NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
( xvii )
ANNUAL STATEMENT No. IX.
Return showing the sanctioned establishment of the Bareilly, Benares, Agra and
Lucknow Asylums, as it stood on 31st December 1901.
1
Establishment.
Superintendent (allowance) ...
Overseer ... ... ...
Matron
...
...
...
Hospital Assistant
...
...
Compounder ... ... ...
Clerk
...
...
...
European Warder ... ...
Head-keeper (Male) ... ...
Ditto
(Female) ... ...
Warders at Rs. 9 each ... ...
Do.
at „ 8 „
...
...
...
Do.
at
„
7
„
...
...
Do. at „ 6 „
...
...
Female Warders at Rs. 6 each ...
Ditto
at „ 5 „ ...
Cooks
...
...
...
Bhishtis ... ... ...
Washermen ... ... ...
Sweepers at Rs. 6 each ... ...
Do.
at
„
5
„
...
...
Do.
at
„
4
„
...
...
Female Sweepers at Rs. 4 each ...
Ditto
at „ 3-8 „ ...
Barbers ... ... ...
Gardeners
...
...
...
Tailor ... ... ...
Cartman ... ... ...
Dai or Aya ... ... ...
Khidmatgar or Bearer ... ...
Total ...
2
Bareilly.
Number.
...
1
1
1
1
1
...
1
1
1
3
15
9
2
3
(c)2
1
2
...
...
6
...
2
1
2
1
...
...
1
58
Monthly wages.
250
(a)160
50
25
10
15
...
12
8
9
24
105
54
12
15
15
5
10
...
...
24
...
7
6
13
6
...
...
8
843
3
Benares.
Number.
...
1
1
1
1
...
...
1
1
1
3
10
11
1
1
...
...
1
1
3
...
...
3
1
1
...
1
2
...
46
Monthly wages.
Rs.
250
100
50
55
10
a.
0
0
0
0
0
p.
0
0
0
0
0
...
...
12
8
9
24
70
66
6
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
...
...
5
6
15
0
0
0
0
0
0
...
...
10
4
6
8
0
0
0
0
0
...
5
12
0
0
0
0
...
728 8
0
4
Agra.
Number.
...
1
2
1
1
...
1
1
1
1
3
6
9
1
2
1
...
1
...
1
2
2
...
1
...
...
...
1
1
40
Monthly wages.
250
100
(b)90
55
12
...
100
12
8
9
24
42
54
6
10
8
...
5
...
5
8
8
...
4
...
...
...
10
10
830
5
Lucknow.
Number.
...
1
...
...
1
1
...
1
1
1
3
9
6
2
2
1
1
...
...
1
2
1
...
1
1
...
...
...
...
36
Monthly wages.
250
100
...
...
10
10
...
12
8
9
24
63
36
12
10
5
5
...
...
5
8
4
...
4
6
...
...
...
...
581
Proportion
(a) Includes Rs. 60, Local Allowance.
(b) One at Rs. 50 and one at Rs, 40.
(c) One at Rs. 10 and one at Rs. 5.
Daily average number of males
Ditto
of females
Jamadar to males
...
Jamadarin to females
Male keepers to males
Female keepers to females
... ... ...
832.31
258.75
208.03
64.69
9.14
18.48
5L
(
xviii
)
ANNUAL STATEMENT No. X.
Showing receipts an
expenditure
account of manufactures in the Lunatic Asylums in the North-Western Provinces and Oudh for the year 1901.
1
Name of Asylum.
Bareilly ...
Benares ...
Agra
... ...
Lucknow ...
Total ...
2
Mean population.
Male.
213.50
226.03
200.00
192.78
832.31
Female.
77.76
76.42
53.32
51.25
258.75
10
Total.
291.26
302.45
253.32
244.03
1,091.06
11
3
4
5
6
7
8
Credits.
Cash paid into
Treasury for articles
sold.
Rs.
11,990
253
508
1,123
13,875
a.
3
6
4
15
13
p.
2
0
5
10
5
12
Value of manu-
factured goods
made over to
Asylum for A s y l u m purposes.
Rs.
3,261
1,734
1,040
1,592
7,628
a.
8
4
5
11
12
p.
0
1
2
7
10
13
Value of raw
materials in store
at the end of the
year.
Rs.
66
45
99
54
266
a.
7
0
11
15
3
p.
11
0
11
7
5
14
Value of manu-
factured goods in
store at the end
of the year.
Rs.
1,293
372
269
3
1,938
a.
10
3
3
8
9
p.
1
5
8
3
5
15
Value of plant and
machinery in store
at the end of the
year.
Rs.
9,200
113
293
718
10,325
a.
5
14
6
2
11
p.
5
5
0
0
10
16
Total credits.
Rs.
25,812
2.518
2,210
3,493
34,035
a.
2
11
15
5
2
p.
7
11
2
3
11
17
9
Debits.
Value of
manufactured
goods in store on
1st January.
Rs.
1,113
165
203
a.
9
8
7
p.
0
0
0
...
1,482 8 0
18
Bareilly ...
Benares ...
Agra
... ...
Lucknow ...
Total ...
Debits—(concluded).
Value of raw
materials
in store
on 1st January.
Rs.
101
116
17
47
283
a.
14
14
0
12
9
p.
6
10
0
5
9
Value of plant and
machinery in store
on 1st January.
Rs.
10,588
113
293
849
11,845
a.
13
14
6
9
11
p.
3
5
0
6
2
Raw materials
purchased.
Rs.
8,215
430
411
411
9,468
a.
4
11
8
4
13
p.
1
8
6
10
1
Contingencies of
manufactures.
Rs.
1,669
479
281
1,307
3,737
a.
7
1
5
14
12
p.
6
1
4
10
9
All other charges.
Rs.
1,855
a.
11
p.
6
...
...
...
1,855 11 6
Total debits.
Rs.
23,544
1,306
1,206
2,616
28,674
a.
11
2
10
9
2
p.
10
0
10
7
3
Excess of credits
or profits.
Rs.
2,267
1,212
1,004
876
5,361
a.
6
9
4
11
0
p.
9
11
4
8
8
Excess
of debits or loss.
...
...
...
...
...
Average
number of
Lunatics
employed in
manufactory.
145.
146.54
158.21
129.89
579.64
TRIENNIAL
REPORT
ON THE
LUNATIC ASYLUMS
IN THE
UNITED PROVINCES OF AGRA AND OUDH,
FOR THE YEARS 1900, 1901 AND 1902.
ALLAHABAD:
Printed at the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh Government Press.
1903.
Price 10 annas = (1s.)
TRIENNIAL REPORT
ON THE
LUNATIC
ASYLUMS
IN THE
UNITED PROVINCES OF AGRA AND OUDH,
FOR THE YEARS 1900, 1901 AND 1902.
ALLAHABAD:
Printed at the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh Government Press.
1903.
Maximum number of pages
prescribed by the Govern-
ment of India—8.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Admissions and results ... ... ... ...
Age of lunatics ... ... ... ... ...
Causes of insanity ... ... ... ...
Criminal lunatics ... ... ... ...
Cures and death-rate
...
...
...
...
Europeans and Eurasians ... ... ... ...
Establishmnt ... ... ... ... ...
Expenditure ... ... ... ... ...
Number of Asylums ... ... ... ...
Increase of Agra Asylum
...
...
...
...
Water supply at Benares
...
...
...
...
Management of Asylums
...
...
...
...
Occupations
...
...
...
...
...
Overcrowding
...
...
...
...
...
Profits on Asylum industries
....
...
...
...
Religions, &c.
...
...
...
...
...
Sickness in Asylums
...
...
...
...
...
Types of insanity
...
...
...
...
...
PARA.
5
9
11
6
5
7
13
12
2
3
4
15
8
5
14
7
16
10
TRIENNIAL REPORT AND RETURNS
OF THE
Lunatic Asylums in the United Provinces of Agra & Oudh,
FOR THE YEARS 1900, 1901 AND 1902.
BY orders conveyed in Government of India, Home Department,
No. 2742 of 26th February 1901, the report on lunatic asylums was
made a triennial report. The report herewith submitted is the first of
the series and refers to the years 1900, 1901 and 1902.
2. The number of asylums in the United Provinces is four and
ERRATA to the Triennial Report on the Lunatic Asylums in the United
Provinces of Agra and Oudh, for the years 1900, 1901, and 1902.
(1) At page 4, in the fortieth line, read "22.7" instead of "22.5".
(2) In the foot-note of Statement No. IX, on page xiii, read "Jamadárin to
females" instead of "Jamdár to females".
Water supply
at Benares.
4. The water supply at Benares has given a great deal of trouble.
On the introduction of a filtered water supply from the Municipal Water-
Works a common meter registered the supply jointly to the Asylum and
to the Police lines. The consumption was found to be very heavy and
the cost excessive. A separate meter for the Asylum did not improve
matters, and it was evident that there was great waste of filtered water.
A careful inquiry proved that this was the case and that too many taps
had been placed all over the Asylum, from each of which there was
excessive waste. By my orders the supply of filtered water was cut off
and water from the well again taken into use from July 1902, pending a
complete reorganisation of the distribution. Arrangements are now being
made by which filtered water will only be available for drinking and
cooking purposes, and for bathing and flushing only well water will be
used. This will largely reduce the cost to public funds.
Admissions and
results.
5. An analysis of Statement No. I shows that on the 1st January
1900 there were remaining in the four asylums 1,115 lunatics, and that
during the three years under review 807 admissions took place. By
discharges and deaths, amounting to a total of 786, the numbers were
reduced again to 1,136 inmates on the 31st December 1902, showing a
small increase in numbers of 21 only.
TRIENNIAL REPORT AND RETURNS
OF THE
Lunatic Asylums in the United Provinces of Agra & Oudh,
FOR THE YEARS 1900, 1901 AND 1902.
BY orders conveyed in Government of India, Home Department,
No. 2742 of 26th February 1901, the report on lunatic asylums was
made a triennial report. The report herewith submitted is the first of
the series and refers to the years 1900, 1901 and 1902.
Number of Asy-
lums.
2. The number of asylums in the United Provinces is four and
they are situated at Agra, Bareilly, Benares, and Lucknow.
Increase of
Agra Asylum.
3. The enlargement of the Agra Asylum is progressing and, as
regards the native portion, will probably be completed during the current
year. A residence for a whole time Superintendent has been built and
is ready for occupation, but so far nothing has been done yet regarding
the originally proposed European section of the Asylum. I understand
that this portion of the scheme is under reconsideration in view of the
proposal to build a general asylum for all European lunatics in India at
Yerrowda in the Bombay Presidency. I am distinctly of opinion that
the climate of Agra is most unsuitable for the permanent location of a
large number of European and Eurasian lunatics. The heat is intense
there for some months of the year. The few Europeans and Eurasians
at present confined there occupy buildings hereafter to be used as hos-
pitals for natives, in a bare treeless enclosure, and they suffer considerably.
The proposed site for the European section of the Asylum is a similar
bare treeless field. I am of opinion that for the treatment of persons of
unsound mind the surroundings should be restful and soothing, and I
consider that a reconsideration of the question is essential, before further
expense is incurred at Agra for Europeans and Eurasians.
Water supply
at Benares.
4. The water supply at Benares has given a great deal of trouble.
On the introduction of a filtered water supply from the Municipal Water-
Works a common meter registered the supply jointly to the Asylum and
to the Police lines. The consumption was found to be very heavy and
the cost excessive. A separate meter for the Asylum did not improve
matters, and it was evident that there was great waste of filtered water.
A careful inquiry proved that this was the case and that too many taps
had been placed all over the Asylum, from each of which there was
excessive waste. By my orders the supply of filtered water was cut off
and water from the well again taken into use from July 1902, pending a
complete reorganisation of the distribution. Arrangements are now being
made by which filtered water will only be available for drinking and
cooking purposes, and for bathing and flushing only well water will be
used. This will largely reduce the cost to public funds.
Admissions and
results.
5. An analysis of Statement No. 1 shows that on the 1st January
1900 there were remaining in the four asylums 1,115 lunatics, and that
during the three years under review 807 admissions took place. By
discharges and deaths, amounting to a total of 786, the numbers were
reduced again to 1,136 inmates on the 31st December 1902, showing a
small increase in numbers of 21 only.
( 3 )
of cures, but also the largest death-rate. Benares shows the smallest
number of cures, but the death-rate there, at Agra and at Lucknow is
practically the same.
Overcrowding.
There was overcrowding once only during the three years, at the
Benares Asylum, but it only amounted to two in excess. This Asylum,
however, appears to be more constantly nearly up to its full capacity
than the others.
Criminal luna-
tics.
6. Statement No. II refers to criminal lunatics. Of these on the
1st January 1900 there were 242 under confinement. During the three
years 191 were admitted. Of the total number 101 were discharged and
60 died, leaving 272 under confinement on the 31st December 1902.
Religions, etc.
7. Statement
No. III shows the religion, sex and residence of
lunatics admitted. It is a long statement, and I give it in this report
for the year 1902 only. A reference to previous annual reports will give
any special information required on particular points.
Europeans and
Eurasians.
The reports of the three years under review show that on 1st
January 1900, there were 18 Europeans and Eurasians in the asylums
and 29 lunatics of this class were admitted during the three years. None
of the statements, however, show how many Europeans and Eurasians
were cured, how many died, how many were discharged and how many
remained under confinement on the 31st December 1902. Benares only
gives some information on this point in the narrative report. I am
inclined to question the practical value of this long statement in its
present form.
Occupations.
8. Statement No. IV gives the previous occupations of lunatics
admitted during the year 1902 only. It is not of any material interest or
value, at least no statistics deduced from it would be of any practical
value as showing the incidence of insanity amongst persons of particular
occupations failing information as to the numbers in these Provinces of
persons following these particular occupations.
Age of lunatics.
9. Statement No. V shows the ages of lunatics admitted into the
asylums during the year 1902 only.
Types of insanity.
10. Statement No. VI is interesting, as it shows the various types
of insanity treated with results. It is a long table and I give it for the
year 1902 only. But I find on taking from previous reports the numbers
remaining on 1st January 1900 and those admitted in 1900, 1901 and
1902 the following information :—
Idiocy:
Total treated ... ... ...
Recvered ... ... ...
Improved ... ... ...
Died ... ... ...
Remaining under treatment ...
61
3 or
5
per cent.
3
„
5
„
„
15
„
24 „ „
40.
Mania, acute or chronic :
Epileplic variety :—Total treated ...
Recovered ... ... ...
Improved ... ... ...
Died ... ... ...
Remaining under treatment
...
Other forms :—Total treated
...
Recovered ... ... ...
Improved ... ... ...
Died ... ... ...
Remaining under treatment ...
110.
5 or 4.5 per cent.
9 „ 8.18 „ „
25 „ 22.7 „ „
71.
1,201.
316 or 26.3 per cent.
103 „ 8.5 „ „
120 „ 9.9 „ „
662.
( 4 )
Melancholia, acute or chronic:
Epileptic variety :—Total treated ...
4.
No change, all still under treatment.
Other forms :—Total treated ...
Recovered ...
Improved ... ... ...
Died ... ... ...
Remaining under treatment ...
175.
29 or 16.5 per cent.
13 „ 7.4
„
„
24 „ 13.7
„
„
109.
Dementia, including acquired :
Epileptic variety :—Total treated ...
Recovered ... ...
Improved
...
...
...
Died ... ... ...
Remaining under treatment ...
Other forms :—Total treated
...
Recovered ... ... ...
Improved
...
...
...
Died ... ... ... ...
Remaining under treatment ...
28.
0
1 or 3.57 per cent.
11 „ 39.2 „ „
16.
285.
15 or 5.26 per cent.
11 „ 3.86 „
„
51 „ 17.89 „
„
208.
General paralysis of the insane :
Total treated ... ...
All reported as improved... 100 per cent.
Remaining under treatment ...
3.
Nil.
Delusional insanity :
Total treated ... ...
Recovered ... ... ...
Improved ... ... ...
Died ... ... ...
Remaining under treatment ...
36.
16 or 44.4 per cent.
2 „ 5.5 „ „
3 „ 8.3 „ „
15.
Declared to have recovered or not yet diagnosed:
Total treated
...
...
Recovered ... ... ...
Improved ... ... ...
Died ... ... ...
Remaining under treatment ...
19.
0 (so in reports)
8 or 42.1 per cent.
1 „ 5.2
„
„
10.
The largest number of recoveries wore amongst the cases of Delu-
sional insanity (44.4 per cent.), Mania, other forms than epileptic (26.3
per cent.) and Melancholia, other forms than epileptic (16.5 per cent.).
The greatest mortality was amongst the cases of the epileptic variety
of Dementia (39.2 per cent.), the same variety of Mania (22.5 per cent.)
and Idiocy (24 per cent.).
The epileptic varieties of all forms of insanity as usual showed bad
results.
A curious return is that all the cases of general paralysis of the
insane, 3, improved and were discharged. As this form of insanity is
almost invariably fatal one is inclined to question the diagnosis, or to
doubt the report of improved noted against these discharges.
Causes of
insanity.
11. Statement No. VII is given for each asylum for the year 1902
only. It gives details of inquiry into the alleged causes of the cases of
insanity treated and admitted during the year. Of the 1,922 lunatics under
treatment during the three years 1900-1902, the causes of insanity are
reported as known in 990 cases and unknown in 932, about half and half.
But the returns vary from the different asylums. Thus Bareilly returns
328 as known against 170 unknown causes. Benares, 198 known against
220 unknown. Agra, 258 known against 267 unknown. Lucknow, 206
known against 275 unknown.
( 5 )
Of the whole number of alleged causes 744 were referred to phy-
sical and 246 to moral causes, and the returns from the four asylums vary
considerably.
Thus Bareilly returns 246 physical against 82 moral causes.
Benares
Agra
Lucknow
„
„
„
167
189
142
„
„
„
„
„
„
31
69
64
„
„
„
„
„
„
Amongst the physical causes I find that insanity was attributed in
order of frequency to :—
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
8
9
10
11
11
l2
12
13
13
14
14
14
15
Epilepsy … … … …
Charas smoking ... ... ...
Ganja smoking ... ... ...
Heredity … … … …
Fever … … … …
Use of bhang ... ... ... ...
Exposure to sun and heat and injury to the brain ...
Spirit drinking … … …
Congenital and paralysis ... … …
All other intoxicants … … …
Starvation and privation ... … …
Over study … … ……
Child birth … … … …
Syphilis … … … …
Opium eating ... … … …
Old age … … … …
Softening of brain … … …
Leprosy … … … …
Opium smoking … … … …
Masturbation … … … …
Insomnia, Diarrhœa, Prostitution, serious illness, one
of each.
Total
122
112
109
88
82
46
43
36
36
26
10
5
5
4
4
3
3
2
2
2
4
744
cases.
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
To various moral causes, details of which are of no practical value,
as above stated 207 cases were attributed.
In looking at the list of physical causes it is interesting to notice
the large number of cases of epileptic insanity. A reference to the
remarks on Statement No. VI, will show that in this variety the re-
coveries were very few and the death-rate by far the highest.
Charas (112 cases) and ganja (109 cases) smoking come next in
frequency and then heredity (88 cases) and fever (82 cases) as reported
causes. It was of course to be expected that fever would in this country
loom largely in any report as a probable cause of anything. Fever
is, certainly not found by ordinary doctors to result frequently in in-
sanity; if by "fever" the ordinary malarial type is meant. The use of
bhang follows with only 46 cases.
I find on referring to the results given in the three years that,
in cases referred to the foregoing causes, the percentages of cured and
died were as follows :—
Cured—
Cases referred to use of bhang … …
„ „
„ „
„ „
„ „
„ „
charas smoking … …
fever … … …
ganja smoking … …
heredity … … …
epilepsy … … …
34.8 per cent.
28.5 „ „
21.9 „ „
18.3 „ „
14.7 „ „
3.5 „ „
Deaths—
Cases referred to epilepsy … … ...
„ „
„ „
„ „
„ „
„ „
use of bhang … …
ganja smoking … …
fever … … …
heredity … … …
charas smoking … …
25.3 per cent.
10.8 „ „
10.0 „ „
9.7 „ „
7.9 „ „
4.4. „ „
( 6 )
These are the most important of the causes.
It is noticeable that to the use or abuse of opium only six cases out
of the whole 1,922 cases treated are attributed.
A certain number of singular causes are given, obviously not causes
or only symptoms, such as leprosy, old age, prostitution, diarrhoea,
insomnia, softening of the brain, starvation. I understand from one
Superintendent that the " causes " of the insanity are compiled from
the reception orders which are received from the Magistrates, and that
Asylum Superintendents do not feel at liberty to revise the information
so received. As these orders are made out by subordinates of the Revenue
or Police Departments the opinions they contain in doubtful cases as
to causes are not of much value. I am of opinion that Asylum Super-
intendents as medical officers should, when possible, revise the alleged
causes by the light of their medical and special knowledge, and this
would make Statement No. VII of more value from a medical point of
view.
If this were done we might possibly find that the number of cases
where causes are reported as unknown would diminish and not represent
nearly 50 per cent. as at present. But a Superintendent's work should
not be judged by the mere ratio of known to unknown causes he returns.
In a large number of cases he has to go by pure hearsay coming through
the ignorant police. The statement has little scientific value.
Expenditure.
12. Statement No. VIII, formerly No. IX, shows the details of
expenditure of the four asylums for the year 1902 only. A reference
to the previous reports of the triennium shows that the total expendi-
ture has been as follows:-
1900
…
…
…
…
…
1901
…
…
…
…
…
1902
…
…
…
…
…
Rs.
1,31,342
1,19,269
1,23,261
This gives an average expenditure per annum of Rs. 1,24,626.
Taking the average daily strength at 1,115 this gives an average cost
per annum of Rs. 111.8 per inmate.
A small amount was received from paying patients as follows :—
1900 … … … … …
1901 … … … … …
1902 … … … … …
Rs.
3,160
1,855
1,894
or an average of Rs. 2,303 per annum.
Establishment.
13. Statement No. IX is for the year 1902 only and calls for no
comment, except that the provision of competent clerks for each asylum
is necessary.
Profits on Asylum
industries.
14. Statement No. X shows the manufacturing accounts for the
asylums for the year 1902 only.
Referring to the previous reports it will be seen that the following
profits have been made by asylum industries :—
1900 … … … … …
1901 … … … … …
1902 … … … … …
Rs.
3,036
5,861
6,223
or an average of Rs. 4,873 per annum.
In 1900 Bareilly made a loss due to a high mortality amongst
the dairy cattle, but this was made up for by large profits during the two
subsequent years, The profit made at this asylum is largely in excess
of that of any of the others.
Management of Asylums 15. The asylums have been very well managed during the period
under review by their Superintendents. At the end of 1902 these offi-
cers were at Bareilly, Lieutenant-Colonel Sykes, I.M.S.; at Benares,
( 7 )
Lieutenant-Colonel Sweeny, I.M.S.; at Agra, Lieutenant-Colonel Lukis,
I. M. S., and at Lucknow Lieutenant-Colonel Anderson, I. M. S. Other
officers of course have held temporary charge during the three years.
Sickness in Asy-
lums.
16. The statement regarding sickness in the asylums has been
omitted by order of Government, so I make no remarks on the subject
beyond saying that the general health of the lunatics appears to have
been satisfactory.
As far as possible the cases of phthisis, chronic or acute, are kept
separate from the rest of the inmates.
C. H. JOUBERT, M. B., LOND., F.R.C.S., COLONEL, I.M.S.,
Inspector-General of Civil Hospitals,
United Provinces of Agra and Oudh.
LUCKNOW;
The 21st February 1903.