NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
8
MASTITIS
ORGANISMS
[Vol, XXVIII, Part II,
the quarters were milked thoroughly. The tip of the teat was cleaned with rectified
spirit, the adapter of the tube was gently inserted up the teat canal and entire contents
of one tube pushed into the quarter. The adapter was then pulled out, the tip
of the teat pressed between the fore-finger and the middle finger of the left hand
and the quarter was massaged upward with the right hand to distribute the suspension
equally and as far as possible into the glandular tissue. Three such courses of
treatment were given to every quarter at an interval of 24 hours. The milk was
collected 24 hours, one week and one month after the treatment for microscopic
and cultural examination. The udders were examined for any palpable induration.
The treatment was considered to be successful if there was an appreciable
decrease in the leucocytic count per ml, of milk and the causative organism could
not be isolated.
OBSERVATIONS
The total number of mastitic quarters treated was 20. One was infected with
Streptococcus pyogenese, one with Streptococcus uberis, two were cases of mixed infec
tion with Str. agalactiae and Staph. aureus and Str. dysgalactiae and Staph. aureus
respectively. Eight quarters were shedding coagulase positive, β haemolytic Staph.
aureus and from the other eight, coagulase negative, non-haemolytic Staph. albus
was isolated.
Three healthy quarters shedding non-pathogenic Str. lactis were also treated
to study the in vivo effect of the antibiotics on these organisms.
TABLE I
Pretreatment and post-treatment results of examination of milk
from experimental quarters
Quarter No.
5F
42/1
20/1
8F
10/2
20/2
20/3
30/3
2/2
Leucocyte count
Before treatment
5,000,000
1,040,000
320,000
5,000,000
340,000
690,000
430,000
640,000
930,000
After treatment
5,500,000
75,000,000
30,000
Not done
20,000
50,000
20,000
30,000
20,000
Cultural examination
Before treatment
Str. pyogenese
Str. uberis
Str. agalactiae
and
Staph.
aureus.
Str. dygalactiae
and
Staph.
aureus.
Staph, aureus
β
haemolytic
coagulase posi¬
tive.
do.
do.
do.
do.
After treatment
Str.
pyogenese
Str. uberis
No growth
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
March, 1958]
S.
S.
BAKSHI
9
TABLE I (contd.)
Pretreatment and post-treatment results of examination of milk from
experimental quarters
Quarter No.
2/4
3/2
4F
9/1
9/2
9/3
9/4
14/2
31/2
33/1
21/2
21/4
26/2
3
Leucocyte count
Before treatment
450,000
550,000
3,000,000
800,000
1,500,000
2,250,000
280,000
550,000
310,000
400,000
25,000
10,000
400,000
400,000
After treatment
20,000
10,000
100,000
30,000
90,000
20,000
80,000
50,000
— nil —
30,000
— nil —
— nil —
60,000
60,000
Cultural examination
Before treatment
Staph. aureus.
β haemolytic
coagulase posi
tive. do.
do.
Staph. albus non¬
haemolytic.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Str. lactis
do.
do.
E. cots
After treatment
No growth
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
138/AR/57
2
STUDIES ON THE MORPHOLOGY AND SEASONAL
HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE PITUITARY GLAND
OF THE FRESH WATER TELEOST CIRRHINA REBA
(HAMILTON). 1
By A. G. SATHYANESAN 2 , Zoology Research Laboratory, Annamalai University,
Annamalai Nagar
[Received
for publication on August 8, 1957
Accepted for publication on September 12, 1957]
(With 8 text Figures)
T HOMSON and Zuckerman [1955] opined that though the vital part played by
the pituitary in the control of growth, reproduction and several other metabolic
processes is well established, " the views about the way its various activities are
integrated and controlled remain very elementary ". Potts [1942] observed that
the presence of fewer target organs in the lower vertebrates, may render the problem
of the physiological interrelationships of the pituitary less complex than that of
the higher vertebrates. Charipper [1937] in his review suggests the possible
importance of the study of the pituitary of the lower vertebrates in solving certain
problems of the hypophysial complex of the higher vertebrates. Major part of
the work done on the pituitary of teleosts is on its morphology and histology
[Herring, 1908 ; Stendell, 1914 ; De Beer, 1926 ; Charipper, 1937 ; Evans, 1937 ;
Woodman, 1939 ; Kerr, 1942 ; Lee, 1942 ; Potts, 1942 and Miller, 1944]. Earlier
workers on the hypophysis gonad-interrelationship of teleosts based their inference
on the results of pituitary extract injections [Houssay, 1930, 1931 ; Cardoso, 1934],
extirpation and implantation experiments [Matthews, 1939 and 1940]. The seasonal
changes in the pituitary of Gasterosteus aculeatus [Bock, 1928], Fundulus heteroclitus
[Matthews, 1936], Rhodeus amarus [Bretschneider and Duyvene de Wit, 1947],
Lebistes reticulatus [Stolk, 1950], Cyprinus carpio and Carassius auratus (Scruggs,
1951) have been worked out at some length. Kerr [1948] reported that the problem
of pituitary gonad-interrelationship could be advanced a further stage if some
particular cell type can be associated with the gonad changes in fishes. This investi-
gation is an attempt to study the quantitative and qualitative seasonal variations
in the pituitary of C. reba in correlation with the cyclic changes occurring in the
gonads.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Specimens were collected for this investigation from the Annamalai University
reservoirs, all round each month for a complete year. They were killed by severing
the head, and the pituitary was fixed along with the floor of the skull within 2 to
1 . This work was carried out under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research Scheme and was
totally financed by the I. C. A. R.
2 . Present address—Zoology Research Laboratory, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-5, India.
13
138 AR/57
3
14
STUDIES ON CIRRHINA REBA [Vol. XXVIII, Part I,
4 minutes. The presence of a connective tissue shelf between the floor of the brain
and the gland renders it difficult to remove the pituitary intact with the brain.
Bouin's picro-formol, zenker-formol, formol-sublimate were the fixatives used
and Mallory's collagen, Heidenhain's Azan and Anderson's modification of Mallory's
triple stain were the stains tried. Bouin's picro-formol and Anderson's modifica-
tion of Mallory's triple stain gave good results and were used for routine work.
Sections were cut at 5, 8 and 10 µ and differential counts of the cell types of the
ubergangsteil were made from the median sagittal sections.
Morphology of the pituitary gland
The pituitary of C. reba is an ovoid body situated ventral to the brain attached
to the infundibulum by a short pituitary stalk. The hypophysial recess is much
reduced and it does not extend into the pars nervosa. The pituitary is divided
into a nervous component, the pars nervosa and a glandular component, the pars
glandularis. The pars glandularis is divisible into three parts ; the pars anterior,
the ubergangsteil and the pars intermedia, which are arranged in a regular order
along the dorso-ventral axis (fig. 1). The pituitary stalk is continued into the
pars glandularis as pars nervosa. The smaller branches of the pars nervosa extend
into the pars anterior and ubergangsteil, while the main trunk extensively arborises
in the pars intermedia (fig. 1). Small blood vessels are seen more often entering
the pituitary from the vascular meninges covering it.
The pars nervosa is fibrocellular in its make-up. Among its loosely arranged
fibres the nuclei of the neuroglia cells are scattered. Apart from these, often droplets
and irregular patches of colloid-like material are present. Occasionally, few glandular
cells are seen in the pars nervosa. Though there is no demarcating partition between
the various glandular lobes, the tripartite arrangement of the pars glandularis is
distinct by their cell variants. However, a mixing up of their constituent cell
types is evident along their boundaries. Basophils, acidophils and chromophobes
are the general cell types met with in the glandular pituitary.
Correlative seasonal changes in the pituitary and the gonads
During the annual sexual cycle, the gonads of C. reba exhibit distinct periods of
growth, maturity, depletion and quiescence. This process may be broadly divided
into three phases :
(1) Pre-spawning phase
This phase is characterised by growth and enlargement of the gonads and is
commonly observed in specimens collected during April to June.
(2) Spawning phase
The gonads are fully swollen and ready for spawning ; such gonads are present
in fishes obtained from July to October. Large number of specimens collected
during the latter half of this period have partly spent gonads.
(3) Post-spawning phase
Specimens collected during late October and November show completely depleted
gonads which are in a state of regression. From November to early April, they are
in the resting stage. But the initiation of the growth activity is evident during
the latter part of this period.
16
STUDIES
ON
CIRRHINA REBA [Vol. XXVIII, Part I,
but do not show any recognisable secretory activity. An increase in size and
percentage of the basophils is in evidence. They measure 20.9µ in their average
diameter and their average percentage is 60.2 ( Table 1). The globular baso-
phils show a numerical increase. The globular bodies vary in size and may reach
10µ across. In a large number of the basophils the cell wall is not distinct. In
some cases the cytoplasm and the globular bodies are lightly stained. A group of
such basophils look like a patch of granulated colloid-like matter with scattered
nuclei in them (Plate I, Fig. 5). The chromophobes do not present any obvious
change either in their size or in percentage.
Pars intermedia. This component does not present any cognisable change from
that of the preceding phase. Some blood sinuses present in the pars nervosa
branches of the pars intermedia lying close to the ubergangsteil contain in them
acidophilic bodies (Plate I, Fig. 8). These may be the extruded globular bodies
of the basophils of the ubergangsteil.
TABLE I
Relative number, percentage and size of the typical cells of the middle glandular
lobe of the pituitary of Cirrhina reba for the months, April 1952 to March 1953
Months
1953—
January
February
March
1952—
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Basophils
Average
number
1168
892
1434
1582
934
1530
1485
1105
1419
1216
1209
1369
Percent-
age
55.4
47.3
50.2
46.8
53.7
54.9
64.2
59.2
66.9
50.6
51.8
50.3
Average
size (µ)
16.5
18.6
18.0
17.0
20.0
20.8
21.5
20.6
21.5
20.0
20.6
20.3
Acidophils
Average
number
533
586
1046
1361
600
809
589
693
506
654
714
826
Percent-
age
25.3
31.1
36.6
40.3
34.7
29.2
25.5
28.2
23.8
27.2
30.6
30.3
Average
size (µ)
16.0
19.0
18.5
17.8
18.5
20.6
20.5
19.6
20.6
16.5
16.5
18.0
Chromophobes
Average
number
405
406
374
432
206
443
236
310
207
535
406
526
Percent-
age
19.3
21.6
13.1
12.8
11.8
15.9
10.2
12.6
9.3
22.2
17.6
19.3
Average
size (µ)
10.0
10.5
10.5
11.0
10.8
10.0
10.4
10.3
11.5
10.0
10.5
11.8
PLATE
I
[ Indian J. vet. Sci., Vol. XXVIII, Part I
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1
FIG. 1. Photograph of the median sagittal section of the pituitary of C. reba, showing the pars
glandularis and the distribution of the pars nervosa.
X about 150
FIG. 2. Photograph showing a group of basophils resembling those of the ubergangsteil in the
pars anterior, during the pre-spawning phase. Surrounding cellular components of the
pars anterior may be noted.
X about 500
FIG. 3 Photograph showing the colloid-like bodies occurring in the pars nervosa during the
later part of the pre-spawning phase.
X about 650
FIG. 4. Photograph showing a group of acidophils in the ubergangesteil during the pre-spawning phase
X about 500
FIG. 5. Photograph showing the 'globular basophils' and intercellular globules in the uber-
gangsteil during the spawning phase.
X about 1000
FIG. 6. Photograph showing an acidophil of the ubergangsteil discharging its globular content
into the pars nervosa during the regression period.
X about 900
FIG. 7. Photograph showing the extruded acidophilic globules in the pars nervosa. The sieve-
like appearance of the ubergangsteil during the regression period may be noted.
X about 950
FIG. 8. Photograph showing the acidophilic bodies inside a blood sinus in the pars nervosa
branch of the pars intermedia during the spawning phase.
X about 1000
KEY TO LETTERING
acl—acidophil
acl. b—acidophilic body
acl. glb—acidophilic aglobule
bas—basophil
bl. s—blood sinus
cld. by—colloid-like body
chrb.—chromophobe
glb. bas—globular basophil
n. str—nervosal strand
pit. st—pituitary stalk
p.i.—pars intermedia
p.n.—pars nervosa
p.a—pars anterior
ubg.—ubergangsteil
138 AR/57.
March, 1958]
A.
G.
SATHYANESAN
17
Pars nervosa. Pars nervosa does not present any remarkable change from that
of the pre-spawning phase.
Post-spawning phase
Pars anterior. The pars anterior does not show any marked change from that
described in the preceding phase.
Ubergangsteil. During the period of regression the ubergangsteil appears like a
sieve due to the degranulation of the basophils and the disappearance of the globules
in the 'globular basophils' (Plate I, Fig. 7). A greater proportion of the basophils
approaches the chromophobic condition, but because of a few scattered lingering
granules, their basophility can be recognised. A fall in the percentage of the
basophils and a corresponding increase in the percentage of the acidophils is
evident. Some of these acidophils have bright red globular bodies in their
cytoplasm. The globules which are extruded (Plate I, Fig. 6) from the acidophils are
seen scattered in the ubergangsteil and also they migrate into the pars nervosa
(Plate I, Fig. 7). The larger globules may have an average diameter of 5-10µ.
These acidophils may be comparable to the "sphere cells" of Perca fluviatalis
reported by Kerr [1942], where he identified these bodies with the colloid-like
matter found in the pars nervosa.
Marked changes are noted in the ubergangsteil during the resting period. The
sieve-like appearance of the ubergangsteil is totally lost. The basophils once again
regain their affinity for stain due to the reappearance of the granules in their cyto-
plasm. The average percentage of the basophils is 51 during this phase. The
acidophils are devoid of their globular cytoplasmic inclusions, but they form 30.7
per cent of the cell types in this lobe. The average percentage of the chromophobes
increases to 18.2 (Table I).
Pars intermedia. This lobe does not show any notable variation from the pre-
vious phase. The blood sinuses do not contain any colloid-like matter.
Pars nervosa. During the period of regression the pars nervosa is almost free
from the colloid-like material except for the migrated acidophilic globules extruded
from the acidophils of the unbergangsteil. A number of small basophils are often
present in the main trunk of the pars nervosa, but they are conspicuous by their
absence in the resting period. However, during the resting stage some scattered
droplets and patches of colloid-like bodies are present.
DISCUSSION
The pituitary of C. reba is attached to the brain by a distinct stalk and is made
up of pars nervosa and pars glandularis. The pars glandularis is divided into three
components, the pars anterior, the ubergangsteil and the pars intermedia. Though
the main trunk of the pars nervosa ramifies extensively into the pars intermedia,
the other two glandular components also receive a fair amount of its branches.
138 AR/57
4
20
STUDIES
ON
cirrhina
reba
[Vol. XXVIII, Part I
Herring, P. T. (1908). A contribution to the comparative physiology of the pituitary body. Quart.
J. Exp. Physiol., 1, 261-80
Houssay, B. A. (1931). Action sexuelle de Phyppohyse surles poissons et les reptiles. C.R. Soc.
Biol., 106, 377-78
Kerr, T. (1940). The herring material in perch pituitary. Nature, 145, 591
— (1942). A comparative study of some teleost pituitaries. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., Ser. A, 112
37-56
— (1942). On the pituitary of perch (Perca fluviatalis) Quart. J. Micr. Sci., 83, 299-317
— (1943). The evolution of the pituitary with special reference to teleosts. Proc. Leeds Phil. Soc.,
4, 75-83
— (1948). The pituitary of the normal and parasitised roach, Leuciscus rutilus (Flemm.). Quart.
J. Micr. Sci., 89, 129-39
Lee, R. E. (1942). The hypophysis of broad billed swordfish, Xiphias gladius. Biol. Bull., 82,
401-12
Levenstein, I. (1939). The cytology of the pituitary gland of two varieties of goldfish (Carassius auratus
L.) with some reference to variable factors in the gland which may possibly be related to the
different morphological types. Zoologica, 24, 47-60
Matthews, S. A. (1936). The pituitary gland of Fundulus. Anat. Rec., 65, 357-69
— (1937). The development of the pituitary gland in Fundulus., Biol. Bull. 73, 93-98
— (1939). The relationship between the pituitary gland and the gonads in Fundulus. Biol. Bull.
76, 241-50
— (1940). The effect of implanting adult hypophysis into sexually immature Fundulus.
Ibid.,
79, 207-14
Miller, R. N. (1944). The hypophysis of the teleost, Corydora paliatus. J. Morph., 74, 331-46
Potts, H. E. (1942). The anatomy and morphology of the hypophysis of several species of ovo-vivipa-
rous Poeciliids. Zoologica., 27, 85-97
Scruggs, W. M. (1939). The epithelial components of the teleost pituitary gland as identified by a
standardized method of selective staining. J. Morph., 65, 187-214
— (1951). The epithelial components and their seasonal changes in the pituitary gland of the carp
(Cyprinus carpio L.) and goldfish (Carassius auratus L.). Ibid., 88, 441-70
Stendell, W. (1914). Die Hypophysis Cerebri. Oppel's Lehrbuch der vergl. Mikr. Anat , Teil 8,
1-162
Stolk, A. (1950). Histo-endocrinologische analyse van de graviditeitsverschijnselen bij de Cyprino-
dontide Lebistes reticulatus. Thesis, Utrecht.
Tampi, P. R. S. (1951). On the pituitary of Chanos chanos (Forskal) Nature, Lond., 167, 686-78
— (1953). On the structure of the pituitary and thyroid of Chanos chanos (Forskal). Proc. Nat.
Inst. Sci. India., 19, 247-56
Thomson, A. P. D. and Zuckerman, S. (1955). Anterior-pituitary-hypothalamic relations in the ferret.
Nature 175, 74-76
Woodman, A. S. (1939). The pituitary gland of Atlantic salmon. J. Morph., 65, 411-36.
HERITABILITY AND REPEATABILITY OF CALVING
INTERVAL IN THARPARKAR CATTLE
By O. N. SINGH, Livestock Research Station, Bihar, Patna
[ Received for publication on February 19, 1957
Accepted for publication on November 2, 1957
]
C ALVING interval is directly related to lifetime milk production [Sanders,
1927 a and b], which is one of the two main objects of raising cattle.
As phenotype of an economic quantitative character is the result of genetic
and environmental influences, the relative contribution of the two is an information
of significance. Such information is provided by the estimation of heritability and
repeatability of the character. These estimates enable the breeders to predict
the extent of improvement to be achieved by selective breeding and also provide
the basis for formulating selection and breeding programme.
This article includes the results of a study of the effects of certain environmental
factors on the calving interval of Tharparkar cows and also the estimation of
heritability and repeatability of the trait.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The calving interval records numbering 1149 of Tharparkar cows, raised and bred
at the Government Cattle Breeding Farm, Patna, were used in this study. The
calving interval records of the herd were sorted in year and month of calving
sequences. For the estimates of heritability and repeatability the records used
were : first calving interval and first three calving intervals respectively obtained
from the year 1938 to 1954. Records available on both dam and daughter, were
for 59 pairs, sired by 10 bulls which were used to calculate the regression of daughter
on dam. Analysis of variance, covariance, regression and correlation as described
by Snedecor [1946] were used to handle the data.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Effect of various environmental factors on calving interval was studied on a
random sample from the data under study. Only first three calving intervals were
used instead of eight for convenience of handling. The period from 1938-1952 was
divided into 5 groups, each group, comprising of a span of 3 years. Each year was
further divided into six seasons of two months, e.g. January and February, March
and April, etc. These data were composed of 180 calving intervals, with two calving
intervals per season with three sequences and six seasons and five groups of years.
21
138 AR/57
5
22
CALVING INTERVAL IN THARPARKAR CATTLE [Vol. XXVIII, Part I,
TABLE I
Analysis of variance of calving intervals
Sources of variation
Total
Between years (Y)
Between calving sequences (C.S.)
Between seasons (S)
Y × C. S.
Y × S.
S × C. S.
Y × C. S. × S.
Error
D.F.
179
4
2
5
8
20
10
40
90
M.S.
2944.8
26804.7**
3677.6
7620.6
3781.3
5691.7
4847.5
7985.0
**Statistically significant at 1 per cent level.
Analysis of environmental variance of calving intervals is presented in Table I.
Calving interval was only found to be significantly affected by sequences of calving.
Years, seasons of breeding and their interactions did not show significant effect.
Brown et al. [1954] reported significant effect of sequences of calving and years on
the calving intervals.
The obtained significant influence of calving sequences on the calving interval
may be due to the age of cow in addition to several other factors. Calving interval
depends considerably on the ability of animal to conceive. Lasley and Bogard
[1943] reported that the number of services needed for conception was affected by
the age of cow. Younger cows required more services for conception. But the
results of the works by Baker and Quesenberry [1944] did not agree to it.
The original data when analysed to study the influence of different years on the
calving interval revealed a significant result. Hence, the contradictory result obtained
previously in the study for the year effect based on 5 groups of years may be probably
due to balancing the effect of one year by other year in each of the groups.
Means of the first three calving sequences of the sampled records and eight
calving sequences of all the records under study are shown in Table II. It also
includes the per cent of animals retained in the farm up to different calving intervals
in relation to first calving.
TABLE II
Means of calving interval at different sequences in original and sampled data and
per cent of first calving
Calving sequences
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Original data
No.
232
231
196
160
130
98
67
35
Per cent of first
calving
100
99.6
84.5
69.0
56.0
42.2
28.9
15.1
Calving interval
(days)
457.9±6.8
441.1±7.2
411.1±7.0
423.3±8.4
416.5±8.9
418.0±10.6
428.0±15.9
423.4±18.8
Sampled data
No.
60
60
60
Calving interval
(days)
441.7±11.6
421.2±10.1
399.4±9.1