NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
138
Common Diseases of Young Calves
On careful examination one can find the parasite and its eggs (' nits '),the latter
attached to the hairs.
For all the three species of lice the same method of treatment and control
proves effective. This consists in isolating the affected animals and applying
some parasiticide dressing. The dressing should be applied thoroughly and
repeated twice or thrice with 15 or 16 days' interval, as some of the eggs may
survive the first dressing and hatch in about 10-14 days, thus giving rise to a
new generation of lice. When the number of animals to be treated is small,
equal parts of cotton-seed oil and kerosene may be applied with a brush or two
parts of kerosene emulsified with one part of milk and added to 8 parts of
water may be applied by means of a spray pump all over the body, taking
special care of the brisket, inside the thighs, ears, etc. If the weather is
not cold the hair may be clipped before applying the dressing and burnt.
When the number of animals to be treated is large, dipping is the best method
of treatment; the lime and sulphur dip, as recommended for mange, may be
used against lice, observing all the necessary precautions mentioned there.
Attention should be paid to the proper cleanliness of the animals and the
premises.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am grateful to Dr. G. D. Bhalerao for the helminthological illustrations
and to Messrs F. Ware, C.I.E. and J. R. Haddow for their valuable advice
and helpful criticism of this paper.
REFERENCES
Bechtal, H. E. et al. (1936). Mich. Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 150.
Bhalerao, G. D. (1934). Agric. & Livestock in Ind. 4, 3.
Hutyra, F. and Marek, J. (1936). Pathology and Therapeutics of the Diseases of Domestic
Animals.
Immes, M. (1925). U. S. Dept. Agric. Farm. Bull. 909.
Imperial Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar (1932-36). Annual reports.
Jordan, L. (1933). Vet. J. 89, 202.
Maynard, L. A. (1936). Cornell Ext. Bull. 350.
Palmer, L. S. (1936). Minn. Agric. Ext. Div. Spec. Bull. 94.
Robertson, A. (1931). Vet. J. 87, 312. 351.
Shirlaw, J. F. (1935). Ind. J. Vet. Sci. and Anim. Husb. 5, 232.
Udall, D. H. (1931). Vet. Med. 26, 278.
Wooldridge, G. H. (1934). Encyclopaedia of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery and Obstetrics,
Vol. I.
PHENOTHIAZINE—A REMARKABLY EFFICIENT
ANTHELMINTIC
BY
E. L. TAYLOR AND K. M. SANDERSON
Veterinary Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture
(Reprinted from The Veterinary Record, Vol. 52, No. 36, September 7, 1940)
Introduction
A S the result of a publication by E. F. Knipling in April, 1938, reporting
the extraordinary efficiency of internal treatment with small doses of
phenothiazine for preventing the development of hornfly larvae (Lyperosia irri-
tans) in the faeces of cattle, a brief trial on pigs was carried out at this labora-
tory in order to ascertain whether the drug might not also possess a marked
anthelmintic action.* The experimental pigs used for this purpose were not
very heavily infected and as the efficiency of the drug, as indicated by this
trial, only proved to be between 0 per cent and 60 per cent nothing further
was done until August, 1939, when news of the success of Australian workers
reached us and a private communication was received from W. E. Swales
giving an account of remarkably good results obtained by him in Canada for
the elimination of worms from comparatively lightly infested sheep.
Fortunately, we were aware of a severe outbreak of parasitic gastritis
within 20 miles of the laboratory at that time and still having in our possession
a certain amount of phenothiazine left over from the previous trial in pigs
were able to carry out an experiment forthwith, on heavily infected sheep.
This trial produced a surprisingly good result and on reporting our findings to
the Helminths Committee of the Agricultural Research Council it was decided
that the Council should be asked to purchase some 500 pounds of the drug for
the purpose of carrying out an extensive trial under farming conditions as
speedily as possible.
The symposium of which this paper forms part, deals with work carried
out in various parts of the country and co-ordinated through the Agricultural
Research Council.
History of Phenothiazine
Phenothiazine is described by De Eds et al. (1938) as " a fine, smooth
powder having a pale, lemon yellow colour, and is practically tasteless. When
allowed to crystallize from solutions of alcohol, benzene, xylol, or toloul, flat
leaf crystals with a soapy feel are formed. Phenothiazine melts sharply at
*The phenothiazine used on this and on a later occasion was very kindly supplied by
the Imperial Chemical Industries workers on insecticides at Jealott's Hill. At that time
the drug was difficult to obtain and without their help our early trials might have been
considerably delayed.
( 139 )
140 Phenothiazine—A Remarkably Efficient Anthelmintic
180° C., is soluble in fat solvents, but is practically insoluble in water. It
has a molecular weight of 199.14, and the following structural formula :—
H
N
S
" When exposed to air and moisture, phenothiazine slowly undergoes
spontaneous oxidation. It is the parent substance of a large number of dyes,
the most important of which, as regards the present work, are the three thiazine
dyes, thionol, Lauth's violet, and methylene blue." It was first prepared in
1885, by Bernthsen, but does not appear to have found any special uses nor
was there any evidence of its parasiticidal properties until 1934 when Campbell
et al. reported on its toxicity against culicine mosquito larvae. These trials
showed it to be even more toxic than rotenone, its action proving to be quite
effective down to a dilution of 1 : 1,000,000.
Smith, Munger and Siegler (1935) then tried it for the control of the codling
moth and found it to be as effective as lead arsenate. Knipling (1938), how-
ever, was the first to report its marked action against parasites of domestic
animals; he fed small amounts to cattle and found that whereas no toxic
effects were observed, the development of hornfly larvae (Lyperosia irritans)
was completely inhibited in the faeces for three days. Harwood, Jerstad and
Swanson (1938) then tried phenothiazine in pigs and found a rather variable,
but nevertheless marked action not only against ascarids but also against
oesophagostomes. Harwood, Haberman and Jerstad (1939) later reported
observations on eight sheep, in which they found marked anthelmintic action
at a dose rate of 1 gramme per kg. body weight, against hookworms and nodular
worms and also against Haemonchus and Ostertagia, the effect apparently
being particularly marked against Ostertagia. Swales (1939) next reported
results obtained in the treatment of ten lightly infected sheep ; he perfected
an effervescent tablet and found a dose of 0.6 gramme to 0.8 gramme per kg.
body weight to have a very pronounced action against stomach worms, nodular
worms and hookworms. Gordon (1939) in Australia, also published a note
having found a dose of 0.2 gramme per kg. to have a variable efficiency against
nodular worms, ranging upto 100 per cent. Along with Whitten (1939), he
also published a short note reporting an efficiency of 100 per cent against
Haemonchus. Concurrent with this publication came one from Roberts
(1939), another Australian parasitologist, who reported observations on seven
lambs in which a dose of 0.2 gramme per kg. was shown to have an efficiency
ranging up to 94.7 per cent against nodular worms and more recently Swan-
son, Harwood and Connolly (1940) have reported trials in pigs in which they
found doses of phenothiazine ranging from 5 grammes to 30 grammes, accord-
ing to the size of the pig, to be very effective against nodular worms and asca-
rids, although less effective against light infections of ascaris than against
heavy ones.
E. L. TAYLOR AND K. M.
SANDERSON
141
The results reported by the present authors concern more extensive trials
on larger groups of animals most of which were actually suffering from helmin-
thic disease at the time that the trial was carried out. Sheep and horses have
been most largely used and results, almost without exception, have been extra-
ordinarily good.
The phenothiazine used in these observations has been supplied by the
Imperial Chemical Industries in four forms ; (a) pure phenothiazine powder,
having a purity of about 99 per cent; (b) phenothiazine powder mixed with a
wetting agent to facilitate its mixture with water; (c) liquid phenothiazine,
being a suspension of very finely powdered phenothiazine in water containing
some dispersing agent, and (d) phenothiazine tablets, containing 5 grammes of
the pure drug and a certain amount of excipient together with a substance that
brings about a rapid disintegration of the tablets when placed in water.
Experimental Data
Sheep
ANTHELMINTIC EFFECT.
Experiment No. 1.—Eleven lambs, badly affected with parasitic gastritis
were purchased from a flock among which fifty had just died from this disease.
On reaching the laboratory they were divided at random into two groups,
five being kept as controls and six receiving 15 grammes of the phenothiazine
mixture recommended by Swales.*
All of the lambs, controls as well as treated animals, were killed five days
after the dosing had been carried out and worm counts were made on the
stomach and intestinal contents. Results given in Table No. 1 show a very
remarkable effect of the treatment in that no worms were recovered from the
stomachs of the six treated lambs, mature Ostertagia and Trichostrongylus
having been completely eliminated, whereas four of the five controls contained
over 15,000 worms in the fourth stomach. The effect on worms in the small
intestine was less striking but nevertheless demonstrated an efficiency of over
80 per cent.
Experiment No. 2.—When the outbreak of parasitic gastritis among the
flock from which the above-mentioned eleven lambs had been purchased began
to diminish, and deaths occurred less frequently, forty of the most severely
affected of those still remaining alive were picked out for a further trial. They
were divided at random into two equal groups, one of which received four
weekly doses of phenothiazine, the other being kept as a control group.
*Swales recommended a special mixture of phenothiazine of the following composi-
tion :—
Commercial phenothiazine (pulv.)
.
.
.
.
.
Starch (pulv.)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Effervescent salts (sod. bicarb. 50 parts, dehydrated tartaric
acid 45 parts)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Dried ox gall
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
80 parts
9 „
9 „
2 „
E. L. TAYLOR AND K. M.
SANDERSON
149
like 1,000 grammes of faeces during a day and the excretion of the pheno-
thiazine in the faeces would be spread over three days it is obvious that the
amount requisite for the prevention of larval development must be something
quite small, presumably in the region of one part of phenothiazine in 8,000 of
faeces.
The data from which this conclusion has been drawn are set down in
Table IX.
Trials later carried out in vitro showed that a mixture of 1 : 100 or of:
1 : 1,000 of phenothiazine powder in the faeces culture prevented the develop-
ment of the larvae in a similar way. It was interesting to note, however, in
an experiment in which the four treated goats were carrying a particularly
heavy infection of Muellerius, that no effect whatsoever was produced on the
larvae of this genus of lung-worms, living larvae being recovered from the
culture in thousands.
An observation was next made to ascertain at what stage of larval deve-
lopment the action of the drug is most marked. Six 50-gramme cultures were
made up for this purpose, half a gramme of phenothiazine being added to each
at various stages during the culture period. When larvae were ultimately
separated by means of Baermann's apparatus on the eighth day it was found
that the drug had exerted its greatest influence on the eggs and early stages of
developmet of the larvae. After the fifth day of development, i.e., when the
larvae had reached the infective stage, the drug had taken comparatively
little action. Particulars of this observation are shown in Table X.
Action in Vitro.—Solutions of phenothiazine of various strengths were pre-
pared in physiological saline, between 20 and 30 Trichostrongylus worms, freshly
collected at post-mortem examination, being placed in each solution and kept
at 37° C.
The results show that within 18 hours the saturated and half saturated
solutions had begun to take effect although all of the test worms were not killed
until they had been in these solutions for 66 hours. The quarter-saturated
solution also appeared to take some effect but test worms in the eighth-
saturated solutions, behaved in the same way as the controls in physiological
saline.
As phenothiazine is described by chemists as " practically insoluble" this
result would suggest a very potent anthelmintic action on the part of the very
small amount of substance in solution.*
Phenothiazine as an Anthelmintic
DISCUSSION—MENTIONING DATA REPORTED IN OTHER CONTRIBUTIONS TO
THE SYMPOSIUM†
GENERAL ANTHELMINTIC ACTION.
The extensive observations which are here reported on the anthelmintic
action of phenothiazine in farm animals provide ample evidence of the great
importance of the discovery of this parasiticide in the annals of helminth control
by the use of drugs.
*A. Eden of this laboratory has determined the solubility for us as being not greater
than one in 50,000.
† '' We " in this discussion refers to Taylor and Sanderson. Wherever reference is
made to the work of other contributors to the symposium the name is given.
F 2
E. L. TAYLOR AND K. M.
SANDERSON
151
TABLE I (Experiment No.1)
Worms recovered at post-mortem examination from six lambs dosed with 15 grammes of Swales phenothiazine
mixture, and from five undosed controls
No. of Lambs
Control Lambs
92
83
84
85
90
Average
88
91
89
82
87
86
Average
Indicated effi¬
ciency per cent.
Stomach.
Total.
55,400
26,300
15,100
19,200
2,100
23,620
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
100
O.
circumcincta.
25,853
18,410
11,325
7,642
2,100
13,066
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
100
O. trifurcata.
5,540
2,630
1,510
4,775
—
2,891
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
100
T. axei.
9,233
5,260
2,265
6,685
—
4,689
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
100
H. contortus.
—
—
—
100
—
20
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
100
Larvae.
14,774
—
—
—
—
2,955
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
100
Small Intestine.
Total.
48,318
51,412
15,500
44,104
13,002
34,467
1,004
5,702
9,407
19,813
3,004
1,600
6,755
80.4
T. vitrinus.
40,250
30,840
6,200
39,690
9,750
. 25,346
400
—
2,350
12,870
2,100
960
3,113
87.7
T. colubriformis.
1,610
2,570
3,875
—
1,300
1,871
—
5,130
—
1,980
600
640
1,391
25.6
C.
curticei.
—
2,570
—
2,205
650
1,081
—
—
470
990
—
—
243
77.7
C. oncophora.
—
2,570
—
—
—
514
—
570
—
990
—
—
260
49.4
N. filicollis.
—
12,550
4,650
—
1,300
3,700
—
—
6,500
2,970
300
—
1,628
56.0
Larvae.
6,440
—
775
—
—
241
600
—
—
—
—
—
100
58.0
Moniezia.
18
12
—
4
2
7
4
2
7
13
4
—
5
Eggs per Gramme
Faeces.
Before Dosing.
5 Days After Dosing.
No count made
6,900
11,500
10,700
1,600
7,675
4,200
6,500
8,700
15,400
5,600
2,800
7,200
12,800
5,300
4,000
1,900
6,000
200
200
600
1,900
300
100
550
152 Phenothiazine—A Remarkably Efficient Anthelmintic
TABLE II (Experiment No. 9)
Showing the effect of small doses of phenothiazine in goats
No. of Goat.
396
397
425
430
386
418
428
436
Grammes of
Phenothiazine
Given.
10.4.40.
½
½
½
½
1
1
1
1
17.4.40.
¾
¾
¾
¾
1½
1½
1½
1½
22.4.40.
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
26.4.40.
6
6
6
6
12
12
12
12
Eggs per Gramme of Faeces.
27.3.40.
3,800
1,100
2,100
1,200
300
4,400
2,400
2,000
11.4.40.
7,500
1,300
1,500
3,400
100
4,500
4,600
2,300
12.4.40.
7,100
300
1,600
3,500
200
5,700
8,000
1,300
15.4.40.
8,200
600
2,500
2,200
300
6,900
9,400
3,800
17.4.40.
5,500
700
2,300
5,700
600
1,600
7,000
2,500
22.4.40.
7,000
1,400
2,600
6,600
100
1,700
2,400
3,300
26.4.40.
1,100
600
3,600
1,500
0
100
2,100
800
30.4.40.
1,900
200
2,000
600
0
100
3,200
700
4.5.40.
2,500
500
1,400
200
0
100
4,300
600
7.5.40.
1,400
200
1,300
100
0
0
4,200
500
Worms Found in
Stomach.
H. contortus.
—
—
—
—
—
—
100
900
O.
circumcincta.
200
—
400
100
—
100
3,173
2,000
O. trifurcata.
200
—
400
—
—
—
—
—
T. axei.
1,400
200
300
100
—
—
20,627
2,700
Worms Found in
Small Intestine.
T. vitrinus.
2,700
1,200
4,000
500
—
400
11,873
1,200
T. colubriformis.
2,340
1,200
800
200
—
—
1,827
1,500
N. filicollis.
360
—
—
200
—
—
—
—
Worms Found
in Large
Intestine.
T. ovis.
1
1
7
10
22
—
15
48
O. venulosum.
24
8
20
—
2
—
—
185
S, ovis.
30
—
—
—
—
—
2
308
Eggs per Gramme in Faeces
1,400
200
1,300
100
—
—
4,200
541
E. L. TAYLOR AND K. M.
SANDERSON
153
TABLE III (Experiment No. 2)
Showing the effect of a 15 gramme dose of phenothiazine administered at the
end of an outbreak of parasitic gastritis to a group of 20 lambs many of
which had been severely affected.
Dates of
Dosings and
Weighings.
13-9-39
22-9-39
29-9-39
13-10-39
20 Lambs dosed with Phenothiazine.
Average
Weight
in lb.
61.1
64.2
65.4
70.8
Average
Increase in
Weight.
3.1
1.2
5.4
Egg Count
per
gramme.
2,400
500
20 Control Lambs.
Average
Weight
in lb.
61.1
63.4
64.4
68.6
Average
Increase
in Weight.
2.3
1.0
4.2
Egg
Count per
gramme.
2,300
1,400
For particulars of worm infestation see Table I, the lambs referred to in Tables I and II
belonging to the same flock.
Increase in favour of dosed sheep = 2.2 lb. per head in one month.
TABLE IV (Experiment No. 3)
Showing the effect of a 20 gramme dose of phenothiazine administered towards the
end of an outbreak of parasitic gastritis to a group of 28 lambs many of which
had been severely affected. Species of Ostertagia were principally
concerned in this outbreak.
Dates of
Dosings
and
Weighings.
30-9-39
21-10-39
14-11-39
28 Lambs dosed with Phenothiazine.
Average
Weight
in lb.
61.3
74.0
78.3
Average
Increase in
Weight.
12.7
4.3
Egg Count
per
gramme.
5,100
200
200
28 Control Lambs.
Average
Weight
in lb.
63.4
67.5
68.4
Average
Increase
in Weight.
4.1
0.9
Egg Count
per
gramme.
5,100
2,400
1,400
Increase in favour of dosed sheep in six weeks = 12 lb. per head, or a total of 336 lb.
154 Phenothiazine—A Remarkably Efficient Anthelmintic
TABLE V (Experiment No. 4)
Showing the effect of a 30 gramme dose of phenothiazine administered to lambs
two months after the termination of an outbreak of parasitic gastritis,
resulting principally from an Ostertagia infestation
Dates of
Dosing
and
Weighing.
31-10-39
23-11-39
10 Lambs dosed with 30 grammes
Phenothiazine.
Average
Weight
in lb.
78.0
80.3
Average
Increase in
Weight.
2.3
Egg Count
per
gramme.
4,500
200
20 Control Lambs.
Average
Weight
in lb.
84.1
84.3
Average
Increase in
Weight.
0.2
Egg
Count per
gramme.
4,500
5,300
Increase in favour of dosed lambs = 2.1 lb. per head in three weeks.
TABLE VI
Showing the effect of small doses of phenothiazine on a mixed infection, princi-
pally, Haemonchus contortus, in sheep
No. of
Sheep
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Grammes of Phenothiazine given.
19-4-40
1
¼
¼
1
½
½
½
½
23-4-40
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
27-4-40
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
1-5-40
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
Eggs per gramme of Faeces.
12-4-40
12,000
2,600
800
500
7,600
2,200
1,000
800
20-4-40
16,900
5,900
2,900
300
3,900
2,400
4,100
1,500
23-4-40
22,900
4,900
2,500
1,300
5,700
7,200
3,900
3,500
27-4-40
2,000
6,300
2,800
800
7,700
1,600
2,100
1,500
1-5-40
800
700
300
800
700
500
500
600
6-5-40
300
100
200
1,200
100
600
100
200
10-5-40
400
700
400
700
300
500
200
700
15-5-40
300
700
400
400
1,000
300
800
400
E. L. TAYLOR AND K. M.
SANDERSON
155
TABLE VII
Showing the effect of the repeated administration of small doses of phenothiazine
to sheep
Date.
26-1-40
2-2-40
3-2-40
5-2-40
6-2-40
7-2-40
8-2-40
9-2-40
10-2-40
12-2-40
13-2-40
14-2-40
15-2-40
16-2-40
17-2-40
19-2-40
20-2-40
21-2-40
22-2-40
23-2-40
24-2-40
25-2-40
26-2-40
27-2-40
28-2-40
29-2-40
Eggs per Gramme of Faeces in Six Experimental Sheep.
2 Gramme Doses of
Phenothiazine Daily.
Sheep 1.
2,800
2,800
400
300
100
100
100
100
—
700
100
200
400
—
—
—
100
—
100
—
—
—
—
—
—
100
Sheep 2.
700
200
200
100
—
400
200
—
—
—
100
—
100
—
100
100
100
—
—
—
—
—
—
200
100
100
5 Gramme Doses of
Phenothiazine Daily.
Sheep 3.
600
2,600
1,400
200
100
200
100
500
200
—
100
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Sheep 4.
900
100
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
10 Gramme Doses of
Phenothiazine Daily.
Sheep 5.
7,700
7,400
2,300
400
100
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Sheep 6.
2,100
500
200
—
—
—
100
200
—
—
—
—
Died
156
Phenothiazine—A Remarkably Efficient
Anthelmintic
TABLE VIIIA
Showing the effect of doses of phenothiazine ranging from 10 grammes to 25
grammes on strongyloid worms in horses
Particulars of
Horse.
6-year-old Hunter
4-year-old
„ .
11-year-old
„ .
5-year-old
„ .
9-year-old
„ .
10-year-old
Thoroughbred
8-year-old
„ .
3-year-old
„
1-year-old
„ .
2-year-old
„ .
1-year-old
„ .
Yearling Hunter .
3-year-old
„ .
3-year-old
„ .
Dose of Phenothiazine in
Grammes.
10
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
15
„
„
„
20
„
„
„
„
25
„
Egg Count Before Treatment.
Ascaris.
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
500
—
—
—
Trichonema, etc.
350
790
98
616
803
304
97
69
1,392
336
372
528
462
600
400
679
3,485
1,170
1,216
480
S. edentatus.
115
140
80
341
275
0
1
12
0
24
108
0
14
0
0
14
123
18
32
450
S. equinus.
5
20
40
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
12
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
S. vulgaris.
30
50
18
66
11
68
0
16
208
240
696
624
224
0
0
7
492
612
352
570
T. axei.
0
0
0
77
11
28
2
3
0
0
12
48
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Egg Count 2 to 4 Weeks After
Treatment.
Ascaris.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Trichonema, etc.
864
1,411
178
1,064
1,920
882
837
1,425
255
648
40
0
0
1
100
+
0
8
0
20
S. edentatus.
216
136
12
84
336
0
9
0
12
40
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
80
40
S. equinus.
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
S. vulgaris.
120
154
0
28
144
9
54
75
21
112
57
24
+
0
0
0
1
186
320
340
T. axei.
0
0
0
224
0
9
0
0
12
0
0
0
0
0
0
+
0
0
0
0
— = less than 100 per gramme. + = less than 1 per gramme. 0 = absent.
E. L. TAYLOR AND K. M.
SANDERSON
157
TABLE VIIIB
Showing the effect of a dose of 30 grammes of phenothiazine on strongyloid worms
in horses
Particulars of
Horse.
Thoroughbred Foal
„ .
„ .
4-year-old
Thoroughbred .
2-year-old . .
2-year-old „ .
Yearling . .
Thoroughbred .
„
„
„
„ .
„ .
„ .
„
„ .
Dose of Phenothiazine in
Grammes.
30
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Egg Count Before Treatment.
Ascaris.
200
500
—
—
—
—
100
—
200
300
—
—
—
—
—
—
Trichonema, etc.
400
300
1,600
252
495
384
640
720
1,581
990
344
156
920
640
700
192
S. edentatus.
400
300
0
24
0
12
0
32
85
33
28
87
0
0
0
4
S. equinus.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
S. vulgaris.
0
0
0
0
5
4
144
48
34
77
28
36
70
160
0
2
T. axei.
0
0
0
24
0
0
16
0
0
0
0
21
10
0
0
2
Egg Count 2 to 4 Weeks After Treatment.
Ascaris.
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
300
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Trichonema, etc.
0
0
11
3
0
+
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
S. edentatus.
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
S. equinus.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
S. vulgaris.
0
0
0
0
+
+
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
T. axei.
8
33
1
3
+
0
0
8
0
0
0
1
2
2
0
5
— = less than 100 per gramme. + = less than 1 per gramme. 0 = absent.
158
Phenothiazine—A Remarkably Efficient Anthelmintic
TABLE VIIIC
Showing the effect of doses of 50 and 60 grammes of phenothiazine on strongyloid
worms in horses
Particulars of
Horse.
4-year-old
Thoroughbred
.
7 -year-old . .
Cart colt . .
Thoroughbred barren
mare . . .
„ .
„
„
„
6-year-old
Thoroughbred
4-year-old
„ .
11-year-old
„ .
5-year-old
„ .
9-year-old
„ .
Thoroughbred .
„ . .
„ . .
Debilitated hunter .
„ „ .
„ „ .
„ „ .
„ „ .
„ „ .
Dose of Phenothiazine in
Grammes.
50
„
60
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Egg Count Before
Treatment.
Ascaris.
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Trichonema, etc.
500
1,598
500
800
546
95
700
68
465
776
1,064
1,920
882
837
1,425
980
990
207
1,092
972
1,805
658
282
178
S. edentatus.
0
34
0
0
112
2
0
0
35
8
84
336
0
9
0
0
0
48
60
228
95
42
12
14
S. equinus.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
S. vulgaris.
0
68
0
0
21
0
0
0
0
0
28
144
9
54
75
20
10
39
48
0
0
0
0
0
T. axei.
0
0
0
0
21
3
0
0
0
16
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
6
0
Egg Count 2 to 4 Weeks After Treatment.
Ascaris.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Trichonema, etc.
+
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
+
0
0
0
0
S. edentatus.
0
0
0
0
1
0
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
S. equinus.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
S. vulgaris.
+
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
T. axei.
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
200
7
8
0
0
0
2
0
2
0
0
0
+
4
0
— = less than 100 per gramme.
+ = leas than 1 per gramme. 0 = absent.