NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
404
APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE LEPROSY COMMISSION:
Material from thickened nerve.
Four cover-glass preparations from a leprous ulnar nerve, oper-
ated on by Surgeon-Major Lawrie at Hyderabad, were examined, but
no bacilli were found. Comparatively little value can, however, be
attached to this observation, for bacilli in ieprous nerves often escape
notice unless sections are made. This, of course, was impracticable
in the above case.
SECRETIONS.
Saliva.
In many of the cases in which bacilli were found in the saliva,
the tongue was tuberculated and in some cases ulcerated. It is,
therefore, not a matter of surprise that bacilli should be present in
this secretion. Indeed, so frequently and rapidly do leprous tubercles
of the tongue, throat, and larynx ulcerate, that the wonder is that
bacilli are not more frequently found in saliva.
The following table shows the number of specimens of saliva exa-
mined, and it will be seen that in only eight out of twenty-two obser-
vations were characteristic bacilli seen :—
No.
1
2
3
A
Name.
Puniya
Jaikishen
AGE.
M.
30
30
35
35
F. S
0
M
»
,,
,,
Years afflicted
22
22
29
29
Source of Saliva.
Over tuberculated
tongue.
Over tuberculated
tongue.
Apparently normal
mouth.
Apparently normal
tongue.
Date.
27-3-91
28-3-91
2S-3-91
30-3-91
No. of cover glasses.
2
2
2
2
Result of Microscopic
Examination.
1, 2. Epithelioid cells
in which lie spheri-
cal masses filled with
Leprosy Bacilli in
stages of apparent
disintegration.
1, 2. Debris. No ba-
cilli.
1, 2. Small blue rods
and cocci.
1. Squamous epithe-
lium and leuco-
cytes. 2. Bacteria
and leucocytes.
Appendix
405
No.
5
6
7
8
9
• 0
Name.
Puniya
Fakira .
Puniya
Bishan Singh
,,
Rahim Khan
AGE.
M.
30
30
30
30
35
F.
...
...
...
Form.
M
,,
T
,,
Years afflicted.
22
10
22
10
10
Source of Saliva.
Over tuberculated
tongue.
Apparently normal
mouth.
Over tuberculated
tongue.
Over tuberculated
ulcer of tongue.
Over tuberculated
ulcer of tongue.
Over tuberculated
ulcer of tongue.
Date.
30-3-91
30-3-91
3-4-91
10-4-91
11-4-91
22-5-91
No. of cover-
glasses.
2
2
2
2
2
4
Result of Microscopic
Examination.
1, 2. Debris, Squa-
mous
epithelium,
leptothrix and bac-
teria.
1, 2. Quantities of
small blue rods and
cocci.
1, 2. No Leprosy
Bacilli.
1, 2. Several Lepio-
sy Bacilli lying over
blue
masses of
epithelium.
1, 2. Some Leprosy
Bacilli, also lepto-
thrix and salivary
cells. 2. No bacilli.
1, 2, 3. Showed
clumps of Leprosy
Bacilli. 4.
Nega-
tive.
Vaginal Mucus.
Surgeon-Major H» D. Cook kindly sent specimens from two cases
in the Madras Asylum.
The first specimen was taken on 24th June, 1891, from a patient,
aged 16, suffering from mixed leprosy. Ten cover-glass preparations
were examined on 17th July, 1891, and showed an immense number
of decolorised bacilli with a few faintly stained ones. There were also
staphylococci and beaded rods, sometimes stained pink. In one spe-
cimen were a few spore-bearing bacilli, the spores being a deep red.
There were no undoubted Leprosy Bacilli.
The second specimen was taken on 24th June, 1891, from a tuber-
culated leper, aged 18. Ten cover-glasses were examined on 17th
July, 1891, and showed numerous staphylococci, isolated bacteria, and
micrococci. In one specimen was a mass of six or seven highly
stained short rods which were possibly Leprosy Bacilli.
406
APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE LEPROS\ COMMISSION :
Leprosy Bacilli have been described in vaginal secretion by one
or two observers (Kalindero and Babés). The bearing of these ob-
servations on the question of inoculability of leprosy is obvious.
EXCRETIONS.
Urine.
The urine of six lepers was examined, two of them being mixed
cases, three anaesthetic, and one tuberculated. Four cover-glasses
from each case were taken, making twenty-four observations in all.
In no case were Leprosy Bacilli found. This is not surprising, for
very rarely are Leprosy Bacilli found in kidneys examined after
death.
The results obtained from urine are given below:—
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Name.
Puniya
Fakira .
Bishan Singh
Ratanah
Gumaniya
Phagania
AGE.
M.
30
30
30
18
35
32
F.
...
Form.
M
,,
T
A
»
,,
Years afflicted.
22
10
10
13
19
12
Material examined.
Urine
.
,,
,,
,,
,,
Date.
10-4-91
10-4-91
10-4-91
10-4-91
10-4-91
10-4-91
No. of cover-
glasses.
4
4
4
4
4
4
Result of Microscopic
Examination.
1,2,3, 4. Epithelium.
No Leprosy Bacilli.
Ditto
ditto.
Ditto
ditto.
Ditto
ditto.
Ditto
ditto.
Ditto
ditto.
Fæces.
This excretion was examined in five lepers, two anaesthetic, two
mixed, and one tuberculated. Sixteen cover-glass preparations were
made, and in one from a mixed case Leprosy Bacilli were found. In
this patient, however, bacilli had previously been found in the saliva,
so that it was quite possible to expect to find them in the faeces.
Appendix I.
407
The observations were as follows :—
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Name.
Puniya .
Jaikishen
Phaganiya .
Gumaniya .
Bishan Singh
AGE.
M. F.
30
35
33
35
3°.
..
...
...
M
»
A
»
T
22
29
12
19
10
Material examined.
Fæces .
.
» •
•
«
,,.
•
•
,, •
•
«
,, •
•
•
Date.
27-3-91
27-3-91
11-4-91
11-4-91
13-4-91
4
4
2
2
4
Result of Microscopic
Examination.
1, 2, 3, 4. Quantities
of bacteria.
No
Leprosy Bacilli.
1, 2. Quantities of
bacteria. No Le-
prosy Bacilli, 3, 4.
Numerous decolo-
rised rods and cocci.
1, 2. Swarms of ba-
cilli and cocci, also
bright oval fuchsin-
spores (described by
Koch) . 22
1,2. Swarms of bac-
teria stained blue
and brightly stained
oval fuchsin-spores.
1. A few Leprosy
Bacilli. 2. Swarms
of cocci and large
bacteria
stained
blue,
also oval
fuchsin-spores. 3, 4.
No Leprosy Bacilli.
Sputum.
Sputum from six lepers was examined, four cover-glasses being
taken from each case. Five of the cases were mixed, and one tuber-
culated. All the patients had raucous voices, indicating leprous infil-
tration of the larynx. It was therefore to be expected that bacilli
would be found in the sputum. It appears to us that it is absolutely
impossible to confuse Leprous and Tubercular sputum. In the former
case isolated bacilli are very rarely seen, but large typical cells filled
with bacilli, to such an extent that it is difficult to recognize them
individually, abound in advanced cases. In the absence of autopsies
during the laboratory work, we are unable to speak definitely as to the
existence of leprous phthisis. Leprosy Bacilli were present in four
( 22 ) Koch, Mit. a. d. Kaiser. Gesundh, Bd, II, 1884, page 34.
408
APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE LEPROSY COMMISSION:
out of the six patients, or in seventeen out of the twenty-eight speci-
mens, as shown below :—
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Name.
Harkua
Saduli
Kunka
Puniya
Fakira .
.
Rahim Khan
AGE.
M.
40
30
30
35
F.
38
2S
...
...
Form.
M
»
>>
,,
T
Years afflicted.
31
10
10
22
10
Material examined.
Sputum
Sputum
mixed
with blood.
Sputum
» •
•
•
,,
Date.
15-4-91
15-4-91
15-4-91
15-4-91
15-4-91
22-5-91
No. of cover-
glasses.
4
4
4
4
4
8
Result of Microscopic
Examination.
1,2,3,4. No bacilli.
1,2,3,4. No bacilli.
1, 2, 3. Clumps of
Leprosy Bacilli in
cells. 4. Negative.
1, 2. Clumps of
Leprosy Bacilli in
cells. 3, 4. Nega-
tive.
1, 2, 3, 4. Quan-
tities of Leprosy
Bacilli aggregated
in cells.
1,2,3,4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
Clusters of Leprosy
Bacilli in cells.
Menstrual Discharge.
This was sent by Dr. Cook from Madras. The first specimen was
from an anaesthetic leper, aged 40. It was taken on June 28, and
examined on July 17, 1891. Ten cover-glasses were prepared, and
all gave negative results.
The second specimen was from a patient, aged 19, suffering from
mixed leprosy. It was taken on June 27, and examined on July 17,
1891. Ten cover-glasses showed shreds of epithelium, bacteria, mi-
crococci, but no Leprosy Bacilli.
These results are similar to those obtained from vaginal mucus.
III.—DISTRIBUTION OF THE LEPROSY BACILLUS OUTSIDE THE BODY.
Little is yet known of the natural history of the Leprosy Bacillus
outside the human body. Arning 23 claims to have found it in the
( 23 ) Report on Leprosy in Hawaii, 1886.
Appendix I,
409
earth of a leper's grave in Hawaii, but failed to find it in mosquitoes
which had sucked the blood of lepers. Kaurin 24 failed to find it in
earth and in the dust and air of rooms inhabited by lepers. Observa-
tions in Trinidad failed to show the bacillus in the earth of the asylum
cemetery, or in salt fish, salt pork, or urhur dal (Cytisus cajan). 25
The attention of the Commission in India was chiefly directed to the
following possible habitats of the bacillus outside the human body :—
Earth.
Water.
Fish and crustacea.
Flies.
Earth.
The occurrence of Leprosy Bacilli in earth has already been refer-
red to in the paper on contagion. It will be sufficient to repeat here
that a hundred cover-glass preparations were made from earth taken
from four of the most likely sites for Leprosy Bacilli within the Almora
Asylum compound. Only ten bacilli were found in all these observa-
tions, and they occurred on seven cover-glasses. Gelatine plates in-
oculated from this earth failed to show any colonies of Leprosy Bacilli.
It will be seen from the table given below that the number of bacilli
to be found in earth habitually trodden by lepers is extremely small,
and it is open to doubt whether the few bacilli found were alive.
Observations on Earth at Almora Leper Asylum.
Source of Earth.
1. Path in front of office .
2. Path down hill to leper quarters
3. Path under bank where lepers sit .
4. Bank where lepers sit
No. of
cover-
glasses
examined.
25
25
25
25
No. of Leprosy Bacilli found.
3 on 1 cover-glass.
2 „ 1
1 „ 1
,,
1 ,, 1
,,
1 on 1 cover-glass.
1 ,, 1
,,
1 „ 1 ,,
No bacilli. (One suspicio s
TOTAL
.
10 bacilli in 100 observations.
( 24 ) Journal of the Leprosy Investigation Committee, No. 2, p, 68.
( 25 ) Report on Trinidad Leper Asylum, 1889, pp. 9 and io.
410
APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE LEPROSY COMMISSION:
Water.
The readiness with which Leprosy Bacilli can be washed out of
tuberculated ulcers and detected in basins or other vessels of water
has been shown in the preceding section. The object of the present
inquiry is to ascertain whether these bacilli can be found distributed
in larger collections of water.
For this purpose water was examined from the Almora Leper
Asylum and also from the holy tank at Tarn Taran Leper Asylum.
This tank is stagnant and overgrown with alga2, and if Leprosy Bacilli
are found anywhere in water, they ought to be present here, for this
tank is supposed to have remarkable healing properties, and lepers
are constantly in the habit of bathing in the water, and swimming
through it in the hope of getting rid of their disease.
An examination of fifty cover-glasses prepared from this water
failed, however, to show any unequivocal Leprosy Bacilli. Four of
the specimens gave several short pink rods closely resembling the
bacilli sought for, but after careful and repeated examination by
different members of the Commission, it was finally decided that they
could not be regarded as Leprosy Bacilli.
The following table shows the observations made on water:—
Source of Water.
I. Water from tank at Almora Asy-
lum, used for supplying bath-
room.
2. Water from puddle outside
spring of drinking water often
visited by lepers.
3. Water from tank in which lepers
bathe at Tarn Taran Asylum.
No. of
cover-
glasses.
2
2
Result of Microscopic Examination.
1, 2. No Leprosy Bacilli.
1, 2. Debris. No Leprosy Bacilli.
1 to 50. No positive Leprosy Bacilli.
Four specimens showed very
suspicious rods taking pink
stain.
Fish and Crustacea.
A full discussion of the fish theory is given in the chapter on
food in relation to leprosy. Though, as will be seen in that part of
the report abundant evidence unfavourable to this theory was collected
Appendix I.
411
in the Punjab, and the Asylums of Almora and Dehra Dun, still it
was thought that the laboratory work ought to include the examin-
ation of as many varieties of fish and crustacea as possible. For this
purpose five different varieties of nga-pi were collected while part of
the Commission was travelling in Burma, and specimens of dried fish
and shrimps were kindly sent from Darjeeling by Surgeon-Major
O'Brien. Numerous species of dried and fresh fish, with some shrimps
and crabs, were also obtained from Bombay through the kindness of
Dr. J. H. Choksy, and these were supplemented with a few recent
specimens of fresh-water fish from the neighbourhood of Simla.
It was considered advisable to examine fish from Darjeeling, for
some members of the Commission when making enquiries in this
station found to their surprise that dried fish was consumed by almost
every native inhabitant. The expenditure of a trifling sum was
sufficient to procure enough dried fish for a month, and this was eaten
with each meal more as a condiment, like the nga-pi in Burma, than
as a food.
Though leprosy is not unduly prevalent in Darjeeling, still it was
thought that an examination of the article of diet in question derived
from a locality presenting the unusual feature of a hill district where
fish is almost universally consumed, would not be without interest.
Two hundred coverglass preparations were made from five varieties
of nga-pi, and nineteen species of fish and crustacea, and the material
was most carefully stained and examined, but in no case could Leprosy
Bacilli be found. As might have been expected, numerous bacteria
and other micro-organisms were present, and it is noteworthy that
these in most instances retained the pink stain. This only serves
to emphasise the fact which has been remarked elsewhere in this
report that the staining reaction is after all only of partial importance
in diagnosing different bacilli.
The results are given in the appended short table. Unfortunately
the species of the various fish and crustacea could not be determined,
but this is of less importance since the results were negative.
No.
I
2
Description.
Raw-eaten nga-pi
Zayah nga-pi
Locality.
Burma .
»
No. of
cover-glasses.
20
20
Result of Microscopic Examination.
Negative.
„
One curved stained bacillus,
but not Bac. Lep.
412
APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE LEPROSY COMMISSION:
No.
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Description.
Gnagyee
nga-pi
(putrid, infested
with maggots).
Gnaphayoung nga-
pi.
Gnakhoo nga-pi .
Dried
Bombay
duck.
„ fish .
,, ,,
,, ,,
„
shrimps
„
Bombay
duck.
„
pomfret
„
fish
,, ,,
,, ,,
,, ,,
Dried fish .
S3
»
•
*
Fresh fish .
„ crabs
Locality.
Bombay
Darjeeling
3J
33
Bombay .
Bombay.
Simla
Bombay.
No. of
cover-glasses.
20
20
20
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
Result of Microscopic Examination.
Pink bacilli 26 in four specimens, one in
each. Numerous micrococci. No Le-
prosy Bacilli.
Several bacilli, well and badly stained ;
some curved. No Leprosy Bacilli.
A few pink bacilli, straight and curved.
No Leprosy Bacilli.
One slightly curved pink bacillus. No
Leprosy Bacilli.
One or two pink bacilli.
Large bacilli taking pink stain.
A few pink bacilli.
About a dozen large bacilli taking pink
stain.
Micrococci and one large curved bacillus
staining pink.
Considerable numbers of large bacilli
taking pink stain.
Large thick stained bacilli, not Bac. Lep.
Ditto
ditto.
Plenty of large thick bacilli, long bacilli,
and micrococci, all taking pink stain.
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
ditto.
ditto.
ditto.
ditto.
Rods of various sizes taking pink stain.
No Leprosy Bacilli.
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
ditto.
ditto.
ditto.
Large bacilli.
Negative.
( 20 ) In many of the samples of fish and nga-pi, stained bodies, which had a crystalline
appearance were seen. Possibly these are crystals of fatty acid and similar to the pseudcr-
bacilli described by Celli and Guarnieri. The paper of these authors is in Accadem, dei
Lincei, June 1883.
Appendix I.
413
Flies.
The part played by flies in the spread of certain diseases has
been recognised for some time, and it seems reasonable to suppose
that they may be capable of conveying the Leprosy Bacillus. An op-
portunity of putting this to the test occurred at the Almora Asylum.
Three lepers were caused to sit on the ground and expose the tuber-
culated ulcers of their feet. These were soon visited in large num-
ber by common house flies, which settled on the ulcers, and fed on
the discharges. Several of these flies were caught on the ulcers,
their abdomens were opened and cover-glass preparations were made
of the intestine and contents. No Leprosy Bacilli could be detected
in the flies, though the discharge on which they were feeding was
shown in two of the lepers to be rich in Leprosy Bacilli. Indeed,
the third leper had been proved to have numerous bacilli in other
parts of his body, though by an oversight these particular ulcers were
not examined.
Only ten cover-glasses were prepared from ten flies, and it is
quite possible that a more extended series of observations might
show Leprosy Bacilli. Still considering the immense quantities of
Leprosy Bacilli found in the discharge from these tuberculated ulcers,
it is strange that they are not more readily discoverable in flies which
have fed on these discharges.
A short table follows :—
No.
2
3
Name.
Puniya
Fakira
Bishan Singh
AGE.
M.
30
30
30
F.
S
0
M
»
F
Years afflicted
22
10
10
On what flies had
fed.
Discharge from tu-
berculated ulcer
of foot
Ditto
ditto
Ditto
ditto
No. of flies
7
2
1
No. of cover-
glasses.
7
2
1
Result of Microscopic
Examination.
1—7. No Leprosy
Bacilli.
1, 2.
Ditto.
1.
Ditto.
IV.—VACCINATION.
Of late years much attention has been directed to the possibility
of infecting persons with leprosy through vaccination. Gairdner in
414
APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE LEPROSY COMMISSION:
1887 published a case, in which a doctor in a tropical island vaccin-
ated his own child from a native child who afterwards became
leprous. Another white child was vaccinated from the doctor's child,
and both these children also developed leprosy. The case excited
much interest, and many people assumed that it proved the possible
transmission of leprosy by vaccination. A perusal of the case, how-
ever, shows that the details are very few and insufficient to establish
any conclusion. Moreover, leprosy was endemic in the island, so
that the possibility of infection from outside sources was always
present.
Direct experiments bearing on the subject have not been want-
ing. Arning in Hawaii vaccinated lepers and examined the lymph.
He found bacilli in the vesicles raised in cases of extensive tubercul-
ated leprosy in which the skin contained bacilli. In cases of pure
anaesthetic leprosy he found no bacilli.
A series of observations made in the Trinidad Asylum on vesicles
raised on tuberculated, anaesthetic, and mixed lepers failed to show
any Leprosy Bacilli, and animals vaccinated with lymph from these
vesicles did not develop leprosy.
Daubler's observations 27 refer to two women on Robben Island, 28
aged 15 and 35 years, respectively, both of whom he believed con-
tracted leprosy through vaccination. Both individuals were vaccin-
ated with the lymph obtained from a patient who subsequently died
of tubercular leprosy. In the first patient the site of inoculation
swelled a few days after the puncture and had a brown hue, but no
true vaccine vesicle formed. Subsequently after the swelling had
subsided, fever and rigors occurred, and by the eighteenth week
swelling and discoloring of the right frontal eminence was seen.
The second patient, two months after the vaccination, showed the
typical leonine aspect of a tuberculated leper. These cases are fre-
quently quoted, but Arning's experiments, which are in complete
accordance with the clinical experience of all observers, do not permit
of the belief that such an essentially chronic disease as leprosy is pro-
duced so soon after inoculation.
Quite recently Dr. Simpson has vaccinated lepers in Calcutta, and
claims to have found Leprosy Bacilli in the vaccine lymph.
In view of these conflicting statements, it seemed that further and
( 27 ) Daubler, Ueber Lepra und deren Contagiosität., Monat für prakt. Dermat. Bd. VIII,
1889, p. 123. Abstract in Baumgarten's Jahresbericht, 1889, p. 243.
( 28 ) An island in Table Bay where the lepers are removed from Cape Town.
Appendix I.
415
more numerous observations on vaccine lymph taken from lepers
would be of value.
A suitable opportunity occurred at the Almora Asylum, where all
the lepers who were well enough were vaccinated, amounting to some
eighty-seven in all.
Of these forty (twenty-one males, nineteen females) developed
vesicles, which were examined. Of the forty cases, thirty-four were
anaesthetic, five mixed, and one was tuberculated.
The condition of the skin where vaccinated was as follows :—
In 14 cases it was normal.
„13 „ there was an anaesthetic patch.
„ 12 „ sensation was diminished.
„ I case it was tuberculated.
The condition of the vesicle was as follows: —
In 31 cases normal.
„ 2 „ purulent.
„ 2 „ purulent and mixed with blood.
., I case normal one arm and purulent on the other.
„ I „ normal, but mixed with blood in taking.
„ I „ immature.
„ I „ immature and mixed with blood in taking.
„ I „ immature and the crust taken.
Crusts also were taken from two vicleses which had been normal.
Ninety-three cover-glasses were prepared and stained with Ziehl's
solution, passed through acid and then treated with methyl-blue. In
'no case were Leprosy Bacilli found. Suspicious-looking rods taking
fuchsin were found in one case in vesicles raised over tuberculated
ears, and in another case in vesicles over anaesthetic patches.
But even if these cases be considered as positive, and the utmost
value allowed to them, they would have little or no importance in the
question at issue, for no vaccinator would be likely to vaccinate a
leper over a tubercle or anaesthetic patch, and use the lymph obtained
from such vesicles for vaccinating healthy individuals.
It is therefore our opinion that assuming the presence of the
bacillus to be necessary to produce leprosy, this series of observa-
tions, which is the most extensive yet made, conclusively shows that
no danger need be apprehended from the vaccine lymph of even an
actual leper, provided he has been vaccinated on normal skin. Á
fortiori, therefore, there is no danger of transmitting leprosy by
using as a vaccinifer a child born of a family in which leprosy exists
provided reasonable care be taken.
416 APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE LEPROSY COMMISSION:
The following table gives a detailed account of the observations
made in Almora :—
o
Z
J
2
3
4
5
6
7
S
Name.
Amarna.
Bachi .
Mongolia
Teliga .
Jitna
Jitna
Jogia .
ALMORA ASYLUM.
AGE.
S lima
25
25
25
26
30
30
45
35
S
I
M
>>
A
)>
M
}>
A
e*S
3. a
13
13
2O
IS
20
3
3
33
Condition of
skin where
vaccinated.
Normal
Sensation
diminish-
ed.
Anaesthetic
patch.
>»
•
>*
•
Anaesthetic
patch.
Sensation di-
minished.
VACCINA-
TION.
Condition of
vesicle.
R. arm pu-
rulent.
L. arm nor-
mal.
Normal, but
the lymph
was mixed
with blood
in taking.
Normal .
R. arm nor-
mal.
L. arm nor-
mal.
Normal .
Date of'
vacci-
nation.
4-3-91
4-3-9 1
19-3-91
19-3-91
19-3-91
21-3-91
21-3-91
24-3-9 •
Dateof
taking
ymph.
22-3-91
22-3-9 '
25-3-91
25-3-91
25-3-91
27-3-91
27-3-91
30-3-91
1 "3>
0
"S
0
2
4
2
4
2
2
2
2
Result of Micros-
copic Examination.
1. Numerous dip-
lococci
stained
blue. 2. Numer-
ous
diplococci
stained blue : al-
so few small rods
stained blue.
1. Few small bad-
ly stained rods
and diplococci. 2,
3, 4. Negative.
1. Few pale rods :
no Leprosy Ba-
cilli. 2. Debris
and rods : no Le-
prosy Bacilli.
1. No bacilli. 2.
Few small rods
stained blue. 3.
Few small rods
not stained. 4.
Debris and rods :
no Leprosy Ba-
cilli.
1. Three
badly
stained rodsj no
Leprosy Bacilli.
2. No Leprosy
Bacilli.
1. Suspicious rods
taking fuchsin.
2. Suspicious rods
taking fuchsin.
1. Suspicious rods
and cocci taking
fuchsin. 2. Sus-
picious rods and
cocci taking fuch-
sin.
1. Small blue rods,
epithelial cell';,
with nuclei tak-
ing methyl-blue
readily. 2. Small
blue rods : epi-
thelial cells, with
nuclei
taking
methyl - blue
readily.