NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
MEDICAL ASPECTS OF PLAGUE.]
85
No.
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
Occupation.
Shoe and Boot -makers
Workers and sellers of Jute
Cow-keepers and Milk-sellers
Grain, Pulse and Flour dealers
...
...
Sweetmeat makers and sellers of pastry, cooks
Fruit and vegetable dealers
Grocers, Spice-dealers
Stone-cutters
Gold and Silver-smiths
Black-smiths
General labotirers and coolies
Factory labourers (unspecified)
Shopmen, &c. (unspecified)
Mendicants
...
...
...
Males following no occupation
Females
do.
do.
Children, males
Children, females
...
...
.·.
...
...
...
Totals
...
...
. · ·
...
...
...
Number of deaths in
Sep.
9
« ..
1
1
... 18
... 2
12
16
2
77
Oct.
1
5
2
15
1
1
..
...
66
7
9
6
50
41
28
299
Nov.
5
1
1
9
1
2
1
1
1
50
14
3
2
4
34
49
29
257
Dec.
14
4
18
10
10
4
4
9
5
185
92
19
20
32
171
188
131
1,205
Total.
20
6
7
51
12
3
5
5
11
6
319
113
31
22
44
267
294
190
1,838
TABLE VIII.
The details of 27 Patients treated at Parel Plague Hospital with
M. Yersin's Anti-toxic Serum.
No.
1
2
3
*4
5
6
7
S
9
10
*11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
*24
25
26
*27
Initials.
C. D. K
D. P .
D. N.
R. T. N.
S. B.
S. B. K.
P. D.
R. M.
...
...
...
...
...
.. ·
J. D. D.S....
P. R.
R. F.
M. D.
R. M.
S. J.
B. J.
B. G. S.
T. M.
M. S.
K. H.
L. R.
A. K. T.
M. E.
D.
H. B.
C. M.
K. B. S.
G.E.
..
...
...
Bex.
M
F
F
F
M
M
F
M
M
M
F
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
F
M
M
F
F
F
F
M
ASC.
51
40
1½
18"
24
18
60
25
13
7
25
30
y
9
25
23
18
30
22
12
60
45
11
32
32
4
52
Cas te.
N. C.
H.
N. C.
N. C.
H.
H.
H.
H.
N. G.
H.
N. C.
H.
N. G.
H.
H.
H.
H.
H.
H.
N. C.
N. C.
Parsee.
Parsee.
Hindu
Jain.
Ν. (λ
H.
H.
Occupation,
Medical
Practitioner.
Cooly
... ...
Clerk
Mill-hand ...
Mill-hand ...
Schoolboy .
Do.
...
... ...
Hamal
Schoolboy...
Sweeper ...
Do.
...
Clerk
Mill-hand ..
Mali
Massai
.. ...
Merchant ..
Cook ....
... ...
... ...
Clerk
Duration of
Disease.
Days.
4-5
2
2
3
3—4
3—5
2
2
36 hours.
2
... ...
2
1
2
2
36 hours.
2
26 hours.
4—5
3—9 hoars.
9 hours.
3
27 hours.
7 ,,
24
„
42
„
3—5
Serum in C. C.
30 + 20
30 + 20
10+10+10
20 + 20
20 + 10 + 10x
20
20+10
30 + 30+40
30
40+40
30 + 30
20
40
40 + 40 + 40 +
40 + 30
40 + 40 + 30
30 + 40+40
40 + 50
50 + 50 + 50 +
50+30
4
40
40
40+50 + 50
60
50
50
50 + 50
40
20
Total
C. C.
50
SO
30
40
0
0
100
30
80
60
20
40
190
110
110
90
230
40
40
40
140
60
50
50
100
40
20
Result
D
D
R
D
D
D
D
D
D
R
...
D
K
R
R
D
R
D
U
D
R
R
D
E
n
D
D
Remarks.
Double pneumonia.
Meningitis and tu-
mour (osseous) press-
ing on medulla
found post-mortem.
Developed double
pneumonia.
I heard came from
Charni Road Hos-
pital.
Hepatitis and R.
Fever. Injected at
his own urgent re-
quest.
* These were not cases of plague.
Case No. 4 died of meningitis and should be excluded ; and mortality = 60 . 8 per cent.
2 cases doveloped sub-acute synovitis.
2 cases developed crythematous rashes on the skin. In one of these the rash persisted 2½ weeks,
22
A
(Charts
I
L (E) L. Femoral Bubo Suppurated Rec.
II
J G.G. (E) L. Fem. Bubo. Suppurated Rec.
III
P.S. (H) L. Fem. Bubo. Suppurated Rec.
IV
L.A. (H)L fem. Bubo. D.
V
B.R. (H) D
VI
R
VII
W. (E) L Fem. Bubo Resolution Rec.
VII
K (H) R t Parot R t Axil L t Parot Suppurated
9 days after Haffkines Prophylatic S. Rec.
IX
Typhus Chart from Wunderlich
X
B.B. (H) R t Submax D.
(E)=European. (N. Ch.)=Native Christian. (H) Hindu. (L) = Left. R t = Right. Rec = Recovered D = Died. Letters at left corner = Patients' Initials.
Charts I to X referred to in the body of Major Lyons' Report.
B
(Chart
XI
R.M. (E) Br.Pneumonia.No Bubo D.
XII
E.J. (E) Br. Pneumonia No Bubo D.
XIII
K.B. (H) Br.Pneumonia. No Bubo. D.
XIV
R.G. (H) R. Axil (Second Pneumonia D
XV
K.L. (H) Rt Lt Fem. Bubo Diarhœa R
XVI
G.B. (H) Rt Axil Bubo.
3 days after Haffkine's Praph. Serum. R.
XVII
B.M. (H) Br. Pneumonia
No Bubo
D.
XVIII
W. Ch. (M) R t Fem. Bubo
Hemorrhage fr. Bowel. D
XIX
V.J. (H) Br. Pneumonia No Bubo D.
XX
A.K.H. (M) Lt Axillary Bubo
Secondary Pneumonia D.
XXI
Relapsing Fever from J.J. Hospital
* 8 days' Temp. (normal) omitted
Charts XI to XXI referred to in the body of Major Lyons' Report
C
Charts X
XXII
M. C (E) L. Fem. Bubo Pregnant 2 Months Rec.
100
110
XXIII
S.S. (N.Ch:) L Fem. Bubo chain
of Glands. D.
XXIV
J.S.(E) No Budo Enteric symptoms. D
XXV
S.S. (Negra) Septicatric. D
XXVI
H.T. (E) R. Fem. Bubo Rec.
XXVII
P.N. (M) Rec.
XXVIII
R.R. (H) R & L. Fem. Bubo. D. Rec
XXIX
R.B. (H) Pneumonia D.
XXXI
C.S. (H) Pneumonia D
XXXI
N.(H) Pneumonia D
XXXII
G.D. (H) L. Fem: Bubo D
Charts XXII to XXXII referred to in the body of Major Lyons' Report
98
[CHAP. II.
Distribution of the Plague-Bacillus.—The pneumonic lung in the second stage shows
immense numbers of bacilli which took the stain well, and some of them are collected into
large masses or groups ; the pneumonic lung in the first stage shows the same appearance, but
not so many of the masses. The general lung-tissue shows many of the bacilli, but far less
than the pneumonic patches. The fluid obtained from the trachea and bronchi also shows
the bacilli in large number. The bronchial glands contained plague-bacilli in considerable
numbers. The spleen showed u few, the liver rather more, and the kidneys still more, but
nothing like the numbers in the lungs. The blood of the general circulation showed
extremely few, just one here and there.
The axillary and cervical chains, the lumbar, iliac, mesenteric and inguinal glands
showed extremely few, only one here and there as was seen in the blood. Thus the plague-
bacilli were present in enormous numbers in the lungs and only to a very slight extent in
the lymphatic glands and remaining organs.
Note.—In some other cases of the pneumonic form of plague, fewer of the bacilli were
seen in the bronchial glands and kidneys than in this instance.
E.—PLAGUE-PNEUMONIA WITH PLAGUE-SEPTICAEMIA.
K. B., Hindu, 31 years of age, was admitted on February 23rd, 1897, for fever and
cough, said to be of five days' duration. He was extremely ill and there were physical signs
of pneumonic patches in the lungs ; also enlarged glands could be felt in the groins and
axillæ. His temperature varied between 103 and 105, delirium set in, and he died on
February 26th. Post-mortem on February 27th, twelve hours after death ; there were no
petechiæ on the skin.
Heart.—Bight side dilated, muscle rather soft.
Lungs.—Much blood-stained watery fluid in trachea und bronchi, much general en-
gorgement and œdema of lungs. There were many distinct, solid pneumonic patches, each
surrounded by a well-marked ring of engorgement ; six such patches in the right lung and
five in the loft. The patches on the surface had early pleurisy over them, and there were
sub-pleural petechioo. There were also five or six areas of mere engorgement, not consoli-
dated, but full of blood and of intense purple-red colour ; they were patches in the first stage
of pneumonia.
Bronchial Glands, rather engorged and soft.
Liver, Spleen and Kidneys, large and engorged.
Stomach and Intestines engorged and showing some petechiœ.
Lymphatic Glands : Right Popliteal, two the size of beans, rather red and firm, the left
one normal.
Inguinal on both sides. The lowest were the largest, like walnuts, partly red, partly
cream-colour, all rather firm ; the upper were all smaller, like beans, some being red and
some pale.
Iliac.—The lowest on each side was like a largo almond, the others like beans ; all were
of a cream colour and rather soft.
Lumbar.—Pink, soft and as large as beans, some of them almost defluent.
Mesenteric.— Some normal, some as large as beans and slightly red.
Supra-trochlear.—Right, the size of a large bean, purple-red, engorged and firm. The
left was normal.
MEDICAL ASpeCTS OF PLAGUE.]
99
Cervical.—The highest on each side was like an almond, swollen, firm and deep-red ;
of the lower ones some looked normal and some engorged.
Axillary, as large as hazelnuts, beans and peas, the larger ones being much engorged
and the smaller less so.
There was 110 hæmorrhage, engorgement or œdema of the areolar tissue around these
sets of glands respectively.
Distribution of the Plague-Bacillus. Lung.—Second stage of pneumonia ; enormous
numbers of plague-bacilli ; first stage of pneumonia, plenty, but not so many as above ;
and in general lung tissue far less.
Fluid in Trachea and Bronchi.—Enormous numbers of plague-bacilli.
The Bronchial Glands showed only a few.
Liver and Kidney, o few ; Spleen rather more.
Blood, present, but not in large numbers.
Lymphatic Glands. Right Inguinal showed enormous numbers and so did the left,
and generally the larger glands showed more of them than the smaller.
The Right and Left Iliac showed immense numbers.
The Lumbar showed large numbers, but not so many as the above.
The large upper Cervical glands on each side showed huge numbers, and the lower
glands less.
The large Axillary glands of both sides showed large numbers, and the smaller glands
a few.
Rig/it Supra-trochlear glands contained immense numbers, and the left extremely few.
Right Popliteal contained a few, and the left scarcely any.
The Mesenteric contained very many, presenting almost the appearance of the large
inguinal glands.
Thus in this case the plague-bacillus was found in enormous numbers in the pneumonic
patches of the lungs, as well as in nearly all the lymphatic glands of the body ; whereas
the remaining organs showed it to an inconsiderable extent.
It will be convenient here to give an account of two further cases which were of con-
siderable interest.
F.—CASE Of PLAGUE-SEPTICÆMTA, WITH SECONDARY DEPOSITS IN THE LIVER, AND
PNEUMONIA WHICH AYAS NOT DUE TO PLAGUE.
S. D., Hindu, female, aged 60, was admitted on 9th March 1897. She was delirious,
was in a very weak condition and had some cough ; the inguinal glands were felt to be
enlarged, but were not painful ; temperature 102·8. She remained delirious and very ill
and died on March 12th. The duration of illness was unknown. Post-mortem examination
made two hours after death.
Heart.—Some dilatation of right side.
Lungs.—Old thickened pleura with firm adhesions over both lungs, with some engorge-
ment and hæmorrhage in the adhesions. Considerable engorgement and œdema of both
lungs generally were present. There was one patch of pneumonia in the early second stage,
the size of an egg, behind and below the right apex ; it was irregularly oval in shape, of
100
[CHAp. Π.
a dusky red colour and not distinctly round and marked off from the lung-tissue, as in the
cases of plague-pneumonia described above.
The Liver was most peculiar ; it was slightly enlarged and congested as in the early
nutmeg condition, and was stuffed throughout with small yellow rounded masses in size
from pins' heads to peas. They were rather soft and friable but not fluid, and there
was no area of engorgement around them. They were found both on the surface and
throughput the whole substance of the liver. They looked like necrotic foci.
Spleen, rather large and a little engorged.
Kidneys, senile degenerative changes and a little engorgement.
Intestines, some general engorgement of the stomach and intestines, and distinct
petechice in the mucous membrane of stomach and large intestine. There were no deposits
in any of these organs such as were found in the liver.
Condition of Lymphatic Glands. Rigid Inguinal, the lowest was the largest, like a
walnut, light red and firm ; the higher ones were smaller and paler, and one of them con-
tained a small softening area.
Left Inguinal, the lowest was like that on the right side, and the upper ones slightly
enlarged and red.
Right and Left Iliac, the lowest was like an almond, light red and rather firm, and the
upper ones much smaller and paler.
Lumbar, small and nearly normal.
Bronchial, rather large and engorged.
Supra-trochlear, right, small and normal-looking ; left, slightly large, soft and pink.
Axillary on both sides were all red and engorged, and varied in size from a pea to a
hazelnut.
Cervical, like the axillary.
Mesenteric, some looked a little enlarged, soft and pink, and some looked normal.
Distribution of the Plague-Bacillus. Glands, Right Inguinal.—A considerable number
of plague-bacilli, which stained well.
Left Inguinal.—Enormous numbers, on both sides ; fewer seen in the smaller glands.
Right Iliac, a fair number, and Left Iliac many more ; seen best in the large glands.
The Axillary and Cervical glands showed a few plague-bacilli ; the Right Supra-
trochlear very few and the Left Supra-trochlear an enormous number, just like the large
Left Inguinal glands.
Liver.—In the yellow masses described above an enormous number of distinct plague-
bacilli were seen, whereas the liver generally showed only a few, about as many as in an
ordinary case, and far less than in the yellow patches.
Sections of the liver were also examined, and presented the following appear-
ance :—The liver was in the early nutmeg condition, the central veins dilated, with
some blood corpuscles extravasated around them, the portal vessels also congested
and fat globules in the adjoining liver-cells. The liver-substance stained badly,
and, scattered through it, the above-mentioned masses were seen, all better-stained than
the liver-cells and looking finely granular ; some were large, some small, and some were
seen under the microscope which were not visible to the naked eye. The small ones were
102
[CHAP. II.
hæmorrhage, merely the average loss of blood. Patient was much exhausted, temperature
102, pulse 140, respiration 72 per minute, with considerable dyspnœa. The température
gradually rose to 104, and there was much prostration, dyspnœa, and cardiac failure.
17th, patient died at 7-55 A.M. The child was 18 inches in length and weighed 4 lbs.,
and although small, it was fully developed. It remained perfectly well, throve, and after
20 days was sent to a foundling home. When last heard of on June 1st, it was still in good
health. It never showed the slightest sign of plague or of any illness whatever.
Post-mortem examination of the mother was made three hours after death. Body well
nourished, no petechise on skin, hæmorrhages under conjunctive, rigor mortis present.
Heart.—Petechiæ under visceral and parietal pericardium; heart-muscle looked firm ;
there were post-mortem clots in the cavities and in the aortat
Vena Gava.—Great engorgement of its coats and many hæemorrhages under the inner
coat, giving it a mottled appearance ; these were seen in the abdominal vena cava as well.
Lungs.—Intense engorgement and œderna ; there was one small round patch of early
pneumonia at the back of the left lung, it was light red and fairly solid, with recent pleu-
risy over it. There were small hemorrhages under both pleuras. Bronchial mucous mem-
brane much engorged, purple and swollen ; the tubes contained frothy watery fluid, but no
pus.
Liver.—A. little large, its substance rather pale and soft and much engorgement of
vessels.
Spleen.-Bather large and soft, of purple colour and engorged ; the Malpighian bodies
were prominent and appeared to be engorged.
Kidney.—Hæmorrhages under capsule, engorgement of vessels ; the kidney substance
pale and soft. There were hæmorrhages in the pelvis and calices and the whole ureter
was purple red with distinct hæmorrhages under its inner coat. The bladder contained
urine, and there were hæmorrhages into its mucous coat.
Uterus.-·Large, as of a woman recently delivered. There was much recent clot in its
cavity of the normal appearance, and a well-marked corpus luteum in the left ovary. All
the generative organs looked normal.
Peritoneum.-Considerable engorgement and large hemorrhages in the retro-peritoneal
tissue, mostly in the lumbar regions,
Brain.—Hæmorrhages under scalp and beneath periosteum on surface of cranium ;
cerebral membranes engorged, with puncta cruenta in brain distinct ; no excess of fluid in
ventricles ; brains-substance looked normal.
Lymphatic Glands.—Inguinal, on both sides, some as large as beans, and some smaller,
engorged, light red in colour and œdematous, but some of the upper ones were flatter and
more norinal-rlooking.
Iliac right side, the lowest was like an almond, deeply engorged and rather soft, the
upper ones were smaller and paler. Left side, lowest like a large bean, and the others
smaller,
Lumbar, rather large and a little engorged.
Mesenteric, slightly swollen and engorged.
Bronhial, of normal size, slightly engorged,
106
[CHAP. II.
its presence itere would be the result, and not the cause, of the disease. But against this
view there are the facts, 1st, that in the above four eases, which were all early, the bacillus
could not be isolated from the blood on the sanie day that it was found in the papule ; and,
2nd, that in a number of other early cases, pimples situated in various parts of the body
were examined, not only on the limb corresponding to the bubo, but the bacillus was not
found in them. Also in three early cases of inguinal bubo, a small blister was raised upon
the chest, but the plague-bacillus could not be isolated from the contained serum.
The conclusion drawn is, that the bacillus of plague can enter the body through a trifling
lesion in the skin, that it produces no local reaction at the seat of inoculation, and that
the bubo is formed at the nearest proximal glands.
With regard to infection by food, no evidence was found post-mortem that the bacillus
hud entered through the stomach or intestines ; bat cases of cervical bubo might haves
resulted from infection through abrasions on the lips, tongue or tonsils.
As for the cases of primary plague-pneumonia, no evidence of the path of infection was
found, but the bacillus was thought to have entered by the respiratory tract, as its growth
had mainly occurred in the lungs.
MEDICAL ASPECTS OF PLAGUE.]
111
Mr. Hankin has investigated the relation of insects to the dissemination of the disease.
He has found the microbe in bugs from the Infectious Diseases Hospital. He has also found
it, in auts that had recently been eating rats dead of plague. A long series of experiments
showed that ants do not retain the plague infection long, and further that no trace of
infection is present in ants from localities in which rats have not been dying recently.
Hence these insects cannot bo regarded as important agents for the spread of the disease.
Experiments were carried out on different kinds of grain and other articles of export.
They were infected with plague-microbes under many different conditions. At stated inter-
vals extracts of specimens of the infected grain were prepared and injected into mice. By
this means it was found that the infection usually died out within 4 to 6 days. The possibility
was indicated that it might in exceptional cases survive for so long as 13 days, but of this no
definite proof was obtained. Mr. Hankin points out that grain, when it becomes rotten,
usually acquires a well-marked acid reaction owing to the production of various fatty
acids from the decomposition of carbohydrates. He has found that such fatty acids act as
disinfectants for the bubonic microbe. Hence it is difficult to believe that the microbe can
exist in rotten grain, as has been frequently assumed. The matter was put to an experimental
test by Dr. Srinivasa Rao while working in Mr. Hankin's laboratory. It was found that the
microbe always dios out in rotten grain within 2 to 24 hours.
The microbe, though usually dying out, when placed in sterilised water, within three
days, appears to be able to survive in sterilised cowdung for several days. The observation
appears to have some bearing on the question of the persistence of the infection in houses hav-
ing cowdung and mud floors. Through lack of time these experiments could not be continued
sufficiently for any conclusion to be arrived at as to whether any particular kind of filth is
more suitable than another to sustain the life of the microbe. But the general trend of Mr.
Hankin'ti observations is to indicate that the chief source of infection is not likely to be in a
saprophytix form of the outside world, but more probably in the recently passed
excreta of men or anímals suffering from the disease.
[Special emphasis has been had on the last sentence of Dr. Childe's Report, in order to draw attention to a
conjecture, which, though founded on lender evidence, appears nevertheless to belong to that order of conjectures
which ultimately prove of the highest importance.—J. K. C.]
PLATE 1.
Plate 1.
THE STAFF OF THE IMPERIAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, OCTOBER 1899.
Front Row, Media makers.
Second Row, superior staff.
Third Row, clerks and decanters.
Back Rows, attendants and servants.
Asst. Surgeon Kantak, Rao Bahadur;
Dr. Marsh;
Major Bannerman, I. M. S.;
Dr. Starkey; Asst. Surgeon Cordeiro.
Dr.
Hanna.
Capt.
Milne,
I.
M.
S.
Dr.
Maitland
Gibson.
Asst. Surgeon Kapadia.
Plate 2.
Mr. W. Haffkine in his Laboratory, at Khushru Lodge.
Plate 3.
The Staff of the Laboratory at Khushru Lodge, about July 1898.
Dr. Marsh, Mr. Haffkine, and Capt. Milne.
Plate 4.
Mr. Haffkine, Captain Milne, and Assistants inoculating in the streets of
Bombay.
PLATE 5.
Plate 5.
MEDIA PREPARATION ROOM.
At the left hand side of the picture, the operation of mincing the goat's flesh is seen.
The attendants at the centre table are filtering and measuring the bouillon.
The attendant at the extreme right, is testing the reaction of the bouillon with litmus paper.
Behind him are seen two autoclaves (boilers) used for digesting the goat's flesh.
PLATE 6.
Plate 6.
MEDIA PREPARATION ROOM.
Autoclaves for digesting the goat's flesh seen on either side of the room. Meat-mincing in front of closed door. The smal tub contains bouillon being neutralised;
Lieut. Milne is examining a strip of litmus paper to see when this is properly accomplished.
PLATE 7.
Plate 7.
Steriliser, in which the 4-litre flasks of bouillon are sterilised under a steam pressure of lbs. 15 per square inch. Fifty or 60 flasks can be treated at one time.
118
[CHAP. III., ΡT. Ι.
The present staff consists of two Commissioned Medical Officers, I. M. S., four Special
Plague Medical Officers appointed by the Secretary of State for India, one local medical man,
two assistant surgeons, seven clerks, seven decanters, one engineer, and twenty Laboratory
attendants. Total 45, exclusive of Mr. Haffkine, who is at present on leave; Major W. B.
Baunerman, I. M. S., holding charge of the Laboratory till his return.
The number of doses sent out up to date is over 1,000,000, and the daily output is close
on 10,000 doses.
Plates 1 to 30 maybe of interest as shewing the past and present staffs of the Laboratory,
the different processes in the manufacture of the vaccine, and the operation of inoculation
on a person. As a description is appended to each plate, further comment here is unnecessary.
PLATE 8.
Plate 8.
THE DARK FERMENTATION ROOM (formerly the Governor's Banqueting Hall).
This view was taken a few days before H. E. the Viceroy inspected the Laboratory on 8th November, 1899.
The room then contained 1,238 flasks, containing 2,058 litres of fermenting bouillon, weighing 2 tons, 1 cwt., or about 411,600 adult doses of vaccine. The flasks are
kept in this room for 6 weeks or 2 months, to permit fermentation; being shaken every two days. They are then tested for purity, sterilised, and decanted (v. pl. 9).
PLATE 9.
Plate 9.
THE DECANTING ROOM.
The vaccine, after being sterilised by heat, and carbolised, is here decanted into sterilised bottles, by means of glass syphons; one of which may be clearly seen
in the flask in the left hand corner. The basin from which the decanter is lifting an india-rubber stopper, is filled with fornaline solution for the disinfection of the
stoppers. Behind this basin may be seen the sterilised bottles plugged with cotton. At the second table on the right, bottles are being filled from the syphons. At the
far end of the room the filled bottles are being labelled and capped. The Assistant Surgeon on the right is examining an agar tube used for testing the sterility of the
vaccine.
Plate 10.
Assistant Surgeons decanting the Vaccine into small sterilized bottles.
(Khushru Lodge, 1898.) A comparison of this plate with plate 9 will show
the enormous increase in the scale of the operations.
Plate No I
Blood of rat which had died of Plague to show
bipolar staining
Gentian Violet X 1000
Plate No II
Plague Bacilli from a 24 hours growth on
Agar Agar. Gentian Violet X 1000.