NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
10 REPORT OF THE IMPERIAL INSTITUTE OF VETERINARY RESEARCH,
(8) Tuberculin. (a) Issued 893 (3 c.c.) doses of ordinary (human)
tuberculin for the subcutaneous test for tuberculosis, and 5,150 (0.25 c.c.)
doses of concentrated (human) tuberculin for the intrapalpebral and
double-intradermal tests for the disease, as compared with 310 and
3,130 doses, respectively, in 1926-27. (b) Issued 36 (8 c.c.) of ordinary
avian tuberculin for the subcutaneous test, and 6,085 (0.25 c.c.) doses
of concentrated avian tuberculin for the intrapalpebral and double-
intradermal tests for Johne's disease, as compared with 48 and 2,865
doses, respectively, in 1926-27. Manufactured 675 doses of concentrated
(human) tuberculin, and 73 doses of ordinary (avian) tuberculin; also
prepared 28,000 doses crude (i.e., untested) concentrated avian tuber-
culin. At the commencement of the year there were available 3,009
doses of ordinary (human) tuberculin and 14,405 doses of concentrated
(avian) tuberculin.
(9) Strangles serum and vaccine. Issued 1,118 (15 c.c.) doses of
anti-streptococcic serum and 561 doses of anti-streptococcic vaccine,
as against 13,416 doses of serum, 3,394 doses of vaccine (ordinary) and
593 doses of vaccine (extracted) in 1926-27. 796 doses of vaccine were
prepared during the year. These products are still issued on request,
though there is no evidence that they are actually efficacious against
strangles.
(10) Contagious abortion (equine) vaccine. Issued 356 doses of Bacillus
abortivo-equinus vaccine, as against 200 in the preceding year. 570
doses were prepared as against 476 in the preceding year; 506 doses
were discarded for technical reasons.
(11) Contagious abortion (bovine) vaccine. 272 doses were prepared
and issued during the year, as compared with none in the preceding
year.
(12) Autogenous and specially prepared vaccines. Issued 10 doses
of autogenous and 10 doses of " mixed " vaccine, as compared with 10
doses of the former and 20 doses of the latter in 1926-27.
(13) Rinderpest virus. (a) Issued 32,000 (1 c.c.) doses of virulent
rinderpest blood for the active immunization of cattle by the serum-
simultaneous method against rinderpest, as against 34,640 doses in
1926-27; about one-third of this quantity was despatched during the
earlier part of the year to the Branch Institute at Izatnagar for the
immunization of buffaloes destined for the production of anti-rinderpest
serum, where it was supplanted later by the use of goat virus. (b) 175
ampoules (each 5 c.c.) of goat virus were issued during the year, from
Muktesar, of which 129 were sent to the Branch Institute; the regular
manufacture of this product for issue was commenced in October 1927.
NOTES.
(a) The total issues during 1927-28 were somewhat lower than those of 1926-27,
namely, 6,133,509 as against 6,318,758 total doses. The income for the year under
report was, however, appreciably higher than that of the preceding year, namely,
Rs. 11,98,357-15-11, as against Rs. 10,88,346-9-11. The anomaly is accounted for in
part by the larger issue of products other than anti-rinderpest serum during the year
12 REPORT OF THE IMPERIAL INSTITUTE OF VETERINARY RESEARCH,
veterinary officers of the Military Department upon the new methods
of surra treatment.
The two officers of the Mysore Government deputed to the Institute
for a three years' course of training completed their studies and returned
to their State on 3rd January 1928. Two officers were deputed by
the Mysore Government to the Institute for a short course of study,
but unfortunately had to depart prior to the termination of their course.
Three officers of the Royal Army Veterinary Corps and one officer
on the staff of a Provincial Veterinary College visited the laboratory for
short periods.
The full course was also attended by an officer of the Civil Veterinary
Department, Bihar and Orissa, and by a Laboratory Assistant from the
same department. One Veterinary Assistant Surgeon from the United
Provinces Civil Veterinary Department attended for three months.
One Veterinary Assistant Surgeon from Coorg attended for 2½ months.
Two dressers from the Nepal Government were deputed to the labora-
tory for training in serum inoculation, from 9th January to 5th February
1928. They were handicapped by imperfect acquaintance with any
language by means of which they could be properly taught.
A senior Veterinary Inspector in the employ of His Exalted High-
ness the Nizam's Government arrived for a six months' course of training
on 11th February 1928.
Much credit is due to Major Stirling for the enthusiasm displayed
by him in teaching and the discipline maintained by him among the
students and the organization undertaken by Mr. S. K. Sen, in making
our efforts at systematic instruction successful during the year.
V. RESEARCH.
The various subjects taken up for research are only briefly noticed
here. They will be treated at proper length in technical publications
when the separate subjects are deemed ripe for recording.
(a) Rinderpest. This livestock disease of paramount importance
in India again formed the major subject of study, and much time was
devoted to studies upon its etiology, particularly by comparative studies
of presumably analogous viruses of certain other diseases. In the last
Annual Report, brief allusion was made to the success of our endeavours
in " fixing " the virus on animals other than cattle, and notably goats.
In this way it was hoped to obtain virulent material for use in the serum-
simultaneous method of inoculation that would not be attended with the
risks following upon the use of virus of bovine origin. Researches into
the properties of the goat virus were pressed forward, with the result
that we were able to recommend confidently the substitution of the
goat virus for ordinary field use. The printed circular directions issued
from the laboratory have been modified accordingly, to give field workers
in simple terms the system we now recommend for carrying out this
inoculation. The goat virus is now used entirely for the immunization
of serum producing buffaloes at Izatnagar.
MUKTESAR, FOR THE YEAR ENDING THE 31ST MARCH, 1928
13
Again, on four large establishments in Northern India 1,119 cattle
have been inoculated by the serum-simultaneous method involv-
ing the use of locally " manufactured " goat virus; the mortality among
the inoculated cattle following upon the effects of the inoculation was
nil, and, moreover, the animals subsequent to treatment have been
immunized with a degree of assurance that they have actually acquired
the desired immunity that was seldom obtainable previously, when
"bull virus " was forwarded for direct inoculation from the laboratory
to the centres where operations were undertaken. Again, the virus
possesses, it seems, a factor of safety which commends it for use parti-
cularly on indigenous cattle. At one centre, three young cattle were
injected with the goat virus alone, and although they all developed an
undoubted attack of rinderpest they emerged from the affection un-
scathed.
The figures given above are too small to attach to them any statistical
meaning, but they are significant, especially as they were obtained in
field conditions by trained observers from the staff. Figures which
might otherwise be taken from the records for comparison are :—(i)
Egypt : from the year 1912 to 1921, 5,14,452 cattle inoculated ; mortality,
4,688 (=0.91 per cent.); (ii) Mysore State: from 1925 to 1926, 49,244
cattle inoculated; mortality, 344 (=0.69 per cent.).
There have been some indications in the technical literature in recent
years that certain powerful disinfectants, such as formalin or iodine, on
introduction into the blood stream, have a beneficial effect on the course
of certain diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease in cattle. The results
of preliminary experiments upon intravenous formalin medication in
rinderpest were encouraging, but further, extended work showed that
such treatment was not likely to be of any benefit in actual practice.
Experiments were continued, on the experimental dairy herd main-
tained at Muktesar, to test the duration of immunity against rinderpest
in animals subjected to the serum-simultaneous method of inoculation.
Much work was done to ascertain whether goats could be used satis-
factorily instead of hill bulls for the testing of anti-rinderpest sera,
but on the whole these animals proved decidedly less satisfactory,
largely through the supervention in them of progressive pulmonary
disease.
The sera derived from Izatnagar manufacture during successive
months of the year were subjected to comparative tests, to ascertain
more precisely what are the most favourable seasons of the year for
anti-rinderpest serum production at our Branch Plains Laboratory.
(b) Serum preservatives. The large content in certain bacterial
micro-organisms, almost entirely certain types of corynebacteria, after
the addition of the ordinary preservatives (phenols and cresols), had
proved disconcerting, and systematic work was continued to discover
better means of preservation. It was found that a predominant factor
was the reaction of the serum, which, if it was not made distinctly alka-
D 2
14 REPORT OF THE IMPERIAL INSTITUTE OF VETERINARY RESEARCH,
line on the addition of the preservative and while the serum was fresh,
allowed of the formation of protective colloid particles for the lodgement
of the organisms. With suitable adjustment of the reaction immediately
the serum was extracted phenol and orthocresol acted equally well, and
their efficacy was greatly enhanced by the incorporation with them of
one of the acridine dyes (flavine).
(c) Surra. The measures now recommended for trial in the curative
treatment of equine surra as the result of our laboratory investigations
were given in the last Report. The treatment has since been tried in
the field, and a favourable opportunity was given for estimating
its efficacy in the scene of a formidable natural outbreak at the Army
Remount Depôt at Mona. The outcome of the treatment is still under
observation, and although the results hitherto obtained have not
indicated a " cent. per cent. " efficacy, yet they make us sanguine that
real cures have been obtained in the great majority of the animals
treated.
Upon the advice of the Institute, treatment was adopted in a
natural outbreak of surra in foxhounds (Delhi Hunt), by the adminis-
tration of" Bayer 205 " intravenously alone, in half-gramme doses (5c.c.
of 10 per cent. solution), on two occasions at 3 to 4 weeks interval.
The ten affected hounds have been under observation at Muktesar
for three months, and have hitherto shown no sign of relapse.
(d) Tick fever in dogs. The tick fever of dogs so prevalent in
India is now well known to be attributable to infection with two entirely
different kinds of piroplasms, namely, Babesia canis, the large piroplasm,
which is also responsible for the so-called malignant jaundice in other
parts of the world, and Babesia (?) gibsoni, the small piroplasm, which
appears to be far the more important cause of disease in India. Both
infections have also been discovered here simultaneously in the same
dogs. Whereas the former infection is readily amenable to treatment
with trypanblue, the latter is intractable, but has been found to yield
to some degree to repeated injection with some of the organic arsenical
preparations, though unfortunately there appear to be relapses some-
times at prolonged intervals, when the parasites become relatively
" drug-fast" to a repetition of the original treatment. In the course
of the year an excellent opportunity was afforded to try out certain lines
of treatment of this affection in a large number of valuable dogs belong-
ing to some kennels in the vicinity. The mode of treatment under-
taken by Major Stirling and found to give highly satisfactory results
was repeated injection of the arsenical drug, tryparsamide. The method
and results of the treatment have been reported upon by him in a technical
paper (see below).
(e) A new fowl disease. There was brought to our attention in July
1927 for investigation an exceptionally deadly outbreak of disease
among a valuable flock of fowls at Ranikhet, the nature of which proved
entirely perplexing. The " Ranikhet disease", as it was provisionally
called, was characterized mainly by the almost entire absence of lesions
MUKTESAR, FOR THE YEAR ENDING THE 31ST MARCH, 1928
15
and any organisms which could be demonstrated to be the cause of the
disease. Later work conducted by the Officiating Pathologist brought
to his mind the very considerable similarity between this disease and
a new disease which had just been studied by Doyle (see Jl. Comp.
Path. and Ther., Vol. XL, Part 2, June 1927, pp. 144-169) in England
under the name, " Newcastle disease"; this disease bore some res-
emblance to fowl plague, but differed from it in that the virus was not
transmitted with the blood but could be readily conveyed with
filtrates of mouth washings. So far as our investigations went, the
Ranikhet disease appeared similar, but subsequent investigation
became difficult on account of the wide diffusion of the disease
throughout the Kumaon Hills. This disease has since been found to
cause very high mortality among fowls in other parts of India, and it
has also been brought to our attention in other parts of the East (Java).
It is unfortunate that even with our more intimate knowledge of its
nature we are entirely powerless to deal with the disease.
(f ) Johne's disease. A good deal of large scale work was done at the
laboratory (by the Officiating Pathologist) on this disease, and field
observations upon it were continued (by Mr. Menon). Owing to the
difficulty of transmitting the disease artificially in the laboratory for
purposes of experimentation, an indirect method was sought of ascertain-
ing what may be termed the vaccinating relationships between the
bacilli of Johne's disease and the avian type of tubercle bacilli, by
inoculating, intravenously, groups of cattle with strains of Johne's
bacilli from various parts of the world, and subsequently, after an
appropriate interval, with what was estimated to be a lethal dose of a
highly virulent strain of avian tubercle bacilli. The experiment was
not quite conclusive.
Experiments were carried out on groups of cattle also to determine
the relative virulence and reciprocal vaccinating effects of strains of
avian tubercle bacilli obtained from various sources; considerable
differences in virulence were manifested among them.
Field vaccination with strains of avian bacilli of low virulence was com-
menced on request in an important herd where Johne's disease had
developed an alarming morbidity in recent years. The preliminary work
was done safely, but an estimate of the efficacy of the treatment must
need observation for a period of years in the case of this exceptionally
chronic disease.
A curious finding was made by Major Stirling, of tuberculosis of the
intestinal mucous membrane of an Army horse setting up macroscopic
and microscopic lesions closely resembling those of Johne's disease in
cattle, with no lesions elsewhere. It is hoped to prepare the material
for detailed description. Hitherto, there is only one similar case on
record (see McFadyean, Jl. Comp. Path. and Ther. 1918, Vol. 31,
No. 4, pp. 225-256).
(g) Bovine tuberculosis enquiry. The work of the enquiry was
brought to a close at the request of the Scientific Advisory Board of the
18 REPORT OF THE IMPERIAL INSTITUTE OF VETERINARY RESEARCH,
smears received was 218; the number of samples of serum received for
examination by means of the agglutination test was 190 (bovine abortion
34, equine abortion 156).
VI. PUBLICATIONS.
Cooper, Hugh. Coccidiosis with Particular Reference to Bovine Cocci-
diosis and Its Significance as an Infection of Cattle in India.
Agri. Jl. India, Vol. XXII, pt. II, pp. 92-97; March 1927.
Cooper, Hugh, and Gulati, Amarnath. Occurrence of Trichomonad
Flagellates in the Blood Stream of Fowls. Pusa Bulletin, No. 173.
Edwards, J. T.—
The Acclimatization of Imported Stock. Agri. Jl. India, Vol. XXII,
pt. V, pp. 333-338; September 1927.
The Acclimatization of Imported Stock (concluded). Agri. Jl.
India, Vol. XXII, pt. VI, pp. 411-424; November 1927.
The Present Position of Veterinary Research in India. Souvenir
of the 7th Congress of the Far Eastern Association of Tropical
Medicine, pp. 129-139; 1927.
Vaccination against Mare Abortion (Circular Instructions). 2 pp.
March 1928.
Active Immunisation of Cattle by means of the " Serum-Simultaneous
or Serum-Virus" Method (Third edition), with an addendum
on Goat Virus (Circular Instructions). 10 pp. April 1928.
The Double-Intradermal Tuberculin Test (Circular Instructions).
2 pp. November 1928.
Some Diseases of Cattle in India : A Hand book for Stock-owners.
Revised edition. 146 pp. 1928.
The Chemotherapy of Surra (Trypanosoma evansi Infections) of
Horses and Cattle in India. Mem. Dept. Agri. India, Vety.
Series, Vol. IV, No. 1, pp. 1-100 (with 26 plates); January 1928.
Bovine Tuberculosis in India. Paper read at the 7th Congress
of the Far Eastern Association of the Tropical Medicine in Decem-
ber 1927 and submitted for publication in the Report of the Procee-
dings of the Congress.
Rinderpest: Some Points on Immunity. Paper read at the 7th
F. E. A. T. M. Congress and submitted for publication in the
Report of the Proceedings of the Congress.
Rinderpest: Some Properties of the Virus, and Further Indications
for Its Employment in the Serum-Simultaneous Method of
Protective Inoculation. Paper read at the 7th F. E. A. T. M.
Congress, and submitted for publication in the Report of the
Proceedings of the Congress,
MUKTESAR, FOR THE YEAR ENDING THE 31ST MARCH, 1928
19
Sen, S. K. Bursati, Summer Sores or Cutaneous Habronemiasis:
A Short Review of the Literature. Agri. Jl. India, Vol. XXII,
pt. IV, pp. 281-286; July 1927.
Soparkar, M. B. Virulence of Tubercle Bacilli Isolated from Cattle in
India. Paper read at the 7th F. E. A. T. M. Congress. (Abstr.
in Abstracts of Papers published by the Congress.)
Stirling, R. F.—
The Treatment of Canine Piroplasmosis. Paper read at the 7th
F. E. A. T. M. Congress. (Abstr. in Abstracts of Papers
published by the Congress.)
Trypanblue and Certain Dithio-aniline Derivatives: Some Clinical
Observations upon their Efficacy in the Treatment of Piroplas-
mosis and other Affections in the Central Provinces. Mem.
Dept. Agri. India, Vety. Series, Vol. IV, No. 3, pp. 129-137 ; 1928.
20 REPORT OF THE IMPERIAL INSTITUTE OF VETERINARY RESEARCH,
APPENDIX I.
Results of Preventive Inoculation.
District
United Provinces.
Rinderpest . . .
Hæmorrhagic septicæmia .
Blackquarter . . .
Anthrax
.
.
.
.
Punjab.
Rinderpest . . .
H.S. serum . . .
H. S. vaccine . . .
Blackquarter vaccine .
Sind and Rajputana.
Rinderpest . . .
H. S. serum . . .
Assam.
Rinderpest . . .
H. S. serum . . .
Anthrax S. A. . . .
Bihar and Orissa.
Rinderpest . . .
H. S. serum . . .
H. S. vaccine . . .
Blackquarter . . .
Anthrax serum . . .
Bengal Veterinary College.
Rinderpest S. A . . .
H. S. serum A . . .
Bombay.
Rinderpest . . .
H. S. serum . . .
H. S. vaccine . . .
Blackquarter . . .
Anthrax S.A. . . .
Number of outbreaks in
which
inoculation was
undertaken
1,465
523
16
3
903
409
1,032
139
128
22
252
2
33
587
565
18
106
64
23
2
99
116
51
79
12
NUMBER OF ANI-
MALS WHICH DIED
UNINOCULATED IN
COURSE OF OUT-
BREAK
Equines
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
4
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Bovines
22,865
1,686
122
15
9,046
2,821
..
..
1,118
176
5,189
18
147
3,141
2,433
75
364
264
50
2
1,443
1,229
421
94
Others
194
..
..
..
...
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
22
..
..
..
..
..
..
217
..
..
64
Equines
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
4
220
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
NUBER
OF
ANIMALS
INOCULATED
Bovines
173,085
35,630
2,590
436
148,669
113,159
290,511
31,169
12,404
2,989
15,308
110
1,251
92,182
114,145
9,357
21,639
11,509
2,062
23
12,659
11,962
4,653
5,392
833
Others
10,908
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
194
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
2,086
..
..
..
155
NUMBER OF
ANIMALS
WHICH DIED
AFTER INO-
CULATION
Equines
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Bovines
184
5
..
..
155
72
1
..
92
4
163
..
..
338
72
8
..
10
..
..
16
19
1
9
3
Others
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
9
..
..
..
2
MUKTESAR, FOR THE YEAR ENDING THE 31ST MARCH, 1928 21
APPENDIX I-contd.
Results of Preventive Inoculation—contd.
District
Madras.
Rinderpest . . .
H. S. serum . . .
Blackquarter S. A . . .
Anthrax S. A. . . .
Hissar Cattle Farm.
Rinderpest S. A . . .
H. S. serum . . .
H. S. vaccine . . .
Blackquarter . . .
Bengal.
Rinderpest S.A . . .
H. S. serum . . .
Baluchistan.
Anthrax S. A. . . .
Central Provinces.
Rinderpest S. A . . .
H. S. serum . . .
Blackquarter S. A. . .
Anthrax S.A. . . .
Mysore.
Rinderpest S. A. . .
H. S. serum . . .
Blackquarter aggressin .
Anthrax . . .
North-West Frontier Province.
Rinderpest S. A. . .
H. S. serum . . .
H. S. vaccine . . .
Blackquarter . . .
Burma.
Rinderpest S. A. . .
which
inoculation was
undertaken
1,267
49
72
8
1
1
1
5
233
96
10
669
115
17
9
223
18
297
38
73
111
14
6
660
NUMBER OF ANI¬
MALS WHICH DIED
UNINOCULATED IN
COURSE OF OUT¬
BREAK
Equines
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Bovines
29,188
448
848
87
2
12
13
3,763
2,043
..
7,044
620
33
60
1,795
84
1,253
151
1,434
404
..
..
16,157
Others
..
..
..
2
..
..
..
..
..
1,251
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
7
..
..
..
..
..
Equines
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
NUMBER OF
AHIMALS
INOCULATED
Bovines
22,739
8,350
12,347
767
454
720
606
2,452
46,512
22,590
..
75,461
13,012
13,111
1,127
32,337
1,929
25,362
4,499
12,802
15,866
3,048
1,128
96,070
Others
613
..
185
2
..
..
..
..
..
..
2,781
8
..
37
..
185
..
226
1,430
..
764
..
..
..
NUMBER OF
ANIMALS
WHICH DIED
AFTER INO-
CULATION
Equines
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Bovine
965
12
26
2
2
7
1
45
98
36
..
222
5
..
2
41
7
43
62
3
2
..
..
896
Others
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
56
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
22 REPORT OF THE IMPERIAL INSTITUTE OF VETERINARY RESEARCH,
APPENDIX II.
Table showing amounts of various products prepared and issued from the
Imperial Institute of Veterinary Research, Muktesar, during 1927-28,
as compared with average amounts of previous 5 years.
Name of products
Rinderpest serum . . .
Anthrax serum . . .
Hæmorrhagic
septicæmia
serum.
Hæmorrhagic
septicæmia
vaccine.
Blackquarter aggressin . .
Mallein
.
.
.
.
DOSES PREPARED
1927-28
38,75,978
Nil
2,66,430
5,56,900
1,39,600
55,810
Average of
previous 5
years
41,37,001
53,788
3,71,103
2,42,960
49,462
55,577
DOSES ISSUED
1927-28
48,60,758
48,155
4,67,072
4,48,153
1,33,401
90,129
Average of
previous 5
years
27,55,576
32,529
1,86,328
1,63,025
35,593
79,182
APPENDIX III.
Table showing the details concerning the nature of specimens received and
examined at the Imperial Institute of Veterinary Research, Muktesar,
during 1927-28.
SUMMARY OF EXAMINATION OF SPECIMENS RECEIVED FROM OUTSIDE
DURING 1927-28.
A.—HISTOLOGICAL EXAMINATION.
(a) Tumours—
Carcinometa
.
Hæmndochelioma
Sarcomata
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Hyperplasia, Uterus aderoma
Bursattee
.
Helminthic lesions
(b) Specific diseases—
Blackquarter
.
.
.
Tuberculosis, confirmed
Tuberculosis, suspected
Johne's disease
Glanders .
Rabies
.
.
(c) Other conditions—
.
.
.
Broncho-pneumonia
Equine-pneumonia
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Fatty degeneration of liver
Verminous hepatitis
Infarction of spleen
Renal calculus
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
TOTAL
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
5
1
2
1
1
3
7
4
2
5
2
2
1
9
1
2
1
1
50