NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
39
(i) With regard to the relative positions occupied by the male and female parasites.
(ii) In relation to the sizes of the two sexes.
(iii) As to the presence in the Indian variety of the broad serrated cuticle.
(iv) With regard to size and general contour.
IN the following table will be found all the principal measurements of five pairs of
Syngami, together with an illustration of the male and female:—
TABLE IX.
Showing the measurements of five pairs of the Syngamus laryngis.
Part measured.
Total length
.
Greatest breadth . . .
Chitinous cup.
(a) Diameter, buccal orifice .
(b) Diameter, at widest part of
cup.
(c) Diameter, at base of cup .
(d) Depth of cup .
. .
(e) Transverse measurement of
cup across the lips from
above.
(f) Length of papillæ at base
of the cup.
Distance of genital orifice from
the mouth.
Distance from genital orifice
to tip of the caudal extre-
mity.
Œsophagus.
Diameter, at commencement.
„ at widest part .
.
Thickness of cuticle.
(a) Level of entrance to œso-
phagus.
(b) Opposite genital orifice .
(c) At the caudal extremity .
No. I.
Male.
Milli-
metres.
1.3640
0.3630
0.1980
0.2640
0.0550
0.2420
...
0.0650
...
...
0.066
0.110
0.0550
...
0.0660
Female.
Milli-
metres.
3.6080
0.3830
0.2860
0.3300
0.0930
0.2860
...
0.0660
1.3090
2.2990
0.066
0.165
0.0550
0.0412
0.0220
No. II.
Male.
Milli.
metres.
2.9150
0.4730
0.2530
0.3300
0.9680
0.3300
0.6505
0.1040
...
...
0.0770
0.1210
0.0330
...
0.0440
Female.
Milli-
metres.
8.4470
0.6490
0.3355
0.4015
0.1023
0.3267
...
0.0902
1.4328
7.0152
0.0121
0.1672
0.0484
0.0616
0.0333
No. III.
Male.
Milli-
metres.
2.3100
0.3960
0.242
0.264
0.0935
0.931
...
0.0666
...
...
0.0550
0.1100
0.0440
...
0.0550
Female.
Milli.
metres.
5.2195
0.3960
0.275
0.319
0.088
0.275
...
0.0852
1.705
3.5145
0.0715
0.0143
0.066
0.0357
0.0247
No. IV.
Male.
Milli.
metres.
2.9155
0.3905
0.2422
0.3190
0.0770
0.3300
...
0.1100
...
...
0.0888
0.1776
0.0444
...
0.0555
Female.
Milli.
metres.
8.2833
0.6277
0.3441
0.4235
0.1045
0.3633
...
0.0825
1.8150
6.4680
0.1100
0.1443
0.0495
0.0605
0.0330
No. V.
Male.
Milli.
metres.
2.6733
0.396
0.231
0.330
0.0925
0.330
...
0.088
...
...
0.0770
0.1320
0.0555
...
0.0495
Female.
Milli-
metres.
9.658
0.803
0.3410
0.3960
0.0925
0.3740
...
0.099
1.628
8.030
0.0880
0.1650
0.0555
0.0522
0.0333
APPENDIX V.
METEOROLOGICAL CHARTS GIVING THE RAINFALL, TEMPERATURE, etc.,
AT MUKTESAR DURING OFFICIAL YEAR 1897-98.
NOT PRINTED.
ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
IMPERIAL BACTERIOLOGIST
FOR THE YEAR
1898-99.
CALCUTTA:
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.
1899.
ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
IMPERIAL BACTERIOLOGIST
FOR THE YEAR.
1898-99.
General Remarks.
1. Officers in charge of the Laboratory during the year.—Dr. Lingard
was in charge of the Laboratory from the beginning of the year under review
(1st April) up to the 7th October, when he unfortunately fell ill and went
into the Ramsay Hospital at Naini Tal, and was sent on one year's sick leave
dating from October the 7th. Veterinary-Lieutenant G. K. Walker, of the
Civil Veterinary Department, assumed charge of the Laboratory on October
10th, and on November the 15th Captain Leonard Rogers, of the Indian
Medical Service, was appointed to officiate as Imperial Bacteriologist while
Dr. Lingard is on sick leave or until further orders, and after meeting the
Inspector General of the Civil Veterinary Department at Umballa and
visiting Dr. Lingard at Naini Tal, he reached the Laboratory on November the
22nd, 1898, and remained in charge during the rest of the year.
Veterinary-Lieutenant G. K. Walker has held the post of Assistant
Imperial Bacteriologist throughout the year, and I am much indebted to him
for his excellent management of all the outdoor work of the Laboratory, and
for much assistance in carrying out the rinderpest and other experimental
work.
2. Tours undertaken during the year.—Dr. Lingard was on tour from
May 29th to June 13th, during which time he was engaged on an investiga-
tion of equine disease in the Hathawa State, and on the Saharanpur-Dehra
dâk line. From July 10th to the 19th, he was engaged on an investigation
of glanders on the Saharanpur-Dehra road, and from August 28th to Septem¬
tember 25th he was absent from the Laboratory on business with the Collector
of Bareilly and investigating cattle and equine diseases on the Saharanpur-
Dehra line, and unfortunately fell ill shortly after his return from the last
mentioned journey.
Dr. Lingard was too ill when I saw him to be able to talk for more than a
very short time, so he was unable to give me any information with regard to
the work that was being carried on at the Laboratory at the time he was
suddenly taken ill; and as all the papers in connection with his work are in his
possession, I am unable to give any details of the investigations that were
carried out by him during the portion of the year he was in charge of the
Laboratory. In answer to a letter from me on the subject, which I received
some two months ago, he kindly promised to send me such details of his work
as he wished to be published in the Annual Report, but this has not yet come
to hand, and will be forwarded separately as soon as it is received. It was
very unfortunate that I was not able to have the benefit of Dr. Lingard's most
recent and unpublished experience of Surra, as I was, on this account, unable
to continue his work on the subject on his own lines ; but, on the other hand,
this left me free to take up the important work on rinderpest, which the now
nearly completed state of the Laboratory allowed of being done under advant-
ageous circumstances, a preliminary account of which will be found in
paragraphs 12 to 33 of this report.
22
his suffering from the disease. Now that it has been discovered that the virus
can be preserved in the marrow of a long bone, even when the outside has been
rendered non-infectious by exposing it to the sun for some days, it is evident
that it will only be necessary to send such a bone to the place where virus is
wanted, and to inoculate an animal from it. This method I hope to test in
actual practice very shortly.
LEONARD ROGERS,
M.D., M.R.C.P., B.S., F.R.C.S.,
Captain, I.M.S.,
Officiating Imperial Bacteriologist,
G. I. C. P. O.—No. 126 R. & A.—14-7-99.—275-JOS. C.
ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
IMPERIAL BACTERIOLOGIST
FOR THE YEAR
1899-1900.
CALCUTTA:
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.
1900.
CALCUTTA:
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA CENTRAL PRINTING OFFICE,
8, HASTINGS STEET.
ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
IMPERIAL BACTERIOLOGIST
FOR THE YEAR
1899-1900.
General Remarks.
Officers in charge of the laboratory during the year.—Captain L. Rogers,
I.M.S., was in charge of the Laboratory from the commencement of the
official year until the 8th January 1900, upon which date I took over the duties
of Imperial Bacteriologist.
Veterinary Lieutenant G. K. Walker held the post of Assistant Bacterio-
logist, up to the 8th September, when he proceeded on three months' privilege
leave, and rejoined on December 5th, 1899.
2. Tours undertaken during the year.—(i) Captain L. Rogers proceeded to
the Bareilly district on April 26th, with a view to test the protective serum on
animals at the seat of an outbreak of rinderpest, he visited the villages of
Mohmadpur, Alampur and Ranipur. The result of these inoculations was
noticed in paragraph 27 of last year's Annual Report.
(ii) A second tour was made between the 28th May and 15th June, with
the same object in view as in the first. During this sojourn cattle were inocu-
lated in the Aligarh, Bulandshahr and Bareilly districts.
Result.—Aligarh district.—Altogether the herds of upwards of 80
villagers, amounting in the aggregate to 638 head of cattle, had been attacked
by rinderpest in the villages of the Aligarh district, out of these 243 or 38 per
cent. had been attacked by rinderpest with a mortality of 129 or 53 per cent.,
while 78 were ill at the time and 36 were said to have recovered. Of the 395
animals which remained healthy, 156 or 39 per cent. were inoculated, while
61 per cent. were not done on account of the owners not consenting. Of the
239 uninoculated animals thus directly exposed to infection, 39 or 16.3 per
cent. were subsequently attacked by rinderpest and 17 of them died. Among
the 156 inoculated animals, together with 48 others which mixed with the
herd grazing during the day, five deaths occurred, but in each case the attack
commenced within the first four days of the inoculation, i. e., within the normal
incubation period, so that all these animals must have been infected at the
time of the inoculation, and should therefore be excluded.
Bulandshahr district.—The affected herd comprised 229 head, of which
95 or 41 per cent. had been attacked by rinderpest, with a mortality of 45 per
cent.; of the remaining healthy cattle 77 or 57 per cent. were inoculated,
together with 44 other animals in the infected villages, while 57 or 43 per cent.
of those directly exposed to infection were not inoculated. Among these latter
15 animals or 28 per cent. suffered from rinderpest subsequently, and 44 per
cent. of those attacked died. On the other hand, of the larger number of
similarly exposed animals which were inoculated, not one subsequently died of
the disease, nor did any of them suffer from a very severe attack of rinderpest.
In a letter received from the Veterinary Assistant, Bulandshahr district, on
29th June 1899, this subordinate reported that no fresh cases of the disease
3
3. Journal of Journeys undertaken during 1899-1900.—The following
is a complete list of the tours of the year under review, which have been
referred to in the preceding paragraph:—
1899.
Serum inoculation against rinderpest:—
April 26 to 27
„ 28 to 30
May 1
„
2 to 3
„
4
„
5 to 6
.
.
.
.
.
.
Muktesar to Bareilly.
Bareilly district villages.
Bareilly to Roorkee and back.
Halt at Bareilly.
Bareilly district villages.
Bareilly to Muktesar.
(ii) Serum inoculation against rinderpest in Aligarh, Bulandshahr and Bareilly districts:—
May 28 to 29
„ 30 to 9 June
June 10
„ 11 to 13
„ 13
„ 14
„ 15
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Muktesar to Aligarh.
Aligarh district villages (Berla, Parora, Sitouli,
Manchua, Pilkana, Harduaganj, Bhimgarhi,
Atrouli, Kalianpur, Khair, Kilpur and Kerasatoo,
etc.)
Aligarh to Chola, Bulandshahr.
Bulandshahr district villages (Hirapur, Siwali, Pauri,
etc., and Chola).
Chola to Bareilly.
Bareilly district villages (Pitampur, Landauli, Fateh-
ganj, etc).
Bareilly to Muktesar.
(iii) Serum inoculation against rinderpest:—
July
„
„
„
„
8 to 10
11
12
13 to 14
15 to 16
.
.
.
.
.
Muktesar to Orai.
Orai to Paharpur and back.
Orai to Bareilly.
Halt at Bareilly.
Bareilly to Muktesar.
(iv) Serum inoculation against rinderpest in the Hills (Almora district) :—
July
„
„
„
„
18
19 to 22
23 to 26
27 to 30
31
.
.
.
.
.
Muktesar to Almora.
Almora to Pithoragarh.
Halt at Pithoragarh.
Pithoragarh to Almora.
Almora to Muktesar.
(v) To try Locust disease Fungus.
Aug.
„
„
2 to 3
4 to 5
6 to 7
.
.
.
Muktesar to Muzaffarnagar.
Muzaffarnagar district (Chatterwal, Bihari, etc.,
villages).
Muzaffarnagar to Muktesar.
(vi) Serum inoculation against rinderpest in the Hills (interior) of Almora district:—
Aug. 9 to 17
„ 18 to 24
.
.
Muktesar to Pithoragarh, Askot and Dharchula.
Dharchula to Lohaghat, Debidhura and Muktesar.
(vii) Serum inoculation against rinderpest:—-
Sept. 3 to 5
„
6
„
7
„
8 to 9
„ 10 to 12
.
.
.
.
.
Muktesar to Saharanpur, Udiabag.
Halt at Udiabag.
Udiabag to Nagina.
Bijnor district villages and Dhampur.
Dhampur to Muktesar.
To settle re-purchase of cattle:—
Dec. 9
„ 10
„ 11
.
.
.
Muktesar to Almora.
Halt at Almora.
Almora to Muktesar.
1900.
(viii) To interview Collector with regard to the supply of material from Municipal Slaughter-
house:-
January 27 to 29
„ 30 to 31
February 1 to 3
.
.
.
Muktesar to Bareilly.
Halt at Bareilly.
Bareilly to Muktesar.
20
commences in the Sheds soon after 6 A.M., winter and summer. The Centri-
fugal Machine is in use from 8 A.M. to 6 P.M., worked by manual labour, four
coolies being required to perform the task. It will thus be seen that all the
members of the Establishment, including three clerks in the Office, are working
at high pressure.
Dunichand the laboratory draftsman, artist and photographer, who had
been 5½ years at the Laboratory and whose services were invaluable and indis-
pensable, left at the beginning of 1899, his assigned reason being " to better
his position."
Summary of Experiments, conducted since January 8th, 1900, with
regard to Rinderpest, Serum, etc.
17. Scheme drawn up during 1897, for carrying out Rinderpest Experi-
ments.—The following scheme for guidance in the investigation of Rinderpest
was drawn up during the early part of 1897. As, however, the cattle-sheds,
etc., were only completed in January 1899, but few experiments could be
conducted previous to that date, owing to the loss of many valuable animals
from gastro-enteritis, brought on by exposure. A copy of this programme of
work was forwarded by me, when an inmate of the Ramsay Hospital, Naini-
Tal, to the officiating Imperial Bacteriologist in November 1898, and great
credit is due to this officer for the number of experiments he has been able to
make during the fourteen months he held office.
RINDERPEST.
I. Animals—
(i) Passage through cattle of different breeds, Buffalo, camel,
goats and other animals (pigs, etc.).
(ii) Artificial immunized animals, keep together with rinderpest
animals, for proving the immunity against natural infec-
tion.
II. Blood—
(i) Experiments with dried blood, viz., 1, 2, 3, etc., days after
drawing.
(ii) Experiments with rinderpest blood prepared with carbolic
acid 0.5 per cent., 3 and 4 days, and similar substances.
(iii) Different methods to keep rinderpest blood in virulent state
for long period (aseptic blood, defibrinated, can be pre-
served four weeks).
(iv) How long is the unfiltered blood of a rinderpest animal
infectious ?
III. Serum.—(Unfiltered and filtered).—
(i) Serum of naturally immunized animals.
(ii) Serum of artificial (without any symptoms of rinderpest, as
for instance, rise of temperature only) immunized animals.
(iii) Serum 100, 50, 20 c. c., injected, after 24 hours rinderpest blood
0.2 c.c. Dilution prepared with NaCl 0.6 per cent.
After 6 days, second rinderpest blood injection 1 c. c.
After 6 days, third rinderpest blood injection 10 c. c.
(iv) Serum of high immunizing power mixed with rinderpest
blood, keep for varying periods and different proportions
(1:100) at different temperatures.
Serum.*—
(i) Filtration of serum for keeping it in an aseptic condition.
(ii) Proving of animals—
(a) Immunized only by serum, for duration of im-
munity.
(b) Immunized by serum and rinderpest blood after 24
hours, etc.
(c) Immunized by serum mixed with rinderpest blood.
(d) Immunized by serum one side, rinderpest blood the
other.
* For the preparation of good serum, in large quantity, filtration or centrifugalize. This would require a
centrifugal machine.
30
following animals are under observation, with a view to the preparation of
protective serum by the Slow and Rapid methods respectively :—
(a) Bovines : (1) Plains, (2) Hills animals.
(b) Buffaloes.
(c) Sheep.
(d) Goats.
(6) Serum (ii) Animals insusceptible to rinderpest (a) Equines.—The
blood of a pony aged 22 years, injected with virulent rinderpest blood by the
slow method, produced a serum :—
(i) After 55 days, maximum dose virulent blood 1,000 c. c., 17 c. c.
(20 c. c. per 600 lbs.) of which protected a buffalo of 511 lbs.
body weight, by the Simultaneous method.
(ii) After 73 days, maximum dose 2,000 c. c. virulent blood, 9 c. c.
(14.25 c. c. per 600 lbs.) of which protected a plains animal,
body weight 381 lbs. by the Simultaneous method.
(b) Canines.—A dog was subjected to inoculation with 500 c. c. virulent
blood and after an interval of 14 days, to 1,000 c. c. Twenty (20) cubic centi-
metres of its hyper-immunised blood, equivalent to 12 or 13 c. c. of serum,
collected six hours post-mortem, afforded protection by the Simultaneous
method to a plains bull, body weight 374 lbs.
(7) Serum Precipitation method.—The active principle of highly immu-
nized rinderpest serum (10 c. c. per 600 lbs.) precipitated by the addition of
absolute alcohol and ether in excess and when dried in vacuo, obtainable in
the form of a powder, was found to protect a goat body weight 56 lbs. when
3 grammes of it were dissolved in glycerine and salt solution, and introduced
subcutaneously by the Simultaneous method.
(8) A hyper-immunised serum has been prepared from buffaloes capable
of conferring immunity against rinderpest when injected subcutaneously into
animals of the same species, as well as into bovines. In the latter instance
no untoward events follow as a consequence of the introduction of a foreign
serum.
(9) The offspring of pregnant bovines which have passed through an
attack of rinderpest, probably receive protection "in utero," which may last for
a period of 14 to 15 months after birth.
ALFRED LINGARD, M.B., M.S., D.P.H.,
Imperial Bacteriologist.
Dated Muktesar (N.- W. P.), the 29th May 1900.
G.I. C. P. O.—No. 314 R. & A.—30-10-1900.—270.—W. B. G.
ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
IMPERIAL BACTERIOLOGIST
FOR THE YEAR
1900-1901.
CALCUTTA :
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.
1901.
ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
IMPERIAL BACTERIOLOGIST
FOR THE YEAR
1900-1901.
General Remarks.
I remained in charge of the Laboratory during the year under review and
Veterinary Lieutenant G. K. Walker held the post of Assistant Bacteriologist.
2. No inoculation work was done in the field by the officers of the
Laboratory, and a greater part of their time was occupied in manufacturing
anti-rinderpest serum and despatching it to the Superintendents of the Civil
Veterinary Department and other officers who demanded it. Appendix I
shows this in detail.
3. In addition to the serum manufacture, the following diseases were dealt
with during the year :—
(a) Rinderpest ; (b) Anthrax, specially selected as causing more than any
other destruction of cattle and other animals used for industrial purposes;
(c) Surra ; (d) Lymphangitis Epizootica ; (e) Strangles, to the study of which
circumstances have led my attention.
4. Locust Disease Fungus.—Propagation of this Fungus was continued at
the Laboratory and 156 tubes were sent out during the year (vide Appendix
II). It does not seem to have established its efficacy in India as it did in
South Africa. The following are the brief abstracts of the reports received in
this office :—
(i) The Political Agent, South Baluchistan, reports,"results unsuccessful."
(ii) The Deputy Commissioner, Bilaspur, says, " Cultures failure."
(iii) The Secretary to the Special Committee, Marwar, in his letter
No. W & C 4-1673G, dated the 27th November 1900, to the Resident, Western
Rajputana States, reports :
(1) " To a grown up insect humidity has been found to be the least con-
genial element of our weather conditions. It has also been ascertained that
the fungus kills the insect to which it is applied but there its effects end. The
body of the so-called insect if eaten by its fellow brethren carries no infection
and unless the infectious nature is clearly established, its efficiency in exter-
minating locusts has but little practical value."
(2) Principal Suraj Prakash, M.A., who conducted these experiments in
Marwar; concludes his report by saying, " so far my experiments lead to say
that it is moisture that kills."
(iv) Captain Macdonald, Political Agent,Thal-Chotiali, says, "I have made
up the poison and given the fungus myself, but I cannot say that the results
are at all promising, and I think there can be little doubt that the climate of
Baluchistan is so against this preparation as to render it almost if not quite,
useless.
(v) The Assistant Political Agent, Thal-Chotiali, Duki, wires, " Experi-
ments made with locust fungus already supplied have not been successful, please
send ten more tubes immediately for further trial."
6
injected at the same time as the serum but on opposite sides of the body, and a
modified form of rinderpest produced.
39. The Chief Commissariat Officer, Peshawar, reports that "on the 11th
December 1900, rinderpest broke out amongst the slaughter cattle (cattle, 481
and sheep, 711) at Peshawar. From 11th to 25th December, 97 animals were
destroyed or died. On the 22nd December a case of protective rinderpest
serum was received from the Imperial Bacteriologist and the whole of the
animals at the Jubba Jhil were inoculated on the 22nd, 23rd, 24th and 25th
December 1900. From the 26th December 1900, to the 5th January 1901,
thirteen animals died, after this date, the epidemic had actually ceased and no
fresh cases occurred. The inoculation of the animals with the serum decidedly
stopped the disease, as in addition to preventing the healthy animals from
becoming affected, it also reduced the mortality amongst those that were already
affected and the majority of which recovered. The benefit of the serum can
also be seen in the death percentages both before and after the inoculation.
Before inoculation 20.16 per cent., after inoculation 2.70 per cent.
" It was also due to the serum that the sheep, which were kept in the same
locality, were not affected. Just before the inoculation, they were taken out and
segregated as suspicious but when inoculated did not develop rinderpest."
40. The results have thus shown such pronounced success as to justify the
prosecution of urgent measures for wide action.
41. In the case of Lymphangitis Epizootica, I have made three personal
inspections of the animals segregated for my observation at Hapur. The main
results were that I determined the extremely long period of incubation in
equines, and the comparative, if not complete, immunity of bovines, etc.
A. LINGARD, M.B., M.S., D.PH., ETC.,
Imperial Bacteriologist.
27th May 1901.