NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
14
REPORT ON THE CIVIL VETERINARY DEPARTMENT, BURMA,
2. The buildings and fencing at the new site at Inbaung were
completed during the year by the Public Works Department and were
taken over by the Department on the 13th December 1940, but work in
connection with the water supply was still in progress at the end of the
year. The delay over the latter project is due to the non-receipt of the
pipes from the overhead tanks to the watering troughs, owing to the
war. Temporary arrangements were made, however, to overcome this
difficulty. Considerable jungle clearing was found to be necessary, and
also the erection of temporary cattle sheds to provide shelter, both of
which were carried out by this Department. Owing to the lack of
grass it was also necessary to arrange for artificial feeding. All these
factors, together with an outbreak of foot and mouth disease, caused
delay in transferring the cattle from Tatkôn to the new farm at
Inbaung. Transfer of the cattle to Inbaung was begun on the 28th
March 1941, and was still in progress at the end of the year under
report.
3. The 4th meeting of the Stock Breeding Advisory Committee was
held at the Tatkôn Farm on the 28th October 1940. This was the first
meeting held by the Committee since it was re-constituted. The
Committee inspected the stock on the farm and decided which animals
should be culled, and also discussed the future policy to be pursued in
connection with breeding operations.
4. Twenty-one undesirable animals were culled from the herd and
disposed of for Rs. 420 by public auction, viz., 13 bulls, 5 cows, 2 heifers
and one calf, because of predominance of Indian characteristics, bad
conformation, and heavy worm infestation.
5. The general condition of the cattle remained quite good throughout
the year, but artificial feeding was necessary the whole time. There was
an outbreak of Blackquarter which caused 23 deaths before it was con-
trolled by inoculation, and later all except seven animals passed through
foot and mouth disease. Condition lost temporarily as a result of the
latter disease was soon regained. Apart from the blackquarter cases
there were only 8 other deaths during the year, due to Verminosis (3),
accident (2), stunted growth and debility (1), snake bite (1) and cause
unknown (1).
6. Five selected bulls between them carried out 69 services with
selected cows, the objects being—
(a) to test the progeny of the bulls ;
(b) to introduce new blood into the herd ;
(c) to continue the in-breeding experiments for fixing the type.
During the year 53 calves were born, 28 being males and 25
females.
FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31ST MARCH 1941.
15
The number of stock at the end of the year was as follows :—
Stud bulls
...
...
Young bulls
...
...
Cows with calves
... ...
Dry cows
...
...
Heifers
...
...
Calves
...
...
Total
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
4
28
37
22
37
39
167
This is an increase of one over the previous year.
7. The total cost of the farm during the year was Rs. 7,168 com-
pared with Rs. 9,560 last year.
CHAPTER VII.—SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS.
1. Total Animal Mortality.—The combined total of deaths from
contagious and non-contagious diseases amounted to 95,967 compared
with 118,088 last year. So far as non-contagious diseases are concerned
there has been a decrease of 24,192 deaths, but this is in part due to the
discontinuance of the inclusion of animals slaughtered for food.
Formerly the latter were included in deaths from other causes (vide
Table I of the appendices).
In addition, the timber firms reported the death of 172 elephants,
8 buffaloes and 1 bullock, from divers causes.
2. Contagious Diseases.—The mortality for the year was 11,256, an
increase of 2,071 over last year. In addition to the above the timber
firms reported 3 deaths in elephants, two proved Anthrax, and one
Surra.
The increase is accounted for by the prevalence of rinderpest in
Katha and Shwebo Districts, particularly the former. The disease was
spread from Shwebo to Katha by movement of cart-bullocks and as the
first outbreak in the latter district was reported a month late it had
already got a good hold before the local Veterinary staff arrived, cart
movement again being responsible for spread from one township to
another. Several other outbreaks in the same district were either
concealed or reported late, and carcasses were also floated down a river
instead of being buried. In addition, many owners refused vaccination.
In spite of these difficulties the disease was to a great extent brought
under control by the end of the year.
The use of rinderpest desiccated goat spleen vaccine was further
extended in clean areas almost throughout the country and this method
of prevention is becoming increasingly popular. Nearly 60,000 more
cattle were inoculated this year than during the previous year, in clean
areas and outbreak areas combined, and a number of owners brought up
for revaccination cattle which had been immunised for the first time four
2
16
REPORT ON THE CIVIL VETERINARY DEPARTMENT, BURMA
years ago. Vaccinated animals are not marked in any way, so that the
actual number of re-vaccinated animals cannot be given with any
degree of certainty. Probably the large majority of animals vaccinated
this year were being done for the first time. It has not been possible
by controlled experiments to ascertain whether the immunity lasts
longer than four years, as all the original experimental animals at the
Laboratory had been otherwise disposed of, but as the four-year
immunity test was carried out with virulent blood it is considered that
natural infection could be withstood for a much longer period. Field
experience tends to support this view. However, repeat inoculations
after four years are being given in the field when owners consent.
No further report has been received from the Veterinary Expert,
Bangkok, regarding progress with the provisional arrangements which
had been made for the control of disease on the Thailand border
opposite the Amherst District. On the Burma side of the border the
immunised belt of cattle has been well maintained and there has been
no necessity for the setting up of a quarantine station.
Foot-and-mouth disease was rife but caused a negligible mortality.
The Contagious Diseases Rules were amended during the year to permit
mixing of sick and in-contact animals should the owner so wish. The
compulsory segregation in force since 1936 had proved very unpopular,
particularly as it had been found to be of little use in checking the
spread of this disease. The amendment should result in outbreaks of
the disease running their course more rapidly and the infected areas
becoming clean again in a shorter time than formerly, and hence
causing less interference with cultivation.
As regards Anthrax and Hæmorrhagic Septicaemia it is still the
exception for a definite diagnosis to be made, owing to the difficulty of
obtaining material in suspected outbreaks. This is due to the fact that
the majority of outbreaks are sporadic ones of very short duration,
which more often than not subside before the arrival of the
veterinary staff. In cases where it has been possible to obtain smears
for diagnosis it is not infrequently observed that the Veterinary
Assistant sending the smear suspects Anthrax but examination of the
smear proves the case to be one of Hæmorrhagic Septicaemia,
and vice versa. In some cases both the diseases have been "definitely
diagnosed from the same area. In other cases, where ears have been
sent in from the carcasses for a test on small laboratory animals, the
latter have died although no Anthrax or Hæmorrhagic Septicaemia
organisms have been found in them, probably due to decomposition
having set in before the arrival of the ears at the laboratory. Since the
issue of a reminder to the district veterinary staff on the preparation of
ears for despatch there has been an improvement in this respect. For
the above reason the policy of intensive double
Hæmorrhagic
FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31ST MARCH 1941.
17
Septicæmia and Anthrax vaccination referred to in Chapter III, has
been continued and an attempt has been made to assess its value by the
collection of data indicating what effect, if any, it has had on reducing
the combined mortality from these two diseases. The information is
as yet incomplete, and the enquiries will be continued during the
coming year. Where Hæmorrhagic Septicæmia vaccine has been given
alone in proved outbreaks, and repeated in such areas before the out-
break season, the mortality has in some cases fallen quite appreciably,
the decrease being more particularly noticeable in those areas where
epizootics had occurred. Anthrax vaccine used alone has also given
good results. In one case, however, two ponies which had been twice
vaccinated at an interval of six months, died of Anthrax four months
after the second vaccination, the diagnosis being confirmed by
microscopical examination. This happened in an area where the
disease had been very persistent, killing cattle, ponies and elephants,
viz., Kya-in Township of Amherst District. Normally the Anthrax
vaccine is repeated only after twelve months.
Glanders was, like last year, not reported from any district. No
further progress had been made up to the end of the year under report
with arrangements for testing the gharry ponies in the Mandalay Munici-
pality with Mallein ; the new Municipal Committee having come to no
decision on the matter. There are, however, indications that some-
thing may be done in this direction during the coming year. Great
difficulty was experienced in getting the gharry owners of Maymyo to
bring their ponies for re-testing this year, the owners reluctance being
due to the fact that compensation would not be paid for any reactors
which had to be destroyed, the payment of compensation having been
discontinued in 1932. A recommendation was therefore made to
Government that the payment of compensation should be re-introduced
and orders to that effect were shortly afterwards issued by Government.
This should facilitate the application of the test in such places as
Maymyo and Mandalay, where regular testing is very desirable.
3. The Fiscal Committee, 1938, recommended that more money
be spent on the Veterinary Department, and the Committee on
Expenditure on the Public Services, 1939-40, supported
that
recommendation. A scheme has accordingly been submitted for an
increase in the superior staff of the Department, and is now under
consideration by Government. A second scheme for still further
increasing the Class III Service, viz., Veterinary Inspectors and
Veterinary Assistants, and for the training of the former at Insein
instead of at Madras, is also being elaborated, but the more crying need
undoubtedly is for larger numbers of better qualified superior staff,
both for field work and for research. It is hoped that adequate funds
will be made available in order that the activities of this nation-
building Department may be expanded in this way.
18
REPORT ON THE CIVIL VETERINARY DEPARTMENT, BURMA,
FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31ST MARCH 1941.
4. The department is again indebted to the Rangoon Turf Club for
its generosity, which this time has taken the form of the presentation
of an Inductotherm, costing Rs. 1,685. This apparatus has been
installed at the Veterinary College, Insein, and has already proved
very useful.
5. The staff of the department has, with few exceptions, worked
well throughout the year, but it has been necessary to issue a reminder
to the subordinate staff to carry out the requisite amount of touring.
To facilitate this, and at the same time to encourage this staff to take a
greater interest in the practical work in the villages, the amount of
their office work has been appreciably diminished by the elimination or
holding in abeyance of a number of relatively unimportant departmental
forms and returns, the tediously laborious compilation of which had
necessitated much time being spent in their offices which might have
been more profitably spent on tour.
6. District Officers have again contributed very materially to the
success achieved in the control and prevention of disease, for without
their assistance the work of the department would have been rendered
much more difficult, and this opportunity is taken of expressing thanks
for the help so willingly given.
A number of headmen and other individuals have been suitably
rewarded for assistance rendered. A few others, unfortunately, have
had to be punished by the District Officers for breaches of the
Contagious Diseases Rules.
7. The cost of the department for the year was Rs. 6,02,252,
compared with Rs. 6,00,425 last year.
S. R. Rippon,
Director of Veterinary Services,
Burma.
APPENDICES.
CHAPTER VIII.
TABLE 1.—
TABLE 2.—
TABLE 3.—
TABLE 4.—
TABLE 5.—
Statement showing general animal mortality during the year
1940-41 and comparative figures for 1939-40 ... ...
Statement showing the deaths from contagious diseases amongst
animals during the year 1940-41 ... ... ...
Statement showing preventive inoculations performed during the
year 1940-41 ... ... ... ...
Statement showing the work of the Veterinary College and the
results during the year 1940-41 ... ... ...
Statement of Receipts and Expenditure for the year ending 31st
March 1941 ... ... ... ... ...
PAGE
20
21 & 22
23—28
29
30
CHAPTER IX.
(a) Map showing the areas in which Rinderpest occurred.
(b) Map showing the areas in which Foot-and-Mouth occurred.
(c) Map showing the areas in which Anthrax occurred.
CHAPTER X.
Graphs showing annual mortality per 1,000 of bovine population due to
Rinderpest, Foot-and-Mouth and Anthrax from 1906 to 1940 and the
monthly incidence of the principal contagious diseases during this
period.
20
APPENDICES.
Table 1.—Statement showing General Animal Mortality during the year 1940-41, and comparative figures for 1939-40.
Charge.
(1)
Upper Burma ...
Central ...
Lower Burma ...
Arakan Circle ...
Total for 1940-41 ...
Total for 1939-40 ...
Contagious Diseases (Departmental officers' figures).
Equines.
Surra.
(2)
77
6
7
...
90
133
Anthrax.
(3)
...
1
6
...
7
98
Glanders
(4)
...
...
...
...
...
1
Other Diseases.
(5)
...
...
...
...
...
...
Bovines
Rinderpest.
(6)
3,816
30
382
65
4,293
1,673
Foot-and-Mouth disease.
(7)
32
49
64
29
174
1,117
Hæmorrhagic Septicæmia.
(8)
978
709
,2,913
689
5,289
4,293
Black-quarter.
(9)
120
147
19
8
294
373
Anthrax.
(10)
181
134
573
210
1,098
1,469
Other Diseases.
(11)
6
...
5
...
11
29
Totals.
(12)
5,210
1,076
3,969
1,001
11,256
9,185
Non-Contagious Diseases (District officers'
figures).
Debility and old age
(13)
12,000
5,636
19,150
1,651
38,437
50,274
Snake Bite.
(14)
3,249
1,073
4,548
212
9,082
10,281
Accident.
(15)
3,024
1,610
1,460
429
6,523
9,668
Other causes.
(16)
12,364
6,470
10,833
1,002
30,669
38,680
Totals.
(17)
30,637
14,789
35,991
3,294
84,711
108,903
Grand Total.
(18)
35,847
15,865
39,960
4,295
95,967
118,088
APPENDICES.
21
Table 2.—Statement showing the Deaths from Contagious Diseases amongst
animals during the year 1940-41.
District.
(1)
Bhamo ...
Katha ...
Myitkyina ...
Shwebo ...
Lower Chin-
dwin.
Upper Chin-
dwin.
Sagaing ...
Mandalay ...
Kyauksè ...
Pakôkku ...
Minbu ...
Thayetmyo ...
Chin Hills ...
Total,
Upper
Burma Charge.
Magwe ...
Meiktila ...
Myingyan ...
Yamèthin ...
Toungoo ...
Total
Central
Charge.
Equines.
Surra.
(2)
5
3
12
...
...
38
...
...
2
13
...
...
4
77
...
...
...
6
...
6
Anthrax.
(3)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
...
1
Glanders.
(4)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Other Diseases.
(5)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Bovines.
Rinderpest.
(6)
13
1,683
442
1,369
163
...
29
117
...
...
...
...
...
3,816
...
...
...
...
30
30
Foot-and-mouth
Disease.
(7)
...
3
...
...
...
11
...
1
16
1
...
...
...
32
...
2
...
19
28
49
Hæmorrhagic
Septicæmia.
(8)
5
98
535
...
82
180
...
...
10
53
1
14
...
978
177
4
71
151
306
709
Black-Quarter.
(9)
...
...
...
...
8
9
15
4
...
13
...
3
68
120
47
53
1
46
...
147
Anthrax.
(10)
7
43
15
...
1
38
...
10
...
20
1
46
...
181
8
10
...
33
83
134
Other Conta-
gious diseases.
(11)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
6
6
...
...
...
...
...
...
Total Bovines.
(12)
25
1,827
992
1,369
254
238
44
132
26
87
2
63
74
5,133
232
69
72
249
447
1,069
Total Equines and
Bovines,
(13)
30
1,830
1,004
1,369
254
276
44
132
28
100
2
63
78
5,210
232
69
72
256
447
1,076
22
appendices.
Table 2.—Statement showing the Deaths from Contagious Diseases amongst
animals during the year 1940-41—concld.
District.
(1)
Amherst
Thatôn ...
Salween ...
Tavoy ...
Mergui ...
Bassein ...
Myaungmya ...
Maubin ...
Pyapôn ...
Henzada ...
Prome ...
Tharrawaddy ...
Insein ...
Hanthawaddy ...
Pegu ...
Total,
Lower
Burma Charge.
Akyab ...
Kyaukpyu ...
Sandoway ...
Total,
Arakan
Circle.
Total for 1940-41
Total for 1939-40
Equines.
Surra.
(2)
...
...
1
...
...
1
...
...
...
5
...
...
...
...
...
7
...
...
...
...
90
133
Anthrax.
(3)
6
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
6
...
...
...
...
7
98
Glanders.
(4)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Other Diseases.
(5)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Bovines.
Rinderpest.
(6)
...
21
...
...
...
...
17
...
35
...
...
...
52
30
227
382
65
...
...
65
4,293
1,673
Foot-and-mouth
Disease.
(7)
...
14
...
...
...
...
30
...
1
...
...
1
14
2
2
64
24
...
5
29
174
1,117
Hæmorrhagic
Septicæmia.
(8)
112
82
...
9
206
626
489
90
340
69
20
223
369
131
147
2,913
468
197
24
689
5,289
4,293
Black-Quarter.
(9)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
12
7
...
...
...
...
19
...
3
5
8
294
373
Anthrax
(10)
42
63
...
10
2
104
13
49
2
60
26
110
66
16
10
573
160
45
5
210
1,098
Other Conta-
gious diseases.
(11)
...
...
...
1
...
1
...
...
...
...
...
3
...
...
...
5
...
...
...
...
6
1,469
(Surra)
17
12
Total, Bovines.
(12)
154
180
...
20
208
731
549
139
378
141
53
337
501
179
386
3,956
717
245
39
1,001
11,159
8,954
(Lebetnar)
Total, Equines and
Bovines.
(13)
160
180
1
20
208
732
549
139
378
146
53
337
501
179
386
3,969
717
245
39
1,001
11,256
9,185
APPENDICES.
23
Table 3.—Statement showing Preventive Inoculation performed during the
year 1940-41.
District.
(0
Katha ...
Shwebo ...
Mvitkyina ...
Bhamo ...
Upper Chin-
dwin.
Lower
Chindwin.
Sagaing ...
Mandalay ...
Kyauksè ...
Pakôkku ...
Minbu ...
Thayetmyo ...
Total, Upper
Burma
Charge.
Yamèthin
Meiktila ...
Myingyan ...
Magwe ...
Toungoo
...
Total, Central
Charge.
Prome ...
Tharrawaddy
Insein ...
Hanthawaddy
Pegu ...
Amherst ...
Thatôn ...
Salween ...
Bassein ...
Myaungmya
Maubin ...
Pyapôn ...
Henzada ...
Total, Lower
Burma
Charge.
Kyaukpyu ...
Total, Arakan
Circle.
Total
for
1940-41.
Total
for
1939-40.
Method of inoculation
(2)
Rinderpest D G.S. Vacci ne.
Source of Product.
(3)
Veterinary Research Laboratory Insein.
Total number of Vill-
age-tracts affected
during the year.
(4)
77
177
23
2
...
34
8
8
...
...
...
...
329
...
...
...
...
2
2
...
...
5
7
16
...
...
...
...
1
...
1
...
30
...
361
127
Number of outbreaks
in which inoculation
was undertaken.
(5)
77
177
23
2
...
34
8
8
...
...
...
...
329
...
...
...
...
2
2
...
...
4
8
9
...
...
...
...
1
...
1
...
23
...
354
344
Number of animals
which died uninocu-
lated in course of
outbreak.
Bovines.
(6)
1,683
1,369
442
11
...
107
24
117
...
...
...
...
3,753
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
36
16
114
...
...
...
...
17
...
35
...
218
...
3,971
1,308
Equities.
(7)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Others.
(81
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Number of animals
inoculated.
Bovines.
(9)
28,228
59,927
9,831
6,162
4,214
108,417
50,303
19,474
10,406
43,918
6,083
10,879
357,842
9,700
10,696
17,800
23,379
6,618
68,193
10,768
7,668
2,152
14,756
13,178
14,570
14,983
1,224
5,309
7,158
8,425
768
5,182
106,141
732
732
532,908
478,625
Equines.
(10)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Others.
(11)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Number of inocu-
ated animals which
died of the disease.
Bovines.
(12)
334
72
54
14
29
36
...
5
3
2
...
...
549
...
1
...
...
...
1
...
1
...
...
3
1
5
4
4
...
...
...
...
18
...
568
233
Equities.
(13)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Others.
(14)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
24
APPENDICES.
Table 3.—Statement showing Preventive Inoculation performed during the
year 1940-41—contd.
District.
(1)
Katha
...
Shwebo ...
Myitkyina ...
Bhamo ...
Upper Chind-
win.
Mandalay ...
Pakôkku ...
Minbu ...
Thayetmyo ...
Total, Upper
Burma
Charge.
Yamèthin ...
Meiktila ...
Myingyan ...
Magwe ...
Toungoo ...
Total, Central
Charge.
Prome ...
Tharrawaddy
Insein ...
Hanthawaddy
Pegu ...
Amherst ...
Thatôn ...
Sahween ...
Tavoy ...
Bassein ...
Maubin ...
Henzada ...
Total, Lower
Burma
Charge.
Kyaukpyu ...
Sandoway ...
Total, Arakan
Circle.
Various Dis-
tricts.
Total
for
1940-41.
Total
for
1939-40.
Method of inoculation.
(2)
Anthrax Spore Vaccine.
Source of Product.
(3)
Veterinary Research Laboratory, Insein.
Total number of vill-
age-tracts affected
during the year.
(4)
2
...
...
... 7
... 4
3
...
11
27
13
1
...
1
18
33
...
20
15
2
...
9
...
16
7
5
74
4
...
4
...
138
221
Number of outbreaks
in which inoculation
was undertaken.
(5)
2
...
...
... 1
...
...
...
...
8
11
6
...
7
8
...
21
...
19
12
3
...
9
1
...
1
1
1
47
4
...
4
...
83
61
Number of animals
which died uninocu-
lated in course of
outbreak.
Bovines.
(6)
4
...
...
... 38
... 10
20
...
46
118
33
10
...
8
83
134
...
26
14
11
...
6
1
...
10
27
49
56
200
...
...
...
...
452
569
Equines.
(7)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
...
...
...
...
1
...
...
...
...
...
26
...
...
...
...
...
...
26
...
...
...
...
27
Others.
(8)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
3
...
...
...
...
...
...
3
...
...
...
...
3
Number of animals
inoculated.
Bovines.
(9)
34
263
...
33
431
...
...
...
...
733
1,494
491
31
...
...
608
1,130
179
413
335
777
181
1,491
236
3
143
874
422
263
5,317
908
...
908
...
8,849
(Elephants).
6
7
12,438
Equines.
(10)
...
7
...
134
...
...
...
...
...
...
141
722
...
...
...
...
722
...
...
...
...
...
73
...
...
...
...
...
...
73
...
...
...
936
561
Others.
(11)
39
4
4
10
...
... 4
7
16
6
90
11
...
...
l6
19
45
...
...
9
...
12
56
...
...
...
4
...
6
87
...
2
2
4,000
4,224
3,854
Number of inocu-
ated animals which
died of the disease.
Bovines.
(12)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2
...
...
...
...
...
...
2
...
...
...
...
2
2
Equities.
(13)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
... ...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Others.
(14)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
... ...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
* Elephants belonging to Timber Firms and Forest Department.