NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
APPENDICES.
9
in the Rangoon Lunatic Asylum during the year 1906.
5
139
DEMENTIA,
INCLUDING ACQUIRED.
Epileptic.
Males.
1
...
1
...
...
...
...
1
Females.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Total.
1
...
1
...
...
...
...
1
Other forms.
Males.
28
15
43
...
2
2
3
36
Females.
4
2
6
...
...
...
1
5
Total.
32
17
49
...
2
2
4
41
6
140
MENTAL
STUPOR.
Males.
1
...
1
...
...
...
1
...
Females.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Total.
1
...
1
...
...
...
1
...
7
141
GENERAL PARA-
LYSIS OF THE
INSANE.
Males.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Females.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Total.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
8
142
DELUSIONAL
INSANITY.
Males.
19
3
22
2
1
...
1
18
Females.
1
...
1
...
...
...
...
1
Total.
20
3
23
2
1
...
1
19
9
DECLARED TO
HAVE RECOVERED
OR NOT YET
DIAGNOSED.
Males.
47
4
51
1
...
...
1
49
Females.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Total.
47
4
51
1
...
...
1
49
10
TOTAL.
Males.
408
146
554
32
25
36
29
432
Females.
68
17
75
4
3
4
3
61
Total.
466
163
629
36
28
40
32
493
in the Rangoon Lunatic Asylum during the year 1906.
8
9
10
11
12
CAUSES.
All other
Intoxicants.
Males.
9
...
...
2
...
...
...
...
2
Females.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Total.
9
...
...
2
...
..
...
...
2
Fever.
Males.
29
4
9
42
4
4
4
2
28
Females.
3
...
...
3
...
...
...
...
3
Total.
32
4
9
45
4
4
4
2
31
Diseases of
brain and
hereditary.
Males.
33
3
...
36
1
...
...
...
35
Females.
1
...
...
1
...
...
...
...
1
Total.
34
3
...
37
1
...
...
...
36
Other causes,
injury to head
and epilepsy.
Males.
38
3
3
44
1
2
...
3
38
Females.
5
...
...
5
...
...
1
...
4
Total.
43
3
3
49
1
2
1
3
42
Total physical.
Males.
128
12
24
164
11
7
9
7
130
Females.
10
...
...
10
...
...
1
...
9
Total.
138
12
24
174
11
7
10
7
139
13
Moral
causes.
Males.
93
12
12
117
5
3
3
3
103
Females.
18
1
4
23
...
...
1
1
21
Total.
111
13
16
140
5
3
4
4
124
14
Total known.
Males.
221
24
36
281
16
10
12
10
233
Females.
28
1
4
33
...
...
2
1
30
Total.
249
25
40
314
16
10
14
11
263
15
Total unknown.
Males.
187
25
61
273
16
15
24
19
199
Females.
30
2
10
42
4
3
2
2
31
Total.
217
27
71
315
20
18
26
21
230
16
Grand Total.
Males.
408
49
97
554
32
25
36
27
432
Females.
58
3
14
75
4
3
4
5
61
Total.
466
52
111
629
36
28
40
32
493
3
10
APPENDICES.
STATEMENT No. VIII.—Showing the Cash Account of the Rangoon Lunatic Asylum
for
the year 1906 and provincial totals for two previous years. (Paragraph 6.)
Name of Asylum.
1
Rangoon
Lunatic
Asylum.
1906 ...
1905 ...
1904 ...
RECEIPTS.
Received from the trea-
sury.
2
Rs.
75,293
67,855
64,847
A.
15
5
7
P.
6
9
8
Received from paying
patients.
3
Rs.
19,279
18,948
17,533
A.
1
3
14
P.
6
8
5
Value of stores received
from Manufacturing
Department, less cost
of raw materials.
4
Rs.
10,395
10,595
9,780
A.
2
15
13
P.
9
9
5
Book receipts, i.e., the
total of expenditure
entered in columns 19,
20, and 21.
5
Rs. A. P.
(a)
7,983
14,158
6,874
9
6
4
9
11
7
Miscellaneous receipts.
6
Rs.
4,637
6,806
11,695
A.
10
12
15
P.
5
7
7
Total.
7
Rs.
1,17,589
1,18,364
1,10,732
A.
7
12
7
P.
11
8
8
Name of Asylum.
1
Rangoon
Lunatic
Asylum.
1906 ...
1905 ...
1904 ...
CHARGES.
Establishment.
Establishment
proper.
8
Rs. A. P.
(c)
23,391
17,974
15,450
3
10
1
7
7
9
Superintendence.
9
Rs.
19,230
17,440
4,880
A.
4
13
15
P.
2
6
11
Diet.
10
Rs.
22,672
21,600
26,281
A.
10
13
0
P.
10
0
4
Clothing and bedding.
11
Rs.
293
256
294
A.
7
12
15
P.
0
4
3
Bazaar medicines.
12
Rs.
172
162
164
A.
13
5
8
P.
8
11
9
Contingencies.
Contingencies
proper.
13
Rs.
9,527
10,419
17,775
A.
8
14
13
P.
3
5
8
Repairs and main-
tenance.
14
Nil
Nil
Nil
Rates and taxes.
15
Nil
Nil
Nil
Name of Asylum.
1
Rangoon
Lunatic
Asylum.
1906 ...
1905 ...
1904 ...
CHARGES—concluded.
Remitted to treasury on
account of paying
patients, &c.
16
Rs.
23,916
25,755
20,229
A.
11
0
14
P.
11
3
0
Miscellaneous items.
17
Nil
Nil
Nil
Total of columns 8 to 17.
18
Rs.
99,210
98,610
94,077
A.
11
6
5
P.
5
0
Book charges.
Charges on ac-
count of work
done by Public
Works Depart-
ment.
19
Rs.
7,296
11,716
6,395
A.
0
0
13
P.
0
0
0
Cost of printed
forms and sta-
tionery.
20
Nil
Nil
Nil
Cost of English
medicines and
stores.
21
Rs.
(b)
11,082
13,038
10,259
A.
12
6
5
P.
6
8
0
Total of columns 18 to
21.
22
Rs.
1,17,589
1,18,364
1,10,732
A.
7
12
7
P.
11
8
8
Remarks.
23
(a) Column 5 excludes value of stores received from Manufacturing Department already credited in
column 4.
(b) Column 21 includes Rs. 10,395-2-9 value of manufactured articles made over to Asylum excluding
cost of raw materials.
(c) Column 8 includes house allowances for steward and store-keeper, matron, nurse, European attendant
and Hospital Assistant.
APPENDICES.
11
STATEMENT No. IX.—Showing the sanctioned establishment of the Rangoon Lunatic
Asylum as it stood on the 31st December 1906.
1
Particulars of establishment.
Superintendent ... ... ... ... ...
Deputy Superintendent ... ... ... ...
Hospital Assistants
...
...
...
...
Overseer ... ... ... ... ...
Steward and Store-keeper ... ... ... ...
Clerk
...
...
...
...
...
Matron ... ... ... ... ...
Nurse ... ... ... ... ...
European Attendant ... ... ... ...
Head-keepers
...
...
...
...
Cow-keeper ... ... ... ...
Gardener
...
...
...
...
...
Barber
...
...
...
...
...
Keepers
...
...
...
...
Sweepers ... ... ... ... ...
Cooks
...
...
...
...
Native Cook
...
...
...
...
...
Ward Servants
... ... ... ... ...
Tailor ... ... ... ... ...
Office peon
...
...
...
...
...
Total ...
2
Number.
1
1
1 at Rs. 100 and
1 at Rs. 60
1
1
1
1
1
1 at Rs. 25 and
1 at Rs. 20
1 at Rs. 15
1 at Rs. 25
1 at Rs. 12
(g) 9 at Rs. 16 each
(h) 20 at Rs. 14 each
29 at Rs. 12 each
(i) 7 at Rs. 13 each
1 at Rs. 18
and 1 at Rs. 15
1
2 at Rs. 15 each
1
1
......
3
Monthly wages.
Rs.
(a) 1,400
*87
200
(b) 160
84
(c) 64
60
(d) 72
(e) 40
(f) 70
45
15
25
12
772
91
33
16
30
15
12
3,303
A.
...
8
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
8
Daily average number of males
...
...
...
Daily average number of females
...
...
...
Proportion of
Overseers to males ...
...
...
Matron and Nurse to females
...
...
Male keepers to males ... ...
Female keepers to females
... ...
(a) Draws also a house allowance of Rs. 235 per mensem.
(b) Draws also a house allowance of Rs. 20 per mensem.
(c) Draws also a house allowance of Rs. 20 per mensem.
(d) Draws also a house allowance of Rs. 30 per mensem.
(e) Draws also a house allowance of Rs. 20 per mensem.
(f) Draws also a house allowance of Rs. 30 per mensem.
(g) One of these as a female keeper.
(h) Six of these are female keepers.
(i) Two of these are female sweepers.
* Exchange compensation allowance.
417.14
57.55
417.14
28.77
7.87
8.22
12
APPENDICES.
STATEMENT No. X.—Showing Receipts and Expenditure on account of Manufacture in the
Rangoon Lunatic Asylum during the year 1906, and provincial totals for two previous
years. (Paragraph 6.)
1
Name of Asylum.
Rangoon
Lunatic
Asylum.
1906 ...
1905 ...
1904 ...
2
MEAN POPULATION.
Males.
417.14
396.70
397.03
Females.
57.55
57.35
54.77
Total.
474.69
454.05
451.80
3
4
5
6
7
CREDITS.
Cash paid into the Trea-
sury during the year for
articles sold.
Rs.
4,637
6,806
11,678
A.
10
12
11
P.
5
7
1
Value of manufactured
goods made over to the
asylum for asylum pur-
poses.
Rs. A. P.
(a)
12,001
2
3
(a)
11,704
10,749
5
14
6
11
Value of raw materials in
store at the end of the
year.
Rs.
249
262
297
A.
1
5
15
P.
6
0
0
Value of manufactured
goods in store at the end
of the year.
Rs.
125
35
73
A.
3
8
13
P.
6
0
0
Value of plant and ma-
chinery in store at the
end of the year.
Rs.
3,832
4,296
8,260
A.
9
10
12
P.
6
0
0
1
Name of Asylum.
Rangoon
Lunatic
Asylum.
1906 ...
1905
...
1904 ...
2
MEAN POPULATION.
Males.
417.14
396.70
397.03
Females.
57.55
57.35
54.77
Total.
474.69
454.05
451.80
8
CREDITS.
Concluded.
Total credits.
Rs.
20,845
23,105
31,061
A.
11
9
2
P.
2
1
0
9
10 11
12
DEBITS.
Value of manufactured
goods in store on 1st
January.
Rs.
35
73
60
A.
8
13
11
P.
0
0
9
Value of raw materials in
store on 1st January.
Rs.
262
297
60
A.
5
15
13
P.
0
0
0
Value of plant and machi-
nery in store on 1st Jan-
uary.
Rs.
4,296
8,260
3,719
A.
10
12
12
P.
0
0
0
Raw materials purchased.
Rs.
1,605
1,156
3,563
A.
15
10
11
P.
6
5
6
1
Name of Asylum.
Rangoon
Lunatic
Asylum.
1906 ...
1905 ...
1904 ...
2
MEAN POPULATION.
Males.
417.14
396.70
397.03
Females.
57.55
57.35
54.77
Total.
474.69
454.05
451.80
13
14
15
DEBITS—concluded.
Contingencies of
manufacture.
Rs. A.
All other charges.
Rs.
(b)
480 0 ...
(b)
480
479
0
12
...
...
Total debits.
Rs.
6,680
10,259
7,884
A.
6
2
12
P.
6
5
3
16
Excess of credits or
profit.
Rs.
14,165
12,836
23,176
A.
4
6
5
P.
8
8
9
17
Excess of debit or loss.
Rs.
...
...
...
18
Remarks.
The daily average
number of luna-
tics
employed
on manufacture
during
the
working
days
was 199 in 1906,
109 in 1905 and
246 in 1904.
(a) Includes milk, vegetables, etc.
(b) Paid to lunatics as rewards for work.
G. B. C. P.O.—No. 77, I.G. of C. H., 14-5-1907—250-A.D.C.,
IP/QB.10
No. 10.
NEW SERIES.)
SCIENTIFIC MEMOIRS
BY
OFFICERS OF THE MEDICAL AND SANITARY DEPARTMENTS
OF THE
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
SPECIFICITY OF ANTIVENOMOUS SERA.
(SECOND COMMUNICATION.)
BY
CAPTAIN GEO. LAMB, M.D. (GLASG.)
(Indian Medical Service.)
ISSUED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
BY THE SANITARY COMMISSIONER WITH THE GOVERNMENT
OF INDIA, SIMLA.
CALCUTTA :
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA
1904.
Price As. 8 Or 9d.
* ADVOCATES. LI BRARY
No. 10.
(NEW SERIES.)
SCIENTIFIC MEMOIRS
BY
OFFICERS OF THE MEDICAL AND SANITARY DEPARTMENTS
OF THE
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
SPECIFICITY OF ANTIVENOMOUS SERA.
(SECOND COMMUNICATION.)
BY
CAPTAIN GEO. LAMB, M.D. (GLASG.)
( Indian Medical Service. )
ISSUED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
BY THE SANITARY COMMISSIONER WITH THE GOVERNMENT
OF INDIA, SIMLA.
CALCUTTA :
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.
1904.
Agents for the Sale of Books published by the Superintendent of Government
Printing, India, Calcutta.
IN ENGLAND.
ERNEST LEROUX, 28, Rue Bonaparte, Paris.
E. A. ARNOLD, 37, Bedford Street, Strand, Lon-
don, W.C.
MARTINUS NIJHOFF, The Hague, Holland.
CONSTABLE & CO., 2, Whitehall Gardens, London,
S.W.
IN INDIA.
THACKER, SPINK & CO., Calcutta and Simla.
SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON & CO., St. Dunstan's
House, Fetter Lane, London, E.C.
NEWMAN & CO., Calcutta.
R. CAMBRAY & CO., Calcutta.
P. S. KING & SON, 2 & 4, Great Smith Street,
Westminster, London, S.W.
S. K. LAHIRI & CO., Calcutta.
THACKER & CO., LD., Bombay.
KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER & CO., Charing
Cross Road, London, W.C.
D. B. TARAPOREVALA, SONS & CO., Bombay.
A. J. COMBRIDGE & CO., Bombay.
BERNARD QUARITCH, 15, Piccadilly, London, W. C. RADHABAI ATMARAM SAGOON, Bombay.
WILLIAMS and NORGATE, Oxford.
HIGGINBOTHAM & CO., Madras.
DEIGHTON BELL & CO., Cambridge.
V. KALYANARAMA IYER & CO., Madras.
G. A. NATESAN & CO., Madras.
ON THE CONTINENT.
RAI SAHIB M. GULAB SINGH AND SONS, Mufid-i-Am
Press, Lahore.
R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, II, Carlstrasse, Berlin,
N.W.
N. B. MATHUR, Superintendent, Nazair Kanun
Hind Press, Allahabad.
OTTO HARRASSOWITZ, Leipzig.
Superintendent, American Baptist Mission Press
Rangoon.
KARL W. HIERSEMANN, Leipzig.
SPECIFICITY OF ANTIVENOMOUS SERA
(SECOND COMMUNICATION.)
IN a previous paper1entitled "Specificity of Antivenomous Sera" I drew
attention to the great importance and interest of this question both
from the practical and from the theoretical standpoint. Further, in this com-
munication I brought forward evidence which pointed to an antivenomous serum
being in all probability strictly specific, that is to say, that a serum prepared by
injections of a single pure venom is able to neutralise that venom only and no
other. This evidence, stated briefly, consisted of the following facts:
—
Firstly, the antivenomous serum sent out by Calmette of Lille and prepared
with a mixture of venoms, in which mixture cobra venom greatly preponderates,
while able to neutralise the general action in vivo of cobra venom, has been
shown by Martin and Tidswell to have no effect on the venoms of several of the
Australian snakes. Further, this serum had no antitoxic effect on the poisons
of three of the Indian snakes, namely, Bungarus fasciatus, Vipera Russellii and
Echis carinata.
Secondly, the serum of a horse prepared by Tidswell with injections of a
pure unmixed venom, namely, the poison of Hoplocephalus curtus, while able
to neutralise the poison with which it was prepared, had no effect on the
venoms of three other Australian snakes, namely, the brown and black snakes
and the death adder. Further, this serum was shown to be quite inoperative
against the venoms of three Indian species, namely, Naja tripudians, Bungarus
fasciatus and Vipera Russellii.
The observations which led up to these conclusions fell short of a com-
plete study of the question of specificity in several ways.
In the first place, many of the observations were made with a serum,
namely, Calmette's serum, prepared with a mixture of snake venoms. Although
cobra venom forms the greater part of this mixture, it is à priori evident that
such a serum is not strictly adapted for the settlement of the question of speci-
ficity. This objection also applies to the recent observations published by
Rogers,2 as these observations were also made with Calmette's serum.
In the second place the two sera were tested against the poisons of only
a very few species of snakes.
In the third place, the sera were tested against only the general actions
in vivo of the several poisons, the experiments being all made on living ani-
mals. No attempt was at that time made to test the sera against any particular
action of the venoms, such as the action which all venoms exert on the red
B
2
blood cells as evidenced by hæmolysis, or the action which they have on the
blood plasma which results in an increase or a diminution of its coagulability.
Since the date of the first publication I have had the opportunity of greatly
extending the observations summarised above in the various directions in which
they fell short. These observations form the subject of the present communi-
cation.
Firstly.—I have had at my disposal two different antivenomous sera, each
prepared with a pure unheated venom, namely, (1) the serum prepared by Tidswell
with the poison of Hoplocephalus curtus, and (2) a serum prepared by myself
with pure unheated cobra venom. I am greatly indebted to Dr. Tidswell for
a further supply of his serum. For the preparation of the cobra venom immune
serum the horse was the animal employed. The horse, the serum of which was
used in all the experiments which I have now to record, had been treated at
the time of the present observations for a period of over two years with gradu-
ally increasing doses of pure unheated cobra venom. Beginning with an injec-
tion of 0.001 gramme of venom the dose was gradually increased, until at the
time of the experiments now described a quantity of 0.7 gramme was being
given at each injection without causing any symptoms beyond a considerable
local reaction.
Secondly.— I have been able to test these two sera against the poisons of a
great many more species of snakes. 3 These may be grouped as follows:—
I.—Colubridæ.
A. SUB-FAMILY—ELAPINÆ.
Genus Naia
.
.
.
1. Naia tripudians (cobra). India.
2. Naia bungarus (king cobra). India.
Genus Bungarus
.
.
3. Bungarus cœruleus (common krait). India.
4. Bungarus fasciatus (banded krait). India.
Genus Hoplocephalus .
.
5. Hoplocephalus curtus (tiger snake). Australia.
B. SUB-FAMILY HYDROPHIINÆ.
Genus Enhydrin
.
.
6. Enhydrina valakadien (common sea snake). India.
II.—Viperidæ.
C. SUB-FAMILY—VIPERINÆ.
Genus V ipera .
.
. 7. Vipera Russellii (daboia). India.
Genus Echis
.
.
.
8. Echis carinata (phoorsa). India.
D. SUB-FAMILY—CROTALINÆ.
Genus Trimeresurus .
.
9. Trimeresurus gramineus (green pit viper). India.
Genus Crotalus .
.
.
10. Crotalus adamanteus (Californian rattlesnake). America.
3
Thirdly.—I have tested the two antivenomous sera mentioned above not only
against the general actions of these venoms in vivo, but also, in most cases,
against their hæmolytic actions and against their actions on the blood plasma
in vitro.
It is well to state at the outset that it is not proposed in the present commu-
nication to enter in detail into the differences in the physiological actions of these
poisons further than is necessary for the purpose in view.
With this introduction we may now pass on to the consideration of the experi-
ments made with the object of ascertaining if either serum had any neutralising
effect on the general action in vivo of the various poisons. We shall take up
the venom of each species seriatim. To avoid repetition it would, however, be
well to state now the method which in most instances was employed. The test
dose of venom, which was always a small multiple of the minimum lethal dose,
was mixed in vitro with different amounts of serum. The mixtures were allowed
to stand at laboratory temperature (about 18°C) for half an hour. They were
then injected subcutaneously or intravenously, as the case might be. In all
instances rabbits were the animals employed. Attention will be drawn to any
exception to this rule of technique.
NAIA TRIPUDIANS (COBRA).—It is acknowledged by practically all
observers that cobra venom owes its lethal properties mainly, if not entirely, to its
action on the nervous system. In a recent paper 4 along with Dr. Hunter I showed
that this action resulted in marked degenerative changes in the nerve cells of all
parts of the central nervous system. When a moderate dose is given death is due
primarily to a paralysis of respiration, as a result of the action of the poison on the
respiratory centres. Cobra venom also causes paralysis of the motor end plates.
With a very large dose, especially when the injection is made intravenously, death
is probably due to inhibition of the heart brought about by the direct action of
the poison on the vagus centres in the medulla.
Its actions on the red blood cells and on the blood plasma, which actions
will be considered later on, appear to be secondary, as far as the fatal result is
concerned, to the action on the nervous tissues.
I have already shown 5 that the serum prepared with the venom of
Hoplocephalus curtus, which serum, for the sake of brevity, will be hereafter
designated H. C. V. serum, has absolutely no neutralising power for cobra
poison. I have also shown that Calmette's serum has a considerable antitoxic
effect against this venom. It, therefore, only remains for us now to consider
some experiments which were made with a view of determining the neutralising
power of the serum prepared with pure cobra venom (to be known hereafter as
C. V. serum), with regard to its corresponding venom.
The test dose of poison used in these experiments was about ten lethal doses.
The injections were made subcutaneously. A reference to the protocols (Table I)
B 2
4
will show that 1 c.c. of this serum was able to neutralise at least 1.5 milligram-
mes of pure unheated cobra venom.
In a previous communication6 along with Dr. Hanna I put on record the
estimation of the antitoxic value of fresh antivenomous serum sent out from Lille
for pure unheated cobra venom. As a result of a large series of experiments it was
determined that 1 c.c. of this serum was able to neutralise about 0.73 milligramme
of poison. I have, therefore; been able to prepare a serum more than double the
strength of that prepared by Calmette. Moreover, it may be anticipated that
the antitoxic value of this serum will, after the further treatment of the horse with
considerably larger doses of poison, become greatly enhanced. Such a result is
no doubt due to the fact that a pure and unheated venom was used and not a
mixed and heated poison.
NAIA BUNGARUS (KING COBRA).—This species of snake belongs to the
same genus as the cobra. Further, as far as can be judged from the observation
of symptoms and post-mortem appearances, the physiological action of its poison
resembles in every way the action of cobra venom. Rogers 7 has recently shown
that in this case also death results from respiratory paralysis. We can, therefore,
take it that the primary action of the poison is on the nervous tissues. The
actions on the blood cells and plasma are also similar to those of cobra venom.
Moreover, its toxicity is practically the same as the toxicity of cobra venom.
These considerations will show that the series of experiments now to be detailed
with this poison and C. V. serum is of the greatest interest and importance.
For the purpose of testing this reaction exactly the same technique was
employed as in the experiments detailed in Table I, the test dose of venom used
being about ten lethal doses. Under these conditions it will be seen from the
protocols (Table II) that even such a large quantity of C. V. serum as 14 c.c.
was unable to prevent death. It will, however, be observed that in the case of all
the animals which received serum the interval between the injection of the mixture
of venom and serum and the death of the animal was somewhat lengthened in
comparison with the control animals. It was, however, found that if normal
horse's serum was substituted for C. V. serum, death was also delayed, but never
for longer than 3½ hours, There is no doubt, therefore, that C. V. serum has a
certain hindering effect on the action of king cobra venom in vivo. It cannot,
however, be said to have a complete neutralising effect even when used in large
quantities. Further, it is certain that for practical therapeutic purposes it would
be of no value in cases of bites from this snake.
A single experiment with H. C. V. serum and the poison now under
consideration served to demonstrate that this serum had absolutely no effect in
even delaying death. Such an experiment is detailed in Table III of the protocols.
BUNGARUS CŒRULEUS (COMMON KRAIT).—The symptoms noticed after
either intravenous or subcutaneous injection of this venom are indistinguishable