NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
June, 1954] P. BHATTACHARYA AND S. S. PRABHU 75
From Table VII, it will be noticed that marked centre to centre variation in
fertility rates exists, within a centre variation is also observed from month to month.
There does not appear to be any clear cut trend in this variation. No attempt is
made to test the variation for statistical significance.
Semen dosage and fertility. In Table VIII is presented details of semen dosage
in terms of neat semen in the dose and fertility.
TABLE VIII
Semen dosage and fertility
Name of centre
Fertility per dosage (c.c.)
0.1
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.4
0.5
B. indicus
Patna
Calcutta
Bangalore
..
..
1.28
(41)
1.37
(619)
..
1.73
(19)
1.19
(1132)
1.58
(716)
..
1.24
(410)
1.74
(218)
..
1.31
(185)
..
1.50
(24)
..
..
1.63
(52)
B. bubalis
Patna
..
1.45
(194)
..
1.48
(135)
1.35
(89)
..
Figures in brackets denote the number of inseminations considered in each
case. Since the amount of diluted semen injected per insemination had remained
more or less constant, the fertility figures given in Table VIII also give an indication
of fertility obtained with different dilution rates. There is no apparent trend
seen in these results. Patna, centre for example, show higher fertility rates when
instead of 0.2, 0.25 or 0.3 c.c. of neat semen was introduced with a drop again when
higher dose was given. Since in each of the dosage groups semen of the same storage
age was not used, the data were re-grouped under each dosage according to the age
of the semen, and the results obtained are presented in Table IX.
Figures for Bangalore are omitted as the observations under each item were
scanty. The B. indicus figures for Patna on analysis showed that there was no
difference in fertility between age groups of semen used, but statistically signi-
ficant difference was observed between dosage and fertility. Fertility with 0.30
dosage was significantly different from fertilities with other doses. Among the
other doses however, the fertility difference was not significant. The B. indicus
figures of Calcutta and B. bubalis figures of Patna have not been analysed because
of insufficiency of data.
18 AR/53.
2
76
ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IN CATTLE (II) [ Vol. XXIV, Part II,
TABLE IX
Semen dosage and fertility according to age of the semen
Name of centre
Age in hours
Dosage in c.c. Fresh
24
48
B. indieus
Patna
Calcutta
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.40
0.25
0.30
1.32
1.34
1.28
1.87
1.65
..
1.32
1.26
1.20
1.29
1.54
1.53
1.36
1.30
1.20
1.28
1.70
1.75
B. bubalis
Patna
0.20
0.30
0.40
1.41
1.30
1.36
1.47
2.38
1.63
1.35
1.33
Age of semen and fertility. In Table X, details of age of semen injected and
fertility are presented.
TABLE X
Age of semen and fertility
Age in hours
Name of centre
Fresh
18.24
24.1.30
42.1.48
48.1.54
66.1.72
B. indieus
Patna
Calcutta
Bangalore
1.35
(793)
1.61
(240)
1.62
(110)
1.27
(650)
1.55
(385)
2.00
(30)
1.16
(152)
..
..
2.29
(16)
1.31
(359)
1.71
(222)
2.25
(27)
113
(54)
..
..
..
..
1.38
(22)
1.76
(37)
1.73
(19)
B. bubalis
Patna
1.40
(154)
1.60
(88)
1.35
(27)
1.38
(105)
..
..
1.78
(52)
June, 1954 .] P. BHATTACHARYA AND S. S. PRABHU 77
Owing to the incomplete observations, the data did not present itself for
straight forward analysis. Analysis already carried out for B. indicus (Patna
centre) had shown that there was no difference in fertility with the use of semen
samples preserved up to 48 hours. Figures for other species and centres were not
analysed.
SUMMARY
Data gathered during the year 1947 by the Calcutta, Patna, and Bangalore
field artificial insemination centres run by the Animal Genetics Division of the
Indian Veterinary Research Institute and comprising 3926 inseminations made
from 551 ejaculates collected from 21 B. indicus, one B. taurus and four B. bubalis
bulls of the centres are analysed and discussed.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors wish to thank Shri D. B. Mukherjee, Ch. Chetram and Shri S. V
Chandiramani, the Officers-in-charge of the Calcutta, Patna and Bangalore arti-
ficial insemination centres respectively, for their help in introducing the new tech-
nique in the field. The basic data utilised in the preparation of this report were
collected by them. Thanks are due to Major J. M. Lahiri, Principal, Bengal Veteri-
nary College, Shri S. K. Sen, Director of Animal Husbandry, Bihar and Dr. K. C.
Sen, Director, Indian Dairy Research Institute, Bangalore, for their personal interest
and for providing all facilities at the respective artificial insemination centres. To
the Director, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, the authors are grateful for
help and advice at all stages during the progress of the work.
REFERENCES
Bhattaoharya, P. (1948). Preliminary report on the field application of artificial insemination. Proc.
35th Indian Sci. Congr. (Patna), III (4) ; 96 (Abstr.)
Bhattacharya, P. and S. S. Prabhu (1952). Field application of artificial insemination in Cattle-I
Indian J. vet. Sci. XXII, 3,163.178.
THE DEEP—FREEZING OF SEMEN*
T HE discovery that glycerol would prevent haemolysis of red blood corpuscles
after freezing automatically led to investigations of its effect on other living
cells. As viability is readily detected in sperm because of its motility, it was
obviously suited to investigations of this nature.
It was known that the freezing of the semen of most animals, humans being
the exception, resulted in its death, and it was not until the advent of glycerol-treated
sperm that storage under frozen conditions became possible. Initial experiments
with fowl spermatozoa indicated that if 10 per cent. or 15 per cent. glycerol was
added to the semen, then a high degree of recovery was obtained on rewarming
afters the ample had been frozen to —79°C.
Similar results unfortunately were not obtained with semen from the bull, and
the recovery rate was relatively poor. It was then discovered that if the sperma-
tozoa were allowed to soak in 10 per cent. glycerol solution for about 20 hours, and
then frozen, on rewarming a high degree of activity was resumed. Fertility ex-
periments followed and indicated that not only was there a normal degree of fertility
using semen treated in this way, but that there were indications of improved fertility
probably due to the addition of glycerol. Two groups of cows, about 60 in all,
showed a pregnancy rate of over 75 per cent. where glycerolized semen was used.
Almost all these animals have now calved and the offspring appear sound in every
way.
The present technique of freezing is as follows :
The semen is collected in a normal artificial vagina examined microscopically
and diluted up to half the final dilution aimed at with a mixture of citrate buffer and
egg yolk in equal proportions. The mixture is then cooled in a refrigerator at
+5°C. and left standing at this temperature for about six hours. An equal volume
of 20 per cent glycerol in citrate buffer which has been previously cooled to +5°C.
is now added slowly to the sperm mixture making sure that thorough mixing takes
place. The whole is then left in the refrigerator overnight and the following day
after allowing about 18 hours for the glycerol to penetrate the sperm it is ampouled
in single doses in glass ampoules taking care that the temperature is maintained at
+5°C. This can easily be done by ampouling in an ice-water bath.
After sealing in the flame, the ampoules are transferred into an alcohol bath
also at +5°C., the temperature being controlled by the addition of solid carbon
dioxide. It is usual to use a very large thermos as the alcohol bath in order to
reduce wastage of CO 2 during cooling. The temperature of the bath is now reduced
slowly by adding lumps of CO 2 taking about 25 minutes to reach —15 °C., at which
temperature the semen mixture is usually frozen solid. Once this point is reached
the CO 2 should be added much more rapidly to obtain a fairly rapid fall in tempera-
ture and — 79°C. should be reached in about 45 minutes. Once at this temperature.
* Reproduced from Veterinery Excerpts, Vol. 6, No. 2, 1953
18AR/53
79
3
A STUDY OF THE REACTION OF THE VAGINAL
SECRETION IN COWS AND HEIFERS
By A. C. CHOUDHURI, B, Sc., PH. D. (EDIN), and R. B. PRASAD, G. B. V. C., Bihar
Veterinary College, Patna
(Received for publication on 24 August 1953)
A CCORDING to Hammond, one of the chief characteristics of the cervix is
the mucous secretion, the amount and consistency of the mucus varying
with the stage of the œstrus cycle. The mucus produced is very thick and vicid
and a relatively small amount is formed from three days after heat to three days
before, the next one. Just before heat, it becomes fluid and large quantities of it are
formed ; during heat it is very thin and clear becoming thicker and rather whitish
due to the admixture of leucocyte and debris, 48 to 72 hours after the beginning
of heat. Embrys-Roberts quoted by Hammond found that in the cows the mucinous
secretions during pro-œstrus is derived not from the body of the uterus but from
the cervix and the vagina.
Just before heat and similarly just before parturition the cervix dilates and
the mucus liquefies and streams down the vagina to the vulva. The dilution and
flow of mucus at the time of heat allows a free passage in the cervix and forms a
liquid medium in which the spermatozoa can swim freely on their way to the Fallo-
pian tubes.
Macomber as cited by Hammond found that in women a thick tenacious secre-
tion of the cervix often causes sterility. It is probable that the condition is aggra-
vated by an acid condition of the reproductive tract, for mucus becomes tenacious
in an acid medium but liquefies easily in dilute alkalies, hence the good results,
which have been frequently obtained by washing out the genital passages with dilute
alkalies just before service. From this it would appear that one of the causes of
sterility in females is the acid condition of the vagina and that frequently concep-
tion of sterile females was possible by washing out the vagina with dilute alkalies.
Roark and Herman [1950] made pH determination of bovine mucus collected
during the œstrus cycle. They obtained highest pH reading as 8.30 and the lowest
6.18 ; and the largest per cent of the pH values varied between 6.90 and 7.29. They
found that the vaginal pH of difficult breeding cows tended to be more acid than
that of normal and pregnant cows. The vaginal pH of pregnant cows, without
regard to stage of pregnancy, was more alkaline than that of normal and difficult
breeding cows. Seventy five per cent of the vaginal pH values of pregnant cows
fell within the pH limits of 6.90 and 7.29. They also found that in cows which
were in œstrus during the course of the measurements there was a distinct drop
in the pH, just prior to, during, or immediately after heat.
With a view to collect definite data regarding the reaction of the vaginal secre-
tions in Tharparkar cows the present study was undertaken.
18 AR/53
81
4
82
VAGINAL SECRETION IN COWS AND HEIFERS
[ Vol. XXIV, Part II,
MATERIAL
The mucus collected for this study was from the animals of the Government
Cattle Farm, Patna which are of Tharparkar breed.
METHOD
The main object of this study was to find out the exact reaction of the vaginal
mucus in both normal and abnormal animals. In order to do this it was decided
to estimate the true reaction of the mucus in terms of pH values. At first an attempt
was made to collect mucus from the vaginal wall by inserting the hand through
vulva but this method was found to be unsatisfactory as very little mucus would
be collected and as such it was abandoned. After various trials the following
method was adopted.
A vaginal douche nozzle was fitted to a small glass funnel with the help of a
short piece of rubber tube. This apparatus was employed to wash the vagina
with distilled water.
The washing was done by inserting the nozzle in the vagina
and pouring about 25 c.c. of distilled water and collecting the washings which used
to come out in a clear test tube. The pH value of the vaginal washings from each
animal was determined by colorimetric method using universal indicator which
has a range of 4.5 to 9.0 (0.25 c.c. of indicator was used in 10 c.c. of the sample
tested and in the control).
RESULTS
Table I shows the pH values of vaginal macus arranged in groups according to
the age of the cows. The range of variation in the pH values is between 6.0 and
8.5. Out of 135 readings taken in normal cows the pH values are found to be 6.0
in 20.7 per cent; 6.5 in 41.4 per cent; 7.0 in 28.6 per cent ; 7.5 in 6.1 per cent ;
8.0 in 2.2 per cent and 8.5 in 0.74 per cent of the total readings.
TABLE I
pH. values of vaginal secretions according to age groups
Age of cows
3 years
4 „
5 „
6 „
7 „
8 „
9 „
10 „
11 „
12 .,
13 „
14 „
15 „
10 „
Total
Number of animals in each pH group
pH
6.0
1
1
3
5
5
2
—
2
—
3
1
2
2
1
28
pH
6.5
4
7
5
8
8
3
7
8
2
1
4
1
3
—
56
pH
7.0
1
3
2
5
5
5
1
4
1
5
3
1
—
—
36
pH
7.5
1
1
—
1
—
—
1
2
3
1
1
—
—
—
11
pH
8.0
—
—
—
2
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
3
pH
8.5
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
1
June, 1954 ] A. C. CHOUDHTJRI AND R. B. PRASAD 83
TABLE II
pH values of vaginal secretions according to stage of lactation
Stage of lactation of cows
1st month
2nd
„
3rd
„
4th „
5th„
6th
„
7th
8th
„
9th „
10th „
11th
„
12th
„
13th
„
14th
„
15th
„
16th
„
Number of animals in each pH group
pH
6.0
1
2
—
1
5
—
1
1
2
1
2
3
1
—
1
1
pH
6.5
1
1
4
3
1
1
1
—
3
—
—
1
1
1
3
—
pH
7.0
3
1
2
1
1
5
2
—
1
2
—
2
—
—
—
—
pH
7.5
2
1
1
—
2
2
—
—
1
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
pH
8.0
—
1
—
1
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
pH
8.5
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Percentage
of total
readings
between pH 7.0
and above
71.42
50.00
42.85
33.33
33.33
87.50
60.00
75.00
28.57
80.00
nil
33.33
50.00
100.00
nil
nil
In order to see whether the stage of lactation has got any effect on the pH value
of vaginal secretion the results have been arranged likewise. In the last column
the percentage of readings of total number in each month of lactation falling between
pH 7.0 and above has been shown. It would appear that in majority of the stages
the pH values are between 7.0 and above.TABLE III
pH values of vaginal secretion according to stage of pregnancy
Stage of pregnancy of cows
1st month
2nd
„
3rd
„
4th
„
5th
„
6th
„
7th
„
8th
„
Number of cows in each pH group
pH
6.0
—
—
—
3
1
4
—
2
pH
6.5
—
2
—
2
1
3
3
3
pH
7.0
3
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
pH
7.5
2
1
2
—
1
—
—
—
pH
8.0
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
pH
8.5
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Percentage
of total
readings
between pH 7.0
and above
100.00
71.42
100.00
16.00
50.00
12.50
25 00
16.66
In Table III the results have been arranged according to the months of preg-
nancy of the cows. In the last column the percentage of readings of the total number
in each month of pregnancy falling between pH 7.0 and above have been shown.
84
VAGINAL SECRETION IN COWS AND HEIFERS [ Vol. XXIV, Part II,
It would appear from the result that there is a distinct tendency of the pH value of
the mucus falling below 7.0 from the fourth month of pregnancy and onward.
TABLE IV
pH value of vaginal secretion of heifers
Serial number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Brand Number
of heifers
29/4
27/4
63/2
71/2
78/2
79/2
76/2
77/2
43/3
53/3
52/3
46/3
35/2
66/2
70/2
73/2
74/2
19/3
28/3
35/2
29/2
25/2
3/2
73/1
56/1
55/1
42/1
Date of
birth
6-3-44
4-3-44
1-4-42
12-4-42
23-4-42
25-4-42
20-4-42
22-4-42
21-3-43
7-4-43
5-4-43
24-3-43
3-3-43
3-4-42
10-4-42
16-4-42
17-4-42
5-2-43
16-2-43
20-2-42
8-2-42
1-2-42
1-1-42
21-10-41
20-9-41
26-9-41
15-7-41
Date of
test
16-1-45
16-1-45
17-2-44
17-2-44
12-2-44
17-2-44
18-2-44
18-2-44
16-1-45
16-1-45
16-1-45
15-1-45
16-1-45
17-2-44
18-2-44
18-2-44
18-2-44
15-1-45
15-1-45
15-1-45
15-1-45
15-1-45
15-1-45
15-1-45
15-1-45
15-1-45
15-1-45
A ge at the time of test
Years
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
Months
10
10
10
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
10
11
11
—
2
3
3
0
pH. value
6.0
6.5
6.0
6.0
6.5
6.0
8.5
6.0
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.0
6.5
6.0
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.0
6.5
6.0
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
7.0
7.0
7.0
June, 1954 ] A. C. CHOUDHUEI AND K. B. FRASAD 85
In order to determine the reaction of the vaginal mucus of heifers the mucus
from the vagina of 27 heifers varying in age from 10 months to 3 years 6 months
was tested, the pH values were found to be 6.0 in 33.3 per cent, 6.5 in 48.1 per cent
and 7.0 in 18.5 per cent of the readings. The range was from 6.0 to 7.0.
TABLE V
pH value of vaginal secretion of cows during cestrum
Serial
number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Brand number
of cows
321
136
190
203
283
16/0
107
160
262
211
159
258
151
Date of birth
13-1-37
6-11-29
14-5-33
19-2-34
13-10-35
28-2-40
13-2-29
4-9-31
28-12-35
10-4-34
1-10-31
26-12-34
28-7-31
Date of last
calving
27-7-42
26-6-43
20-9-43
10-12-41
17-9-43
—
8-12-40
12-9-43
29-9-43
30-5-43
15-8-41
29-9-43
2-11-43
Date of test
23-11-43
23-11-43
27-11-43
29-11-43
29-11-43
1-12-43
1-12-43
3-12-43
4-12-43
5-12-43
6-12-43
7-12-43
13-12-43
pH value
6.5
7.0
7.0
6.5
6.5
6'5
6.5
6.5
7.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
7.0
The mucus from the vagina of 13 cows during heat was examined. The results
can be seen in Table V. It would appear that the range of variation of the pH
value is very narrow, i.e. between 6.5 and 7.0 only.
TABLE VI
Day to day pH values of vaginal secretion of cows during œstrum cycle
Day
1st
2nd
3rd
Cow No.
159 pH
7.0
6.5
7.0
Cow No.
107
pH
6.5
6.5
6.5
Cow No.
321pH
7.0
6.5
7.0
Cow No.
192 pH
6.5
6.5
6.5
Remarks
86
VAGINAL SECRETION IN COWS AND HEIFERS
[ Vol. XXIV, Part II,
TABLE VI—contd.
Day to day pH value of vaginal secretion of cows during œstrum cycle
Day
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
l5th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
21st
22nd
23rd
24th
25th
Cow No.
159 pH
6.5
6.0
6.5
6.0
6.5
6.0
6.0
6.5
6.0
7.0
7.0
7.5
7.0
7.5
6.5
7.0
7.5
7.0
7.0
7.0
In œstrum
Cow No.
107 pH
6.0
6.5
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.5
6.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
7.5
7.5
8.0
7.5
6.5
7.5
7.5
6.0
7.5
7.5
In œstrum
Cow No.
321 pH
6.5
6.0
6.0
7.0
7.0
7.5
6.5
7.0
6.5
8.0
8.0
6.5
7.5
6.5
7.5
8.0
7.5
In œstrum
Cow No
192 pH
6.0
6.0
7.0
6.5
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.5
7.0
7.5
6.5
8.0
7.0
In œstrum
Remarks
In cow No. 159 the test started
with the œstrum on 14-1-44,
the next heat was observed on
6-2-44.
In cow No. 107 the test started
with the œstrum on 14-1-44,
the next heat was observed
on 7-2-44.
In cow No. 321 the test started
with the œtrum on 20-1-44,
the next heat was observed
on 9-2-44.
In cow No. 192 the test started
with the oestrum on 20-1-44,
the next heat was observed
on 8-2-44.
In order to study the day to day change, if any, in the pH value of the vaginal
discharge during the œstrus cycle, the pH value of such discharges of four cows
June, 1954]
A.
C.
CHOUDHURI
AND
R.
B.
PRASAD
87
was determined, starting from the day when œstrum was observed. The
cows were not mated and the tests were carried out daily until the next œstrum
appeared.
From the result presented in Table VI it would appear that there was a slight
tendency of the mucus becoming near about 7.0 or slightly above when the heat
period approached.
TABLE VII
pH values of vaginal secretions of cows requiring three or more services before they
conceive
Serial
number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Brand
Number
of cows
80
276
16/1
350
335
164
319
Dates of successive services before conception
3-4-44, 15-5-44, 20-7-44, 2-8-44
6-8-44, 22-8-44, 2-9-44, 26-9-44, 19-10-44
18-7-44, 7-8-44, 4-10-44, 2-12-44
11-5-44, 6-6-44, 18-7-44, 6-8-44, 15-7-44
19-11-44, 10-12-44, 31-12-44, 21-1-45
13-10-44, 27-10-44, 13-11-44, 8-1-45
23-6-44, 3-7-44, 13-8-44, 15-9-44, 5-10-44, 27-4-44
pH value
7.0
6.0
6.5
6.5
7.0
6.5
6.0
As the acid condition of vagina is claimed to be one of the causes of sterility
the vaginal secretion of seven cows which recently took three or more services before
they conceived where examined. The results can be seen in Table VII. The pH
range was 6.0 to 7.0. It appears that the reaction of the mucus of these cows could
not have affected the conception.
SUMMARY
The pH values of vaginal washings were determined in 135 normal cows. The
range was from 6.0 to 8.5. The pH value was found to be between 6.5 and 7.0 in
majority of the animals.
The age and stage of lactation does not appear to have any effect on pH values.
There appears to exist a tendency for the pH values to be slightly below 7.0
from the fourth month onwards of the pregnancy. The range of pH values in heifers
appears to be between 6.0 and 7.0. During œstrum the pH value appears to be near
7.0.
No abnormality in the pH values could be found in cases taking three or more
services before conceiving.
REFERENCES
Hammond, J. The physiology of reproduction in the cow. Cambridge University Press Publication
Roark, D. B. and Herman, H. A. (1950), Agri, Exp. Sta. Missouri (Columbia), Res. Bull, 455
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING MORTALITY IN OSSIMI
AND RAHMANI LAMBS
By M. T. RAGAB, A. A. ASKER, and M. R. KADI, Animal Breeding Department,
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Cairo, Giza, Egypt
(Received for publication on 3 August 1953)
THE number of lambs that survive until weaning age determines, to a great
extent, the amount of profit which the sheep farmer obtains. This is because
loss of lambs through death means a decrease in the number of surplus heads avail-
able for sale.
Other than diseases, there is a good number of factors that influences the
incidence of death in the flock. The study of such factors and their effects will help
the breeder to be more competent in minimising his losses.
In this investigation, the aim was to study the effect of some of the important
factors that influence mortality of lambs until weaning age. The effects of birth
weight, breed, type of birth, sex and inbreeding were investigated.
MATERIAL AND METHODS The breeding and landing records for shee
Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University were used in this study. The
data covered a period of 13 years, from 1940 to 1952, and comprised 860 Ossimi and
439 Rahmani lambs. Mortality rate was calculated in terms of percentage of the
number of lambs surviving at the age of four months (weaning age) to the number
of born ones. This stage of life was chosen because it is the one where heavy losses
through death are mostly expected. The coefficients of inbreeding of inbred
lambs were calculated following the method developed by Wright [1922]. Chi-square
method [Snedecor, 1946], was used to test the significance of the differences in
mortality rate of the different groups of the lambs studied.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Birth
Lambs were divided into seven groups according to their birth weights (Table 1),
to study the influence of birth weights of lambs on mortality rate. it is noted from
this table that as birth weight of lambs decreases, mortality rate increases.
TABLE I
Effect of birth weight on mortality rate of Ossimi and Rahmani lambs
Items compared
Ossimi
Number of births
Number of deaths
Mortality percentage
Rahmani
Number of births
Number of deaths
Mortality percentage
Birth weights (Kilos)
1.5-2.0
17
5
29.4
10
2
20
2.1-2.6
56
10
17.9
22
4
18.4
2.7-3.2
125
15
12
58
6
10.3
3.3-3.8
191
11
5.8
99
6
6.1
3.9-4.4
160
7
4.4
85
4
4.7
4.5-5.0
34
1
2.9
14
1
7.1
5.1-5.6
9
1
11.1
..
..
..
18AR/53
89
5