NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
with the minimum complete hmolysing dose of the poison, which gave these
results.
Table VIII.
Corpuscles.
Venom.
Minimum complete
hæmolysing dose.
Complemental
substance.
Amount of
complemental substance.
Dog
King Cobra
0.01 millig.
Serum
0.5 c.c. of 2-fold dilu-
tion.
Dog
Bungarus fasciatus
0.006 „
Serum
Ditto.
Dog
Crotalus adamanteus
0.002 „
Serum
Ditto.
Dog
Bungarus fasciatus
0.006 „
Lecithin
0.2 c.c. of 0.1 % solu-
tion.
Ox
Cobra
0.05 „
Lecithin
Ditto.
Ox
Daboia
0.008 „
Lecithin
Ditto.
Goat
Daboia
0.01 „
Lecithin
Ditto.
Goat
Echis carinata
0.2
,,
Lecithin
Ditto.
I have, therefore, experimented with six venoms in eight different combina--
tions of cell, venom amboceptor and activating agent and have not found a single
instance in which the amboceptor was taken up and fixed by the cells in the
absence of complemental substance.
These results appear to be in direct opposition to those obtained by Flexner
and Noguchi mentioned at the beginning of this paper. For these observers state
that, " venom solution treated with dog, rabbit and guinea pig's washed corpuscles
in succession gives up to each a part of its intermediary body. No one kind of
corpuscle is capable of fixing the entire content of intermediary bodies." They,
however, do not mention the venom or venoms with which these observations
were made nor do they give any details of the experiments. In a later
paper, however, they state that water mocassin venom was deprived of its entire
hæmolytic action for the cells of the sheep, the dog and the rat, respectively, by
keeping these cells in contact with 1 per cent. solution of the venom in the cold
(0°C.) for three hours. In these experiments it is not stated that washed corpuscles
were used. On the other hand, from the fact that the blood cells and venom were
kept in contact at 0°C. it is to be presumed that unwashed corpuscles were used, that
is to say, that serum complement was present. If this was the case, these
experiments would be open to the same objection which, we have seen, applies
to similar observations with hæmolytic sera. It is evident, therefore, that neither
of the observations made by Flexner and Noguchi is comparable, either as
regards exactness of detail or as regards similarity of technique, with those which
I have brought forward above.
14
Kyes states that sheep's cells can bind cobra venom only very slightly; but
here again no details of the experiments are given. Further, he states that at
0°C. there is no fixation of cobra venom in weak solution by ox cells, an observa-
tion which is in keeping with those which I have now brought forward. In all
the work, however, on venoms emanating from Ehrlich's laboratory no ex-
periments at all comparable to those collated above have been detailed.
The answer, then, to the question which we set ourselves is, that under certain
conditions of experiment and in the absence of complemental substance the red
cell receptor is incapable of taking up and anchoring any venom amboceptor :
this latter is found intact in the supernatant fluid after centrifugalisation. Such
a result is, as we have pointed out, different from that obtained with hæmolytic
sera, when these are tested in the presence of complement or complementoid.
One example, however, of the failure of the red cell receptor to take up the
hæmolytic amboceptor is given by Ehrlich and Sachs 7 . U s i n g g u i n e a - p i g ' s
washed cells, inactivated ox serum and fresh normal horse serum, these workers
found that, if the inactivated ox serum and cells were kept in contact for one hour
at 37ºC. and if then the supernatant fluid was separated from the cells by
centrifugalisation, nearly the total amount of amboceptor of the ox serum could
be demonstrated in the supernatant fluid, while only a trace had been taken up by
the red cells. I know of no bacteriolytic observations in which such a
phenomenon has been described. We can conclude then, that as far as snake
venoms are concerned, the hæmolytic amboceptor is not taken up by the red
cell in the absence of complemental substance. If, therefore, the process of
venom hæmolysis is strictly analogous to serum hæmolysis and to bacteriolysis,
we should expect to find that the amboceptor in both these instances does not
join on to the receptor of the cell under the same conditions, that is, in the
absence of complement or modified complement. Such experiments are in pro
- gress.
15
References.
( 1 ) Flexner and Noguchi.
(a) ' Snake venom in relation to hæmolysis, bacteriolysis and toxicity.' Journal
of Experimental Medicine, Vol. VI, No. 3, March 17th, 1902.
(b) ' The constitution of snake venom and snake sera.' Univ. of Penna.
Medical Bulletin : Vol. XV, No. 9, November 1902.
(c) ' On the plurality of cytolysins in snake venom.' Univ. of Penna. Medical
Bulletin : Vol. XVI, Nos. 5-6, July-August 1903.
(2) Kyes.
(a) ' Ueber die Workungsweise des Cobragiftes.' Berliner klin. Wochenschr.,
1902, No. 38, u 39.
(b) ' Ueber die Isolirung von Schlangengift-Lecithiden.' Berliner klin. Wochen-
schr., 1903, No. 42, u 43.
(c) ' Lecithin and Schlangengifte.' Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift für physiologische
Chemie, Band XLI, Heft 4, 1904.
Kyes and Sachs.
' Zur Kenntniss der Cobragift activerenden Substanzen.' Berliner klin. Wochen-
schr., 1903, Nos. 2-4.
(3 ) Calmette.
' Sur l'action hemolytique due venin de cobra.'
Compt. rend. de l'Académie des Sciences. T. 134, No. 24, 1902.
(4) Lamb.
(a ) "Scientific Memoirs by Officers of the Medical and Sanitary Departments of
the Government of India ; " New series, 1903, No. 5 ; 1904, No. 10 ; 1905,
No. 16.
( 5) Ehrlich and Morgenroth.
' Gesammelte Arbeiten zur Immunitäts-forschung.' Berlin, 1904.
(6) Muir.
' On the action of Hæmolytic Sera.' The Lancet : August 15th, 1903, p, 446.
(7) Ehrlich and Sachs.
' Ueber den Mechanismus der Amboceptoren-wirkung.' Berliner klin. Wochen-
schr., 1902, No. 21.
G. I. C. P. O.—No. 311 S. C.-13-6-05.
No. 17.
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Studies on the Mouth Parts and Sucking
Apparatus in the Blood-Sucking Diptera.
No. 1.
PHILAEMATOMYIA INSIGNIS, AUSTEN.
BY
CAPTAIN F. W. CRAGG, M.D., I.M.S.,
The King Institute, Guindly Madras.
Philœmatomyia insignis is a small greyish-brown fly, found throughout the
Oriental region, and recorded also from Tropical Africa. The genus is closely
allied to Musca, and in general appearance, breeding habits, venation, etc., there
is little to distinguish it. The characteristic feature, on account of which the
genus was founded, is the presence of a ring of stout.chitinous teeth at the tip of
the proboscis. It is, in fact, in spite of its innocent appearance, a voracious blood
sucker. It preys exclusively, so far as is known, on cattle, and in the neighbour-
hood of this Institute it is much the commonest blood-sucking fly found on them.
It is especially fond of feeding on the abdomen of calves which have been shaved
for vaccination. Both male and female suck blood, and possibly also feed on
the dung in which their eggs are laid.
The proboscis is completely retractile, like that of Musca, and it is only excep-
tionally the case that the teeth can be seen in dried specimens ; even if the pro-
boscis happens to be extended the teeth are not visible unless the labellar walls
are retracted so as to disclose them. It is therefore probable that it will be found
to be much commoner and more widely distributed than the present records state,
when it is more systematically looked for.
Methods.
For the study of the chitinous parts the material was cleared in 2 per cent.
potash solution for varying periods. The best results are obtained by allowing
the potash to act for a prolonged period in the cold, rather than by boiling, as this
is apt to distort the parts on account of the sudden expansion of the contained
air. The biting parts are extremely densely pigmented, and it was necessary to
decolorize them, to a degree varying in different preparations, with chlorine gas.
The soft parts were studied chiefly by dissection of freshly killed flies. Sections
of newly hatched flies were prepared by the combined paraffin and celloidin method
and stained with Iron-hæmatoxylin and Eosin. Sections are, however, rather B
2
difficult to interpret, since one cannot be certain of the exact degree of extension
of the proboscis and eversion of the teeth once the material is placed in the fix
-ative. The best results were obtained by dropping whole heads of etherized flies
into absolute alcohol, and immediately pressing on the head with a needle above
the lunule. This manoeuvre causes the proboscis to shoot out and distends the
oral lobes, and one can sometimes get the parts definitely fixed in this position.
I am greatly indebted to Captain Patton, LE S., Acting Director of this In
-stitute, for many valuable hints on the habits of the fly, and for a batch of
pup.*
General Account.
As indicated above, the proboscis bears a close resemblance to that of Musca,
and in the following description the terms generally used for the mouth parts of
Musca will be adhered to as far as possible, leaving the question of the relation of
the parts to the corresponding ones in other blood-sucking muscids to be discussed
later. The proboscis consists of three parts, viz., the rostrum, haustellum, and the
labella. The rostrum is shaped like a truncated cone, the broad base of which
fits into an orifice on the under surface of the head. It is composed of a
chitinous framework, the fulcrum, and a loose investing membrane, which
serves to attach the fulcrum to the head, and also encloses the soft structures
of the rostrum. The haustellum is about the same length as the rostrum. It
is somewhat cylindrical in shape, with the middle portion expanded. Its post
-erior and lateral walls, which are rounded so as to form about two-thirds of a circle
in cross sections, are formed by a chitinous plate, the theca. The anterior side,
which is flattened, is membraneous, and has running down the whole length in the
middle line a thick pigmented chitinous rod, which is deeply grooved on its anterior
surface. This groove contains the labrum-epipharynx and the hypopharynx, and
the rod may be called the labial gutter, since it corresponds to the structure des
-cribed in Stomoxys by Stephens and Newstead under that name. The labella are
attached to the end of the haustellum. When fully expanded they form a gently
rounded globular extremity to the proboscis. The two labella are fused together,
and their walls are continuous except on the anterior surface, where there is a
narrow and deep groove, which contains the teeth, and is continuous with that of
the labial gutter. They closely resemble those of Musca. The oral surface bears
a well developed pseudo-tracheal membrane, while the aboral surface consists of a
flexible membrane strengthened by the development of thin plates of chitin, the
whole being supported by a strong horse-shoe shaped arch, the furca.
* An account of the breeding habits of Philcematomyia and the closely allied form Pristirhynchomyia
Brunetti will be published shortly.
3
When fully extended the proboscis hangs down at a right angle to the long:
axis of the fly, the rostrum having a slight forward inclination. The whole organ
can be completely retracted under the head, the rostrum being folded backwards,
on to the under surface of the head, the haustellum forwards on the rostrum and
the labella backwards on the haustellum. In the subsequent detailed description,
the organ will be considered as extended for use, so that the terms anterior and.
posterior will apply to those surfaces which are, in the extended position, con
tinuous with the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the fly.
It is unfortunate that the term " proboscis " has no accepted meaning..
It is used by some authors, as for instance Stephens and Newstead in
their accounts of Glossina and Stomoxys, to indicate the haustellum and labella
only, the rostrum being disregarded, while other writers use it for the labium only.
In this paper the word is used to signify all the protruding mouth parts. The
constituent parts of the proboscis have each commonly accepted names, and it
would certainly conduce to clearness of description if the term were only used in a
general sense, so as to be equally applicable to all insects.
The Rostrum.
The Fulcrum (Plate I, Fig. 1) consists of a posterior plate, two lateral plates,.
and a thick arch which connects the two lateral plates in front. Krcepelin
described the corresponding structure in Musca domestica as resembling a Spanish
stirrup iron the posterior plate would then represent the foot plate, and the
anterior arch the bar to which the stirrup leather is attached. The posterior
plate is oblong, its greatest breadth, which is a little above the middle, being about
one-third its length. It is slightly concave forwards, and the lateral edges are
raised up into strong ridges, which project beyond the upper and lower borders
as diverging cornua. The lateral plates, which are shaped roughly like isosceles
triangles, pass directly forwards from these lateral ridges. The anterior border of
each plate is deeply incurved in its lower third, and has on it, just above the recess
so formed, a sharp spine projecting downwards and forwards. The upper border
is also deeply incurved and is almost semi-circular in outline. The anterior arch
is a thick and strongly ridged band of chitin which passes between the project
-ing anterior angles of the lateral plates. The ridges on this piece are continued
into the upper and anterior margins of the fulcrum. The upper orifice of the ful
-crum, bounded by the posterior and lateral plates, is quadrilateral in outline, and
lies immediately below the epistomium.
The Membrane of the rostrum encloses the fulcrum. It is attached to the
border of the epistomium, and to the clypeus, gen e, and gulomental plate,.
B 2