NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
F. C. MINETT AND M.
R.
DHANDA
327
TABLE VI
d growth of anthrax in natural soil
Nu mb e r of experiment
18
30ºC
Temperature
Water content
Estimated
per cent
13
21
57
— —
(b) 3
—
150
14
27
266
—
(b) 5
—
(b) 680
—
—
—
(b) 5
—
(b) 182
—
—
—
—
—
15
Sterilized soil (controls)
31
30
180
—
(b) 3
—
(b) 1,210
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
(b) 3
—
(b) 4,850
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
16
35
38
126
—
(b) 2
(b) 71
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
(b) 2
(b) 54
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
52
—
(b) 1
(b) 2300
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
(b) 1
(b) 500
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
F. C. MINETT AND M. R.
DHANDA
327
TABLE VI
Attempted growth of anthrax in natural soil
Number of experiment
Temperature . . .
Water content (final per cent)
Estimated number of anthrax
bacteria added (per gm.
wet soil)
Plated or injected—
Immediate . . .
After 5 days . . .
„ 6 „ . .
„
7 „
. .
„ 9 „ . .
,. 11 „
.
.
., 13 „ . .
13
25°C.
20
47
(a) D2, D3
(b) D3, S
—
(b) D1*, S
(c) S, S
(d) S, S
—
—
—
—
—
14
25°C.
27
256
(a) D3, D4
(b) D4, D5
—
—
—
(b) D5, S
(c) S, S
—
—
—
15
30°C.
34
33
180
—
(b) D5, S
—
—
(c) S
—
—
—
—
(c) S
—
—
(b) D4, S
—
—
(c) S
—
—
—
—
(c) S
—
16
Natural soil
30°C.
36
34
126
—
(b) D5, S
(c) S
—
—
—
—
—
—
(c) S
—
—
(b) D4, S
(c) D4
—
—
—
—
—
—
(d) S
—
17
30°C.
52
—
(b) D3, D3
(c) S
—
—
—
—
(c) S
—
—
—
—
(b)D4, S
(c) S
—
—
—
—
(c) S
—
—
—
18
30°C.
150
—
(b) D3, S
—
—
(c) S
—
—
—
(b) S
—
—
—
(b) S, S
—
—
(c) S
—
—
—
(b) S
—
—
13
21
57
—
(b) 3
—
(b) 1,730
—
—
—
—
—
—
(b) 16,100
—
(b) 3
—
(b) 2,150
—
—
—
—
—
—
(b) 3450
14
27
266
—
(b) 5
—
(b) 680
—
—
—
—
—
—
(b) 1740
—
(b) 5
—
(b) 182
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
15
Sterilized soil (controls)
31
30
180
—
(b) 3
—
(b) 1,210
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
(b) 3
—
(b) 4,850
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
16
35
38
126
—
(b) 2
(b) 71
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
(b) 2
(b) 54
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
17
52
—
(b) 1
(b) 2300
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
(b) 1
(b) 500
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
(a) Dilution of soil at rate of 4.0 gm. in 20 c.c. saline ; (b), (c) tenfold serial dilutions from (a).
The number of colonies under immediate plating ' in experiments 15—17 has been estimated for dilution (b) from the number of anthrax bacteria added to the wet soil.
D = Guinea-pig died on day 2, etc., after injection [(a) D2, D3 means 2 guinea-pigs injected from dilution (a) and dying of anthrax on second and third day respectively.
S=Survived.
* Not anthrax.
In experiment 18 normal ox blood was added to the soil.
328
Multiplication of B. Anthracis and Cl. Chauvœi
TABLE VII
Attempted growth of anthrax in water containing natural soil at 30°C.
Number of experiment .
Estimated number of anthrax
bacteria added per c.c.
Plated or injected—
Immediate
.
.
.
.
After 5 days . . .
„ 6 „ . . .
„ 7 „ . . .
„ 11 „ . .
18
19
20
Natural water
240
(b) S, S
...
(c) S
(c) S (Undil.)
D5
...
170
(b) S,S
(c) S
...
...
(c) S
78
(b) S, S
(c) S
...
(c) S
...
18
19
20
Sterilized water (control)
240
(b) 4
...
(b) 26
(c) S
(Undil.)
D2
...
170
(b) 2.8
(b) 20
...
...
...
78
(b) 1.3
(b) 205
...
...
...
(a) Dilution of water at rate of 4.0 c.c. to 20 c.c. saline ; (b) and (c) are tenfold dilutions from (a).
The number of colonies under ' immediate plating, has been estimated for dilution (b) from the number of
anthrax bacteria added to the water.
Other legend as for Table VI.
THE VITAMIN A CONTENT OF COW'S BUTTER AND
GHEE AND OF BUFFALO GHEE
BY
B. N. MAJUMDAR, M.Sc.
Research Assistant, Animal Nutrition Section, Imperial Veterinary Research
Institute, Izatnagar
(Received for publication on 21 July 1941)
B UTTER and ghee have been analysed from time to time by various
workers for their vitamin A activity [Morgan and Pritchard, 1935, 1937 ;
Baumann et al., 1934; Baumann and Steenbock, 1933; Gillam et al., 1936;
Bacharach, 1930; Grewal, 1933 ; Grewal and Kochar, 1938; De and Majumdar,
1938]. The values in most cases have been recorded in terms of Carr-Price
or Blue values, instead of the easily understood International Units. For
comparative work, this has introduced difficulties as there are no recognized
conversion factors for the expression of Blue values in terms of International
Units. Apart from the above reports, little information was available on
the vitamin A contents of butter and ghee prepared from the same source.
Since butter and ghee, particularly the latter, are important constituents of
Indian diet, it was thought desirable to undertake a systematic survey of
this question and to present the results in International Units.
Ten samples of fresh butter (cow's*), were therefore, obtained from the
Government Dairy Farm, Wellington, where it was specially prepared on
successive days without the addition of salt or colouring matter. Ghee was
prepared in the laboratory from these samples in open porcelain dishes over
a naked flame. The spectrophotometric method of assaying vitamin A and
carotene was adopted. The principle and details of the method are similar
to those described by De [1937]. The band at 328 mµ was taken as characteris-
tic of vitamin A and that at 463 mµ of carotene. The bases of calculation
were 1,600 for vitamin A and 1,900 for carotene. In this connection, 18 samples
of buffalo ghee (sent by the Agricultural Marketing Adviser to the Govern-
ment of India) were also analysed as it was considered importart to know the
difference in the vitamin A activities of cow and buffalo ghee. The results
are recorded in Tables I and II. In tabulating the data, one microgram
of vitamin A was taken to be equivalent to 1.56 I.U. and one microgram of
carotene equivalent to 1.66 I. U. [Morgan et al., 1935].
*The cows from which the butter was obtained were mostly cross-bred animals.
( 329 )
330 Vitamin A Content of Cow's Butter and Ghee and Buffalo Ghee
TABLE I
Vitamin A and carotene content of cow's butter and of ghee prepared from the
same material
Sample
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Material
Butter
Ghee
Butter
Ghee
Butter
Ghee
Butter
Ghee
Butter
Ghee
Butter
Ghee
Butter
Ghee
Butter
Ghee
Butter
Ghee
Butter
Ghee
Moisture
content
16.0
..
13.0
..
19.0
..
17.0
..
19.0
..
15.4
..
15.2
..
17.1
..
18.1
..
16.2
..
Vitamin A
per gm. of
fat I.U.
17.5
14.7
15.6
13.7
18.1
14.7
15.3
13.0
20.4
16.2
19.7
17.0
15.0
12.2
20.0
15.4
19.0
15.4
16.2
9.0
Carotene per
gm. of fat I.U.
10.8
9.3
9.0
8.0
11.5
9.1
8.8
7.4
8.7
6.6
8.7
7.3
6.3
5.0
8.8
6.6
8.5
6.6
3.3
1.8
B. N.
MAJUMDAR
331
TABLE II
Vitamin A content of buffalo ghee
Sample Nos.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Vitamin A per gm. of fat
0.98
1.98
0.73
2.43
2.93
1.21
1.98
1.21
1.45
0.97
1.45
1.45
3.40
2.43
2.90
3.40
1.98
1.47
The average vitamin A value of the cow butter samples was found to
be 17.7 I.U. per gm. of fat and the carotene content 8.4 I.U. The vitamin
A content and the carotene values of ghee samples prepared from the above
butter were on an average 14.1 I.U. and 6.8 I.U. per gm. respectively ;
while, with buffalo ghee the average vitamin A value observed was 1.9 I.U.
per gm. and traces only of carotene were found to be present. These are
within the range of those reported by some other workers.
Next, in continuation of previous work [De and Majumdar 1938], it
was thought worthwhile to study how far the period of heating and the maxi-
mum temperature reached in the course of the preparation of the ghee samples
were responsible for the destruction of the vitamin A originally present.
The results tabulated in Table III show that the loss of vitamin A during the
preparation of ghee was on an average 17.4 per cent and depended on the
temperature and the period of heating.
332 Vitamin A Content of Cow's Butter and Ghee and Buffalo Ghee
TABLE III
Effect of temperature and the period of heating on the vitamin A content of ghee
Sample Nos.
1
3
7
9
2
4
6
5
8
10
Period of heating
(in minutes)
30
„
„
„
20
„
25
35
45
90
Maximum tem-
perature reached
(in °C.)
125
138
135
138
140
155
130
140
150
156
Loss of vitamin
A per cent
16.0
19.0
19.0
19.0
12.0
15.0
13.5
20.6
22.6
44.0
Loss during the preparation of ghee (average of nine samples excluding sample No.
10)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
17.4 per cent.
SUMMARY
Ten samples of fresh cow's butter and ten samples of ghee prepared from
this butter were analysed for their vitamin A and carotene contents by the
spectrophotometric method. The vitamin A value of the cow's butter was
found to be from 15 to 20 I.U. per gm. of fat and the carotene content from
3 to 12 I.U., the total vitamin A potency being about 11,800 I.U. per pound
of butter. The vitamin A content and the carotene values of ghee prepared
from the above butter ranged from 10 to 17 I.U. and from 2.0 to 9.0 I.U.
per gm. respectively. The moisture content of the butter samples varied
from 13 to 20 per cent. The loss of vitamin A activity during the preparation
of ghee was on an average 17.4 per cent and depended on the temperature
and the period of heating. Eighteen samples of buffalo ghee were also
analysed. The vitamin A values ranged from 1 to 3. 5 I. U. per gm. Traces
only of carotene were present.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The experimental work presented in this paper was completed at the Nutri-
tion Research Laboratories, Coonoor, during the tenure of a Parlakimedi
Research Scholarship. Acknowledgement is made to the Indian Research
Fund Association and the Director, Nutrition Research Laboratories, Coonoor,
for the facilities afforded to the author in his work. Thanks are also due to
Dr K. C. Sen, D.Sc., Officer-in-charge, Animal Nutrition Section, Izatnagar
for his encouragement,
B. N.
MAJUMDAR
333
Note
After the present communication was sent to the press, an article on the Vitamin
A content of ghee by M. C. Muthanna and P. K. Seshan (Ind. Med. Gaz. 1941, 76,
487) has appeared. The average values of the vitamin A content of Bengal and Sind
ghee, as found by these authors, agree fairly well with the results reported in this
paper.
REFERENCES
Bacharach, A. L. (1930). Brit. Med. J. 2, 141, July 26th
Baumann, C. A., Steenbock, H., Beeson, W. M. and Rupel, I. W. (1934). J. Biol. Chem.
105, 167
Baumann, C. A. and Steenbock, H. (1933). ibid, 101, 547
De, N. K. (1937). Ind. Jour. Med. Res. 24, 737
De, N. K. and Majumdar, B. N. (1938) ibid, 25, 857
Gillam, A. E., Heilbron, I. M., Ferguson, W. S., and Watson, S. J. (1936). Biochem. J.
30, 1728
Grewal, K. S. (1933). Quart. J. Pharm. & Pharmacol. 6, 650
Grewal, K. S. and Kochar, B. D. (1938) Ind. J. Med. Res. 25, 623
Morgan, R. S., and Pritchard, H. (1935). Analyst, 60, 355
—,
(1937). ibid, 62, 354
Morgan, R. S., Edisbury, J., and Morton, R. A. (1935). Biochem. J. 29, 1,645
ON THE NATURE OF THE URINOGENITAL PAPILLA OF
CLARIAS BATRACHUS (LINN.) AND HETEROPNEUSTES
FOSSILIS (BLOCH)
BY
H. K. MOOKERJEE, D.Sc. (LOND.), D.I.C., F.N.I.
S. R. MAZUMDAR, M.Sc.
AND
B. DAS GUPTA, M.Sc.
Department of Zoology, Calcutta University
(Received for publication on 13 April 1940)
(With two text-figures)
I N a recent article by the authors [Mookerjee, Mazumdar and Das Gupta,
1940] attention was directed to the differences between the external
urinogenital structures in the males and females of the species. In the pre-
sent article they propose to deal with similar structures in two other catfishes
popularly known as ' Magur' and ' Singi' which are of great economic im-
portance in Bengal.
The presence of urinogenital papillae or the so-called pseudo-copulatory
organs has been recorded in a number of siluroid and other fishes [Dean,
1923]. More recently Hora and Law [1941, 1 and 1941, 2] described such
structures in certain species of Mystus (=Macrones) and Batasio (Family:
Bagridae), and in Gagata (Family : Sisoridae), but so far as the authors are
aware the urinogenital papillae of' Magur ' and ' Singi ' which belong to the
genera Clarias (Family: Clariidae) and Heteropneustes (=Saccobrachus)
(Family : Heteropneustidae) respectively have not yet been described.
In these two fishes the anus and the urinogenital openings, although
distinct from each other, are placed close together; the anus being in front
of the urinogenital opening. The anal opening in both the sexes is an ovoid
aperture, guarded by the anal sphincter. The ureters open into the bladder.
The urethra and the genital duct in the females open separately while in the
males the urethra and the genital ducts are confluent. The urinogenital
papilla is a free, muscular, sac-like structure, which arises from the midventral
surface of the body shortly behind the anal opening ; it is visible to the naked
eye and can easily be raised with a needle. In C. batrachus the comparatively
stouter papilla is placed much nearer the anus than it is in H. fossilis. In
the females the papilla is more flush with the body surface than it is in the
males, particularly in H. fossilis.
( 334 )
H. K. MOOKERJEE, S. R. MAZUMDAR AND B. DAS GUPTA 335
In C. batrachus the urinogenital papilla of the male is elongated and
narrower than that of the female ; its free end is pointed in the male and
relatively much broader in the female (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Clarias batrachus (Linn.)
In H. fossilis, the urinogenital papillae of both sexes are more or less like
those of C. batrachus except that in the former, the papillae are compara-
tively narrower and more pointed (Fig. 2). There is a median cleft on the
ventral surface of the female urinogenital papilla representing the urinogenital
opening, while in the male this opening lies at the tip of the papilla.
Fig. 2. Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch)
During the spawning season, the papilla of the females becomes swollen 1
and the cleft becomes vascular. Since these fishes are highly prized as diet
for invalids in the convalescent state and since there is also a belief that the
male specimens are superior to the females in respect of their taste and food
value, the shape of the papilla should prove useful for identifying the sexes.
Some means to determine the males and females will also prove helpful for
the culture of these important edible fishes.
1 The swelling is very marked in specimens fixed in 4 per cent Formaldehyde.
336
Nature of the Urinogenital Papilla
The authors made observations on 75 specimens of C. batrachus and 140
specimens of H. fossilis. It was found that the approximate proportion of
males to females is 1 : 6 in H. fossilis and 1 : 2 in C. batrachus.
ACKNOWLEGEMENT
The authors have written this article in consultation with Dr S. L. Hora
and are obliged to him for his suggestions and criticism.
REFERENCES
Dean (1923). Bibliography of Fishes, III, 576, 577 and 606.
Hora, S. L. & Law, N. C. (1941, 1). Rec. Ind. Mus. 43. 9.
—
(1941, 2). Ibid.
Mookerjee, H. K., Mazumdar, S. R. & Das Gupta, B. (1940). Ind. J. Vet. Sci. & Anim.
Husb. 10, 295.
EXPLANATION OF TEXT-FIGURES
1. Urinogenital papilla in the male and female of Clarias batrachus (Linn.). × 1 ⅓
a. Anus ; a. f. Anal fin ; pv. f. Pelvic fin ; ug. p. Urinogenital papilla.
2. Urinogenital papilla in the male and female of Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). × 1 ⅓
a. Anus ; a. f. Anal fin ; pv. f. Pelvic fin ; ug. p. Urinogenital papilla.
SELECTED ARTICLES
EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS IN INDIA
BY
J. F. SHIRLAW, M.R.C.V.S.
Officer-in-Charge, General Disease Investigation Section, Imperial Veterinary
Research Institute, Izatnagar
(With Plates XXII—XXVI)
(Reprinted from The Journal of The Royal Army Veterinary Corps, London, Vol. II,
Nos. 2 and 3.)
I. —INTRODUCTION
" THE subject of neurotropic viruses is, today, one of the actively advancing
wavelets on the tide of medical science. Of late, many new neurotropic
viruses affecting man and animals have been isolated and it is quite clear that
the discovery of others awaits only the application of the experimental method
to cases of hitherto obscure nervous illness." These words of Hurst epitomise
the reorientation of thought which has revolutionized, during the last two
decades, earlier opinions on the nature of certain diseases of the nervous
system.
The term ' mad staggers ', one whose origin is lost in antiquity, has, until
recent years, been employed to designate those obscure illnesses in which
cerebral and nervous symptoms predominate. For centuries, every conceiv-
able theory has been advanced to account for that group of diseases of which
equine encephalomyelitis is an example. Until recent years, the protagonists
of the metabolic error theory have held sway, on what grounds it is not clear.
But in a wide toxicological field ranging from protein intoxication to plant
toxæmias, the term ' forage poisoning ' has attracted its own band of adherents.
This practice of explaining the obscure by the still more obscure was
finally demolished by the epoch-making work of Zwick and his co-workers
[1925], who proved conclusively that one form of equine encephalomyelitis
(Borna disease) is specifically caused by a neurotropic virus.
These findings were anticipated by Landsteiner and Popper [1909], who,
investigating an analogous disease of the human subject—anterior poliomye-
litis—drew attention to a new and complex syndrome of obscure nervous
illness which, they showed, is due to the invasion of the central nervous system
by a virus with a specificity for these tissues.
These discoveries opened up an immense field of investigation into the
etiology—and pathology—of obscure nervous diseases of animals, and within
a short space of time Nicolau and Galloway [1927] had shown that a variety
of domesticated animals is susceptible to a specific encephalomyelitis caused
by the virus of Borna disease, and only a year or two later, Pool, Gordon,
Brownlee and Wilson conclusively proved the identity of " louping ill " :
while McLeod indicated the natural method of transmission by the common
tick (Ixodes ricinus).
( 337 )
Ind. J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb., Vol. XI, Part IV ]
[ PLATE XXII
SECTION OF SPINAL CORD AFFECTED WITH SUBPIAL HAEMORRHAGE
Note the separation of and pressure upon nerve roots, and the
markedly sclerotic appearance of an arterial branch
SECTION OF CEREBRAL (PARIETAL) CORTEX
Intense neuronophagia
PLATE XXIII ]
[ Ind. J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb., Vol. XI, Part IV
SECTION OF CEREBRAL (PARIETAL) CORTEX
Perivascular infiltration marked, with diffuse infiltration of
monaeytes and total disappearance of nerve cells
SECTION OF PARIETAL CORTEX (FRONTAL LOBE)
Marked perivascular "cuffing," neuronophagia and diffuse monocytosis
Ind. J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb., Vol. XI, Part IV ]
[
PLATE
XXIV
SECTION OF KIDNEY
Note the considerable area of haemorrhage, the slight interstitial
hyperplasia, and the comparative normality of the tubular epithelium
CHRONIC FIBROUS LEPTO-MENINGITIS
An unusual and somewhat rare lesion in encephalomyelitis
PLATE XXV ]
[ Ind J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb., Vol. XI, Part IV
SMALL ARTERY IN WHITE SUBSTANCE OF CORD
Marked perivascular infiltration, over-distension and early rupture
of the homonymous vein
PLATE XXVI ]
[ Ind. J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb., Vol. XI, Part IV
MESIAL SECTION OF CEREBRUM
Note the prominent haemorrhages, and the yellowish coloration of the substance. This is fairly
typical of equine encephalomyelitis and is produced by dispersal of haemoglobin derivatives
consequent on venous haemorrhage or suffusion of blood through over-distension of veins
J. F.
SHIRLAW
345
studied. The exact nature of the disease was only determined during the
latter part of the outbreak. Individual cases were then observed with an
added knowledge of what to look for. Heane has excellently described the
epizootology and symptomatology in general, the first concise account of the
disease in India.
His observations may be amplified by the writer's account of the symp-
toms shown in fourteen cases of which he has accurate clinical and post-mortem
records. An analysis of these may be of interest to show the peculiar varia-
tions of the symptom-complex.
Horse 156.—Found down in morning—completely paralysed and coma-
tose. No prodormal symptoms noted, but possibly missed, as this was one of
the earliest cases.
Horse 159.—Very sudden in onset, staggering about blindly, falling and
rising again with great difficulty; watery discharge from nose; twitching of
facial muscles ; contraction of pupil of left eye ; hyperæsthesia and tendency
to fits; retention of urine and fæces. Two days illness.
Horse 332.—Had undergone a mild attack six weeks previously ; a hope-
less case ; complete general paralysis and comatose. One day's illness.
Horse 282.—Slight weakness in hind limbs, next morning unable to rise.
Loss of sensation in anterior and posterior quarters; cervical muscles rigid;
fibrillar twitching of groups of muscles ; conjunctiva jaundiced ; pupils strongly
contracted, with drooping lids (ptosis); trismus of jaws ; later, Cheyne-Stokes¬
respiration. Destroyed as hopeless same evening.
Horse 149.—Very sudden onset, delirium and mania, impossible to appro-
ach, complete general paralysis supervening in a few hours. Destroyed.
Petechiæ noticed dirty and jaundiced after death.
Horse 42.—Started off as a case of mild paraplegia. Twenty-four hours
later, cerebral symptoms, unable to stand even in sling. Spasmodic contrac-
tion of cervical muscles ; later, retraction of neck and rigidity ; pupils, marked
contractions with ptosis ; hyperæsthesia and trembling of groups of muscles ;
grinding of teeth.
Horse 513.—Commenced with shivering and loss of equilibrium ; sudden
onset; hemiplegia ; conjunctiva dirty and jaundiced ; pupils normal; twitch-
ing of muscles of eyelids and lips ; trismus of jaws ; hyperæsthesia ; great ex-
citability ; turning in circles on right side. Fell—struggling and fighting with
fore-limbs; constant neighing. Destroyed.
Horse 88.—Admitted as a case of paraplegia. Twenty four hours later,
marked hyperæsthesia, pupils contracted, collapsed in slings, Cheyne-Stokes
respiration ; insensitive to prick in posterior quarters, but normal anterior ; no
struggling ; conjunctiva jaundiced. Destroyed.
Horse 103.—Commenced as a mild case of paraplegia and within two
days, without any warning, fell down completely paralysed and quickly coma-
tose. Destroyed.
Horse 515.—Slight paraplegia ; twitching of muscles of face, ears, eyelids
and lips ; no hyperæsthesia or excitement; paralysis of lips ; posterior half of
body quite devoid of sensation ; and anterior half, sensation dulled. Destroy-
ed.