NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
4
exists in the current year s budget for ordinary grants-in-aid to asylums,
for grants for the maintenance of the additional lepers that the Act may
be expected to send to them and of lepers' children, and for additional
staff.
Enlargement and improvement
of leper asylums.
The conversion of privately managed leper asylums, where attend-
ance is voluntary, into asylums under the
Act, where lepers are to be detained under a
warrant, entailed the enlargement and altera-
tion of many of the buildings. A beginning has been made with the
construction of walls and fences and of special detention wards for
lepers who attempt to escape. The care of the untainted children of
leprous parents is to receive special attention. If the consent of the
parents can be obtained, the children will, if possible, be handed over to
charitable institutions, while, in cases where the parents will not agree to
absolute separation, small nurseries are to be provided for them near
each asylum. A sum of Rs. 25,000 has been provided in the current
year's budget on account of the initial cost of detention wards, nurseries
and fences, and further sums will be allotted, if necessary, on this account
when detailed proposals are received.
The machinery of the Act
It is scarcely necessary to describe in any detail the machinery
necessary for the working of the Act. It
will suffice to say that a Superintendent has
been nominated for each asylum, rules framed for their guidance, and a
board appointed to supervise the working of each asylum. Certifying
" Inspectors " under the Act have been notified, and also the appellate
authorities to whom their decisions may be referred. Schedules of
trades and callings forbidden to lepers have also been notified ; lepers may
not, for example, personally prepare for sale or sell any articles of food
or drink or minister to the public as domestic servants, washermen,
barbers, or in any similar intimate capacity. Finally Government wish
to give their assurance that though many of the asylums will be adminis-
tered by Missions, full precautions have been taken to ensure that no
improper pressure will be brought to bear on any inmate or children to
induce them to change their religious faith. The cordial thanks both of
Government and the community at large are "due to the " Mission to
Lepers in India and the East " and to the American Marathi Mission for
their most welcome and thorough co-operation in the work of relieving
the lepers themselves and removing a danger to the public health.
BOMBAY : PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT CENTRAL PRESS.
BULLETIN
OF THE
PASTI UR INSTITUTE
OF
SOUTHERN INDIA.
No. 1. 1908.
PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE
OF THE ASSOCIATION.
MADRAS
PRINTEED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT GOVERNMENT PRESS.
1909
B U L L E T I N
OF THE
- PASTEUR INSTITUTE
OF
SOUTHERN INDIA.
No. 1. 1908.
PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE
OF THE ASSOCIATION.
MADRAS:
PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRESS.
1909.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Section
1. The influence of cyllin on the virus of rabies
2. The diagnosis of rabies in inoculated animals
3. The measure of immunity against rabies in human beings
4. The measure of immunity against rabies in animals
PAGE
1
1
5
7
5 . The degree of infectivity of various parts of the central nervous system in rabies in
relation to the treatment of patients
10
6. Negri bodies
13
7. On toxins in rabies
24
8. Histology of the blood in rabies
26
9 . The susceptibility of Guinea pigs to rabies and the result of attempts at immunising
them
28
10. The action of chloroform on fixed virus
29
11.The infectivity of the peripheral nerves in rabies
30
12 . A method of estimating the percentage of chlorides in serum
30
13 . The formation of a hæmolytic amboceptor in the blood of patients as a result of antirabic
inoculations
32
References
33
STAFF.
Director
J. W. CORNWALL, M.A., M.D., D.P.H., Major, I.M.S.
Assistant Director
A. G. MCKENDRICK, M.B., Captain, I.M.S.
Assistant Surgeon
M. KESAVA PAI, M.B., C.M.
Hospital Assistant
S. RAMASAMY AIYAR.
.
BULLETIN
OF THE
PASTEUR INSTITTUTE
OF
SOUTHERN INDIA.
1. THE INFLUENCE OF CYLLIN ON THE VIRUS OF RABIES.
BY
J. W. CORNWALL AND M. KESAVA PAL.
To determine for the purposes of the laboratory whether cyllin is a disinfectant to be relied.
On to destroy the virus of rabies, which is at present inseparable from animal tissues and,
therefore, from organic matter, a 1 in 50 fixed virus emulsion was passed through a sterile filter
paper to remove the coarse particles and mixed in equal quantities with 1 in 200 and 1 in 400
emulsions of cyllin.
After contact of 3 minutes a t room temperature the mixtures, were centrifugalised and the
sediment washed twice with 85 per cent. salt solution to remove the cyllin which had been found
to have an injurious action when brought into contact with the cerebrum.
Subdural inoculations of rabbits with these washed sediments were without effect, showing
that cyllin in a dilution of 1 in 800 is capable of destroying the virus of rabies in from 3 to 5
minutes at the ordinary temperature.
2. THE DIAGNOSIS OF RABIES IN INOCULATED ANIMALS.
BY
J. W. CORNWALL AND M. KESAVA PAI.
T EMPERATURE AND W EIGHT.
There is no difficulty whatsoever in deciding whether a rabbit or any other animal has
acquired rabies in the vast majority of instances when the typical symptoms appear, but there
is a by-no-means negligible minority in which the diagnosis is far from certain, judged by the
symptoms alone.
An animal may present some slight signs of muscular weakness on the 6th or 7th day and
die within a few hours. Another may remain apparently in excellent health for 20 days or more
and then be found dead one morning. These are often the cases in which it is particularly
important to know whether rabies was the cause of death or not. If street virus be in question
then a microscopical examination of the brain and the discovery of Negri bodies settles the matter
at once positively, but if a fixed virus animal is the subject sections of the brain cannot always
be relied on to afford the required information, nor will a gross post mortem give positive,
assistance.
A subinoculation of the suspected brain can doubtless be performed with no uncertain result,
but time is required and the test is not always practicable. Hence any additional indications of
organic change peculiar to or commonly observed in rabies would possess a high value.
With the object of accumulating some such points of evidence we began by ascertaining the
daily variations in temperature of normal rabbits, and then tested rabbits subdurally inoculated
with fixed virus.
Curve showing the mean daily temperature
morning and everting of 24 rabbits
inoculated with fixed virus subdurally
Chart I .
S. O. R e g : N o . 1 6 3 3 .
1 9 0 9 C o p i e s : — 4 + 2 0 4 .
Chart 2.
S . O . R e g : N o . 1 6
3 4 .
1 9 0 9 C o p i e s : — 4 + 2 0 4 .
6
TABLE No. 3 showing the action of the serum of patients undergoing antirabic treatment
on fixed virus emulsion.
Number of patient.
Day of treatment.
Proportion of serum to virus.
Virus destroyed
or not.
66/07
10th.
1 5 t h
( l a s t ) .
200 to 1
150 to 1
No.
No.
70/07
74/07
10th.
14th (last).
100 to 1
200 to 1
1 0 0 t o 1
2 0 0 t o 1
No.
Yes.
No.
Yes.
_
15th (last).
2 0 0 t o 1
No:
82/07
15th (last).
200 to 1
No.
108/07
1 1 t h
1 1 t h ( l a s t ) .
2 0 0 t o 1
200 to 1
No.
No.
121/07
10th.
14th (last).
200 to 1
200 to 1
No.
No.
As far as it goes the above table indicates that it is unusual to find evidence of any antirabic
property in the serum of patients undergoing the ordinary course of antirabic treatment at
this Institute, which then consisted in the inoculation of 1 .35 grammes of cord substance, which had
been preserved in glycerine, in a period of 14 days.
The antirabic power of the serum of patient 70 in the proportion of 200 serum to 1 virus on
both the 10th and 14th days of treatment may have been an idiosyncrasy on his part or may
have been only apparent and due to experimental error. The evidence of an antirabic power
in a serum, a negative experiment, is naturally less reliable than the proof of its absence by a
positive experiment.
In several of the tests of which Table 3 is a summary the serum of these patients actually
seemed to be in some way adjuvant to the virus, inasmuch as it rendered the incubation period
shorter than was the ease with the controls, though this may have been purely coincidence.
It was scarcely expected that any antirabie power would be shown by the serum of patients
while still under treatment, bearing in mind the relatively small doses of virus which are injected,
though in the case of Goat C, to be referred to later, which received far larger doses some
antirabic power was developed during the period of treatment.
The next step, namely, to ascertain whether antirabic substances are developed. in the blood. of
patients some time after the completion of their course of treatment is one somewhat difficult
to accomplish, since the patients immediately depart to their homes generally hundreds of miles
away. The only chance is to wait for patients who happen to live in the neighbourhood of the
institute.
TABLE No. 4 showing the effect of the serum of patients on fixed virus emulsion
after
the end of their course of treatment.
Number of patient.
Days after end of treatment.
Proportion of serum to virus.
_
Virus destroyed
or not.
125/07.
10
200 to 1
No:
20
200 to 1
ho.
140/07.
10
200 to 1
No.
25
200 to 1
No.
150/07.
12
200 to I
No.
25
200 to 1
No.
30/08.
60
200 to 1
No.
It would appear from these results that the antirabie power of the serum of patients is not
appreciably raised by means of the treatment either during , or after the course.
Working with street virus we found that normal human serum did not destroy it in the
proportion of 200 to 1, that the serum of patient 33/08 on the last day of his treatment did not
destroy it in the proportion of 200 to 1 and that the serum of patient 50/07 drawn 265 days after
the end of his course was similarly ineffective in the proportion of 200 to 1.
15
Schiffmann (19) made a series of subdural passages through rabbits, starting with street
-virus, and states that Negri bodies gradually disappeared until at the 45th passage they were
no longer recognisable. He states that a notable change was visible from the second passage,
that the complex forms-first ceased to appear, that the hippocampus was clear sooner than the
-cerebellum and that the small round forms were the last to go.
In order to trace the changes in the appearance of Negri bodies, we have also passed street
virus through a series of guinea-pigs with the results shown in the following table. Except
-where mentioned all the passages were made from a piece of the cortex either fresh or kept in the
ice box for 24 hours :—
TABLE No. 8 showing the changes in the incubation period of rabies passed through a series of guinea-
pigs subdurally and the changes that occur in the size of the Negri bodies to be seen in the hippo-
campus. The street virus was to begin with obtained from the cortex of a naturally infected dog.
Passage number.
Incubation in days.
Maximum size of Negri
bodies found.
1 ...
...
...
...
12
1 5 µ
2 ...
11
1 2 µ
7
-
8 µ
6
10µ
5 (7 days in glycerine in
ice box.)
Died 5th night suddenly.
5 µ
6 ...
...
...
... Died 5th night suddenly.
2 µ
7
8µ
5
8µ
9
7
10µ
10
7
8 µ
6
10µ.
12
..
•••
•••
•••
5
7 µ
13 (8 days in glycerine in
ice box).
Died 4th night suddenly.
6µ
14
6
8µ
15 (2 days in ice box)
...
4
8 p
16 ...
...
6
7µ
6
5,u.
7
7µ
5
5µ
5
5µ
5
5u
22 ...
...
...
...
Died suddenly 5th night.
5µ
5
8/./.
24
...
...
...
...
D ied suddenly 5th night.
8µ
25 ...
••
•••
•••
6
8µ
26 ..
..
•••
Died 5th night.
10u
Died 5th night.
8p
5
8µ
29
4
10µ
5
5µ
31
•••
•••
4
9µ
5
8µ
16
Passage number.
Incubation in days.
Maximum
size of Negri
bodies found.
3 3
5
5 µ
3 4
5
1 2 µ
35
6
7 µ
36 (10 days in glycerine in
ice box).
5
8 µ
3 7
Died 6th night.
5µ
3 8
5
3µ
3 9
5
6
4µ
40 ...
5µ
41 (5 days in glycerine in
ice box).
5
8µ
42
5
3µ
A similar series of passages was made in dogs for the double purpose of ascertaining the
progressive changes in the Negri bodies and whether the virus tends to die out in these animals,
as Pasteur originally stated, or whether it tends to become fixed as recently maintained by
Marie (10). The strain of virus used was obtained from a naturally infected dog but not the one
employed in the guinea-pig series (Table 8). A delay between the passages sometimes occurred
owing to difficulty in obtaining stray dogs. Where not otherwise mentioned the cortex, either
fresh or kept for 24 hours in the ice box, was used for each inoculation.
TABLE No. .9 showing the effect of successive passages of street virus in dogs on the incubation period
and on the appearance of Negri bodies.
Passage number.
Incubation
period in days.
Negri bodies.
1 (11 days in glycerine in
ice box).
15
Numerous and large.
2 (3 days in ice box)
...
10
Numerous and large.
3 (6 days in glycerine in
ice box),
17
Smaller.
Trypanosomes in subarachnoid fluid.*
4 (4 days in glycerine in
ice box).
9
Very small.
5 (2 days in ice box)
...
10
Tiny 1µ
6 (3 days in ice box)
...
11
None in H.M.
Small in cerebellum.
7
14
Cortex 1u — 2µ numerous.
Cerebellum, none.
8
8
H.M. and cortex 1µ
9
9
H.M.
-
Cerebellum. None.
10 (2 days in ice box) ...
9
Hippocampus Major None.
Cerebellum.
Cortex
1µ — 2µ.
11 (2 days in ice box)
...
9
Hippocampus Major
Spinal ganglia.
Cervical cord.
1µ.
12
Hippocampus Major
Cortex.
Cerebellum,
1µ.
Spinal ganglia
I
* Vide text below.
3 4
(24) Williams and Lowden. Journ. of Infect. Dis. III., May 1906.
(25)
Baschieri. Quoted in Bull. de l' Inst. Past., 1906, p. 650.
(26) Mareschi. Quoted in Bull. de l' Inst. Past., 1905, p. 789.
(27) Poor. Proc. N.Y. Path. Soc. XXIV., 5th Oct. 1904.
(28) Stephanescu. C.R. Soc. Biol. LXII. 1907, p. 877.
(29) Luzzani. Zeit. für Hygiene, XLIX. 1905.
(80) Babes. Zeit. für Hygiene. LVI. 3, 1907.
(31) Remlinger. Annales de l' Inst. Past., 1903, p. 834.
(32) Marie. C.R. Soc. Biol. LV. 1903, p, 1290.
(33) Fermi. Zeit. für. Hygiene. LVIII. 2, 1907, p. 233.
(34) Courmont and Lesieur. C.R. Soc. Biol. 1901, 1902. Quoted in Art. " Lyssaimmunität " in
Vol. 4. of Kolle and Wassermann's Handbuch.
(35) Prowazek. Archiv für Protistenkunde. X, 1907, p . 336.
(36) Harvey and McKendrick. Scientific Memoirs by officers of the Medical and Sanitary
departments of the Govt. of India No. 30, 1907, p. 34.
( NEW SERIES. )
No. 24.
IP/QB.10
SCIENTIFIC MEMOIRS
BY
OFFICERS OF THE MEDICAL AND SANITARY DEPARTMENTS
OF THE
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
ON A PARASITE FOUND IN THE WHITE CORPUSCLES
OF THE BLOOD OF PALM SQUIRRELS.
BY
CAPTAIN W. S. PATTON, M.B., I.M.S.
ISSUED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
BY THE SANITARY COMMISSIONER WITH THE GOVERNMENT
OF INDIA, SIMLA.
CALCUTTA:
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.
1906.
Price annas 12 or 1s. 2d.
No. 24.
(NEW SERIES.)
SCIENTIFIC MEMOIRS
BY
OFFICERS OF THE MEDICAL AND SANITARY DEPARTMENTS
OF THE
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
ON A PARASITE FOUND IN THE WHITE CORPUSCLES
OF THE BLOOD OF PALM SQUIRRELS.
BY
CAPTAIN W. S. PATTON, M.B., I.MS.
ISSUED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
BY THE SANITARY COMMISSIONER WITH THE GOVERNMENT
OF INDIA, SIMLA.
CALCUTTA :
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.
1906.
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ON A PARASITE FOUND IN THE WHITE CORPUSCLES
OF THE BLOOD OF PALM SQUIRRELS.
SEVERAL Hæmogregarinidæ have been discovered recently in the blood of
mammals, and in view of the great importance which attaches to such forms,
the description of another example is of interest, especially as the parasite of this
class which I have found, invades a special cell, the large mononuclear leucocyte.
The squirrel which harbours this parasite of the white blood corpuscles is the
common, striped, palm squirrel of Kathiawar and Gujarat. It would appear on
comparing this squirrel with the corresponding one in Madras, that although
they resemble one another superficially they are distinct species. Brisson, in
1762, established the form with three pale dorsal stripes and a rufous band
under the tail as being the typical palmarum L, and the Madras squirrel
belongs to this species. The Kathiawar squirrel has five pale stripes and
the rufous band under the tail is absent. Mr. Wroughton 1has studied the two
species and decided to separate them, naming the three striped species
Funambulus palmarum and the five-striped form Funambulus pennantii,
raising the latter to a new species.
From the results of examinations of the blood of 18 Madras squirrels, I
think it is probable that the parasite which I propose to describe in this paper
is confined to the Kathiawar species.
Parasites belonging to the genus Hæmogregarina have, until quite recently,
been found only in cold-blooded animals, namely, Batrachia, Chelonia, Crocodilia,
Lacertilia and Ophidia.
The parasites have the following characters : they are elongated, fusiform
bodies with the appearance of vermicules and are seen lying coiled up in the cells
or free in the plasma. They do not produce pigment and have no sexual form
of development. In cold-blooded animals, they are confined entirely to the
red cells.
The first was found by Lankester in the blood of Rana esculenta and
described by him in 1871 ; since then no less than 19 species have been
described. Quite recently two more have been described in frogs, H. neireti 2
and H. theileri, 2 one in an African toad, 3 one in a lizard, H. varani,2 and one in
a tortoise, H. testudinis.2
It was universally believed, that Hæmatozoa of this genus were confined to
cold-blooded animals. It is now known that this is not the case, as they have
been found in the blood of mammals.
2
Apparently the first mammalian hæmogregarine discovered was a parasite
found by Dr. Bentley in 1904 in the white blood corpuscles of a dog in Assam.
This parasite has been described by Captain James, I.M.S. 4 It is seen in
the leucocytes and more particularly in the polymorphonuclear variety.
It appears as an elongated bean-shaped body composed of very slightly
granular protoplasm and lies in the substance of the polymorphonuclear
leucocytes. The nucleus is a large, oval or round chromatin mass. Each
body consists of a definite cytocyst and a parasite enclosed within it. It
contains no pigment granules. The leucocytes containing these bodies show no
degenerative change, and they are not less amæboid than the unaffected
leucocytes.
James describes two forms, one in which the protoplasm stains uniformly
blue and contains, with the exception of the nucleus, no chromatin granules; the
other in addition to the nucleus contained a definite faintly-stained centrosome
situated near one or other side of the parasite and surrounded by a circular area
of unstained protoplasm. A few chromatin granules may be seen scattered
throughout the substance of the parasite.
He describes one of the parasites found free in the plasma in a stained
film. It was almond-shaped but thicker at one end than the other. The
nucleus was elongated and central and the centrosome was distinctly seen.
In two instances he observed two parasites lying in one leucocyte.
In fresh preparations the parasite appeared as a refractile elongated body
lying in the protoplasm of the polymorphonuclear leucocytes. One of the
parasites was observed to escape from a cell ; it performed slow vermicular
movements, but did not pass away from it. It was more pointed at one end and
is depicted as lying curled.
James examined 45 dogs and found six of them were infected ; the animals
seemed to be otherwise healthy.
Bentley,5 i n a p r e l i m i n a r y n o t e o n t h i s p a r a s i t e , m e n t i o n s t h a t t h e d o g i n
which he first found the parasites was of English breed. He describes the
parasite as attacking the polymorphonuclear and transitional leucocytes. In
a diagram accompanying his note, two of the parasites are shown lying in what
appears to be a mononuclear leucocyte. James definitely states that the
parasites were found only in the polymorphonuclear leucocytes and makes no
mention of the mononuclear leucocytes.
From the above short description, it will be seen, that this parasite
resembles a hæmogregarine very closely. Not long ago Laveran 6 referring
to it places it in this genus. It is of extreme interest, as it invades a special
leucocyte and is the first example of a mammalian Leucocytozoön.
Up to the time when James described this parasite our knowledge of