952].
The body weight of the dams at the time of calving had also significant correlation
with the gestation period. From that it could be postulated that the retention in
the herd of animals with heavy body weights could increase the gestation period.
SUMMARY
1. The average length of 797 gestation periods in Hariana cattle was 290.7 ±
0.9 days. Male calves were carried to a significantly longer period of time than
females.
2. The sequence of calving, month of freshening, sire and sex had a significant
effect on gestation period.
3. There were positive correlations between the body weight of the dams and
the birth weight of the calf with the gestation period. No significant correlation
was observed between the dry period of the cows and the gestation period.
56 AR/56
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32
GESTATION LENGTH IN HARIANA CATTLE [Vol. XXVII, Part ]
REFERENCES
Anantakrishnan, C. P., Lazarus, A. J. and Rangaswami, M. C. (1952). Some causes for the variation
in the length of gestation. Indian J. Dairy Sci., 5 : 63-77
Arunachalam, T. V., Lazarus, A. J. and Anantakrishnan, C. P. (1952). Factors influencing the
gestation period and birth weight of Murrah buffaloes. Indian J. Dairy Sci., 5 : 117-123
Brakel, W. J., Rife, D. C. and Salisbury, S. M. (1952). Factors associated with duration of gestation
in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 35 : 179-194
Burris, M. J. and Blum, C. T. (1952). Some factors affecting gestation length and birth weight of
beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci., 2 : 34-41. An. Br. Abst. 2(03): 230
Choudhry, A. C. and Sinha, C. (1951). Studies on gestation periods in Tharparker cattle. Indian
J. vet. Sci. 21: 69-79
Jafar, S. M., Chapman, A. B. and Casida, L. E. (1950). Causes of variation in length of gestation
in dairy cattle. J. Anim. Sci., 9 : 593-601
Jordao, L. P. and De paula Assis, F. (1951). Reproductive efficiency, birth weight and growth in
Meuse-Rhine-Yssel cattle. Bol. Industry, Ani., N. S., 12 : 45-61. An. Br. Abst., 20(4): 337
Kumaran, J.D.S. (1947) J. Dairy Sci., 30 : 353
Lambardt, A. (1951). Gestation period and service period of Black Pied Lowland cattle of the west
phalian herd. Dissertation, Vet. Med. Fak. Justus-Liebig-Hochseh, Giessen : 19. An. Br. Abst.,
21(2) : 146
Lazarus, A. J., Anantakrishnan, C. P. and Rangaswami, M. C. (1952). The period of gestation in
cows. Indian J. Dairy Sci., 5 : 9-23
Lazarus, A. J. and Rangaswami, M. C. (1950). A study of the birth weights of calves of Indian breeds,
Indian J. Dairy Sci., 23 : 46-51
Livesay, E. A. and Bea, U. O. (1945). A study of the gestation peroids of five breeds of cattle.
J. Anim. Sci., 4 : 13-14
Lush, J. L. (1947). Animal Breeding Plans, Iowa State College, Ames. pp. 443
Ragab, M. T. and Asker, A. A. (1951). Factors influencing length of gestation period in Egyptian
cattle and buffaloes. Indian J. Dairy Sci., 4 : 159-169
Snedecor, George W. (1948). Statistical methods. Iowa State College, Ames. pp. 485
Wheat, J. D. and Riggs, J. K. (1952). Length of gestation period in beef cattle. Hered., 43 : 99
An. Br. Abst., 20(4) : 342.
FACTORS AFFECTING BIRTH WEIGHT IN HARIANA
CATTLE
By M. L. KOHLI and K. R. SURI, Government Livestock Farm, Hissar, Punjab
(Received for publication on July 30, 1956)
T HE study of the birth weight of the calves is of great importance to a breeder,
for judging their general health and prospective growth. Different workers in-
vestigated the effect of several factors on the birth weight of the calves. Arunach-
alam et al., [1952] stated that the sex of the calf had no influence on the birth
weight in Murrah buffaloes while Choudhuri and Sinha [1951] and Anantakrishnan
and Lazarus [1953] found that the bull calves were carried heavier than the heifer
calves in Tharparkar, Red Sindhi, Gir and cross-bred calves. A definite relationship
existed between the age of dam and birth weight of calves as observed by Burris
and Blum [1952] in beef cattle, Arunachalam et al., [1952] in Murrah buffaloe and
Anantakrishnan and Lazarus [1953] in Indian dairy cattle but Jordao [1951]
reported contrary in Brazil dairy cattle. No effect of season was observed in
buffaloe [Arunachalam et al., 1952] and in cattle [Burris and Blum, 1952 and
Anantakrishnan and Lazarus, 1953]. Arunachalam et al. [1952] and Anantakrishnan
and Lazarus, [1953] stated that the sire of the calf affected the birth weight but
Burris and Blum [1952] could not establish this fact.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The data used in the study were taken from Hariana herd of cattle, bred and
raised at the Government Livestock Farm, Hissar (Punjab), from 1946 to 1953.
In all 771 birth weights of calves were studied. The calves were dropped at all
seasons of the year and were weighed within 24 hours after birth.
The methods used for the study of analysis of variance were those described by
Snedecor [1948] for the disproportionate class.
RESULTS
Effect of sex and sequence of calving
The average birth weight of 771 calves was 50.8 lb., for 402 male calves the
average was 51.8 lb. and for 369 females 49.8 lb. The smallest calf weighed 28 lb.,
while the largest weighed 80 lb. at birth.
The birth weight of the calves in different lactations was studied (Table I). It
did not indicate any definite pattern with the increase in number of lactation.
The analysis of variance was carried out on 767 cases (Table II). Records of
the last three lactations, being few, were excluded. It showed that the calving
sequence had no significant effect on birth weight. The birth weight of the calves,
however, varied significantly between sexes, male calves had higher birth weight
than female calves.
33
56 AR/56
34
FACTORS AFFECTING BIRTH WEIGHT
[Vol. XXVII, Part I,
TABLE
I
Influence of calving sequence of the dam on birth weight of the calves
Lactation No.
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
Total
Male
No. of
cases
116
99
67
48
43
16
7
4
2
..
..
402
Mean
50.9±0.9
51.9±0.8
53.2±1.4
50.5±0.7
51.9±0.8
53.3±1.2
53.1±4.3
54.7±4.2
53.0±1.4
..
..
51.8
Female
No. of
cases
122
70
64
54
32
14
8
3
..
1
1
369
Mean
48.8±0.8
50.9±0.8
50.2±0.7
50.0±1.2
48.7±1.2
51.0±2.3
52.0±2.1
49.7±3.5
..
57.5±0.0
60.0±0.0
49.8
Total
No. of
cases
238
169
131
102
75
30
15
7
2
1
1
771
Mean
49.8±0.6
51.5±0.6
51.7±0.8
50.3±0.7
50.6±0.8
52.2±1.3
52.5±2.3
52.6±2.9
53.0±1.4
57.5±0.0
60.0±0.0
50.8
TABLE II
Analysis of variance of birth weight between calving sequence and sex for birth
weights of calves
Sources of variation
Between calving sequences
Between sex
Between sex and calving sequences interac-
tion
Error
Total
D.F.
7
1
7
751
766
Sum of squares
509.4
773.7
230.4
139073.6
Mean S.
72.8
773.7
32.9
185.2
F.
0.96
4.21*
*Significant.
March, 1957]
M.
L.
KOHLI
NAD
K.
R.
SURI
35
Effect of month of calving
Variations in birth weight of calves were observed for different months of the
year (Table III).
The influence of the month of freshening on the birth weight of calves was
not found to be statistically significant (Table IV).
TABLE III
Influence of month of calving on birth weight
Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Total
Male
No. of
cases
27
41
55
47
35
39
33
22
32
18
23
30
402
Mean
51.7±1.3
52.6±2.0
53.6±1.7
52.7±0.8
50.3±1.3
50.0±1.6
49.0±0.9
50.2±1.4
51.3±1.3
54.8±2.9
50.3±0.9
54.1±2.4
Female
No. of
cases
48
43
51
37
17
32
34
23
21
17
20
26
369
Mean
49.7±2.3
50.7±1.7
51.1±1.5
52.7±1.0
46.7±1.4
48.7±1.8
46.3±0.8
49.9±2.0
49.2±1.5
49.1±1.7
50.1±1.0
50.7±1.5
Total
No. of
cases
75
84
106
84
52
71
67
45
53
35
43
56
771
Mean
50.4±.1.5
51.7±1.4
52.3±1.1
52.7±0.6
49.0±0.9
49.4±1.2
47.6±0.6
50.0±1.2
50.5±0.9
52.1±1.7
50.2±0.7
52.5±1.5
36
FACTORS AFFECTING BIRTH WEIGHT [Vol. XXVII, Part I.
TABLE IV
Analysis of variance of birth weights between months and sex
Sources of variation
Between months
Between sex
Between sex and months interaction
Error
Total
D.F.
11
1
11
747
770
Sum of squares
1660.3
815.5
318.7
137933.3
Mean S.
150.9
815.5
29.0
184.6
F.
0.82
4.47*
*Significant
Effect of sire of the calf
The average birth weight of calves, progeny of different bulls, varied from 47.8 to
59.0 lb. (Table V). Statistical analysis (Table VI) carried out on 770 cases re-
vealed that the influence of the sire on birth weight was not significant. Bull
No. 210H2/46 was not included in the analysis as it had only one case.
TABLE V
Influence of sire on birth weight of calves
Sire No.
274H2/39
2HP/44
3HP/44
13HP/44
Male
No. of
cases
9
50
56
34
Mean
60.6±2.5
50.7±0.8
50.2±1.1
51.0+1.3
Female
No. of
cases
8
47
36
50
Mean
55.7±2.9
48.1±1.1
47.3±1.8
49.4±0.6
Total
No. of
cases
17
97
92
84
Mean
58.4±1.9
49.4±0.6
49.1±0.8
50.1±0.6
March, 1957]
M.
L.
LOHLI
AND
K.
B.
SURI
37
TABLE V (contd.)
Influence of sire on birth weight of calves
Sire No.
15HP/44
163H1/40
18HP/46
2.HP/42
190H1/42
512H4/41
395H2/42
203H1/42
210H2/46
227H1/42
Total
Male
No. of
cases
30
38
13
12
32
45
36
25
1
21
402
Mean
53.7±1.0
53.5±1.3
61.6±1.8
50.6±1.9
52.7±1.2
51.7±1.7
52.7±1.4
48.4±1.7
59.0±0.0
52.1±1.3
Female
No. of
cases
35
31
14
15
35
38
29
17
..
14
369
Mean
49.5±1.4
50.3±0.8
50.2±1.9
48.7±2.5
50.4±1.1
52.4±1.9
50.7±0.9
46.8±2.5
..
52.0±1.2
Total
No. of
cases
65
69
27
27
67
83
65
42
1
35
771
Mean
51.5±0.9
51.9±0.8
51.0±1.3
49.6±1.6
51.6±0.8
52.1±1.3
51.7±0.9
47.8±1.4
59.0±0.0
52.1 ±0.9
TABLE VI
Analysis of variance of birth weight between sires
Sources of variation
Between sires
Between sex
Between sire and sex interaction
Error
D.F.
12
1
12
744
Sum of squares
3351.9
711.1
335.1
131757.9
Mean S.
279.3
711.1
27.9
177.0
F.
1.59
40.7*
*Significant
56 AR/56
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38
FACTORS AFFECTING BIRTH WEIGHT [Vol. XXVII, Part I,
DISCUSSION
The results in this study revealed that the sex of the calf influenced the birth
weight and that the male calves, on an average, were heavier than the females which
was in agreement with the observations of other workers [Choudhury and Sinha,
1951; Anantakrishnan and Lazarus, 1953].
The sequence of calving and the month of freshening did not affect significantly
the birth weight of calves, the former disagreeing with, while the latter conforming
to the findings of Burris and Blum [1952] and Arunachalam et al. [1952].
The sire of the calf was found to have no influence on birth weight of the calf
and this result agreed with the observations of Burris and Blum [1952] whereas
Arunachalam et al. [1952] and Anantakrishnan and Lazarus [1953] observed to the
contrary.
SUMMARY
Bull calves, on an average, were significantly heavier than females.
Calving sequence of the dam, the season of freshening and the sire had no signi-
ficant effect on the birth weight of the calves.
REFERENCES
Anantakrishnan, C. P. and Lazarus, A. J. (1953). A study of the birth weight of calves. Indian
J. Dairy Sci. 6 : 23
Arunachalam, T. V., Lazarus, A. J. and Anantakrishnan, C. P. (1952). Factors influencing the
gestation period and birth weight of Murrah Buffaloes. Indian J. Dairy Sci. 5 : 117
Burris, M. J. and Blum, C. T. (1952). Some factors affecting gestation length and birth weight
of beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 2 : 34. An. Br. Abst., 20(3): 23
Chaudhury, A. C. and Sinha, C. (1951). Studies on gestation period in Tharparker cattle.
Indian J. vet. Sci. 21: 69
Jordao, L. P. and De Paula Assis, F. (1951). Reproductive efficiency, birth weight and growth
in Meuse-Rhine-yssel cattle. Bol. Industr. Anim. N. S. 12, 45. An. Br. Abst., 20(4): 337.
ABSTRACTS
The use of blood culture in the routine diagnosis of anthrax.
THOMPSON, P. D. (1955). J. Comp. Path. 65, pp. 1-7 (Tables. 5 Refs. 5)
T HE author describes a blood-culture technique as an aid to diagnosis in cases of
suspected anthrax in the field which could not be confirmed by microscopical
examination of blood films and tried this technique along with guinea-pig and mouse
inoculation for screening feeding stuffs and other material for the presence of B.
anibracis.
He recommends that swabs from such cases may be put into a test tube to
which is added 2 ml. of fresh defibrinated bovine blood and the tube incubated
at 37°C. Positive results are obtained within about 3½ hours, but it is recommended
that as a matter of routine the tube containing the swab and defibrinated blood
should be incubated overnight, although six hours incubation gives quite satisfactory
results. Before incubation, the swab is used to inoculate a guinea-pig. In positive
cases, the smears made from the contents of the tube after incubation showed
organisms with well-marked capsule formation.
Defibrinated blood of sheep and sera from cattle, horse, sheep, donkey and pig
were also tried in a few cases with similar results. At the same time anthracoids
were also used in a few trials, and these failed to exhibit any capsule formation.
For examining the feeding stuffs the author adopted the following technique :
15 gm. of the material for examination was mixed with 150 c.c. of N. S. S. in a flask
and kept overnight in the refrigerator. After this the flask was heated to a tempera-
ture of 65°C for 5 minutes and then the contents were filtered through double layer
of muslin cloth. The filtrate was spun for 10 minutes at 3000 r.p.m. The deposits
so obtained were resuspended in N. S. S. and recentrifuged. The final deposit
was mixed with 8 c.c. of N. S. S. and out of this material 1 ml. was inoculated into
the blood, 1 ml. into one guinea-pig, 3 ml. into a second guinea-pig, and 0.2 to 0.5 ml.
into each of six mice, all animal inoculations being done subcutaneously. Smears
from the blood culture of the swab and from the site of inoculation, heart and spleen
of the animals were examined and cultures were also attempted from the same
organs.
The author concludes that the blood culture method has the advantage of being
cheap, simple and apparently more sensitive than the method of guinea-pig inocula-
tion.
In examining the feeding stuffs and other material the inoculation of six mice
appeared to be superior to the inoculation of two guinea-pigs or one blood culture,
but a combination of all three methods gave the best results. (S.L. 1.)
39
56 AR/56
9
40
ABSTRACTS
[Vol. XXVII, Part I,
Evaluations of some new insecticides against lice on livestock and poultry.
CHARLES L. SMITH and ROWLAND RICHARDS. J. Econ. Ento. 48. (5): 566-568
S POT-TREATMENT tests and field trails with some of the new insecticides against
lice of cattle, goats and poultry were conducted at Kerrvile, Texas, U.S.A., during
1953 and 1954. A number of chemicals tested against the short-nosed cattle
louse Haematopinus eurystenus (Nitz.) gave good initial kills at concentrations
of 0.25 per cent or above. The chlorinated hydrocarbons used, i.e. DDT, toxaphene
and strobane remained effective, giving 100 per cent control, for 3-4 weeks. Phos-
phorus insecticides, such as parathion, malathion and diazinon, were effective
even at concentrations lower than 0.25 per cent but lost their residual effectiveness
earlier than the chlorinated hydrocarbons. In field trials on cattle lice, strobane
0.5 per cent) and heptachlor (0.05, 0.1 and 0.5 per cent) were tested as wettable
powder against long-nosed cattle louse, Linognathus vituli (L.). One hundred per cent
control was obtained with both the materials up to 4 weeks after treatment.
DDT, strobane, endrin, isodrin, malathion, diazinon, chlorthion, Bayer L 13/59,
Bayer 21/199 and EPN treatments in evaluation tests against goat lice, Bovicola
caprae (Gurlt.) and B. limbatus (Gerv.), by dipping method at different concentra-
tions, gave 100 per cent kill in 24 and 48 hours, and most of them remained effective
for 4 weeks. EPN (0.03 per cent), malathion (0.5 per cent), strobane (0.5 per cent),
and heptachlor (0.25 per cent) used as spray against goat lice in field trials gave
complete control within 24 hours. No louse was seen on the flock treated with
strobane for 6 months after treatment. In other cases there were moderate to
light infestations during the same period.
DDT, toxaphene, strobane, chlordane, methoxychlor, TDE (each 5 per cent)
lindane, malathion and diazinon (each 1 per cent) were tested as dusts against the
chicken body louse, Eomenacanthus stramineus (Nitz.). All the materials gave
complete control of the original infestation and most of them showed residual effect
till 4 weeks after treatment. (R.P.C.)
Rectal temperature and respiratory responses of Jersey and Sindhi-Jersey (F 1 )
crossbred females to a standard hot atmosphere. MCDOWELL, R.E., D.H.K.
LEE, M. H. FOHRMAN, J. P. SYKES and R. A. ANDERSON (1955). J. Dairy
Sci. 38 : 9 : 1037-45
Y OUNG heifers, old heifers, dry cows and lactating cows of Jersey breed and Red
Sindhi-Jersey (F 1 ) crosses were exposed at regular intervals to a standard
test atmosphere of 105°F with a vapour pressure of 34 mm. Hg. (wet bulb 92°F),
and their rectal temperature and respiratory responses were observed. The mean
temperature response of Jerseys was higher than that of crossbreds in all the groups
and the difference was also observed in the cows of the two breeds with the same
level of milk production. The initial rectal temperature, as also the subsequent
rise, were higher in heifers, but the rise was similar in all ages. Dry cows behaved
March, 1957J
ABSTRACTS
41
very much the same as old heifers. The level of milk production had considerable
effect in increasing the temperature response up to certain limits but not so the
stage of lactation. A marked seasonal variation in temperature response was
observed.
Jersey heifers exhibited a higher respiratory response to heat than crossbreds,
but the reverse was true for lactating cows, and no difference was seen in dry cows,
The author concluded that differences in respiratory rate are the results and not
the cause of differences in heat tolerance. (S.G.)
Urea as a protein extender for lactating cows. G. M. WARD, C. F. HUFFMAN, and
C. W. DUNCAN (1955). J. Dairy Sci. 38, 298
T EN cows (nine Holstein and one Guernsey) were used to compare the effect on
milk production of a urea and corn supplement with that of a soybean oil meal
supplement. Each experimental period of nine days was preceded by 12 days
preliminary period, during which the animals were fed on a low-protein ration;
the animals were then assigned to four groups : two groups of two and two groups of
three cows each. The low-protein roughage consisted of chopped seed-stage-timothy
hay, molasses and ground corn. The concentrate mixture was fed either by inti-
mately mixing in the roughage or by placing it on top of it. A Latin square design
was used. The average daily milk production for each 9-day period was determined
as fat-corrected milk based on 3-day composite butter-fat tests.
During the initial protein-depletion period of 12 days the F.C.M. was reduced
by about 20 per cent, but the milk production levelled off after 6 days. The loss
in body weight suffered by the animals during the period was on an average 55 lb.,
after which it remained constant.
The intake of total digestible nutrient and digestible crude protein by the animals
were calculated on the basis of actual ingestion of feeds, assuming the digestibility
coefficients.
No significant difference in the body weight or milk yield of the animals was
produced by the feeding of urea or soybean oil meal or by the difference in the method
of feeding this supplement. (K.S.)
The effect on conception rates of semen diluents containing citrate or phosphate
buffer, with all combinations of sulphanilamide, streptomycin and penicillin.
R. C. CAMPBELL and J. EDWARDS (1955). J. Agric. Sci. 46, Part I, pp. 44-45
B ACTERIA in semen used for artificial insemination reduced the fertilizing capa-
city of the semen. Many experiments have been carried out to show that concep-
tion rate can be increased by the use of semen supplements, e.g. sulphonamides, peni-
cillin, streptomycin, aureomycin, etc. In the present investigation, attempt has been
42
ABSTRACTS
Vol. XXVII, Part I,
made to find out the effects of adding sulphanilamide, streptomycin and penicillin (in
various combinations) to semen diluents, and to determine the conception rates
obtained when citrate or phosphate buffer was used to dilute the semen. The
amounts of sulphanilamide and antibiotics added to 1 ml. of diluted semen were :
Sulphanilamide . . . .
Streptomycin (calcium chloride complex)
Penicillin (sodium G)
....
1.5 mg.
500 „
500 units.
The experiment involved 68,713 first inseminations carried out at four centres
in U. K. It was found that unsupplemented phosphate buffer gave a conception
rate 5.5 per cent above that which was obtained with unsupplemented citrate buffer.
Phosphate buffer depressed conception rate when used with sulphanilamide or strep-
tomycin. With penicillin, the phosphate buffer gave 9.3 per cent higher conception
rate than that obtained with unsupplemented citrate buffer. Citrate buffer with
sulphanilamide, streptomycin and penicillin gave a conception rate 6.8 per cent
above that obtained with unsupplemented citrate buffer. (S.N.L.)
REVIEW
A HAND BOOK OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND DAIRYING
BY
V. T. SUBBIAH MUDALIAR
(Published by the Bangalore Printing and Publishing Co., Ltd., Post Box No. 507,
Mysore Road, Bangalore-2—1956, pages 228. Price 8/12/-)
T HIS is one of the three books written by the author, 'Common Cultivated Crops
of South India', 'A Hand book of Animal Husbandry and Dairying and 'The
Principles of Agronomy ' (under print). These books have particularly been written
for the students and cover the syllabus prescribed by the Universities in South
India.
The Hand book on Animal Husbandry and Dairying is divided into two parts .
The first part (110 pages) deals with the breeds of India, methods and principles
of breeding, judging, feeding, feeds, management of cattle and other farm livestock.
The second part (100 pages) covers chemistry, bacteriology and technology of milk
and milk products. It is felt that the treatment of the subjects covered is quite
adequate for undergraduates but the graduates must also consult other books on
each aspect.
The book is intended for South India as it refers to conditions in the South.
Thus, breeds of cattle in the South have been described well and North Indian breeds
have only been described if they are of any importance to the South. Conditions
of farming in the South have been given and recommendations made to suit those
conditions.
The book has been written in a clear and easy style. It is well printed and has
a pleasing get up.
43
MGTPC—M—56 AE/56—9-4-57—1,000.