NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
65
the Medical College Hospital, Calcutta ; St. Thomas' and St. Bartholomew's,
London, with the following result :—
Cases discharged or dead from medical wards of the Medical College
Hospital, Calcutta, during 22 months from June 1905.
Total kidney
cases discharged
or dead during
the same period.
Percentage of
kidney cases
to total
treated.
Total 3,622 . . . . . .
. . . . .
120
3 . 0 5
Europeans 1,320
.
.
.
.
.
.
. . .
26
2 . 0
Natives 2,282
. .
.
.
.
.
. . .
94
4 . 1
St. Thomas' Hospital (1904) Total 2,589 . . . . . .
136
5 . 3
St. Bartholemew's Hospital (1904) Total 2,512 . .
. . .
95
3.7
So many other factors besides diet would require to be taken into consi-
deration that too much importance cannot be claimed for these figures ; on the
other hand, in a country where scarlet fever is unknown the incidence of renal
disease is amazing and would not appear to support Chittenden's contention that
with a low proteid diet kidney function is less likely to become impaired. So
far as the evidence goes, it would tend to show that, even with the exceedingly
low nitrogenous intake of the general population of Bengal, kidney disease is
more common among natives than among Europeans. This is a statement that
we think all physicians of a large general hospital will subscribe to ; personally
we have found kidney troubles exceedingly common in the outdoor dispensary
of the Medical College Hospital.
With regard to the power of resistance to other pathological conditions, as,
for instance, septic infection, reaction to inflammatory processes, recovery from
shock and similar processes, information is almost entirely wanting. We con-
sider that it would be generally admitted that natives stand acute infections such
as pneumonia, plague, cholera, etc., badly ; on the other hand they would appear
to take chloroform well. It is exceedingly difficult to make any definite statements,
but there is a large field for research and accurate observation on the differences
in temperament and reactions in disease exhibited by the European and native
Indian. Why, for instance, is scarlet fever unknown in India? Why do the
nervous manfestations of syphilis appear so early after infection ? Why do they
so commonly take the form of syphilitic paraplegia and so rarely that of loco-
motor ataxia ? By what inherent power can the native of India, having once
made up his mind that death is approaching, turn his face to the wall and pass
to the land of the Hereafter ?
The last subject connected with the power of resistance to disease on which
we wish to speak is the dietetic form of glycosuria. So far we have avoided or
K
66
passed over in a sentence the carbohydrates and fats of the several diets. This
was not because they are of little importance, but for the simple reason that in
all the diets we have examined these elements were sufficient in amount and, as
far as could be seen, called for little comment.
Great importance has been attached by Chittenden to the evil effects of a
diet too rich in nitrogen and with him our observations on Bengalis and others
would lead us to go a certain length; but, from the arguments advanced in the
previous pages, we would draw the line much before a decrease of 50 per cent. in
the proteid of Voit's diet had been reached.
Even if one grants that in the normal decomposition of proteids toxic bodies
are formed which, while in the body or during their excretion, may act injuri-
ously, it is by no means certain that decomposition products also toxic in nature
are not formed from the carbohydrate and fat of the diet. In connection with
this, the extreme prevalence of glycosuria amongst the upper middle classes of
Bengalis would prove conclusively that the danger of an excess of carbohydrate
intake is even a more real and present one than that of proteid excess.
Glycosuria, either with or without albuminuria, is one of the commonest
diseases met with in the class above-mentioned and is a very frequent cause of
death. After the age from 45 to 50 years a very large percentage of these indi-
viduals suffer from one or other of these conditions. It usually begins as a
simple dietetic form due to the large quantities of starchy food and sweetmeats
consumed, but, after a longer or shorter period, develops into true diabetes,
impairment of kidney function and accompanied with the usual complications of
both the primary and secondary diseases. We have already stated the views we
hold regarding the danger of damage to the renal epithelium from a low nutritive
power of the plasma; in the form of glycosuria we speak of it would appear
probable that the plasma is quite unable to prevent epithelial degeneration and
albuminuria. In a series of 325 ,cases of glycosuria Dr. Bose (1) found that 65
per cent showed evidence of kidney damage.
Whether the damage to the kidney is due entirely to the continual elimina-
tion of sugar and changes in the composition of the blood from the formation of
decomposition products of faulty carbohydrate metabolism such as
B -oxybutyric acid, aceto-acetic acid and acetone, or whether the low nutritive condi-
tion of the plasma does not form an important factor in its causation, we are not
in a position to say.
It is a remarkable fact, however, that diabetes mellitus in Europeans is riot
accompanied in any very high percentage of cases by organic changes in the
kidney—at least, not in the earlier stages of the disease; whereas in the Bengali,
albuminuria, even at the beginning of dietetic glycosuria, is fairly common.
(1) C. L. Bose: Some observations on Diabetes, Cal. Med. Journal, September 1907.
67
We are greatly inclined to think that the explanation of these differences rests
largely with the nutritive power of the plasma in the two classes of people ; the
poor nitrogen content of the plasma in the Bengali starving the renal cells and
causing them to lose their physiological property of preventing a filtration of
the serum albumen of the blood into the tubules.
The disturbances of the organism we more particularly wish to emphasize
in dietetic glycosuria are the lowering of the resisting power of the tissues to
microbic invasion and lessening of their vitality. The common complications of
diabetes, pneumonia, tuberculosis, carbuncle, spreading gangrene, etc., all speak
of lowered vitality and increased susceptibility. Before complications such as
these appear there must be a time when, although in a lowered state of vitality,
the tissues are just able to resist infection. It is generally held that the percen-
tage of sugar in the blood should reach from 0.2 to 0.3 before glycosuria occurs,
but long before this ratio is attained degenerative changes, the result of lowered
vitality, have begun.
It would, therefore, appear that the large carbohydrate intake rendered
necessary by a diet poor in nitrogen, and of course much more so the great
quantities of sugar consumed by the Bengali, is even more likely to lead to
injury and damage to the delicate tissues of glandular and other organs and to
a diminution in the resisting power of the system than any excessive nitrogenous
intake.
No. 34
(NEW SERIES.)
SCIENTIFIC MEMOIRS
BY
OFFICERS OF THE MEDICAL AND SANITARY DEPARTMENTS
OF THE
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
STANDARDS OF THE CONSTITUENTS OF THE URINE AND BLOOD
AND THE BEARING OF THE METABOLISM OF BENGALIS
ON THE PROBLEMS OF NUTRITION
BY
CAPTAIN D. McCAY, M.B., B.CH., B.A.O., I.M.S.
Professor of Physiology, Medical College, Calcutta
ISSUED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
BY THE SANITARY COMMISSIONER WITH THE GOVERNMENT
OF INDIA, SIMLA
CALCUTTA
SUPERINTENDENT GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA
1908
Price annas 12 or 1s. 2d.
Vol.XXVIII, Part I
March, 1958
The
Indian Journal of Veterinary
Science
and
Animal Husbandry
Issued under the Authority
of
The Indian Council of Agricultural Research
Annual subscription
Rs. 9 or 15sh.
Price per part
Rs. 2.25 nP. or 3sh. 9d.
ICAR. 6. XXVIII.51
1,300
CONTENTS
Vol. XXVIII, Part I
(March, 1958)
The Publications Committee of Indian Council of the Agricultural Research,
India, takes no responsibility for the opinion expressed in this Journal.
Original Articles
EFFICACY OF COMBINATION OF OXYTETRA¬
CYCLINE AND POLYMYXIN β SULPHATE
AGAINST MASTITIS ORGANISMS—
PART I
PART II
STUDIES
ON THE
MORPHOLOGY
AND
SEASONAL HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE
PITUITARY GLAND OF THE FRESH WATER
TELEOST cirrina reba with (8 TEXT
FIGURES)
HERITABILITY AND REPEATABILITY OF
CALVING INTERVAL IN
THARPARKAR
CATTLE
STUDIES ON FISH OF BAY OF BENGAL—I-
AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF FLESH OF
BOMBAY DAK, RIBBON AND SHARK
ABSTRACTS
REVIEW
S. N. Bakshi
A. G. Sathyanesan
O. N. Singh
A. N. Bose, S. K. Das
Gupta and B. N. Sri¬
mani
PAGES.
1
7
13
21
25
27
31
CONTENTS
Vol. XXVIII, Part II
(June, 1958)
The Publications Committee of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research,
India, takes no responsibility for the opinions expressed in this Journal.
Original Articles
STATISTICAL STUDIES ON BREEDING
DATA OF INDIAN HERDS OF DAIRY
CATTLE—I—RED SINDHI HERDS
AT HOSUR AND BANGALORE (WITH
1 TEXT-FIGURE)
AGE AT FIRST CALVING AND CALVING
INTERVAL FOR SOME INDIAN HERDS
OF CATTLE
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONS ON
INTRA-UTERINE
TREATMENT
WITH ANTIBIOTICS IN REPEAT
BREEDERS
EFFECT OF HIGH AIR TEMPERATURE
ON PREGNANCY IN CATTLE
ABSTRACTS
REVIEWS
V. N. Amble, K. S. Krishnan
and J. S. Srivastava
V. N. Amble, K. S. Krishnan
and P. N. Soni
S. N. Luktuke, P. R. V. Nayudu
and P. Bhattacharya
Gopi Chand Taneja
PAGE
33
83
93
101
109
115
CONTENTS
Vol. XXVIII, Part III
(September, 1958)
The Publications Committee of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research,
India, takes no responsibility for the opinions expressed in this Journal.
Original Articles
GASTROENTERITIS IN YOUNG CALVES
I—Salmonella INFECTED CASES
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING BLOOD
CHOLESTEROL
LEVEL
IN
THE
BUFFALO, IN THE SUB-TROPICS
(WITH 3 TEXT-FIGURES)
IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON Pas¬
teurella septica. II.
FURTHER
TRIALS ON ADJUVANT VACCINE
FLEECE MEASUREMENT AND WOOL
WEIGHT (WITH FOUR TEXT-FIGURES)
STUDIES ON FISH OF BAY OF BENGAL
II—PROCESSING OF SHARK FLESH
S. S. Khera and M. R. Dhanda
E. S. E. Hafez, M. H. Maghrabi
and A. Anwar
M. R. Dhanda, J. M. Lall and
R. N. Seth
Henry Foster
A. N. Bose, S. K. Das Gupta and
B. N. Srimani
Pages
117
133
139
157
163
CONTENTS
Vol. XXVIII, Part IV
(December, 1958)
The Publications Committee of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research,
India, takes no responsibility for the opinions expressed in this Journal.
Original Articles
RUMEN DIGESTION—A REVIEW
STUDIES IN DHAY-OLD CHICK IMMU-
NIZATION AGAINST FOWL POX USING
EGG-PROPAGATED FOWL POX AND
PIGEON POX VIRUSES (WITH 4 TEXT-
FIGURES)
A PRELIMINARY NOTE ON THE OCCUR-
RENCE OF Clostridium Welchii TYPE D
INFECTION IN SHEEP IN INDIA (WITH
5 TEXT FIGURES)
CONTAGIOUS PUSTULAR DERMATITIS IN
GOATS
GENETIC CORRELATIONS IN AUSTRA-
LIAN MERINO SHEEP (CORRELATIONS
AMONGST BODY LENGTH, WIDTH,
DEPTH, FORE CANNON LENGTH,
MUTTON SCORE, SKIN FOLD SCORE
AND BODY WEIGHTS AT 5 AND 11
MONTHS)
ABSTRACTS
O. P. Agarwala
S. B. V. Rao, B. M. Thahral and
V. V. Srinivasan
P. R. Nilakantan and B. K.
Kathuria
Radhey Mohan Sharma and Hari
Mohan Bhatia
Gopi Chand Taneja
Pages
171
187
197
205
211
217
EFFICACY OF COMBINATION OF OXYTETRACYCLINE
AND POLYMYXIN β SULPHATE AGAINST MASTITIS
ORGANISMS-Part I
By S. N. BAKSHI, Animal Husbandry Department, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow
[ Received for publication on May 6, 1957
Accepted for publication on September 26, 1957 ]
O XYTETRACYCLINE (terramycin) claimed to be a broad spectrum antibiotic
was isolated by Finlay et al. [1950] from Streptomycus rimosus. Morse, Spencer
and Simon [1950] determined that 15 strains of Streptococci isolated from animals
were inhibited by 1 mg. per ml. while three other strains of Staphylococci required
3 mg. per ml. for inhibition. Richou, Gerbeaux and Schlaepfer [1951] made their
studies on 21 strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Sixteen strains were inhibited by
1.25 mg. per ml. or less and five required a concentration between 1.25 and 5 mg. per
ml. Edward reported that several strains of Streptococcus agalactiae, S. uberis and
Staphylococcus aureus were inhibited by 1.0 mg. per ml. of oxytetracycline for 24
hours at 37°C in broth. Barnes [1955] reported inhibition of 21 strains of Staphy
lococcus aureus and Streptococcus uberis by 1.0 mg. or less per ml. for 24 hours. The
strains used by him were resistant to oxytetracycline treatment and he incorporat
ed the antibiotic in blood agar plates on which the sensitivity of the organism was
studied.
The work under report was taken up to study the in vitro sensitivity of mastitis
organisms and non-pathogenic commensals inhabiting the bovine udder, to the new
calcium-di-oxytetracycline salt combined with polymyxin β sulfate, by incor
porating the antibiotics in serum broth and blood agar plates and to find the com
parative efficacy of both the methods. The combination of the antibiotics is specially
made and tubed for treatment of mastitis in animals. Each gram contains 30 mg.
of terramycin as calcium-di-oxytetracycline and 10,000 units of polymyxin β sulfate.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The milk samples were collected from individual quarters of Chak Ganjeria
Dairy herd cows in sterilised tubes and were immediately removed to the Central
Veterinary Laboratory, Lucknow, situated at a distance of about 10 miles from
the farm. The milk was put to different biochemical, microscopic and cultural
tests and a case was taken to be positive when it at least gave positive Whiteside
test, a high leucocyte count and a culture of pathogenic organism. The organisms
were isolated in pure cultures on blood agar media and for further typing the bacteria
were put to selective biochemical tests and sent to Indian Veterinary Research
Institute for confirmatory typing.
138
AR/57
1
2
MASTITIS
ORGANISMS
[Vol. XXVIII, Part I,
Strain 21/2 and 21/4 were Streptococcus lactis isolated from healthy quarters.
Strain 7F and 33/1 were non-haemolytic Staphylococci, coagulase negative and were
isolated from milk, giving positive test for inflammatory conditions of the udder.
One strain of Escherchia coli included in this experiment was from a clinical case of
mastitis. Strain 5F was Streptococcus pyogenes, belonging to Lancefield group A. 20/1
and 17F were both Streptococcus agalactiae, 8F-A Streptococcus dysgalactiae and
42/1 Streptococcus uberis. Strain 4F, 20/1-A, 10/2, 30/3, 24/2 and 8F were haemolytic
Staph. aureus, coagulase positive.
Cultural examination of the milk a month after treatment with the combina
tion of oxytetracycline and polymyxin β sulfate showed that the strain 5F and 42/1
were resistant to the treatment and were being shed in the milk.
Procedure for determining the bactericidal level: A pilot experiment was con
ducted to find out a tentative inhibitory level for all the trial organisms in serum
broth to which the oxytetracycline and polymyxin β sulfate had been added in serial
dilutions at the rate of 6-2,000, 0.6-200, 0.06-20, 0.006-2 per ml. All the dilutions
were made in sterile distilled water. The composition of the serum broth was as
follows:
Peptone Oxo
Sodium chloride
Beef extract
Sheep serum
15 gm.
5 gm.
1,000 cc.
50 cc.
The final pH of the medium ranged between 7.4 to 7.6. The preliminary experi
ment showed that 0.06-20 concentration of the antibiotic per ml. of serum broth
inhibited the growth of all test organisms but a concentration of 0.006-2 or less failed
to inhibit the growth of some of the Staph. aureus strains after 48 hours of incubation.
In the main experiment the required amount of the antibiotic was added to
5cc. of the serum broth in which a loopful (4mm. external diameter) of 18-hour old
serum broth culture of the test organism was inoculated. Two tubes were used for
every dilution. After 24 hours of incubation a loopful of the material from each
dilution was streaked on a quadrant of 5 per cent blood agar plate. The control
blood agar plates were also streaked with viable test organisms and incubated at
37°C. The reading was taken at an interval of 24 and 48 hours. For the study
of bactericidal levels of the antibiotic on blood agar, 10cc. of nutrient agar was melted
in a tube and kept in water bath at 50°C at which temperature 0.5cc. of sheep
defibrinated blood and the required amount of the antibiotic was added, the contents
of the tube were mixed thoroughly, poured in a 4 inch petridish and allowed to
solidify. One quarter of the plate was used for one organism. Duplicate plates were
used for every dilution.
No antibiotic was added to the control plates and a single plate was used for
four organisms. The material for inoculation consisted of a loopful (4mm.
external diameter) of 18-hour old broth culture of the test organism. The plates
were incubated at 37°C and read after 24 hours and 48 hours of incubation.
Due to certain limitations, the number of organisms tried in this experiment
was not very high but even then certain interesting observations were recorded.
March, 1958]
S.
N.
BAKSHI
3
TABLE I
Bactericidal level of combination of oxytetracycline and polymyxin for the mastitis organisms in serum broth
tubes and blood agar plates
Organism
Str. lactis-21/2
Str. lactis-21/4
Str. pyogenes-5F
Str. agalactiae-20/1
Str agalactiae-17F
Str. dysgalactiae-8F-A
Str. uberis-42/1
Staph
aureus-4F
Dilution
I
O
P
0.15—50
S.B.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
B.A.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
II
O
P
0.06—20
S.B.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
B.A.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
III
O
P
0.03—10
S.B.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
B.A.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
IV
O
P
0.015—5
S.B.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
B.A.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
V
O
P
0.006—2
S.B.
(hours)
. .
. .
+
24
. .
+
48
. .
. .
+
24
B.A.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
VI
O
P
0.003—1
S.B.
(hours
. .
+
24
+
24
+
24
+
24
+
+
24
+
24
B.A.
(hours)
. .
. .
+
24
. .
+
48
. .
. .
. .
VII
O
P
0.0015—05
S.B.
(hours)
+
24
+
24
+
24
+
24
+
24
+
24
+
24
+
24
B.A.
(hours)
. .
+
48
+
24
+
48
+
24
+
48
. .
. .
. .
VIII
O
P
0.00075—0.25
S.B.
(hours)
+
24
+
24
+
24
+
24
+
24
+
24
+
24
+
24
B.A.
(hours)
+
48
+
48
+
24
+
48
+
24
+
24
+
48
+
48
O=oxytetracycline; P=polymyxin; S.B.= serum broth; B.A.=blood agar.
4
MASTITIS
ORGANISMS
[Vol. XXVIII Part 1
TABLE 1—contd.
Bactericidal level of combination of oxytetracycline and polymyxin for the mastitis organisms in serum
broth tubes and blood agar plates
Organism
Staph. aureus -20/1-A
Staph. aureus-10/2
Staph. aureus-30/3
Staph. aureus-24/2
Staph. aureas-8F
Staph. albus-7F
Staph. albus-33/1
E. coli
Dilution
I
O
P
9.15—50
S.B.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
B.A.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
II
O
P
0.06—20
S.B.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
B.A.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
III
O
P
0.03—10
S.B.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
B.A.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
IV
O P
0.015—5
S.B.
. .
. .
. .
. .
+
24hr
. .
. .
. .
B.A.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
V
O P
0.006—2
S.B.
(huars)
+
24
+
24
+
24
+
24
+
24
+
24
+
24
B.A.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
VI
O
P
0.003—1
S.B.
(hours)
+
24
+
24
+
24
+
24
+
24
+
24
+
24
+
48
B.A.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
VII
O
P
0.0015—05
S.B.
(hours)
+
24
+
24
+
24
+
24
+
24
+
24
+
24
+
24
B.A.
. .
. .
. .
. .
+
48hr
. .
. .
. .
VIII
O P
0.00075—0.2
S.B.
(hours)
+
24
+
24
+
24
+
24
+
24
+
24
+
24
+
24
B.A.
(hours)
+
48
+
48
+
48
+
48
+
48
+
48
+
48
+
48
6
MASTITIS
ORGANISMS
[Vol. XXVIII, Part I,
oxytetracycline with 10 units of polymyxin β per ml. and 0.003 mg. with 1 unit
per ml. in blood agar medium. This is a significant variation from the results of
the other workers. Although, Huebner [1956] describes that polymyxin has not
shown any activity against 21 strains of Staphylococci from mastitis udders. The
question arises, whether this enhanced activity can be attributed to the synergistic
action of polymyxin β sulfate with oxytetracycline?
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
A study of in vitro sensitivity of mastitis organisms to a combination of calcium-
di-oxytetracycline and polymyxin β sulfate was made by adding serial dilutions to
the enriched solid and liquid medium.
The bactericidal level in the liquid medium was 0.03 mg. of oxytetracycline with
10 units of polymyxin β sulfate and in solid medium it was 0.003 mg. with 1 unit
for all the organisms used in this experiment.
The results of study on solid medium suggested correlation with the result
of treatment in vivo.
The experiment suggests that pathogenic strains have comparatively higher
resistance against the antibiotic than the mon-pathogenic organisms of the same
species.
Reading of petridishes after 24 hours incubation indicated bacteriostatic levels,
whereas, after 48 hours incubation bactericidal levels of the dilution could be deter
mined.
The study on solid medium proved to be less time consuming and more reliable.
EFFICACY OF THE COMBINATION OF OXYTETRACY¬
CLINE AND POLYMYXIN β SULPHATE AGAINST
MASTITIS ORGANISMS-Part II
By S. N. BAKSHI, Animal Husbandry Department, Uttar Pradesh
[Received for publication on May 6, 1957
Accepted for publication on September 26, 1957]
A cure-all therapeutic agent for mastitis is a dream of veterinary physician
and its fulfilment seems to be nowhere in sight. The multiple etiological
factors and specificity of the action of the antibiotics against the causal organisms
makes the lengthy process of laboratory diagnosis very essential for quick and
economical treatment. But such facilities are ill provided under the existing field
conditions. In such circumstances, to get a higher percentage of cures it becomes
an unavoidable necessity to use a broad spectrum antibiotic in the early phases
of the disease.
Oxytetracycline is claimed to be effective against a number of mastitis organisms.
Tableman [1951] reported that 8 cases of mastitis responded favourably to the
treatment with this antibiotic. Simon and Schmidt [1953] eliminated Strepto
coccal infection from 60 per cent quarters with 200 mg. and 59.4 per cent quarters
with 400 mg. of oxytetracycline infusion ointment. Barnes [1955] reported overall
recovery of 82.69 per cent cases due to Streptococcus uberis, 33.3 per cent due to
Streptococcus dysgalactiae, 25 per cent due to Staph. aureus and 69.3 per cent due to
coliform group of organisms.
This article reports the efficacy for mastitis, of calcium-di-oxytetracycline with
polymyxin β sulfate, animal formula. It is an aqueous dispersible suspension
supplied in ½ oz. collapsible tubes each containing 426 mg. of oxytetracycline and
142,000 units of polymyxin, fitted with a plastic adapter of an appropriate length
which is covered with a plastic cap to maintain its sterility.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment was conducted in Chak Ganjeria Dairy herd of
Sahiwal cows. Certain clinical cases attending the two local veterinary
hospitals were also included in the study. The udder capacity of the treated cows
ranged between 10 to 15 lb. For diagnosis the quarters of the cows were wiped
with chlorine lotion, teat opening cleaned with rectified spirit and the first strippings
were taken on strip cup for detection of any flakes. The milk was then collected
from individual quarters in sterile glass containers, which was later put to all the
tests enumerated in Part I. After thorough milking, the udders were palpated
for any detectable induration. The quarters secreting milk giving a positive white-
side test, a high leucocyte count and yielding cultures of pathogenic organisms on
blood agar media were subjected to treatment. Before administering the drug,
7