NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
280
A Basis for Selecting Cows.
TABLE V
Correlation coefficients between the average of the last three records of six-record
cows and the first three records taken singly and in various combinations
Records correlated with the average of the last three records
First record
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Second record
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Third record
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Average of first and second
.
.
.
.
.
Average of first and third
.
.
.
.
.
Average of second and third . . . . .
Average of first, second and third
.
.
.
.
Correlation coefficients
Actual
.42
.45
.46
.54
.53
.54
.58
Expected
.49
.59
.64
On comparing these tables with Tables I to III, it seems that there is a
trend toward increased prediction value of average records as compared
with single records.
The ' expected ' values included in Tables IV and V are the ones which
would have occurred if the various records of the same cow had all been
equally correlated with each other and if they all had had equal standard
deviations and if they had all been equally correlated with the daughter
average. The correlation coefficients used in calculating the expected values
in Table IV were the arithmetic means of the ten intercorrelations between the
first five records (.39) and of the five coefficients between the cow's five
records and her daughter's average (.21). In Table V, the inclusion of the
sixth record gave a mean repeatability of .37.
The divergence of observed from expected values presumably was caused
by actual inequalities among those various correlations and standard devi-
ations and by the limited amount of data studied. The expected values,
however, serve to indicate the magnitude of the increase which, theoretically,
should occur as the correlation coefficients are based on averages of larger
and larger numbers. Probably the results will become more regular when
more data are included. The present amount of data is not large enough to
be expected to show significant differences.
TABLE VI
Distribution of the highest record of five over the five lactation classes
Lactations
Number of high records . . .
First
record
27
Second
record
24
Third
record
20
Fourth
record
23
Fifth
record
21
282
A Basis for Selecting Cows.
the decreased variability of averages based on large numbers. Otherwise it
would almost always appear that the best producers—and also the worst pro-
ducers—were cows with only one or two records. The fairest way of doing
that seems to be to estimate each cow's real productive ability as equal to the
herd average plus (or minus) nr/1+(n—1)r times the excess (or deficit) of her
average over the herd average.* In this formula n is the number of lacta-
tions included in her average and r is the repeatability of records of the
same cow—a figure which is usually around +.3 to + .4 on an intra-herd basis.
When it is .4 the above fraction reduces to the simple form 2n/3+2n. In its use
a cow with one record is credited with 2/5 of her apparent superiority, one
with two records is credited with 4/7 of the apparent superiority of her
average, etc. (Similarly in case her average is below the herd average, her
real productivity would be estimated at 2/5, 4/7, etc., as far below the herd
average as her own actual average is.) This makes it possible to compare,
without bias from differences in the number of records they have completed,
cows which were selected because their records were high or because they
were low. No such precaution is needed in proving sires because their
daughters must be unselected (if the proof is to have much validity) and
the dams will not often have been selected intensively enough for such a
discounting to be important. Usually there will be both low and high pro-
ducers among the dams (and among the daughters) and the errors from not
discounting those with high records will tend to cancel the opposite errors
from not discounting those with low records.
SUMMARY
The high correlation between a cow's highest record (or her lowest) and
the average of the other records from which this one was selected results
largely from the statistical effects of this selection itself. This high corre-
lation does not indicate superiority of the selected record for predicting
future records or breeding value. When the highest record is correlated with
other records from which it was not selected the resulting coefficient (pro-
vided all cows have the same number of records) indicates that the high
record is of somewhere near the same reliability as an unselected record but
almost certainly less reliable than the average of all unselected records. Dif-
ferences in number of completed records, however, is of so much practical
importance in making selected records unfair that the use of the highest
record, as an indication of a cow's lifetime producing ability, cannot be
recommended.
Averages appear to be more dependable than either selected or unselect-
ed single records for evaluating differences between cows.
REFERENCES
(1) Berge, S. (1934). Om spredningen til et gjennemsnittstal av Lexiske rekker. (varia
tions in the averages of Lexian series.) Meldinger fra Norges LandbrukshØjskole
*For three independent derivations of this formula, each from a slightly different
point of view, see references (1), (3) and (4).
J, C. BERRY AND J. L. LUSH 283
(2) Copeland, Lynn (1938). The use of records in evaluating the inheritance of
cows and in the proving of bulls. J. Dairy Sci., 21, 651-660
(3) Lauprecht, E. and Miinzner, H. (1933). Uber die richtige Gewichtsbestirumuug
bei Zusammenfassung von einzelnen arithmetischen Mitteln zu einem Gosamtmi¬
ttel. Der Züchter 5 (12), 281—284
(4) Lush, Jay L., Anderson, Arthur L., Culbertson, C. C, and Hammond, W. E. (1934).
The reliability of some measures of the productiveness of individual brood sows.
Proc. Amer. Soc. An Prod. 1933. 282—287
(5) Plum, Mogens (1935). Causes of differences in butterfat production of cows in Iowa
Cow Testing Associations. J. Dairy Sci. 18, 811—825
(6) Tippett, L. H. C. (1925). On the extreme individuals and the range of samplos taken
from a normal population. Biometrika. 17 362—387
ANIMAL QUARANTINE NOTIFICATION
United States of America
T HE following animal quarantine order has been received in the office
of the Imperial Council of Agricultural Research. Those interested are
advised to apply to the Secretary, Imperial Council of Agricultural Research,
New Delhi, for loan.
Order to prevent the introduction into the United States of rinderpest and
foot-and-mouth disease dated 26th October 1940 issued by the Bureau of
Animal Industry, United States Department of Agriculture.
288
GIPD—S1—194 IC of AR—24-9-41— 600.
ERRATA.
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY.
Volume XI, Part II, 1941.
Page 114, 3rd line from bottom, for 1 × 10 5 read I × 10- 5 .
Page 114, last line, for 1×10 7 read 1 × 10— 7 .
Page 117, Table II, 3rd line from the top (under the last column), for 1 × 10-6 read
1×10- 6 .
Page 118, last line on the table, for 28 March read 8 March.
Page 119, Table IV, line 1, for imm read immune.
Page 120, line 13, for 1 × 10 read 1 × 10- 4 .
Page 120, line 21, for form read from.
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
JOHNE'S DISEASE : TEN YEARS' OBSERVATIONS ON AN
EXPERIMENTAL HERD
BY
F. WARE, C.I.E., F.R.C.V.S., F.N.I., I.V.S.
AND
M. K. SRINIVASAN, G.M.V.C.
Imperial Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar*
(Received for publication on 21 January 1941)
(With Plate XX)
T HIS herd was constituted in 1929 mainly with the following objects:
(a) To observe whether under the conditions existing at Mukteswar
the disease would spread from infected to healthy cattle, (b) to study
the effect of treating a proportion of the animals with a live vaccine accord-
ing to the method of Vallée and Rinjard [1926].
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPERIMENT
The herd was started in a shed in the main Institute area but after about
a year the survivors were transferred to a particularly secluded out-kraal in
the forest area of the Mukteswar Institute where the remainder of the experi-
ment was carried on. This kraal (Plate XX) situated at an altitude of 6,125
feet consists of an area of land just less than ¼ acre in extent, gently sloping
from south to north, and is bounded by a wire fence. The soil is sandy and
except in certain spots there is little tendency for rain to collect even during
the monsoons. Seasonal variations in temperature are : November to March,
min. 23°-37°F., max. 57°-66°F. ; April to July, min. 36°-52°F., max. 72°-
80°F. The average annual rainfall is about 50 inches of which 20 to 25 inches
fall during the summer monsoon from July to September. In April-June
the daily average sunshine is about 12 hours, while in winter the average
snowfall calculated as rain is 7 inches. The main shed measuring 40 by 12
feet usually housed 30 to 35 cattle of various ages and there was also a smaller
shed. Both were ill-ventilated, with rough paved floors, and were used for
housing the animals at night. During the day the animals were allowed to
roam at will in the kraal, as well as in the adjoining forest for purposes of
grazing. In fine weather they remained in the forest from 8 A.M. till 3 P.M.
The calves were kept with their mothers and were not weaned, and the cows
were not milked. On return from grazing the animals were given a diet of
* The investigation recorded in this article was initiated, at the instance of the senior
author, by the late Mr H. Cooper, M.R.C.V.S., and carried through with the help of
several other members of the staff of the Institute, to whom acknowledgements are due.
The compilation of the data and the writing of the paper has been carried out by
the junior author with the assistance of Dr F. C. Minett, who also made the final tuber-
culin and Johnin tests.
( 289 )
A
F. WARE AND M. K. SRINIVASAN 291
main Institute area and were transferred during 1930 to the out-kraal. All
of the second batch of animals, except the calf (No. 11) which was not tested,
had been declared infected as a result of an avian tuberculin test at the farm
of origin. On arrival at Mukteswar they were retested with avian tuber-
culin and all except two (cow 5 and calf 11) reacted. Bowel washings from
all these animals, except calf 11, showed acid-fast bacilli which were regarded
as those of Johne's disease. They were subsequently tested at intervals
with avian tuberculin with varying results (Appendix 2). The two bullocks
were proved at post mortem examination in June 1931 to have been infected
with tuberculosis and Johne bacilli could not be isolated. Of the remaining
animals, 7 cows and the calf are dead and the remaining 2 cows (Nos. 61 and
62) were still alive and in fair condition at the close of the experiment. At
post mortem examination Johne's disease was confirmed in 4 of the 7 cows
(Nos. 4, 7, 8 and 10) and in the calf which was then 2½ years old. Of the
other 3 cows, one (No. 5) was a tubercular subject while in two of them (Nos.
6 and 9) neither tuberculosis nor Johne's disease could be confirmed.
In July 1930 a cow (No. 14) which had reacted strongly to avian tuber-
culin and weakly to ordinary tuberculin was received from the Central Pro-
vinces and on post mortem examination Johne's disease could not be verified.
In July and September 1937 there were received from Assam 18 animals
(4 cows Nos. 15, 16, 63, 64 ; 14 bulls and bullocks Nos. 17—26 and 65—68).
Four of these (cows Nos. 15 and 63 and bulls Nos. 18 and 20), had been de-
clared positive reactors to avian tuberculin and the remainder were regarded
as infected with Johne's disease. Of these, 14 are dead or destroyed (2 cows
and 12 bulls or bullocks) ; 3 of them (bulls Nos. 17, 19 and 22) were proved
to be infected with Johne's disease, but the disease was not confirmed in the
remaining 11 animals at post mortem examination.
At intervals between September 1930 and 1938, 23 animals (16 cows and
7 bulls) from the Institute Dairy were added, as they were suspected of Johne's
disease. Of these, 21 are dead or have been destroyed with the result that
13 (11 cows and 2 bulls) were confirmed as cases of Johne's disease and 8
(3 cows and 5 bulls) were apparently healthy. The remaining 2 cows are alive
and in good condition.
Finally, there have been born into the herd 53 calves. Of these animals
30 died or were destroyed between August 1930 and May 1940. Twelve of
them (Nos. 11, 46, 47, 48, 49, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 94 and 95) were proved to be
infected with Johne's disease when they came to post mortem examination
at ages varying from 1 to 7 years, while the remaining 18 were apparently
healthy. The other 23 (5 males and 18 females) are alive and in good condi-
tion.
EFFECT OF CALVING
In some of the clinical cases the effect of calving was considerable. For
example, 5 cows (Nos. 2, 3, 28, 29 and 32) died 1-5 months after calving.
Though cow No. 6 died two months after calving in a very poor condition
she was negative for Johne's disease at post mortem.
2 A
292
Johne's Disease
VACCINATION
From 1930 onwards every other calf born into the herd was injected
subcutaneously in the neck with living Johne bacilli from culture [Vallée
and Rinjard, 1926] the injection being made within 24 hours of birth. In
most cases the vaccine was prepared from a stock culture of the organism
grown on a phlei-agar medium. Until 1933 each animal vaccinated was
given 25.0 mg. culture suspended in 2.5 c.c. saline. From 1934 to 1940
the same amount of culture was mixed with 600.0 mg. sterile sand suspended
in 2.5 to 5 c.c. liquid paraffin or vaseline oil. As expected, this produced
an extensive firm and lasting swelling whereas there was no enduring local
reaction to the saline suspension of bacilli. The fate of vaccinated animals
and of the unvaccinated controls is summarized in Appendix 3. It will be
seen that of 8 calves vaccinated with the saline suspension 3 developed Johne's
disease while of 8 unvaccinated animals 4 became infected. Of 14 calves
vaccinated with live bacilli mixed with the unabsorbable recipient one deve-
loped Johne's disease, while 2 out of 13 controls became similarly infected.
RESULTS OF TESTS
Out of 60 animals in Appendix 2 (a), 46 reacted strongly or weakly to
avian tuberculin at least once during the period of observation and of these
46 reactors, 24 were confirmed as cases of Johne's disease. Out of 14 animals
which did not react to avian tuberculin, 9 were positive for Johne's disease.
Ten out of 60 reacted to ordinary tuberculin but only 4 of the 10 had micro-
scopic lesions of tuberculosis.
DISCUSSION
At the time this experiment was started more than ten years ago no
knowledge was available as to the ease or difficulty with which the disease
might be disseminated. There was, however, a feeling that in view of what
is known to happen on infected farms, spread might occur rather easily.
Actually, as described above, the converse was the case, the disease dying
out although apparently given every chance to spread. On reflection, how-
ever, and in the light of present knowledge of the subject of epidemiology
and the influence of environment on the spread of disease, it is clear that the
events in an experimental herd such as this were bound to be complex and
difficult to interpret. In what follows, some attempt is made to analyse the
position.
It may be noted in the first place that the herd was made up of animals
received from different places, at different times and in various stages of in-
fectivity. In the various groups of animals received and examined at post
mortem the proportion found to be infected was as follows : Bihar 8 out of 13,
Assam 3 out of 14, Mukteswar Dairy 13 out of 21, while out of 30 calves born
into the herd 12 acquired infection. Two animals of Bihar, 4 of Assam, 2
of the Mukteswar Dairy and 23 born into the herd are alive and in good condi-
tion. Thus during 10 years 1930 to 1939, 36 known infected animals were
added to the herd, viz. in each year 4, 3, 4, 4, 1, 2, 7, 5, 1 and 5. Four of
these were destroyed and 32, including the 12 calves, died. In spite of this,
F. WARE AND M. K. SRINIVASAN 295
the chances of spread at different stages of the experiment. The actual results
of this enquiry are not detailed here but it is strongly suggested that the danger
of infection spreading could at no time have been great, in view of the high
average age of the contacts and the paucity of animals suffering from the
disease in clinical form. Under these circumstances some 75 per cent of the
animals at the most susceptible age escaped infection. The results of the
Mukteswar experiment are in general accord with those of Hagan and Zeissig
[1933] who found in their six years' experience of a herd experimentally
infected with Johne's disease that even under conditions of severe exposure
a considerable number of animals failed to contract the disease naturally.
SUMMARY
An account is given of a herd of cattle maintained at Mukteswar for a
period of 10 years to determine the chances of Johne's disease spread-
ing amongst them. Although a number of naturally infected adult animals
died of the disease and although some 25 per cent of the calves born in the
herd also became infected and died, there was no general spread of infection
under the conditions there prevailing and at the termination of the experi¬
ment Johnin testing of the whole herd and post mortem examination of 6
animals selected at random indicated that the disease had disappeared.
It seems, therefore, that in practice there is no great danger of Johne's
disease becoming established in a well-managed herd, unless there is a high
initial level of infection in a restricted space, and a relatively large proportion
of highly susceptible, i.e. very young animals, are present.
REFERENCES
Cooper, H. & Srinivasan, M. K. (1931). Ind. J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb. 1, 215.
Hagan, W. A. & Zeissig, A. (1933). J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. 82, 391
—(1933).
Cornell Vet. 23, 1
—(1935).
J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. 87, 199
M'Fadyean, J. & Sheather, A. L. (1916). J. Comp. Path. & Therap. 29, 62
Minett, F. C. (1933). Veterinary Record 13, 1074
—(1935).
J. Comp. Path. & Therap. 48, 125
Vallée and Rinjard, P. (1926). Rev. Gen. Med. Vet. 35, 1
296
Johne's Disease
APPENDIX 1
History in brief of animals belonging to the experimental herd (showing the age at entry,
duration of stay in herd and fate)
(1) C. Bihar. 4 yr. Aug. 29—May 31. Clinical case. Rect. sm. + + + . J. d. + .
(2) C. Bihar. 5 yr. Aug. 29—Feb. 30. Clinical case. Rect. sm. + + +. J. d. +.
(3) C. Bihar. 3 yr. Aug. 29—Jan. 30. Clinical case. Rect. sm. + + + . J. d. +.
(4) C Bihar. 10 yr. July 30—June 36. July 30. Bowel wash + . May 36 faeces
+ . J. d. + .
(5) C. Bihar. 5 yr. July 30—Feb. 38. July 30. Bowel wash +. J. d. —. T. B.
+.
(6) C. Bihar. 11 yr. July 30—Feb. 31. July 30. Bowel wash +. J. d. —.
(7) C. Bihar. 9 yr. July 30—April 36. July 30. Bowel wash +. J. d. +.
(8) C. Bihar. 10 yr. July 30—June 37. July 30. Bowel wash +. J. d. +.
(9) C. Bihar. 10 yr. July 30—Sep. 32. July 30. Bowel wash +. J. d. —.
(10) C Bihar. 7 yr.
July 30—Nov. 30. July 30. Bowel wash +. J. d. +.
(11) H. C. b. June 30 of C. 10 (9). D. Dec. 32. J. d. + .
(12) Bk. Bihar. 10 yr. July 30—June 31. July 30. Bowel wash +. Sep. 30.
Rect. sm. + Dest. J. d. —. T. B. +.
(13) Bk. Bihar. 12 yr. July 30— June 31. July 30. Bowel wash +. Dest. J. d.
—. T.B. +.
(14) C. Central Provinces. 3 yr. July 30—Jan. 39. Oct. 30. Rect. sm. +. May
36 faeces +. J. d. —.
(15) C. Assam. 9 yr. July 37—Mar. 38. J. d. —.
(16) C. Assam. 3 yr. July 37—June 38. J. d. —.
(17) B. Assam. 7 yr. July 37—Sep. 37. Dest. J. d. +.
(18) Bk. Assam. 5 yr. July 37—Sep. 37. Dest. J. d. —.
(19) B. Assam. 4 yr. July 37—Sep. 37. Dest. J. d. +.
(20) Bk. Assam. 7 yr. July 37—Sep. 37. Dest. J. d.—.
(21) B. Assam. 1 yr. July 37—May 39. Dest. J. d. —.
(22) B. Assam. 4 yr. Sep. 37—Mar. 39. D. J. d. +.
(23) B. Assam. 1 yr. Sep. 37—April 39. Dest. J. d. —.
(24) B. Assam. 1 yr. Sep. 37—April 39. Dest. J. d. —.
(25) B. Assam. 1 yr. Sep. 37—April 39. Dest. J. d. —.
(26) B. Assam. 1 yr. Sep. 37—April 39. Dest. J. d. —.
(27) H. C. b. Mar. 29 Dairy Feb. 30 contact infected animals. Aug. 30 Rect. sm. + .
D.Jan. 31. J. d. +.
(28) C. b.
Oct. 28 Dairy Jan. 32 transferred to J. herd being suspicious. Feb. 37
faeces +. D. Feb. 37. J. d. +.
(29) C. b. Dec. 24 Dairy June 32 bowel wash +. Transferred to J. herd. D. June
32. J. d. +.
(30) C. b. July 28 Dairy June 32 bowel wash +. Transferred to J. herd. D. Aug.
33. J. d. +.
(31) C b. Dec. 24 Dairy Oct. 32 faeces +. Transferred to J. herd. D. June 34.
J. d. +.
(32) C. b. Dec. 27 Dairy July 33 transferred to J. herd being suspicious. D. Sept.
33. J. d. +.
(33) C. b. April 26 Dairy Sept. 33 faeces +. Transferred to J. herd. D. Oct. 33.
J. d. +.
(34) C. b. Feb. 32 Dairy April 34 bowel wash +. Transferred to J. herd. July 34
faeces +. D. Jan. 35. J. d. +.
(35) C. b. April 32 Dairy May and June 36 Rect. sm. + . Transferred to J. herd.
D. Aug. 36. J. d. +.
(36) C. b. Jan. 32 Dairy June 36 faeces +. Transferred to J. herd. D. Sep. 36.
J. d. +.
(37) C. b. Aug. 25 Dairy Aug. 36 faeces +. Transferred to J. herd. D. Sep. 36.
J. d. +.
298
Johne's Disease
(87) B. b. Jan. 35 of C. 5 (61). Still alive.
(88) B. C. b. Jun. 38 of C. 51 (82). Dest. July 40. J. d. —.
(89) B. C. b. July 39 of C. 31 (69). Still alive.
(90) B. b. Jan. 37 of C. 9 (8). Vaccinated. Still alive.
(91) B. b.
July 37 of C. 5 (61). Vaccinated. Still alive.
(92) B. C. b. Mar. 39 of C. 33 (71). Vaccinated. Still alive.
(93) B. C. b. Sep. 39 of C. 49 (80). Vaccinated. Dest. May 40. J. d. —.
(94) H. C. b. Dec. 30 of C. 9 (8). Vaccinated. Oct. 32 Faeces +. D. Dec. 32. J. d.
+ .
(95)H.C.b. July 37 of C. 11(62). D. July 39. J. d. +.
Rect. sm. + = Rectal smear positive for Johne's bacilli.
J. d. + = Johne's disease confirmed post-mortem.
b.=Born.
Dairy=Mukteswar Dairy.
D=Died.
Dest.=Destroyed.
yr.=Year.
C.=Cow.
H.C.=Heifer calf.
Bk. = Bullock.
B.C. = Bull calf.
B.=Bull.
Only positive results of rectal smear, bowel washing and faeces examinations are shown.
F. WARE AND M. K. SRINIVASAN 209
APPENDIX 2 (a)
Results of tests with ordinary and avian tuberculin. (Animals with serial Nos. 1 to 60)
Serial
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Animal
C.
C.
C.
C.
C
C.
C.
C.
C.
Date of test
May 29 . .
Dec. 29 . .
Apr. 30 . .
Aug. 30 . .
May 29 . .
Dec. 29 . .
May 29 . .
Dec. 29 . .
Apr. 30 . .
Aug. 30 . .
Dec. 31 . .
Jun. 33 . .
Jun. 34 . .
Dec. 34 . .
Sep. 35 . .
Apr. 30 . .
Aug. 30 . .
Jun. 33 . .
Jun. 34 . .
May 30 . .
Aug. 30 . .
July 30 . .
Aug. 30 . .
Nov. 31 . .
Jun. 33 . .
Jun. 34 . .
Apr. 30 . .
Aug. 30 . .
Nov. 31 . .
Dec. 31 . .
Jun. 33 . .
Jun. 34 . .
Jun. 35 . .
Jun. 36 . .
Apr. 30 . .
Aug. 30 . .
Result with
Avian
tuberculin
+
—
—
—
+
+
+
+
+
+
±
—
+
..
—
+
—
+
±
+
±
+
+
±
±
—
+
+
± ±
+
+
—
—
+
+
Ordinary
tuberculin
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
+
±
—
—
—
—
±
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Diagnosis
post mortem
J. d. +.
J. d. +.
J. d. +.
J .d. +
J. d. —. T. B. +.
J.d. —.
J.d. +.
J.d. +.
J. d. —.
300
Johne s Disease
Serial
No.
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Animal
C.
H. C.
Bk.
Bk.
C.
C.
C.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
Date of test
Apr. 30 . .
Aug. 30 . .
Aug. 30 . .
Apr. 30 . .
Aug. 30 . .
Jun. 31 . .
Apr. 30 . .
Aug. 30 . .
Jun. 31 . .
Oct. 30 . .
Jun. 31 . .
Jun. 32 . .
Sep.32 . .
May 33 . .
Jun. 33 . .
Jun. 34 . .
Aug. 35 . .
Feb.36 . .
Jun. 36 . .
Oct. 36 . .
Jan. 37. .
Aug. 37 . .
July 36 . .
July 37 . .
Aug. 37 . .
Sop.36 . .
Aug. 37 . .
July 36 . .
Jan.37 . .
Aug. 37 . .
Sep. 36 . .
Aug. 37 . .
Apr. 35 . .
Feb.36 . .
Sep. 36 . .
Jan.37 . .
Aug. 37 . .
Aug. 37 . .
Result with
Avian
tuberculin
+
+
—
±
+
+
±
+
+
+
+
—
+
+
—
±
—
—
+
+
±
±
+
—
+
—
+
+
±
—
±
—
—
+
+
±
—
Ordinary
tuberculin
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
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Diagnosis
post mortem
J. d. +.
J.d. +.
J.d.—. T.B.+. (Dest.)
J.d.—.
T.B.+.(Dest.)
J. d. —. T. B. —.
J. d. —.
J.d.—.
J.d.+. (Dest.)
J. d. —. (Dest.)
J. d.+. (Dest.)
J.d.—. (Dest.)
J. d. —. (Dest.)