NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS AND MORTALITY OF THE EUROPEAN ARMY
Died in each month per cent. of the total deaths.
Years.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May. June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Total.
1870-79
2.22
2.91
4.76
7.06 11.66 16.31 21 . 84 18.23
7.72 3.85
1.89
1.82
100
Thus 56 . 38 per cent. of the deaths recorded from cholera among the civil popu-
lation in the Deccan occurred during the monsoon season from June to August.
Monthly distribution of cholera among the troops
on the western side of the Madras Presidency, viz .,
Bellary, Bangalore, Cannanore, Malliapoorum and
Calicut.
20. European troops stationed on the
western side of the Madras Presidency
exposed principally to the south-west moon-
son, 1870-79—
Cholera admissions for each month for the period.
Years.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April. May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
TotaL
1870-79
1
2
. . .
2 ...
5
7
1
1
1
3
2
25
Admitted in each month per cent. of the total admissions.
1870-79
4.00
8.00
. . .
8.00
...
20.00 28.00
4.00 4.00 4.00 12.00
8.00
100
Monthly distribution of cholera among the troops
on the eastern coast of the Madras Presidency, viz .,
Trichinopoly, St. Thomas' Mount and Madras.
21. European troops stationed on the
eastern coast of the Madras Presidency
principally exposed to the north-east mon-
soon, 1870-79—
Cholera admissions for each month for the period.
Years.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April. May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Total.
1870-79
4
1
7
5
3
2
2
1
2
1
...
2
30
Admitted in each month per cent. of the total admissions.
1870-79
13.33
3.33 23.33 16.67 10.00
6.67
6.67
3.33
6.67
3.33
...
6.67
100
There have been so few cases of cholera among the European troops of the
Madras Presidency during the years 1870-79 that the two preceding tables are
of little value. As far as they go, they seem to show that on the western
coast the cholera of the south-west monsoon season, viz ., June to August, is
distinctly marked, and that the cold weather cholera is also of considerable
importance. The table for the troops on the east coast gives the spring cholera
as the principal one of the year, with a distinctly marked cold weather cholera.
The two following tables give the cholera statistics of the civil population
of the Madras Presidency during the same ten-year period.
OF INDIA DURING THE TEN-YEAR PERIOD 1870-79.
9
Monthly distribution of cholera among the Civil
population of the western districts of the Madras
Presidency, viz., Bellary, Kurnool, Coimbatore,Neil-
gherries, South Kanara, Malabar and Mysore.
22. Civil population of the Western
districts of the Madras Presidency exposed
principally to the south-west monsoon,
1870-79—
Cholera deaths for each month for the period.
Years.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Total.
1870-79
14,314 17,408 18,475 19,022 21,285 19,730 15,132 11,790 10,901 9,436 11,897 18,380
187,779
Died in each month per cent. of the total deaths.
1870-79
7.62 9.27
9.84 10.13 11.31 10.51 8.06
6 . 2 8
5 . 8 1 5.02 6.33 9.79
100
Monthly distribution of cholera among the Civil
population of the Eastern Districts of the Madras
Presidency, viz., Ganjam,Vizagapatam,Godavery,
Kistna, Cuddapah. Nellore, North Arcot, Madras,
Cliingleput, South Arcot, Tanjore, Tinnevelly,
Trichinopoly, Madura and Salem.
23. Civil population of the eastern
districts of the Madras Presidency exposed
principally to the north-east monsoon,
1870-79—
Cholera deaths for each month for the period.
Years.
Jan.
Feb.
March. April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov,
Dec,
Total.
1870-79
79,486 56,254 42,510 33,404 44,215 48,880 73,303 65,839 44,599 24,057 21,489 41,995
579,031
Died in each month per cent. of the total deaths.
1870-79
13.73
9.72
7.34
5.77
7.64
8 . 4 4 12 . 67 11.37 7.70 4.14
4 . 2 3 7.25
100
24. From these two tables it appears that the reported deaths from cholera
The cholera of the north-east and south-west mon-
soon seasons in the Madras Presidency nearly equal.
among the civil population of the dis-
tricts towards the west coast are slightly
more numerous during the cold weather
months, when the north-east monsoon is blowing, than they are during the
months of the south-west monsoon. 26 . 68 per cent. of the reported deaths
occurred in December, January and February, and 24 . 85 per cent. during June,
July and August—the south-west monsoon months. On the other hand, more
cases of cholera seem to occur among the inhabitants of the eastern districts
during the south-west monsoon months than during the north-east monsoon
months. During June, July and August, 32.48 per cent. of the reported deaths
took place, and 30.70 per cent. during December, January and February.
Civil statistics must always, however, be received with a certain degree of cau-
tion, so that these two tables cannot be regarded as giving, with absolute accu-
racy, the history of cholera in the Madras Presidency during the ten years
1870-79. They are, however, sufficiently accurate to show that in the Madras
Presidency the cholera outbreaks of the south-west and north-east moonsoon
seasons are nearly equal in magnitude ; that in March, April and May cholera
is also frequently seen ; that on the east coast the disease is least frequently
seen in October and November ; and that on the west coast, September and
October are the months of least frequency.
16
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS AND MORTALITY OF THE EUROPEAN ARMY
diminution has not been gradual, but the rate has varied very much from year
to year, as may be seen from the following table :—
Table showing the annual admission-rate from venereal diseases in the European Army of
Bengal for 20 years 1860-79.
Year.
Admission-rate
from
venereal diseases.
Year.
Admission-rate
from
venereal diseases.
Year.
Admission-rate
from
venereal diseases.
Year.
Admission-rate
from
venereal diseases
1860
338.0
1865
227.2
1870
202.7
1875
212.4
1861
369.1
1866
217.7
1871
208.8
1876
194.7
1862
318.1
1867
170.6
1872
190.7
1877
202.5
1863
281.7
1868
199.2
1873
167.0
1878
288.8
1864
254.9
1869
200.3
1874
200.1
1879
270.3 *
* Excluding the troops on active service in Afghanistan.
49. Thus the admission-rate from venereal diseases was very high in 1800
Average admission-rate from venereal diseases
less than in 1860-69, but the rates differ much from
year to year. These diseases more prevalent in
1878 than in 1863.
and 1861, and gradually fell from 1862 to
1867, in which year it reached the rate of
170.6 per 1,000. The rate again rose
nearly 30 per 1,000 in 1868 to 199 . 2 per
1,000, and remained about the same from that year to 1877, with the exception
of 1873, in which year it fell to 167.0 per 1,000, the lowest recorded
admission-rate. There was again a sudden rise in 1878 and 1879, the average
admission-rates from venereal diseases in these two years being nearly the
same as the rate in 1863.
50. There were 21,874 admissions from venereal diseases in the European
Army of Madras during the ten years
under review, giving an admission-rate of
198.1 per 1,000—a little under the average admission-rate in Bengal. During the
period 1860-69 the admission-rate was 236.6, considerably under the average
of the following ten years. As in the Bengal Presidency the admission-rate
from venereal diseases has varied much from year to year during the 20 years
1860-79, as may be seen from the following table :—
†
Table showing the annual admission-rate from venereal diseases in the European Army of
Madras for 20 years 1860-79.
Year.
Admission-rate
from
venereal diseases.
Year.
Admission-rate
from
venereal diseases.
Year.
Admission-rate
from
venereal diseases.
Year.
Admi scion-rate
from
venereal diseases.
1860
267.0
1865
227.7
1870
165.9
1875
208.6
1861
293.3
1866
234.7
1871
180.3
1876
181.4
1862
304.5
1867
208.5
1872
164.6
1877
231.8
1863
257.3
1868
250.5
1873
152.2
1878
250.2
1864
269.2
1869
192.8
1874
188.9
1879
261.6
†
†
The admission-rates for the years 1860-69 have been taken from the Madras Sanitary Reports.
51.
In the European Army of Bombay there were 19,800 admissions from
Venereal diseases in the Army of Madras.
venereal diseases during M70-79, an ad-
mission-rate of 191 . 1 per 1,000, slightly
less than the admission-rate from the same causes in Madras. The admission-
rate from venereal diseases in Bombay during the period 1863-69 was 127 . 5 per
1,000, very considerably less than the average rate of the succeeding ten years,
Venereal diseases in the Bombay Army.
OF INDIA DURING THE TEN-YEAR PERIOD 1870-79.
The above tables show that, as a rule, regiments in the first year of
their Indian service have a higher mortality than the Army generally.
Enteric fever is by far the principal cause of this higher death-rate. Fresh
arrivals also suffer more severely from heat apoplexy than more seasoned men
do, and their death-rate from fevers, other than enteric, and from dysentery
and diarrhœa, is also slightly higher. The death-rate from hepatitis, on the
other hand, is higher in the Army generally than it is among men in the
first year of their Indian service.
54. The following tables give the number of deaths and the average
death-rates of the men composing the
European Army of India at different ages
for the nine years 1871-79, as well as the corresponding deaths and death-rates
in the separate European Armies of Bengal, Madras, and Bombay :—
19
Deaths and death-rates at different ages.
Distribution according to age of the aggregate strength of the European Army of India during the nine years 1871-79.
Aggregate strength.
Under 20.
20 to 24.
25 to 29.
30 to 34.
35 to 39.
40 and upwards.
173,098
525,540
21,900
171,716
158,826
98,305
60,735
14,058
Deaths of the nine-year period 1871-79 and the death-rates at the different ages.
C A U S E S O F D E A T H S .
NUMBER OF DEATHS BY AGES.
DIED PER 1,000 OF THE STRENGTH ABOVE STATED.
RATIO OF LIABILITY IN PERCENTAGES.
Total.
Under 20.
20 to 24.
25 to 29.
30 and
upwards.
Under 20.
20 to 24.
25 to 29.
30 and
upwards.
Under 20.
20 to 24.
25 to 29.
30 and
upwards.
Cholera
22
575
568
638
1.00
3.35
3.57
3.69
8.61
28.85
30.75
31.79
100
Enteric fever
56
644
298
89
2.55
3.75
1.88
.51
29.34
43.15
21.64
5.87
100
Other fevers
15
233
211
212
.68
1.36
1.33
1.22
14.81
29.63
28.98
26.58
100
Apoplexy
5
150
181
447
.23
.87
1.14
2.58
4.77
18.05
23.65
53.53
100
Delirium tremens
3
23
65
.02
.14
.38
3.70
25.93
70.37
100
Dysentery and diarrhœa
7
178
255
365
.32
1.04
1.61
2.11
6.30
20.47
31.69
41.54
100
Hepatitis
3
166
325
593
.14
.97
2.05
3.13
2.12
14.72
31.11
52.05
100
Phthisis pulmonalis
5
137
151
298
.23
. 8 0
.95
1.72
6.22
21.62
25.68
46.48
100
Heart diseases
1
29
92
478
.05
.17
.58
2.76
1.40
4.78
16.29
77.53
100
All other diseases
13
308
374
764
.60
1.78
2.35
4.41
6.57
19.47
25.71
48.25
100
All diseases
127
2,423
2,478
3,949
5.80
14.11
15.60
22.81
9.95
24.19
26.75
39.11
100
All diseases, excluding cholera
105
1,848
1,910
3,311
4.80
10.76
12.03
19.12
10.27
23.04
25.76
40.93
100
Injuries and other deaths from violence
11
208
309
473
.50
1.21
1.94
2.74
7.82
18.94
30.36
42.88
100
All causes, excluding cholera
116
2,056
2,219
3,784
5.30
11.97
13.97
21.86
9.98
22.54
26. 31
41.17
100
R E P O R T O N T H E S I C K N E S S A N D M O R T A L I T Y O F T H E E U R O P E A N A R M Y
Distribution according to age of the aggregate strength of the European Army of Bengal during the nine years 1871 to 1879.
Aggregate strength.
Under 20.
20 to 24.
25 to 29.
30 to 34.
35 to 39.
40 and upwards.
105,287
329,616
12,297
107,387
101,645
6 2 , 4 6 6
37,196
8,625
N U M B E R O F D E A T H S B Y A G E S .
D I E D P E R 1 , 0 0 0 O F T H E S T R E N G T H A B O V E S T A T E D .
RATIO OF LIABILITY IN PERCENTAGES.
CLUSES OF DEATHS.
Under
20.
20 to 24. 25 to 29.
30 a nd upwa r ds .
U n d e r 2 0 .
20 to 21. 25 to 29.
3 0 a n d u p w a r d s .
Under
20.
20 to 24.
25 to 29.
30 and
upwards.
Total.
Cholera
19
485
481
512
1.55
4.51
4.73
4.73
9.98
29.06
30.48
30.48
100
Enteric fever
39
463
216
62
3.17
4.31
2 . 1 3
.57
31.14
42.34
20.92
5.60
100
Other fevers
13
18 1
164
176
1.06
1.68
1.61
1.63
17.73
28.09
26.92
27.26
100
Apoplexy
3
107
1 1 4
278
. 2 4
1.00
1.12
2.57
4.87
20.28
22.72
52.13
100
D e l i r i u m t r e m e n s
2
14
36
.02
. 1 4
.33
4.08
28.57
67.35
1 0 0
Dysentery and diarrhœa
6
124
151
183
. 4 9
1.15
1.48
1.69
10.19
23.91
30.77
35.13
100
Hepatitis
1
92
193
325
. 0 8
.86
1.90
3.00
1.37
14.73
32.53
51.37
100
P h t h i s i s p u l m o n a l i s
2
76
107
194
. 1 6
.71
1.05
1.79
4.31
19.14
28.30
48.25
100
Heart diseases
19
54
288
.18
.53
2.66
5.34
15.73
78.93
100
All other diseases
7
218
269
534
. 5 7
2.03
2.65
4.93
5.60
19.94
26.03
48.43
100
All diseases
90
1,767
1,763
2,588
7.32
16.45
17.34
23.90
11.26
25.31
26.67
36.76
100
All diseases, excluding cholera
71
1,282
1,282
2,076
5.77
11.94
12.61
19.17
11.66
24.13
25.48
38.73
100
Injuries and other deaths from violence
4
134
204
297
. 3 3
1.25
2.01
2.74
5.21
19.75
31.75
43.29
100
All causes, excluding cholera
75
1,416
1,486
2,373
6 . 1 0 1 3 . 1 9
14.62
2 1 . 9 1
10.93 23.63
26.19
39.25
100
Distribution according to age of the aggregate strength of the European Army of Madras during the nine years 1871-79.
Aggregate strength.
Under 20.
20 to 24.
25 to 29.
3 0 t o 3 4 .
35 to 39.
40 and upwards.
36,915
100,941
4,435
31,057
28,534
20,405
13,321
3,189
Deaths of the nine-year period 1871-79 and the death-rates at the different ages.
CAUSES OF DEATHS.
NUMBER OF DEATHS BY AGES.
DIED PER 1,000 OF THE STRENGTH ABOVE STATED.
RATIO OF LIABILITY IN PERCENTAGES.
Total.
Under
20.
20 to 24. 25 to 29.
30 and
upwards.
Under
20.
20 to 24. 25 to 29.
30 and
upwards.
Under
20.
20 to 24. 25 to 29.
30 and
upwards.
Cholera
3
29
48
6 8
. 6 8
.93
1.68
1.84
13.25
18.13
32.75
35.87
100
Enteric fever
6
86
41
10
1.36
2.77
1.44
.27
23.29
47.43
24.66
4.62
100
Other fevers
1
23
23
12
.22
.74
.81
.33
10.48
35.24
38.57
15.71
100
Apoplexy
1
22
36
79
.22
.71
1.26
2.14
5.08
16.40
29.10
49.42
100
Delirium tremens
1
4
18
.03
.14
.49
4.55
21.21
74.24
100
Dysentery and diarrhœa
1
37
67
132
.22
1.19
2.35
3.58
3.00
16.21
32.02
48.77
100
Hepatitis
2
47
81
181
.45
1.51
2.84
4.90
4.64
15.57
29.28
50.51
100
Phthisis pulmonalis
1
26
26
63
.22
.84
.91
1.71
5.98
22.82
24.73
46.47
100
Heart diseases
6
21
124
.19
.74
3.36
4.43
17.25
78.32
100
All other diseases
1
44
40
119
.23
1.42
1.41
3.22
3.66
22.61
22.45
51.28
100
All diseases
16
321
387
806
3.60
10.33
13.58
21.84
7.30
20.93
27.52
44.25
100
All diseases, excluding cholera
13
292
339
738
2.92
9.40
11.90
20.00
6.60
21.26
26.91
45.23
100
Injuries and other deaths from violence
5
40
52
99
1.13
1.29
1.82
2.68
16.33
18.64
26.31
38.72
100
All causes, excluding cholera
18
332
391
837
4.05
10.69
13.72
22.68
7.92
20.90
26.83
44.35
100
2 2 R E P O R T O N T H E S I C K N E S S A N D M O R T A L I T Y O F T H E E U R O P E A N A R M Y
Distribution according to age of the aggregate strength of the European Army of Bombay during the nine years 1871-79.
Aggregate strength.
Under 20.
2 0 t o 2 4 .
25 to 29.
3 0 t o 3 4 .
35 to 39.
40 and upwards.
27,896
9 4 , 9 8 3
5,168
33,272
28,647
1 5 , 4 3 4
10,218
2 , 2 4 4
Deaths of the nine-year period 1871-79 and the death-rates at the different ages.
C A U S E S O F D E A T H S .
NUMBER OF DEATHS BY AGES.
DI ED P ER 1 , 0 0 0 OF THE S TRENGTH ABOVE S TATED.
R A T I O O F L I A B I L I T Y I N P E R C E N T A G E S .
TOTAL.
Under
20.
20 to 24. 25 to 29.
30 and
upwards.
Under
20.
20 to 24. 25 to 29.
30 and
upwards.
Under
20.
20 to 24.
25 to 29.
30 and
upwards.
Cholera
61
39
58
1.83
1.36
2 . 0 8
34.72
25.81
39. 47
100
Enteric fever
11
95
41
17
2.13
2 . 8 6
1.43
.61
30.3
40.68
20.34
8 . 6 8
100
Other fevers
1
29
24
24
.19
.87
.84
.86
6.8
31.52
30.44
31.16
100
Apoplexy
1
21
31
90
.19
.63
1.08
3.23
3.71
12. 28
21.05
62.96
100
Delirium tremens
5
11
.18
.39
32.73
67.27
100
Dysentery and diarrhœa
17
37
50
.51
1.29
1.79
14.21
35.93
49.86
100
Hepatitis
27
51
87
.81
1.78
3.12
14.19
31.17
54.64
100
Phthisis pulmonalis
2
35
18
41
.39
1.05
.63
1.47
11.02
29. 66
17. 80
41.52
1 0 0
Heart diseases
1
4
17
66
.19
.12
.59
2.36
5.83
3.68
18.10
72.39
100
All other diseases
5
46
65
111
.97
1.39
2 . 2 7
3.98
11.27
16.15
26.36
46. 22
100
All diseases
21
335
328
555
4 . 0 6
10.07
11.45
19.89
8.93
22.15
25.18
43.74
100
All diseases, excluding cholera
21
274
289
497
4 . 0 6
8.24
10. 09
17.81
10.10
20. 48
25.11
44.31
100
Injuries and other deaths from violence
2
34
53
77
.39
1.02
1.85
2.76
6 . 4 8
16.94
30.73
45.85
100
All causes, excluding cholera
23
308
342
574
4 . 4 5
9.26
11.94
20.57
9.63
20. 02
25.84
44.51
100
0 F I N D I A D U R I N G T H E T E N - Y E A R P E R I O D 1 8 7 0 - 7 9 . 2 3
Distribution by length of residence of the aggregate strength of the European Army of India during the three years 1877 to 1879.
A R M Y A S A B O D Y .
First and second years.
Third to sixth year.
Seventh to tenth year.
Ten years and upwards.
171,514
49,345
65,226
39,484
17,459
Deaths of the three-year period 1877 to 1879 and the death-rates at the different periods of residence.
Causes of deaths.
NUMBER OF DEATHS.
DIED PER 1, 000 OF THE STRENGTH ABOVE STATED.
RATIO OF LIABILITY IN PERCENTAGES.
First and
second years. Third to
sixth year. Seventh to
tenth year. Ten years
and upwards. First and
second years. Third to
sixth year. Seventh to
tenth year. Ten years
and upwards. First and
second years. Third to
sixth year. Seventh to
tenth year. Ten years and
upwards. Total=100.
Cholera
301
367
181
79
6.10
5.62
4.58
4.52
29.30
26.99
22.00
21.71
100
Enteric fever
325
133
46
6
6.59
2.04
1.17
.34
64.99
20.12
11.54
3.35
100
O t h e r f e v e r s
115
108
41
23
2.33
1.66
1.04
1.32
36.69
26.14
16.38
20.79
100
Apoplexy
120
89
52
35
2.43
1. 36
1.32
2.01
34.13
19.10
18.54
28.23
100
Delirium tremens
7
13
8
3
.14
.20
.20
.17
19.72
28.17
28.17
23.94
100
Dysentery and diarrhœa
108
97
70
43
2.19
1.49
1.77
2.46
27.69
1 8 . 8 4
22.37
31.10
100
Hepatitis
64
114
95
4 6
1.30
1.75
2.40
2.63
16.09
21.66
29.70
32.55
100
Phthisis pulmonalis
51
60
43
23
1.03
.92
1.09
1.32
23.62
21.10
25.00
30.28
100
Heart diseases
24
40
41
45
.49
.61
1.04
2.58
10. 39
12.92
22.03
54.66
100
All other diseases
127
191
133
103
2.57
2.93
3.37
5.90
17. 40
19.84
22.82
39.94
100
All diseases
1 , 2 4 2
1,212
710
406
25.17
18.58
17. 98
23.25
29.62
21.86
21.16
27.36
100
All diseases, excluding cholera
941
845
529
327
19.07
12.96
13.40
18.73
29.72
20.19
20.89
29.20
100
Suicidal deaths
18
33
31
1 8
.36
.50
.79
1.03
13. 43
18.66
29.48
38.43
100
Accidental deaths*
70
96
110
35
1.42
1.47
2.78
2.00
18.51
19.17
36.25
26.07
100
All causes, excluding cholera
1,029
974
670
380
20.85
14.93
16.97
21.76
27.98
20.04
22.77
29.21
100
* I n c l u d i n g m e n k i l l e d i n a c t i o n , t h o s e d r o w n e d i n t h e K a b u l R i v e r , a n d t h o s e w h o d i e d f r o m w o u n d s r e c e i v e d i n b a t t l e .
O F I N D I A D U R I N G T H E T E N - Y E A R P E R I O D 1 8 7 0 - 7 9 .
25
Distribution by length of residence of the aggregate strength of the European Army of Bengal during the three years 1877 to 1879.
A R M Y A S A B O D Y .
First and second years.
Third to sixth year.
Sevent h t o t ent h year.
Ten years and upwards.
108,692
30,799
41,927
2 3 , 9 4 4
12,022
Deaths of the three-year period 1877 to 1879 and the death-rates at the different periods of residence.
CAUSES OF DEATHS.
NUMBER OF DEATHS. DIED PER 1,000 OF THE STRENGTH ABOVE STATED.
RATIO OF LIABILITY IN PERCENTAGES.
First and
second years.
Third to sixth
year.
Seventh to
tenth year. Ten years and
upwards.
First and
second years.
Third to sixth
year.
Seventh to
tenth year. Ten years and
upwards. First and
second years.
Third to sixth
year.
Seventh to
tenth year.
Ten years and
upwards. Total=100.
Cholera
259
328
145
60
8.41
7.82
6.06
4.99
30.83
28.67
22.21
18.29
100
Enteric fever
269
93
35
5
8.73
2.22
1.46
.42
68.05
17.30
11.38
3.27
100
Other fevers
92
91
31
18
2.99
2.17
1.29
1.50
37.61
27.29
16.23
18.87
100
Apoplexy
8 8
55
23
28
2.86
1.31
.96
2.33
38.34
17.56
12.87
31.23
100
Delirium tremens
6
11
5
1
.19
. 26
.21
.08
25.67
35.14
28.38
10.81
100
Dysentery and diarrhœa
78
64
35
21
2.53
1.53
1.46
1.75
34.80
21.04
20.09
24.07
100
Hepatitis
45
70
3 6
33
1.46
1.67
1.50
2.74
19.81
22.66
20.35
37.18
100
Phthisis pulmonalis
37
40
2 6
13
1.20
.96
1.09
1.08
27.72
22.17
25.17
24.94
100
Heart diseases
17
27
25
25
.55
. 6 4
1.04
2.08
12.76
14.85
24.13
48.26
100
All other diseases
95
138
93
63
3.09
3.29
3.89
5.24
19.92
21.21
25.08
33.79
100
All diseases
986
917
454
267
32.01
21.87
18.96
22.21
33.67
23.01
19.96
23.36
100
All diseases, excluding cholera
727
589
309
207
23.60
14.05
12.90
17.22
34.82
20.73
19.04
25.41
100
Suicidal deaths
13
17
13
11
.42
.41
.54
.91
18.42
17.99
23.68
39.91
100
Accidental deaths*
47
78
83
21
1.53
1.86
3.47
1.75
17.77
21.60
40.30
20.33
100
All causes, excluding cholera
787
681
405
239
25.55
16.32
16.91
19.88
32.48
20.75
21.49
25.28
100
*Including men killed in action, those drowned in the Kabul River, and those who died from wounds received in battle.
26 R E P O R T O N T H E S I C K N E S S A N D M O R T A L I T Y O F T H E E U R O P E A N A R M Y
Distribution by length of residence of the aggregate strength of t h e E u r o p e a n A r m y o f M a d r a s d u r i n g t h e t h r e e y e a r s 1 8 7 7 t o 1 8 7 9 .
A R M Y A S A B O D Y .
First and second years.
Third to sixth year.
Seventh to tenth year.
Ten years and upwards.
32,482
9,364
11,285
8,554
3,279
Deaths of the three-year period 1877 to 1879 and the death-rates at the different periods of residence.
C A U S E S O F D E A T H S .
NUMBER OF DEATHS.
DIED PER 1,000 OF THE STRENGTH ABOVE STATED.
R A T I O O F L I A B I L I T Y I N P E R C E N T A G E S .
First and
Second
years.
Third
to
sixth year.
Seventh to
tenth year.
Ten years
and
upwards.
First and
second years.
Third to
sixth year.
Seventh to
tenth year.
Ten years
and
upwards.
First and
second
years.
Third
to
sixth year.
Seventh
to
tenth year.
Ten years
and
upwards. Total=100.
Cholera
17
24
21
11
1.82
2.13
2.45
3.36
18.66
21.82
25.10
34.42
100
Enteric fever
Other fevers
29
12
13
4
8
4
3
3.10
1.28
1.15
.36
.94
.47
. 9 2
59.73
42.24
22.16
11.88
18.11
15.51
30.37
100
100
Apoplexy
23
12
18
3
2.46
1.06
2.10
.92
37.62
16.21
32.11
14.06
100
Delirium tremens
1
3
2
.11
.35
.61
10.28
32.71
57.01
100
Dysentery and diarrhœa
21
19
24
14
2.24
1.68
2.80
4. 27
20.38
15.29
25.48
38.85
100
Hepatitis
16
27
43
8
1.71
2.39
5.03
2. 44
14.78
20.66
43.47
21.09
100
Pht hisis pulmonalis
8
11
14
4
.85
.98
1.64
1.21
18.16
20.94
35.04
25.86
100
Heart diseases
2
6
10
15
.21
.53
1.17
4. 58
3.24
8.16
18.03
70.57
100
All other diseases
14
26
23
18
1.50
2.30
2.69
5.48
12.53
19.22
22.47
45.78
100
All diseases
143
142
168
78
15.28
12.58
19.64
23.79
21.43
17.65
27.55
33.37
100
All diseases, excluding cholera
126
118
147
67
13.46
10.45
17.19
20.43
21.88
16.98
27.94
33.20
100
Suicidal deaths
2
6
7
3
.21
.53
.82
.92
8.47
21.37
33.06
37.10
100
Accidental death
13
7
18
8
1.39
.62
2.10
2. 44
21.22
9.46
32.06
37.26
100
All causes, excluding cholera
141
131
172
78
15.06
11.60
20.11
23.79
21.34
16.44
28.50
33.72
100
OF INDIA DURING THE TEN-YEAR PERIOD 1870-1879.