NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
SLEEPING SICKNESS.
31
of sudi persons only if arrangements can be made for their strict
isolation on shore.
NOTE.—In suspicious cases the Health Officer should make a careful examin-
ation for enlargement of the lymphatic glands, particularly those in the triangles
of the neck. The pulse rate should also be taken. To confirm the diagnosis
gland-juice should be taken and examined for the presence of trypanosomes.
34. In the case of a vessel arriving from the East Coast of
Africa within the limits of Port Sudan, Durian, or from other
localities declared to be infected, the procedure prescribed by rule 2
shall be complied with and the crew or passengers, etc., shall be
medically inspected in accordance with rule 9.
These regulations may be considered adequate as far as they go
and should certainly not be relaxed in any particular. If a quar-
antine station is needed the suitability of one of the islands in Bom-
bay harbour (e.g., Butcher Island) should be considered, as it is
improbable that much interchange of biting insects takes place
between these islands and the main land.
All the Soudan and Somaliland ports should be looked upon as
possible sources of infection as well as those of the East Coast of
Africa.
The movements of cattle and camels and other animals between
Africa and India should be watched in view of the fact that some
may be acting as carriers of the infection of Sleeping Sickness.
THE PILGRIM TRAFFIC QUESTION.
The question may arise at some time as to whether similar
precautions should be taken with reference to the return of pilgrims
from Arabia to India. Large caravans of Muhammadans gravitate
to Mecca from the West Coast of Africa and the endemic centres
of Sleeping Sickness, and as a tsetse fly is known to exist in
Arabia there are the necessary conditions for the dissemination
of the disease.
If this did occur it would mean that pilgrims in the early and
most infectious stages of the disease might be distributed all over
India. However, so far, Sleeping Sickness itself is not known to
have occurred in Arabia, so that it may not be necessary to do
more at the present time than to keep in mind the possibility of its
so doing.
SLEEPING SICKNESS.
33
ADDENDUM.
Since the main body of this paper was written a great deal
of work has been done both in the infected areas and in Eu-
ropean laboratories to clear up the questions concerning the
identity of the new Rhodesian tiypanosome and its carrier.
Firstly, it has been shown that Trypanosoma Rhodesiense
(Stephens and Fantham) is not identical with Trypanosoma
Ganibiense. This conclusion was arrived at by the considera-
tion of certain morphological differences ; by the greater viru-
lence of the former trypanosome for laboratory animals than
the latter possesses and also by means of the " crossed
immunity test. " The last named test showed that an animal
which was immune to T. Gambiense was still susceptible to
and died as" the result of an inoculation with T. Rhodesiense,
Secondly, it was urged that T. Rhodesiense was in reality
the well known cattle trypanosome of South Africa (T. Brucei)
which is naturally carried by Glossina, Morsitans and that this
parasite had recently become pathogenic to man. Laveran
from evidence obtained by his crossed immunity test and by
serum reactions came to the conclusion that the two were
distinct species. The evidence of morphology and of animal
reaction also goes to disprove the identity of these two try-
panosonies.
Thirdly, can G. Morsitans (the cattle tsetse fly) transmit
the Uganda form of Sleeping Sickness ? It has been proved
by many laboratory experiments that. T. Gambiense can be
readily conveyed to monkeys and other animals by Glossina
Morsitans and that it was, therefore, possible that the fly
could talee the place of G. Palpalis in areas unsuited to the
life of that insect.
At the same time opinions have been expressed that other
tsetse flies, Glossina Fusca and G. Breuipatyis may be found
to be capable of transmitting human trypanosomiases either
in Rhodesia or elsewhere. There is 110 evidence to show
that in nature the virus of Uganda Sleeping Sickness (T
Gambiense) is carried by any tsetse fly except G. Palpalis
34
SLEEPING SICKNESS.
though, laboratory experiments show that in theory other
tsetse flies can do so.
Finally, there remains the question of how the Rhodesian
trypanosome infects man. We have seen that this trypano-
some is distinct both from T. Gambiense and T. Brucei, and
we know that it is transmitted in areas free from Glossina
Palpalis but which are infested with the other common tsetse
fly Glossina· Morsitans.
Stephens and Fantham sum up their observations (January
7th, 1912) as follows :—" It appears to us that the foregoing
evidence is strongly confirmatory of the view we put forward
in our original paper, namely, that we have two trypano-
somes producing Sleeping Sickness in man, namely, T. Gam-
biense and T. Rhodesiense and that the carrier of the latter
species is Glossina Morsitans."
In the Sleeping Sickness Bulletin which has just come to
hand (No. 37, Volume 4, published May llth, 1912) the
report of the Luangwa (Rhodesia) Sleeping Sickness Commis-
sion is reviewed and the conclusions arrived at by Drs. Allan
Kinghorn and Warrington Yorke are so important that they will
be quoted in full.
" 1. The human trypanosome, in the Luangwa Valley, is trans-
mitted by Glossina Morsitans, Westw.
' 2. Approximately 5 per cent. (4·76) of the flies may be-
come permanently infected, and capable of transmitting the
virus.
" 3. The period which elapses between the infecting feed of
the flies and the date on which they become infective is
approximately fourteen days.
" 4. An infected fly retains the power of transmitting the
disease during its life, and is infective at each meal.
£t 5. Mechanical transmission does not occur if a period of
twenty-four hours has elapsed since the infecting meal.
"6. Some evidence exists to show that in the interval between
the infecting feed and the date on which transmission becomes
possible the parasites found in the flies are non-infective.
"7. Glossina Morsitans, in nature, has been found to transmit
the human trypanosome.
SLEEPING SICKNESS.
35
" 8. Certain species of buck, viz., waterbuck, hartebeest,
mpala, and warthog, have been found to be infected with the
human trypanosome.
" 9. A native dog has been found to be infected with the
human trypanosome."
It is interesting to note how closely the results obtained
by these observers with the Rhodesia
trypanosome tally
with ours and the Uganda strain for, substituting Glossina
Morsitans for Glossimi Palpalis, the other facts are almost iden-
tical with those which we elicited.
To summarise the whole position in a few words.
There are two distinct human trypanosome diseases found
in adjacent parts of Central Africa ; one the Uganda form
carried by Glossina Palpalis, the other the Rhodesiani forni
carried by Glossina Morsitans.
Both diseases are spreading outside their original epidemic
area and they may continue to spread in those countries
wherever the appropriate fly exists.
In both cases a reservoir of infection exists in the wild
game, and the tsetse fly carries the disease from game to
man, and from man to game (possibly also from man to man)
and in this way keeps up a vicious circle.
If these new facts have any further bearing in India other
than that already discussed, they should urge us to strengthen
rather than to weaken our defences against the possible inroads
of this dreadful disease.
F. P. MACKIE.
SHILI.ONG,
The 26th June 1912.
SLEEPING SICKNESS.
37
A list of the papers dealing with the work of the
Sleeping Sickness Commission of 1908—1910
published in the proceedings of the Royal
Society during 1909, 1910 and 1911.
B. Volume 81. 1. Trypanosoma Ingens, Nov. sp.
2. The development of Trypanosoma Gambiense in
Glossina Palpalis.
3. A note on the occurrence of a Trypanosome in
the African Elephant.
Volume 82. 4. Sleeping Sickness in Uganda. Duration of the
infectivity of the Glossina· Palpalis after the
removal of the Lake-shore population.
5. Glcssinu Palpalis as a carrier of Trypanosoma
Virax in Uganda.
6. Report on a collection of blood-parasites made
by the Sleeping Sickness Commission, 1908-09,
by E. A. Minchia, M.A., Professor of Proto-
zoology in the University of London.
7. A-inaJef.be, a disease of Calves in Uganda.
8. The Development of Trypanosomes in Tsetse
flies.
9. Experiments to ascertain if cattle may act as a
Reservoir of the Virus of Sleeping Sickness.
10. Trypanosome diseases of domestic animals in
Uganda. I—Trypanosoma Pecorum.
11. The natural food of Glossina Palpalis.
12. " Muhinya, " a disease of natives in Uganda.
13. Mechanical transmission of Sleeping Sickness
by the Tsetse fly.
Volume 83. 34. Trypanosome diseases of domestic animals in
Uganda. II—Trypanosoma Bnicei (Plimmer
and Bradford).
15. Trypanosome diseases of domestic animals in
Uganda. Ill—Trypanosoma Vivaw (Ziemann.)
38
SLEEPING
SICKNESS.
16. Trypanosome diseases of domestic animals in
Uganda. IV—Trypanosoma uniforme sp. nov.
17. Trypanosome diseases of domestic animals in
Uganda. V—Trypanosoma Nanum (Laveran).
18.* Experiments to ascertain if the domestic
fowl of Uganda may act as a Keservoir of the
Virus of Sleeping Sickness (Trypanosoma
Gambiense).
19. * Experiments to ascertain if Antelope may
act as a Reservoir of the Virus of Sleeping
Sickness (Trypanosoma Gambiense).
20. Experiments to ascertain if Trypanosoma
Gambiense during its development within
Glcssina Palpalis is infective.
21. † Experiments to investigate the infectivity of
Glossina Palpalis fed on Sleeping Sickness
patients under treatment.
22. * Experiments to ascertain if certain Tabanidac
act as the carriers of Trypanosoma Pecorum,
23. Further researches on the development of
Trypanosoma Gambiense m Glossina Palpalis.
* Published under the names of the first three members of the Commission
only.
† In association with Dr. R. Von Someran, Uganda Medical Staff.
Fig. I.
A group of patients in a Sleeping Sickness camp.
Fig. II.
Photo.-Engraved & printed at the Offices of the Survey of India, Calcutta, 1912
The last stages of Sleeping Sickness.
Fig. III.
(Photographed from Lady Bruce's drawing.)
The parasite of sleeping sickness.
(Trypanosoma Gambiense).
Fig. IV
Photo Engd. & printed at the Offices of the S. of I., Calcutta, 1912.
The tse-tse fly (Glossina palpalis).
Top row.—The perfect insect.
Second " —The same from underneath and
from the side distended with
blood.
Third " —The larva, the pupa, the empty
pupa case.
Fourth " —The human tick (ornithodorus
moubata).
(Photographed from life).
Fig. V.
The sandy foreshore of the lake where the tse-tse fly breeds.
Fig. VI.
Photo. Engraved & printed at the Offices of the Survey of India, Calcutta, 1912.
The distribution of the tse-tse fly in Uganda.
Photo.-Engraved & printed at the Offices of the Survey of India, Calcutta, 1912.
(1). Trypanosoma Gambiense from the Salivary glands of Glossina Palpalis.
2, 3, 4, 5. Normal trypanosomes (for comparison) from monkey's blood.
6—16. Trypanosomes from the alimentary canal (midgut) of Glossina Palpalis.
Fig. VII.
Fig. VIII.
Photo.-Engraved & printed at the Offices of the Survey of India, Calcutta, 1912.
(1). Trypanosoma Gambiense developing in the midgut of Glossina Palpalis.
2, 3, 4, 5. Normal trypanosomes from monkey's blood.
6—13. Developing trypanosomes from the foregut of Glossina Palpalis.
Fig. IX.
Drawing a dead hippopotamus to the shore.
Fig. X.
Photo.-Engraved & printed at the Offices of the Survey of India, Calcutta, 1912
Children herding calves at a fly infested river.
Fig. XIII.
A typical lake shore plantation.
Fig. XIV
Photo.-Engraved & printed at the Offices of the Survey of India Calcutta, 1912.
A deserted plantation.
Fig. XV.
A creek on the Victoria Nyanza.
Fig. XVI.
Photo.-Engraved & printed at the Offices of the Survey of India, Calcutta, 1912.
A forest road near the margin of the Victoria Nyanza.
CALCUTTA
SUPKRINTENBENT GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA
8. HASTINGS STREKT
IP|13|SB.5
REPORTS
ON MILITARY CANTONMETNS AND CIVIL STATIONS
IN THE PRESIDENCY OF BOMBAY
INSPECTED BY THE
SANITARY COMMISSIONER
IN THE
YEARS 1875 AND 1876.
Bombay: PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT CENTRAL PRESS.
1877.
PART I.
REPORTS ON MILITARY CANTONMENTS INSPECTED
IN 1876.
S A T A R A .
AHMEDNAGAR.
K O L H A ' P U R .
S I R U R .
B E L G A U M .
P O O N A
1 . S U D D E R B A Z A R
D H A R W A R .
2. NATIVE TROOPS.
S H O L A ' P U R .
3. EUROPEAN TROOPS.
PART II.
REPORTS ON CIVIL STATIONS INSPECTED IN 1875.
Reprinted by order of Government.
TANNA.
POONA.
AHMEDABAD.
AHMEDNAGAR.
PART III.
REPORTS ON CIVIL STATIONS INSPECTED IN 1876.
SATARA.
D H A R W A R .
KOLHA'PUR.
S H O L A ' P U R .
BELGAUM.
B I J A ' P U R .
B 221
PART I.
REPORTS
ON
MILITARY CANTONMENTS INSPECTED IN 1876.
S a t a r a
S h o l á p u r .
K o l h á p u r .
Ah me d n a g a r .
B e l g a u m .
S i r u r .
Dharwar.
P o o n a .
1. Sudder Bazar.
2. Native Troops.
3. European Troops.
B 221
REPORT ON THE CAMP AT SATARA.
The military cantonment of Satara was transferred to the civil authorities
and municipality in 1867, when it became a civil station. It covers an area of
about 31 / 2
s q u a r e m i l e s , a n d i s s i t u a t e d o n t h e s o u t h - e a s t o f t h e t o w n . T h e g r o u n d
gradually slopes down from the hill-fort to the river Yenna, which is about a
mile distant from the Sudder Bazaar. The surface of the camp is well wooded, and
contains a large extent of grazing ground, and is intersected by several nullahs
carrying off the storm-water falling on the south and south-east sides of the
hill-fort, which discharge themselves into the Yenna.
2. The road to Kolhápur skirts the southern boundary, above which is the
filthy village of Godoli ; but this is not, as it ought to be, included within camp
limits. By the side of this road is the Godoli tank, which is not, I am informed,
used for drinking purposes. The road to Rehmutpur leads from camp in a south-
east direction, whilst that to Mhowlee passes through the upper part of it, nearly
due east. The old Poona road over the Neera bridge skirts camp limits on the
north-east.
3. The Residency is situated in a prominent position on the higher level
to the south-west of camp, and the Government treasury and bungalows .
occupied by gentlemen in civil employ are also chiefly on the south-west ; whilst
military officers live in bungalows on the south-east, as these are in the vicinity
of the Native Infantry lines and the barracks.
4. The troops at present quartered at Satara consist of two companies of
the 1st Battalion 2nd Regiment-156 strong—and the head-quarters of Her
Majesty's 4th Rifles, about 350 strong.
5. The barracks for European troops are on the left flank of camp, and face
the west. They consist of a corrugated iron and four tiled barrack-rooms. The
corrugated iron barrack is situated immediately to the north of the road leading
to Mhowlee, and two of the tiled ones are on the same alignment on the south of
it, the quarter-guard being between them ; and behind these are two other tiled
barracks, one of which is, at this present time, dismantled, as it was found to be
unsafe. The married men's quarters consist of two buildings, which occupy a
position in rear, and face the west.
The front row of barracks is built on sloping ground immediately
below the Residency compound, which is thus in their close vicinity, and it was,
until this year, a swamp ; but Mr. Moore, the Collector, has had a deep drain cut,
which carries off the water lying in the compound. Last year the men in No. 9
barrack—which is on the lowest part of the ground—are said to have suffered.
very much from fever. At the time of my inspection my attention was drawn by .
the men to water which was seen issuing from the ground close to the foot of the
steps, on the east side of the barrack. A charnel was cut for it to escape, and.
it flowed out in a strong stream, and continued to do so until the time of my
departure. It evidently is a spring, and the point from which the water from the
higher ground above escapes.
5
surface-drains should also be cut, and the bathing-water should be conveyed into
them. The Khas water-scheme, if adopted. , would benefit the European, but
especially the Native troops, for whom also a proper hospital is much required.
32. One of the greatest wants in Satara is the introduction of the Conta--
gious Disease Act, as the filthy village of Godoli is, in every sense, a source of
danger to the troops, and should, if possible, be removed. Another site could, I
imagine, without much difficulty, be found for it. If that cannot be done, it
should be included within municipal limits, and daily inspected and kept clean,
But the prostitutes in Satara are now under no sort of regulation, and consist of
the dregs of the lowest castes of Natives; and as the station is a civil one there
is great difficulty in the way of putting the provisions of the Act into force.
33. Whether the objections in the way of again establishing a military
cantonment are insuperable, it does not fall within my province to say; but I am
told that owners of property in camp would make a strong remonstrance against
its being again transferred; and I am sure that the present Collector Will, when
provided with funds, do all that is possible to keep the station cleaner than it is
At present.
T. G. HEWLETT,
Acting Sanitary Commissioner.
Sanitary Commissioner's Office,
B o m b a y , , A u g u s t
2 4 t h , 1 8 7 6 .
Military Department.
Bombay Castle,
No. 3754.
6th September 1876.
Letter from the Acting Sanitary Commissioner, No. A - 766, dated 24th August 1876.
Forwards a report on the Sanitary condition of the camp at Satara.
*With plan.
RESOLUTION.—A copy of the report* to be forwarded to the Quarter Master
General, the Surgeon General, Indian Medical Department,
and the Surgeon General, British Forces, for any remarks
they may desire to offer.
2. A copy to be also forwarded to the Revenue, General and Public
Works Departments.
J. A. M. MACDONALD, Colonel,
Secretary to Government.
No. 19-49
Army Head Quarters,
Poona, 7th November 1876.
FROM
THE QUARTER MASTER GENERAL
To
THE SECRETARY TO GOVERNMENT,
MILITARY DEPARTMENT.
SIR,
Referring to Government Resolution, Military Department, No. 3754, dated.
6th September last, I have the honor, by direction of His Excellency the Com
-mander-in-Chief, to furnish the following report on the defects noticed by the
Sanitary Commissioner in his report on Satara, dated 24th August 1876.
P a r a . 6 . S p r i n g n e a r N o .
9 B a r r a c k .
2. The Medical Officer in charge of the European Detachment at Satara
states that there were no fever cases admitted into
hospital from No. 9 Barrack during last rains; and
that the spring alluded to dried up completely a few
days after it ceased raining in the early part of August.
P a r a . 7 . D i s p o s a l o f w a s t e
w a t e r f r o m c o o k - r o o m , & c .
3. The Officer Commanding at Satara has ordered a tree to be planted to
absorb the waste water from the ablution and cook-
rooms; and arrangements were made early in the mon-
soon to prevent the indrift of rain through the venti-
-lators.
Para, 8. Filth Tubs.
4. The spare filth tubs have been removed.
Para. 9. Leakage in the
married-men's quarters.
5. The tiles of the married-men's quarters were
turned, and the roof put in thorough good order im-
-mediately after the Sanitary Commissioner's inspection.
Para. 10. Swampy ground
below the Barracks.
6. The Executive Engineer has been requested
to arrange for the drainage of the ground referred to.
B 221—1A
20. The site alluded to has already been selected
Para.. 29. Encamping ground. as an encamping ground.
21. The provision of separate ablution rooms for the men occupying the
tiled barracks does not appear to be a work of such
Para. 30. Separate ablution emergency as to warrant an application to Government
rooms.
for funds to carry it out. The present arrangement
has been found convenient, and not hitherto considered very faulty.
22. An attempt was made some time ago to re-establish the Military Can-
tonment of Satara, and the difficulties in the way were
Para. 33. Re-establishment
of Military Cantonment.
found to be almost insuperable in consequence of the
large amount of private property which it would be
necessary to include within Military limits. Vide Government Resolution, Mili-,
tary Department, No. 3287, dated 13th August 1875.
I have the honor to be, &c.,
(Signed) G. BURROWS, Brigadier-General,
Quarter Master General.
Military Department.
Bombay Castle,
No. 4951.
16th November 1876.
•
Letter from the Surgeon General, British Forces, No. 1458, dated 18th September 1876.
States that he concurs generally in the remarks of the Acting Sanitary Commissioner in his
report on Satara, communicated with Government Resolution No. 3754, dated 6th September.
Letter from the Surgeon General, Indian Medical Department, No. 3758, dated 13th Sep tem-
ber 1876.
With reference to Government Resolution No. 3754, dated 6th September 1876, states that he
has no remarks to offer.
Letter from the Quarter Master General of the Army, No. 19-49—4650, dated 7th November
1876.
Referring to Government Resolution No. 3754, dated 6th September, submits a report on the
defects noticed by the Sanitary Commissioner in his report on Satara, dated 24th August 1876.
RESOLUTION.—A copy of the Quarter Master General's letter to be communi-
cated to the Sanitary Commissioner.
J. A. M. MACDONALD, Colonel,
Secretary to Government.
Military Department.
Bombay Castle,
No. 5082.
23rd November 1876.
Resolution of Government in the General Department, No. 3188, dated 11th October 1876.
Forwarding, for consideration, an extract from remarks by the Acting Collector of Satara, sug-
gesting, in connection with the report by the Sanitary Commissioner on the camp at Satara, that
the native huts near the Commissariat lines may be removed, as well also the question of introduc-
-ing the Contagious Diseases Act in the Satara camp.
Report by the Commissary General, No. 41-B.3-50—6095, dated 24th October 1876.
Report by the Quarter Master General of the Army, No. 10-224—4734, dated 10th November
1876.
3
His Excellency the Commander-in-Chief is of opinion that the "Indian Contagious Diseases
.
1868
of
.
XIV * A c t X I V . o f 1 8 6 8 .
Act * might, with advantage, be applied to the station of Satara, if Govern-
ment are prepared to provide the necessary funds for its administration.
2. The "Rules for the Prevention of Venereal Disease," framed under Bombay Act III.
of 1867, could not be brought into force at Satara without first making it a Military cantonment,
and the difficulties attending that measure would be many, as already shown in the correspondence
underlying Government Resolution, Military Department, No. 3287, dated 13th August 1875.—By
order, &c., G. BURROWS, Brigadier-General, Quarter Master General.
RESOLUTION.—Measures are being taken for the removal of the native huts
referred to in the 14th para. of the Sanitary Commissioner's report.
2. For the reasons stated by the Quarter Master General, it is at present
impracticable to introduce the Contagious Diseases Act in the Satara camp,
although the application of the Act to the station of Satara is much needed.
J. A. M. MACDONALD, Colonel,
Secretary to Government.
4