NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
338
STUDIES
ON
CERCARIAL
FAUNA—III
[ Vol. XXV, Part IV,
separate grouping by virtue of their characteristic javelin-shaped stylets without
basal bulbs. To include these forms, he proposed the ' Conniae ' division of the
' Polyadena ' group. The cercaria under study comes under this division as its
stylet characteristics conform to those of the group.
Cercaria ramanujami, n.sp., can be readily separated from all the previously
described members of the ' Conniae ' division. Cercaria argenti [Brooks, 1943], C.
dorotti [Brooks, 1943] and C. nolfi [Brooks, 1943], do not have their stylets reinforced
at the base. In this respect, C. conniae Brooks, 1943, and C. aalbui Brooks, 1943,
agree with the present species but differ in certain other diagnostic features like the
length of the gut which reaches the level of the acetabulum, the undifferentiated
nature of the genital primordium which is represented only by a simple cluster of
cells posterior to the acetabulum, the absence of any caudal pockets or sinuses con-
taining setae and development of cercariae in pigmented elongate sporocysts. Details
of the excretory system in these two forms have not been described or figured. In
C. conniae, seven pairs of penetration glands are present.
Sewell [1922] erected two sub-groups of " Cercariae armatae ", viz. (1) the
' Polyadena ' group of Cort with slight modification and (2) the ' Daswan ' group.
Cercariae indicae xvii Sewell, a polyadenous larva found in this country resembles
the present one in the number of penetration glands and the shape of the stylet, but
differs in possessing a very small stylet, a well-developed gut and an elaborate
excretory system. The members of the ' Daswan ' group, while agreeing with
the present cercaria in the pattern of the excretory system, are distinguished by the
different shape of the stylet, by the presence of only three pairs of penetration
glands and by the existence of a well-formed gut.
SUMMARY
While investigating into the incidence of trematode infection in snails in the
city of Madras five species of Xiphidio-cercariae were encountered, of which the
occurrence of Cercaria ramanujami, n.sp., obtained from Limnaea luteola f. australis
and an unidentified species of the group ' Cercariae microcotylae ' from Melanoides
tuberculatus has not been previously reported from there. The new species of
cercaria belonging to the ' Conniae ' division of the ' Polyadena ' group of ' Cercariae
armatae ', is described in detail.
REFERENCES
Brooks, F. G. (1943).—Larval trematodes of Northwest Iowa. I. Nine new xiphidio-cercariae
J. Parasitol., 29 : 330-339
Cort, W. W. (1915).—Some North American larval trematodes—III. Biol. Monogr., 1 : 1-86
Luhe, M. (1909).—Parasitische Plattwurmer. I. Trematodes Die Susswasser fauna Deutschlands, 17:
1-217
Rao, M. A. N. (1932).—A comparative study of cercarial fauna in Madras. Indian vet. J., 9 : 107-111
Sewell, R. B. S. (1922).—Cercariae Indicae. Indian J. Med,.Res., 10 (Supplement): 1-370
December, 1955 ]
C.
T.
PETER
339
APPENDIX I
Rate of occurrence of Xiphidio-cercariae in the city of Madras
Xiphidio-cercariae
(1) Cercariae indicae XVII
(2) C. indicae X
(3) Cercaria ramanujami
(4) Cercarie indicae XXIV
(5) Cercaria (sp. ?)
Molluscan hosts and percentage of infection
Species
No.
examined
..
..
..
..
..
Indopla-
norbis
exustus
3863
0.8
0.1
..
..
..
Limnaea
australis
214
..
..
4.7
..
..
Limnaea
succinea
1545
..
..
..
0.5
..
Melanoides
tubercu-
latus
282
..
..
..
..
0.7
36 AR/55
17
CALCIUM CONTENT OF SOME FISHERY WATERS OF
UTTAR PRADESH
By M. P. UPADHYAYA, Department of Fisheries, Uttar Pradesh
(Received for publication on 5th August 1954)
C ALCIUM is one of the essential nutrients in water for good growth of
fish ; it plays an important role in increasing biological activity which
results in enhanced production of fish food. Calcium occurs in the form of carbo-
nates, chlorides and silicates, the quantity of each depending on the type of soil
over which the water stands. It causes hardness in water, which is usually expressed
in terms of calcium carbonate, although it also includes hardness due to magnesium,
iron and aluminium. Fish production is poor in soft waters and good in hard waters.
Ohle [1934] found that the biota of the lakes in North Germany was ' poor ' if calcium
was less than 10 p.p.m. (25 p.p.m. CaCO 3 ), ' good ' when it ranged between 10 and
25 p.p.m. (25-62.5 p.p.m. CaCO 3 ) and ' very good ' to ' rich ' if it exceeded 25 p.p.m.
(62.5 p.p.m. CaCO 3 ). Juday, Birge and Meloche [1938] also made similar obser-
vations. Chacko and Ganapati [1949] have stated that a minimum of 650 p.p.m.
of calcium carbonate is essential for ' really good production '. If a pond is found
deficient in calcium it can be made good by applying 6.5 maunds of slaked lime per
acre, which is usually sufficient for about five years.
During the study of the physico-chemical characters of fishery waters of Uttar
Pradesh, the calcium content of many pond waters was determined. Seventy-six
samples of waters from 27 ponds situated in eight Districts were analysed. The
determination was done by concentrating 500 ml. of water to 100 ml. and making it
acidic with hydrochloric acid. Salts of iron, aluminium, etc. were precipitated by
ammonia and calcium precipitated from the filtrate by adding saturated solution of
ammonium oxalate. The precipitate was titrated against N/10 potassium permanga-
nate, after dissolving it in 10 per cent hot sulphuric acid. (1 ml. of N/10 KMnO 4
equivalent to 0.005004 gm. CaCO 3 ).
Classifying waters according to Ohle [1934], of the 76 samples of waters examined,
9.2 per cent were poor (values less than 25 p.p.m. CaCO 3 ), 32.8 per cent were good
(values between 25 and 62.5 p.p.m. CaCO 3 ) and 57.9 per cent were very good (values
above 62.5 p.p.m. CaCO 3 ). It is surprising to note that not a single sample of water
during the present investigation contained 650 p.p.m. CaCO 3 as required by Chacko
and Ganapati [1949] for really good production.
DISCUSSION
The minimum value of calcium (CaCO 3 ) found in the samples of waters was
14 and the maximum was 256.5 p.p.m. (Appendix I). In the Garha tank, Lucknow,.
having an area of about one acre, the growth of fish was fairly good and calcium
in the pond varied from a minimum of 79.2 to a maximum of 256.5 p.p.m. The
high values of calcium in some months specially during summer, were due to appre-
ciable lowering of the water level (Appendix I), otherwise the values ranged between
79.2 and 97.5 p.p.m. The tank was stocked with 3165 fingerlings of Rohu (Labeo
rohita), Nain (Cirrhina mrigala) and Catla (Catla catla) on the 13th March, 1949
341
36 AR/55
18
December, 1955 ]
M.
P.
UPADHYAYA
343
APPENDIX I
Calcium content of fishery waters of Uttar Pradesh
Name of the tank
Baijupur ki garhi
Parish pond
Benipur
Aerodrome I
Aerodrome II
Aerodrome III
Aerodrome IV
Mahata
Bahadarpur
Takhmama
Jeoli
Boundary
Palm
Naigang
Masjid
Turki
Date
of
collection
Calcium
CaCO 3
p.p.m.
Depth in
ft.
Allahabad District
26-12-50
57
..
Banaras District
25-7-51
14-9-51
6-11-51
30-12-50
6-2-51
16-4-51
18-6-51
14-9-51
6-2-51
19-4-51
19-6-51
14-9-51
6-2-51
19-4-51
19-6-51
24-7-51
14-9-51
14-9-51
14-9-51
14-9-51
66
46
175
187
80
56
72
38
71
55
84
44
46
90
59
50
31
58
24
70
3
..
..
6
16
Barabanki District
16-1-51
21-4-51
6-6-52
38.5
71.7
159.0
4.5
Gorakhpur District
17-8-50
1-11-50
17-8-50
1-11-50
25.1
14
21.6
14
Jaunpur District
31-7-50
31-7-50
94.8
62.5
Lucknow District
30-8-50
28-9-50
31-10-50
30-11-50
29-12-50
25-1-51
23-2-51
14-3-51
26-6-51
26-7-51
35.6
23.0
27.5
23.9
35.0
27.0
23.0
21.0
68.0
61.0
9 7
6
6
5.5
5
4
3.75
..
2
Area
in
acres
..
0.44
..
..
0.18
0.18
1.3
0.95
2
344
CALCIUM CONTENT OF SOME FISHERY WATERS [ Vol. XXV, Part IV,
APPENDIX I—(contd.)
Name of the tank
Turki—(Contd.)
Garha
Paper Mill
Bhittan
Kathauta
Jail
Rapota
Putligliar
Jaswar
Pucca
Gharushah
Hathaura
Date
of
collection
Calcium
CaCO 3
p.p.m.
Detph
in
ft.
Lucknow District—(contd.)
4-3-52
4-4-52
4-6-52
28-8-50
26-9-60
15-11-50
8-12-50
30-1-51
10-2-51
24-2-51
29-3-51
4-5-51
27-6-51
8-11-51
21-11-49
28-11-49
5-12-49
14-12-49
19-12-49
27-12-49
5-1-50
6-2-50
25-2-50
17-3-50
6-6-52
26-6-52
13-4-52
19-5-52
14-6-52
90.0
135.0
110.0
79.2
122.3
94.5
185.0
97.5
97.5
111.0
112.0
125.0
256.5
132.5
200.0
154.5
195.0
140.0
126.7
130.0
136.0
160.0
115.0
106.0
84.0
39.0
135.0
132.0
117.0
Mirzapur District
4-3-51
7-2-52
18-2-52
5-12-50
4-3-51
21-4-52
65.0
63.0
85.0
47.0
75.0
39.0
8
7
5
4
5
5
4.75
3.75
3.75
2.5
Shahjahanpur District
13-2-51
61.0
Area
in
acres
1
1
1.4
1.3
1.5
December, 1955 ]
M.
P.
UPADHYAYA
345
APPENDIX II
Hydrobiological conditions of Garha and Turki tanks, Lucknow
Particulars
Date
Temperature of water
Temperature of atmosphere
pH
Solids p. p. m.
a. Volatile
b. Fixed
c. Total
Carbon dioxide p.p.m.
Total hardness p.p.m.
Total ammonia p.p.m.
Chlorides p.p.m.
Calcium Ca CO 3 p.p.m.
Dissolved oxygen p.p.m.
Zoo-plankton
Phyto-plankton
Volume of plankton residue in 100 ml. water
No. of micro-organisms per 100 ml. water
Garha
26-9-1950
84°F
85°F
7.7
439.2
248.0
687.2
10
103
0.4
174
122.3
0.78
Coleps hirtus
Vorticella
Trachelomonas
volvocine. Tra-
chelomonas his-
pida.
Phacus
pleuromectes
Closterium
Sphaerocystis
0.2 ml.
30
Turki
28-9-1950
84°F
90°F
7.7
76
84
160
7.5
60
0.54
9
23
9.8
Urceolus
Trachelomonas
volvocina. Pha-
cus iongicaudus
Pandorina Ple-
odorina
0.24 ml.
36
APPENDIX III
Chemical constituents of soil of Garha and Turki tanks, Lucknow
Particulars
Date
Volatile solids
Silica SiO 2
Iron Fe 2 O 3
Calcium CaCO 3
Garha
26-9-1950
3.7 per cent
71.6 per cent
13.3 per cent
3.0 per cent
Turki
28-9-1950
4.5 per cent
85.25 per cent
14.64 per cent
2.85 per cent
MGIPC—M—36 AR/55—22-12-55—780.
SUMMARY
OF FURTHER REPORT ON
SURRA:
BY
ALFRED LINGARD,
Bachelor of Medicine and Master of Surgery (Durham)
Diplomate in Public Health (Cambridge);
Fellow of the Bombay University ;
Professor of Bacteriology and Comparative Pathology,
Civil Veterinary Department, India.
BOMBAY:
PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT CENTRAL PRESS.
SUMMARY
OF FURTHER REPORT ON
SURRA:
BY
ALFRED LINGARD,
Bachelor of Medicine and Master of Surgery (Durham)
Diplomate in Public Health (Cambridge);
Fellow of the Bombay University ;
Professor of Bacteriology and Comparativo Pathology,
Civil Veterinary Department, India.
BOMBAY:
PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT CENTRAL PRESS.
1895.
No. 158 OF 1895-96.
IMPERIAL BACTERIOLOGICAL LABORATORY,
Muktesar, viâ Peora, N. W. P
July 24th, 1895.
To
THE INSPECTOR GENERAL,
CIVIL VETERINARY DEPARTMENT,
SIMLA
SIR,
I have the honour to forward, in continuation of my letter No. 132, dated
22nd June 1895, a further Summary of investigations conducted during 1894-95
in accordance with the instructions of the Government of India, R. & A., con-
veyed in their letter No. 3151—36, dated 6th November 1893.
I have the honour to be,
Sir,
Your most obedient Servant,
ALFRED LINGARD,
Imperial Bacteriologist.
CONTENTS.
I.—SURRA :
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
Freeh recorded outbreaks of Surra in different localities.
(i). Equines
(ii). Camels...
(iii). Elephants
Treatment of Horse Surra (naturally contracted)
Does one attack of Surra protect a horse against a
second attack of the same disease ?
Notes for guidanee in the treatment of Surra in
Equines
Remarks on Prevention and Legislation ...
Physiological problems relating to Surra in health and
disease
...
II.—RAT SURRA :
A.
B.
Experimental investigations re Hæmatozoon in Rats ...
Experiments with the Hæmatozoon
III.—BANDICOOT
:
A.
B.
Experimental investigations re Hæmatozoon in Ban-
dicoots
...
...
...
,„
Experimental inoculation with blood of Bandicoot
PAGE.
1
2
2
4
7
7
9
9
10
12
13
13
2
12. At the end of 1894, Surra appeared in the villages of Aurangpur,
Nangala and Dadri in the Jhajjar Tehsil of the Rohtak district; 15 ponies died
in the three villages in November. The country around is known as the Dabar,
on account of the inundation and swamps. Ponies are very few there. (Veteri-
nary Captain H. T. Pease.)
13. An outbreak of Surra occurred affecting horses in the Gurshanker
Tehsil, South Punjab. (Pease.)
14. An outbreak took place amongst Cavalry horses when marching
through Delhi in 1894-95; one squadron was left behind. (Pease).
(ii). Camels—
1891, 1894.—-From March 1891 to October 15th, 1894,740 camels belonging
to the Shutra-Khána stud and Gangu Risald,-have actually succumbed to Surra.
This disease is known by three different names in Rájputána, Tei-barsa (three
years' duration) Sukal, and Galtia, from the fact that one of the symptoms is rapid
wasting, " drying up " or "melting away" of the animal's body. (Veterinary
Captain W. R. Hagger).
2. In the Rotak District the disease is well known to the natives as
" Tebarsa", "Purana" or Nikalgaya, affecting camels. (Veterinary Captain
H. T. Pease).
(iii).
Elephants.
1893,—At Chindwin, the Bombay-Burmah Company lost 24 elephants)
valued at Rs. 45,000 from supposed Surra ' Thut'. (Whitehouse).
2. 1894.—D uring the rains, Anthrax, Dongthan or Gyaikna (Burmese)
raged in tame and wild elephants. (G. H. Evans,' Veterinary Captain).
4
TABLE
B.—Treatment of Horses suffering from
Serial
Num-
ber.
1
1
2
3
4
5
C
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Labora-
tory
Number.
2
CIV
CVI
CVII
CVIII
CIX
CX
CXI
CXII
CXIII
CXIV
CXV
CXVI
CXVII
CX VIII
CXIX
CXX
CXXI
CXXII
CXXIII
CXXIV
CXXV
Owner's
Num-
ber.
3
445
Nil ..
536
Nil ...
Nil ...
27
100
61
41
58
86
388
502
128
822
13
91
96
29
93
?
Owners in Bombay.
4
Tramway Company.
Private
Tramway Company.
Private
Inspector, Police ...
Mounted Police ...
Do.
Tramway Company.
Mounted Police ...
Do.
Do.
Tramway Company .
Do.
Do.
Do.
Mounted Police ...
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Tramway Company
Breed.
5
Australian ...
C. Bred
Australian ...
Arab
Persian
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Australian ...
Persian
...
Australian ...
Do.
Do.
Herati
Persian
Do..
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Sex.
6
Mare ...
Entire ...
Gelding .
Entire ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Gelding...
Entire ...
Do. ...
Do. ..
Gelding .
Do. ...
Do. ..
Do. ..
Entire ..
Do. ..
Do, ..
Do. ..
Do. ..
Gelding
Age.
7
11
Aged.
14
6
9
9
5
13
5
5
5
11
9
16
8
7
5
6
6
7
Aged
Animal
stationed A
at,
8
Bombay .
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Máhim ...
Bombay .
Máhim ...
Bombay .
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ..
Do. ..
Do. ..
Do. ..
Do. ..
Do. ...
Do. ...
Date on which the
Animal was first observed
to be ailing.
9
7th August 1894
3rd
do.
23rd September 1894 ...
3rd
do.
7th October 1894
17th
do.
17th
do.
31st
do.
1st November 1894 ...
17th
do.
16th
do.
17th October 1894
29th November 1891 ...
3rd December 1891 ...
3rd
do.
27th November 1894 ..
19th
do.
20th
do.
14th
do.
7th December 1894 ...
27th January 1895
Date on which
Hæmatozoon was dis-
covered in the blood.
10
9th August 1894
?
23rd September 1894 .;.
26th
do.
11th October 1894
20th
do.
20th
do.
7th November 1894 ...
8th
do.
22nd
do.
23rd
do.
29th
do.
29th
do.
9th December 1894 ...
4th
do.
4th
do.
3rd
do.
18th November 1S94 ..
7th December 1S94 ..
7th
do.
28th January 1895
Date on which
Animal was admitted to
the Laboratory Hospital.
11
13th August 1894
7th September 1894 ...
25th
do,
25th
do.
5th November 1S94 ...
5th
do.
5th
do.
9th November 1894 ...
29th
do.
29th
do.
29th
do.
1st December 1894 ...
1st
do.
5th
dc.
6th
do.
10th
do.
10th
do.
10th
do.
23rd
do.
23rd
do.
30th January 1895
Total days
which
elapsed be-
ween ailing
of Animal
and admis-
sion.
12
7
35
3
23
30
20
20
10
29
13
14
16
3
3
4
14
22
21
40
17
4
5
I.
naturally contracted Surra, during 1894.-95.
Date on which Animal
was submitted to
Arsenical Treatment.
13
14th August 1894
7th September 1894 ...
25th
do.
27th
do.
5th November 1894
...
6th
do.
5th
do.
9th November 1894 ...
29th
do.
29th
do.
29th
do.
1st December 1894
1st
do.
5th
do.
6th
do.
10th
do.
10th
do.
10th
do.
23rd
do.
23rd
do.
30th January 1895
Date on which
Hæmatozoon disappeared
from the blood alter
treatment commenced.
14
18th August 1894
9th September 1894 ...
29th
do.
29th
do.
10th November 1894 ...
9th
do.
10th
do.
12th
do.
3rd December 1894 ...
2nd
do.
4th
do.
3rd
do.
2nd
do.
6th
do.
8th
do.
12th
do.
11th
do.
14th
do.
25th
do.
26th
do.
31st January 1895
Date of first return of
Hæmatozoon after
treatment.
15
8th December 1894 ...
4th December 1894 ...
16th February 1895 ...
4th February 1895 ...
13th
do.
Length of
first In-
termission
days.
16
31
Few hours
6
53
66
43
28
73
11
11
...
12
2
25
70
34
14
62
60
45
4
Date of second return of
Hæmatozoon after
treatment.
17
......
......
26th March 1895
15th
do
Length of
second In-
termission
in days.
18
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
49
29
...
Animal
under
Arsenical
Treat -
meat in
days.
19
35
15
10
55
68
50
52
76
15
14
63
14
17
26
200
37
15
135
83
48
6
Quantity of
Arsenic
administered
in Grains.
20
Grains.
235
12
52
370
561
321
408
539.5
135. 5
92.5
455.0
115.5
114.5
150.5
2,061.0.
198.0
1180
814.0
580
389.5
44
Result—
Cure or
Death.
21
Death
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Cured
Death
Do.
Do.
Still nnder
Treatment
Death
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Date of Result,
22
17th September 1894.
9th
do.
4th October 1894.
20th November 1894
15th January 1895.
21st December 1894.
26th
do.
24th January 1895.
13th December-1894.
12th
do.
30th January 1895.
17th December 1894.
17th
do.
30th
do.
28th June 1895.
14th January 1895.
24th December 1894.
24th April 1895.
15th March 1895.
8th February 1895.
4th
do.
10
(ii) during the incubatory period of the disease, (iii) during the paroxysms and
intermissions until death. The weight of the animals under experiment was also
ascertained at frequent intervals.
2. Ingesta.—(i) The food including corn, hay and green fodder utilised
during the experiments, has been weighed, and samples submitted for
analysis out of each fresh consignment.
(ii) All water drunk by the animals during the investigations was
carefully measured.
3. Egesta.—(i) The dung was collected and weighed for three (3) different
periods throughout the 24 hours, viz., noon to 6 P.M., 6 P.M. to 6 A.M.,
and 6 A.M. to noon, and samples from each of these periods were
occasionally submitted for analysis for the amount of water and
nitrogen contained.
(ii) The urine was collected for the 24 hours for the same separate
periods as the dung, and the amount of Urea and Hipp uric acid
was ascertained, (a) in each separate period, (b) in a sample of the
total quantity passed. A complete analysis of the nitrogen present
as Urea, Ammonium Carbonate, and Albumen, and the total
nitroeren was also made.
II.—RAT SURRA.
A.—Experimental investigations re Hœmatozoon in Rats.
From November 1890 to May 1895, the blood of 3,105 rats (M. d.) was
examined microscopically, and the hæmatozoon was found present in 1,084, and
absent in 2,021, giving a percentage of 34.91 present, to 65.09 absent.
TABLE I.
Showing the Rats (M. d.) examined from May 1894 to end of April 1895,
and the relative number of organisms in their circulation.
Hæmatozoa in the Wood.
In field of Microscope
Number of Bats
Percentage
...
Absent.
...
1,391
66.17
Few.
1-5
282
13.42
Numerous.
5—20
139
6.61
Very
numerous.
20—50
118
6.61
Swarm-
ing.
Over 50
172
8.19
Total.
...
2,102
100-0
Present,
...
711
33-83
Absent.
...
1,891
66.17
TABLE II.
Showing the total number of Rats (M. d.) examined in each month from May
1894 to the end of April 1895, with the relative number of Hæmatozoa -in.
their circulation.
Month.
May
June
...
...
July
August
September
October
November
...
December...
January ...
February
March
...
...
...
April
...
Total ...
Absent.
33
42
66
107
96
156
88
166
126
110
176
225
1,391
Few.
9
6
21
31
24
44
26
37
20
16
18
30
282
Numer-
ous.
4
1
15
7
20
22
6
15
10
10
17
12
139
Very nu-
merous.
1
4
10
21
15
15
7
12
9
8
6
10
118
Swarm-
ing.
1
5
12
22
24
25
14
22
9
6
15
17
172
Absent.
33
42
66
107
96
156
88
166
126
110
176
225
1,391
Present.
15
16
58
81
83
106
53
86
48
40
56
69
711
Total.
48
58
124
188
179
262
141
252
174
150
232
294
2,102
11
2. Rats were obtained from six localities during the year. The results
registered . concerning the presence of the hæmatozoon in their blood from the
different places, tallied very closely when the animals examined were sufficiently
numerous for comparison. The percentage varied between 32.12 and 35.43 in
animals taken from three localities.
TABLE III.
Showing the percentage of the animals examined month by month in which the
hæmatozoon was absent or present, from May 1894 to April 1895 inclusive.
1
Year and month.
1894.
May
June ...
...
...
July
August...
September
October
November
December
1895.
January
February
March ...
...
...
April
Mean average ...
Rainy season, June to
October
Dry season, November
to May
2
Absent.
%
68.75
72.41
53.22
56.91
53.63
59.54
62.41
65.87
72.41
73.33
75.87
76.53
66.17
59.59
71.57
3
Few.
%
18-75
10.34
16.93
16.48
13.40
16.79
18.44
14.68
11.49
10.66
7.75
10.20
13.42
15.53
12.08
4
Numerous.
%
8.33
1.72
12.09
3.72
11.17
8.39
4.25
5.95
5.74
6.66
7.32
4.08
6.61
8.01
5.73
5
Very-
numerous.
%
2.08
6.89
8.06
11.17
8.38
5.72
4.96
4.76
5.17
5.33
2.58
3.40
5.61
801
4.10
6
Swarming.
%
2.08
8.62
9.67
11.70
13.40
9.54
9.92
8.73
517
4.00
6.46
5.78
8.19
1085
6.50
7
Absent.
%
68.75
72.41
53.22
56.91
53.63
59.54
62.41
65.87
72.41
73.33
75.87
76.53
66.17
59.59
71.57
8
Present.
%
*31.25
27.59
46.78
43.09
46.37
40 46
37.59
34.13
27.59
26.66
24.13
23.47
33.83
42.41
28.43
* Sudden rise in May 1894 due to rain during that month.
3. It will be seen in column No. 8 that the percentage of rats in which
the organisms were present in the circulation, was highest during those months
which included the monsoon season, viz.;—June to October inclusive, and during
-the remaining months the percentage gradually decreased until April was reached.
The difference between the maximum 46.70, and the minimum 23.47, percentages
in July and April respectively, is 23.23 or nearly half (50 per cent).
Ratio of spleen to body weight.
4. As it has been stated by more than one observer, that rats in whose
blood the hæmatozoon is found, do not appear to show any pathological changes
as a consequence of the presence of such organism in their circulation, it was
determined to make observations, especially with regard to the increase in size
of the spleen.
The following table shows the ratio found to exist in the different classes,
between the weight of the spleen and that of the body, in a total of 2,126 rats
examined:—
CHOLERA IN INDIA,
1862 TO 1881.
BENGAL PROVINCE,
1862 TO 1881,
AND REVIEW.
BY
H. W. BELLEW, C.S.I.,
DEPUTY SURGEON-GENERAL,
SANITARY COMMISSIONER, PUNJAB.
Calcutta:
PRINTED AT THE BENGAL SECRETARIAT PRESS.
1884.
CHOLERA IN INDIA
1862 TO 1881.
BENGAL PROVINCE,
1862 TO 1881,
AND REVIEW.
H. W. BELLEW, C.S.I.,
BEPUTY STJEGEON-GENEBAL,
SANITARY COMMISSIONER, PUNJAB.
Calcutta:
PRINTED AT THE BENGAL SECRETARIAT PRESS.
1884.
Printed from a transfer to stone in the Litho. Office, Survey of India Department, Calcutta, February 1885.