NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
45
and safely in rabbits, and without any subsequent ill-effects—the amount of
Quinine in the injections being equivalent to doses of 321/2 grains Quinine
alkaloid to man.
Rectal administration.— Quinine enemeta are very irritating and are
generally quickly returned; they are of little therapeutic value in malaria, as
comparatively little Quinine is absorbed even when retained sufficiently long.
The addition of bile or carbonic acid might increase their therapeutic action.
Salts of Quinine which are not easily soluble in water should be avoided.
Hitherto, the best results have been obtained from Quinine hydrochloride in
water (1 in 50) with tincture of opium or belladonna or cocaine, injected
high up in the bowel, which has been previously washed out with a simple
enema. Even under the most favourable circumstances, with sufficiently long
retention, we cannot expect as much from Quinine enemeta as from Quinine
by the mouth.
Quinine suppositories are irritating and useless in the treatment of
malaria.
The experimental work included in this article was carried out partly
in the Pharmacological Laboratory of the University of Edinburgh and
partly in the Pasteur Institute of India at Kasauli; and to Professor Sir
Thomas R. Fraser and Captain W. F. Harvey, respectively, I tender
my thanks for permission so freely granted towork in their laboratories.
REFERENCES.
1 Malanin, Zentralb.
F.d. med. Wissensch., 1868, No. 21. 2Kerner, Beiträge zur Kentnis
der Chininresorption, Pflüiger's Arch.
F. d. gesanit. Physiol. d. Mench. u. d. Thier., 1809 and.
1870. 3Lauder Brunton, Textbook of Pharmacol., Therap. and Mat, Med., 1891, p. 945.
4Sollmann, Textbook, of Pharmacol., 1906. 5 Giemsa and Schaumann, Arch. u. Trop.
Hyg., Bd. XI, Beiheft 3, 1907. 6Marshall, in Hale-White's Textbook of Pharmacy. and
Therap., 1901, pp. 611 and 612. 7Dixon, Manual of Pharmacol. 8 Maclean, Med. Times
and Gazette, Nov. 1855, p. 540. 9 C ushny, Textbook of Pharmacol. 1 0
N a t i o n a l
Dispensatory (Stillé, Maisch and Caspari), 1894, pp. 1360 and 1361.
1 1
B i n z ,
V o r l e s u n g e n
über Pharmxcol., 1891. 12 Kleine, Zei t sch. F. Hyg. u. Inf. ,B d . 3 9 .
1 3
M a r i a n i ,
A t t i d e l l a
societa per gli studi delta malaria, 1901. 14Smythe, Ind. Med. Gazette, 1906, p. 422.
15 Megaw, Ind. Med. Gazette, 1907, p. 12. 16 Scott, Ind. Med. Gazette, 1907, p. 114.
17 Merck's Index, 1902, p. 67. 18Flückiger, reported in National Dispensatory, 1891, p. 1351.
19 Merkel, Arch.
F . E x p e r . P a t h . n . P h a r m a c o l . ,1
9 0 2 , B d . 4 7 , H . 3 a n d . 4 .2
0
P e r s o n n e ,
Journ. de chemie et pharmacie, Vol. 28. 21 Schmitz, Arch. f. Exper. Path. P h a r m a c o l . ,
1907. 22Kleine, Zeitsch. Hyg. u. Inf., Bd. 38. 23Flamini, Attic della 80c. per gli studi
delta malaria, 1906. 24Lewin, Die Nebenwirkungen d. Arzneimittel, Berlin, 1899. 25Kobert,
Lehrbuch der Intoxikationen, Bd. 2, Spez. Tel., 1906.2 6
C a r r i v e ,
A r c h . g e n . d e m e d . ,
N o .
46
32, 1903. 27Wood's Therapeutics, 12th Edition, p. 555. 28 Nocht, Quinine Treatment in
Malaria, Verhandlungen des Deutsch. Kolonial—Kongresses, 1905, p. 214. 29 Ufer, Fractional
Doses of Quinine in the Treatment of Malaria, _Inang. Dissert., München, 1905. 30Council-
man, reported in Wood's Therapeutics, 12th Edition, pp. 570-573. 31National Dispensatory,
(Stille
Maisch and Caspari), 1894, p. 1360. 32Squire's Companion to the Brit. Pharm.,
18th Edition, 1908. 33Rossbach, reported in Hale White's Textbook of Pharmacol. and
Therapeutics. 34 Giemsa, On Quinine Injections, Arch. f. Schiff—u. Trop.—Hyg., Bd. 12.
35 Gaglio, Biv. crit. di clin med., No. 13 ; Atti della soc. per gli studi della malaria,
Vol. 8, 1907 ; also reported in Wood's Therapeutics, 12th Edition. 36Reported in Hale-
White's Textbook of Pharmacol. and Therap., 1901, p. 621. 37Cohen, reported in Brit.
Med. Journ., Epitome, 1st Dec. 1908, p. 91. 38 Reid Hunt, Arch. internal de pharmacol.,
Vol. 12, p. 497. 39Reported in Sollmann's Textbook of Pharmacol., 1906. 40Tarozzi,
reported in Brit. Med. Journ., 23rd Apr., 1910, p. 1005. 41 Kolle and Wassermann's
Handbuch d. path. Micro., 1903, Vol. 2, Pt. 3. 42Vaillard, reported in Kolle and Wasser-
mann's Handbuch, d. path. Micro., 1903, Vol. 2, Pt. 3, p. 585. 43 Golgi, reported by Binz,
Vorlesungen iiber Pharmacologie, 1891. 41Heddæus, Tetanus after the Subcutaneous
Injection of Gelatine, M iinch. med. Wochensch.,1 9 0 8 , p . 2 3 1 .
4 5
B i n z .
V o r l e s u n g e n i i b e r
Pharmacol., 1891 ; also reported in Wood's Therapeutics, 12th Edition, p. 565. 40Zunst,
Inaug. Disert., Bonn, 1886 ; also reported in Wood's Therapeutics, 12th Edition ; see
also Binz, Vorlesungen iiber Pharmacol. 47Reported in Hale-White's Textbook of Pharmacol.
and Therap., 1901, p. 651. 48Reported in Hale-White's Textbook of Pharmacol. and Therap,
1901. 49 Bacelli, Berlin klin. Wochensch., 1890, p. 489. 50 MacGilchrist, M.D. Thesis. Univ,
Edin., 1909. 51Kerner, Paiger's Arch. f. d. gesam. Physiol. d. Mensch. u. d. Thier., 1869
and 1870; also reported in Hale-White's Textbook of Pharmacol. and Therap., 1901, p. 612.
CALCUTTA : PRINTED BY SUPDT. GOVT. PRINTING, INDIA, 8, HASTINGS STREET.
No 41.
(NEW SERIES)
SCIENTIFIC MEMOIRS
BY
OFFICERS OF THE MEDICAL AND SANITARY DEPARTMENTS
OF THE
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
QUININE AND ITS SALTS : THEIR SOLUBILITY
AND ABSORBABILITY
BY
CAPTAIN A. C. MAcGILCHRIST, M.A., M.D., M.R.C.P., I.M.S.
(Edited by the Director General, Indian Medical Service. )
ISSUED 'UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
BY THE SANITARY COMMISSIONER WITH THE GOVERNMENT
OF INDIA.
CALCUTTA
CALCUTTA
SUPERINTENDENT GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA
1911
Price annas 9 or 10d.
S I CKNES S AND MORTALI TY
IN THE
E U R O P E A N A R M Y O F T H E B E N G A L P R E S I D E N C Y F R O M
1870 TO 1879:
AN A G G R E G A T E O F T H E S T A T I S T I C S O F T H E T E N - Y E A R P E R I O D ,
BY
THE LATE
JAMES L. BRYDEN, M.D., Surgeon-Major,
AND
ARTHUR STEPHEN, . M.A., M. B., Surgeon-Major,
STATISTICAL OFFICERS TO THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA IN THE SANITARY AND MEDICAL DEPARTMENTS.
SIMLA:
GOVERNMENT CENTRAL BRANCH PRESS.
1882.
V 52 e
IP
IP/6/AF.5
SICKNESS AND MORTALITY
IN THE
EUROPEAN ARMY OF THE BENGAL PRESIDENCY FROM
1870 TO 1879:
AN
AGGREGATE OF THE STATISTICS OF THE TEN-YEAR
PERIOD,
BY
THE-LATE
JAMES L. BRYDEN, M.D., Surgeon-Major,
AND
ARTHUR STEPHEN, M.A., M.B., Surgeon-Major,
STATISTICAL OFFICERS TO THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA IN THE SANITARY AND MEDICAL DEPARTMENTS.
SIMLA:
GOVERNMENT CENTRAL BRANCH PRESS.
1882.
PREFACE.
THE late Surgeon-Major Bryden had, in 1880, commenced the compilation
of the Statistics of the European Army of India for the ten-year period 1870-79,
when, in consequence of failing health, he was compelled to go to England on
sick leave. On his departure from India he hoped, after spending a few months
at home, to return with renewed strength, to finish this work, and to continue
his other duties. Unfortunately for science in general, and for Epidemio-
logical Science in India in particular, his hopes were not realized, for the disease
from which he was suffering increased, and he died in November 1880. As it
has fallen to my lot to take Surgeon-Major Bryden's place as Statistical Officer,
I have, to the best of my ability, completed the tables which he commenced.
They contain the aggregate of the Statistics of the European Army of India for
the years 1870-79, and are compiled on exactly the same plan as the tables which
were published in 1873, giving the statistics of the European Army of the
Bengal Presidency for the ten-year period 1860-69.
In the following introductory pages the experience of the Army of the
Bengal Presidency, and of the Army of India as a whole, during the ten years
1870-79, is compared with that of the preceding ten years. The principal
diseases which contributed to make up the sickness and mortality of the Army
during these ten years are also shortly commented on, and the effect which age
and length of Indian service have on the health of the European soldier in this
country is illustrated by means of a few special tables.
SIMLA:
A. STEPHEN.
19th June 1882.
REPORT
ON THE
SICKNESS AND MORTALITY OF THE EUROPEAN ARMY OF INDIA
DURING THE
TEN-YEAR PERIOD 1870-79.
THE average strength of the European Army of India for the ten years
1870-79 was 57,742. During this period
there were 851,564 admissions into hospi
-tal ; the average number daily sick was
3,472, and the number of deaths 11,166, giving an average annual admission-rate
of 1474.8, a daily sick-rate of 60.1, and a death-rate of 19.34 per 1,000. There
are no statistics in this Office of the Army of India previous to 1870, so that
the health of the European Army as a whole during the period 1870-79 cannot
be compared with that of the preceding ten-year period.
2. During the ten years 1860-69 the average death-rate of the European
Army of the Bengal Presidency was 29.98
per 1,000. In the succeeding ten years
1870-79 (including the casualties in Af--
ghanistan in 1878 and 1879), the mortality in that Presidency fell to 21.00 per
1,000—a reduction of 8.98 per 1,000. Moreover, of this reduced death-rate a
considerable portion was due to Afghanistan ; for, although comparatively few of
those on active service in that country died of wounds, the mortality from disease
was very great. Excluding the troops on active service during 1879, and taking
into account only the men in cantonments, the average death-rate of the troops
in the Bengal Presidency during the ten years 1870-79 was only 19.20 per 1,000.
The admission-rate for the Bengal Presidency, which during the period 1860-69
was 1754.9 per 1,000, fell during the following ten-year period to 1522.0 per
1,000, and the daily sick-rate for the same period fell from 67.1 to 60.9 per 1,000.
3. During the period 1870-79 the average admission-rate in the European
Army of Madras was 1264.4, the daily sick
-
rate was 60.2, and time death-rate 17.69 per
1,000. In the Bombay Army the average
admission-rate for the same period was 1533.5, the daily sick-rate was 57.4, and
the death-rate 15.27 per 1,000.* The average admission-rate in the Madras
Army during the ten years 1860-69 was 1,396, the daily sick-rate 62.0, and
time death-rate 20.27 per 1,000. In the Bombay Army during the same ten
years the daily sick-rate was 59.8, and the death-rate 21.46 per 1,000 ; and
during the nine years 1861-69, the admission-rate of that army was 1,152 per
1.000.
4. Not only have the sickness and mortality of the European troops of the
Bengal Presidency as a whole consider--
ably diminished, but the health of each of
the provincial areas into which the Presid--
ency is divided has also improved, as may be seen from the accompanying
statement.
Summary of the vital statistics of the Army of
India from 1870 to 1879.
Summary of the vital statistics of the Bengal
Army from 1870 to 1879.
Summary of the vital statistics of the Madras
and Bombay Armies from 1870 to 1879.
The troops of each of the provincial areas of the
Bengal Presidency healthier during 1870-79 than
during 1860-69.
See the Annual Reports of the Sanitary Commissioner with the Government of India for the years 1870 and
1871.
4
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS AND MORTALITY OP THE EUROPEAN ARMY
* Died out of each 100 cases of cholera treated in the European Army of Bengal
f r o m
1827 to 1880.
Y e a r .
Died out of each 100 cases
treated.
Year .
Died out of each 100 cases
treated.
1827
28.13
1854
50.54
1828
29.77
1855
50.00
1829
22.89
1856
57.85
1830
26.13
1857
No records.
1831
23.50
1858
54.34
1832
21.12
1859
50.17
1833
31.96
1860
53.25
1 8 3 4
32.31
1861
64.01
1835
2 6 . 0 4
1862
61.28
1836
16.17
1863
75.11
1837
33.42
1864
69.59
1838
27.70
1865
72.50
1839
18.50
18 66
60.00
1840
31.25
1867
60.87
1841
38.46
1868
65.52
1842
43 . 16
1869
63.55
1843
39.77
1870
42 86
1 8 4 4
44.81
1871
61.00
1845
48.67
1872
66.61
1846
4 0 . 7 4
1873
64.70
1847
1874
100.00t
1 8 4 8
1875
67.66
1849
1876
70.55
1850
1877
81.21
1851
1878
73.04
'
1 8 5 2
1879
7 4 . 4 7
1853
61.00
1880
71 37
10. During the Period 1870-79 the Percentage of deaths among the European
Percentage of deaths from cholera to number
treated in the Madras and Bombay Presidencies.
troops attacked with cholera in the Mad
–ras Presidency was 58.49, and in the Bom-
–bay Presidency during the same period the
percentage was 73.27.
11. The seasons of greatest prevalence of cholera in the different provincial
Seasonal prevalence of cholera during 1870-79
agrees with former experience as noted by Bryden.
Monthly distribution of cholera in Bengal
Proper.
areas during the period 1870-79 agree with
the experience of former years as noted
by Dr. Bryden in his report on epidemic
cholera in the Bengal Presidency.
12. European troops of Bengal Proper,‡
1870-79—
Cholera admissions of each month for the period.
Years.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept,
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Total.
1870-79
2 ...
5
1
3
2
2
...
2
1
2
3
23
Admitted in each month per cent. of the total admissions.
1870-79
8.70 ...
21.74
4.34 13.04 8.70
8.70
...
8.70
4.34
8.70 13 . 04
100
There has been so little cholera among the European troops stationed in
Bengal Proper during these ten years that the above table happily contains but
few data ; but, as far as it goes, it coincides with former experience. Bengal
Proper is in the endemic area. The spring cholera from March to May is the
great cholera of the year, and 39 . 12 per cent. of the admissions took place
during these three months. The cholera of the monsoon season from July to
September is the least important, with 17.40 per cent. of the admissions, and the
cholera of the cold weather from November to January takes a midway place
with 30 . 44 per cent.
* S e e B r y d e n ’ s E p i d e m i c C h o l e r a i n t h e B e n g a l P r e s i d e n c y , p a g e 2 3 4 .
† O n l y e i g h t
ca
s e s o c c u r r e d i n 1 8 7 4 , a l l o f w h i c h
p r o v e d f a t a l .
‡ The stations which make up this and the other provincial groups of Military stations may be ascertained in
detail on reference to the tables.
OF INDIA DURING THE TEN YEAR-PEEIOD 1870-79.
5
Monthly distribution of cholera in the Gangetic
Provinces and in Oudh.
13. European troops of the Gangetic
Provinces and Oudh, 1870-79—
Cholera admissions of each month for the period.
Years.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Total.
1870-79
...
2
7
38
39
2 4
41
133
161
16
41
3
505
Admitted in each month per cent. of the total admissions.
1870-79
...
40
1.39
7.52
7.72 4.75 8 . 12 26. 34 31.88 3 . 17 8 . 12
. 59
100
The provincial area of the Gangetic provinces and Oudh is, according to
Dr. Dryden, in the eastern division of the epidemic area, and the cholera of the
monsoon season is the great cholera of the year. From July to September
66 . 34 per cent. of the total admissions took place. The spring and cold
weather cholera are, however, distinctly represented, but in the spring cholera
April and May take the place of March and April in the endemic area. 16.63
per cent. of the total admissions took place in March, April and May, and 8.71
per cent. in the cold weather months, in November, December and January.
Monthly distribution of cholera in Rohilcund
and Meerut.
14. European Troops of Rohilcund and
Meerut, 1870-79—
Cholera admissions of each month for the period.
Years.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dee.
Total.
1870-79
...
...
...
2
4
7
3
...
28
73
2
. . .
...
119
Admitted in each month per cent. of the total admissions.
1870-79
...
...
...
1.68 3.36
5 . 88
2.52
...
23.53 61 . 35
1.68
...
...
100
The Rohilcund and Meerut Division is in the western division of the epidemic
area. Here the cholera of the monsoon season is more distinctly the principal
cholera of the year than it is in the Gangetic Provinces ; for out of a total of 119
admissions among the European troops during the ten-year period 1870-79, 101
occurred in the monsoon season, from July to September, or 84 . 88 per cent. The
cold weather cholera, from November to January, was not represented by a single
admission during the period ; and in the spring cholera, from March to May,
there were only 13 cases, or 10.92 per cent. of the whole, 7 out of the 13 having
occurred in May.
Monthly distribution of cholera in Agra and
in Central India.
15. European troops of Agra and
Central India,1870-79—
Cholera admissions of each month for the period.
Years.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Total.
1870-79
...
. . .
1
...
...
44
20
20
50
35
10
...
1
181
Admitted in each month per cent. of the total admissions.
1870-79
...
...
55 ...
...
24.31 11 . 05 11 . 05 27 . 63 19.34
5.52
. . .
55
100
6
REPORT ON THE SICKNESS AND MORTALITY OF THE EUROPEAN ARMY
In this provincial area the spring cholera is much more distinctly marked
than it is in Rohilcund and Meerut, but it is later in manifesting itself than
in the eastern division of the epidemic area. During the ten years under review,
24.31 per cent. of the admissions among the European troops occurred in May,
not a single case having occurred in March and April. The cholera of the
monsoon season is, however, the principal cholera of the year. In July, August
and September there were 105 admissions, or 58.02 per cent. of the total for the
year. The cold weather cholera was scarcely represented; during the ten years
there was only one admission during the cold weather months—November,
December and January—or .55 per cent. of the whole.
16. European troops of the Punjab,
1870-79—
Monthly distribution of cholera in the Punjab.
Cholera admissions of each month for the period.
Years.
Jan.
Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Total.
1870-79
20 67
69
42 195 101 115
3
612
Admitted in each month per cent. of the total admissions.
1870-79
3.27 10.95 11.28 6.86 31.86 16.50 18.79 .49
100
16. As in the last two provincial areas, the spring cholera appears later than
in the eastern areas. May and June in this area take the place of April and May,
in the Gangetic Provinces. From April to June there were 156 admissions from
cholera among the European troops in the Punjab during the period 1870-79,
or 25 . 50 per cent. of the total admissions. As in the other portions of the
western division of the epidemic area, the cholera of the monsoon season is by
far the most important one, but it is later in manifesting itself than in the
eastern districts, August, September and October taking the place of July,
August and September. In the Peshawar District more especially, cholera has
on several occasions been very prevalent in October. In these three months
there were 411 admissions from cholera among the European troops during the
period under review, being 67.15 per cent. of the whole. During the ten years
the cold weather cholera was not represented at all. Three cases occurred in
November, but these seem rather to have been the termination of the cholera
of the monsoon season than the representative of the cold weather cholera
of the endemic area.
Monthly distribution of cholera in Rajpootana,
Malwa and Sind.
17. European troops of Rajpootana,
Malwa and Sind, 1870-79—
Cholera admissions of each month for the period.
Years. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Total .
1870-79
1
5
16 10
10 59
21
6 10
1
139
OF INDIA DURING THE TEN-YEAR PERIOD 1870-79.
Admitted in each month per cent. of the total admissions.
Years.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April. May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Total.
1870-79
...
.72
...
3.60 11.51
7.19
7.19 42.45 15.11 4.32
7.19
.72
100
This provincial area is situated to the west of Agra and Central India, and
cholera has very much the same distribution in it as in that area. The spring
cholera is seen in April and May, the May cholera being more severe than that
of April. In these two months 15 . 11 per cent. of the total admissions among
the European troops occurred during the years 1870-79. During the same
period 64.75 per cent. of the admissions occurred during the monsoon season—in
July, August and September. The cold weather cholera was more marked dur-
ing this period than in Agra and Central India. From November to January
there were 11 admissions, or 7.91 per cent. of the whole.
7
Monthly distribution of cholera in Nagpur and the
Deccan.
18. European troops of Nagpur and
the Deccan, 1870-79--
Cholera admissions of each month for the period.
Years.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar. April.
May.
June.
July. Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Total.
1870-79
...
2
9
1
2
76
11
35
36
8
1
3
1
185
Admitted in each month per cent. of the total admissions.
1870-79
...
1.08
4.87
.54
1.08 41.08
5 . 95 18.92 19.46 4.32 .54 1.62
.54
100
This area extends from Kamptee in the north to the 15th degree of N. lati-
tude in the south, but none of the stations occupied by European troops are under
the influence of the north-east monsoon. Among the European troops of this
area the spring cholera took the most prominent place during the ten years
under review. But out of the 78 cases that occurred during April and May,
71 took place at Secunderabad in May 1871. This severe outbreak has
probably given the spring cholera of this area a greater prominence than a
more extended experience might do ; but it shows that the spring cholera
in the Deccan may be a very important one. This severe outbreak at
Secunderabad also takes away from the cholera of the moonson season of
June, July and August the prominence that it would otherwise have had.
During these three months there were 82 admissions among the European
troops during these ten years, or 44 . 33 per cent. of the total number admitted.
That the cholera of the monsoon season, viz ., June, July and August, is the
most important one in this area is shown by the following table, which gives
the deaths from cholera recorded among the Civil population during the same
ten years :—
Monthly distribution of cholera among the Civil
population of the Deccan, viz ., Berars, Hyder-
abad Assigned Districts, Khandeish, Nassik, Ahmed-
nagar, Poona, Sholapnr, Satara, Kaladji, Belgium,
Dharwar, Kanara, Ratuaghiri, Tauna, Bombay and
Colaba.
19. Civil population of the Deccan,'
1870-79—
Cholera deaths for each month of the period.
Years.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
April
May.
June. July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Total.
1870-79
... 6,083 7,949 13,036 19,305 31,917 14,642 59,775 49,889 21,133 9,784 5,180 4,977
273,670
*In the Hyderabad Assigned Districts the cholera statistics for the years 1870-74 were not available.