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Vol. XXIV, Part I
March, 1954
The
Indian Journal of Veterinary Science
and
Animal Husbandry
Issued under the authority
of
The Indian Council of Agricultural Research
Annual subscription
Rs. 12 or 20s.
Price per part
Rs. 3 or 5s.
PUBLISHED BY THE MANAGER OF PUBLICATIONS, DELHI PRI
ICAR. 6. XXIV.1.
875.
CONTENTS
Vol. XXIV, Part I
(March, 1954)
The Publications Committee of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research,
India, takes no responsibility for the opinion expressed in this Journal.
Original articles
THE NATIONAL RINDERPEST ERADICA-
TION PLAN
STUDIES on THE NATURE, INCIDENCE,
DISTRIBUTION AND CONTROL OF NASAL
SCHISTOSOMIASIS AND FASCIOLIASIS
OF BIHAR (WITH PLATE I AND ONE
TEXT-FIGURE)
INFLUENCE OF FACTORS AFFECTING SEX-
DRIVE ON SEMEN PRODUCTION OF
BUFFALOES. I. PHYSIOLOGICAL STATE
OF THE 'TEASER' COW
COMPOSITION OF MILK OF INDIAN
ANIMALS. V. FREEZING POINT,
LACTOSE, CHLORIDE AND ACIDITY [IN
GOAT AND SHEEP MILK
S. Datta
A. K. Varma
S. S. Prabhu and P. Bhattacharya
C. S. Dharmamjan, R. Venkates-
wara Rao and N. N. Dastur
Abstracts
Review
Page
1
11
35
51
63
65
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
THE NATIONAL RINDERPEST ERADICATION PLAN
By S. DATTA, Director, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar
(Received for publication on 13 October 1953)
T HE scheme for the eradication of rinderpest from India* was discussed at the
last Animal Husbandry Wing Meeting held at Izatnagar in March, 1951. The
live vaccine strains suggested for use in the campaign at that time were the 'lapinised'
and the 'avianised'. As efficacy of neither of these had by then been tested under
Indian conditions, the decision as to the type of vaccine to be employed for mass
vaccination was withheld pending further field trials on the different species of
animals. In the meantime, it was suggested that intensive control work in the
States be continued by employing the existing method of immunisation and a
circular letter was issued by the Ministry of Food and Agriculture to the various
States, and the work has been intensified considerably in some of the States within
their present resources.
The present position
Since the eradication plan was last discussed, a considerable amount of further
work has been carried out on 'lapinised' and the 'lapinised goat-reactor' strains
of rinderpest virus and more information has also been obtained on the goat-adapted
strain, particularly on the virus content of the spleen tissue which is employed for
the preparation of the vaccine and this would enable fixation of the minimum dose
adequate to afford protection and working out of the costs of production.**
Choice of a vaccine
It is obvious that the choice of a vaccine for adoption in a countrywide cam-
paign will depend on its safety, efficacy, ease with which it can be handled and trans-
ported to the site of operation and the cost of production. It would be well to
consider the various products in the field in the light of the above considerations
on the basis of the information available to us about each product.
The goat-adapted vaccine
The original goat-adapted strain of rinderpest virus, which was evolved first
by Dr Edwards at Mukteswar, has been extensively used in this country for the
control of rinderpest ever since 1931. Other strains, notably the KAG and CAG
strains, also evolved on the basis of Edwards' technique have been used in other
countries.
The Mukteswar strain has, no doubt, stood the test of time and has been ex-
perimentally proved to confer a solid and life-long immunity (so far tested up to
14 years at Mukteswar). The majority of cattle met with in the plains in India
react only mildly to it and can be very safely immunised with this product and
in these, this would naturally be the product of choice. It must be admitted,
* Dated 18 February, 1949.
** Datta, S. and Dhanda, M. R. (1951). The latest method evolved for the control of rinderpest
and the problem of its control. Indian Vet. J. 27, 418.
8 AR/53
2
THE NATIONAL RINDERPEST ERADICATION PLAN [Vol. XXIV, Part I,
however, that the product produces more severe reactions in certain types of cattle
such as the hill cattle, the European and the European-graded stock as well as in
buffaloes and even in the last named species, which is comparatively more resistant
than the others mentioned here, a marked reduction in the milk yield and abortions
in a certain proportion of animals in advanced pregnancy is not uncommon. Reports
of such severe reactions are received from field workers engaged in this type of
work. The natural outcome of this is that field workers are not very happy to
undertake inoculations in these classes of animals for fear of being chased out of
the villages that they visit in the event of a severe reaction, in rare cases followed
by death. Even the smallest mortality or severe reactions in a few animals from
amongst those immunised are enough to disturb the owners unless there is provision
for compensation.
Effect of vaccination in actual outbreaks
Some of these severe reactions can be ascribed to vaccination carried out in the
actual face of outbreaks, where some of the animals may be harbouring the virus
of the disease at the time of vaccination, but not all severe reactions are due to this
and that severe reactions do occur even otherwise is substantiated by those
having first hand experience of vaccination on organised farms where the natural
disease may be non-existent.
The numbers of animals of this category which would be unsuitable for vacci-
nation with the goat-adapted virus on account of their higher susceptibility to this
strain of virus are quite considerable and cannot be ignored. They include certain
types of cattle including the hill cattle and the European and European-graded
cattle, buffaloes, and sheep and goats.
The lapinised vaccine
The rabbit-adapted strain has shown great promise as a suitable immunising
agent for animals of all species, except perhaps the highly susceptible black cattle
met with only in Japan. The vaccine is safe for all species of animals met with
in India, producing in only a small proportion of them no more than a slight rise
in temperature. Somewhat higher rise in temperature has lately been noticed in
goats inoculated with this strain although the reaction is not such as to render the
vaccine unsafe. On account of the great potentialities of this strain, the Indian
Council of Agricultural Research sanctioned in 1951 money for operating at the
Indian Veterinary Research Institute a scheme for under-taking studies on this
strain of rinderpest virus to find out by laboratory and field trials if it would be
suitable for adoption for mass vaccination campaign. The scheme started operating
in July 1951 and the information obtained so far goes very much in favour of this
vaccine. The total number of animals of different species vaccinated up-to-date
with this product exceeds 20,000.* These include cattle of all breeds as also
* Datta, S., Seetharaman, C. and Rajagopalan, V. R. (1951). The use of lapinised rinderpest
vaccine (Nakamura III) in India—a preliminery report, Indian Vet. J. 28, 1.
March, 1954]
S.
DATTA
3
European-graded animals and buffaloes in various parts of the country as well as
sheep and goats. Their distribution is given in Table I.
TABLE I
Distribution of vaccinated animals
Animals
Cattlo
Buffaloes
Sheep
Goats
Sambhar (Stag)
Total
Lapinised
virus
Vaccine
7,386
951
4,705
1,285
2
14,329
Lapinised
reactor
vaccine
3,062
502
2,415
302
6,281
The vaccine has been found to be absolutely safe for animals of all ages, including
those in advanced pregnancy without a single mishap. No reduction in milk yield
has been noticed on any of the farms where vaccinations have been carried out on
a fairly large scale.
Immunity tests
Immunity tests have been carried out in the laboratory on hill cattle as well
as those belonging to the experimental dairy and the herds at Mukteswar and Izat-
nagar by challenge with virulent virus and the results are summarised in Table II.
TABLE II
Results of immunity tests
Species
Goats
Goats
Sheep
Cattle (Dairy)
Sheep
Cattle (Lucknow)
Cattle (Hissar)
Sheep (Hissar)
Goats (Hissar)
Calf
Heifers
Cows
Cows
Sheep (Hissar)
Goats
Sambhars (Stags)
Number
Interval
Immunity tests carried out in 1949-50
6
3
6
2
6
3 months
6 months
6 months
7 months
13 months
Immunity tests carried out in 1950-51
6
20
12
12
12 months
9 1 / 3 months
9½ months
9½ months
Immunity tests carried out in 1951-52
1
2
2
4
7
9
2
12 months
2½ years
2½ years
2 years 9 months
1 year 10½ months
1 year 10½ months
2 months
Result
Immune
Immune
Immune
Immune
Immune
Immune
Immune
Immune
Immune
Immune
Immune
Immune
Immune
Immune
Immune
Immune
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THE NATIONAL RINDERPEST ERADICATION PLAN [Vol. XXIV, Part I,
TABLE II—(contd.)
Results of immunity tests
Species
Number
Interval
Result
Immunity tests carried out in 1952-53
Dairy cattle (Mukteswar)
Heifers (Hissar)
Sheep (Hissar)
Goats (Hissar)
Cattle (Bengal)
Buffaloes of all ages (Bengal)
3
14
8
7
19
13
41 months
34 months
34 months
34 months
23 months
23 months
Immune
Results inconclusive
Immune
Immune
Immune
Immune
The point worthy of note in connection with trials on cattle is that both at
Hissar as well as at Haringhata Hariana (Plains) cattle showed such a high degree
of resistance that the controls inoculated with the virulent strains of virus failed
to show any reaction and as such the failure of vaccinated cattle to react to the
challenges cannot be ascribed solely to the immunity conferred by the lapinised
vaccine.
The reactions in buffaloes at Haringhata, however, have been definitely con-
clusive and have proved the establishment of immunity as a result of vaccination
as the reaction in the control animals was quite satisfactory. This has also proved
that the challenge virus used for testing the immunity in cattle, tested simulta-
neously on the buffaloes was fully viable at the time of use.
From the above results it can be safely inferred that lapinised vaccine confers
an immunity in susceptible buffaloes and sheep and goats which is lasting for at
least 3 years and 5 months, the period so far tested in the case of cattle and at least
two years in the case of buffaloes and about three years in sheep and goats which
is very satisfactory indeed. It is expected that immunity would be of a longer
duration which only subsequent tests will prove.
Goat-reactor lapinised vaccine
At one stage it was thought that the passage of the lapinised virus into a goat
would make vaccine production cheap and comparatively easier as the breeding of
rabbits in the large numbers required which involves a higher cost would be eliminat-
ed. Titration experiments with the reactor virus (goat spleen) have, however, shown
that the titre of the virus in the spleen tissue of reactor-goats falls to such a low
level that vaccine production is rendered extremely uneconomical. Work is being
continued to see if the titre of the virus in the tissues of goats could be stepped up
to an economic level by serial passage of the strain in goats without simultaneously
increasing its virulence to a degree that would render it unsafe as a vaccine. At
one time the strain was successfully passaged in goats for over 80 serial passages
without changing its character to any appreciable extent, but the strain was ulti-
mately lost for want of suitable storage facilities and the titre of this reactor strain
was not determined at any stage during the course of these passages.
Vaccinations carried out in the field with the reactor-vaccine have not been
very successful on account of the extremely low titre of the virus in the spleen tissue
March, 1954]
S.
DATTA
7
(b) Goat virus is highly antigenic and would be good for the bulk of cattle
living in the plains of India. But it would prove too severe for
certain other breeds as well as for buffaloes and sheep and goats.
(c) The lapinised vaccine, very satisfactory in all other ways, would be
much more expensive to produce if all vaccinations are to be carried
out with it and it may entail breeding of large numbers of rabbits,
free of disease and the proposition would not be economical. It
would be possible, however, to produce adequate quantities of lapinised
vaccine, sufficient to deal with buffaloes and certain types of cattle
more susceptible to the disease and which cannot be vaccinated by
the goat-adapted vaccine.
(d) Lapinised goat-reactor virus has to be ruled out at the present moment
on account of the extremely low titres obtained with it and unless
further work shows that the titre can be stepped up to an economic
level.
(e) Avianised virus, though extremely cheap, has not been tried in this
country and until the nature and duration of immunity conferred
by its use in the various species and different breeds of animals can
be determined, it would not be wise to adopt it for a countrywide
campaign.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The research so far has given definite indications of the great potentialities
of both the goat virus and the lapinised vaccine each in their respective sphere
as valuable agents for use in field campaign for the eradication of rinderpest. The
time is now ripe for giving effect to the eradication plan and how best to do so
should now be possible to be worked out by the Central Rinderpest Eradication
Committee proposed below.
Our recommendations in the light of the above discussion are as follows :
1. To adopt freeze-dried goat-adapted virus vaccine for the immunisation
of all plains cattle. The vaccine should be produced at Izatnagar
and at other few suitably-equipped regional laboratories giving due
regard to its purity, safety, potency and keeping quality. To ensure
its potency, proper storage facilities must be provided at each depot
where the vaccine may have to be stored.
2. To use lapinised vaccine for all hill, European and European grade cattle,
buffaloes, and sheep and goats.
3. The campaign may be divided, if required, into two phases, viz.
Phase I.—To vaccinate all cattle and buffaloes.
Phase II.—For vaccination of all sheep, goats and other species, as
well as the progeny of cattle and buffaloes that would
have come into being in the meantime.
Where facilities exist, the two phases may even be taken up simultaneonsly.
4. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research scheme now functioning at
the Indian Veterinary Research Institute on the lapinised virus
should in order to ensure an effective and safe product reaching the
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THE NATIONAL RINDERPEST ERADICATION PLAN [Vol. XXIV, Part I,
field, be extended and reoriented to include work on avianised
vaccine in the light of the experience gained and the developments
which have taken place including the installation of freeze-drying
equipment at several centres in India. In this connection the pro-
gramme of the Disease Investigation Officers in the State will have
to be suitably modified and the scheme will render assistance
in the effective application of control measures as envisaged in the
eradication plan without loss of time.
5. It is proposed that at the level of the Central Government there should
be a Central Rinderpest Eradication Committee to plan, co-ordinate
and progress the countrywide campaign with the Vice-President of
the Indian Council of Agricultural Research as Chairman. It should
include the Animal Husbandry Commissioner; Director, Indian
Veterinary Research Institute; FAO Experts; and some State
Directors including the Animal Husbandry Commissioner, Uttar
Pradesh. The work of the Central Committee shall be managed by
a Secretariat staff and a whole-time Veterinary Officer appointed for
the purpose at the Centre, who shall act as Secretary of the Committee.
The State Committee shall also be constituted on similar lines, in which there
would also be the representatives of the Revenue as well as the Police.
The country should organise itself into certain regions, say, Northern, Eastern,
Southern and Central, and the States in each region should agree on a common
plan and decide to obtain their own requirements of freeze-dried vaccines from the
regional vaccine producing centres. The Central Institute would still continue
to supply products wherever required including those States which will not be
covered by the regional centre and also supplement their activities, and with the
improved air service, convenient air transport is likely.
The staff required for the Central Rinderpest Laboratory at Izatnagar should
be provided without delay to form as the co-ordinating link of all the technical
acitivities. Without this control co-ordination, progress will not be as rapid as
one would expect.
6. The resources of the States should be concentrated on improving the
field organization and making it more adequate for intensifying and
expanding their campaigns. The available resources could go a longer
way, if expenditure could be rationalised and wastages eliminated.
In regard to the organization of campaign on regional and State levels and to
assist the regional and State authorities, the Central Body shall have sufficient
funds to assist the State organization to reach up to such a level as to be most effec-
tive for the purpose. All this will involve the appointment of appropriate strength
of staff, mobile transport, cold storage—mobile and stationary, and extra inocula-
tion outfit and microscopes.
In view of the equal responsibilities of the State and the Centre in such
campaigns, it may be possible to share this extra burden on 50/50 basis as is being
done in the case of 'Key Village Scheme'.