NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
E. L. TAYLOR AND K. M.
SANDERSON
159
TABLE IX
Showing the effect of small doses of phenothiazine in preventing the development of
third-stage larvae in the faeces of goats
Date.
7-3-40
8-3-40
9-3-40
11-3-40
12-3-40
13-3-40
14-3-40
15-3-40
16-3-40
18-3-40
19-3-40
20-3-40
21-3-40
25-3-40
26-3-40
27-3-40
28-3-40
1-4-40
Dose of
Phenothiazine
in Grammes.
0.25
0.75
1.0
1.25
1.5
1.75
Goat 388.
Eggs
per Gramme
of Faeces.
1,500
2,400
2,600
1,300
2,800
1,400
1,200
1,000
1,700
700
1,100
500
500
500
600
700
800
Larvae
per Gramme
of Faeces.
0
11
54
0
2
0
7
0
34
0
0
0
2
86
51
170
124
Goat 389
Eggs
per Gramme
of Faeces.
200
300
300
0
400
500
200
500
500
200
200
400
400
200
100
300
400
Larvae
per Gramme
of Faeces.
0
0
9
0
6
0
0
0
19
0
0
0
0
130
19
112
132
Goat 414.
Eggs
per Gramme
of Faeces.
500
600
400
300
900
300
300
400
400
100
300
500
200
300
400
700
600
Larvae
per Gramme
of Faeces.
0
25
81
0
96
0
0
0
87
0
0
0
144
140
92
204
TABLE X
Showing the effect on the development of larvae of a mixture of 1 per cent. of
phenothiazine in the faeces added at various stages during the culture period
Date when 1 per cent.
Phenothiazine was
Mixed with
Cultures made
15-12-39.
15-12-39
16-12-39
18-12-39
Number of Tricho¬
strongyloid Larvae.
Recovered 23-12-39
0
2
5,680
Date when 1 per cent.
Phenothiazine was
Mixed with
Cultures made
15-12-39.
19-12-39
20-12-39
Control
Number of Trieho¬
strongyloid Larvae
Recovered 23-12-39
30,640
53,200
88,000
potency than that of phenothiazine, and for this purpose we administered 30
grammes to one goat, collected the faeces on the second day afterwards and
164 Phenothiazine—A Remarkably Efficient Anthelmintic
GENERAL USEFULNESS.
The general advantages of this new anthelmintic may be listed as
follows : (1) very high efficiency for certain parasites, (2) remarkable lack of
toxicity, (3) lack of taste, (4) cheapness, (5) no previous preparation being
required, (6) no subsequent purgation required. Against advantages the
following two disadvantages only can be set: (1) its bulky nature, and (2) the
appearance of the red dye thionol in the urine for some three days after the
administration of phenothiazine.*
The production of thionol in the urine is the only one of these points that
calls for mention here, the others having been dealt with. It is, of course,
always advisable to warn the owner of the treated animals about the appear-
ance of this dye in the urine as it may easily be mistaken for blood and cause
alarm where the warning has not been given ; apart from this, however, the
consequent staining of the wool may be regarded by sheep farmers as a distinct
drawback to the general use of phenothiazine, as thionol is a very fast dye and
the stain is likely to remain on the wool for some time. As yet no suggestions
have been made as to how this objection may be overcome.
There seems to be little doubt that phenothiazine will come into general
use for the control of parasitic gastritis in sheep for which it has considerable
advantages over any other known anthelmintic and it is felt that further
trials will establish its usefulness for the same disease in cattle, in which animals
parasitic gastritis is still without a satisfactory treatment. Australian and
American workers have demonstrated its usefulness for the expulsion of
oesophagostomes from sheep and some data collected by McEwen and Taylor
but not published here, have shown a marked action on Chabertia. Its greatest
use may, however, prove to be in the treatment of strongylosis in equines,
where it can be relied upon to exert a 100 per cent. efficiency. If the safety of
this treatment is also taken into consideration there seems to be every reason
for its frequent and regular employment in horses and it is by no means too
extravagant to suppose that by regular dosings every two or three weeks it
may prove possible to eradicate the infestation from certain environments,
a procedure which could not previously have been contemplated with hope of
success.
Summary
Phenothiazine is shown by the tests reported in this symposium, on some
150 horses, to be remarkably efficient against the strongyloid parasites in the
large bowel of these animals, a dose of 30 to 40 grammes proving to have an
absolute efficiency of 100 per cent for adult worms.
The ease of administration and the safety of the drug are such that the
eradication of red-worms from well-managed studs now appears to be a
possibility.
Phenothiazine is also remarkably efficient against the stomach worms
associated with parasitic gastritis in ruminants, as demonstrated by the several
* The danger should also be kept in mind of the coloration of the carcase, and parti-
cularly the kidneys with thionol as the result of giving a large dose to lambs up to three
days before slaughter.
166 Phenothiazine—A Remarkably Efficient Anthelmintic
Khipling, E. P. (1938.) Internal treatment of animals with phenothiazine to prevent
development of hornfly larvae in the manure. J. econ. Ent.
31. 315-316.
Roberts, F. H. S. (1939.) A preliminary note on the treatment of oesphagostomiasis
in sheep with phenothiazine. J. Counc. sci. Industr. Res.
12. 208.
Swales, W. E. (1939.) Tests of phenothiazine. A highly efficient anthelmintic. Canad.
J. comp. Med. July. 188-194.
Swanson, L. E., Harwood, P. D. and Conelly, J. W. (1940.) Phenothiazine as an anthel-
mintic for the removal of intestinal worms from swine. J. Amer. med. Ass. 96.
No. 756. 333-338.
Smith, L. E., Munger, F. and Siegler, E. H. (1935). Phenothiazine. A promising new
insecticide. J. econ. Ent. 28. 727-728.
COMPARATIVE TESTS ON THE TREATMENT OF LAMBS
WITH PHENOTHIAZINE AND WITH COPPER
SULPHATE AND NICOTINE
SULPHATE
BY
A. D. MCEWEN, D.Sc., M.R.C.V.S.
South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye, Veterinary Department.
(Reprinted from The Veterinary Record, Vol. 52, No. 36, September 7, 1940.)
Experiment 1.
T HIS experiment was carried out in co-operation with Dr. E. L. Taylor and
the experimental animals were purchased and maintained at the expense
of the Veterinary Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Weybridge.
A flock of 123 lambs, seven to eight months old, was placed in experiment
in November, 1939. The animals were divided into three groups, each contain-
ing 41 lambs, and they were kept throughout the experiment on a limited
range of permanent pasture that had been heavily stocked with sheep.
Group 1 was treated every two weeks with 30 grammes of phenothiazine.
Group 2 was treated every two weeks with 20 c.c. copper sulphate and
nicotine sulphate.*
Group 3 was left untreated as a control group.
The lambs were weighed every two weeks. Treatment began on Decem¬
ber 11th, 1939, and the lambs were dosed ten times, the last treatment being
given on April 29th, 1940. The final weighing was made on May 20th, 1940.
The lambs were sold by public auction on June 7th, 1940.
TABLE I
Showing Death Rate and the Sums for which Animals were Sold
Group.
1
2
3
No. in.
Experiment.
41
41
41
No.
Died.
10
8
21
No.
Survived.
31
33
20
No.
Sold.
30
31
19
Amount.
£
52
51
28
s.
17
5
10
d.
6
0
* The mixture used contained approximately 5 per cent copper sulphate and 5 per
cent " nicotine sulphate 40 solution."
167
168 Tests on the Treatment of Lambs with Phenothiazine, etc.
TABLE II
Showing the Mean Weights
Date Weighed.
11-12-39
22-12-39
8-1-40
5-2-40
19-2-40
4-3-40
18-3-40
1-4-40
15-4-40
29-4-40
20-5-40
Group 1.
71
68
68
62
64
61
63
65
69
74
83
Group 2.
72
69
70
63
64
59
59
61
65
71
82
Group 3.
74
71
69
61
61
58
58
59
61
68
75
In Table 2 are shown the mean weights of the three groups at various
intervals after the commencement of the experiment. It may be stated that
from March 18th onwards, the mean weight of the lambs in Group 1 was signi-
ficantly higher than that of the lambs in Group 3. The animals in Group 2
occupy an intermediate position between Groups 1 and 3, and this suggests
that phenothiazine is the better of the two anthelmintics.
Experiment 2.
In this experiment the dose of phenothiazine was reduced to the smaller
and more convenient one of 10 grammes ; the 20 c.c. dose of copper sulphate
and nicotine sulphate was retained. Fifty-four of the poorest lambs, in a
flock showing evidence of parasitic gastritis and enteritis, were selected and
divided into two approximately equal groups. The lambs in Group 1 were
given phenothiazine and those in Group 2 were given the copper sulphate and
nicotine sulphate mixture. No controls were kept. The lambs were first
weighed and treated on March 18th, 1940. Altogether the lambs were dosed
four times at fortnightly intervals and on each occasion they were weighed.
Their weights were taken for the fifth and last time on May 20th, 1940.
TABLE III
Showing the Mean Weights of the Lambs
Date Weighed.
18-3-40
1-4-40
15-4-40
29-4-40
20-5-40
Group 1.
71
72
77
83
96
Group 2.
67
68
72
78
87
It may be stated that at the last weighing the difference of 9 lb. between the mean
weights of the two groups was found to be statistically significant. The experiment
therefore suggests that phenothiazine is the better anthelmintic,
A. D.
MCEWEN
169
Experiment 3.
Observations were made on three flocks of 11 to 12 month-old lambs be-
longing to the same owner. Each flock of lambs was divided into two equal
groups and one group was treated with phenothiazine while the other received
copper sulphate and nicotine sulphate. The dose of the former was 10 grammes
and the dose of the latter 20 c.c. The animals were not weighed and the effects
of the two different treatments were compared from the appearance of the
animals approximately three weeks after treatment stopped.
Flock 1 consisted of 86 lambs ; treatment began in March and the
animals were dosed three times at intervals of three to four
weeks.
Flock 2 contained 45 lambs ; treatment began in April and the lambs
were dosed twice.
Flock 3 contained 30 lambs and they were dosed in the latter part of
April.
The lambs were inspected in May, between two to three weeks after the
last treatment had been given. Each flock was divided into its two groups
that were held for examination in adjacent sheep pens. Without knowing
the treatment given to each individual group I selected the better group in
each flock and in all three cases this proved to be the group that had been
treated with phenothiazine. The superior condition and bloom of the lambs
that received phenothiazine was most marked in the flock that had been treated
for the longest period and had been dosed three times. In the flock that had
been treated on one occasion only, the difference was least obvious. In each
case my selection of the better group was confirmed later on in the same day
by a shepherd who was not aware that the animals had been treated. These
observations again suggest that phenothiazine is the better anthelmintic.
Summary
Comparative tests made on five flocks of lambs indicate that phenothiazine
is a more effective anthelmintic than copper sulphate and nicotine sulphate.
* * * * * * * *
PHENOTHIAZINE IN PARASITIC GASTRITIS
BY
W. T. ROWLANDS
University College, Bangor, N. Wales.
(Reprinted from The Veterinary Record, Vol. 52, No. 36, September 7, 1940.)
T HE results of small scale experiments in Australia showed that phenothia-
zine was of value in treating parasitic gastritis in sheep. The following
is the account of an experiment carried out in North-Wales. In no case, how-
ever, could the sheep be regarded as typical cases of acute parasitic gastritis.
FARM A.
Eleven wether (Welsh) lambs—"culls"—showed symptoms of scouring,
extreme emaciation, poor fleece and increased lacrimation. They had been,
grazing on a permanent pasture and had ceased thriving from the end of
August. They had been dosed at intervals with proprietary worm pills.
A post-mortem examination of an emaciated lamb showed the following
worms to be present:—
4th Stomach—1,600 .
Small Intestine—15,200 .
Haemonchus contortus
.
.
Ostertagia
.
.
.
.
Trichostrongylus
.
.
.
Haemonchus contortus
.
.
Trichostrongylus
.
.
.
Cooperia
.
.
.
.
100
1,100
400
7,296
5,472
2,432
The lambs were divided into two groups ; the six poorest were dosed with
20 grammes phenothiazine (tablet form) crushed and suspended in water and
drenched on December 1st. Five lambs acted as controls, receiving no treat-
ment. All the lambs were weighed prior to dosing and two composite faeces
samples consisting of the faeces of each individual lamb in each group were
taken. The results are set out below :—
Group.
Dosed . . .
Unclosed . . .
Date.
1-12-39
20-12-39
1-12-39
20-12-39
Average
Weight.
34.7 lb.
34.3 „
44.2 „
42.4 „
Average
Loss in
Weight.
0.4 lb.
1.8 „
Average
Egg
Count.
2,100
400
1,700
600
FARM B.
This is an upland farm and the flock consisted of 73 ewes, 2 rams, and 15
lambs. There were no obvious clinical symptoms, except those of poor thriv-
ing, the condition being due, in part at least, to the poor pasture. After weigh-
ing a fair proportion of the dosed and undosed ewes and lambs and obtaining
170
W. T.
ROWLANDS
171
two composite faeces samples, 53 ewes, 2 rams and 10 lambs were drenched
with 20 grammes phenothiazine, 20 ewes and 5 lambs being left as controls.
The results are shown in the table below :
Group.
Ewes
Lambs
Dosed . . .
Undosed . . .
Dosed . . .
Undosed . . .
Date.
1-12-39
29-12-39
7-12-39
29-12-39
7-12-39
29-12-39
7-12-39
29-12-39
Average
Weight.
59.0 lb.
55.1 „
60.0 „
54.0 „
43.6 „
39.8 „
42.4 „
37.4 „
Average
Loss in
Weight.
3.9 lb.
6.0 „
3.8 „
5.0 „
Average
Egg
Count.
300
Nil
Nil
Nil
300
Nil
100
400
Two further experiments were carried out on a small group of lambs at the
laboratory. Five wether lambs that previously grazed upon a permanent
pasture on the College Farm, Aber, were treated. Particulars of dosage, egg
counts and weights are set out in the accompanying table and appear to indi-
cate a marked beneficial result from the use of phenothiazine.
Five wether lambs from a farm where losses had been comparatively
heavy were sent to the laboratory. A post-mortem examination on one lamb
that died had revealed the presence of 1,200 nematodes in the fourth stomach
and 1,100 in the small intestine. Two weeks later 20 grammes phenothiazine
was administered to the four lambs. A post-mortem examination on one of
them which died shortly afterwards showed the complete absence of parasitic
worms, eggs disappeared from the faeces of those remaining alive and their
general bodily condition became greatly improved.
Conclusion and Summary
(1) Phenothiazine is a very efficient anthelmintic in sheep, providing the
dose is sufficiently high—20 grammes or more.
(2) Phenothiazine is well tolerated, 60 grammes having been given to a
50 lb. lamb-without ill effects.
(3) Phenothiazine is best administered in liquid form, with the aid of a
dosing syringe.
(4) Before phenothiazine is administered owners should be warned of the
red colour that it produces in the urine.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
172
Phenothiazine in Parasitic Gastritis
TABLE : Showing the Effect of Phenothiazine in Reducing the Worm Infestation in Five Experimental Lambs.
Date.
7-11-39
15-11-39
29-11-39
13-12-39
28-12-39
12-1-39
26-1-39
6-2-39
L. 1.
Treat-
ment.
18 grammes
of
Phenothiazine
11-1-39;
60 grammes
Phenothiazine
Increase in weight over
experimental period
Weight
in lb.
50
41
40
45
46
52
54
56
6
E. P. G.
1,100
1,100
300
100
nil
nil
nil
L. 2.
Treat-
ment.
10 grammes
Phenothiazine
1-12-39
20 grammes
Phenothiazine
Weight
in lb.
35
43
43
43
46
50
53
50
15
E. P. G.
2,000
700
600
1,000
nil
nil
nil
nil
L. 3.
Treat-
ment.
10 grammes
Phenothiazine
Died
13-11-39*
Weight
in lb.
40
E. P. G.
600
L. 12.
Treat-
ment.
15 c.c.
Nicotine
mixture
11-1-39;
50 grammes
Phenothiazine
Weight
in lb.
45
49
50
51
44
48
49
50
5
E. P. G.
700
1,900
600
400
300
nil
nil
nil
L. 17.
Treat-
ment.
15 c.c.
Nicotine
mixture
21-12-39;
20 grammes
Phenothiazine
Weight
in lb.
45
51
51
49
48
51
57
60
15
E. P.G.
5,100
1,300
700
1,000
nil
nil
nil
nil
* Post-mortem examination showed no worms in abmomasum only 300 in small intestine.
ABSTRACTS 179
Although the egg-passaged virus became attenuated for fowls after a certain number
of passages yet it continued to be lethal for the embryos in 48 hours even at a dilution of
0.05×10.6 g. A short experiment carried out at the 41st passage showed that the
egg-cultivated virus after having undergone attenuation did not return to its original
virulence following two passages through fowls, suggesting its safety for using as an
immunizing agent under field conditions. Experiments to determine the effect of
drying and storage of the egg-cultivated virus and further work in regard to its pro-
pagation through fowls while retaining its safety and efficiency as a vaccine are in pro-
gress.
Owing to the marked susceptibility of young chicks the vaccination of fowls under
eight weeks of age is not recommended.
[R. L. K.]
GIPD—SI—514ICofAR—24-6-41— 600.
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
STUDY OF WOOL QUALITY AS THE BASIS OF
INDIVIDUAL SELECTION IN BREEDING
OF DECCAN SHEEP*
BY
E. J. BRUEN, O.B.E., I.A.S.
Livestock Expert to Government of Bombay
S. S. KHOT, B.AG.
Manager, Sheep Breeding Farm, Poona
AND
A. K. DESHPANDE, B.Sc.
(Received for publication on 21 October 1940)
(With Plates XIV—XVII and 8 text,-figures)
INTRODUCTION
T HE Deccan sheep lacks the purity of type which selection and breeding
to a definite purpose can stamp in a breed. There is no uniformity in
conformation or in wool bearing character in these sheep. The wool is in
every phase of evolution from its wild state. It appears in all colours and
conditions. In a general way the shepherd selects a black ram and thus the
majority of the Deccan sheep are black-coated with all the variations of
brown, blue and roan mixtures. The black colour of the fleece is not
permanent. After a couple of shearings, the black takes a rusty tinge and
after the fourth shearing it degenerates into greys and roans. The farm
had to settle first the policy of selection of sheep for uniformity of colour and
the only method of doing this was by stocking the farm with a white flock of
Deccan sheep. Yet an all-white sheep could not be selected. It lacks stamina
and no shepherd in the Deccan retains such an animal after the period of
weaning. A black or mottled colour on the face along with black hoofs
must be bred in the flock to retain stamina (Plate XIV, fig. 1).
At the time when these sheep were first purchased, there was no idea of
the quality of the fleece or the types of fibres existing on these animals. The
majority of the Deccan sheep cannot be said to carry ' a fleece ' in the right
sense of the term. A clip from these sheep is a mixture of hair and wool,
the major portion comprising of the former (Plate XVI, fig. 2). The sheep
on the farm are not shorn by the shepherd, but by the Manager and his
assistants. As a result, it was found that certain sheep carried a better
coat than the rest, and the study of wool quality as the bases of selection had
its origin in this constant handling of the seasonal clips. For rough classifica-
tion these sheep were classed into three grades.
* The experimental work reported in this article was carried out at the Sheep Breeding
Farm, Poona, during the year 1939-40 under a grant from the 1. C. A. R.
181
Ind. J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb., Vol. XI, Part III ]
PLATE
XIV
FIG. 1. Regional demarkations and places where samples are taken
FINE
MED—FIBRES
FIG. 2. Types of fibres in the fleeces of ewes Nos. 7, 69 & 5
PLATE
XV
[ Ind. J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb, Vol. XI, Part III
Types of Deccan sheep segre
gated on the basis of wool
quality
FIG. 1. Grade'A'—D ♀ 4
FIG. 2. Grade ' B '—D ♀ 41
FIG. 3. Grade ' C '— D ♀ 19
E. J. BRUEN 183
From the existing farm flock ten ewes of the ' A ' grade type were selected
for the following fibre study. A total population of 18,000 fibres was studied
from the fleeces of these sheep. The Deccan sheep are shorn twice a year and
it is the January 1940 clip that has been handled for the following details.
WOOL ANALYSIS OF THE ' A' GRADE DECCAN SHEEP
Sampling and zoning
The first important item in the study of a fleece is correct sampling.
A sample should be representative of the whole fleece covering every part of
the body which contributes to the total yield. It is easy to work the minute
details of measurements and then record them in terms of statistical methods
in a laboratory, but the field sampling on which the laboratory work has to be
based must be carried out with great care and by persons who know sheep
and wool. The wool-carrying portion of this type of Deccan sheep was first
demarked into six zones (Plate XIV, fig. 1). These are :—(1) neck (dorsal),
(2) wither, (3) shoulder, (4) side, (5) back, and (6) britch. Samples were taken
from both sides of the body on the corresponding regions. The area covered
was not less than eight square inches and more in the case of back and the
side wools, as these regions are bigger in dimensions. The regions from which
these samples were taken are shown in Plate XIV, fig. 1. Further a representa-
tive sample was prepared for each region by the halving method. Every fibre
from this composite sample was analysed into different types of fibres.
Method
As stated above a composite sample was prepared for each zone. I
was steeped overnight in water and washed in three changes of distilled water
and after thorough drying, cleaned of its grease by washing it in petrol and
finally in warm benzene. Each fibre was separately examined and classed.
These component parts of the samples were weighed in a constant humidity
chamber (by courtesy of Dr Nazir Ahmad, at the Cotton Technological
Laboratory, Matunga, Bombay), on a Torsion balance at 70 per cent humidity
and from this the percentage of types of fibres on different zones and subse-
quently for each fleece was calculated.
In the absence of a microprojector of the type of Zeiss Lanometer or
Wira projector the measurement of diameter of fibres was carried out with the
aid of a microscope. However, the work was hastened by the use of the
Maturity Slide suggested by Dr Nazir Ahmad. A hundred fibres from each
class were picked by tabbing (every fifth fibre being taken) and cut in three
places. These were mounted under cedar wood oil on the maturity slide. A
hundred readings for every type of fibre for each zone were recorded. This
makes approximately 600 readings for each type of fibre per fleece. Thus not
less than 5,500 readings for diameter measurements were recorded for each
type of fibre existing in ' A ' grade Deccan sheep.
Length measurements for each group of fibres were carried out on a
velvet board by stretching the fibre gently against a steel rule until the