NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
120
TRYPANOSOMA INFECTION IN RATS
[Vol. XXV, Part II,
the normal cytochemical pattern of the trypanosomes was not altered in any way
and it may perhaps be concluded that milk diet in infected rats had no effect on
the metabolic process of the organism. Similar experiments showed that this
diet could not arrest the development of P. gallinaceum in fowls [Ramkrishnan,
1953] and Babesia canis in puppies [Maegraith, 1954]. Both of these are endoglo-
bular parasites and the mechanism of suppression therefore does not probably
depend on the intra or extracellular habitat of the parasite.
Different factors added to milk, such as PABA, folic acid, and cortisone were
found to reverse the parasite control induced by milk in plasmodial infections in-
dicating that milk may be deficient in these principles or interfere with the forma-
tion or functions of these substances which play considerable role in plasmodial
metabolism. Hawking [1954] showed by bio-assay experiments that milk was
deficient at least in PABA. But the trypanosomes in this respect behaved differently
to the plasmodia and suggested that at least these factors used singly were not so
vital to the metabolism of the trypanosomes. This was also supported by our obser-
vations that simultaneous administration of PABA or folic acid to infected rats
treated with antrycide did not modify the course of infection significantly from those
treated with antrycide alone.
All these facts go to suggest that the physiological requirements of trypanosomes,
Babesia canis and P. gallinaceum are completely different from those of the mam-
malian plasmodia. Further researches in these lines are, however, necessary in
order to elucidate the interrelationships of various growth factors in different
protozoal infections.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Our thanks are due to Dr S. C. Dutta, formerly Director, Indian Veterinary
Research Institute, Mukteswar-Kumaun and Dr R. N. Chaudhuri, Director, School
of Tropical Medicine, Calcutta, for giving proper facilities throughout our work.
The award of a research fellowship by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
New Delhi, to one of us (H. G. Sen) is gratefully acknowledged.
REFERENCES
Bray, R. S. and Garnham, P. C. C. (1953). Brit. Med. J., 1, 1200
Dutta, B. N., Chaudhuri, R. N. and Sett, D. (1953). Bull. School of Trop. Med., 1, 7
Fulton, J. D. (1954). Lancet, J. 16, 162
Hawking, F. (1953). Brit. Med. J. 1, 1201
————(1954).
Ibid, 1, 425
Maegraith, B. G., Deegan, T. and Jones. E. S. (1922). Brit. Med. J., 2, 1382
Mackerras, M. J. (1953). Aust. J. Sci. 16, 24
Ramkrishnan, S. P. (1953). Indian J. Malariol. 7, 61
Rodhain, J. (1953). Ann. Soc. Belge. Med. Trop. 30, 245
Refat, M. A., Bray, R. S. and Maegraith, B. G. (1953). Brit. Med. J. 2, 1047
Sen, H. G., Dutta, B. N. and Ray, H. N. (1954). Bull School of Tropical Med. Calcutta 1, 17
STUDIES ON THE CERCARIAL FAUNA IN MADRAS
I. THE FURCOCERCOUS CERCARIAE*
By C. T. PETER, Ph.D., Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar
(Received for publication on 27 July 1954)
(With Plate VI and one appendix)
F URCOCERCOUS group of cercariae consists of a wide variety of forms, all
of which being characterised by the presence of a forked or bifid tail. Though
a large number of furcocercous cercariae have been described from India, only a
few are known to occur in the city of Madras. While investigating into the incidence
of cercarial infection in fresh-water molluscs in Madras City during 1947-49, nine
species of furcocercous cercariae have been encountered. They are enumerated
below and have been assigned to different groups based on Miller's [1926] scheme
of classification.
I. Apharyngeal brevifurcate distomes
(1) Cercariae indicae XXX Sewell, 1922—Group A (the 'Japonicum' group
of Sewell)
(2) Schistocercaria spindalis Soparkar, 1921—Group B (the 'Spindalis' group
of Sewell)
(3) Cerearia saundersi Rao, 1932—Group D (the ' Elvae' group of Miller)
II. Apharyngeal brevifurcate monostomes (the ' Lophocerca ' group of Sewell)
(1) Cercariae indicae IX Sewell, 1922
(2) A cercaria closely resembling Cercaria bombayensis No. 8 Soparkar, 1921
III. Pharyngeal longifurcate distomes (Sewell's Group II, Series 1)
(1) Cercaria hurleyi Rao, 1933
(2) Cercariae indicae II Sewell, 1922
(3) Cercaria mudaliari, sp. nov.
IV. Pharyngeal longifurcate monostome
(1) A cercaria belonging to the ' Vivax' group of Sewell.
Of these, Cercaria mudaliari, sp. nov., Cercariae indicae II Sewell and two
unidentified forms, viz. the one resembling Cercaria bombayensis No. 8 Soparkar and
the other belonging to the ' Vivax' group of Sewell are recorded for the first time
from Madras City, while the occurrence of the remaining five forms has already been
reported by Rao [1932 a and b, 1933 a and b].
*Part of a thesis approved by the University of Madras for the Degree of Master of Science.
121
141 AR/54
10
122
STUDIES ON THE CERCARIAL FAUNA
[Vol. XXV, Part II,
Cercaria mudaliari is named after Shri S. V. Mudaliar, Retired Principal of the
Madras Veterinary College, under whose guidance the work was conducted. Grateful
thanks are due to Shri K. S. Nair, Retired Director of Animal Husbandry, Madras,
for his keen interest in these studies. The snails were kindly identified by the
Director, Zoological Survey of India.
INCIDENCE OF FURCOCERCOUS CERCARIAE.
Of the fresh-water molluscs collected from all the available sources in the city
of Madras, only the following four species were found to discharge furcocercous
cercariae:
(1) Indoplanorbis exustus (Deshayes)
(2) Limnaea acuminata (Lamarck)
(3) L. luteola f. succinea (Deshayes)
(4) Vivipara bengalensis (Lamarck)
The percentage of infection of furcocercous cercariae in each species of snail is
given in the Appendix. It is seen from the appendix that Cercariae indicae XXX
and the cercaria of Schistosoma spindalis do not exhibit any host-specificity since they
have been found to occur in both Indoplanorbis exustus and Limnaea spp. of snails.
This is in accordance with the observations made on these cercariae by previous
workers [Soparkar, 1921a; Rao, 1932a; and Bhalerao, 1943].
Though the percentage of infection of furcocercous cercariae in I. exustus is
the lowest, the snail acts as the intermediate host of five furcocercous cercariae;
whereas, infection rate is highest in Vivipara bengalensis, but it serves as host of only
one type of cercaria. The occurrence of a cercaria of the ' Vivax ' group in V. ben-
galensis is significant for there is no previous record in India of this snail acting as
a primary host of any furcocercous cercaria.
CERCARIA MUDALIARI, SP. NOV.
This is a pharyngeal, longifurcate, distome larva occurring only in Limnaea
luteola f. succinea. The cercariae are negatively phototropic and their swimming
movement is typical of the strigeids. They move upwards with tail in advance,
the body being pulled behind in short dashes. At intervals, they keep suspended
in water with the tail up and the furcal rami spread out, acting as a float. On a
glass-slide under a cover-slip, the progress is very slow, the ventral sucker playing
an important role in the crawling movements. Unless disturbed, they will be at
rest, with their body and tail normally relaxed. The shape of the body is very
variable, depending on the amount of contraction and extension which the animal
is capable of to a great extent. In a relaxed state, the body is usually spindle-
shaped with its greatest width anterior to the acetabulum, and the two extremities
are narrower, the anterior being bluntly rounded and the posterior somewhat trun-
cated. When the body is fully elongated the sides become parallel, acquiring a width
almost the same as that of the tail-stem. During contraction, it assumes an oval
or globular shape. It is the pre-acetabular region of the body that contracts or
extends appreciably, thus causing a great variability in its general shape. The
anterior end is in the form of a protrusible snout, capable of being pushed out and
drawn in.
PLATE VI
[ Indian J. vet. Sci. Vol. XXV, Part II
FIG. 1. Cercaria muduliari, sp. now Microphotograph of a live specimen.
FIG. 2. Cercaria muduliari, sp. now Camera lucida drawing of the body and proximal part of tail-
stem.
ABBREVIATIONS USED
act—anterior collecting tubule
aps—anterior penetrating spines
c—caecum
cap—capillary tube
edg—caudal gland
cet—caudal excretory tube
e—eye-spot
eb—excretory bladder
ep—excretory pore
etg—excretory tangle
fc—flame cell
gm—genital mass
m—mouth
met—main excretory trunk
oc—oral cap of spines
oe—oesophagus
os—oral sucker
pet—posteri it collecting tubule
ph—pharynx
pph—prepharynx
s—seta
sg—secretory gland
sgd—secretory gland duot
tet—transverse excretory tube
vs—ventral sucker
141 AR/54
June, 1955]
C.
T.
PETER
123
The tail is attached to the posterior end of the body and forks distally into two
rami. The tail-stem is cylindrical and is highly contractile. When contracted, its
cuticle will be thrown into a number of wrinkles. As is common with all longifurcate
larvae, the rami are not delimited from the tail-stem. They are broadly lanceolate
in shape and end in sharp points. On either side of the caudal excretory vessel are
eight clear and thin-walled cells—the caudal glands, each containing a nucleus.
In live relaxed specimens the furci are nearly twice as long as the tail-stem,
and the latter about two-thirds the length of the body. The dimensions (in microns)
of the body and tail of living as well as of specimens fixed by different methods are
given below:
Specimen
Live
Formalin-fixed
Fixed in Gilson's
Killed by heat
Body
Length
130
159
132
157
Breadth
39
42
45
38
Tail
Stem
length
95
115
83
109
Stem
breadth
23
26
25
25
Furcal
length
173
172
132
183
The cuticle of the body and tail is spinose. The body spines are slightly larger
and curved than those present on the tail-stem and rami. In the region of the
anterior penetrating organ the spination is heavy, the spines being more closely set
in transverse rows giving the appearance of an oral hood or cap. The dorsal border
of the mouth opening is armed with two alternating rows of stumpy spines—the
anterior piercing spines—the anterior row containing eight while the posterior nine.
Between these and the oral spinous cap is a spineless area. In the neighbourhood
of the ventral sucker the spines are totally absent. The inner free margin of the
ventral sucker is also bordered with a fringe of spines arranged in two or three
irregularly alternating rows. A maximum of 53 such spines could be counted.
Their shape and size differ from those of the body spines. Each spine has a triangular
basal plate or handle, on the base of which is mounted a needle-like terminal portion
which is directed towards the centre of the cavity of the sucker. Fine bristle-like
hairs or setae are found on the body and the tail-stem, those on the body being
shorter and lesser in number. On the body, there are five setae on either side, each
measuring 6.5 microns in length, while on the tail-stem there are 10 on either side
arranged in pairs and measuring 16.5 microns each. The furcal rami are devoid of
any setae. There are two pale yellow eye-spots situated on the dorsal surface of the
body lateral to the anterior limit of the penetration glands. They are somewhat
elliptical in shape, with a small notch on the posterior border and measure about
7.5 microns in the horizontal plane.
The oral sucker is oval in outline and is not differentiated into an anterior and a
posterior region as is found in the schistosome larvae. Anteriorly it forms the mouth
126
STUDIES ON THE CERCARIAL FAUNA
[Vol. XXV, Part II,
only five pairs of flame cells are present in the body and six pairs of caudal glands
in the tail-stem, the two penetration glands of either side are differentiated into an
anterior larger one containing coarsely granular oxyphilic cytoplasm and a posterior
smaller one with finely granular basophilic contents, and the body and tail setae
are only four and six pairs respectively.
SUMMARY
An investigation into the incidence of the cercarial infection in fresh-water snails
in the city of Madras revealed the occurrence of nine species of furcocercous cercariae,
of which Cercaria mudaliari, sp. nov., Cercariae indicae II Sewell, 1922 and two
unidentified forms have not been previously reported from there.
The finding of a furcocercous cercaria in Vivipara bengalensis (Lamarck) con-
stitutes a new record.
Detailed description of Cercaria mudaliari, sp. nov., a pharyngeal longifurcate
distome from Limnaea luteola f. succinea (Deshayes) has been given.
REFERENCES
Bhalerao, G. D. (1943). The cercarial fauna of the irrigated tract of the Nizam's Dominions with
suggestions regarding their relationship to the trematode parasites in man and in domestic and
other animals. Indian J. vet. Sci., 13, 294-296
Cort, W. W. (1917). Homologies of the excretory system of fork-tailed cercariae. J. Parasit., 4, 130-134
Miller, H. M. Jr. (1926). Comparative studies on furcocercous cercariae. Ill. Biol. Monogr., 10, (3)
1-112
————(1927).
Furcocercous larval trematodes from San Juan Island, Washington.
Parasitology, 19, 61-83
Olivier, L. and Cort, W. W. (1941). Cercaria douglasi Cort, 1917, and its relation to the cercaria of
Cotylurus flabelliformis (Faust, 1917). J. Parasitol., 27, 343-346
Rao, M. A. N. (1932a). Cercaria saundersi, n. sp. Indian J. vet. Sci., 2, 255-258
————(1932b).
A comparative study of cercarial fauna in Madras. Indian vet. J. 9, 107-111
————(1933a).
A preliminary report on the successful infection with nasal schistosomiasis in
experimental calves. Indian J. vet. Sci., 3, 160-162
————(1933b).
Cercaria hurleyi n. sp. Ibid, 3, 237-239
Sewell, R. B. S. (1922). Cercariae indicae. Indian J. med. Res., 10 (supplement),1-370
Soparkar, M. B. (1921a). The cercaria of Schistosoma spindalis (Montgomery). Ibid 9, 1-22
————(1921b).
Notes on some furcocercariae from Bombay. Ibid, 9, 23-32
June, 1955]
C.
T.
PETER
127
APPENDIX
Rate of occurrence of furcocercous cercariae in the city of Madras
Furcocercous cercariae
(1) Cercariae indicae XXX
(2) Schistocercaria spindalis
(3) Cercaria saundersi
(4) Cercariae indicae IX
(5) Cercaria closely resembl-
ing C. bombayensis No. 8
(6) Cercaria hurleyi
(7) Cercariae indicae II
(8) Cercaria mudaliari
(9) Cercaria belonging to the
'Vivax' group of Sewell
TOTAL
Molluscan hosts and percentage of infection
Species
No.
examined
(1)
Indoplanor-
bis exustus
3863
0.1
0.5
—
0.1
0.1
..
0.6
..
..
1.4
(2)
Limnaea
acuminata
218
..
0.9
5.1
..
..
..
..
..
..
6.0
(3)
Limnaea
succinea
1545
2.8
..
..
..
..
0.7
..
0.7
..
4.2
(4)
Vivipara
bengalensis
99
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
6.1
6.1
SCARIFICATION VERSUS SUBCUTANEOUS METHOD OF
VACCINATION AGAINST RINDERPEST IN GOATS
AND SHEEP
By RADHEY MOHAN SHARMA, Assistant Disease Investigation Officer (Sheep and
Goats), Government Livestock Farm, Hissar ; and TULSA RAM, Ph.D. (U.S.A.),
Veterinary Disease Investigation Officer, Punjab, Government Livestock Farm,
Hissar
(Received for publication on 24 September 1952)
(With four text figures and one appendix)
T HIS paper is the outcome of work conducted under an item of the technical
programme of the 'Scheme for Investigation of Sheep and Goat Diseases in
the Punjab (India)'. Jenner [1800] reported the method of local skin infection as
a satisfactory one for conferring general immunity against small-pox. Besredka
[1930]* showed that vaccination against anthrax by the intracutaneous route con-
ferred immunity of a more solid nature than that obtained by other methods of
inoculation. Tuft [1931]* studied the relative values of various forms of inoculation,
with particular reference to the intracutaneous route in immunisation against typhoid
and found that the rate of antibody production by the intracutaneous route was
equal to that by the subcutaneous route and slightly better than by the intramuscular,
route, although total dose of antigen inoculated by the former was one-seventh of the
amount introduced by the last two methods. It was also contended that since the
skin is richly supplied with reticulo-endothelial cells it may well be adapted for
the liberation of antibodies by the stimulus caused at the site of intracutaneous
inoculation. Siddiqi [1944] published an account of immunisation of cattle against
rinderpest by scarification method and reported that in most cases reactions following
immunisation by scarification were slight or absent; he advocated its superiority
over the subcutaneous method of vaccination. In view of the above findings it
was considered that Goat Tissue Virus Vaccine (Goatis) which, by subcutaneous
method of vaccination, causes severe reaction and even mortality in goats may,
by employing scarification method, prove to be a more useful vaccine for conferring
immunity in these animals. Accordingly, Nagina Singh [1949] carried out some work
but mentioned that there was no difference in the degree of reaction which followed
the two methods of vaccination—scarification and subcutaneous. Due to the above
diverse views it was considered advisable to carry out vaccination by the two methods
on a larger number of animals to obtain more representative results.
* Cited by Siddiqi (1944)
129
141 AR/54
11
130
VACCINATION AGAINST RINDERPEST [Vol. XXV, Part II,
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The subcutaneous method of immunisation against rinderpest was compared
with the scarification method in the following groups of animals :
(a) Betal goats
(b) Bikaneri sheep
(c) Hissari sheep
(d) Lohi sheep
The scarification method adopted in these experiments was similar to the one
used by Siddiqi [1944]. The vaccine used was Goat Tissue Virus Vaccine (Goatis)
obtained from the Punjab Veterinary College, Hissar. For scarification method,
1 gm. of the vaccine was ground in a mortar and 1 c.c. of distilled water added to it
to make it a paste. It was then transferred to 1 c.c. collapsible tubes, each tube
containing about 50 doses. For subcutaneous method, 1 gm. of the spleen tissue
was triturated with 100 c.c. of distilled water, the dose being 1 c.c. for each animal.
OBSERVATIONS
(a) Betal goats
Twenty four male betal kids (age 6 months to 1 year) were taken and
divided into two groups of 12 animals each. One group of kids was
vaccinated with G. T. V. (Brew No. 322, dated 11th December 1950) by scarification
method and the other group was inoculated with 'Goatis' of the same brew by sub
cutaneous method. The temperatures of these 24 animals were recorded every
morning for 10 days after inoculation.
Reactions (Table I and Fig. I). All the 12 kids, inoculated by scarification
method showed thermal reaction and three of them (No. 533, 535 and 513) died of
rinderpest showing dullness, diarrhoea and ulcerations. Similarly the 12 kids
inoculated by subcutaneous method showed almost identical thermal reactions.
Two exhibited diarrhoea and one showed dullness without any diarrhoeic symptoms.
Three of these (No. 540, 514 and 525) died of the disease. Composite charts (Fig. I)
show the average thermal reactions of the above two groups of kids shown separately.
An examination of Table I and Fig. I clearly indicates that there is no significant
difference in the degree of reaction in the two methods.
Further it was observed that the thermal response in the animals in both the
groups lasted from third to seventh day after vaccination. The reaction recorded
was severe, the temperature going as high as 105°F. or even more in some cases.
There was 25 per cent. mortality in each of the two groups.
(b) Bikaneri sheep
One hundred Bikaneri female lambs age 6 months to 1⅓ years were divided in
two groups of 50 each. The animals in the first group were inoculated with G.T.V.
brew No. 337 by the scarification method. The animals in the second group were
vaccinated with the same brew of vaccine by subcutaneous method. Table II
shows the average thermal reactions recorded in the two groups.
Jane,
1955]
R.
M. SHARMA AND TULSA RAM 131
FIG. 1. Average thermal reaction of two groups of kids
132
VACCINATION
AGAINST
RINDERPEST
[Vol. XXV, Part II,
FIG. 2. Average thermal reaction of two groups of lambs
June, 1955]
R.
M. SHARMA AND TULSA RAM 133
TABLE I
Observations recorded
Serial
No.
Descrip-
tion of
animals
1st day
2nd day
3rd day
4th day
5th day
6th day
7th day
8th day
9th day
10th day
Remarks
Scarification method
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
516
533
515
509
519
530
513
529
522
512
527
535
Average
100.6
102.0
100.0
101.0
100.8
101.6
102.6
101.4
102.0
100.8
101.4
102.4
101.4
103.4
102.6
103.2
103.4
103.4
103.8
103.2
103.6
103.6
102.4
102.4
102.4
103.1
103.6
103.0
103.6
103.8
104.2
103.4
103.8
104.0
103.8
103.8
103.8
102.6
103.6
103.8
104.0
104.2
104.8
105.6
104.4
104.8
103.8
103.8
103.6
103.4
105.8
104.3
104.0
105.6
103.4
105.2
103.6
103.8
105.8
105.2
103.8
103.8
103.6
105.6*
104.5
104.4
104.8*
103.2
104.0
103.4
104.8
104.2*
104.4
103.6
103.8
103.4
105.4
104.2
104.2
Died on
103.0
104.4
104.0
104.6
104.0
104.4
104.6
105.0
104.0
105.0
104.3
105.0
20th Decem
103.4
103.8
103.8
104.2
Died on 2
103.8
103.6
103.6
104.4
106.2
104.2
104.4
her 1950.
102.2
103.4
103.8
102.6
1st December
102.2
103.6
103.4
103.0
103.4
103.2
102.8
102.2
102.6
103.2
101.6
1950.
102.2
103.0
100.8
102.8
103.6
102.5
Died on 24th December 1950
Subcutaneous method
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
520
521
523
540
514
525
526
Untatooed
517
511
518
536
Average
102.2
101.0
102.4
100.4
101.6
100.0
101.4
101.2
101.6
100.8
101.8
102.8
101.4
103.4
103.0
103.4
103.4
102.2
103.4
103.6
102.6
103.8
101.6
102.6
103.8
103.1
103.4
103.6
103.4
103.8
103.8
103.6
103.4
102.8
104.4
103.0
102.8
104.4
103.5
104.6
104.4
103.6
105.0
105.0†
103.4
103.6
104.3
103.8
104.4
105.0
101.0
104.5
104.9
104.4
104.4
104.8†
103.8
104.2
104.0
104.4
105.6
103.6
104.6
105.4
104.5
103.2
103.6
105.0
104.8
103.4
104.0†
104.4
103.8
104.6
103.6
104.4
105.6
104.2
103.2
103.4
104.6
104.8
101.4
103.8
104.6
103.8
104.6
103.8
104.4
105.4
104.0
103.6
103.4
103.4
102.4
102.6
103.0
101.6
102.0
102.4
Died on 21st December 1950.
100.0
103.2
104.4
103.6
103.8
103.4
104.0
105.4
103.5
Died on 22nd December 1950.
102.4
104.0
102.8
103.6
102.0
104.2
105.0
103.2
101.8
103.2
102.4
103.4
102.0
101.8
102.4
102.3
Died on 24th December 1950
*Very dull.
† Diarrhoea.
134
VACCINATION AGAINST RINDERPEST
[Vol. XXV, Part II,
TABLE II.
Average thermal reactions in Bikaneri Sheep
Serial
No.
1
2
Description of group
Scarification group
Subcutaneous group
No. of
animals
20
20
Temperature on
1st day
101.8
101.6
2nd day
102.6
102.0
3rd day
103.2
102.8
4th day
104.2
104.2
5th day
104.0
104.1
Serial
No.
1
2
Description of group
Scarification group
Subcutaneous group
6th day
103.3
103.4
7th day
102.8
102.8
8th day
102.3
102.1
9th day
101.8
101.4
10th day
101.4
101.1
Reactions. Out of 50 lambs inoculated by scarification method, 20 were kept
under observation and their morning temperature recorded for 10 consecutive days
after vaccination. The animals showed moderate but definite reaction. Three
showed diarrhoea without any symptoms of dullness. They kept on feeding.
Similarly 20 of the animals inoculated subcutaneously showed more or less identical
reactions. Three of the lambs exhibited diarrhoea without any dullness and in-
appetance. The average thermal reactions in the two groups of lambs are shown in
the composite charts (Fig. 2). An examination of the Table II and Fig. 2 indicates
that there is no significant difference in the degree of reaction in the two methods.
The slight increase (0.19°F) in the average reaction of 10 days in case of the subcutane
ous group is not significant.
The thermal reaction was observed to last for three days from fourth to sixth
day after vaccination. The reaction noticed was a moderate one, the temperature
rise being two degrees or so above normal in both the cases.
(c) Hissari sheep
Ten female lambs varying in age from 6 months to 1⅓ years were taken, and
vaccinated with G.T.V. brew No. 317, dated 5th January 1951, five by scarification
and the remaining five by subcutaneous method. Table III shows the average
reaction observed in the two groups of lambs.
June, 1955]
R.
M.
SHARMA
AND
TULSA
RAM
135
FIG. 3. Average thermal reactions in Hissari sheep
136
VACCINATION AGAINST RINDERPEST
[Vol. XXV, Part II,
FIG. 4. Composite charts of the two groups of lambs