NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
( 19 )
TABLE XI.—SEE REPORT, PARAGRAPHS 50 AND 54.
Services and produce of each class of horse, pony and donkey stallions under local bodies
during 1921-22.
Horse,
pony or
donkey.
1
Horse
Pony...
Don-
key.
District.
2
Dehra Dun ...
Saharanpur ...
Muttra ...
Mainpuri ...
Bareilly ...
Budaun ...
Moradabad ...
Shahjahanpur ...
Etawah ...
Farrukhabad ...
Allahabad ...
Banda ...
Benares ...
Ghazipur ...
Gorakhpur ...
Lucknow ...
Rae Bareli ...
Sitapur ...
Hardoi ...
Kheri ...
Fyzabad ...
Gonda ...
Bahraich ...
Total ...
Azamgarh ...
Saharanpur ...
Budaun ...
Moradabad ...
Shahjahanpur ...
Etawah ...
Kheri ...
Total ...
Stallions
on
register
on 31st
March.
3
...
12
3
1
1
11
24
5
2
1
...
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
...
72
1
5
3
6
2
1
1
18
Stallions actually em-
ployed at stud.
Year under
report.
4
...
12
3
1
1
11
12
5
2
1
...
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
...
60
1
5
3
3
2
1
1
15
Previous
year.
5
1
12
3
1
1
11
13
6
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
65
1
6
3
4
2
1
...
16
Number of mares-
covered.
Year under
report.
6
...
863
184
76
18
647
537
345
104
52
...
48
22
23
22
21
29
21
41
11
45
35
...
3,144
23
345
212
105
57
26
10
755
Previous
year.
7
20
803
216
76
26
749
664
407
95
61
11
49
22
11
29
31
34
32
35
18
44
34
30
3,502
22
830
174
208
129
29
...
870
Average number of
mares covered per stal-
lion employed at stud.
Year under
report.
8
...
71.9
61.3
76
18
58.8
44.7
69
52
52
...
48
11
23
22
21
29
21
41
11
45
35
...
52.4
23
69
70.6
35
28.5
26
10
50.3
Previous
year.
9
20
67.3
72
76
26
68
51
67.8
47.5
61
11
49
11
11
29
31
34
32
35
18
44
34
30
53.8
22
55
58
52
64.5
29
...
54.3
Remarks,
10
( 20 )
TABLE XIV —SEE REPORT, PARAGRAPH 55.
Abstract of particulars regarding cattle fairs and shows held during the year 1921-22.
District.
1
Saharanpur ...
Bulandshahr ...
Moradabad ...
Cawnpore ...
Ballia ...
Bara Banki ...
Total ...
Number
of cattle
fairs
and
shows
held.
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
...
Total number of stock present.
Bulls.
3
1
1
10
...
432
...
Bullocks.
4
39
192
110
277
9,928
...
Cows.
5
10
31
9
42
49,008
142
...
Young
stock.
6
8
79
6
2
(a)
...
...
Buffa-
loes.
7
14
35
10
110
1,137
...
Others.
9
4
28
62
368
337
...
Total
number
of ani-
mals
that
compe-
ted
for
prizes.
16
76
366
132
21
3,906
200
4,701
Prize money provided.
From
Provin-
cial
funds.
18
Rs.
300
100
300
100
100
100
1,000
Prom
local
funds.
19
Rs.
200
300
200
200
...
300
1,200
From
other
sources.
20
Rs.
...
400
...
80
8
...
488
Total.
21
Rs.
500
800
500
380
108
400
2,688
Amount
actually
awarded.
22
Rs.
385
714
312
256
108
400
2,175
(a) Details not available.
N.B. Columns 8, 10, to 15, 17, 23, and 24 are omitted, being blank.
TABLE XIV A.—See Report, paragraph 59.
Statement showing cost of the Civil Veterinary department in the United Provinces during the
official year 1921-22.
Major heads.
1
Superintendent, Deputy Superin-
tendent and Sheep Manager.
Veterinary instruction
Establishment and
contingent
charges etc.
Subordinate Establishment ...
Hospital and dispensaries ...
Breeding operations ... ...
Prizes ... ... ...
Fairs and shows ... ...
Total ...
Amount.
Imperial.
2
Rs.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Provincial.
3
Rs.
52,199
...
1,31,261
1,40,287
...
(a)80,747
1,100
...
4,05,594
Local.
4
Rs.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Total.
5
Rs.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
4,05,594
Remarks.
6
(a) Includes Rs. 32,117-8-3 on account of poultry shows and industries.
84°
SKELETON MAP
OF THE
UNITED PROVINCES
SHOWING DISTRIBUTION
OF THE OPERATIONS OF THE
CIVIL VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.
Scale 1 Inch = 32 Miles.
No. 1368/XVI1I—418.
FROM
M. SINHA, ESQ., (BAR.-AT-LAW), M.B.E.,
DEPUTY SECRETARY TO G-OVERNMENT,
UNITED PROVINCES,
INDUSTRIES DEPARTMENT.
To
THE VETERINARY ADVISER TO GOVERNMENT,
UNITED PROVINCES.
Dated Allahabad, the 1th September, 1922.
SIR.
I AM directed to acknowledge the receipt of your letter no. 3011/XIX-II
—856, dated the 17th July/2nd August, 1922, forwarding the annual report on the
administration of the Civil Veterinary Department, United Provinces, for the year
ending 31st March, 1922.
I have the honour to be,
SIR,
Your most obedient servant,
M. SINHA,
Deputy Secretary.
IP/Q B 10
M 91 B
N0
5
(NEW SERIES.)
SCIENTIFIC MEMOIRS
BY
OFFICERS OF THE MEDICAL AND SANITARY DEPARTMENTS
OF THE
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
SPECIFICITY OF ANTIVENOMOUS SERA,
BY
GEORGE LAMB, M.D., (GLASG.) CAPTAIN,
(Indian Medical Service).
ISSUED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
BY THE SANITARY COMMISSIONER WITH THE GOVERNMENT
OF INDIA, SIMLA.
CALCUTTA:
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.
1903.
Price As. 3 or 4d.
No. 5.
(NEW SERIES. )
SCIENTIFIC MEMOIRS
BY
OFFICERS OF THE MEDICAL AND SANITARY DEPARTMENTS
OF THE
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
SPECIFICITY OF ANTIVENOMOUS SERA,
BY
GEORGE LAMB, M.D. (GLASG.), CAPTAIN,
(Indian Medical Service ).
ISSUED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA BY
THE SANITARY COMMISSIONER WITH THE GOVERNMENT
OF INDIA, SIMLA.
CALCUTTA:
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.
1903.
Agents for the Sale of Books published by the Superintendent of Government
Printing, India, Calcutta.
IN ENGLAND.
E. A. ARNOLD, 37, Bedford Street, Strand, London,
W.C.
CONSTABLE & Co., 2, Whitehall Gardens, London,
S.W.
SAMPSON Low, MARSTON & CO., St. Dunstan's
House, Fetter Lane, London, E.C.
P. S. KING & SON, 2 & 4, Great Smith Street,
Westminster, London, S.W.
LUZAC & Co., 46, Great Russell Street, London,
W.C.
KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER & CO., Charing
Cross Road, London; W.C.
B. A. QUARITCH, 15, Piccadilly, London, W.
WILLIAMS and NORGATE, Oxford.
DEIGHTON BELL & CO., Cambridge.
ON THE CONTINENT.
R. FRIEDLÄNDER & SOHN, 11, Carlstrasse, Berlin,
N.W.
OTTO HARRASSOWITZ, Leipzig.
KARL W. HIERSEMANN, Leipzig.
ERNEST LEROUX, 28, Rue Bonaparte, Paris.
MARTINUS NIJHOFF, Hague, Holland.
IN INDIA.
THACKER, SPINY & CO., Calcutta and Simla.
NEWMAN & CO., Calcutta.
THACKER & CO., LD., Bombay.
D. B. TARAPOREVALA, SONS & CO., Bombay.
A. J. COMBRIDGE & Co., Bombay.
RADHABAI ATMARAM SAGOON, BOMBAY.
HIGGINBOTHAM & CO., Madras.
V. KALYANARAMA IYER & CO., Madras.
RAI SAHIB M. GULAB SINGH AND SONS, Mufid-i-Am
Press, Lahore.
SUPERINTENDENT, AMERICAN BAPTIST MISSION
PRESS, Rangoon.
S. K. LAHIRI & Co., Calcutta.
R. CAMBRAY & Co., Calcutta.
G. A. NATESAN & Co., Madras.
SPECIFICITY OF ANTIVENOMOUS SERA.
THE question of the specificity of antivenomous sera is a question of
great importance and interest both from the practical and from the
theoretical standpoint. Let us first consider the practical aspect of the
question.
It is at once evident that, should it be definitely proved that the serum of
an animal immunised with the venom of one species of snake was not antitoxic
to the poison of any species, except of that species the venom of which had
been used for the purpose of immunisation, the difficulties of the therapeutics
of cases of snake-bite would be enormously increased. Even if it were possible
to prepare sera specifically antitoxic to the venoms of all the species of poison-
ous snakes, a moment's consideration will show that the difficulties would not
be overcome by supplying to the public a different serum for each variety of
snake venom. Thus, in India alone there are four genera of terrestrial snakes,
which can be said to be dangerous to man, viz., Naia, Bungarus, Vipera, and
Echis. Further, of some of these genera there are several species. The genus
Naia contains two Indian species, the genus Bungarus five species, and the
genus Vipera two species. The genus Echis has only one species which occurs
in India, viz., Echis carinata. Some of these species, however, are rare and there-
fore do not threaten much danger to man. Nevertheless, at the lowest estima-
tion we should have to supply six different antivenomous sera to meet the wants
of India alone, viz., sera for the venoms of Naia tripudians (cobra), Naia bungarus
(king cobra), Bungarus fasciatus (banded krait), Bungarus cæruleus (common
krait), Daboia Russellii (chain viper), and Echis carinata (phoorsa).
Further observations, however, might possibly show that the serum pre-
pared with the venom of one species of snake was antitoxic for the venom of
another species of the same genus. If such an hypothesis were found to
be true, we should still have to prepare four antitoxic sera for the venoms of
the four most poisonous genera of Indian snakes, granting always, of course,
that the serum prepared with the venom of one genus was not efficacious
against the poison of any other genus-.
Now, when a person, especially a native of India, is bitten by a snake, he
is rarely able to tell the species of the snake which has inflicted the bite.
And, further, to be of much practical utility an antivenomous serum must be
injected before any symptoms of poisoning have set in. The medical man,
therefore, who is called on to treat a case of snake-bite with antitoxin is not,
as a rule, in a position to form an opinion, either from the history of the case or
3
of other species, this hypothesis of Martin would receive its death blow. We
shall return to this question later on.
With this introduction we may now pass on to examine the data which bear
on the question under consideration.
In a recent paper9 on the serum therapy of snake bite Dr. Tidswell of Sydney
has correctly pointed out that Calmette's serum, inasmuch as it is prepared with
a mixture of snake venoms, in which mixture, however, cobra venom greatly
preponderates, is not strictly adapted for the settlement of specificity, and that
it was necessary for this purpose to possess a serum prepared with one single
kind of venom and to test its efficacy against the same and other kinds of venom.
In this same paper he gives some most interesting results which he obtained
working with the serum of a horse immunised with the pure venom of the
Australian tiger snake (Hoplocephalus curtus). He showed that 0.4. c.c. of
this serum was sufficient to neutralise ten lethal doses, viz., 0.00059 grammes, for
the rabbit of the particular venom used to immunise the horse. He further
showed that this same serum failed completely to neutralise the poisons of the
brown and black snakes and also that of the death adder. The outcome, in
short, of Tidswell's observations " is such as to indicate that the serum is
specific in its action, operative only against the venom by means of which it
is prepared."
The observations which I have now to put forward further extend my
original observations, mentioned above, made with Calmette's serum and cobra
and daboia venoms. They, also, further extend the observations made by Tidswell
with the serum prepared with the poison of Hoplocephalus curtus. It is un-
necessary here to reprint the details 1 0
o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t s m a d e w i t h C a l m e t t e ' s
serum and cobra and daboia poisons. It will be sufficient to recall the main
facts demonstrated by these experiments, viz., that the serum sent out
from the laboratory at Lille was able to neutralise, to a certain extent, the
venom of the cobra, but was quite inactive against the venom of Daboia
Russellii.
The direction in which these observations were now extended was to test
Calmette' s serum with the venoms of two other species of Indian snakes, viz .,
Bungarus fasciatus and Echis carinata. Bungarus fasciatus is a snake belonging
to the genus Bungarus, closely allied to the genus Naia, of which the cobra is
a species. It is interesting in this connection to note that the genus Naia and
the genus Bungarus belong to the same sub-family of Colubridae, viz., Elapinæ,
in which sub-family, also, naturalists classify the bulk of the ophidian fauna of
Australia. Further, all the members of the sub-family Elapinæ are poisonous.
Echis carinata belongs to the genus Echis, a genus closely allied to the genus
Vipera, of which genus Daboia Russellii is a species. The genus Echis and the
genus Vipera belong to the same sub-family of Viperid, viz., Viperinæ.
Let us first consider the experiments made with Calmette's serum and the
venom of Bungarus fasciatus. As a preliminary measure it was necessary to
4
determine the minimum lethal dose of this poison when injected intravenously
into rabbits. A reference to series No. I of the protocols will show that 0.7 milli-
gramme per kilo. was the smallest amount which could be depended upon to cause
the death of the animal. Two series of observations were then made with
Calmette's serum and this venom.
In the first series, vide protocols, series No. II A, four milligrammes per
kilo., viz., about six lethal doses, were used as the test dose. This test dose
was mixed in vitro with different quantities of serum. The mixture was
allowed to stand at laboratory temperature (about 25°C.) for half an hour. It
was then injected into the marginal vein of the rabbit's ear. A glance at the
table appended will show that even 5 c. c. of serum were of no avail to save the
life of the animal, the rabbit which received this amount of serum along with the
test dose dying after practically the same interval of time as the control
animal.
In the second series of experiments made with Calmette's serum and the
venom of Bungarus fasciatus, vide protocols, series No. II B, two milligrammes
of venom per kilo., viz., about three lethal doses, were used as the test dose. With
this exception the same technique was employed as in the previous series of
experiments. It will be seen from the protocols that even with this small multiple
of the lethal dose, 5 c. c. of serum were not able to preserve the life of the animal.
The rabbits, however, which received 4 c. c. and 5 c. c. of serum lived some-
what longer than the control animal. When we consider that the test dose in
these cases was such a small multiple of the minimum lethal dose, this result
does not appear to me to influence the conclusion to which we are led by these
two series of observations, viz., that Calmette's serum has practically no neutra-
lising power for the venom of Bungarus fasciatus.
I have next to put on record the observations which were made to ascertain
if the Lille serum could neutralise the venom of Echis carinata. In this case,
also, it was necessary as a preliminary measure to determine the minimum lethal
dose of this poison for a rabbit when injected intravenously. Injected in this
way the venom of Echis carinata causes death in the same manner as the poison
of Daboia Russellii, that is to say, by widespread intravascular thrombosis. 1 1
The smallest quantity which could bring about this fatal thrombosis was found
to be 0.05 milligramme per kilo. A reference to the protocols (series No. III)
will show that one rabbit which received this amount died in two and a half
minutes, and another rabbit, which received a like quantity, lived for eleven and a
half minutes. Rabbits which received less than 0.05 milligramme per kilo.
recovered.
In order to give the serum every advantage the test dose of venom, which
was used to test Calmette's serum, was only a single lethal dose, viz., 0.05
milligramme per kilo. Two experiments, vide protocols, series No. IV, were
performed. In the first instance the test dose of venom and 4 c. c. of serum
were mixed in vitro . This mixture, soon after its preparation, was injected
8
Protocols.
SERIES No. 1.—Experiments to determine the minimum lethal dose for
rabbits by intravenous injection of the pure venom of Bungarus fasciatus
(banded krait).
The poison was carefully dried fresh venom of Bungarus fasciatus. A
1 p e r c e n t . s o l u t i o n i n s t e r i l e n o r m a l s a l t s o l u t i o n w a s m a d e . F i v e - f o l d a n d t e n - f o l d
dilutions of this original solution were prepared when necessary. All the solutions
were left unheated. The injections were made into the marginal vein of the ear.
The following were the results obtained :—
Animal.
Weight.
Amount of venom
per kilo.
Result.
Rabbit 1 .
1,700 grammes
. 10 milligrammes
.
. Died in 2¾ minutes.
„ 2
. 1,640 ,,.
. 5
,,
. . .
,, ,, 18 ,,
,, 3
.
1,500 ,, . .
3.5
,,
.
. .
„
„ 3¼ hours.
,, 4
. 1,600 ,,
. .
3
,, . . .
,, ,, 1 hour.
,, 5
.
1,370 ,, . .
2.5
,, . . .
Found dead after 20 hours.
„ 6
. 1,520 ,,
. .
1
,,
. . .
Died in 24 hours.
,, 7
.
1,470 ,, . .
1 , , . .
,,
,,30 ,,
„ 8
. 1,590 ,,
,,
.
.
0.8 ,, . .
,, ,,120 „
,, 9
. 1,760 „
. .
0.75
,,
. . .
Found dead after 66 hours.
„ 10
. 1,280 ,,
. .
0.75
,,
. . .
Died in 48 hours.
„ 11
. 1,680 „
. 0.7
„
.
.
. Found dead after 48 hours.
„ 12
. 1,380 ,,
.
. 0.6
,, . . .
III : lost weight : recovered.
„ 13
. 1,830 ,,
. .
0.5
,, . .
III : lost weight : recovered.
,, 14
. 1,340 ,,
.
. 0.25
„
.
.
. Slightly, ill : recovered
From the above table it appears that about 0.7 milligramme per kilo. of the
venom of this snake is the minimum lethal dose for a rabbit when injected intra-
venously.
SERIES No. II .—Experiments to ascertain if Calmette's serum has
any neutralising power for the venom of Bungarus fasciatus.
The serum used in these series of experiments was perfectly fresh serum.
It had been received direct from Lille a few days before the observations were
made. Two series of experiments were performed.
A. In the first series the test dose of venom used was 4 milligrammes per
kilo., viz., about 6 lethal doses. This test dose of venom in solution (1 per cent.)
in normal salt solution and the serum in different quantities were mixed in
vitro.
9
The mixture was allowed to stand at laboratory temperature (about 25°C.)
for half an hour. It was then injected into the marginal vein of the ear of the
rabbit.
The following were the results obtained :—
Animal.
Weight.
Amount of venom
per kilo.
Amount of
of
serum.
Result.
Rabbit 1 . 1,180 grammes
. 4 milligrammes
.
0.5 c.c.
Died in 27 minutes.
,,
2 . 1,890
,,
. .
4
,,
. .
1
c.c.
,, ,,
34
,,
,, 3 . 1,570
,,
. .
4
,,
.
.
2 c. c.
,, ,,
2 ½
,,
,,
4 . 1,810
,,
. .
4
,,
. .
5 c.c.
Found dead after 50 minutes.
,,
5
.
(Control.)
1,490
,, . .
4
,,
.
.
Nil.
Died in 30 minutes.
From this series of observations it will be seen that 5 c. c. of serum failed
to neutralise 7.24—1.08 milligrammes = 6.16 milligrammes of venom.
B. In the second series of experiments with Calmette's serum and the
venom of Bungarus fasciatus the test dose of venom employed was 2 milli
grammes per kilo., viz., about 3 lethal doses.
With this exception the same technique was used as in the first series of
observations with this poison.
The following results were obtained :—
Animal.
Weight.
Amount of venom
per kilo.
Amount
of
serum.
Result.
Rabbit 1 . 1,300 grammes
. 2 milligrammes
.
2 C. C.
Died in 18 hours.
„ 2 . 1,460 ,,
.
. 2
,,
.
3 C. C.
Found dead after 17 hours.
,,
3 . 1,370
,,
. 2
,,
.
4 C. C.
,, ,,
,,
60
,,
,, 4 . 1,200 „
.
2
,,
.
5 C. C.
,, ,, ,,
40
,,
,, 5 .
(Control.)
1,320 ,,
.
2
,,
.
Nil.
,, ,, ,,
1
8
„
From this series of experiments it is evident that 5 c. c. of serum failed to
neutralise 2.4—0.72 milligrammes =
1.68 milligrammes of this venom.
These two series of observations show positively that Calmette's serum is
inactive against the venom of Bungarus fasciatus.
B 2
10
SERIES NO. III.— Experiments to determine the minimum lethal dose
for rabbits by intravenous injection of the venom of Echis carinata.
The poison was carefully dried fresh venom of Echis carinata. A solution
(0.1 per cent.) was made in normal salt solution.
When necessary, a ten-fold dilution of this solution was prepared. These
solutions were left unheated. All injections were made into the marginal vein of
the ear of the rabbit.
The following were the results obtained :—
Animal.
Weight.
Amount of venom
per kilo.
Result.
Rabbit 1
. 1,36o grammes
. 1 milligramme
. .
Died in. 1¼ minutes.
,,
2
. 1,520
„
. 0.5
„
. .
.
,,
,,
3 ½
,,
,, 3
. 1,750
„
.
.
0.1
„
. .
.
,, ,, 6 ¼
,,
,, 4
. 1,540
„
. 0.05
„
. . .
,, ,,
2
,,
,,
5
. 1,580
„
.
. 0.05 „
.
.
.
.
„ „ 1
1 ½
, ,
„ 6
. 1,360
„
. 0.03 „
. . . Lost weight : recovered.
„ 7
. 1,660
„ „
. 0.01
„
. . .
No symptoms.
From the above series of experiments it would appear that about 0.05 milli-
gramme per kilo., injected intravenously into a rabbit, is the minimum lethal dose
of this poison.
SERIES No. IV.— Experiments to ascertain if Calmette's serum has
any neutralising power for the venom of Echis carinata.
The serum employed was fresh serum recently imported from Lille. Rab-
bits were the animals used. The test dose of venom which was used was 0.05
milligramme per kilo., viz., a single lethal dose.
Two experiments were performed.
A. In the first experiment this test dose and 4 c. c. of serum were mixed
in vitro. The mixture was injected, soon after its preparation, into the margi-
nal vein of the ear of a rabbit.
The following was the result :—
Animal.
Weight.
Amount of venom
per kilo.
Amount
of
serum.
Result.
Rabbit .
1,470 grammes
. 0.05 milligramme
.
4 c. c.
Died in 2 minutes.
11
B. In the second experiment 5 c. c. of serum were injected into the mar-
ginal vein of one ear. Six minutes afterwards the test dose of venom was injected
into the marginal vein of the other ear.
The following was the result :—
Animal.
Weight.
Amount of venom
per kilo.
Amount
of
serum.
Result.
Rabbit
. 1,490 grammes
. 0.05 milligramme . 5 c. c.
. Died in 2 minutes.
These two observations conclusively show that Calmette's anti-venomous
serum is quite inactive against the venom of Echis carinata.
SERIES NO. V .—Experiments to ascertain if the serum of a horse immunised
with the pure venom of Hoplocephalus curtus has the power of neutralising
cobra venom.
The serum used was got, as explained in the text, from Dr. Tidswell. of
Sydney. Rats were the animals employed. Care was taken to select only those
rats of about 115 grammes in weight. The test dose of cobra venom used in
these observations was 0.7 milligramme, viz., ten lethal doses of the sample of
venom employed ( vide note 12).
This test dose (0.1 per cent. solution) and the serum in different quantities
were mixed in vitro.
The mixture was allowed to stand at laboratory temperature for half an
hour. It was then injected subcutaneously in the inner side of the thigh.
The following was the result obtained :—
Animal.
Amount of venom.
Amount of serum.
Result.
Rat 1
. 0.7 milligramme
.
.
1 c. c.
Died in 1¼ hours.
„
2
.
0.7
„
. .
3 c. c.
,, ,,
51 minutes.
„
3
.
0.7
„
.
5 c. c.
,,
„ 1½ hours.
„
4
.
0.7
„
. .
Nil.
,, ,,
1½
,,
(Control.)
„
5
.
(Control.)
0.7
„
.
.
Nil.
„ „ 52 minutes.
From this series of experiments it is evident that Tidswell's hoplocephalus
serum has no power to neutralise cobra venom.