NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
11
Mention the elate of the
chief outbreaks of Cholera
which, have occurred in
this District within
the last ten years.
7.
1859 in the Museri Talook,
and 1860 in the Woodiar-
pollienu Talook, and gene-
rally in the years 1858, 61,
63, 65 and 66.
1859 April, 1860 September,
1862 July, 1864 October,
1865 June, and 1866 June.
No.
In the years 1861, 1865 and
1866.
April, May, June and Decem-
ber 1865 and 1866, and
27th June 1867.
Could any of these outbreaks
be traced to any particular
sources, such as arrivals
from another District
If so, mention them.
8.
So reliable information re-
garding the sources of the
outbreaks in this district.
With, the exception of that
in 1859 caused by the
arrival of the 1st Light
Cavalry from Trichinopoly,
the sources of the out-
breaks in this district
have not been traced.
The minor outbreaks are be-
lieved to have been occa-
sioned by Cholera brought
to the villages.
No. Sometimes occasioned
by Pilgrims.
The outbreaks in 1865 and
What was the usual point
of departure of Cholera
from the District %
9.
Not known.
Cholera generally appears
to cease after the rainy
season has commenced,
viz., in the months of
August, September and
October,
Unknown.
Northwards and westwards.
It generally disappears from
1866, are attributed to the Combaconum in a south-
scarcity of grain at that
period, and that at Comba-
conum in 1867, to a Brah-
min woman who came from
Mayaveram.
westerly direction. The
direction of its exit fron 1
other talooks in this dis
trict has not been ascer
tained.
Places that have the reputa-
tion of being free from
Cholera, with statement of
grounds upon which this
immunity is alleged.
10.
None.
The villages of Chiyaveram,
Vellagacherla, Nagiriddi-
pally, Goralamadugu and
Thodlopully in the Pullum-
pet talook, on account of
being thinly populated.
Pudiamputtur in the Ottape-
daram talook, cause un-
known.
A few villages in the Nellore,
Rapur and Kauigiri Taluqs,
some on account of being
thinly populated and others
on account of their elevation
Not known.
]2
District or
Station.
1
Bellary
District.
Secunderabad
Town.
Ganjam
District.
Jaulnah Town
Hingolee
Town.
Chindwarrah
|
Town.
Sumbulpore
Town.
|
Kamptee
Town.
Chittessghur
Town,
Tonghoo
Town.
Names of places, villages or towns
Endemic.
2.
None.
City of
Hydrabad,
Cantonment
Regtl. Bazaars
and Begumpett
None.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Epidemic every year.
3.
Gooty.
None.
Ganjam.
None.
Hingolee.
None.
Do.
Kamptee.
None.
Do.
n which Cholera is
Epidemic at short
intervals, not exceed-
ing four or five years.
4.
In only a few villages
in this district.
A few cases among the
Native followers of
the Batteries.
Unknown.
Jaulnah.
Hingolee.
Cbindawarrah.
Sumbulpore.
None.
!
Raepore, Balaspore,
Awing and Rajin.
None.
Places which are resorted to
by Pilgrims in large
numbers.
5
Triputti, Humpee.
City of Hydrabad, Bolarum
and Mowl Ali.
Srikurman, Mokalingum,
Vomaravulli.
Juttras.
Arundah, Malliagaum,
Magur-Doss and
Pundupoor.
Maha Deo.
None.
Maha Deo and Ramteke.
Juggernath and Rajim.
Mujeo, Konakoo Pyah or
seven Pagodas.
Is Cholera both
epidemic and
endemic at any
of the places
mentioned in
column 5
If so, mention
their names.
G
Unknown.
No.
No.
No.
Uncertain.
No.
No.
No.
Unknown.
No.
13
Mention the date of
the
chief outbreaks of Cholera
which have occurred in
this District within
the last ten years.
7.
1S59 May and June, 1861
6th June, 1863 July, 1865
April and May, 1866 May
and June.
1861
In the years 1865 and 1866.
During the hot weather in
1864, and the rains in 1865.
February, March, April and
May 1865.
June 1857, April or May
1860, April and May 1864.
1864, 1865, and 1860.
May 1856, February 1857,
May 1858, May 1859.
February and July 1860,
July 1861, July and
August 1862, June and
August 1863, January
and February 1864, March
1865, and July 1866.
4th April 1860, 1861, 1862
1863, 1864, and 1865.
None.
Could any of these outbreaks
be traced to any particular
sources, such as arrivals
from another District 1
If so, mention them.
8.
Pilgrims from Triputi are
said to have imported the
disease into a few of the
villages in this district in
1863.
Attributed to arrival of tra-
vellers from Kurnool and
to the City of Hydrabad.
To pilgrims returning from
Poory to scarcity and famine.
No.
There is no doubt of the epi-
demic in 1865 having been
occasioned by the entering
of pilgrims from Aoundah.
Arrivals of pilgrims from
Maha Deo.
Has been traced to arrivals
of pilgrims from Juggernath.
To pilgrims returning from
Maha Deo in 1863 and to
drivers of grain carts from
Raepore in 1864.
In 1860 to cartmen bringing
rice from Nagpore, 1861 to
pilgrims from Juggernath
and Rajim.
No.
What was the usual point
of departure of Cholera
from the District ?
9.
Not ascertained.
Do.
. Do.
Do.
Unknown.
The routes taken by the pil-
grims to Maha Deo in re-
turning home.
Unknown.
Towards Bombay and the
Berar Districts.
Unknown.
Do.
Places that have the reputa-
tion of being free from
Cholera, with statement of
grounds upon which this
immunity is alleged.
10.
Not known.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Tonghoo, no possible grounds
14
District or
Station.
1.
Thayetmyo
Town.
Aurungabad
Town.
Bowenpilly
Town.
Mominabad
Town.
South Arcot
District.
KistnaDistrict.
Trichoor Town.
Coimbatore
District.
Names of places, villages or towns in which Cholera is
Endemic.
2.
None,
Do.
Do.
Mominabad.
None.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Epidemic every year.
3.
None.
Do.
Do.
Mominabad.
Cuddalore,
Villapuram,
Chedumbrum,
Virdachellum,
Tindevanum,
Tirunamalay,
Yellavasanur and
Cullacoorchy Taluqs.
Bundur, Gndivada,
Repalli, Guntur,
Crossoor, Pajapett,
Palnad, Vinucondah
and Bezoarah Talooks.
None.
Do.
Epidemic at short
intervals, not exceed-
ing four or five years.
4.
Thayetmyo, Prome,
and a few others.
Aurungabad, Kottah
and Poodenpoorum.
Bowenpilly.
Uncertain.
Nearly all the villages
in this district.
Bunder, Gudivada,
Repalli, Guntoor,
Bapatla, Rajapett and
Vinucondah Taluqs.
Trichoor.
Bhowany Perur,
Avenashy, Karamady,
Chickyalur and
Maraswaramallai.
Places which are resorted to
by pilgrims in large
numbers.
5.
None.
Ellora.
None.
Pundahpore and Tooljapore.
Trinamallay, Chedumbrum,
Conancoopum and
Koovassum.
Mungulgherry,
Kotappa Konda, Bunder
Town, Vellaturu, Guntoor
Town, Amaravate,
Katavaram, Voorvakullu,
Ponnoor, Bezoarah,
Yellamundala, Chajerla,
Macherla, Carempudi,
Sungada.
None.
Bhowany, Perur, Avenashy,
Karamady, Chickyalur
Madaswaramallai and
Gurumettanputty.
Is Cholera both
epidemic and
endemic at any
of the places
mentioned in
column 5 ?
If so, mention
their names.
6.
No.
No.
No.
Unknown.
No.
No
No.
No.
15
Mention the date of the
chief outbreaks of Cholera
which have occurred in
this District within
the last ten years.
7.
September and October 1858,
Autumn of 1860, May and
June 1863, 27th July 1865,
January 1866.
June 1865 and in 1866.
September 1859.
In 1865.
Cholera generally occurs in
the hot months.
1859 July, i860, 1861 26th
May, 1862, 1863 4th April,
1st May, and 29th July
1864, 1865 15th Janu-
ary, 2nd February, 6th
June, 9th July, 1st August,
2nd October and 16th
November, 1866
16th
January, 22nd March, 1st
April, 1st May, 28th June
17th July, 1867 March
4th April and 2nd July.
June 1858, July 1862, and
April 1865.
1860, 1861, 1863, 1864, and
July and October 6th, 1866.
Could any of these outbreaks
be traced to any particular
sources, such as arrivals
from another District 1
If so, mention them.
8.
No.
Attributed to the filthy state
of the locality occupied by
the Syces of the 2nd Ca-
valry Regiment stationed
here.
No.
To the pilgrims returning
from the fairs at Punder-
pore in 1864.
To the new grain, vegetables
and fruit which are sold
during the hot season, and
to the overcrowding at the
Trinamallay feast.
Many causes have contributed
to the outbreak of cholera
in this district, viz., the
overcrowding at festivals,
the passage of pilgrims to
and from the fairs at Ram-
naad and Benares, and
the passing of Regiments
through, the villages.
No
To arrival of pilgrims from
Gurumettanputty, excessive
cold and the too free con-
sumption of newly cut
grain and cucumbers.
What was the usual point
of departure of Cholera
from the District ?
9.
Unknown.
In a North easterly direction.
Unknown.
Unknown.
Do.
It has been ascertained to
leave Guntoor in a north-
erly and westerly direc-
tions. Of the other district
no records exist of the
point of the exit of cholera.
It leaves Bezoarah in a
north easterly direction.
Unknown.
Do.
Places that have the reputa-
tion of being free from
Cholera, with statement of
grounds upon which this
immunity is alleged.
10.
None.
Do.
Do.
None.
None known.
Borepaliam and Hurrichendra-
pooram in the Guntoor, 25
villages in the Crossoor and;
26 villages in the Palnad
Taluqs are said to be free
from cholera ; but no
grounds are given for this
immunity.
None,
Coonoor, Wellington and the
Neilgherries were free from
cholerauntil last year(1866),
Kotagherry is still so. The
ground of immunity is
said to be their elevation.
16
District or
Station.
1.
French Rocks
Town.
Ramandroog
Town,
Hurryhur
Town.
Mulliapooram
Town.
Mercara Town.
Poonamallee
Town.
Palaveram
Town.
Names of places, villages or towns
Endemic.
2.
None.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
None.
Epidemic every year.
3.
None.
Do,
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
None.
in -winch Cholera is
Epidemic at short .
intervals, not exceed-
ing four or five years.
4.
French Rocks.
Humpi, Campili,
Cumalpoor, Hospett,
Cullahully,
Madarahully,
Comarasawmy,
Soondoor, Conapoor,
Bowenally,Nagala23oor,
Gurgoo,
Nanamdavankey,
Goondoo.
Hurryhur.
Mulliapooram.
Mercara.
None.
None.
Places which are resorted to
by pilgrims in large
numbers
5.
Mailcottah, Nunjengoode,
Choonebanukutta,
Moodoogoodoaray and
Yellendoor.
Humpi, Comarasawmy.
Humpi.
None.
Tala Camary.
None.
None.
Is Cholera both
epidemic and
endemic at any
of the places
mentioned in
column 5 %
If so, mention
their names.
6.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
17
Mention the date of the
chief outbreaks of Cholera
which have occurred in
this District within
the last ten years.
7.
Two years ago (1865).
1864, 1865, 1866.
July 1865, 9th April 1866.
1863, 1864, 1865.
March 1857, May 1861,
February 1862, and May,
June and July 1864.
11th. June and 26th August
1866, and 4th January 1867.
Only in December 1866.
Could any of these outbreaks
be traced to any particular
sources, such as arrivals
from another District ?
If so, mention them.
8.
No
To arrivals of pilgrims from
Humpi and to travellers
from other villages.
Persons arriving from a cho-
lera-infected district.
Attributed to the consumption
of putrid fish, sour toddy
and the want of cleanliness
in the abodes of the natives.
By the arrival of coolies from
Mysore for employment on
the coffee plantations in
Coorg.
In 1866 cholera was brought
to this station by a child
from Madras where cholera
was raging.
Attributed to the want of
sanitation in the bazaars,
where the disease first
showed itself and to desti-
tution and famine.
What was the usual point.
of departure of Cholera
from the District 1
9.
Unknown.
Do.
Eastwards.
Northwards.
Cessation of disease among
the coolies.
Apparently to the westward.
Uncertain.
Places that have the reputa-
tion of being free from
Cholera, with statement of
grounds upon which this
immunity is alleged.
10.
None.
Ramandroog, on account of its
elevation.
None.
The Military station of Mul-
liapooram and the lines of
the camp followers. The
former on account of its
elevation and the latter on
account of the remarkably
good drinking water.
None.
Poonamallee for the last nine
years. No grounds for this
immunity.
Palaveram. The grounds of im-
munity are the great atten-
tion paid to the conser-
vancy of the station, the
excellent and abundant sup-
ply of water and on account
of its being removed from
the route of pilgrims.
18
District or
Station.
1.
Madras Town.
Bangalore
Town.
Tranquebar
Town.
Vizagapatam
District.
S. E. Wynaad
District.
LuckadyTown
PollachyTown
Cuttack Town
Names of places, villages or towns it in which. Cholera is
Endemic,
2.
None.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Epidemic every year,
i
3.
Perambore, Choolay,
Vepery, Pursewalkum,
Washermanpettab. and
Peddoonaick'spettah.
Bangalore and Mysore.
None.
Vizagapatam, Gajipat-
tinagram, Chipura-
pulli, Parvatipur,
Palcondah, Gunu-
pur, Salur, Bobbili,
Royagadda, Meh-
ringe, Kurpam, Bel-
gam,
Pachipenta,
Vizianagrani and
Chenudu.
None.
Do.
Do.
Cuttack.
I
Epidemic at short
intervals, not exceed-
ng four or five years.
4.
None.
Sheemogah, Toomcoor,
Hurryhur.
In nearly all the
villages surrounding
Tranquebar.
Gajipattinagram,Meh-
ringe, Bobilli, Kur-
pam, Belgam.
Goodaloor.
None.
Places which are resorted to
by Pilgrims in large
numbers
5.
None.
Nundydroog, Chittledroog,
Mailcottah, Nanengode,
Arsekaira, Subramoney.
Vydeeswaren Covil, Shealli,
and Tiroocuddigoor.
Vizagapatam, Sunachellam
Appikondah, Bimlipatam
Kottopalem, Kuppili,Guja
ratipetta,
Chepurapili
Gumpa, Viraghattam, Pal
condah, Vooppinavalsa,
Bobbili, Seetanagram, Sita-
rampuram,Suryanarayana
puram, Oopmankah.
None.
Do.
Pollachy, Annamallay Pollachy, a halting place for
Cuttack.
pilgrims.
Boovanasur.
Is Cholera both
epidemic and
endemic at any
of the places
mentioned in
column 53
If so, mention
their names.
6.
No.
No.
No.
No.
-
-
No.
No.
No.
No.
19
Mention the date of the
chief outbreaks of Cholera
which have occurred in
this District within
the last ten years.
7.
Nearly every month of the
years 1857, 1858, 1859,
1860, 1861, 1862, 1863 and
in the months of March and
August 1864, January 1865,
and in 1866.
1855, 1857, 18.60, 1861.
December 1858, January
1859, June 1864.
1855 August,1861 June, July
and August; 1865 March to
August, but generally in
the hot months of all the
years from 1859 to 1867.
March 1864.
Not known.
Do.
Do.
Could any of these outbreaks
be traced to any particular
sources, such as arrivals
from another District ?
If so, mention them.
8.
In 1857 it was attributed to
the arrival of the 43rd
Regiment N. I. from the
Mofussil and in general to
emigrant coolies.
No.
To drought, scarcity, famine,
unusual prevalence of the
winds and to being in the
route taken by pilgrims to
shrines in the neighbourhood.
Many causes have contributed
to the outbreak of Cholera
in this District. In some
instances it is supposed to
result from the passing of
Regiments, to the scarcity
of food, to arrival of pil-
grims from Juggernath and
Ragapore and to excessive
heat. It is also attributed
to atmospheric agency.
The arrival of coolies from
Mysore.
No.
Pilgrims from Pulney.
Pilgrims to Juggernath.
What was the usual point
of departure of Cholera
from the District 1
9.
In a northerly direction.
Westerly.
Unknown.
In some places southwards,
at others westwards.
Unknown.
Do.
Do.
The routes taken by pilgrims
in returning from Juggernath
Places that have the reputa-
tion of being free from
Cholera, with statements of
grounds upon which this
immunity is alleged.
10.
None.
None,
The old Danish Fort on ac
count of cleanliness proxi
mity to the sea, free venti
lationand removal from the
route of pilgrims.
Kysala, in the Pachipenta
Zemindary. No grounds
South East Wynaad, the only
outbreak being that mention
ed in column 7. No grounds
Luckady, Wynaad. Prove
from records and authen
tic information. *
The villages situated on the
Annamallay Hills.
None,
20
District or
Station
1.
Cochin Town.
Waltair Town.
Paumbem
Town.
CocanadaTown
Madura
District.
Names of places, villages or towns
Endemic.
2.
None.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Epidemic every year.
3.
None.
None.
Ramaisweram.
None.
A few villages in the
Madura Melur,
Dindigul and
Ramnad Talooks.
in which Cholera is
Epidemic at short
intervals, not exceed-
ing four or five
years.
4.
Cochin.
The taluqs of Budra-
chellum, Bakapilly.
None.
In the towns of Coca-
nada, Jagganatbapu-
rara,
Samulcottah,
Bhemaveram and Ka-
rapa, & in 31 villages.
In parts of Madura.
Places which are resorted to
by Pilgrims in large
numbers.
5.
None.
Budrachellum, Purnasala,
Sreeramagerry.
Paumbem, Ramaiswerani.
Chollangi, Bhemaveram.
Madura, Teruppuragoondam,
Alagarcovil, Terumungalum,
Sevaracottai, Kullekude,
KokalamcharyOosalamputty
Seckanoormy, Kottamputty,
Melur, Tadicomboo, Pulney,
Ramaiswerram, Devipatam,
Terupulanni, Sadanendal,
Terupachetty, Muttanendal,
Mana-madura, Puducottai,
&c.
Is Cholera both
epidemic and
endemic at any
of the places
mentioned in
column 5 ?
If so, mention
their names.
6.
No.
No.
Yes, at Ramais-
weram.
No.
No.
Considerations preliminary
to the present enquiry.
14. Prom the above Table, column 8, it is evident that there are certain
preliminary considerations that must he admitted as proved
with regard to the dissemination of the disease in epidemic
form : and thus one of the most practically important con-
siderations coming before us may be considered as disposed of. But other questions
also suggested themselves less easily decided; to these we shall afterwards allude.
We may therefore as preliminary to our Report admit that certain conditions tend to
the production and diffusion of this disease.
21
Mention the date of the
chief outbreaks of Cholera
which have occurred in
this District within
the last ten years.
7.
March, August, September
and October 1859, February
and September 1864 and
June 1865.
May 1860, April 1865, June
1866.
November 1864.
Duringthe hot seasons of 1861,
1865 and 1866.
Generally, from 1857 to 186€
Could any of these outbreaks
be traced to any particular
sources, such as arrivals
from another District ?
If so, mention them.
8.
In March 1859 to the body of
a person who had died of
cholera 16 miles away being
brought into the town, and to
the arrival of persons from an
infected town. In 1864 it was
traced to the crew of a vessel
from an infected port.
Co the fair at Budrachel-
lum and probably to coolies
from the Lower Godavery.
To pilgrims and transports to
Manaar and Penang.
No.
> Attributed to the passing of
pilgrims through the vil-
lages when returning from
the shrines at Streerungum
and Ramaiswerum, to the
consumption of newly cut
grain and to the filthiness
of some of the villages.
What was the usual point
of departure of Cholera
from the District ?
9.
Unknown.
The course taken by per-
sons returning from the
fair at Budrachellum.
Do. from Paumbem and
Ramaisweram.
Unknown.
The routes taken by pilgrims
when returning home from
the fairs, festivals, &c,
Places that have the reputa-
tion of being free from
Cholera, with statement of
grounds upon which this
immunity is alleged.
10.
A Jail at Ernacollum in the
Cochin Rajah's territory
although overcrowded.
None.
Paumbem, as it is visited by
cholera only once in 10
years. No grounds given.
None.
A few villages on the hills in
the Pulney talook of this
district, probably owing to
their elevation.
Different modes of origina-
tion of Epidemics.
1. By importation of the dis-
ease.
2. ,, use of tainted encamp-
ing grounds or bad
water.
3. ,, contiguity of infected
population.
4. ,, use of tainted carriage
and clothing.
15. The possibility of the importation even of a single case leading to the
occurrence of an epidemic in a camp, city or jail, is now indis-
putably proved; while the occurrence of epidemics from the
subsequent use of camping grounds, tainted by previous
occupation; and the induction of cholera by water tainted
by cholera dejections, are now facts in its etiology which
must be accepted without dispute. Similarly, experience
has sadly proved that passing near villages, where the
disease is prevalent, has been a frequent means of introducing
it among troops marching, or of imparting it to casual travellers. Clothing, carts
24
That it is a law hitherto without exception that cholera has never advanced quicker
than man in his emigrations, and that hitherto no fact has proved that cholera can
spread to a distance by the atmosphere alone, whatever may "be its condition."
" The Conference further conclude that the Diarrhoea called premonitory,
may transmit cholera, and that cholera can be transmitted by articles of personal pro-
perty coming from an infected place, and especially by those which have been used by
sufferers under cholera; and that certain facts prove that the disease may be carried to
a distance by such articles, shut up from the access of fresh air.''
27. All these conclusions are supported by the facts contained in the Medi-
cal records of this Presidency and are of great importance in considering the means to
be employed in the prevention of the disease in this country.
28. "We beg to call particular attention to the conclusions of the Conference
to the 20th question, vide p. 5. "What is the influence of assemblages or congregations
(agglomerations) of men, on the intensity of epidemics of cholera ; also on the propa-
gation of the disease? and under what conditions does that influence operate ?"
The reply of the Conference is as follows :—1st, "That every assemblage of men
in which cholera appears, is a condition favorable to the rapid extension of the disease ;
and, if the assemblage is in a bad sanitary condition, to the violence of the epidemic."
2nd, " That, in like circumstances, the rapidity of the extension is in proportion to the
concentration of the congregated mass, while the violence of the epidemic (all other
things being equal) is the greater, the less the individuals have already been under
a choleraic influence, or if they remain uncontaminated by it ; that is to say, in other
words, that those who have been already under the influence of a source of cholera
have a kind of relative and temporary immunity that counterbalances the grievous
effect of the agglomeration. Lastly, that in a congregated mass, the more rapidly the
epidemic spreads the more rapidly does it also cease, unless new healthy arrivals
furnish fresh aliment to the disease and so sustain it."
29. Accepting the foregoing conclusions (of the correctness of which we
entertain no doubt,) we have to determine the practical appli-
Various conditions under
which epidemic cholera is cation of the tacts here asserted, considering seriatim the
most usually observed.
various conditions under which epidemic cholera is most
usually observed, and, in connection with the subject, detailing the practical mea-
sures, the adoption of which we would recommend as being calculated to prevent its
extension. The circumstances under which cholera is most usually observed as an
epidemic are :—
( I ). In cities, villages and towns.
( II ). In Military cantonments.
(III). Among European troops on the march.
(IV ). Among Native troops on the march.
( V ). During, or subsequent to, agglomerations of people at pilgrimages
and fairs.
( VI ). In Jails.
(VII). In Hospitals, and lastly,
(VIII). In sea-port towns into which the disease is directly imported
by ships.