NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
v
PARA.
PAGE.
161. The elimination of the males
62
162. Maturing of the crop and detection of abnormal females
63
163. The Bengal cultivator misnames the sexes
ib.
164. Cultivation not confined to any class
ib.
165. Rain damages the crop when it is maturing
ib.
166. Irregular cultivation: It may yield ganja, but probably does not often
do so
64
167. Tributary Mahals
ib.
168. Political States, Chota Nagpur:
Information derived from an inquiry made in 1890
65
169. Hill Tippera
66
170. Kuch Behar
ib.
171. Assam
ib.
172. North-Western Provinces
ib.
173. Cultivation in the Himalayas
ib.
174. Class of cultivators: Cultivation is not reputable
67
175. The regular cultivation of bhang
ib.
176. Secret cultivation
68
177. Cultivation for ganja in former days
ib.
178. Principal features of irregular cultivation
ib.
179. Tehri Garhwal and Rampur
ib.
180. Punjab:
Himalayan cultivation
69
181. Cultivation in the plains for bhang
ib.
182. A few details of the method of cultivation
ib.
183. Punjab States
70
184. Central Provinces
ib.
185. The regular cultivation
ib.
186. The detection and removal of male plants
71
187. The female plant with abnormal male blossoms
72
188. The seed crop
ib.
189. Tributary States
ib.
190. Madras
ib.
191. Regular cultivation in North Arcot
ib.
192. Regular cultivation in the Kistna district
73
193. The nursery
ib.
194. Irregular and homestead cultivation
ib.
195. Madras States
74
196. Bombay:
Soil preferred and season of sowing
ib.
197. Sowing and treatment of the crop
75
198. Male and female plants and their different forms
ib.
199. Cultivation in Gujarat
78
200. Bombay States
ib.
201. Aden
ib.
202. Sind
ib.
203. The regular cultivation
ib.
204. Male plant extirpated
79
205. Hindus probably preponderate among the cultivators
ib.
206. Khairpur
ib.
207. Berar
ib.
208. Ajmere
80
209. Coorg
ib.
210. Baluchistan
ib.
211. Burma
ib.
212. Mysore
81
vi
PARA.
PAGE.
213. Hyderabad
81
214. Rajputana
82
215. Central India
ib.
216. Baroda
83
217. Kashmir
ib.
218. Nepal
ib.
219. Information furnished by the Darbar
84
CHAPTER VI.
PREPARATION OF THE RAW DRUGS FROM THE CULTIVATED AND WILD
PLANT.
220. Bengal
85.
221. The manufacture of flat ganja
ib.
222. Manufacture of round ganja
86
223. The Bengal manufacture specially elaborate
ib.
224. The effect of the manufacturing processes
87
225. Disposal of stick, leaf, seeds, and fragments
ib.
226. Preparation of bhang
ib.
227. Preparation of ganja from spontaneous growth
88
228. Evidence as to existence of wild ganja
89
229. Preparation of ganja from illicit cultivation
90
230. Tributary States of Chota Nagpur and Orissa:
Preparation of ganja and bhang
ib.
231. Hill Tippera
91
232. Preparation of charas
ib.
233. Classes engaged in preparation of the drugs
ib.
234. Assam
ib.
235. North-Western Provinces:
Preparation of ganja from plant cultivated secretly
ib.
236. Preparation of ganja from wild growth
92
237. Preparation of bhang
93
238. Preparation of charas
ib.
239. Miscellaneous information about the preparation of charas
94
240. North-Western Provinces States
ib.
241. Punjab
ib.
242. Preparation of bhang
ib.
243. Preparation of charas
ib.
244. Charas in "Punjab Products"
95
245. Preparation of charas in Yarkand
ib.
246. Punjab States
ib.
247. Central Provinces:
Preparation of ganja
96
248. Khandwa ganja inferior to that of Bengal
ib.
249. Feudatory States, Central Provinces
ib.
250. Madras bhang not known as distinct from ganja
ib.
251. Preparation of ganja in North Arcot
97
252. Preparations of ganja in the Kistna district
ib.
253. Peculiar method of preparing bhang
ib.
254. Travancore
98
255. Bombay
ib.
256. Bombay States
99
257. Aden
ib.
258. Sind with Khairpur:
Preparation of bhang
ib.
vii
PARA.
PAGE.
259. Miscellaneous information
99
260. Preparation of fibre
100
261. Berar
ib.
262. Ajmere
ib.
263. Coorg
ib.
264. Baluchistan
ib.
265. Burma
ib.
266. Mysore
101
267. Hyderabad
ib.
268. Rajputana
ib.
269. Central India
ib.
270. Baroda
102
271. Kashmir
ib.
272. Nepal
ib.
273. Summary
103
274. Deterioration of hemp drugs
ib.
275. Causes of deterioration
104
276. Rules regarding deterioration
105
277. Dr. Prain's experiments in packing
ib.
CHAPTER VII.
TRADE AND MOVEMENT OF THE HEMP DRUGS.
278. Bengal
107
279. Exports of ganja
ib.
280. Exports of ganja to North-Western Provinces
ib.
281. Imports of ganja
108
282. Bhang and charas
ib.
283. Kuch Behar
ib.
284. The Tributary States of Orissa
ib.
285. Political States of Chota Nagpur
ib.
286. Hill Tippera
ib.
287. Assam
109
288. North-Western Provinces
ib.
289. Ganja imports
ib.
290. Gwalior the principal source of supply of ganja
110
291. Khandwa and Gwalior ganja inferior to that of Bengal
ib.
292. Other sources of ganja supply
111
293. Import of charas
ib.
294 Charas produced in the Himalayas
ib.
295. Export of charas
112
296. Import and export of bhang
ib.
297. Rampur
ib.
298. Tehri Garhwal
ib.
299. Punjab
113
300. Import of charas
ib.
301. Punjab States
114
302. Central Provinces
115
303. Quantity of ganja produced
ib.
304. Export of ganja
ib.
305. Feudatory States, Central Provinces
116
306. Madras
ib.
307. Probable amount of ganja produced
ib.
308. Exports of ganja
117
309. Madras States
ib.
viii
PARA.
PAGE.
310. Bombay:
Probable amount of ganja produced
117
311. Statistics of sale unreliable: Estimate of consumption
118
312. Ganja supplied to Native States
ib.
313. Transport and import of ganja
ib.
314. Exports by sea
119
315. Distribution of ganja produced in the Presidency
ib.
316. Bhang
120
317. Charas
ib.
318. Bombay States
ib.
319. Sind
ib.
320. Import of ganja
ib.
321. Import of charas
121
322. Khairpur
ib.
323. Berar
ib.
324. Ajmere
ib.
325. Coorg
ib.
326. Baluchistan
122
327. Burma
ib.
328. Mysore
ib.
329. Hyderabad
ib.
330. Rajputana
123
331. Central India
125
332. Baroda
ib.
333. Kashmir
ib.
334. Nepal
126
CHAPTER VIII.
EXTENT OF USE AND THE MANNER AND FORMS IN WHICH THE HEMP DRUGS ARE
CONSUMED.
335. Bengal:
Quality of statistics
127
336. Consumption compared with population of ganja
ib.
337. Consumption of ganja in Calcutta
128
338. Consumption of ganja in the districts
ib.
339. Tracts in which different degrees of use prevail of ganja
ib.
340. Area of heavier consumption of ganja marked off
129
341. Incidence of consumption in the whole population
ib.
342. Individual consumption of ganja
ib.
343. Proportion of excessive consumers of ganja
130
344. The standard of average moderate consumption of ganja
ib.
345. Number of consumers estimated
132
346. Extent of use of bhang
ib.
347. Use of bhang in parts of the province
ib.
348. Individual consumption of bhang
133
349. Extent of use of charas
ib.
350. Sales to retail vendors
ib.
351. Reasons for local increase or decrease
134
352. Kuch Behar
135
353. Tributary States of Chota Nagpur and Orissa and Hill Tippera
ib.
354. North-Western Provinces:
The use of the three forms of the drug in various parts
ib.
355. Consumption compared with population of ganja
ib.
356. Individual consumption of ganja
136
357. Extent of use of charas
ib.
ix
PARA.
PAGE.
358. Extent of use of bhang
136
359. Increase and decrease
ib.
360. Connection between the use of liquor and hemp drugs
137
361. Increase of revenue due to improved administration
ib.
362. Direct testimony as to increase
ib.
363. Direct evidence of decrease
138
364. Competition between ganja and charas
ib.
365. Rampur:
Extent of use of the drugs
ib.
366. Tehri Garhwal:
Extent of use of the drugs
ib.
367. Punjab:
Extent of use: Charas and bhang are used, not ganja
ib.
368. Extent of use of charas
139
369. Individual consumption of charas
ib.
370. Extent of use of bhang
ib.
371. Estimate of number of bhang consumers
140
372. Increase and decrease: The evidence of the statistics
ib.
373. Bhang
ib.
374. Evidence regarding charas
141
375. Punjab State:
Extent of use
ib.
376. Central Provinces:
The statistics of 1892-93 relied upon
142
377. The use of ganja compared by districts
143
378. Estimate of individual consumption of ganja
ib.
379. Increase of use of ganja
ib.
380. Increase on the balance of evidence
144
381. Feudatory States:
Extent of use
ib.
382. Madras
ib.
383. The statistics of retail sale do not show the full consumption of ganja
145
384. Use of ganja in different parts of the Presidency
ib.
385. The number of consumers of ganja
ib.
386. Increase and decrease of use of ganja
146
387. Madras States
ib.
388. Bombay
ib.
389. Use in different parts of the Presidency of ganja
ib.
390. Total consumption of ganja
ib.
391. Individual allowance of ganja
147
392. Number of regular consumers estimated
ib.
393. Figures of retail sale not generally reliable as index of consumption
ib.
394. Increase and decrease of consumption
148
395. Bombay States
ib.
396. Aden
ib.
397. Sind and Khairpur:
Total consumption estimated of bhang
149
398. Individual allowance:
Number of regular consumers of bhang
ib.
399. Number of consumers of charas
ib.
400. Number of consumers of ganja
150
401. Increase of consumption
ib.
402. Berar
ib.
403. Ajmere-Merwara
151
404. Coorg
ib.
405. Baluchistan
ib.
x
PARA.
PAGE.
406. Burma
151
407. Hyderabad, Mysore, Rajputana, Central India, and Baroda
ib.
408. Kashmir and Nepal
152
409. Army:
Real extent of the use of the hemp drugs not ascertained
ib.
410. Extent of use reported
ib.
411. Little evidence of excessive use
153.
412. Use of the different drugs
ib.
413. Use among principal castes of sepoys
ib.
414. Evidence indicates decrease of use in the Army
ib.
415. Varieties of ganja
154
416. Manner of smoking ganja
ib.
417. Manner of smoking charas
155
418. Other ways of smoking
ib.
419. Mixture of spices in smoking
ib.
420. Mixture of potent drugs in smoking
156
421. Simple preparation for drinking
ib.
422. Spiced preparations for drinking
ib.
423. Mixture of potent drugs for drinking
157
424. Curious ingredients for drinking
ib.
425. Use of hemp drugs with alcohol
ib.
426. Boja
ib.
427. Hemp decoctions sometimes kept ready made
ib.
428. Simple form of eating hemp
158
429. Hemp sweetmeats
ib.
430. Various ways of using hemp for consumption
ib.
CHAPTER IX.
SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS CUSTOMS.
431. Scope of this chapter
159
432. Bengal
ib.
433. Durga Puja
ib.
434. Other occasions on which bhang is used
160
435. Connection of ganja with the worship of Siva
ib.
436. Trinath
161
437. Muhammadans
ib.
438. Assam
ib.
439. North-Western Provinces
ib.
440. Punjab
162
441. Central Provinces
163
442. Madras
ib.
443. Bombay
164
444. Sind
ib.
445. Berar
165
446. Ajmere-Merwara
ib.
447. Baluchistan
ib.
448. Native States
ib.
449. Worship of the hemp plant
ib.
450. General conclusions
166
CHAPTER X.
EFFECTS—GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.
451. Prevailing ignorance of the effects
167
452. Bias of certain witnesses
168
xi
PARA.
PAGE.
453. Ganja and charas compared
169
454. Flat, round, and chur ganja
170
455. Smoking and drinking or eating
ib.
456. Admixtures
171
457. Dhatura
172
458. Medicinal use
174
459. Ancient literature
ib.
460. Modern native practice
175
461. Treatment of disease
176
462. Therapeutics
177
463.
Pulmonary sedative
ib.
463.
Asthma and bronchitis
ib.
464. Diuretic action
178
465. Tonic and other effects
179
466. Aphrodisiac action
ib.
467. Cattle-disease
180
468. Is moderate use beneficial?
ib.
469. Food accessory or digestive
181
470. To give staying power
ib.
471. Febrifuge
182
472. Other beneficial effects
ib.
473. Contrary evidence
ib.
474. Is moderate use harmless?
183
475. Ganja
184
476. Bhang
ib.
477. Silent witnesses
ib.
478. Formation of the habit
ib.
479. Strength of habit
185
480. Moderation and excess
ib.
481. Hereditary tendency
186
482. Physiological action of the drugs
ib.
483. Dr. Cunningham's experiment on ganja inhalation
188
484. All three forms of the drug considered together
191
485. Immediate effects
ib.
486. Duration of these effects
192
487. After effects
193
488. Classes who use the drugs as stimulants
194
489. Popular opinion regarding this use
ib.
490. Hemp drugs and alcohol
195
491. Injurious effects of hemp drugs (history)
197
492. Effects in other countries
199
493. Failure of witnesses to distinguish excessive from moderate use
ib.
494. Medical witnesses
ib.
495. General view of the whole evidence regarding evil effects
200
496. The general character of the evidence
201
497. The necessity for testing it
ib.
498. Limitation of the issues raised
202
CHAPTER XI.
EFFECTS—PHYSICAL.
499. Medical evidence regarding dysentery, bronchitis, and asthma
205
500. Bengal
ib.
501. Assam
208
xii
PARA.
PAGE.
502. North-Western Provinces
209
503. Punjab
214
504. Central Provinces
216
505. Madras
ib.
506. Bombay
219
507. Sind
221
508. Burma
ib.
509. Berar, etc.
222
510. Summary of the evidence
223
511. General effects of excessive use
ib.
CHAPTER XII.
EFFECTS—MENTAL.
512. Insanity
225
513. Popular impression
ib.
514. Difficulty of getting accurate information
226
515. Asylum statistics
227
516. Statistics are based on the descriptive rolls
230
517. Untrustworthiness of descriptive rolls
ib.
518. Asylum statistics quite untrustworthy
233
519. Dacca Asylum no exception
ib.
520. Explanation of the use of these worthless statistics
236
521. Further inquiries made by the Commission
237
522. Mixed cases
239
523. Heredity
ib.
524. Alcohol
240
525. Dhatura
241
526. Cases due to hemp drugs
ib.
527. Classification and types of accepted cases
242
528. Occupation
ib.
529. Liability at various ages and relapses
243
530. Duration of insanity
ib.
531. Proportion of recoveries
245
532. Mortality
ib.
533. Symptomatology
ib.
534. Post-mortem examinations
247
535. Diagnosis of hemp drug insanity
ib.
536. Summary of conclusions regarding hemp drug insanity
249
537. Cerebral stimulants
251
538. Legrain's description of poisons of the mind
252
539. Intoxication and insanity
254
CHAPTER XIII.
EFFECTS—MORAL: GENERAL SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS.
540. Social effects
255
541. Are consumers offensive to their neighbours?
ib.
542. Connection of hemp drugs with crime
ib.
543. Bad characters
256
544. Do criminals fortify themselves with these drugs?
ib.
545. Do criminals administer them to their victims?
257
546. Evidence that excessive consumption is not connected with unpreme-
ditated crimes, especially crimes of violence
ib.
xiii
PARA.
PAGE.
547. Evidence to the contrary
258
548. Cases referred to
259
549. Cases in which the record has not been called for
260
550. Cases in which the records were examined
ib.
551. Results of the examination of these cases
263
552. Summary of conclusions regarding effects
ib.
CHAPTER XIV.
THE POLICY OF HEMP DRUG ADMINISTRATION.
553. General principles regarding sumptuary laws and their application to
India
265
554. The question of entirely suppressing all intoxicants
266
555. Not laid before the Commission
ib.
556. The past history of the case how far to be relied upon
267
557. Prohibition in other countries
269
558. Turkey
270
559. Egypt
ib.
560. Greece
271
561. Trinidad
ib.
562. Basis of prohibition and results in these countries
ib.
563. Is prohibition in India justifiable, feasible, and advisable?
ib.
564. Prohibition of bhang
272
565. Prohibition of ganja and charas
ib.
566. The evidence regarding prohibition of ganja and charas may be con-
sidered together
ib.
567. Supply of ganja and charas in its relation to prohibition
273
568. Opinions of the witnesses regarding prohibition of ganja and charas
ib.
569. Opinions regarding prohibition of ganja and charas
274
570. Bengal opinions in favour of prohibition of ganja
ib.
571. Opinions against prohibition of ganja in Bengal
276
572. Assam:
Opinions in favour of prohibition of ganja
277
573. Opinion against
ib.
574. North-Western Provinces:
Opinions in favour of prohibition of ganja and charas
278
575. Opinions against prohibition
ib.
576. Punjab:
Opinions for prohibition of charas
279
577. Opinions against prohibition of charas
281
578. Central Provinces:
Opinions in favour of the prohibition of ganja
282
579. Opinions against prohibition of ganja
ib.
580. Madras:
Opinions in favour of the prohibition of ganja
283
581. Opinions against prohibition
284
582. Bombay:
Opinions in favour of prohibition of ganja
ib.
583. Opinions against prohibition
285
584. Berar, etc.
986
585. General conclusions in regard to total prohibition of ganja, charas,
and bhang
ib.
586. Policy in regard to hemp drugs
287
587. Objection to raising revenue from hemp drugs
ib.
588. Systematic treatment necessary
288
xiv
PARA.
PAGE.
589. Question of introducing a Government monopoly for hemp drugs dis-
cussed
289
590. Supervision by Government of India necessary
290
CHAPTER XV.
EXISTING SYSTEMS DESCRIBED.
591. Systems of excise in the various provinces
291
592. Bengal:
Law in force
ib.
593. Manufacture not defined
292
594. The system in Bengal: Rajshahi ganja
ib.
595. Where the existing practice differs from the rules
293
596. Garhjat ganja and illicit practices
ib.
597. Charas
294
598. Bhang
ib.
599. Wholesale vend
295
600. Retail vend
ib.
601. Taxation
ib.
602. Assam:
Law in force
296
603. Supply of the drugs
ib.
604. System of vend and taxation
297
605. North-Western Provinces:
Law in force
ib.
606. Supply of the drugs
ib.
607. Imports of the drugs
298
608. Smuggling
ib.
609. Defect in the North-Western Provinces system of supply
ib.
610. System of vend
ib.
611. Statistics
299
612. Punjab:
Law in force
ib.
Supply of the drugs
ib.
613. Import and transport
ib.
614. Excise system
300
615. Proposal to tax charas and bhang
301
616. Central Provinces:
Law in force
ib.
617. Supply of the drugs
ib.
618. Khandwa ganja
ib.
619. Wholesale vend
302
620. Retail vend
ib.
621. Statistics
ib.
622. Madras:
Law in force
303
623. Supply of the drugs
304
624. System of excise
ib.
625. Bombay:
Law in force
305
626. Sources of supply in Bombay
306
627. System of vend in Bombay
ib.
628. Sind
ib.
629. Aden
307
630. Berar
ib.
xv
PARA.
PAGE.
631. Ajmere, Coorg, and Quetta-Pishin
307
632. Summary of systems
ib.
CHAPTER XVI.
PROVINCIAL SYSTEMS EXAMINED.
633. Scope of this chapter
309
634. Farm of monopoly of vend not sufficient
ib.
635. Combination of direct duty with auction of licenses the best system
ib.
636. Control of cultivation
310
637. Limitation of shops
ib.
638. Artificial checks not desirable
ib.
639. Prices of the drugs
ib.
640. Ganja administration in Bengal
312
641. Results obtained
313
642. Weak points in Bengal system
ib.
643. Storage
ib.
644. Smuggling in Orissa
314
645. Reduction of all ganja to chur
ib.
646. Ganja administration in the Central Provinces
315
647. Table showing the results of the ganja administration from 1882-83
to 1892-93
316
648. Review of Central Provinces system
ib.
649. Ganja exported to other provinces and Native States should pay
duty
317
650. Duty should be raised also on ganja consumed in the province
ib.
651. The system of supplying ganja to retail vendors at a fixed price
ib.
652. Advantages claimed for the system
318
653. Disadvantages of the system
ib.
654. Its abolition recommended
319
655. Storage of ganja and increase in number of wholesale vendors
ib.
656. Assimilation of the Bengal and Central Provinces systems
320
657. North-Western Provinces
ib.
658. Madras and Bombay
321
659. Compared with Bengal and the Central Provinces
ib.
660. History of the subject in Madras
322
661. Treatment of the subject in Bombay
323
662. Control of cultivation for ganja
ib.
663. Restriction of area of cultivation
324
664. Objection as regards private cultivation
ib.
665. Objection as regards wild growth in Madras and Bombay
ib.
666. Objection as regards Native States
ib.
667. Evidence relating to control of cultivation in Madras
325
668. Bombay
326
669. Supervision of the manufacture and storage of the crop required with
a view to imposition of duty
ib.
670. Levy of duty in Madras and Bombay
ib.
671. Recommendations regarding taxation of ganja in Madras and Bombay
327
672. Berar
328
673. Ajmere, Coorg, and Quetta-Peshin
ib.
674. Taxation of charas
ib.
675. Transport of charas and inter-provincial arrangements
329
676. Control of bhang
ib.
677. Recommendations for its control and taxation
330
678. Distribution of the hemp drugs to retail vendors
ib.
xvi
PARA.
PAGE.
679. Import, export, and transport duties
331
680. Retail vend:
(a) Separation of licenses for different kinds of drugs
ib.
681. (b) Separate sale of shops
332
682. (c) Grant of retail licenses to wholesale vendors
ib.
683. (d) Licensing of shops
ib.
684. (e) Consumption on the premises
333
685. Local option: Law regarding—
334
686. Evidence of revenue authorities regarding local option
ib.
687. Other evidence
336
688. Commission's view of local option
ib.
689. Maximum of possession
ib.
690. The Commission's view
337
691. Taxation of hemp drugs according to strength
338
692. Burma:
History of prohibition
ib.
693. Smuggling of ganja in Burma
340
694. Failure of prohibition
341
695. Conclusions of the Commission regarding Burma
ib.
CHAPTER XVII.
SYSTEMS OF NATIVE STATES.
696. Systems in Native States
343
697. States in the Himalayan tract where the plant grows wild
ib.
698. In other States the production of ganja is the most important feature
ib.
699. Hyderabad
344
700. Mysore
ib.
701. Baluchistan
345
702. Baroda
ib.
703. Central India Agency
346
704. Indore
ib.
705. Gwalior
347
706. Bhopal
ib.
707. Baghelkhand Agency
ib.
708. Bundelkhand Agency
ib.
709. Bhopawar Agency
348
710. Western Malwa Agency
ib.
711. Rajputana Agency:
Jeypore
ib.
712. Jodhpur
ib.
713. Udaipur
349
714. Bikanir
ib.
715. Alwar
ib.
716. Bhartpur
ib.
717. Kotah
350
718. Tonk
ib.
719. Jhallawar
ib.
720. Bundi
ib.
721. Dholpur
ib.
722. Banswara
351
723. Sirohi
ib.
724. Kerowli
ib.
725. Kishengarh
ib.
726. Jaisalmir
ib.
xvii
PARA.
PAGE.
727. Shahpura
351
728. Partabgarh and Lawa
352
729. Hill States lying between Bengal, the Central Provinces, Madras
ib.
730. Tributary States of the Central Provinces
ib.
731. Tributary States of Chota Nagpur
353
732. Tributary States of Orissa
ib.
733. Remarks on the administration of Orissa Tributary States
356
734. Agency Tracts of Madras
ib.
735. Punjab Native States
357
736. Madras Native States
ib.
737. Bombay Native States
ib.
738. Khairpur in Sind
ib.
739. Commission's recommendation in regard to Native States generally
358
CHAPTER XVIII.
SUMMARY.
740. Conclusions arrived at by the Commission
359
741. Suggestions made by the Commission
360
742. Suggestions regarding Burma
361
Note of dissent by Raja Soshi Sikhareswar Roy
363
Note of dissent by Lala Nihal Chand
383