252
66. Ganja is not used in this part of the coun-
try, and I have no suggestions to offer under
this head.
67. No.
68. There are no houses or shops licensed for
the sale of these drugs or their preparations where
they may be consumed on the premises. If such
shops are licensed and the consumption is allowed
upon them, the consequences would be mischievous,
as the shop-keepers for the advantage of effecting
sales of large quantities of these drugs in order
to gain large profits would tempt the consumers
to their habitual excessive use beyond proportion.
69. The wishes of people are considered, and
very often consulted before a shop is opened in
any locality. If people object to the opening of
a shop in their neighbourhood, their objections
are considered, and the question decided on its
merits.
70. I have no facts regarding the importation
or smuggling of hemp drugs from Native States
to which I wish to draw attention. Duty is
really paid in respect to the charas used in this
district as it is imported from the Punjab. But
in respect to bhang, please see remarks under
paragraph 62.
Appendix A.
Description of the bhang or hemp plant as
given in the Makhzan-Adviyah (meaning Trea-
sury of Medicine or Materia Medica,. in Persian).
Qanab.—Is an Arabic term, and is said to have
been derived from the Persian word "Kanab."
It is also called Abaq. In Yunani or Greek it
is called Wadifurunas ; in Surayani or Hebrew,
Qab Nira ; in Roman, Kataney ; in Persian,
Kanab and Bang ; in Hindustani, bhang,
According to technical phraseology it is
called, Warqul Khayal (Leaf of thought).
Juzu Azam—The greatest necessary.
Hashish—Dried grass.
Hashishtul Fukra—Grass of the m endicants.
Nishat-Afza—Enhancer of pleasure.
Falaktaz—Refresher of the sky.
Arshi-Numa—Indicator of the Heavens
.
Habatul Masakin—Grain of the poor.
Shahwat Angez—Exciter of lust.
Munisul Humum—Soother of griefs.
Chatri Akhzar—The green crown.
Zamurud Rang—Having the colour of emerald.
It is said that ropes and cloth are made from
the fibre of its stalk, but the wearing of such cloth
is prohibited, as its use weakens the joints and
produces debility. Very good paper is manu-
factured from its fibre, and in Kashmor the paper
made from it equals in fineness the paper manu-
factured from the silk fibre. From the flower,
deposit of dust and dew or resinous matter, which
stick and thicken upon the plants, is manufac-
tured charas which is smoked in the bowl of a
hukka and produces strong intoxication, specially
the dew deposit or resinous matter, which the
more sticking and thick the more effective it is.
It often happens that on account of its power-
ful intoxicating qualities the charas kills its
smokers.
Its description .—It is a well-known plant, which
is procurable in most places, like India, Kashmir
Bengal, Zang, Rome, Persia, Irak, etc. It is
said that its preparations stated above are different
in effects from one another. The preparations of
the plants grown in Irak and Bengal are weakest
of all. Some say that the preparations of Persian
hemp are stronger than those of the bhang of
Rome. The plants are of three kinds, viz., bari
(grown in the desert), bustani (grown in the fields),
jabli (grown in the hills). The bari and jabli
hemp is stronger than the bustani. The bustani is
in fact the real " bhang," as its fibre can be peeled
off. The longest height to which the plants
grow is 5 zara (zara is a measure the length of
which is from the top of the thumb to the end of
the little finger, viz., about 7 inches), its stalk is
hollow inside, its branches are thin which bear from
5 to 9 leaves only, and mostly, the plants grow
solitary, are coarse, with colour deep green, its
flowers are thin, with grey colour, its seedis round,
and is called Shandauj, and in Persian Shadana.
The plants of the bari and jabli are shorter than
those of bustani, and their fibres cannot be peeled
off easily ; if any fibres can be separated, they are
not serviceable. Their branches resemble those of
the holly-hock (gulkheru) and have dark colour ;
their leaves are also like the leaves of the bustani,
but are coarser than those of bustani ; but their
colour is less dark, with grey colour predomi-
nating. Their flowers are red, their seeds are
like pepper resembling the black-berry. Their
root is called Mughas, a medicine used like the
root of a wild pomegranate plant. Shekh
Ibin Betar says hemp is of two kinds, viz., bari and
bustani ; and the third kind called the Indian hemp
was not seen by him anywhere except in Egypt,
which is called the gunny plant, is sown in the
fields and is strong intoxicant ; that any quantity
more than quarter of a tola produces very strong,
intoxication, deprives of consciousness and sense,
produces insanity, and often kills the person using
it in such large quantities. It is largely used in
preparing majum, etc.
Its nature .—Its leaves possess stimulative pro-
perties which act on the principal organs, viz.,
heart, head and liver, but produce cold and dryness
in the third stage of digestion, accompanied by
slight heat and much flatulence which predominates.
Its seed produces heat and dryness in the third
stage of digestion ; its bark or fibre produces
cold and flatulence to the extreme degree. Its
wood is cold and dry to the medium degree,
NOTE.—Third stage of digestion means that
state at which the food or other things enter
the bowels after leaving the duodenum.
Its effects and peculiarities .—It is a plant the
leaves of which being possessed of an admixture of
stimulative properties, in the commencement pro-
duces cheerfulness, improves the hue of the com-
plexion, and brings on intoxication, in consequence
of the slight heat and dryness which exist in its
nature. After the disappearance of the heat and
dryness on account of the predominant nature of
the flatulence, the opposite effects follow. Also
on account of the presence of the heat, its use dims
the thoughts and intellect, increases thirst, stimu-
lates appetite, and excites lust on account of the
existence of the slight stimulative effect in it ; but
in the end produces the opposite consequences and
becomes the cause of gloomy thoughts, dim vision
of the eyes, and their weakness, of melancholia,
insanity, cowardice, great timidity, dropsy of the
belly and the like diseases, the loss of masculine
power, as the use of the hemp exhausts the semen.
Sweets enhance, whereas sour things lessen, its
effects, The powdered leaves of the bari hemp