NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
March, 1954] DHARMARAJAN, VENKATESWARA AND DASTUR 61
than goat milk. The average freezing point depression of bulk sheep milk samples
was 0.587°C and the acidity was 0.17 per cent. Nearly 78 per cent of the total samples
fell in the range of 0.575° to 0.590°C. Study of colostral milk in the case of sheep
No. 1 showed that except for the sample obtained at the first milking, which gave
a value of 0.700°C for freezing point depression, the samples of colostrum did not
differ markedly in their freezing point depression from the samples collected sub-
sequently, a result similar to that observed with goat milk samples.
SUMMARY
The average freezing point and acidity of goat milk samples produced at Banga-
lore were —0.579°C and 0.14 per cent lactic acid, respectively. Over 92 per cent
of the samples examined fell within the range —0.565° to —0.600°C. Goat milk
from out-station centres contained 4.45 per cent lactose, 0.127 per cent chlorine
and gave 6.16 as the average lactose-chlorine number.
The freezing point of normal sheep milk samples varied from—0.575° to
—0.620°C. with an average of—0.587°C., and the titratable acidity was 0.17 per
cent lactic acid.
Goat and sheep colostrum collected during the first one or two milkings showed
a higher freezing point depression.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are grateful to the Indian Council of Agricultural Research for
providing a special grant for carrying out the work. They also thank Dr K. C. Sen
and K. P. Basu for their valuable suggestions and criticism.
REFERENCES
Basu, K.P.et al. (1948-49). Composition of milk of Indian cows, buffaloes, goats and sheep. I.C.
A.R. Ann. Rep. 46
Bunce, E. H. (1933). Indian med. Gaz. 58, 23
Dastur, N. N., Dharmarajan, C. S. and Venkateswara Rao, R. (1952). Indian J. vet. Sci., 2, 123
Davies, W. L. (1939). Chemistry of milk, Chapman and Hill Ltd., London, pp. 50
Dharmarajan, C. S., Venkateswara Rao, R., Menon, M. N. and Dastur, N. N. (1950). Indian J. vet.
Sci. 29, 35
Sen, K. C. and Dastur, N. N. (1947). Proc. inter. Congr. Pure and Appl. Chem. London, 3, 271
(1948). Empire J. exp. Agri. 16, 195
Srinivasa Rao, M. (1914). Proc. Third All-India sanitary Congr. 3, 107 (Published as supplement to the
Indian J. med. Res.)
Stewart, A. D. and Banerjea, N. L. (1930-31). Indian J. med. Res. 18, 57
Venkateswara Rao, R., Dastur, N. N. and Dharmarajan, C. S. (1950). Indian. J. vet. Sci. 20, 263
ABSTRACTS
Perosis in ducklings complicated by a riboflavin deficiency. TURTON, J. D. (1953).
Brit. vet. J. 109, 171-174
T HE author describes a syndrome of manganese-cum-riboflavin deficiency in a
flock of ducklings at 4-5 weeks age. Early cases showed enlargement of one or
both hock-joints followed by subcutaneous haemorrhage over the joints. Later,
metatarsus became twisted and articular cartilages and gastroenemius tendon got
displaced with complete disarticulation in some cases. Several birds showed para-
lysis of digits. Post-mortem showed fatty degeneration of the liver in all cases,
while petechiae near the coronary groove of the heart were noticed in a few. About
2/3rd of the flock died while survivors showed leg changes to varying extent. The
deficiency of riboflavin has been stated to be the likely primary cause of death.
Addition of five per cent dried yeast and six ounces of manganese sulphate per
ton in ration and putting birds on grass at three weeks have been suggested as
preventive measures. (B.N.G.).
The effect on the health of lactating cows of treatment with galacto poietic doses
of thyroxine or iodinated casein. LEACH, F. B. AND BAILEY, G. L. (1953).
J. agric. Sci. 43, 2, 236-251
T HIS article reports results of an experiment undertaken by a group of workers
brought together by the Agricultural Research Council of the U. K. under the
Chairmanship of Prof. H. D. Kay. The main object of the extensive experiments
was to study the effect of thyroactive substances on the herd life of cows or on
general health and breeding efficiency.
The economic life of the animals found from the rate of their removal from
commercial herds was used as an indirect measure of health and productivity. On
statistical and practical grounds it was decided that there should be 1,000 treated
and 1,000 control cows located in moderate-sized herds of 30-50 milking cows record-
ed under National or ' Scottish Milk Records'. A panel of 38 farms started the
experiment of which 24 were in England five in Wales and nine in Scotland.
Half the cows in each herd were given, in addition to their normal food the
experimental cubes containing the thyroactive substances after about the 84th
day of calving for eight weeks at the rate of 4 lb. of cubes per day. Gradually the
dose was dropped to 1 lb. and stopped altogether in the 11th week. The other
half of each herd got no such special treatment and served as controls. Each farm
was visited before starting the experiment, soon after the start of the experiment and
at six monthly intervals thereafter for observations and records. The experiment
lasted three years and provided results for second and third successive lactations
on the herds.
63
8 AR/53
10
64
ABSTRACTS
[Vol. XXIV, Part I,
The experiment, on due statistical analysis of the recorded data, shows that
the use of thyroactive material in successive lactations did not have any serious
adverse effects on the health of cows. The effect on productivity was less than had
been expected, since the increase in milk yield resulting during the period of hor-
monal treatment was often largely or completely negativated by a shortening of the
lactation period. During the period of treatment there was however, a marked
response in daily milk yield but the fat content of the milk was not raised. The
incidence of disease was somewhat greater in the treated than in the control group.
There were no adverse effects on the reproductive life of treated cows.
Thyroxine sodium replaced iodinated casein on 26 farms during the second and
third years with no significant differences in the milk yield response. [R.S.]
REVIEW
MANUAL OF INFERTILITY AND ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IN CATTLE
BY P. G. MILLAR AND N. P. RAS
(Published by Bailliere, Tindall and Cox, London, W. C. 2, 1952, pp. XV+339
Price: 25s.)
A RTIFICIAL insemination as a biological tool has already found for itself an
important place in the animal husbandry practice all over the world, in recent
years. Infertility has always been a scourge of the cattle industry, but its menace
was not so well realised as the havoc caused by it is not so striking as rinderpest,
foot and mouth, tuberculosis and other diseases. With the widespread introduc-
tion of artificial insemination in cattle, however, the problem of infertility is acquir-
ing increasing significance. Systematic studies on the subject being of recent
origin, there are but very few text-books on the problem concerning bovine inferti-
lity. The present manual is, therefore, welcome especially because it incorporates
topics on both infertility and artificial insemination. The authors are to be con-
gratulated for the simple and easy style in which they have presented their experiences
in the field, in this volume.
The book is divided into four sections. The first section deals with the anatomy
and physiology of the male and female genital tract, methods for clinical examina-
tion of the genitalia, diagnosis of pregnancy and semen evaluation. Sections 2
and 3 deal with infertility and its manifestations. Genetical, developmental, infec-
tive and environmental aspects of infertility problems have been discussed in these
chapters. Individual infertility, both male and female and herd infertility have
been specially dealt in Section 3. Artificial insemination has a 'definite inherent
value' in the treatment and control of infertility besides being an important tool
for livestock development. Section 4 has been devoted to the discussion on this
subject.
The authors have rightly stated on page 158 that no breeder can hope to
improve his cattle, in conformation and productivity, if he does not understand
the basic genetic principles and make use of them in the right way. But as the
science underlying the art of breeding is very little understood by an average cattle
breeder and even by many a technical person dealing with infertility problems, the
scope of the book could have been enlarged if more pages were devoted to the funda-
mental principles of animal genetics.
On page 29 the authors mention of having noticed increased rate of twinning in
the herd with falling conception rate, in the presence of genital diseases and increased
incidence of abortion. How the genital diseases can produce higher incidence of
twinning is not easily understood. An elaboration of this statement would, there-
fore, have been welcome. Similarly, the statement on the same page that in certain
65
66
REVIEW
[Vol. XXIV, Part I,
herds, showing high incidence of twinning due to genital infections there was also
an increase in the percentage of male calves born and a lower viability of heifer
calves, leaves the reader with a hazy mind. For, from the work of Crew, it is known
that in diseases there is a preferential mortality for the male from the time of con-
ception onwards.
This manual with its original and excellent illustrations will undoubtedly serve
as a useful practical guide to the cattle breeder and to the students of animal
husbandry and veterinary science, in the understanding of the complex problems
associated with reproduction in cattle. [P.B.]
MGIPC—M—8 AR/53—17-3-54—875.
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
FIELD APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION
IN CATTLE-II
P. BHATTAOHARYA and S. S. PRABHU, Division of Animal genetics, Indian Veteri-
nary Research Institute, Izatnagar
(Reecived for publication on 31 March 1953)
I N earlier reports [Bhattacharya, 1948 ; Bhattacharya and Prabhu, 1952], the
first results of an organised attempt by the Government of India to introduce
the technique of artificial insemination in the field were analysed and discussed.
The data were from the three field stations opened at Calcutta, Montogomery and
Patna, and covered a working period of about 13 months from the commencement.
In the present article, the data gathered during the subsequent 12 months are dis-
cussed. The Montogomery centre had to be closed down in August, 1947, following
the partition of the country, with the result that data comprising about 928 inse-
minations were lost. About 13 per cent of the Calcutta centre data of the period
could not be utilised for want of complete information due to migration and/or
change of residence by cattle owners. The study presented here comprises
data collected at Calcutta, Patna and the freshly opened centre at Bangalore during
the year 1947.
Details of bulls
At the three centres, there were a total of 26 bulls in use of which two were
B. indicus, four B. bubalis and one B. taurus. They belonged to the following
breeds :
B. indicus .
X-bred
Sahiwal
Nagore
Tharparkar
Gir
Red Sindhi
B. taurus
.
Aryshire
B. bubalis .
Murrah
Out of the 26 bulls, the Bangalore centre had the largest number, namely
15. The Patna centre had six while the remaining five belonged to the Calcutta
centre. The bulls stationed at Bangalore were unaccustomed to artificial service
and had to be freshly trained for the purpose. There was no change in bulls at the
Calcutta centre, while at the Patna centre, one of the B. indicus bulls used in the
previous years was replaced. No difficulty was experienced in securing semen
when desired from these bulls.
67
18 AR/53
68
ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IN CATTLE (II) [ Vol. XXIV, Part II,
TABLE I
Details of collections at the three artificial insemination centres
Centre
Serial
number
of
bulls
Brand No.
or name of
bulls
Breed
Total number of collections per
Bull
Breed
Species
Average volume in c. c. of ejaculate per
Bull
Breed
Species
B. indicus
Calcutta
Patna
Bangalore
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Eng. 1
Eng. 2
Multani
Hiralal
7/2
151/2
158/2
57/2
Windfall
430
Tanji
Unique
281
Therab
Ziman
Tasman
Tojo
Warspite
484
Tulsiraj
Thiagraj
x-bred
x-bred
Sahiwal
Nagore
Tharparkar
Tharparkar
Tharparkar
Tharparkar
Gir
Gir
Gir
Bed Sindhi
Red Sindhi
Red Sindhi
Red Sindhi
Red Sindhi
Red Sindhi
Red Sindhi
Red Sindhi
Tharparkar
Tharparkar
33
41
22
49
29
24
57
55
12
4
3
23
13
11
6
18
8
3
3
11
8
74
22
49
165
19
85
19
433
3.46±0.28
3.32±0.28
3.39±0.37
3.86±0.24
3.41±0.22
3.99±0.16
3.66±0.14
3.22±0.12 5.33±0.66
4.43±2.18
9.20
3.39±l.16
7.57±l.30
5.11±l.17
5.95±l.73
4.81±l.09
2.53±l.12
4.00±l.29
4.33±l.54
6.36±l.18
5.30±2.70
3.39±l.98
3.39±0.39
3.86±0.24
3.52±0.09
5.74±l.00
4.71±0.58
5.92±l.32
3.98±0.18
B. taurus
22
Bright lad
Aryshire
22
22
22
4.55±0.85
4.55±0.85
4.55±0.85
B. bubalis
Calcutta
Patna
Bangalore
23
24
25
26
..
S. P.439
S. P. 441
Winston
Murrah
Murrah
Murrah
Murrah
7
37
43
9
96
96
2.27±0.29
2.92±0.17
2.51±0.21
4.69±l.22
2.85±0.20
2.85±0.20
June, 1954]
P.
BHATTACHARYA
AND
S.S.
PRABHU
69
Details of collection
(i) Number. Full particulars of the collections made from the different bulls
are given in Table I. This contains information on the number of collections made
during the year and the average volume of semen collected per ejaculum of bull,
breed and species.
From the 26 bulls, less than 10 ejaculates were taken from nine, less than 20
ejaculates from five, while the maximum number of ejaculates constituting 78.91
per cent of the total ejaculates came from the remaining 12 bulls. Among the
B. indicus, the largest number of collections (57) was made from the Tharparkar
bull No. 158/2 stationed at the Patna centre. The previous year's best bull was
second with 55 collections. The highest for the B. bubalis was 43, given by S. P.
441 also of Patna. On an average, these collections work out to about one per
week for the above three bulls, while for all bulls about one per 2½ weeks.
(ii) Average volume. The average semen volume, as observed previously
differed from species to species, from breed to breed and within a breed from animal
to animal, and within an animal, from ejaculate to ejaculate. The B. indicus
bulls gave on an average 3.98±0.18 c.c., B. taurus 4.55±0.85 c.c. and B. bubalis
2.85±0.20 c.c. The difference between B. indicus and B. taurus was not significant,
while that between both these species and B. bubalis was statistically significant.
Among the B. indicus breeds, the average semen volume per ejaculum of breeds
like Gir and Tharparkar (Bangalore) was 50-75 per cent higher than those of breeds
like Nagore, Tharparkar (Patna), X-bred and Sahiwal. Red Sindhis gave ejaculates
which were slightly larger than those given by the latter breeds. Statistical signi-
ficance of the difference between any two given breeds can be readily seen from
Table 11.
TABLE II
Statistical significance of the difference between two breeds
Breed
X-bred
Sahiwal
Nagore
Thar.
(Patna)
Gir
R. Sindhi
Thar.
(Bangalore)
B. indicus
X-bred
Sahiwal
Nagore
Tharparkar
(Patna)
Gir
Red Sindhi
Tharparkar
(Bangalore)
..
..
..
..
*
..
*
..
..
*
..
*
*
*
..
*
..
..
*
*
*
..
..
*
..
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
..
..
..
..
*
*
*
..
..
..
*
*
*
*
..
..
..
B. taurus
Aryshire
..
*
..
*
..
..
B. bubalis
Murrah
..
*
*
*
*
*
*
* Statistically significant.
70
ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IN CATTLE (II) [ Vol. XXIV, Part II,
It will be noticed from Table II, that while there was no significant difference
in amount of semen given per ejaculate among Gir, Red Sindhi and Tharparkar
(Bangalore), each of these produced significantly larger ejaculates than other B.
indicus breeds and Murrah. The ejaculates given by Murrah bulls differed signi-
ficantly from all breeds, the only exception being x-bred. One interesting feature
observed was the higher volumes of ejaculates got from the bulls of the same breed
reared under different climatic stresses. Thus Tharparkar (Bangalore) bulls gave
on an average 5.92±1.32 c.c. of semen per ejaculate, as opposed to Tharparkar
(Patna) bulls whose ejaculates averaged only 3.52±0.09 c.c. The difference was
statistically significant. Same was the case with the Murrah bulls located at the
three different artificial insemination centres.
A comparison of the average semen volume per ejaculate obtained from like
bulls during 1947 and the previous year is shown in Table III.
TABLE III Comparison of average semen volumes per ejacula
Average volume per ejaculate (c.c.)
Bull number
1946
(a)
1947 (b)
Difference (c.c.)
(b-a)
B. indicus
X-bred 1
X-bred 2
Multani
Hiralal
158—2
57—2
7—2
2.35±0.13 (28)†
2.44±0.22 (28)
2.41 ±0.16 (20)
2.84±0.11 (31)
3.07 ±0.29 (21)
2.90±l.05 (84)
3.23±1.25 (73)
3.46±0.28 (33)
3.32±0.28 (41)
3.39±0.37 (22)
3.86±0.24 (49)
3.66±0.14 (57)
3.22±0.12 (55)
3.41 ±0.22 (29)
+ 1.11*
+0.88*
+0.08*
+ 1.02*
+0.59*
+ 0.32
+0.18
B. bubalis
S. P. 439
S. P. 441
3.42±0.22 (16)
3.62±0.29(ll)
2.92±0.17 (37)
2.51 ±0.21 (43)
—0.70*
—0.91*
* Statistically significant.
† Figures in brackets denote the number of ejaculates averaged.
The B. indicus bulls show without exception a distinct improvement in the
volume of semen collected per ejaculate after being in artificial insemination service
for over two years, while there was a drop in semen volume in case of B. bubalis
bulls. The differences were significant in case of buffalo bulls and five out of the
seven B. indicus bulls. Is the difference due to the new technique ? It is difficult
to find an answer to this question at this stage. Subsequent years' data may throw
further light.
June, 1954 ]
P.
BHATTACHARYA
AND
S.
S.
PRABHU
71
Details of inseminations. Complete details of inseminations performed from
different bulls at the three artificial insemination centres are given in Table IV.
The response from public to the new technique was greatest at the Patna centre,
where a. total of 2034 cows and 437 she-buffaloes were inseminated. Next came
Calcutta centre, with a figure of 1008 cows and nine she-buffaloes ; while at Bangalore
centre the minimum number of animals was served. The poor response in respect
of buffaloes at Calcutta was due to the non-availability of a suitable bull at the
centre.
The distribution of the services performed at the three artificial insemination
centres between the 26 bulls was as follows :
Over 600
301—400
201—300
101—200
Less than 100
services
„
„
„
„
2 bulls
3 „
4 „
1 „
16 „
Total 26 bulls
The semen from the 10 bulls in the above mentioned first four groups was
utilised for 91.2 per cent of the total animals artificially served at the three centres.
The largest number of cows served by a bull was 720 ; this figure is about double the
highest figure got during the preceding year. The average number of cows served
from an ejaculate was highest in case of both B. indicus and B. bubalis at the
Patna centre ; next in order was Calcutta centre, followed by the Bangalore
centre. On an average 7.91 cows and 4.72 buffaloes were served from a
single ejaculate as opposed to 4.79 cows and 5.09 buffaloes in the preceding year.
The figures of Patna and Calcutta as compared to the like figures of preceding
year, show a definite improvement.
Details of service rates. Full details of the service rates observed at the three
centres are given in Table V. The service rates have been calculated as ex-
plained in the first part of this article [Bhattacharya and Prabhu, 1952] from actual
calving data. All inseminations irrespective of whether the animals became preg-
nant or not were added, and divided by the number of animals that calved, which
gave the service rate.
The overall average service rate per conception for all centres works out at
1.46 for both cows and buffaloes. The lowest rates were obtained at Patna and the
highest at Bangalore. The latter in all probability is due to the inclusion of a number
of sterile cases, that normally come up for treatment at any newly opened artificial
insemination centre. A distinct bull to bull and breed to breed difference in service
rates were observed. In Table VI, a comparative statement of the service rates
of nine bulls in 1947 and the preceding year is given.
It will be seen from Table VI, that in case of B. indicus bulls at Patna, there
was practically little or no difference in the observed service rates in the two years,
while at Calcutta, there was an increase in the number of services required per
conception in case of three out of the four bulls. B. bubalis bulls showed compara-
tively higher service rates.
72
ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IN CATTLE (II) [Vol. XXIV, Part II,
TABLE IV
Details of inseminations at the three artificial insemination centres
Centre
Serial
number
of
bulls
Brand No.
or name of
bulls
Breed
Total number of inseminations per
Bull
Breed
Species
Average number of inseminations per ejaculate per
Bull
Breed
Species
B.
indicus
Calcutta
Patna
Bangalore
1
2
3
4
5 6
7
8
9 10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Eng. 1
Eng. 2
Multani
Hiralal
7/2
151/2
158/2
57/2
Windfall
430
Tanjl
Unique
281
Therab
Zinian
Tasman
Tojo
Warspite
484
Tulsiraj
Thiagraj
x-bred
x-bred
Sahiwal
Nagora
Tharparkar
Tharparkar
Tharparkar
Tharparkar
Gir
Gir
Gir
Red Sindhi
Red Sindhi
Red Sindhi
Red Sindhi
Bed Sindhi
Bed Sindhi
Bed Sindhi
Bed Sindhi
Tharparkar
Tharkarpar
258
298
172
380
319
354
720
641
24
7
5
72
44
33
27
56
10 4
11
..
556
172
880
2034
86
246
11
3435
7.82
7.41
7.82
7.76
11.00
14.75
12.63
11.65
2.00
1.75
1.67
8.13
8.38
3.00
4.50
3.11
..
8.38
1.83
1.00
..
7.51
7.82
7.76
12.33
1.89
1.73
1.00
7.91
B. taurus
22
Bright lad
Aryshire
38
38
55
1.73
1.73
1.73
B. bubatis
Calcutta
Patna
Bangalore
23
24
25
26
S. P.489
S. P. 441
Winston
Murrah
Murrah
Murrah
Murrah
9
214
223
7
453
453
1.28
5.78
5.19
0.78
4.72
4.72
June, 1954 ]
P.
BHATTACHARYA
AND
S.
S.
PRABHU
73
TABLE V
Details of service rules at the three artificial insemination centres
Centres
Serial
number
of
bulls
Brand No.
or name of
bulls
Bred
Total number of cows
whose calving data were
Known
Unknown
No. of
cows
holding
to
service
Average service rate
per conception per
Bull
Breed
Species
B. indicus
Calcutta
patna
Bangalore
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Eng. 1
Eng. 2
Multani
Hiralal
7/2
151/2
15S/2
57/2
Windfall
430
Tanji
Unique
281
Therab
Ziman
Tasman
Tojo
Warspite
484
Tulsiraj
Thiagrej
x-bred
x-bred
Sahiwal
Nagore
Tharparkar
Tharparkar
Tharparkar
Tharparkar
Gir
Gir
Gir
Red Sindhi
Red Sindhi
Red Sindhi
Red Sindhi
Red Sindhi
Red Sindhi
Red Sindhi
Red Sindhi
Tharparkar
Tharkarpar
232
256
172
621
319
354
720
641
24
7
5
72
44
33
27
56
..
10 4
11
1
26
42
..
59
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
186
166
88
176
249
271
555
498
16
4
3
31
22
20
12
25
..
3
1
7
1
1.71
1.54
1.95
1.91
1.28
1.81
1.30
1.80
1. 50
1.75
1.67
2.32
2.00
1.65
2.25
2.20
3.33
4.00
1.57
1.00
1.61
1.95
1.91
1.30
1.61
2.71
1.30
1.46
B. taurns
22
Bright Lad
Aryshire
33
..
14
2.71
2.71
2.71
B. bubalis
Calcutta
Patna
Bangalore
23
24
25
26
..
S. p.430
S. P. 441
Winston
Murrah
Murrah
Murrah
Murrah
6
214
223
7
3
..
..
..
5
144
157
3
1-20
1.49
1.42
2.33
1.46
1.46
74
ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IN CATTLE (II) [ Vol. XXIV, Part IT,
TABLE VI
Service rates of bulls observed at the three centres
Bull No.
Service rate
1946
1947
Difference
B. indicus
X-bred 1
X-bred 2
Multani
Hiralal
158—2
57—2
7—2
1.63
1.82
1.50
1.55
1.30
1.32
1.27
1.71
1.54
1.95
1.91
1.30
1.30
1.28
+ 0.08
—0.28
+ 0.45
+0.36
..
—0.02
+ 0.01
B. bubalis
S. P. 441
S. P. 439
1.34
1.28
1.42
1.49
+ 0.08
+ 0.21
Monthly variation in service rates. In Table VII are brought out the overall
average service rates at the three different artificial insemination centres during the
different months. For want of sufficient data for B. bubalis, figures pertaining to
B. indicus only are given.
TABLE VII
Average service rates per month at the three centres
Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Average
Artificial insemination centre
Calcutta
1.98
1.90
1.90
2.04
1.94
1.76
1.71
1.86
1.73
1.41
1.56
1.47
1.77
Patna
1.37
1.29
1.21
1.25
1.19
1.24
1.34
1.24
1.27
1.38
1.30
1.44
1.29
Bangalore
..
..
3.00
2.30
1.76
2.04
1.83
2.00
1.91
2.71
2.56
1.93
2.20