NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
R L. CORNELL AND RATANA OONYWONGSE 15
TABLE V
Infectivity experiments
Animal under immunisation and its reactions
Calf No. 2 injected with goat virus alone, indefinite
or symptomless reaction
Calf No. 3 injected with goat virus alone, no appreci-
able reaction
Buffalo 0/1976 injected with goat virus+40 c.c. serum
definite thermal and clinical reaction
Buffalo 0/1998 injected with goat virus+ 20 c.c. serum
definite thermal 103.8 mild clinical, recovered
Buffalo 0/1971 Injected with goat virus + 40 c.c. serum
definite thermal and severe clinical, recovered
Buffalo 0/2047 injected with goat virus+ 80 c.c. serum
definite thermal and mild clinical, recovered
Buffalo 1/72 Injected with goat virus+ 80 c.c. sernm
definite thermal and mild clinical, recovered
Buffalo 1/69 injected with goat virus+120 c.c. serum
typical thermal, moderate clinical, recovered
Buffalo 1/71 Injected with goat virus + 120 c.c. serum
blocked out reaction, recovered
Buffalo 1/116 Injected with goat virus+ 120 c.c. serum
doubtful thermal
Calf XX injected with goat virus, no appreciable re-
action ; retested with buffalo virus after 39 days
Calf XXI injected with goat virus, no appreciable
reaction ; retested with buffalo virus after 39 days
Period when blood or fluid was tested
and dose
7th day, temperature of calf 100.4°F. Dose
5 c.c. blood
7th day, temperature of calf 97.6°F. Dose
5 c.c. blood
6th day, temperature 101.4°F. Dose 5 c.c.
blood
6th day, temperature 100 .4°F. Dose 5 c.c.
blood
8th day, temperature 102.2°F. Dose 5 c.c.
blood
8th day, temperature 102.2°F. Dose 5 c.c.
blood
10th day, temperature 97.2°F. Dose 5 c.c.
blood
14th day, temperature 99.8°F. Dose 8 c.c.
blood
15th day, temperature 98.6°F. Dose 5 c.c.
blood
15th day, temperature 98°F. Dose 5 c.c.
blood
7th day, temperature 101°F. Dose 3 c.c.
blood
9th day, temperature 101.2°F. Dose 5 c.c.
urine
10th day, temperature 100.6°F. Dose 5 c.c.
urine
7th day temperature 100.2°F. Dose 40 c.c.
saline nasal washings
7th day temperature 100.4°F. Dose 40 c.c.
saline nasal washingsi
Animal injected with
blood
Buffalo 2134
Buffalo 2076
Buffalo 2182
Buffalo 2114
Buffalo 1973
Buffalo 2049
Buffalo 2031
Buffalo 2075
Buffalo 2037
Buffalo 2088
Buffalo 1/305
Buffalo 1/309
Buffalo 1/311
Buffalo 1/301
Buffalo 486
Buffalo 486
Buffalo 479
Result
Definite rinderpest, died 10th day
Definite rinderpest, recovered
Definite rinderpest, died 19th day
Definite rinderpest, recovered
Definite rinderpest, died 12th day
Definite rinderpest, died 17th day
Definite rinderpest, died 34th day
Definite rinderpest, recovered
Definite rinderpest, died 13th day
Definite rinderpest, died 9th day
Definite rinderpest, recovered
Definite rinderpest, recovered
Definite rinderpest, recovered
No reaction, retested with buffalo virus, died
7th day rinderpest
No reaction, retested with buffalo virus, died
8th day rinderpest
Definite rinderpest, recovered
Result uncertain, as symptoms did not
occur until 13th day when diarrhœa
set in at the same time as the tempera-
ture rose, death occurred on 18th and post
mortem indicated rinderpest
B
A STUDY OF THE FACTORS GOVERNING THE PASSAGE
OF FLUIDS THROUGH THE STOMACH OF
SHEEP, PART I
BY
P. N. NANDA, M.R.C.V.S.
Superintendent
AND
GURBAX SINGH, L.V.P.
Veterinary Assistant Surgeon
Government Cattle Farm, Hissar
(Received for publication on 23 October 1940)
INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE
T HE importance of study of the physiology of alimentary tract of
domestic animals; as a guide to the treatment of their diseases by drug
given per os, cannot be overestimated, particularly, as it seems to have a
decisive effect on the therapeutic value of various pharmaceutical preparations.
In equine and canine practice, due to simplicity of the stomachs of these
animals and their close structural similarity to the human stomach, many of
the principles of veterinary medicine followed are the same as in human prac-
tice. In the case of ruminants, however, the structural complexity of the
stomachs and an incomplete knowledge of their physiology has complicated
matters a good deal. It is now known that whereas some drugs when adminis-
tered to these animals by mouth are detained in the rumen or reticulum, others
under favourable conditions, pass directly into the abomasum. This pheno-
menon evokes special interest for the veterinarian and throws a new light on
the probable efficacy of the various medicinal preparations. Quin and Vander
Wath [1938] observed with the help of glass beads that substances passing into
the abomasum are eliminated within 48 hours after dosing, whereas in the
case of their passage into the rumen it takes 7-14 days for the substance to be
passed out in small quantities. Naturally, the action of drugs passing through
the rumen is delayed and they may become diluted with food or undergo other
changes before reaching the intended spot. Ross [1931] in conclusion to a
series of experiments on sheep states that, apart from the fundamental interest
from a physiological standpoint of the course taken by fluids in traversing
the ruminant stomach, it is not unlikely that such a course, whether direct to
the abomasum or via the rumen, markedly influences the action of drugs in
general taken by the mouth.
The study of the course taken by drugs through the various divisions of
the stomach attracted special attention in connection with the control of
helminths in sheep, with a view to make the drenches more effective against
the gastro-intestinal worms. In fact, the question of dosing direct into the
16
P. N. NANDA AND GURBAX SINGH 19
results are recorded after immediately slaughtering the animal. It is con-
templated to make observations on a large number of sheep, but, as the required
number cannot be spared in one year, trials will be carried on for a number of
years. Any result of interest obtained will be published in a serial order
every year. The present paper deals with the tests made during the winter
season of 1939-40.
EXPERIMENTAL WORK
Results claimed so far by various workers indicate that fluids are more
capable of stimulating the reflex and copper sulphate solution has unanimously
been declared to influence the stimulation. These two findings will form the
basis of our investigation and the plan of work will include the study of the
effects on the stimulation mainly of :—
(a) The nature of the drug in solution.
(b) The strength of the drug in solution.
(c) The volume of the drench.
(d) Mode of administration.
(e) Preliminary starvation.
(f) Equilibrium of food and water in the rumen.
An attempt will also be made to study the duration of the closure of the
oesophageal groove, after it has been affected by the stimulation of the reflex
and to note if all substances can pass into the abomasum if given during this
interval.
Test No. 1
Seven young sheep after being starved for 15.18 hours were drenched with
4 ounces each of one per cent copper sulphate solution. Carbol fuchsine was
used as an indicator to trace the passage of the drug.
Number
of
sheep
47
965
82
984
929
872
995
Breed
Lohi
Bikaneri
Lohi
Hissar
Hissar
Bikaneri
Hissar
Mode of
administration
Front of tongue
Do.
Back of tongue
Do.
Front of tongue
Do.
Back of tongue
Nature of
ruminal
contents
Semi-solid
Do.
Semi-liquid
Semi-solid
Semi-liquid
Semi-solid
Do.
Estimated percent-
age of drench
reaching
Rumen
and
reticulum
25
30
15
20
25
25
30
Abomasum
75
70
85
80
75
75
70
20
Passage of Fluids through the Stomach of Sheep
The drench was dosed on the back of the tongue by a specially made,
narrow, long-necked bottle.
Conclusion.—Copper sulphate in 1 per cent solution given after 15 to 18
hours' fast passed in major portion to the abomasum.
Test No. 2
Six young sheep were dosed with 2 ounces each of a 2 per cent copper
sulphate solution after having been kept off food and water for 15-18 hours
Carbol fuchsine was again used as an indicator.
Number
of
sheep
87R
968
35
987
649
8
Breed
Bikaneri
Do.
Lohi
Hissar
Cross-bred
Hissar
Mode of
administration
Back of tongue
Do.
Front of tongue
Back of tongue
Front of tongue
Back of tongue
Nature of
ruminal
contents
Semi-solid
Semi-liquid
Semi-solid
Do.
Semi-liquid
Semi-solid
Estimated percent-
age of drench
reaching
Rumen
and
reticulum
0
10
0
0
5
10
Abomasum
100
90
100
100
95
90
Conclusion.—A 2 per cent copper sulphate solution dosed after 15-18
hours' fast passes practically as a whole to the abomasum and the mode of
administration on the front or back of the tongue seems to have no effect.
The above 2 tests indicate that copper sulphate in solution has the effect
of stimulating the reflex act and the intensity of stimulation is greater when a
stronger solution is used.
Test No. 3
Four young sheep were dosed with 2 ounces each of 2 per cent copper
sulphate solution without any preliminary fasting. The animals were allowed
green food in the morning upto the time of dosing and one pint of water was
forcibly drenched before the dose was given, gentian violet was used as an
indicator.
P. N. NANDA AND GURBAX SINGH 21
Number
of
sheep
808
65R
654
42
Breed
Bikaneri
Do.
Do.
Hissar
Mode of
administration
Back of tongue
Front of tongue
Back of tongue
Front of tongue
Nature of
ruminal
contents
Semi-solid
Semi-liquid
Semi-solid
Do.
Estimated percent-
age of drench
reaching
Rumen
and
reticulum
95
95
80
90
Abomasum
5
5
20
10
Conclusion.—Copper sulphate in 2 per cent solution given without preli-
minary starvation was not able to stimulate the reflex and the major portion
of the dose remained in the rumen. The mode of administration had no effect.
The above three tests clearly show that in spite of the inherent quality of
the drug to cause the reflex act the intensity of which depends upon the
strength of the solution, it fails to influence the reflex without preliminary
starvation.
Test No. 4
Five young sheep were dosed with 4 ounces each of simple water after
a preliminary fast of 15-18 hours. Carbol fuchsine and gentian violet were
used as indicators.
Number
of
sheep
584
964
954
64R
69
Breed
Bikaneri
Hissar
Bikaneri
Do.
Lohi
Mode of
administration
Back of tongue
Front of tongue
Back of tongue
Front of tongue
Do.
Nature of
ruminal
contents
Semi-solid
Do.
Semi-liquid
Do.
Semi-solid
Estimated percent-
age of drench
reaching
Rumen
and
reticulum
95
90
60
75
90
Omasum
5
10
40
25
10
22
Passage of Fluids through the Stomach of Sheep
Conclusion.—Simple water in 4 ounce doses given after a preliminary
fast of 15-18 hours was able to pass into the abomasum in small quantities.
The major portion remained in the rumen. Again there was no indication of
any effect of the mode of administration.
Test No. 5
Eleven sheep were dosed with 4 ounces each of simple water after a preli-
minary fast of food and water for 38-42 hours. Different indicators were used
to avoid any possibility of their producing the reflex.
Number
of
sheep
845
994
80
93
7
51
62
983
27
869
58R
Breed
Bikaneri
Cross-bred
Lohi
Hissar
Do.
Lohi
Hissar
Do.
Lohi
Bikaneri
do.
Indicator
used
Carbol fuchsine
Gentian violet
Do.
Neutral red
Methyl violet
Methyl blue
Carbol fuchsine
Gentian violet
Do.
Neutral red
Do.
Nature of
nominal
contents
Semi-solid
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Semi-liquid
Do.
Semi-solid
Do.
Estimated percent-
age of drench
reaching
Rumen
and
reticulum
15
10
5
10
20
..
10
5
50
..
10
Abomasum
85
90
95
90
80
100
90
95
50
100
..
Conclusion.—The whole or greater part of simple water given in 4 ounce
doses after about 40 hours' fast passed directly into the abomasum.
Test No. 6
Four young sheep were dosed with 4 ounces each of simple water without
any preliminary fast. The animals were prepared as for test No. 3.
Number
of
sheep
9
828
50R
873
Breed
Hissar
Bikaneri
Do.
Hissar
Indicator used
Carbol fuchsine
Do.
Do.
Do.
Nature of
ruminal
contents
Semi-solid
Semi-liquid
Semi-solid
Do.
Estimated percent-
age of drench
reaching
Rumen
and
reticulum
50
95
100
100
Abomasum
50
5
..
..
P. N. NANDA AND GURBAX SINGH 23
Conclusion.—Simple water in 4 ounce doses given without any prelimi-
nary fast remained in major portion or as a whole in the rumen and reticulum.
Tests Nos. 4, 5 and 6 clearly show that water probably possesses a slight
inherent property to pass in small quantities to the abomasum. This property
directly increases with the increase in the period of preliminary starvation and
water in small doses (4 ounces) may pass as a whole into the abomasum if given
after a 40 hours' fast.
All the tests from No. 1 to 6 indicate that preliminary starvation is an
important factor in the passage of fluids into the abomasum and in cases of
starvation of about 40 hours' duration, the question of stimulation of reflex for
the closure of the oesophageal groove does not arise. Whether this effect of
preliminary fasting is due to withholding of food or water or both is yet to be
decided.
Test No. 7
Four young sheep were dosed with 4 ounces each of simple water after
having been kept away from water for 38-42 hours. Food was allowed upto
the time of dosing.
Number
of
sheep
83
106
594
130
Breed
Hissar
Bikaneri
Hissar
Bikaneri
Indicator used
Gentian violet
Carbol fuchsine
Do.
Neutral red
Nature of
ruminal
contents
Solid
Semi-solid
Solid
Do.
Estimated percent-
age of drench
reaching
Rumen
and
reticulum
100
90
100
95
Abomasum
..
10
..
5
Conclusion.—Simple water in 4 ounce doses failed to reach the abomasum
when the sheep were kept away from water only for 38-42 hours.
24
Passage of Fluids through the Stomach of Sheep
Test No. 8
Three young sheep were dosed with 2 ounces each of a 2 per cent copper
sulphate solution. No water was allowed for 38-42 hours but green fodder
was fed upto the time of dosing.
Number
of
sheep
215R
717
958
Breed
Bikaneri
Do.
Hissar
Indicator vised
Carbol fuchsine
Do.
Do.
Nature of
ruminal
contents
Solid
Liquid
Solid
Estimated percent-
age of drench
reaching
Rumen
and
reticulum
90
40
80
Abomasum
10
60
20
Conclusion.—The number of animals taken was too small. Sheep No. 717
accidently could not be held off from water. However, there was some indica-
tion that a 2 per cent copper sulphate solution was unable to influence the
reflex when the animals were not allowed access to water only for 38-42 hours.
Tests Nos. 7 and 8 reveal that by withholding water alone for some hours
the stimulation of the reflex act is adversely affected.
Test No. 9
Three young sheep were dosed with 4 ounces each of simple water. No
fodder was allowed for 40 hours, but one pint of water was forcibly drenched to
each animal just before the test.
Number
of
sheep
844
804
82R
Breed
Cross-bred
Bikaneri
Do.
Indicator used
Carbol fuchsine
Do.
Do.
Nature of
ruminal
contents
Liquid
Semi-liquid
with gas
Liquid
Estimated percent-
age of drench
reaching
reaching
Rumen
and
reticulum
5
80
50
Abomasum
95
20
50
P. N. NANDA AND GURBAX SINGH 25
Conclusion.—No definite conclusion could be arrived at. Number of
animals being too small further trials were considered necessary.
Test No. 10
Four young sheep were dosed with 2 ounces each of 2 per cent copper
sulphate solution after a preliminary fast of food only for a period of 38-42
hours. Water was allowed upto the last moment and one pint of water was
forcibly drenched to each animal before dosing.
Number
of
sheep
115
104
92R
810
Breed
Bikaneri
Do.
Do.
Do.
Indicator used
Carbol fuchsine
Do.
Do.
Do.
Nature of
ruminal
contents
Liquid
Semi-liquid
Liquid
Do.
Estimated percent-
age of drench
reaching
Rumen
and
reticulum
20
90
20
30
Abomasum
80
10
80
70
Conclusion.—No definite result could be claimed. It was intended to carry
out some more trials in order to arrive at some definite conclusions, but no
more animals were available for slaughter this year.
DISCUSSION
It is evident from the experimental data that copper sulphate solution
possesses the quality of stimulating the reflex closure of the oesophageal groove
and that stimulation is more marked when a stronger solution is used, but the
effect of preliminary starvation on the reflex is interesting. A 2 per cent copper
sulphate solution which passes practically as a whole into the abomasum on
dosing after a preliminary starvation of 15-18 hours does not behave in the
same manner when dosed without previous starvation and remains artly or
wholly in the rumen. It leads us to conclude that preliminary starvation
favours the reflex and in unstarved animals the property possessed by certain
drugs to influence the stimulation of the reflex is greatly retarded. This
result is contrary to the findings of Monnig and Quin [1935] who claim that
preliminary starvation does not influence the stimulation of the reflex. The
effect of prolonged starvation, they say, increases the fluid consistency of the
ruminal contents which favours the reflex. This observation also does not
agree with our findings as we noticed that prolonged starvation (Test 5) does
not alter the consistency of the ruminal contents. Further, when sheep are
kept away from fodder for 38-42 hours, but access to water is allowed freely,
P. N. NANDA AND GURBAX SINGH 27
3. Preliminary starvation is a favourable condition for the stimulation
of the reflex, and the ability of copper sulphate solution to sti-
mulate the reflex may be greatly retarded even with a 2 per cent
solution, when the animal is not starved.
4. Water, probably, possesses a slight inherent property to pass into
the abomasum which increases with the period of preliminary
starvation to such an extent that 4 ounces of it when given
after withholding food and water for 38-42 hours will pass as a
whole or in bulk into the abomasum.
5. The stimulation of the reflex is not influenced by the mode of
administration of fluids.
6. There is some indication that the equilibrium of food and water in
the rumen is also a controlling factor in influencing the passage
of watery fluids to the various divisions of the stomach of sheep.
7. There is no necessity to fast sheep after routine dosing for gastro-
intestinal worms but access to water should be allowed to a
limited extent, after allowing free grazing for sometime.
REFERENCES
Daubney, R. (1930). Vet. J. 86, 19.
Green, H. H. (1918). Quoted by Monnig, H. O. (1933). Onderstepoort J. Vet. Sci.
& Anim. Indus. 1, 67.
Le Roux, P. L. (1932). Vet. J. 88, 205.
Monnig, H. O. (.1929). Farming in S. Africa 4, 93.
—
(1935). Onderstepoort J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Indus. 5, 419.
Monnig, H. O. and Quin, J. I. (1933). Onderstepoort J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Indus.
1, 117.
—
(1935). Onderstepoort J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Indus.
5, 485.
Oppermann, Th. and Behrens, R. (1932). Deut. Tier. Wschr. 40, 369.
Quin, J. I. and Vander Wath, J. G. (1938). Onderstepoort J. Vet. Sci. & Anim.
Indus. 11, 316.
Ross, I. C. (1931). Aust. Vet. J. 7. 122.
—
(1934). Aust. Vet. J. 10, 3.
Smith, F. (1921). Manual of Veterinary Physiology, 5th ed., p. 20.
Sprehn, C. (1931). Quoted by Monnig H. O. & Quin J. I. (1933), Onderstepoort
J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Indus. 1, 117.
Swales, W. E. (1939). Abstract. Vet. J. 95, 79.
Veglia, F. (1918). Quoted by Monnig. H. O. (1933). Onderstepoort J. Vet. Sci. &
Anim. Indus. 1, 67.
Wester, J. (1926). Quoted by Quin, J. I. & Vander Wath J. G. (1938). Onderstepoort
J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Indus. 11, 361.
A NOTE ON TOXOPLASMA CANIS INFECTION IN A
SPANIEL*
BY
H. N. RAY, M.Sc., PH.D. (LOND.)
Systematic Protozoologist
AND
K. RAGHAVACHARI, G.M.V.C.
Veterinary Inspector
Imperial Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar
(Received for publication on 23 September 1940)
(With Plate I)
A PURE-BRED spaniel, which had spent its life in a tick-proof kennel, was
subjected to the bites of ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) which had been
previously fed on a pariah dog showing acute infection with Babesia gibsoni.
Having failed to imbibe the infection in this manner, the spaniel received
intravenously 5 c.c. of blood heavily infected with Babesia gibsoni and was
housed with pariah dogs in a separate kennel where it succumbed to Babesia
gibsoni infection. It developed typical symptoms of the disease, though
before death it showed very rare Babesia gibsoni in its peripheral circulation.
Microscopical examination of smears from its internal organs revealed very
rare Babesia gibsoni but fairly numerous Toxoplasma canis. While it is not
possible to state definitely how the infection was acquired by this animal,
the following possibilities suggest themselves : (a) the batch of ticks used in the
feeding experiment may already have been infected; (b) these ticks in the
process of feeding on the pariah dog infected with Babesia gibsoni may have
imbibed also the Toxoplasma infection, although the latter alone was trans-
mitted to the spaniel; (c) the infection may have been contracted as a result
of contact with other pariah dogs ; or (d) the blood used for retest may have
contained Toxoplasma parasites, although neither the microscopical examina-
tion of the blood prior to inoculation nor the clinical symptoms gave any
indication of this.
Mello [1910] first described Toxoplasma canis from a dog in Turin and
ascribed to its presence a pathogenic condition designated by him as toxo-
plasmosis and characterized by the following symptoms : marked inappetence
and progressive feebleness; skin and mucous membranes presenting an
anæmic appearance ; body emaciation; muscles very much atrophied and
abundant mucoid discharge from the orbit; elevated temperature (103.4° F)
accompanied by shivering; pulse feeble and sometimes imperceptible and
irregular ; respiration short, jerky and abdominal; cardiac murmur on thoracic
*Paper presented to the 27th annual meeting of the Indian Science Congress, 1940.
28
30
Toxoplasma canis Infection in a Spaniel
MacHattie [1938] has reported two fatal cases of spontaneous toxo-
plasmosis in dogs in Baghdad. Dyspnoea and wasting appeared to be the
chief symptoms. The lungs and liver, on post-mortem examination, showed
lentil-sized necrotic areas. Toxoplasma was seen within the large endothelial
cells. The necrotic areas exhibited much cellular degeneration and libera-
tion of parasites. He also described the occurrence of large pear-shaped masses
of parasites in the lungs and these, he believes, have a close resemblance to
' schizonts '.
Wenyon [1939] exhibited to the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and
Hygiene various preparations illustrating the method of reproduction of
Toxoplasma and remarked that ' reproduction in these parasites is invariably
by binary fission and when appearances of schizogony occur this is due to
masses of parasites being so pressed together in preparation of smears that
the individuality of the parasites is lost. Similar appearances occur sometimes
in smears of organs infected with leishmania. As schizogony does not occur
in the case of Toxoplasma, the ex-erythrocytic schizonts of bird malarial
parasites cannot have any connection with these parasites '.
The object of this paper is to place on record the occurrence of Toxoplasma
canis in a pure-bred spaniel, and to describe certain stages in its development
which indicate that schizogony is absent in the case of this parasite and that
the only method of reproduction is by binary fission, as already stated by
Wenyon. The writers would like to draw the attention of field workers to
this disease, and it is hoped that the brief resumé of the literature given above
will be of use to them in diagnosing the condition.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
As already mentioned, the material which formed the subject of this study
was obtained from the internal organs and bone marrow of a pure-bred
spaniel that had succumbed to experimental infection with Babesia gibsoni.
The organs comprised the lungs, liver, spleen and kidney. Impression prepa-
rations from the different organs were stained with May Grunwald-Giemsa.
For studying the parasite in the tissues, the different organs were fixed over-
night in Bouin-Duboscq and Brasil's fluid and sections were cut 5µ thick.
These were stained with Heidenhain's iron-alum haematoxylin and counter-
stained with chromotrop 2 R in absolute alcohol.
Careful camera lucida drawings were made of the various stages encountered
in the preparations.
OBSERVATIONS
The spaniel in question had been originally subjected to bites of ticks
that had been fed on dogs artificially infected with Babesia gibsoni. Fifteen
weeks after the dog was discontinued from these experiments, it was inoculated
intravenously with 5 c.c. of blood containing B. gibsoni parasites. From
Table I it will be seen that the animal reacted as early as the third day after
the infective inoculation.