NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
238 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-94. [CH. XII.
The result of the examination of all the cases attributed to hemp drugs in
1892 may be thus shown:—
Provi nce.
Asyl um.
Total admission in 1892.
Cases attributed to hemp
drugs in 1892.
NUMCBER OF CASES
ACEPTED.
Number of cases rejected.
PERCENTAGE.
Provi nce.
Asyl um.
Total admission in 1892.
Cases attributed to hemp
drugs in 1892.
As due to hemp
drugs.
As "mixed" cases.
Total.
Number of cases rejected.
Column 4 to column
3.
Column 7 to column
3.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
BENGAL
Dullunda
64
18
5
3
8
10
28.1
12.5
BENGAL
Patna
38
8
2
1
3
5
21.0
7.8
BENGAL
Dacca
43
15
4
1
5
10
34.8
11.6
BENGAL
Berhampur
38
11
3
1
4
7
28.9
10.5
BENGAL
Cuttack
3
1
1
33.3
0.0
BENGAL
Total
186
53
14
6
20
33
28.4
10.7
ASSAM
Tezpur
43
13
3
3
10
30.2
6.9
NORTH-
-------
PROVINCES.
Benares
47
6
5
5
1
12.7
10.6
NORTH-
-------
PROVINCES.
Agra
72
18
5
2
7
11
25.0
9.7
NORTH-
-------
PROVINCES. Bareilly
76
11
2
4
6
5
14.4
7.9
NORTH-
-------
PROVINCES.
Lucknow
89
17
3
1
4
13
19.1
4.4
NORTH-
-------
PROVINCES.
Total
284 52
15
7
22
30
18.3
7.7
PUNJAB
Delhi
54
10
4
1
5
5
18.5
9.2
PUNJAB
Lahore
78
12
6
3
9
3
15.3
11.4
PUNJAB
Total
132
22
10
4
14
8
16.6
10.6
CENTRAL
PROVINCES.
Jubbulpore
35
6
1
1
5
17.1
2.8
CENTRAL
PROVINCES. Nagpur
27
7
2
2
4
3
25.9
14.8
CENTRAL
PROVINCES.
Total
62
13
2
3
5
8
20.9
8.0
MADRAS
Madras
216
17
2
4
6
11
7.8
2.7
MADRAS
Vizagapatam
8
1
1
1
12.5
12.5
MADRAS
Calicut
21
1
1
4.7
0.0
MADRAS
Total
245
19
2
5
7
12
7.7
2.8
BOMBAY
Colaba
162
13
5
3
8
5
8.0
4.9
BOMBAY
Poona
36
6
4 1
5
1
16.6
13.8
BOMBAY
Ahmedabad
19
9
2 1
3
6
47.3
15.7
BOMBAY
Ratnagiri
26
5
2 1
3
2
19.2
7.6
BOMBAY
Dharwar
7
1
1
1
14.2
14.2
BOMBAY
Hyderabad
(Sind)
40
13
3 1
4
9
32.5
10.0
BOMBAY
Total
290
47
16
8
24
23
16.2
8.2
BURMA
Rangoon
102
3
2
1
3
2.9
2.9
BURMA
GRAND TOTAL
1,344 222
61
37
98
124
16.5
7.3
240 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-94. [CH. XII.
Hack Tuke's Dictionary of Psychological Medicine; article "Statistics of In-
sanity"). The author of this article points out that "the reluctance of the
relatives of patients to give information on this painful point leaves the propor-
tion undoubtedly far too low." In view of this, it cannot be denied that the
influence of heredity is in India practically neglected. The importance of
giving due weight to this factor becomes the more manifest when it is considered
that a cause which in a normally healthy brain would produce no effect is suffi-
cient to overthrow the mental equilibrium of a person with hereditary predis-
position.
Alcohol.
524. There are eighteen of these mixed cases in which alcohol has been ascer-
tained to be a possible factor. In view of the con-
nection between alcohol and insanity as established
in Europe, and in view of the clear evidence that brain lesions are directly caused
by alcohol, there seems certainly not less reason for ascribing these cases to
alcohol than to hemp drugs. The English statistics show percentages of 19.8
and 7.2 of cases as due to alcohol for males and females respectively. The
Commission are of opinion that such high percentages cannot be expected in
India; for, although the action of alcohol is more injurious in the tropics, the
people of this country are generally much more abstemious. The percentage of
cases attributed to alcohol in each province in 1892 is given below, and for
purposes of comparison the percentage of the accepted hemp drug cases (in-
cluding the "mixed" cases) is also shown:—
Province.
Percentage of
hemp drug
cases.
Percentage of
alcohol
cases.
Total of
col umns 2 and 3.
1
2
3
4
Bengal
10.7
2.1
12.8
Assam
6.9
6.9
13.6
North-Western Provinces
7.7
3.5
11.2
Punjab
10.6
1.5
12.1
Central Provinces
8.0
8.0
Madras
2.8
2.8
5.6
Bombay
8.2
7.2
15.4
Burma
2.9
11.7
14.6
Total
7.3
4.4
11.7
The figures in regard to alcohol cannot be accepted as quite satisfactory,
because they have not been tested. But the tendency of the figures as they
stand is to show that in the provinces where hemp drugs are the less used,
alcohol is the more frequently assigned as the cause of insanity, and vice versá.
It is possible either that the figures to a certain extent reflect the facts, or
merely that those who have to account for insanity turn most easily to intoxi-
cants, and came that intoxicant which most readily occurs to them.
242 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-94. [CH. XII.
logical Medicine; article "Mania") says: "The patient also indulges in intoxicants
with very undue or unwonted freedom, and thereby precipitates the course and
aggravates the symptoms of his disease." One or two cases have been rejected
by the Commission on the ground that the evidence merely showed that the habit
of use of hemp began at the same time as the mental aberration, or even later.
There may have been other cases in which this would have been shown had the
information been complete. It is possible therefore that more complete informa-
tion might have shown in some cases, not only that other causes contributed to
the insanity, but also that hemp drugs had nothing whatever to do with
inducing it.
These and similar considerations already indicated demand caution in the
expression of any judgment as to the causation of insanity in this country. If
in England opinion, based on inquiries such as are there possible, has to be
stated with caution, this is much more necessary here. In many of the cases in
which the hemp drug habit has been established, it is impossible to feel certain
in view of the defective character of the information that the drugs have been
the sole cause, or perhaps indeed a cause at all, of the insanity. The Com-
mission have, however, felt themselves justified in accepting these 98 cases of the
year 1892 as reasonably attributable, in whole or in part, to the use of hemp
drugs. These are the best cases they have been able within the time at their
disposal to obtain. Of these 98 cases, 97 were males and one female, 82 being
Hindus and 16 Muhammadans.
Classification and types of accept-
ed cases.
527. In the asylum returns these cases were classified according to the fol-
lowing "types":—Toxic insanity, 39; mania, 42;
melancholia, 3; dementia, 4; while in ten cases the
patients had recovered prior to admission, and did not exhibit symptoms of mental
aberration while in the asylum. The Commission think it well to point out that
although in these instances symptoms of insanity were never observed by the
Asylum Superintendents, yet the cases were returned in the annual reports as
cases of toxic insanity, and thus helped to augment the annual returns (Statement
VI)—a fact which very strikingly exemplifies the purely mechanical manner in
which these returns have hitherto been compiled.
Occupation.
528. The occupations, etc., of these 98 cases may be tabulated as follows.
They have been abstracted from the "descriptive
rolls" or from information supplied on subsequent
inquiries at the instance of the Commission.
The Commission cannot, however,
vouch for the accuracy of these returns. In one instance an insane of the lower
classes, described as a "zamindar," proved to be a school-boy, the son of a
muharir in a munsiff's court.
Fakir
5
Panda
1
Beggar
16
Student
1
Cultivator
13
Prostitute
1
Shopkeeper
7
Priest
1
Trader
12
Constable
1
Labourer
15
Tahsil jemadar
1
Servant
6
Sowar
1
Sepoy
4
Not known
12
Teacher
1
79
Total
98
CH. XII.] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-94. 243
Liability at various ages, and
relapses.
529. The following table shows the relative liability to insanity at different
ages in the hemp drugs cases. This information has
been compiled solely from the "descriptive rolls," and
in very many instances thea ges entered are doubtless only rough guesses. At
all times it is difficult to ascertain the true age of a native of the lower classes,
and in the case of wandering insanes, beggars, etc., the determination of age
must necessarily be inexact and a mere approximation:—
Age from 15 to 20 years, 10 cases, 1 instance of a second attack.
"
21 to 25
"
32 "
3 " one prior attack.
"
26 to 30
"
22 "
3 "
"
"
31 to 35
"
11 "
1
"
"
"
36 to 40 "
6 "
"
"
"
41 to 45 "
5 "
1 "
"
"
46 to 50
"
7 "
2
"
"
"
51 to 55
"
2 "
1 "
"
"
56 to 60 "
1 "
1
"
"
"
75
"
1 "
"
"
Age unknown
1 "
"
"
Total 98 cases, 13 instances of relapses.
Duration of insanity.
530. The data for ascertaining the duration of insanity are either unreliable
or not procurable in all cases for the periods during
which the insanes were at large, and it is only with
the duration of residence in asylums that the Commission can give any accurate
details. The duration of the insanity before admission into the asylum for
the 53 cases for which information is recorded is shown in the following
table:—
Duration of insanity before admission
to asyl um.
15 to 20
years.
21 to 25
years.
26 to 30
years.
31 to 35
years.
36 to 40
years.
41 to 45
years.
46 to 50
years.
51 to 55
years.
One month and under
4
2
3
1
2
1
Not exceeding 3 months
3
3
2
1
1
1
Not exceeding 6 months
4
4
1
1
2
Not exceeding 12 months
3
3
1
1
Not exceeding 18 months
1
1
3 years
2
1
1
1
5 years
1
12 years
1
244. REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-94. [CH. XII.
Out of the 98 accepted cases, 10 were not insane on admission into asylums, 29
were not cured, and 9 died during residence. Regarding the cases described
as "not cured," it is necessary to explain that the expression is to be taken only
relatively for the period during which the patients were under observation by the
Commission, and which as a general rule would be under two years. The
duration of residence in asylums of the 50 patients discharged during the period
mentioned may be tabulated as follows:—
Ages of patients.
Duration of resid-
ence in asyl um.
15 to 20
years.
21 to 25
years.
26 to 30
years.
31 to 35
years.
36 to 40
years.
41 to 45
years.
46 to 50
years.
51 to 55
years.
56 to 60
years.
75
years.
Age not
known.
Not insane on
admission.
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
One month and
under.
2
2
Not exceeding
3 months.
1
4
2
1
Not exceeding
6 months.
6
8
2
2
1
3
Not exceeding
12 months.
5
6
2
1
Not exceeding
18 months.
1
1
Not cured
2
9
6
4
3
2
2
1
Died
2
2
3
1
1
These figures would appear to indicate that the largest number of discharges,
38 per cent., occurred after a residence not exceeding six months in the asylums,
and of the rejected cases 19 per cent. were discharged after a similar residence.
After a residence of over six and not exceeding twelve months, 16 per cent. of the
accepted cases (making a total of 54 per cent. for the whole year) were discharged,
and 10 per cent. (a total of 29) of the rejected. Dr. Walsh (Bengal witness No.
112), in a supplement to his written evidence, remarks: "The average period under
treatment in the asylum at Dullunda of 55 cases discharged cured during five years
(1888-92) varied from 3 to 10 months, and many of these were kept under
observation for some time after they had been pronounced sane. Of the 108
cases admitted, more than half recovered very quickly, and this points to some
cause easily removable."
For the purpose of comparison, the duration of residence in asylums of the
rejected cases of 1892 is given in the following table. This table contains only
121 cases, because of the 124 rejected cases, two were not cases of 1892 at all,
CH. XII.] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-94. 245
and one was rejected because it has been entered a second time on the state-
ment:—
Duration of residence
in asylum.
15 to 20
years.
21 to 25
years.
26 to 30
years.
31 to 35
years.
36 to 40
years.
41 to 45
years.
46 to 50
years.
51 to 55
years.
Over
60.
Age un-
known.
Not insane on
admission.
1
1
1
1
One month and
under.
1
1
1
Not exceeding 3
months.
2
1
1
2
Not exceeding 6
months.
3
5
4
2
Not exceeding 12
months.
5
2
3
1
1
Not exceeding 18
months.
1
1
1
Not cured
2
11
19
17
8
3
1
3
Died
3
4
2
2
1
1
2
Proportion of recoveries.
531. The proportion of recoveries calculated on the 98 accepted cases would
amount to 61.2 per cent., or, deducting from both
sides the 10 patients who were not insane on ad-
mission, to 56.8 per cent. Calculated in the same manner, the percentage of
recoveries of the rejected cases would be 34.7 and 32.4.
Mortality.
532. Calculated on the accepted cases, the mortality amounted to 9.1 per
cent. In no single case, however, was the death due
directly to the mental condition. The mortality in
the rejected cases amounted to 12.3 per cent. on the total admissions. There is
one fact which vitiates the figures in connection with mortality in asylums—
that is, the practice which exists at all events in the Tezpur Asylum, Assam,
of transferring dying patients to the "Moribund Ward" of the Charitable
Dispensary for medical treatment.
Symptomatology.
533. The Commission would premise the analysis of the symptoms presented
by the accepted cases by remarking that the infor-
mation available is extremely meagre. As a rule
the asylum records fail to afford a full clinical history of the condition of the
patients on first admission, and the subsequent entries in the asylum case
books are also frequently lacking in useful information. In one asylum no case
book appeared to have been kept up in 1892. The medical certificates on
which the patients are admitted into the asylums usually contain only sufficient
evidence of the mental state to support an opinion as to the mere fact of insanity.
The descriptive rolls are the only source in the vast majority of cases from which
the mode of incidence and duration of attack, the habits, and the personal and
family history of the patients can be ascertained. The value to be placed on
certain entries in the descriptive roll has already been fully discussed. They
have been shown to be untrustworthy, and there is no reason to suppose that
other entries are more accurate or reliable.
62
Survey of India Offices, Calcutta, August 1894.
GROUP OF FAKIRS, HABITUAL MODERATE GANJA SMOKERS, KHANDESH.
274 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-94. [CH. XIV.
Opinions regarding prohibition of
ganja and charas.
569. Out of the total of 1,193 witnesses, 575 have expressed a decided
opinion on the question of prohibition. Of these
only 99 advocate it in their answers. The remainder
are against it. The classification of these witnesses is shown in the following
table:-
PROVINCE.
SUPERIOR
CIVIL
OFFICERS.
SUPERIOR
MEDICAL
OFFICERS.
SUBORDINATE
CIVIL
OFFICERS.
SUBORDINATE
MEDICAL
OFFICERS AND
MEDICAL
PRACTITIONERS.
NON-OFFICIALS.
TOTAL.
For.
Against.
For.
Against.
For.
Against.
For.
Against.
For.
Against.
For.
Against.
Bengal
29
9
1
36
4
8
9
62
14
144
Assam
4
1
1
1
1
4
8
5
15
North-Western Provinces
13
1
6
29
9
10
18
26
33
79
Punjab
3
10
1
3
8
2
3
10
14
18
36
Central Provinces
9
1
2
1
18
1
1
24
3
54
Madras
21
1
5
1
12
1
11
8
18
11
67
Bombay and Sind
19
1
1
3
26
4
7
1
16
9
69
Berar, Ajmere, Coorg, and
Quetta-Pishin.
1
1
8
3
1
2
2
6
12
Total
3
106
4
20
16
138
24
42
52
170
99
476
Per cent.
3
97
17
83
10
90
36
64
24
76
17
83
Thus, not only is there a very large preponderance of opinion against prohi-
bition, but the preponderance is specially marked among superior Civil officers.
The only witnesses indeed of the latter class who favour prohibition are three
in the Punjab, where charas and not ganja is consumed.
The most important of these opinions on either side will now be specified.
The most forcible opinions in favour of prohibition will be quoted at some length
in order that the argument for this view may be thoroughly appreciated. The
opinions against prohibition are too numerous to be quoted, but the witnesses
will be named under headings setting forth the most prominent views expressed.
Bengal opinions in favour of pro-
hibition of ganja.
570. The Bengal witnesses in favour of prohibition of ganja consist of a Sub-
Deputy Collector, an Assistant Surgeon, two Medical
Practitioners, an Honorary Magistrate, two zamin-
dars, two pleaders, a delegate from the Indian Relief
Society, Calcutta, the Secretary to the Band of Hope, Faridpur, the Secre-
tary to the Bogra Medical Society, and two Missionaries. The Commission
cannot find much to quote from these opinions, but the following are the most
forcible:—
(238) Delegate, Indian Relief Society, Calcutta, Babu Amrita
Krishna
Mullick, B.A., B.L.: After quoting official and medical opinions relating to the
injuriousness of ganja, the Society endeavours to show that the cultivators of the
hemp plant lose largely by their occupation, and maintains that it is the duty of the
Government to come to their rescue by abolishing it. The Society maintains
276 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-94. [CH. XIV.
(81) Kali Das Mukerji, Sub-Deputy Collector: After advocating prohibi-
tion of ganja on the grounds of the evil effects, and stating that there would
be no danger from the discontent caused owing to the small number of the
consumers, the witness proceeds: "The reasons usually put forward in favour
of ganja consumption are as follows: (1) that Hindu friars and jogis cannot do
without it, for it helps them in their religious contemplation, and sustains them
under severe exertion and exposure; (2) that it is a safeguard against disease
in malarious tracts; and (3) that it serves the labouring classes as a refreshing
stimulant, alleviating fatigue. I do not think that any of these reasons is con-
clusive, though plausible. In fact, none of them stands the test of close examin-
ation. If any intoxicating drug is at all necessary for friars and jogis, alcohol,
opium, or siddhi may serve the purpose. Eight kinds of intoxicating drugs are
prescribed in the Tantras for Hindu devotees, and it is optional with them to
take any if they care to do so at all.............................. That ganja is a safeguard
against disease in malarious tracts is not necessarily true.............................. Even
as a stimulant and remover of fatigue, ganja has very little to recommend it to
the labouring classes............................... A careful observation is sure to establish
the fact that any ordinary labourer whose only stimulant is tobacco is on the
whole a better workman than his ganja consuming brother."
Opinions against prohibition of
ganja in Bengal.
571. It is impossible to quote the mass of opinion against prohibition of
ganja, but the following analysis of some of the most
important opinions will give an idea of the strength
of these opinions:—
(1) Prohibition impossible or unnecessary, or could not be enforced with-
out a large preventive establishment.
(1) Hon'ble D. R. Lyall, C.S.I., Member, Board of Revenue.
(2) Mr. Westmacott, Commissioner.
(9) Mr. Price, Collector.
(11) Mr. Skrine, Collector.
(21) Mr. Jenkins, Collector.
(17) Mr. Gupta, Commissioner of Excise.
(46) Ganendra Nath Pal, Deputy Collector.
(197) Mr. H. M. Weatherall, Manager, Nawab's Estates, Tippera.
(2) Prohibition would be strongly resented by religious mendicants, or
would be regarded as an interference with religion, or would
be likely to become a political danger.
(1) Hon'ble D. R. Lyall, C.S.I., Member, Board of Revenue.
(3) Mr. Westmacott, Commissioner.
(19) Mr. Manisty, Collector.
(18) Mr. Hare, Collector.
(16) Mr. Marindin, Collector.
(32) Mr. Bedford, Deputy Commissioner.
CH. XIV.] REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-94. 277
(63) Abhilas Chandra Mukharji, Deputy Collector.
(62) Kanti Bhushan Sen, Deputy Collector of Excise.
(163) Maharaja Bahadur Sir Jotendra Mohan Tagore, K.C.S.I.
(174) Radhika Churn Sen, Zamindar.
(175) Raghonandan Parsad, Zamindar.
(185) Jogendra Krishna Rai Chaudhri.
(207) Purnendu Narayan Sinha.
(208) Mahendra Chandra Mitra, Chairman, Naihati Municipality.
(92) Mr. Ricketts, Manager, Nilgiri State.
(217) Biprodas Banarji, Pleader, Newspaper Editor, and Chairman, Baraset Muni-
cipality.
(250) District Board, Monghyr.
(228) Jadubans Sahai, Vice-Chairman, Arrah Municipality.
(3) Prohibition might lead to the use of dhatura or other intoxicants
worse than ganja.
(21) Mr. Jenkins, Collector.
(46) Ganendra Nath Pal, Deputy Collector.
(62) Kanti Bhushan Sen, Deputy Collector of Excise.
(161) Maharaja Girijnath, Roy Bahadur.
(164) Raja Surja Kanta Acharjya, Bahadur.
(167) Radha Balav Chaudhri, Rai Bahadur.
(233) Secretary, Rajshahi Association.
(217) Biprodas Banarji, Pleader, &c.
Assam.
Opinions in favour of prohibition
of ganja.
572. The opinions in favour of prohibition of ganja in Assam are those of a
Civil Surgeon, the Secretary to the Tezpur Raiyats
Association, the Secretary to the Upper Assam
Association, a merchant, and a pensioned Overseer, Public Works Department,
and member of a Local Board. There is nothing especially to note in these
opinions.
Opinion against.
573. Against prohibition we have the Commissioner of the Assam Valley,
the Commissioner of Excise, the Director of Land
Records and Agriculture, an Officiating Deputy
Commissioner, a Civil Surgeon, an Extra Assistant Commissioner, a medical
practitioner, four pleaders, and four planters.
Mr. Driberg, Commissioner of Excise, says: "It would be useless to prohi-
bit the use of ganja in a province like Assam, surrounded as it is by independent
hill people, who would cultivate it in their hills and smuggle it down with little
risk of detection. Any prohibition will only lead to the increase of illicit con-
sumption and to the secret use of the drug, which would be decidedly bad; of
course, stop cultivation in Bengal, and the prohibition of the use of excise ganja
could be enforced; but there would be serious discontent, though in this province
70
278 REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-94. [CH. XIV.
it might not amount to a political danger, and the prohibition would be followed
by recourse to opium, and in some cases to alcohol." The evidence of planters
tends generally to show that the use of ganja by the garden coolies, who (ex-
cept in the western districts of the Assam Valley and those of the Surma
Valley, all of which border on Bengal) are the principal consumers, produces no
serious effects. There is nothing in any of the Assam evidence to controvert
these views.
North-Western Provinces.
Opinions in favour of prohibition of
ganja and charas.
574. The advocates of prohibition of ganja and charas in the North-Western
Provinces are as follows: 6 subordinate civil offi-
cers, 9 subordinate medical officers and private
medical practitioners, and 18 non-officials.
But
few of these witnesses give any reasons for their opinions. And the Com-
mission are not able to quote any one of them as having any special weight.
The only opinion which it appears worth while to quote is that of a Collector
(Mr. Addis (4), who does not, however, specifically recommend prohibition.
He says: "It probably would be feasible to prohibit the use of all these drugs.
Public opinion is against their use, and the people are very obedient to authority.
The prohibition would certainly lead to the increased use of opium and alcohol."
Opinions against prohibition.
575. On the other hand, the opinions against prohibition are very strong.
The following is an analysis of some of the most
important:—
(1) Prohibition impossible or unnecessary, or could not be enforced without a
large preventive establishment.
(1) Hon'ble A. Cadell, Member, Board of Revenue.
(6) Mr. Stoker, Commissioner of Excise.
(12) Mr. Brownrigg, Officiating Deputy Commissioner.
(20) Mr. Partridge, Officiating Deputy Commissioner.
(9) Mr. Jackson, Collector.
(10) Mr. Tweedy, Collector.
(17) Mr. Spencer, Officiating Collector.
(34) Mr. Cockburn, Assistant Sub-Deputy Opium Agent.
(32) Mr. Robarts, Joint Magistrate.
(26) Rama Shankar, Assistant Collector.
(24) Mr. Rogers, Assistant Commissioner.
(191) Kanwar Kundan Singh, Zamindar.
(2) Prohibition would be strongly resented by religious mendicants, or would
be regarded as an interference with religion, or would be likely to become
a political danger.
(12) Mr. Brownrigg, Officiating Deputy Commissioner.
(9) Mr. Jackson, Collector.
(10) Mr. Tweedy, Collector.
(34) Mr. Cockburn, Assistant Sub-Deputy Opium Agent.