NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
44
SEMEN PRODUCTION OF BUFFALOES
[ Vol. XXIV, Part I,
TABLE IV
Average reaction time and semen characteristics observed in the two
experimental groups
Serial
number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Item studied
Volume (c.c.)
Initial motility
Sperm concentration (millions)
Percentage of abnormal sperm
Total sperm in ejaculate (millions)
Initial pH
Percentage of dead sperm (opal-
blue-eosin method)
Percentage of total motile sperm
Beaction time (seconds)
Ejaculate
First
Second
First
Second
First
Second
First
Second
First
Second
First
Second
First
Second
First
Second
First
Second
With
on
heat' cow
(x)
3.37
2.44
2.47
3.16
666
776
10.44
9.06
2479
1803
6.78
6.76
37.46
25.81
11.98
25.07
40.35
18.18
With 'not
on
heat' cow
(y)
2.98
2.34
2.32
2.85
622
723
10.58
10.39
1586
1524
6.71
6.78
34.98
21.90
12.38
28.22
34.44
46.59
Difference
(x-y)
+0.39
+0.10
+6.15
+0.31
+44
+53
—0.14
—1.33
+893
+279
+0.07
—0.02
+2.48
+3.91
—0.40
—3.15
+5.91
—28.41
With the exception of total sperm in first ejaculate and reaction time of second
ejaculate, the differences in the reaction time and various semen characteristics
between the bulls in the two groups are small. Even the fairly large differences
seen in the two cases cited may not be statistically significant, when one considers
the large bull to bull and in a given bull, the large ejaculate to ejaculate variations.
March, 1954] S. S. PRABHU AND P. BHATTACHARYA 45
The data were analysed statistically and the results of the analysis of variance
carried out are summarised in Table V.
TABLE V
The analysis of variance of data collected under experimental series II
(proportional quantities)
Variation
Treatment
Error
D.F.
1
3
(i) Volume
M.S.
1117.52
1216.14
F.
..
..
(ii) Motility
M.S.
0.20
330.27
F.
..
..
(iii) Sperm
concentration
M.S.
28052670
54298880
F.
..
..
Variation
Treatment
Error
D.F.
1
3
(iv) Percentage
abnormal
sperm
M.S.
533.49
468.69
F.
1.13
..
(v) Total sperm
in
ejaculate
M.S.
49452.43
81571.95
F.
..
..
(vi) Initial pH
M.S.
2.29
2.77
F.
..
..
Variation
Treatment
Error
D.F.
1
3
(vii) Percentage
dead sperm
M.S.
233620.68
156042.18
F.
1.49
..
(viii) Percentage
total motile
sperm
M.S.
56389.12
71678.72
F.
..
..
(ix) Reaction time
M.S.
360584
429427
F.
..
..
It will be seen from Table V that in none of the items studied, the bulls in the
'on heat' and ' not on heat' groups differed significantly,
Experimental series III. Overall averages of reaction time and semen charact-
eristics under a given treatment ('on heat' or 'not on heat') are presented in
Table VI.
46
SEMEN PRODUCTION OF BUFFALOES
[ Vol. XXIV, Part I,
TABLE VI
Average reaction time and semen characteristics of bulls receiving a given
treatment
Serial
number
1
2
3
4
5
6
Item studied
Volume (c.c.)
Initial motility
Sperm concentration (millions/c.c.)
Total sperm in ejaculate (millions)
Initial pH
Reaction time
Ejaculate
First
Second
Third
Fourth
First
Second
Third
Fourth
First
Second
Third
Fourth
First
Second
Third
Fourth
First
Second
Third
Fourth
First
Second
Third
Fourth
With
'on
heat' cow
(x)
2.25
2.12
1.09
1.31
2.72
2.42
1.59
1.21
813
1137
730
836
1712
2411
822
1051
6.8
6.8
6.9
7.0
29.79
64.16
133.81
241.64
With 'not
on
heat' cow
(y)
2.03
2.39
1.27
1.30
2.68
2.20
2.19
0.81
858
1081
844
794
1607
2364
1071
1040
6.8
6.8
6.9
7.0
35.58
96.39
111.47
294.89
Difference
(x-y)
+0.22
—0.27
—0.18
+0.01
+0.04
+0.22
—0.60
—0.60
—45
+56
—114
+42
+ 105
—47
—249
+ 11
0
0
0
0
—5.79
—32.23
+22.34
—53.25
Bulls on an average take decidedly longer time in giving the third and fourth
ejaculates, than in giving the first two ejaculates. Besides, the average quality of
the third and fourth ejaculates was poorer as compared to the semen samples in the
first two ejaculates. The difference between bulls ' on heat' and 'non-heat' groups
in respect of reaction time and quality of semen, was small and probably not signifi-
cant in view of the large variation seen between bulls and different like numbered
ejaculates of same bulls. The data are analysed statistically and the results are
summarised in Table VII. For the purpose of analysis the totals of the first two
March, 1954] S. S. PRABHU AND P. BHATTACHARYA 47
ejaculates were taken as one reading and totals of the other two ejaculates as another
reading. This was done since the first two and last two ejaculates were collected
under different teaser cows. Further, it was assumed that there was no carry-over
effect of the treatment given last on a day prevailing on the first two ejaculates coll
ected during subsequent week, and the sets of readings for the two groups of six bulls
each taken on consecutive days was regarded together as pertaining to one day, the
difference between consecutive days being taken as negligible. The pertinent
question of carry-over effect of the first treatment given on any day during the period
of collection of subsequent two ejaculates on the same day, was taken up first,
(details discussed elsewhere in this paper) and since there was no evidence of such
effect being present, analysis appropriate to a ' switch back ' design with 16 periods
was carried out.
As will be seen from Table VII no significant difference as detected in any of the
items investigated between bulls in ' on heat' and ' not on heat' groups.
Study of carry-over or residual effects. Since the two treatments tried are
interchanged, at periodic intervals which differed in the three experiments an
attempt was made to find out whether there was any carry-over or residual effect
of a given treatment on the behaviour of bulls as judged from reaction time and
semen production on the subsequent treatment. For this study only the data
from the last experiment were used since in this experiment the chances of carry
over effects being present happens to be greatest (The change-over of treatments
was made with a few minutes interval). The method used consisted in carrying
out a pooled analysis of variance using values of ζ' 15 for n'=16.
The analysis could detect no significant effect due to residual effect of treat
ments ; thus showing that such effects if present, were small and negligible.
TABLE VII
Analysis of variance of data pertaining to experimental series III
(proportional quantities)
Variation
Treatment
Error
Total
D.P.
1
10
11
(i) Volume
M.S.
137099560
7192357701
F.
..
..
(ii) Motility
M.S.
133767018
2514491340
F.
..
..
(iii) Sperm
concentration
M.S.
52864634295
245306189150
F.
..
..
48
SEMEN PRODUCTION OF BUFFALOES
[ Vol. XXIV, Part I,
TABLE VII—(contd.)
Analysis of variance of data pertaining to experimental series III
(proportional quantities)
Variation
Treatment
Error
Total
D.F.
1
10
11
(iv) Initial pH
M.S.
11995
285558
F.
..
..
(v) Total sperm in
ejaculate
M.S.
3189318096840
13114947898817
F.
..
..
(vi) Reaction time
M.S.
1589144022675
1321916378999
F.
1.20
..
DISCUSSION
Loss of sex-drive or ' libido ' is perhaps not an infrequent phenomenon in bulls
maintained for artificial service. It occurs in more or less intense forms for short
or long durations at certain times of the year in many bulls. Various remedies
including injection of hormones to sensitize the nervous centres controlling motor
circuits conditioning copulatory activity are recommended in literature to overcome
loss of ' libido ' in bulls. According to the conclusions arrived at by the Russian
workers [cited by Rowson, 1946], satisfactory results in the treatment of such bulls
might be got for limited periods through slight additions of new stimuli to service
conditions. The bulls repeatedly subjected to almost identical and unvaried routine
service conditions tend to have their reflex centres controlling the copulatory
mechanism, dulled or rendered less sensitive resulting in inhibition. This is in direct
opposition to the generally held belief that service conditions of artificial
insemination bulls should be kept constant, so that when they are led to the site
of collection, they may ' anticipate ' service, and readily react, and give thrust in
the artificial vagina. Perhaps this may be so in a large proportion of bulls for fairly
long periods at a time. However inhibition is likely to creep in, if service condi-
tions are kept unchanged indefinitely the exact length beyond which it is unsafe
to keep the conditions unvaried depending largely on the individuality of the bulls.
Frequent changes in service conditions are recommended by the Russian workers
for overcoming established inhibition in artificial insemination bulls.
One of the reasons held against changing service conditions is the natural fear
that the bulls may develop ' vices'. For example, if a bull used to collections
from ' non-heat' teaser cows is shown ' on heat' cows, then he may be ' spoiled '
for artificial insemination work. That is why persons in charge of artificial insemina-
tion centres are reluctant to allow natural service to their trained artificial insemina-
tion bulls. In our studies, wherein bulls were alternately shown oestrus
50
SEMEN PRODUCTION OF BUFFALOES
[ Vol. XXIV, Part I,
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are indebted to Messrs K. D. Baya and U. D. Sharma for assistance
in collecting the basic data and to Shri V. N. Amble, Statistician (Animal Husbandry),
Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, for help in the statistical
treatment of the data. They are grateful to Dr S. Datta, Director, Indian Veterinary
Research Institute for his keen interest and general encouragement.
REFERENCES
Anderson, J. (1945). Semen of animals and its use for artificial insemination. Imp. Bur.
Anim. Genetics, Edinburgh, pp. viii+151
Bhatnagar, D. S. (1952). Fertility of bull semen stored for long periods. (unpublished)
Bhattacharya, P. (1948). Preliminary report on the field application of artificial insemination
Abstr. Proc. 35th Indian Sci. Congr. (Patna), III (4), 96
— and Prabhu, S. S. (1952). Field application of artificial insemination in cattle-1, Indian J.
vet. Sci. 22(3) 163-178
,
(1950). Field application of artificial insemination in India-II. Abstr. Proc. 37th
Indian Sci. Congr. (Poona) III (9), 197
,
(1952). Field application of artificial insemination in India-III. Abstr. Proc.
39th Indian Sci. Congr. (Calcutta), III (9), 197
,
(1953). Field application of artificial insemination in India-IV. Abstr. Proc. 40th
Indian Sci. Congr. (Lucknow) 61
Fisher, R. A. and Yates, F. (1943). Statistical Tables for Biological Agricultural and Medical
Research. Oliver and Boyd. Edinburgh, 2nd edition
McKenzie, F. F. and Berliner, V. (1937). The reproductive capacity of rams. Mon. Agric.
Exp. Sta. Res. Bull., 265
Milovanov, V. K. (1934). Artificial insemination of livestock. A. B. A., 2, 403
Rowson, L. S. (1946). Care of bulls at artificial insemination centres. Proc. Soc. Anim. Prod.,
75-86
Sarthou Montengou, J. (1950). La frigidita de maschi impiegatinei centridi fecondazione artifi
ciale. Riv, Zootec., 24 ; 105 (1951). A.B.A., 19, 3
COMPOSITION OF MILK OF INDIAN ANIMALS
V. FREEZING POINT, LACTOSE, CHLORIDE AND ACIDITY IN GOAT
AND SHEEP MILK
C. S. DHARMARAJAN, R. VENKATESWARA RAO AND NOSHIR N. DASTUR,
Indian Dairy Research Institute, Bangalore
(Received for publication on 8 May 1953)
COMPARED to our knowledge of the composition of the milk of cow and buffalo
the same about Indian goats and sheep is limited. The available literature
on the subject has been summarised by Sen and Dastur [1947, 1948]. Srinivasa
Rao [1914], examined eight samples of goat milk and found the average lactose
content to be 3.49 per cent. Examination of four samples of goat milk by Stewart
and Banerjea [1930, 1931] showed that on an average the milk contained 4.40 per
cent lactose, 0.15 per cent chloride and gave a freezing point depression of 0.589°C.
Bunce [1933] has given data for 30 samples of goat milk. Titratable acidity varied
from 0.07 to 0.20 per cent lactic acid (average 0.14 per cent), and freezing point
depression from 0.550° to 0.590°C (average 0.578°C).
Apart from the work of Bunce [1933] very few samples of milk were examined
in other cases. It was therefore thought desirable to examine a larger number of
authentic samples of goat and sheep milk for their freezing point. Along with this,
lactose, chloride and acidity in some of the goat milk samples were also determined
whenever sufficient quantity of milk was available. Other components of milk,
like fat, total solids, etc., were studied separately [Basu and co-workers, 1949],
hence those results are not included here.
EXPERIMENTAL
Work has been carried out with two types of samples, namely, samples produced
at this Institute and those obtained from other farms outside Bangalore.
At the Institute farm bulk goat milk samples were obtained from a herd of five
animals of Surti breed, and bulk sheep milk samples from two to three animals of
North Gujarat breed. Colostrum and milk from individual animals were also studied
in both the species for a part of their lactations. Unless otherwise stated, a com-
posite milk sample prepared by mixing one day's evening milk with the next day's
morning milk was used for the study. No preservative was added to the samples,
but whenever necessary they were kept in a refrigerator to prevent the development
of acidity. Results of analysis of milk from individual animals and bulk samples
are shown in Tables I and II.
8 AR/53 51 8
52
COMPOSITION OF MILK OF INDIAN ANIMALS [ Vol. XXIV, Part I,
TABLE I
Freezing point and acidity in Surti goat's colostrum and milk produced at Bangalore
Sample
number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Samples from individual animals
Number of days in
lactation
Average
Freezing
point
(-°C)
Acidity
(percent
lactic
acid)
Goat No. 1
0 .580
0 .577
0 .570
0 .575
0 .580
0 .575
0.575
0.585
0.570
0.570
0.600
0.575
0.585
0.580
0.595
0.587
0.572
0.545
0.572
0.583
0.583
0.578
—
—
—
0.12
0.16
0.11
0.13
017
0.13
0.12
0.21
0.15
0.12
0.15
0.20
0.17
0.15
0.16
1.16
0.16
0.19
0.15
Sample
number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Bulk samples
Freezing
point
(—°C)
0.575
0.573
0.583
0.575
0.585
0.570
0.580
0.580
0.570
0.600
0.575
0.585
0.610
0.573
0.575
0.576
0.567
0.575
0.579
0.570
0.570
Acidity
(per cent
lactic
acid)
—
—
—
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.16
0.15
0.16
0.23
0.16
0.16
0.26
0.15
0.15
0.14
0.15
0.19
0.14
0.15
0.16
March, 1954] DEARMARAJAN, VENKATESWARA AND DASTUR 53
TABLE I—(contd.)
Freezing point and acidity in Surti goats colostrum and milk produced at
Bangalore
Sample
number
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
Samples from individual animals
Number of days
in lactation
1
2 (Morning)
2 (Evening)
3
4
6
7
8
9
10
12
13
14
21
23
24
28
31
35
38
42
43
45
Freezing
point
(-°C)
Acidity
(per cent
lactic
acid)
Goat No. 2
0.560
0.595
0.575
0.589
0.575
0.588
0.577
0.608
0.578
0.579
0.586
0.625
0.578
0.589
0.591
0.584
0.593
0.592
0.599
0.578
0.574
0.589
0.590
0.22
0.13
0.21
0.21
0.17
0.22
0.21
0.21
0.17
0.20
0.15
0.11
0.20
0.17
0.17
0.18
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.13
0.15
—
0.18
Sample
number
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
Bulk samples
Freezing
point
(-°C)
0.582
0.574
0.585
0.577
0.571
0.585
0.572
0.572
0.572
0.579
0.579
0.577
0.598
0.579
0.576
0.588
0.579
0.586
0.589
0.582
0.588
0.577
0.590
Acidity
(per cent
lactic
acid)
0.17
0.16
0.18
0.22
0.16
0.24
0.14
0.16
0.15
0.17
0.14
0.16
0.17
0.13
0.15
0.15
0.13
0.13
0.14
0.16
0.15
0.12
0.17
54
COMPOSITION OF MILK OF INDIAN ANIMALS [ Vol. XXIV, Part I,
TABLE I—(contd.)
Freezing point and acidity in Surti goats colostrum and milk produced at
Bangalore
Samples from individual animals
Sample
number
Number of days
in lactation
Freezing
point
(—°C.)
Acidity
(per cent
lactic
acid)
Bulk samples
Sample
number
Freezing
point
(—°C.)
Acidity
(per cent
lactic
acid)
Goat No. 2—contd.
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
49
51
58
62
64
69
71
76
78
84
87
90
92
98
Average
(Excluding
first 10 days colostral
period)
0.568
0.577
0.591
0.585
0.591
0.576
0.570
0.566
0.589
0.568
0.569
0.576
0.586
0.578
0.584
0.14
0.14
0.17
0.15
0.17
0.15
0.15
0.13
0.20
0.13
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.15
0.15
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
0.577
0.574
0.568
0.582
0.588
0.580
0.572
0.585
0.582
0.590
0.568
0.582
0.574
0.572
0.13
0.12
0.11
—
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.14
0.18
—
0.14
0.15
0.13
0.12
Goat No. 3
1 (Morning)
1 (Evening)
2 (Morning)
2 (Evening)
3 (Morning)
4 (Morning)
6
0.608
0.604
0.587
0.589
0.579
0.595
0.583
—
—
—
0.14
0.14
0.15
0.14
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
0.587
0.575
0.578
0.578
0.582
0.585
0.575
0.18
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.18
0.13
0.11
March, 1954] DHARMARAJAN, VENKATESWARA AND DASTUR 55
TABLE I—(concld.)
Freezing point and acidity in Surti goats colostrum and milk produced at
Bangalore
Samples from individua
animals
Sample
number
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
Number of days
in lactation
7
9
12
16
19
23
26
30
33
37
39
46
50
52
57
59
64
71
77
80
83
85
91
Average (excluding first
10 days colostral period)
Freezing
point
(—°C.)
Acidity
(per cent
lactic
acid)
Goat No. 3—contd.
0.588
0.588
0.575
0.588
0.587
0.592
0.572
0.582
0.598
0.574
0.579
0.577
0.586
0.579
0.578
0.558
0.572
0.583
0.585
0.580
0.585
0.588
0.582
0.581
0.14
0.13
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.15
0.12
0.14
0.17
0.11
0.11
0.12
0.09
0.10
0.12
0.11
0.11
0.18
0.18
0.11
0.10
0.12
0.11
0.12
Bulk samples
Sample
number
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
Average
Freezing
point
(—°C.)
0.552
0.582
0.577
0.585
0.579
0.578
0.578
0.579
Acidity
(per cent
lactic
acid)
0.11
0.13
0.14
0.10
0.13
0.12
0.14
0.14
56
COMPOSITION OF MILK OF INDIAN ANIMALS [ Vol. XXIV, Part I,
TABLE II
Freezing point of North Gujarat sheep colostrum and milk produced at Bangalore
Sample
number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Samples from individual animals
Number of days
in lactation
1 (Morning)
1 (Evening)
2
3
4
5
11
18
20
25
26
Average (excluding first
10 days)
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Average
Freezing
point
(—°C. )
Acidity
(per cent
lactic
acid)
Sheep No. 1
0.700
0.598
0.588
0.600
0.592
0.592
0.598
0.588
0.605
0.589
0.600
0.596
..
..
0.28
0.25
0.22
0.18
0.14
0.18
0.17
0.15
0.17
0.16
Sheep No. 2
0.576
0.590
0.590
0.580
0.590
0.580
0.575
0.580
0.585
0.580
0.620
0.580
0.600
0.605
0.590
0.582
0.588
..
..
..
0.18
0.21
0.18
0.17
0.19
0.17
0.18
0.33
0.19
0.19
0.15
0.21
0.15
0.17
Sample
number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Average
Bulk samples
Freezing
point
(—°C.)
0.590
0.590
0.590
0.580
0.585
0.575
0.585
0.580
0.590
0.585
0.585
0.600
0.610
0.582
0.585
0.588
0.584
0.581
0.581
0.578
0.593
0.587
Acidity
(per cent
lactic
acid)
..
..
..
0.16
0.19
0.16
0.15
0.18
0.16
0.16
0.17
0.15
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.17
0.17
0.16
0.17
0.17
0.17
When milk samples were obtained from out-stations, these were preserved with
0.075 per cent mercuric perchloride, as described by Venkateswara Rao, et al. [1950]
and Dastur, et al. [1951]. The necessary corrections due to the added preservative
were made in the observed values for freezing point and chlorine. The results are
given in Table III.
March, 1954] DHARMARAJAN, VENKATESWARA AND DASTUR 57
TABLE III
Freezing 'point, lactose and chlorine in goat milk samples collected from out-stations
Sample
number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Locality
Allahabad
„
„
„
Average
Malkapur
Mahud
Malkapur
Mahud
Cadegaon
Average
Allahabad
„
„
Average
Palghar
„
Average
Sangvi Budruk
Jalgaon
Nashirabad
Meharun
Breed of goats
Barbari
„
„
„
Deccani
„
„
„
„
Jamna Pari
„
„
Kothiawadi
„
Nimari
„
„
„
Number of
animals
in the herd
4
4
2
4
3
25
5
25
25
4
4
1
20
5
15
14
7
8
Samples
analysed
after (days)
6
6
8
6
5
5
6
7
6
8
6
9
7
7
7
5
10
10
Freezing
point
(—°C.)
0.584
0.545
0.554
0.554
0.559
0.539
0.568
0.576
0.602
0.572
0.571
0.566
0.558
0.568
0.564
0.574
0.574
0.574
0.588
0.574
0.584
0.590
Acidity
(per cent
lactic)
0.19
0.17
0.19
0.18
0.18
0.19
0.21
0.22
0.22
0.19
0.20
0.19
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.15
0.17
0.16
0.18
0.19
0.19
0.22
Lactose
monohydrate
(per cent)
4.30
3.98
3.98
4.33
4.15
4.62
4.73
4.68
4.85
..
4.72
5.86
4.50
4.30
4.89
4.01
3.87
3.94
4.68
4.99
3.69
4.59
Chlorine
(per cent)
0.134
0.132
0.138
0.144
0.137
0.119
0.110
0.119
0.135
..
0.121
0.142
0.140
0.146
0.143
0.137
0.146
0.142
0.148
0.111
0.136
0.116
Lactose.
chlorine
number
6.11
5.76
5.84
6.27
6.00
6.23
6.22
6.29
6.67
..
6.35
6.78
6.40
6.27
6.48
5.86
5.84
5.85
6.68
6.49
6.53
6.16
58
COMPOSITION
or MILK OF INDIAN ANIMALS [ Vol. XXIV, Part I,
TABLE III—(contd.)
Freezing point, lactose and chlorine in goat milk samples collected from out-stations
Sample
number
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Locality
Manurabad
Pimpaaie
Nanded
Narade
Ghukhedi
Dhavde
Average
Sangamner
Mekmdebad
„
Sangamner
Shrived
Average
Average of 29 samples
Breed of goats
Nimari
„
„
„
„
„
Unknown breed
„
„
„
„
No. of
animals
in the herd
7
5
5
6
5
5
1
7
4
8
6
Samples
analysed
after (days)
9
7
8
7
7
8
5
12
12
8
5
Freezing
point
(—°C.)
0.594
0.580
0.586
0.541
0.573
0.575
0.578
0.570
0.604
0.599
0.598
0.568
0.586
0.573
Acidity
(per cent
lactic)
0.21
0.25
0.19
0.18
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.19
0.20
0.20
0.18
0.19
0.19
0.19
Lactose
monohydrate
(per cent)
..
3.98
4.76
4.53
4.65
4.68
4.50
4.47
4.24
4.21
4.85
3.81
4.32
4.45
Chlorine
(per cent)
..
0.096
0.116
0.090
0.114
0.120
0.117
0.126
0.134
0.134
0.121
0.118
0.127
0.127
Lactose
chlorine
number
..
5.28
6.33
5.75
6.19
6.30
6.19
6.17
6.05
6.02
6.48
5.40
6.02
6.16
60
COMPOSITION OF MILK OF INDIAN ANIMALS
[ Vol. XXIV, Part I,
TABLE IV
Frequency distribution of freezing point of goat and sheep milk
Freezing point depression range (°C.)
Below 0.565
0.565 to 0.570
0.571 to 0.575
0.676 to 0.580
0.581 to 0.585
0.586 to 0.590
0.591 to 0.595
0.596 to 0.600
Over 0.600
Total
Average
Goat milk samples
Goat No. 1
No.
1
3
6
4
4
1
1
1
..
21
Per cent
4.8
14.3
28.5
19.0
19.0
4.8
4.8
4.8
..
100.0
0.578
Goat No. 2
No.
..
5
1
6
21
6
5
1
1
27
Per cent
..
18.5
3.7
22.2
7.5
22.2
18.5
3.7
3.7
100.0
0.584
Goat No. 3
No.
1
..
4
5
5
4
1
1
..
21
Per cent
4.8
..
19.0
23.8
23.8
19.0
4.8
4.8
..
100.0
0.581
Bulked milk
(I. D. B. I.)
No.
1
7
18
20
15
8
..
2
1
72
Per cent
1.4
9.7
25.0
27.8
20.8
11.1
..
2.8
1.4
100.0
0.579
Bulked milk
(other farms)
No.
6
5
6
2
2
3
1
2
2
29
Per cent
20.7
17.3
20.7
6.9
6.9
10.3
3.4
6.9
6.9
100.0
0.573
All goat
milk sample
No.
9
20
35
37
28
22
8
7
4
170
Per cent
5.3
11.8
20.6
21.8
16.5
12.9
4.7
4.1
2.3
100.0
0.579
Sheep milk samples
Sheep No. 2
No.
..
..
1
6
2
4
..
1
2
16
Per cent
..
..
6.2
37.6
12.5
25.0
..
6.2
12.5
100.0
0.588
Bulked milk
(I.D.R.I.)
No.
..
..
1
3
9
5
1
1
1
21
Per cent
..
..
4.8
14.3
32.7
23.8
4.8
4.8
4.8
100.0
0.587
All sheep
milk sample
No.
..
..
2
9
11
9
1
2
3
37
Per cent
..
..
5.4
24.3
29.7
24.3
2.7
5.4
8.9
100.0
0.587