NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
13
INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC HEALTH, RANGOON, FOR THE YEAR 1935.
Report of work done in the Chemical Section for the
year 1935.
18. Seven hundred and fifty-three samples were examined during
the year under review. The samples were made up as follows:—
Miscellaneous foods and drugs . . .
425
Waters . . .
300
Effluents . . .
28
Total . . .
753
The examinations were undertaken for the following public bodies
and individuals:—
Public Health Department.
Jails.
Public Works Department.
Civil Surgeons.
Municipalities.
Rangoon Port Trust.
District Councils.
Burma Railways.
Hospitals.
Private firms and individuals.
19. General.— This year a total of 425 samples of miscellaneous
foods and drugs was examined as against 280 samples in the previous
year. This increase is largely due to the increased number of samples
received from the Port Health Department.
A statement showing details of the miscellaneous foods and drugs
examined is appended.
MUSTARD OIL.—Thirty-seven samples of mustard oil were received
from the Health Officer, Corporation of Rangoon, for detection of
adulterants in connection with the investigation of an outbreak of
epidemic dropsy in Rangoon. On examination, 26 samples were found
more or less adulterated with either sesamum oil or ground-nut oil
or both. Thirty-five samples were received from the Port Health
Department, and 9 were found adulterated.
GHEE.—Of 148 samples of ghee received from the Port Health Officer,
Rangoon, three were found to consist entirely of vegetable fat and two
others contained only 8 and 15 per cent respectively of genuine ghee.
20. Lectures—BURMA
HEALTH SCHOOL.—Sixteen lectures in
elementary physics and chemistry were given to the students of the
Burma Health School.
LICENSE IN HYGIENE COURSE.—Weekly practical classes were held
extending over a period of six months for training the students of the
License in Hygiene Course in the routine analysis of water, fresh milk,
condensed milk, rice and ghee.
MEDICAL SCHOOL AND MEDICAL COLLEGE.—A few lectures and
demonstrations were given to the students of the third year of the
Medical School and the fourth year of the Medical College on the routine
analysis of water and milk.
14
REPORT ON THE WORKING OF THE HARCOURT BUTLER INSTITUTE
OF PUBLIC HEALTH,RANGOON, FOR THE YEAR 1935.
21. Exami nat i ons. — E x a m i n a t i o n s i n p h y s i c s a n d c h e m i s t r y , b o t h
written and oral, were held for the students of the Burma Health
School on completion of the course of lectures.
The students of the License in Hygiene class were also examined in
practical chemistry on completion of their course of training.
22. Other Activities.—The annual Health Exhibition is one of the
activities of this department, which is responsible for the technical food
and water stalls.
Detailed Statement of the various Foods and Drugs examined during the
year ending 31st December 1935.
Description of Samples.
Number
examined.
Number
adulterated
or otherwise
unsatis-
factory.
Percentage
of adultera-
tion.
Atta
...
...
...
...
12
...
Broth ...
...
...
8
...
...
Coffee ...
...
...
...
5
1
20.0
Dhal ...
...
...
...
10
...
...
Flour ...
...
...
...
4
...
. . .
Ghee ...
...
...
159
28
17.6
Milk, fresh
...
...
...
36
24
66.7
Milk, human
...
...
4
...
...
Milk, condensed ...
...
...
2
. . .
. . .
Oil, mustard
...
...
...
72
35
48.6
Perchloron
...
....
...,
1
...
...
Phenol
...
...
...
1
...
...
Rice
...
...
...
56
10
17'9
Rice bran
...
...
...
32
.
...
...
Suet
...
...
...
...
1
...
...
Tea
...
...
...
...
1
1
100.0
Tablets, cinchona febrifuge ...
...
12
...
. . .
Tablets, quinine ...
...
...
7
4
57.1
Tablets, cholera ...
...
...
1
...
...
Tablets, eye
...
...
. . .
1
...
Total
. . .
425
103
. . .
G.B.C.P.O.—No. 74, D.P.H., 20-11-36-240.
IP/16/PI. 5
REPORT
ON THE WORKING OF THE
HARCOURT BUTLER INSTITUTE OF
PUBLIC HEALTH, RANGOON
FOR TH E YEAR 1936
RANGOON
SUPDT., GOVT. PRINTING AND STATIONERY, BURMA
1937
Price,—As. 8 = 9d.]
REPORT
ON THE WORKING OF THE
HARCOURT BUTLER INSTITUTE OF
PUBLIC HEALTH, RANGOON
FOR THE YEAR 1936
RANGOON
SUPDT., GOVT. PRINTING AND STATIONERY, BURM
A 1937
LIST OF AGENTS FOR THE SALE OF GOVERNMENT
PUBLICATIONS.
IN BURMA.
AMERICAN BAPTIST MISSION PRESS. Rangoon.
BI SWAS & Co. No. 226 Lewi s St r eet , Rangoon.
BRI TI SH BURMA PRESS BRANCH, Rangoon.
BURMA BOOK CLUB, LTD., Post Box No. 1068, Rangoon,
CITY BOOK CLUB, No. 98, Phayre Street, Rangoon.
CONTINENTAL TRADING CO., No. 363 Lower Main Road, Moulmein.
MESSRS. K. BIN HOON & SONS, Nyaunglebin.
MAUNG LU GALE, Law Book Dep6t, No. 42, Ayo-o-gale Mandalay.
NEW LIGHT OF BURMA PRESS, No. 61, Sule Pagoda Road, Rangoon.
PROPRIETOR, THU DRAMA WADI PRESS. No. 16-80 Maung Khine Street,
Rangoon.
RANGOON TIMES PRESS, Rangoon.
IN INDIA,
BOOK Co., LTD., No. 4/4A, College Square, Calcutta.
BUTTERWORTH & Co. (India), Ltd.. Calcutta.
CITY BOOK Co., Post Box No. 283, Madras,
D. B. TARAPOREVALA SONS & Co., Bombay.
HIGGINBOTHAM & Co., Madras.
MESSRS. SAMPSON WILLIAM & Co., Cawnpore, United Provinces.
MR. RAM NARAIN LAL, Proprietor, National Press, Katra, Allahabad.
S. K. LAHIRI & Co., No. 56, College Street, Calcutta,
THACKER, SPINK & Co., (1933\ Ltd., No, 3. Esplanade East, Calcutta,
THACKER & Co., LTD., Bombay,
W. NEWMAN & Co., Calcutta.
IN EUROPE AND AMERICA.
The publications are obtainable either direct from THE HIGH COMMISSIONER
FOR INDIA, Public Department, India House, Aldwych, London, W.C. 2.
or through any bookseller,
RESOLUTION
ON THE
Report on the Working of the Harcourt Butler
Institute of Public Health, Rangoon
For the Year 1936.
Extract from the Proceedings of the Government of Burma, Education
Department,—No. 283SJ37, dated the 24th November 1937.
READ—
The Report on the Working of the Harcourt Butler Institute of Public
Health, Rangoon, for the year 1936.
RESOLVED THAT—
The Report be published.
By order,
MAUNG KYAW,
Secretary to the Government of Burma,
Education Department.
REPORT
ON THE 'WORKING OF THE
Harcourt Butler Institute of Public Health,
Rangoon
For the Year 1936.
GENERAL REMARKS.
1. STAFF OF THE INSTITUTE— Director .—Mr. K. T. Jungalwalla,
L.M. & S. (Born.), F.R.F.P. & S.( Glas.), D.T.M. & H. (Cantab.),
from 1st January to 7th April and from 11th August to 31st December
1936.
Major C. A. Bozman, M.B., Ch.B., D.P.H., I.M.S., from 8th April
to 10th August 1936.
Assistant Director-.—Dr. K. P. Kundu, M.B.
D.Bact. (Lond.),
throughout the year.
Malariologist.—Lieutenent S. Feegrade, D.T.M., I.M.D.,
from 1st January to 10th September 1936. On leave from 11th
September to 22nd November 1936 on which date he died at
the Carmichael Hospital for Tropical Diseases at Calcutta.
U Tin, D.T.M., from 23rd November to 31st December 1936.
Public Analyst.--Post held in abeyance.
Assistant Chemist.—Mr. G. C. Moitra, B.Sc., F.C.S.
Assistant Ma lariologist.—Sub-Assistant Surgeon U Tin, D.T.M., from
1st January to 22nd November 1936.
Assistant Bacteriologist.—Sub-Assistant Surgeon U Pa How.
2. VISITORs.—The following distinguished persons visited the
Institute during the year :-
His Excellency Sir Archibald Douglas Cochrane, K.C.S.I., G.C.M.G.,
D.S.O., Governor of Burma, and the Hon'ble Lady Cochrane.
Professor C. D. de Langen, Mr. A. S. Haynes, and Dr. F. J.
Pampana, Members of the Preparatory Commission of the Bureau of
the League of Nations Health Committee.
Mrs. R. M. G. Brown, B.Sc., General Secretary, Indian Red Cross
Society, Bengal Provincial Branch.
Dr. M. N. Bose, M.D., Principal of Carmichael Medical College,
Calcutta.
3. COURSES OF INSTRUCTION.—The following courses of Instructions
were given during the year :-
(1) A course of training of Sub-Assistant Surgeons for Govern-
ment License in Hygiene.
2
REPORT ON THE WORKING OF THE HARCOURT BUTLER
(2) A course of training of Public Health Inspectors ;
(3) A course of training of Health Visitors ;
(4) Lectures and demonstrations on Hygiene and Public Health
were also given to the students of the following institutions :—
(i) Medical College of the Rangoon University ; and
(ii) Burma Government Medical School.
(5) A short course of instruction on Hygiene and Public Health
was given to the Post-graduate Sub-Assistant Surgeons from 7th to 30th
July 1936. They were examined on the 6th November with the result
that seven out of nine candidates secured a pass.
(6) A course of training in Malaria was given to the
following :—
(i) Fourteen Mosquito Inspectors appointed by the Corpora
-
tion of Rangoon, from 22nd January to 22nd February
1936.
(ii) The Public Health Inspector of Maymyo from 1st
January to 30th January 1936.
(iii) The Public Health Inspector of Danubyu from 25th to
31st January 1936.
(7) The representatives of local bodies from various districts of
Burma, who attended the Health Week Exhibition were given a special
demonstration on various technical exhibits at the Jubilee Hall. They
Were also given a Cinema demonstration on two films "Safety First"
and "Malaria" in the lecture theatre of this Institute on 15th Decem
- b e r 1 9 3 6 .
The following cinema shows and demonstrations were given at the
Institute during the year :—
Date.
Attended by
Title of Film.
17-1-36 Students of the Burma Health School (1) Prevention of Blindnesss
and saving of the eyes.
18-1-36 Officers of the Public Health Depart-
ment.
(1) Preventing the spread of
disease.
22-2-36 Students of the Burma Health School (1) Physiology 5 reels.
19-6-36
Do.
(1) Hookworm.
24-6-36
Do.
(1) Lantern slides on "Cholera"
and "Fly".
1-7-36
Do.
(1) Safety First.
6-7-36 Monday Afternoon Club
. . . Films shown by Messrs. T. N.
Ahuja & Co.
8-7-36 Students of the Burma Health School (1) Malaria.
(2) Lantern slides on "Con-
sumption".
22-7-36
Do.
(1) Malaria.
(2) Lantern slides on "Plague".
15-12-36 Representatives from various Districts (1) Safety First.
(2) Malaria.
INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC HEALTH, RANGOON, FOR THE YEAR 1936.
4. MINOR WORKS AND REPAIRS.—The following minor works and
repairs were carried out during the year :—
(1) Providing additional laboratory benches with sink, gas and
air taps with necessary pipe connection in the bacteriological
laboratory.
(2) Providing a new large sink in the plague laboratory and shift
-ing the existing small one to a new table in the media room of the
Bacteriological laboratory.
(3) Providing a new open shelf in the museum.
(4) Construction of a motor garage for four cars behind the
Institute building.
(5) Providing a rat destructor and shed.
(6) Replacing of two gasometers.
(7) Construction of fish breeding tanks and nursery chambers
with water connection laid on.
(8) Asphalting the road in front of the Institute.
(9) Providing a new teak-wood platform and foot rest including
necessary alteration to gas and water service pipes in the lecture
theatre.
5. MEETINGS.—During the year under review, 23 meetings were
held in the main office at the Institute. The societies concerned were
the Executive Committee and the various Sub-Committees of the Burma
Branch of the Indian Red Cross Society, St. John's.Ambulance Associa
-tion, Baby Welcome Committee of the National Council of Women in
Burma, and the Committee on School Poster, Competition in connec
-tion with the Rangoon Health Week Exhibition. In addition, on nine
occasions a conference of the officers of the Public Health Department
was held at the Institute.
6. OFFICE.—Work in the Institute has steadily increased. The total
number of correspondence during the year under review amounted to
4,309 receipts and 6,124 issues, as compared with 3,279 receipts and
4,242 issues in 1934 and 4,570 receipts and 5,528 issues in 1935. The
above figures do not include bulk issues such as circulars, pamphlets
and papers of a stereotyped nature.
7. ISSUE OF VACCINES.—The following table shows the issues of
prophylactic vaccines during the year :—
Vaccines.
Number of
requisitions
complied
with.
Number of
doses issued.
Plague . . .
3 4 7
199,144
Cholera. . .
2 6 1
222,153
Influenza . . .
11
1,650
3
4
REPORT ON THE WORKING OF THE HARCOURt BUTLER
Report of the Bacteriologist, Dr. K. P. Kundu, M.B.
•
(Cal.), D. Bact. (Lond.), on the Bacteriological Section.
for the year 1936.
8. This section consists of three sub-sections :—
(0 The Bacteriological laboratory proper,
(ii) A Media making room, and
(iii) The Plague laboratory.
The following two additions have been made in the list of routine
work carried out in this laboratory as mentioned in the last year's
report.
1. Histological examinations of tissue collected from cases of
autopsies done on experimental animals.
2. Mounting of specimens for the museum.
9. PREPARATION OF CHOLERA VACCINE.—Large scale preparation
of this vaccine was continued throughout the year, and this has turned
out to be the heaviest item in the routine duties of this laboratory.
During the year 284,287 doses of this vaccine were prepared, out of
which 188,724 doses were filled in ampoules and issued to the store-
keeper. Due to the new addition of a bacteriological table equipped
with a vacuum pipe line, the filling of the vaccine in ampoules was very
much facilitated. At the beginning of the manufacture, some difficulty
was experienced clue to the frequency of contamination of the vaccine
at the time of filling with aerobic spore bearing organisms of B. Subtilis
group. This has now been prevented by a mechanical device by
which the air is now filtered through a strong solution of carbolic acid
before it is passed into the filling degchies. This has reduced
contamination to a considerable extent.
The preparation of vaccine was continued on the same lines as has
already been mentioned in the last year's report, except that, instead
of using local strains of cholera vibrio, strain 1617 of Kasauli was used
uniformly in the preparation of all brews. This decision was arrived
at after consulting the Director of the Central Research Institute,.
Kasauli, who is also using this same strain in the preparation of cholera
vaccine at Kasauli. At the suggestion of Dr. Pampana, Pampana's
trypaflavine test for finding out the smoothness of the strain of V.
cholera was carried out in addition to Millon's test. The former has
been found to be more sensitive than the latter.
5
INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC HEALTH, RANGOON, FOR THE YEAR 1936.
10. BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF WATER SAMPLES.—The
table below shows the number of water samples examined during the
year and their sources :—
Hlawga Lake, chlorinated (Corporation of Rangoon) . . .
52
Hlawga Lake, unchlorinated (Corporation of Rangoon) . . .
52
Samples of tube well water sent by Water Officer . . .
54
Maymyo . . .
25
Magwe . . .
24
Mandalay . . .
14
Moulmein . . .
12
Pyinmana . . .
12
Insein . . .
1 0
Rangoon Central Jail . . .
10
Port Blair . . .
7
Health Officer (Corporation of Rangoon) . . .
6
Bassein . . .
6
Pegu . . .
5
Tharrawaddy . . .
5
Meiktila . . .
4
Mokpalin . . .
4
Myaungmya . . .
4
Harcourt Butler Institute . . .
4
Nyaunglebin . . .
3
Thayetmyo . . .
2
Yamèthin . . .
2
Myingyan . . .
2
Mônywa . . .
2
Tadagale Mental Hospital . . .
2
Hlègu . . .
1
Kyauksè . . .
1
Taungdwingyi . . .
1
Port Health Officer, Rangoon . . .
1
Maubin . . .
1
Others . . .
39
Total . . .
367
During the latter part of the year under review beginning from the
month of September, samples of water were received from Magwe
regularly every month.
1 1 . E X A M I N A T I O N O F S H A V I N G B R U S H E S F O R T H E P R E S E N C E O F
B. ANTHRACIS.—Sixteen samples of shaving brushes of different manu
- f a c t u r e w e r e s e n t b y t h e A p p r a i s e r o f t h e C u s t o m s D e p a r t m e n t t o b e
examined for the presence of Anthrax Bacillus ; on no occasion was this
organism found.
12. LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS.—The following clinical examina
- t i o n s w e r e c a r r i e d o u t i n t h i s l a b o r a t o r y d u r i n g t h e y e a r u n d e r r e v i e w ,
REPORT ON THE WORKING OF THE
HARCOURT BUTLER
the total being 75. The majority of these were received from the
Medical Officer, Port Commissioners, and the rest from the Public
Health Department staff :—
(a) Sputum for the presence of T. B. . . .
28
Positive . . .
6
Negative . . .
22
( b) Specimens of urine examined both chemically and
culturally.
18
(c) Specimens of faeces examined
B. flexneri was isolated from one specimen. . . .
5
( d ) Ten nasal smears were examined for the presence
of Mycobacterium Laprae. All showed negative
results.
10
(e) Smears for Pr. pestis . . .
13
( f ) Food from Akyab (for the presence of Salmonella
group of organisms).
1
SERUM.—Bacterial emulsions of the Typhoid and Paratyphoid group of
organisms were prepared in accordance with the instructions detailed
in the Medical Council Research Series No. 51.
The following agglutinating sera were prepared during the year
under review :—
B. typhosus 'O'
B. coli.
14. STOCK CULTURES.—Maintenance of stock cultures in a pure
state is also an important duty of this section and several additions
were made to our original stock during the year under review. A
register is maintained for such purpose in which the source and date
of cultures isolated and received are regularly entered.
15. IDENTIFICATION OF SNAKES.—Several snakes were received in
this laboratory for identification. A register is now being maintained
for recording such examinations, as the number of specimens received
in this Institute is rapidly increasing.
16. LABORATORY ANIMALS.—Pigeons have been added to the
laboratory stock of guinea pigs and rabbits, and arrangements have
been made to stock white mice from next year. One hundred and
thirty-six animal experiments were carried out during the year.
Looking after the laboratory animals under experiment as well as
those in the animal run, is done by the staff of this section. Proper
registers are maintained for this purpose.
INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC HEALTH., RANGOON, FOR THE YEAR 1936.
7
17. MEDIA SECTION.—During the year under review the following
media were prepared:—
Papain digest broth...
Nutrient agar
...
Cholera bottles
...
MacConkey's broth
...
MacConkey's agar
Citrate Media -
....
.
2.22,460 c.C.
...
28,200 c.c.
1,170 .
...
61,980 c.c.
...
4,000 c.c.
. . .
Phosphate Media
...
...
Sugar Media
...
Glucose broth
...
Peptone Water
...
...
Saline (Physiological)
...
Dieudonnes Media
Levinthal Media
...
...
Total quantity not
recorded.
Blood Agar
...
. . .
Bile Salt Agar
...
. Lemco Broth ..
...
... ,
...
Aronson Media
Milk Media for water analysis
...
Litmus milk
,...
From the above table it will be seen that the media section carries
.out heavy routine work.. The washing and sterilising of all the glassware
used in the manufacture of cholera vaccine and other . rouitine work is
also clone by . this section. The preparation of each brew of cholera
vaccine (Bulk Vaccine) entails the washing and sterilising of as many
as .300 pieces .of glassware. The preparation of utensils for the tilling
-of diluted cholera vaccine is also a part of the duty of this section.
1. 8. PLAGUE SECTION.—As in previous years, the Port Health Depart-
ment continued sending trapped and cyanogassed rats daily (excluding
holidays) from the port area. Dead and live rats were also sent to this
section from steamships. Every one of these rats was identified,
dissected and smears made from spleens were examined for the
presence of Pr. pestis. Examination proved negative in every case.
The following table shows the number of different species of rats
sent during the year under report :—
TABLE No.. 1.
LIVE RATS (PORT AREA) BY SPECIES EXAMINED.
N. Bengalensis
...
...
M, Concolor
...
C. Coerulea
...
-
M. Musculus
...
R. Rattus
...
R. Norvegicus
'Total ...
1,073
587
261
202
106
.
SS
2,317
8
REPORT ON THE WORKING OF THE HARCOURT BUTLER
TABLE No. 2.
LIVE RATS (STEAMSHIPS) BY SPECIES EXAMINED.
R. Rattus . . .
108
M. Musculus . . .
71
M. Concolor . . .
12
R. Norvegicus . . .
4
N. Bengalensis . . .
Nil.
C. Coerulea . . .
Nil.
Total . . .
195
TABLE No. 3.
DEAD RATS (STEAMSHIPS) BY SPECIES EXAMINED.
M. Musculus . . .
387
R. Rattus . . .
84
R. Norvegicus . . .
1
M. Concolor . . .
Nil.
C. Coerulea . . .
Nil.
N. Bengalensis . . .
Nil.
Total . . .
472
Four spleen smears of rat were brought by the Medical Officer,
Burma Railways Hospital, Insein. All the smears were positive to
Pr. pestis. A piece of spleen of a dead rat was also sent to this Institute
for examination. The spleen sent was macerated in saline and injected
into a guinea pig subcutaneously. The guinea pig at autopsy showed
the typical post mortem appearance of plague and Pr. pestis was
isolated. The guinea pig was mounted and kept in the museum of this
Institute.
A dead N. Bengalensis was sent by Messrs. Fairweather Richard &
Co. The smear from the spleen showed organisms which closely
resembled, morphologically, Pr. pestis, while the post mortem signs
were not like those of a plague rat. Cultural tests and animal inocula--
tion showed that the organism concerned was Pr. murisseptica. This
stresses the point that mere examination of a smear is not always
sufficient to diagnose the presence of Pr. pestis in rats. This fact was
brought to the notice of the Director of Public Health, Burma, and the
Health Officer, Corporation of Rangoon, and it has been decided that
in future any dead rat showing signs and symptoms of plague will be
sent to this Institute from the laboratory of the Corporation of
Rangoon for the verification of the diagnosis by further cultural and
animal tests.
INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC HEALTH, RANGOON, FOR THE YEAR 1936. 9
19. INSTRUCTION.—Lectures and demonstrations were given to the
students of the Public Health Inspectors' Training Class, Health
Visitors, and to the students of the the Medical College and the Medical
School. The following subjects were taught
: —
Public Health Laboratory Practice,
Plague and its preventive measures,
Identification of rats and rat fleas,
Demonstration on the working of cyanogas pump.
Nine Post-graduate sub-assistant surgeons also received the above
instructions.
20. HEALTH WEEK ACTIVITIES.—This section took part in the
Annual Public Health Exhibition and was responsible for the sections
of water bacteriology and prevention of plague.
21. INVESTIGATIONS.—The following investigations were taken in
hand during the year under review. Unfortunately many of them
could not be carried on without frequent interruptions as they had to
be stopped on account of the pressure of routine work.
I. The keeping properties of cholera vaccine as manufactured at this
Institute.
A series of protection tests in guinea pigs was carried out with
vaccine which had been kept at room temperature for several months.
Two lots of vaccine were used in the experiment. The first lot
manufactured on 13th September 1935 was sent out to the district on
13th December 1935 and was returned to this Institute on 12th March
1936. The second lot, prepared on 13th January 1936, was sent out to
the district on 3rd February 1936 and was received back in the
Institute on 18th July 1936.
After their return to the Institute they were kept at room tempera--
ture in the laboratory. Guinea pigs were injected subcutaneously with
1c.c. of these vaccines every month. In other words the animals were.
injected with vaccines 7 to 11 months old respectively. Each of these
protected guinea pigs was given an intraperitoneal injection of a lethal
dose of live V. cholera culture 9 days after the first injection. None of
these animals died. A few control guinea pigs were similarly injected
with a lethal dose of V. cholera culture and they invariably died. The
above experiment indicates that our cholera vaccine retains its
potency for about a year even when kept at room temperature for
several months at a stretch. The above investigation will be repeated
next year, with another batch of cholera vaccine using a freshly
isolated cholera strain for intraperitoneal injection.
II. Role Played by C. Coerulea in the Propagation of Plague.
The report on the Rat Flea Survey done at Mandalay in the year.
1931 showed that the X. Cheopis index of C. Coerulea was above 2.