by a large class of people, such as yogis, fakirs,
atits, etc., and there is every probability that
alcohol will be substituted if these drugs are pro-
hibited to them.
37. The effects produced by charas-smoking are
similar to those produced by ganja-smoking, ex-
cept that the effects are intensified in charas-smok-
ing. The nature of the effect of bhang-drinking
is different from smoking ganja. intoxication of
ganja is stronger, more rapid and less lasting. In
the case of ganja the intoxication lasts for about
three hours. Ganja is considered hot. Bhang is
cooling. The intoxication of bhang is milder, not
so rapid and more lasting than ganja. In case of
bhang the intoxicating effects are gradually de-
veloped, while in case of ganja they develop imme-
diately. The intoxication of bhang lasts for about
six hours.
39. All the different preparations of hemp plants
are not used both for drinking and smoking, and
so it is difficult to determine the effects of the
same preparation both when drunk and smoked.
Ganja is generally used for smoking ; in very few
exceptional cases it is taken internally. Charas is
generally smoked. I am not aware of its being
taken internally. Bhang is generally drunk. Of
all the three above preparations bhang is consider-
ed the mildest preparation of hemp drugs. This
appears to me to be true, because the active prin-
ciple of the plant is less in quantity in the leaves
than in the flowers of the plant. The resin is the
active and intoxicating principle of the plant, and
hence it is that chains, which is the resinous exuda-
tion, and ganja which is the flower tops, contain
more of the resinous principle than the leaves, and
hence they are stronger and more intoxicating than
bhaug. The general effects of ganja smoking on the
constitution are exhilaration of spirits, heaviness of
head, which sometimes amount to actual headache,
slight injection of eyes and dryness of the throat,
increase of appetite, and sometimes burning at the
pit of the stomach. The effects produced by bhang to
persons not accustomed are exhilaration of spirits,
dryness of throat, increase of appetite, sensation
of flying in heaven, lengthening of time, concen-
tration of the mind on a particular object to which
he is inclined before taking it. As a rule all these
symptoms are not noticeable in habitual consum-
ers, except slight exhilaration of spirits, general
vigour, and concentration of mind on objects to
which they are inclined before taking the drug ;
thus persons of religious turn become more reli-
gious under its use. Their ideas are concentrated
on one true God. If persons not accustomed to
its use indulge in these drugs excessively they do
become insane, but to those who are habituated,
the habit becomes a second nature ; and the drug
acts more as a food than a narcotic. No injure-
ous effects are produced to habitaual excessive con-
sumers provided they take good nourishing food.
40. Yes. Native vaids do prescribe bhang as
medicine. I do not know of its use in cattle
disease. Different diseases in which it is used are
shown below.
According to native medicine bhang mixed with
dried ginger, black pepper and long pappers is used
in consumption. It is also used for bilious com-
plaints, for increasing intelligence, for strength-
ening sexual organs, for catarrhal ands skin
diseases, for increasing appetite and knowledge,
steadiness of mind, and flatulence. In short this
drug is supposed not to give old age. For these
diseases it is variously mixed with different drugs.
Bhang is also used for reducing tin to the form
of oxide, which goes by the name of "vang."
This is used in gonorrhœa, &c., by native vaids.
41. (a ) It is digestive.
(b) It alleviates fatigue.
Pills made of bhaug, black pepper and treacle
are used as febrifuge.
(c) I have no personal experience of its
beneficial effects as a preventive of disease in
malarious and unhealthly tracts, but it is believed
to be so.
(d) It is used by jewellers, yogis and other
persons who require concentration of mind.
42. I consider moderate use of bhang and ganja,
to be harmless. I have personally seen many per-
sons in perfect health who have been using these
drugs for years together.
44. The immediate effect of the moderate use
of these drugs on the habitual consumer is refresh-
ing and exhilarating. It does not produce so
much intoxication because he is accustomed to
the drug. It does create some appetite. The
effect in the case of ganja lasts for about 2 or 3
hours, and in the case of bhang it lasts for about
4 to 6 hours. There are no after-effects except
temporary longing for it and slight uneasiness.
45. ( a ) to ( f ) No.
When taken in habitual moderate doses, it is
not injurious in any way. When indulged in
habitual excessive of doses, I have not seen any
injurious effects, provided that good nourishing food
is taken after its use. Persons not accustomed to
its use indulging in excesses are the class of persons
who generally fall victims to various diseases such as
asthma, insanity, etc. Neither hereditary effects
of any kind result from the use of these drugs, nor
the progeny is affected. Even the abusive use of
these drugs is not so injurious as alcohol.
46. One who is habituated to the use of these
drugs is not affected as regards his constitution in
any way, provided he takes good nourishing food,
because when once the habit is formed, these drugs
do not act as narcotic on him, but act more as food.
In some cases, asthma and bronchitis do occur,
but a man not accustomed to its use, if indulges
in it excessively, then his constitution is affected
both physically and mentally. His face assumes
a peculiar expression, his eyes appear always red,
sensation of floating in air, in rare cases impotence
and insanity is not uncommon ; when insanity
occurs, it is generally of an exciting character.
Sometimes he becomes fearful. The existing ten-
dency of mind is intensified, as is seen
i n r u n -
amuek cases. The insanity produced is generally
of a temporary character. I know of a case in
which a moderate consumer of ganja, by his going
to excess, became insane. He has been under my
observation since 3rd September 1887. In this
case the insanity was of an exciting or maniacal
character. He has shown no symptoms of excite-
ment since January last. In this case I consider
excessive ganja smoking to be the exciting cause
of insanity. I have had no opportunity of seeiag
any case which would justify me in stating that
the symptoms may be reinduced by the use of
the drug after liberation from restraint.
47 and 48. No. It is neither a hereditary habits
nor the progeny is affected.
49. Both bhang and ganja are used for aphro-
disiac purposes, but the use for the purpose is al-
ways in moderation. Both delay seminal emis-
sion during sexual intercourse. I have heard
that it is used by prostitutes for the purpose of
excitement. Its narcotic use is, and ought to be,
more injurious, as the quantity required for this