NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
13
Colon) Cristobal, Mount Hope.
Water and sewers—
Connections made during the year
...
...
...,
80
Total number of connections made to date ...
...
...
597
Outstanding permits
...
...
...
...
32
Houses in which extensions were made
...
...
...
32
Houses—
Plans approved
...
...
...
...
...
82
Permits to repair issued
...
...
...
...
317
Permits to occupy issued
...
...
...
...
58
Temporary permits to occupy issued
...
...
...
11
Houses in which defective plumbing fixtures were found and reported
to the superintendent of public works
...
... 1,548
Sanitation of Colon—
Loads of yard garbage removed
...
...
... 2,434
Average number of cans of garbage removed daily
.,
... 3,108
Vegetation removed
- ...
...
... acres ...
660
Streets cleaned
...
...
...
...
do. . 2,612
Private properties cleaned
...
...
...
... 4,165
Pools oiled
...
...
...
square yards ... 103,230
Mosquito-breeding places found ...
...
..
... 2,917
Water receptacles treated
...
...
...
... 645,555
Ditches constructed
...
...
linear feet ... 21,343
Ditches constructed
...
...
cubic yards ..
6,516
Ditches maintained ...
...
...
linear feet ... 228,266
Notices to abate nuisances served
,..
...
.
7,847
Nuisances abated
...
...
...
...
... 6,546
Buildings inspected ...
...
...
...
... 42,898
Rats killed
....
...
...
...
...
¡57
Alleys cleaned
...
...
...
...
... 12,999
Streets sprinkled ...
...
..
... acres ...
276
Crab holes worked ...
...
...
...
... 38,200
Colon and Cristobal garbage disposed of at the ninth street dump.
Sanitation of Cristobal—
Pools oiled
...
...
...
square yards ... 36,653
Water receptacles treated
...
..,
...
... 76,000
Mosquito-breeding places found ...
...
...
477
Ditches maintained
...
...
linear feet ... 1,310
Crab holes worked ...
...
...
...
... 1,800
Sanitation of Mount Hope-
Pools oiled
...
...
.,.
square yards ... 127,354
Water receptacles treated
...
...
...
...188,609
Ditches maintained ...
...
...
linear feet ... 228,777
Crab holes worked ...
...
...
...
... 39,200
Mosquito-breeding places found ...
...
...
... 2,275
Ditches constructed ...
...
...
linear feet ... 4,684
Fumigation
...
...
...
cubic feet ... 156,400
Mount Hope Cemetery maintained.
474 DE
14
Sanitatian of Toro Point—
Pools oiled
....
...
...
square yards ... 35,300
Water receptacles treated
...
...
...
... 1,690
Mosquito-breeding places found
...
...
...
226
Ditches constructed
. .
...
linear feet ... 3,685
Ditches maintained ...
...
,..
do.
... 5;900
Vegetation removed ...
...
...
square yards ... 1,325
As regards the effect of the measures in these cities, there is no doubt, in
my opinion, that endemic yellow fever has been stamped out and that the
stegomyia mosquito has been so effectively controlled as to minimise the risk
that an epidemic would occur if undiscovered cases of the diseases were imported.
At the same time it must be remembered that it is still possible to collect
stegomyia larvae even in the dry season, and for this reason it is the case that
the continuance of the satisfactory condition above recorded is dependent en-
tirely on a continuance of the present very efficient arrangements for regular
inspection and destruction of breeding places. Every year, however, the task is
becoming easier by reason of the extension of the areas in which the sanitary
conditions are such as almost entirely to eliminate the possibility of the existence
of breeding places suitable for the stegomyia mosquito.
The orevalence of other kinds of mosquitoes than stegomyia is not a matter
with which the present report is concerned.
Finally it may be noted that the demolition of many dilapidated houses and
huts in which the poorer inhabitants used to live has brought about, especially in
Colon, a great decrease in the number of dwellings suitable for those classes.
The deficiency is being corrected to some extent by erecting approved tenement
houses of which each room is rented separately ; but as the rent charged for a
single room in these houses is not less than eight dollars gold per month (about
24 rupees) the measure does not prevent the almost complete exclusion of poor
people from the cities. The arrival of such people is also prevented by the
immigration laws, which not only prohibit the admission into the country of per-
sons of Chinese, Turkish and Syrian descent, but require that everyone admitted
must have in his possession at least 15 dollars and must be prepared to pay in
addition 3 dollars 20 cents for quarantine charges. It is obvious, of course, that
measures which result in excluding all except well-to-do people from the popula-
tion of a town have a great effect in improving its health statistics and in
enabling it to be kept in a sanitary condition. In this connection it is not out of
place to remark that the measure above mentioned is one among many which
make it difficult to cite the cities now under consideration as examples of
Shipping Trade.—At present the Canal zone is brought into communication
with other ports by the following shipping :—
1 AT COLON.
Steamship Lines.
United Fruit Company ..,
Frequency.
4 per week
Port of call in yellow fever zone.
Bocas del Foro in Panama,
Limon in Costa Rica.
Puerto Barrios in Guatemala.
Santa Marta in Columbia.
Kingston in Jamaica.
New Orleans.
(New York).
Steamship Lines.
Royal Mail Steam Packet
Company.
Hamburg- American
Leyland and Harrison
Motor P oat and Coasting
Services.
15
Fiequency.
i every fortnight
I every fortnight
1 per week.
i per month
Frequently
Poit of call in yellow fever zone.
La Guayra in Venezuela.
Trinidad.
Barbadoes.
Kingston.
(New York).
Santiago de Cuba via Kingston.
Port Limon in Costa Rica.
Belize in British Honduras.
(Liverpool).
Bocas del Toro.
Porto Bello (ro miles from Colon).
The ships of various trans-AItantic lines which run between European ports
(Cadiz Genoa, Bordeaux and Marseilles) and Colon, such as the Compagnie
Generale transatlantique, the Navigazione Generale Italiana, and the Trans«
Altantica Española, also sometimes call at other ports in the endemic area; but
the ships of the Panama Railroad Company ply directly between New York and
Colon, the journey occupying only 6 days.
By the direct steamers the journey between—
Bocas del Toro and Conon occupies 12 hours.
Port Limon
„
„
14
„
Santa Marta
,,
,,
36
,,
Kingston
„
„
44
„
Barrios
„
„
60
,,
New Orleans
,,
„
,.
136
,,
2. AT. PANAMA.
Steamship Lines.
Pacific Mail Steamship
Company.
Frequency.
3 per month
Y.
Ports of call in yellow fever zone
Coasting trade between Panama and San
Francisco calling at Punta Arenas in
Costa Rica, San Juan del Sur in Nicara-
gua, Corinto in Nicaragua, Amapala and
La Union in Honduras, La Libertad,
Acajutta, San Jose de Guatemala, Cham-
perico and Ocos in Guatemala, Salina
Cruz, Acapulco, Manzanillo, San Blas,
Mazatlan in Mexico.
I P / 2 5 / P Z 4
I P
BULLETIN OF THE
PASTEUR INSTITUTE
OF SOUTHERN INDIA,
COONOOR. NO. 2. 1909.
PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE CENTRAL
COMMITTEE OF THE ASSOCIATION.
OOTACAMUND: PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT BRANCH PRESS.
1910.
BULLETIN
OF THE
PASTEUR INSTITUTE
OF
SOUTHERN
INDIA.
COONOOR.
No. 2. 1909.
PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE CENTRAL
COMMITTEE OF THE ASSOCIATION.
OOTACAMUND:
PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT BRANCH PRESS.
1910.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
SECTION I.-NEGRI BODIES.
Page
1. On the differences in the occurrence of Negri bodies as a result of the subcutaneous
2.
inoculation of rabic virus derived (a) from the central nervous system, (b) from
1
...
the salivary glands
2. On the ohanges which occur in the size of Negri bodies in the hippocampus major
when a strain of rabies is passed through a series of guinea pigs subdurally (see
also Bulletin 1, page 15 )
2
2 ... ... ... ... 2
3. On Lentz' s Passagewutkörper
SECTION II.—ON THE INFECTIVITY OF FIXED VIRUS.
1. To ascertain in what manner the infectivity of fixed virus diminishes when pre-
...
...
...
...
served in glycerine ...
...
...
...
...
5
2. On the susceptibility of monkeys to rabies
...
...
• • •
• • •
• • •
• •
6
To determine whether any difference existed in the infectivity of three strains of
rabies virus in three different species...
...
...
...
...
7
...
3. To ascertain if protective inoculations of fixed virus are of more value round
the site of infection with street virus than at a distance...
...
...
...
4. Is the virus of rabies destroyed at the point of introduction or does it lie latent in
...
...
...
the subcutaneous tissue ?
...
...
...
...
...
9
5. To ascertain the difference in infectivity of the brain and lumbar cord of subdurally
inoculated rabbits (Laboratory fixed virus), (a) which have presented the normal
incubation period of 6 to 7 days, and (b) which have had a prolonged
...
...
incubation period
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
10
SECTION III.—HÆMOLYTIC DATA.
1. To ascertain whether lysins and agglutinins are formed as a result of subcutaneous
...
injections of serum free from erythrocytes ... ... • • • • • • • ••
11
2. Some points on the relation of quinine salts and arsenic to hæmolysis
• • •
1 1 1
On the transference of hæmolytic power from parent to offspring ...
...
...
12
To find if there is much variation from day to day in the resistance of the erythro-
cytes of a healthy animal to lysis by hypotonic solutions of sodium chloride ...
13
Some points on the variations of the erythrocytes of individuals of the same species
to lysis by hypotonic solutions and by specific serum
...
...
...
•••
1 4
To ascertain within what limits the solvent power of an animal's serum on the
erythrocytes of some other species may be expected to vary from time to time ...
. . .
15
...
6. On the influence of sodium citrate on hæmolysis
...
...
...
16
STAFF.
Director
•••
•••
... J. W. CORNWALL , M.A., M.D., D.P.H., Major, I.M.S.
Assistant Director , „
... A. G. M CKENDRICK , M.B., CH.B., Captain, I.M.S.
Assistant Surgeon ...
... M. KESAVA PAI , M.D.
Hospital Assistant , ..
S. RAMASAMY AIYAR.
BULLETIN
OF THE
PASTEUR INSTITUTE
OF
SOUTHERN INDIA.
SECTION I —NEGRI BODIES.
1.—On the differences in the occurrence of Negri bodies as a result of the
subcutaneous inoculation of rabic virus derived (a) from the central
nervous system , (b) from the salivary glands.
Having noticed. in the course of systematic microscopical examination of the
brains of animals, which had succumbed to rabies as a result of the subcutaneous
inoculation of material from street virus brains, that Negri bodies often could. not be
seen or were very small and scanty, we were struck by the difference between the
results of this artificial infection and of the natural infection by means of saliva.
In natural rabies the infective matter is transferred in the medium of the saliva, and.
Negri bodies are almost invariably found in abundance, and of large size, in the hippo-
campus major. In artificial rabies, when the infective agent is matter from the
central nervous system of a naturally infected animal, Negri bodies are nearly as often
absent as present, and when present are generally of small size.
Subcutaneous infection with brain matter can never occur in nature, and the fact
that natural infection by means of saliva almost invariably gives rise to one kind. of
microscopic appearances, whereas artificial infection with brain matter frequently fails
to produce similar appearances, strengthens the opinion we have previously given
expression to (Bulletin No. 1, 1908, page 22), that the saliva contains the rabies
organism in one phase of development while the central nervous system contains it in
another phase.
Of 31 guinea pigs, which had. succumbed from time to time in various experiments
to subcutaneous inoculation with street virus from the central nervous system, 16
showed no Negri bodies at all and in 15 they were found, but were seldom more than 2µ
in diameter. Sub-inoculations were made subdurally in rabbits from the brains of two
of the sixteen guinea pigs which showed no Negri bodies, with the result that the
bodies re-appeared in large numbers from 5µ to 8µ in diameter.
Of 11 monkeys, which similarly had received street virus brain subcutaneously,
4 showed no Negri bodies, 6 showed scanty bodies up to 2µ and 1 showed numerous
bodies up to 8µ The last animal had. received a very large dose of virus and had. an
incubation of only 13 days.
To ascertain whether large Negri bodies invariably appear after the subcutaneous
inoculation of an emulsion of pounded. salivary glands, which is the nearest approach
to a natural infection that can be effected, 3 series of guinea pigs were inoculated.,
starting in each series with the salivary glands removed from a guinea pig which had
succumbed to subdural inoculation with brain matter from a street virus dog.
No attempt was made to differentiate between the salivary glands, but from each
.guinea pig both parotids and. both sub-maxillaries were carefully dissected out, freed.
as far as possible from blood, connective tissue and. afferent nerves and. pounded up
with a little 0.85 per cent. salt solution. Of the resulting emulsion
0.5 cc. to 2 cc. was
2
injected into the abdominal subcutaneous tissue of 3 or 4 other guinea pigs. A similar
procedure was adopted to continue the series, whenever one of the guinea pigs
developed rabies.
Series 1 failed after the fourth salivary gland passage,
Series 2 after the fourth passage, and
Series 3 after the fifth passage.
Each series, however, probably could have been kept going indefinitely if only a
large enough number of sub-inoculations could .have been made-
Nevertheless the results obtained seem to be sufficiently consistent to point the
distinction between virus derived from the central nervous system on the one hand
and from the salivary glands on the other. Out of 44 guinea pigs subcutaneously
inoculated with emulsion of street virus salivary glands, 20 developed rabies, and all
the 20 showed numerous Negri bodies varying from 5µ to 20 in diameter : a marked
contrast with the guinea pigs mentioned above which had been inoculated with brain
matter.
It is more difficult to secure infection in guinea pigs with salivary gland emul-
sion subcutaneously than with brain matter subcutaneously, a fact which other
workers have noticed in dealing with dogs' salivary glands. Iii addition to a higher
rate of infectivity brain matter has a shorter incubation period than salivary gland
emulsion. The average incubation period of the 31 guinea pigs inoculated with brain
matter was 16 . 9 days and that of the 20 inoculated with salivary gland matter was
20 . 7 days. We are now attempting to re-construct the Negri bodies of street virus
from ordinary fixed virus by using the salivary glands of guinea pigs which have died
from subcutaneous fixed virus infection. It is much more difficult, however, to
obtain infection through the medium of fixed. virus salivary glands than with street
virus glands.
2.—On the changes which occur in the size of Negri bodies in the Hippocampus
major when a strain of rabies is passed through a series of guinea pigs
subdurally. (See also Bulletin 1, page 15).
The subjoined table is a continuation of Table 8, published on page 15 of Bul-
letin No. 1, and shows the changes in the incubation period of rabies passed through
a series of guinea pigs subdurally, and. the changes which occur in the size of Negri
bodies to be seen in the hippocampus.
The street virus to begin with was obtained from the cortex of a naturally
infected dog.
It will be observed that after the sixty-second passage Negri bodies began to disap-
pear and could not be recognised in six instances. Mann's stain was used throughout and
at least two complete sections were closely searched. before "Nil" was recorded. It is
quite possible that, had time permitted a large number of sections to be searched,
tiny bodies might have been found in some or all of the negative preparations.
Number of passage.
Incubation period.
Size of Negri bodies.
41
4 days.
8 µ
42
5 days.
3 µ
43
5 days.
5µ
44
5 days.
3µ
45
4 days.
3 µ
46
4 days.
4 days.
Specimen lost.
47
4 4
48
4 days.
8 µ
3
Number of passage.
Incubation period.
Size of Negri bodies.
49
4 days.
3 µ
50
4 days.
Specimen badly stained.
51
4 days.
2 µ
62
4 days.
l µ - 2 µ
63
4 days.
2 p
54
5 days.
3 µ
66
4 days.
3 p
56
4 days.
3 µ
67
4 days.
3p,
58
4 days.
3 p
59
4 days.
3 µ
60
4 days.
3 p
61
4 days.
4-2µ
62
5 days.
Nil.
68
5 days.
2µ
64
5 days.
1 . / . 2 - 2 µ
85
4 days.
2µ
66
4 days.
Nil.
67
4 days.
1 µ
68
4 days.
Nil.
69
4 days.
Nil.
70
5 days.
2 µ
71
4 days.
Nil.
72
5 days.
2µ
73
4 days.
2 p
74
4 days.
Nil.
The series was discontinued after the seventy-fourth passage as no further informa-
tion could be expected from it.
3.—On Lentz's Passage wutkörper.
Lentz (Zeit. für Hygiene LXII, 1908) in 1908 described certain microscopic
appearances under the name of passagewutkörper which he stated to be always present
in passage rabies, i.e., fixed virus, and absent in street virus and other affections.
The bodies were to be found almost exclusively in the central third of the semi-
- circle of large ganglionic nerve cells displayed in cross sections of the hippocampus
major, and were to be recognised only after the Eosin-Methylene-blue method of
staining employed by Lentz, not after Mann's stain. They have no relation therefore
to Negri bodies. As it is highly important to be in possession of a means of recog-
- nising sections of fixed virus hippocampus unfailingly under the microscope we at once
proceeded to verify Lentz's discovery, following his method with exactitude, but we
failed to find the passagewutkörper in several of the fixed virus Hippocampi examined.
In some brains the passagewutk örper were numerous and well marked, in others
scanty, and in a few none at all could be demonstrated. We could not find any in
street virus brains, Lentz also having observed this.
4
The subjoined. table gives the results of the microscopic examinations.
PASSAGEWUTKORPER.
Numerous.
Scanty.
Nil.
Fixed virus Rabbits ..
..
..
6
5
7
Street virus Guinea pigs
..
.
..
..
4
Fixed virus Guinea pigs
..
..
..
It seems evident that, when dealing with the strain of fixed. virus of this Institute
at any rate, one cannot depend on Lentz's method for its recognition under the micros-
cope. The objects he describes seem to us to be degenerated nerve cells whose
cytoplasm has taken on an acidophile re-action, and whose nuclear matter has broken up
into basophile globules of varying number and size. Doubtless these passagewutkörper
are in some way dependent on the presence of the rabic organism in the brain, but
they are not constantly found, and Pinzani (Cent.- für Bakt. Orig. LI, 1909) has
recently shown that they are not even specific, as he has observed them in other
morbid states of the brain besides fixed virus rabies. Kozewaloff (Cent. für Bakt.
Orig. LII, 1909) also concludes that they are not of a parasitic nature.
5
SECTION II.—ON THE INFECTIVITY OF FIXED VIRUS.
1.—To ascertain in what manner the infectivity of fixed virus diminishes
when preserved in glycerine.
The spinal cords of fixed virus rabbits were divided into numerous pieces, each of
which was carefully weighed. The alternate pieces were preserved in the ice box
immersed in the three following fluids:-
(1) Pure glycerine.
(2) 50 per cent. glycerine in distilled water.
(3) 25
The comparative inoculations were made with adjacent pieces of cord from the
same region, so as to eliminate the error that might be introduced if lumbar cord in
pure glycerine were to be compared with cervical cord in 50 per cent. glycerine.
T ABLE 1 shows the results of the total number of inoculations performed.
Cord preserved in
Number of
rabbits
in ocu l ted
a
subdurally.
Rabies.
Survived.
Died
other wise.
Average
incubation
period.
Pure glycerine..
..
27
23
4
9.3 days.
50 per cent. glycerine
46
37
8
1
7'7 „
25 per cent. glycerine
16
9
..
12.0 „
TABLE 2 shows the results obtained with the different dilutions of the cord
substance employed.
Dilutions of
emulsions of
fixed virus cord.
PURE GLYCERINE.
50 PER CENT. GLYCERINE.
25 PER CENT. GLYCERINE.
abies.
Rabies.
Survived.
Died
otherwise.
Rabies. Survived.
Died
otherwise,
Rabies. '
Survived.
_____
Died
otherwise.
1 in
50
..
„
100
..
„
250
..
„
500
..
„ 1,000
..
„ 2,000
..
„ 4,000
.
„ 5 , 0 0 0
1
4
5
9
6
2
..
..
..
4
6
4
1
1
..
..
1
1
..
2
- •
1
..
4
1
9
5
..
1
..
..
..
2
1
1
..
..
1
..
..
..
..
..
1
3
2
3
..
..
..
..
..
2
3
1
1
..
..
..
..
..
Total ..
27
23
4
37
8
1
9
7
..
TABLE 3 shows the effect on the incidence of rabies of the time during which the
fluids were in contact with the virus.
Number of days
the virus was
preserved.
PURE GLYCERINE.
50 PERCENT GLYCERINE.
25 PERCENT. GLYCERINE.
Rabies. Survived.
Died
otherwise. Rabies. Survived.
Died
otherwise. Rabies. Survived.
Died
otherwise.
2 days
..
4„
7
10
14
..
20
32 „
2
7
4
5
6
3
6
2
4
3 6
1 1
3
1
..
..
..
7
6
6
4
7
4
3
3
1
2
1
1
1
..
..
..
..
2
8
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
..
..
..
..
Total ..
27
23
4
37
8
1
9
7
..
2
7
1 survived 12 weeks and succumbed 40 days after intraocular injection with
street virus.
(No Negri bodies, sub-inoculation in guinea pig negative.)
2 survived 12 weeks and succumbed two months after subcutaneous inoculation
with street virus.
(No Negri bodies, sub-inoculation in guinea pigs negative.)
(5) Of 10 monkeys, inoculated daily for 14 days subcutaneously in abdomen with
fresh fixed virus brain substance from rabbits, 1/1,000 of the body weight being
injected altogether
all survived 10 to 18 weeks.
6 died later. (No Negri bodies, sub-inoculations in guinea pigs negative.)
2 were afterwards inoculated intraocularly with street virus and succumbed
in 15 and 33 days.
(Negri bodies present. No sub-inoculations made.)
2 were afterwards inoculated subcutaneously with street virus and succumbed.
in 29 and 46 days.
(Negri bodies present, sub-inoculations negative.)
Conclusions.
(1) That monkeys survive subcutaneous injection of fresh fixed virus rabbit
brain in abdomen—
(a) in single doses up to 1/1,000 of body weight,
(b) in daily doses for 14 days, up to 1/1,000 of body weight being injected
in all.
(2) That little or no immunity is established against subsequent subcutaneous or
intraocular inoculation of street virus, either by single injections of fresh fixed virus
or by daily injections for 14 days.
(3) That supposing that monkeys which die after fixed virus inoculation actually
die from rabies, a supposition which is not supported. by the symptoms observed, it is
exceedingly difficult to infect guinea pigs by subdural inoculation from their brains:
in fact in no instance were sub-inoculations successful in this respect.
(4) That about 40 per cent. of monkeys succumb to subcutaneous inoculation of
street virus brain matter.
(5) That Negri bodies cannot always be demonstrated in sections of the brain of
monkeys after either subcutaneous or intraocular inoculation of street virus.
(6) That it is extremely difficult to infect guinea pigs even by subdural inocu-
lation from the brains of monkeys which have succumbed from street virus: in fact we
only succeeded once with an incubation period of 62 days.
(7) That monkeys are moderately susceptible to street virus inoculated subcutane-
ously, but resistant to fixed virus, and that, even when they do succumb to street
virus and Negri bodies are found in their brains, the virus is so greatly attenuated
that it does not readily infect guinea pigs subdurally. ( Vide attenuation by passage
through birds, Bulletin 1, page 21.)
3.—To determine whether any difference existed in the infectivity of three
strains of rabies virus in three different species.
The strains used were
(1) Laboratory rabbit virus, originally derived from a dog, 248th subdural
passage in rabbits.
(2) Guinea pig virus, originally derived from a dog, 29th subdural passage in
guinea pigs.
(3) Dog virus, originally derived from a dog, 19th subdural passage in dogs.