NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
FIGURE 1.—Parasites as seen in the large mononuclear leucocytes in fresh preparations
of the peripheral blood.
FIGURE 2.—Free parasites seen in the fresh preparations of the peripheral blood. The
tail is shown in one lying on its side.
FIGURE 3.—Vermicule seen in fresh preparation of peripheral blood.
FIGURE 4.—Parasite seen in the large mononuclear lying alongside the nucleus, stained
with Romanowsky's stain. Two polymorphonuclear leucocytes are also
shown.
FIGURE 5.—Parasite stained with Romanowsky's stain lying in between the divided
nucleus.
FIGURE 6.—Two mononuclears stained with Romanowsky's stain showing the presence of
two parasites in each.
FIGURE 7.—Parasites stained with Romanowsky's stain showing the nucleus in two separ-
ate parts.
FIGURE 8.—On the left is a mononuclear leucocyte showing the faintly-staining proto-
plasm with two vacuoles. On the right the normal mononuclear leucocyte
from the Madras squirrel showing the appearance when stained with
Romanowsky's stain.
FIGURE 9.—Parasite escaping from a cell stained with Romanowsky's stain.
FIGURE 10.—Free parasite stained with Giemsa's stain showing minute structure.
FIGURE 11.—Three free forms stained with Giemsa's stain showing the arrangement of
the large chromatic particles.
FIGURE 12. —Four free parasites seen in spleen smears stained with Romanowsky's stain
showing the voluminous nucleus and also its worm-like appearance seen in
smears.
FIGURE 13.—Free attenuated form of parasite in peripheral blood stained with Roman-
owsky's stain showing the elongated nucleus.
FIGURE 14.—Vermicule from peripheral blood stained with Romanowsky's stain.
FIGURE 15.—Vermicule from the mid-gut of the squirrel louse, stained with Romanowsky's
stain.
FIGURE 16.—Large vermicule seen in the body cavity of the louse stained with Roman-
owsky's stain.
No. 24.
(NEW SERIES. )
SCIENTIFIC MEMOIRS
BY
OFFICERS OF THE MEDICAL AND SANITARY DEPARTMENTS
OF THE
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
ON A PARASITE FOUND IN THE WHITE CORPUSCLES
OF THE BLOOD OF PALM SQUIRRELS.
BY
CAPTAIN W. S. PATTON, M.B., I.M.S.
ISSUED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
BY THE SANITARY COMMISSIONER WITH THE GOVERNMENT
OF INDIA, SIMLA.
CALCUTTA:
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.
1906.
Price annas 12 or 1s. 2d.
ANNUAL REPORT
UPON
VACCINATION IN THE N. W. PROVINCES
FOR THE SEASON 1866-67.
No. 46 OF 1867.
FROM
F. PEARSON, ESQUIRE, SURGEON,
Superintendent-General of Vaccination, N. W. Provinces,
To
R. SIMSON, ESQUIRE,
Secretary to Government, N. W. Provinces.
DATED ALMORAH, THE 22ND APRIL 1867.
SIR,
I have the honor to submit, for the information of His Honor the Lieutenant-
Governor, the Returns of Vaccination for the North-West Provinces for the season of
1866-67, showing a grand total of 161,711 known successful cases—being an increase
of 36,639 upon the work of the preceding year.
Vaccination Returns of the North-West Provinces for the Seasons of 1865-66
and 1866-67.
Divisions.
Kumaon &
Gurhwal,
Rohilkund,
Agra and
Meerut, ...
Allahabad
& Jhansie,
Benares, ...
GRAND TO-
TAL, N. W.
P., ...
Seasons.
1865-66
1866-67
1865-66
1866-67
1865-66
1866-67
1865-66
1866-67
1865-66
1866-67
1866-66
1866-67
No. OF VAC-
CINATORS
Paid by Govern-
ment.
10
10
30
30
60
60
45
45
25
25
170
170
Paid by Munici-
pal Funds.
0
0
4
9
8
9
2
2
6
8
20
28
Paid by Local
Funds.
3
5
2
2
3
4
0
2
0
0
8
13
Total No. Vaccinators.
13
15
36
41
71
73
47
49
31
33
198
211
Successful.
23,603
28,137
43,378
51,198
32,569
50,318
18,246
27,270
7,276
4,788
125,072
161,711
Unsuccessful.
1,292
1,024
4,071
3,379
7,664
6,163
7,464
8,536
2,357
1,718
22,848
20,802
Doubtful.
1,152
1,233
3,354
2,459
1,177
1,206
1,348
1,462
960
440
7,991
6,800
Result unknown.
1,350
1,551
2,523
2,573
3,121
4,521
2,425
5,180
1,253
760
10,672
14,585
Total.
27,397
31,945
53,326
59,609
44,531
62,208
29,483
42,448
11,846
7,706
166,583
203,916
Percentage successful.
90.60
92.57
85.38
89.76
78.65
87.22
67.43
73.17
68.68
68.93
78.13
80.53
Average No. of opera-
tions by each Vacci-
nator per mensem.
350
354
290
290
125
170
125
173
76
64
194
210
Remarks.
The percentage successful is calculated on the total num-
ber, less the cases entered as " Result unknown."
Amongst the 33 Vaccinators of the Benares Division, many vacancies occurred during the season of
1866-67, so that only 24 were on an average at work.
A
( 6 )
chiefly to be met with amongst Hindoos ; but these are the offspring of the general
conservation of the Hindoo mind, and are not, strictly speaking, matters of religion or
caste, as such.
11. As regards the mooted point, "ought inoculation to be prohibited ?" I am
decidedly of opinion that we ought not thus to take away the right of people to protect
themselves, when we are not in a position to confer the protective power of vaccina-
tion. But, as in the case of Kumaon and Gurhwal, where there are a sufficiency of
Vaccinators to thoroughly protect the whole population, then it becomes a duty to
suppress inoculation, which undoubtedly is a great source of infection to others, and
has many evils attending it, yet is much better than no protection at all, as regards the
general welfare of the community. In the Benares Division inoculation is almost uni-
versal, and, being regarded as a sort of religious ceremony, vaccination will have a
hard fight to supplant it; but in the end truth will prevail, I believe, though probably
it will take some generations to effect it. With the exception of the Benares Division
and the hill districts, elsewhere in the North-Western Provinces small-pox inocula-
tion is comparatively unknown.
12. The total cost of the Vaccine Department of the North-Western Provinces
during the past year amounted to Rs. 62,588. Of this sum Government contributed
Rs. 59,000, the remainder being furnished by Municipal and Local Funds. The cost
per head of each successful case has been a fraction under 6 annas 3 pie ; but I hope
in the course of a few years, even with the increased charge for establishments now
asked for, to reduce the cost to 4 annas per head, being one-fifth of the sum allowed by
the State for each successful case in England.
I have, &c.,
F. PEARSON, SURGEON,
Superintendent-General of Vaccination,
North-Western Provinces.
Return of Vaccine Operations in the North-West Provinces during the Season 1866-67.
Province.
North-West
Provinces.
Number of opera-
tors.
211
PERSONS TREATED.
Successful.
1,61,711
Unsuccessful.
20,802
Doubtful.
6,800
Result un -
known.
14,585
Total.
2,03,916
Cost of operations
during the year.
Rs. 62,588 or
6 annas and
a
fraction
under 3 pie
per
head
for each
successful
cases.
Total number suc-
cessful opera-
tions recorded to
date.
1,61,711
Remarks.
Percentage successful.
80.53; average No. of
operations by each
man per mensem for
season of five months,
210.
F. PEARSON,
Supdt.-General, Vaccination, N. W. Provinces.
From Secretary to Government, North-Western Provinces, to Superntendent-General,
Vaccination (No. 1850A,).—Dated Nynee Tal, the 5th June, 1867.
SIR,—I am directed to acknowledge the receipt of your letter No. 46,
dated the 22nd ultimo, with which you submit the Returns of Vaccination for the
North-Western Provinces for the season 1866-67 ; and in reply to communicate the
following observations.
NORTH-WESTERN PROVINCES.
RETURNS OF VACCINATION
FOR THE
SEASON OF 1869-70.
BY W. WATSON, ESQ., M.B.,
Offg. Supdt.-General of Vaccination, N.-W. Provinces.
ALLAHABAD:
PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT PRESS, NORTH-WESTERN PROVINCES.
1870.
NORTH-WESTERN PROVINCES.
RETURNS OF VACCINATION
FOR THE
SEASON OF 1869-70.
BY W. WATSON, ESQ., M.B,
Offg. Supdt.-General of Vaccination, N.-W. Provinees.
ALLAHABAD:
PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT PRESS, NORTH-WESTERN PROVINCES.
1870.
NORTH-WESTERN PROVINCES.
RETURNS
OF VACCINATION
For the Season of 1869-70.
No. 13 of 1870.
FROM
W. WATSON, ESQUIRE, M.B.,
Offg. Supdt.-General of Vaccination,
Worth- Western Provinces,
To
R. SIMSON, ESQUIRE,
Secretary to the Government,
North-Western Provinces.
DATED ALMORAH, THE 1ST MAY, 1870.
SIR,
I have the honour to submit, for the information of His Honor the
Lieutenant-Governor, the returns of Vaccination for the North-Western Provinces
for the season of 1869-70, shewing a total of 237.298 successful cases, being a
decrease of 29.289 on the work of the preceding year. This very great decrease has
principally occurred in the Circles of Allahabad and Jhansie, and of Agra and Meerut,
and the Superintendents of these Circles agree in the explanation they give to account
for the decrease. They state that it is owing to the fact that this year there has been
no epidemic of small-pox in the plains, and I see no reason to doubt the correctness
of this opinion. When small-pox is epidemic in a district, the people naturally apply
to the Vaccinators, and bring their children to them in crowds. In a non-epidemic
season, the reverse is the case. There is apparently no immediate necessity for the
operation being performed, and the parents of the children either object altogether
to having it done, or allege some excuse for delay.
2. During the earlier part of the period embraced in this Report I held the
appointment of Superintendent of the 4th or Allahabad and Jhansie Circle ; but on
the 1st of January, 1870, I was appointed to officiate as Superintendent-General,
North-Western Provinces, and as Superintendent of Kumaon and Rohilkhund during
the absence of Dr. Pearson, who was obliged to leave India on account of bad health.
3. When he quitted India, Dr. Pearson had served in the Vaccine Depart-
ment for nearly sixteen years, and the value of his services can be appreciated only by
those who have had the privilege of serving under him. In the year 1853, when
employed by Government to report on Mahamurree, a disease then raging in the hills,
he commenced vaccinating in Gurhwal, and his success was so great that in his Sanitary
Report for 1853-54 he stated that he had vaccinated no less than 7,000 persons. Long
before this, vaccination had been attempted in the plains of India, but the difficulties
were very great. It was found that successful vaccination was impossible in the hot
weather and rains, and that even in the cold weather it was necessary to vaccinate
with perfectly fresh lymph, or to employ the crusts imported from England, as vaccine
crusts collected in the plains were practically useless. This state of things was
in great measure changed by Dr. Pearson's success in the hills. It was soon generally
admitted that the vaccine crusts collected by him in the higher parts of Gurhwal
were not only equal, but were actually superior to those imported from England.
1
1
( 6 )
animal with a lancet was a direct insult to their religion. With regard to the general
question of the superiority of animal over ordinary vaccination, the opinion of the
best authorities in England is in favour of the latter. Thus Dr. Seton, in his Manual
of Vaccination, paragraph 42, says: "While lymph transferred from one human
being to another will, if used under proper conditions, infect with almost unerring cer-
tainty, cow lymph will fail to infect in a great number of instances. Ceely found that
more than half his attempts to vaccinate with primary cow lymph resulted in entire
failure, the same individuals being successfully vaccinated immediately afterwards with
ordinary lymph." In paragraph 9, Dr. Hutchinson strongly recommends that a
batta of Rs. 5 a month should be given to Native Superintendents while travelling.
In this recommendation I would cordially concur, as I have always thought that the
pay of Native Superintendents was far too small, considering the responsible duties
they have to perform. In paragraph 12, Dr. Hutchinson notices the great success
which has attended the introduction of vaccination into the Independent States of Bun-
delkhund. He particularly mentions the great assistance he has received from the
Dewan of Chirkaree, the Rajah of which State is at present a minor. I would esteem
it a favour if Government would in any way notice the valuable services of the Dewan
in introducing vaccination into one of the leading States of Independent Bundelkhund.
Dr. Hutchinson also makes favourable mention of several of his Native Superinten-
dents ;—of two of these men, in particular, 1 have always entertained the highest
opinion, namely, the Native Superintendents of Cawnpore and Humeerpore.
The Tehseeldar of Futtehpore, Mahomed Ismael Khan, has this year given great
assistance to the Vaccinators stationed in Futtehpore.
16. The Ajmere Circle is under the superintendence of Dr. Murray, Civil Sur-
geon of Ajmere, and he has under him one Native Superintendent and seven Vacci-
nators. Dr. Murray draws no pay as Superintendent of Vaccination, but receives
travelling allowance when he visits Vaccinators at out-stations. No contingent allow-
ance has been sanctioned for the Ajmere Circle; so that all petty expenses, such as
rewards to Vaccinators, &c., are paid from the Contingent Fund of the Superintendent-
General.
17. I regret that 1 am unable this year to send in my returns in the forms
recommended by the Sanitary Commissioner. These forms were only received in my
office in the end of January, 1870, within two months of the conclusion of the year to
which they apply. I send, however, abstracts of these forms, giving as much of the
required information as I have been able to procure. I have also the honour to forward,
in original, reports from Dr. Pringle, Superintendent of Agra, Dr. Hutchinson, Offi-
ciating Superintendent of Allahabad, and Dr. Milne, Officiating Superintendent of
Benares.
I have, &c,
W. WATSON, M.B.,
Offg. Supdt.-Genl., Vaccination, N.-W. P.
( 7 )
Vaccination Return of the North-Western Provinces for the Seasons of 1868-69 and 1869-70.
Native Superintendents.
2
6
12
9
6
1
36
Divisions.
Kumaon and Gurhwal
...
Rohilkhund
...
Agra and Meerut
...
Allahabad and Jhansie
...
Benares
...
Ajmere
...
Grand Total, N.W. Provinces
...
Seasons.
1868-9 ...
1869-70 ...
1868-69 ...
1869-70 ...
1868-69 ...
1869-70 ...
1868-69 ...
1869-70 ...
1868-69 ...
1869-70 ...
1868-69 ...
1869-70 ...
1868-69 ...
1869-70 ...
Number of Vaccinators.
Paid by Government.
10
10
30
30
61
61
55
55
28
28
4
4
188
188
Paid by Municipalities.
...
...
15
10
23
23
5
5
4
4
3
3
50
45
Paid by Local Funds.
3
3
1
1
...
...
...
...
1
1
...
...
5
5
Paid by Natives.
...
...
...
...
4
4
6
17
1
1
...
...
11
22
Total number of Vaccina-
tors.
13
13
46
41
88
88
66
77
34
34
7
7
254
260
Successful.
20,056
21,334
68,276
67,290
94,912
76,467
61,118
37,298
15,367
28,745
6,858
6,164
266,587
237,298
Unsuccessful.
336
442
4,731
4,657
10,157
9,309
15,906
15,187
2,285
2,934
741
841
34,150
33,370
Doubtful.
574
624
3,490
3,178
1,919
1,633
2,778
2,036
856
942
741
847
10,358
9,250
Result unknown.
835
853
3,334
3,811
5,796
5,573
8,815
6,981
1,273
1,532
442
680
20,495
19,429
Total.
21,801
23,252
19,831
78,936
112,778
92,982
88,617
61,502
19,781
34,153
8,782
8,532
331,590
299 ,857
Average percentage sum.
95.65
95.24
89.26
89.57
88.70
87.48
76
68.41
83.02
89.03
82.23
78.5
85.69
84.77
Average number of opera-
tions of each Vaccina¬
tor per mensem.
279
298
347
385
256
211
268
159
116
200
250
243
261
230
ALMORAH:
The 1st May, 1870.
W. WATSON, M. B.,
Offg. Supdt.-Genl., Vaccination, N.-W. P.
( 8 )
A.—VACCINE DEPARTMENT.
Abstract of Statement 1, showing particulars of Vaccination in the North-Western Provinces during the year ending 31st March, 1870.
1.
Circle.
Kumaon and
Gurhwal.
Rohilkhnnd ...
Agra and Meerut,
Benares ...
Allahabad
...
Ajmere
...
2.
Name and rank of Super-
intendent.
Surgeon W. Watson ...
Ditto ...
Surgeon R. Pringle ...
Assistant-Surgeon, R. M.
Milne ...
Surgeon J. A. C. Hutchin¬
son ...
Dr. T.Murray ...
3.
Number of
Native Su-
perintendents.
1868-69.
2
6
12
6
9
1
36
1869-70.
2
6
12
6
9
1
36
4.
Number of
Vaccinators.
1868-69.
13
46
88
34
66
7
254
1869-70.
13
41
88
34
77
7
260
5.
Total number
of persons
vaccinated.
1868-69.
21,801
79,831
112,778
19,781
88,617
8,782
331,590
1869 70.
23,252
78,936
92,982
34,153
61,502
8,532
299,357
6.
Name of district.
7.
Population.
634,532
5,150,942
9,264,154
8,005,478
6,534,763
426,268
30,016,137
8.
Name of portion of dis-
tricts, &c.,
of tour.
9.
VACCINATION.
A.
Sex.
Male.
12,236
36,096
46,625
21,251
33,038
4.470
153,716
Female.
11,016
42,840
49,696
12,902
28,464
4,062
148,980
B.
Caste.
Christian.
32
438
529
388
2,068
100
3,555
Hindoo.
22.971
56,704
84,593
24,302
45,590
6,596
240,756
Mussulman.
249
21,794
11,199
9,463
13,844
1,836
58,385
Other castes.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
C.
Age.
Under 1 year.
12,247
36,108
26,950
4,025
19,670
3,528
102,528
Above 1 year.
11,005
42,828
69,371
30,128
41,832
5,004
200,168
D.
Result.
Successful.
24,334
67,290
76,467
28,745
35,298
6,164
237,298
Unsuccessful.
1,066
7,835
10,942
3,876
17,223
1,688
42,630
Unknown.
852
3,811
5,573
1,532
6,981
680
19,429
Re-vaccination.
...
...
3,339
...
...
...
3,339
Total.
23,252
78,936
96,321
34,153
61,502
8,532
302,696
10.
RE-VACCINATION.
A.
Successful.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
B.
Unsuccessful.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
C.
Unknown.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
D.
Total.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
11.
Percentage
successful
in
Primary Vaccina-
tion
95.24
89.57
87.48
89.03
68.41
78.5
84.77
Secondary Vacci-
nation.
ALMORAH:
The 1st May, 1870.
W. WATSON, M. B.,
Offg. Supdt.-Genl. of Vaccination, N.-W. P.
( 11 )
No. 40 OF 1870.
FROM
J. A. C. HUTCHINSON, M. D.,
Offg. Supdt. of Vaccination,
Allalwbad and Jhansie Divn.
To
R. SIMSON, ESQUIRE,
Secretary to Government,
North- Western Provinces.
DATED AGRA, THE 9TH APRIL, 1870.
SIR,
I have the honour to forward the Annual Report on Vaccination carried
on in the Allahabad and Jhansie Divisions during the season of 1869-70.
2. In the middle of the working season a change was made in the superinten¬
dency of the divisions, owing to Dr. Watson having been selected by the Lieutenant-
Governor to officiate for Dr. Pearson during that officer's absence in Europe.
3. A large extent of the two divisions was travelled over by Dr. Watson and
myself, and the work of numerous Vaccinators was carefully inspected. Dr. Watson
inpected vaccination work in the Zillahs of Cawnpore, Futtehpore, Banda, Allahabad
and Jounpore, and I inspected the work in the Zillahs of Humeerpore, Jhansie and
Lullutpore, and also in those of Futtehpore, Allahabad, and Banda.
4. The work accomplished during the past season is as follows :—Successful,
37,298; unsuccessful, 24,204 ;—total, 61,602.
In comparing this with the work accomplished in the season of 1868-69, it is
evident that there is a very considerable falling off.
This may, with justice, be referred to several causes. First, there were no famine
relief operations in the past season, whereas in the previous one a vast amount of
vaccination was accomplished among the poor and their children, who were congreg-
ated in great numbers in each zillah.
Second, small-pox has not been epidemic, whereas in the cold season of 1868-69
it was rife everywhere, and consequently not only did the people themselves seek
the protection which vaccination affords, but the Civil Authorities gave much encou-
ragement to the work. I think it satisfactory to myself, however, to mention that the
falling off did not commence from the time I assumed the superintendency of the
divisions on the 1st January, 1870, but has existed throughout the season.
Thus, during the months of November and December, 1868, a total of 15,420
was successfully vaccinated; whereas in the same months of 1869 there is only a total
of 8,674, or a falling off of 6,746 in comparison with the previous year.
5. The staff of Native Superintendents and Vaccinators amounts to a total of 86,
viz., 9 Superintendents, 55 Government Vaccinators, five Municipal, seven Local,
and ten in the pay of Native States.
I have had the opportunity of becoming acquainted with six out of the nine
Native Superintendents, and 23 out of the 77 Vaccinators.
I trust next season to be able to report that I have become acquainted with all.
I was much pleased with Native Superintendents Ahmed Yar Khan, Ally Mirza,
and Rujjub Ali Khan, who are men of activity, intelligence and good manners. I
( 14 )
The advantage of these papers would be that a salutary control could be exercised
over the work of the Vaccinators, and the Superintendent in his annual tour could
point out to the head men of the villages the number of births which had occurred
during the previous months with the view of asking them to use their influence to have
a corresponding number vaccinated.
Moreover, the Superintendent would be enabled in his Annual Report to give inter-
esting statistical information which he is precluded from doing at present.
I have, &c.,
J. A. C. HUTCHINSON, M. D.,
Offg. Supdt. of Vaccination, Allahabad and Jhansie Divn.
No. 108 OF 1870.
FROM
R. M. MILNE, M. B.,
Offg. Supdt. of Vaccination, Benares Division,
To
W. WATSON, M. B.,
Offg. Supdt.-General of Vaccination,
North- Western Provinces.
DATED BENARES, THE 1ST APRIL, 1870.
SIR,
I have the honour to submit, for your information, the results of the
Vaccine Operations in the Benares Division for the season 1869-70.
2. Arriving in Benares in the end of October, I remained there until each Vacci¬
nator had succeeded in establishing the vesicle ; then, commencing my tour of inspec-
tion, I have examined the instruments, books, and work of every Vaccinator in the
division.
3. The establishment of Government Vaccinators remains the same as it was
on the date of last report, but among Municipal and Extra Vaccinators there have been
several changes. At the commencement of the season, the Municipal Committee of
Ghazeepore intimated that on account of the funds at its disposal being so limited, the
services of the Additional Vaccinator for that city must be for a time dispensed with;
since then I have heard that the difficulty was only temporary, and that there is a
prospect of its being in a position to support a Vaccinator the ensuing season. The
Magistrates of Azimgurh and Goruckpore gave pecuniary embarrassment as their
reason for not supporting Additional Vaccinators. As the want of an Extra Vaccina-
tor is much felt in Goruckpore, the Magistrate of that District has promised to supply
the necessary funds for next year. The Municipality of Benares continues to enter-
tain two, and that of Mirzapore to support one Additional Vaccinator. During the
season under report an Extra Vaccinator has been working in Chunar, but the funds of
the Municipality are so straitened that there is little hope of his services being retained.
The Maharajah of Vizianagram, K. C. S. I., has for the two last years entertained a
Vaccinator who works in the vicinity of His Highness's Dispensary in Benares. The
inhabitants of Sugnee, in the Azimgurh District, have again liberally subscribed for the
support of an Additional Vaccinator for the more distant parts of that Tehseel. The
custom of subscribing annually for this Extra Vaccinator was begun through the