NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
60
in strength, and ultimately to be altogether overcome. I would, however, observe, that much
would seem to rest with the Political and Civil Authorities, for I believe, it may fairly be
inferred from the Returns that in the districts where their countenance and support have been
best afforded, the practice of vaccination have been most successful.
" As will be perceived from the report of the Civil Surgeon, Kolapore,* the race of inoculators
is not altogether extinct; but, so far as is known, their practice, if any, has become very limited.
" The several reports show that, although of rather a mild type, Small-pox prevailed epide-
mically last year, and I regret to say that it does so again now."
UNDER THE SUPERINTENDING SURGEON SIND DIVISION.
Kurrachee.—Assistant
Surgeon J. G. Nicholson, M.D.—One (1) Vac-
cinator at Rupees nine (9) per mensem.
Table of Vaccination for five years and average :—
KURRACHEE.
Total Number Vaccinated.
SEX . . . .
CASTE . . .
AGE . . . .
RESULT .
Males . . . . .
Females. . . . .
Hindoos . . . .
Mussalmans ..
Christians . . .
Psarsees . . . .
Other Castes . .
Under one year.
Above one year.
Successful . . . .
Unsuccessful..
Doubtful . . . .
Percentage of Success . . .
1853.
308
171
137
84
219
3
2
..
..
..
286
22
..
92.8
1854.
1,105
764
341
132
954
17
..
2
..
..
898
158
49
81.2
1855.
1,123
722
401
499
523
94
6
1
..
..
983
70
70
87.5
1856.
628
400
228
267
313
31
8
9
..
..
589
4
35
93.7
1857.
651
368
283
312
273
59
4
3
498
153
584
39
28
89.7
Average.
763
485
278
259
456
42
3
3
..
..
668
59
36
890
1856.—The Civil Surgeon states:—
" From what I have seen, I am satisfied that many of the people have strong but frivo-
lous objections to vaccination, while others, whose children have been vaccinated, have the
greatest aversion to the removal of the lymph from their children's arms, from a fear that it
nullifies the influence of the virus. The Vaccinator has on several occasions complained to me
of want of sufficient countenance from Native officials, such as the Foujdar. These officials,
when spoken to on the subject, deny the charge; but there can be no doubt that they are
generally imbued with the same ignorant prejudices as other Natives, and that they are not
likely to give much encouragement to any innovation, however beneficial, except in obedience
to positive and stringent orders. The vesicles that I have had an opportunity of inspecting
have generally been of an imperfect kind; but I do not know whether this is to be ascribed
to a deterioration of the virus or to any other cause. In many instances I have myself taken
the lymph from imperfect-looking vesicles on Native children, and with it vaccinated Euro-
pean children with complete success.
1857.—Dr. Nicholson reports :—
" A comparative view of the numbers vaccinated in 1856 and 1857 shows a slight increase
during the past year.
* p. 56 ante.
61
" In 1856 the total number vaccinated was six hundred and twenty-eight (628), and in
1857 it was six hundred and fifty-one (651). There was a considerable diminution in the number
of males vaccinated last year, while the females are much increased. I am at a loss to what
to ascribe this variation. It has not been dependent on any peculiar measures adopted with
regard to the children, nor do I think it has been caused by any increased liberality on the
part of the people themselves. The figures show greater success during the year now ended.
We had five hundred and eighty-four (584) successful cases, while in 1856 the numbers were
five hundred and sixty-seven.(567). The lymph, so far as I have seen it, during the past year,
has been on the whole good, and I myself have vaccinated successfully many English children
with lymph taken from Natives. In very many instances I have had occasion to remark
that lymph taken from a very poor and imperfect-looking vesicle in a Native child has pro-
duced a great deal, both of local and constitutional, irritation in the English child. I have
little doubt that the distinctive peculiarity of constitution in the two fully explains this cir-
cumstance. There have not been many cases of Small-pox during the past year, but some
of them among children have been fatal in the town. I have heard of no cases of Small-pox
among English people.
" I have never heard of inoculation being practised by the people, and the great obstruction
to vaccination is the prejudices of the people themselves.
Kurrachee Jail.
1857.—The Civil Surgeon states:—
" All prisoners on admission into jail are examined by me, and such as are found not to
have had Small-pox, or have no vaccine marks on their arms, are at once vaccinated. Seventy-
four (74) persons have been vaccinated during the year, but of those only twenty-five (25)
were decidedly successful. There was only one child vaccinated under one year of age. All
the rest were above that age or adults. Considering the circumstances under which vaccina-
tion was performed, great success could scarcely be anticipated."
Hyderabad.—Assistant Surgeon F. W. Harris.—One (1) Vaccinator
at Rupees nine (9) per mensem.
Table of Vaccination for five years and average :—
HYDERABAD.
Total Number Vaccinated.
SEX . . .
CASTE . . .
AGE . . . .
RESULT .
Males . . . .
Females . . . .
Hindoos . . . .
Mussalmans . .
Christians . . .
Parsees . . . .
Other Castes..
Under one year.
Above one year.
Successful . . .
Unsuccessful..
Doubtful . . .
Percentage of Success . . .
1853.
493
285
208
216
274
3
..
..
..
..
483
10
..
97.9
1854.
2,202
1,399
803
934
1,268
..
..
..
..
..
1,961
134
107
89.0
1855.
2,078
1,330
748
844
1,231
3
..
..
..
..
1,937
73
68
93.2
1856.
2,353
1,735
618
665
1,683
5
..
..
..
..
2,243
108
2
95.3
1857.
1,526
914
612
632
887
6
1
..
797
729
1,313
129
84
86.0
Average.
1,730
1,132
598
658
1,069
3
..
..
..
..
1,587
91
52
92.3
62
1856.—In this year two thousand three hundred and fifty-three (2,353)
vaccinations were performed, of which two thousand two hundred and
forty-three (2,243) were reported to be successful.
1857.—The Civil Surgeon states :—
" During the year 1857 the total number vaccinated was one thousand five hundred and
twenty-six (1,526), and in the previous year two thousand three hundred and fifty-three
(2,353), showing a deficit of eight hundred and twenty-seven (827) in this year's operations,
accounted for by the circumstance that formerly all prisoners received into jail were promis-
cuously vaccinated and included in the Report,—this custom has been discontinued. With
regard to the sex, age, and result of those vaccinated during the year about one-third of
males were vaccinated in excess of females, and those vaccinated over one year of age, and
those under one year of age were about equal in number, and of one thousand five hundred
and twenty-six (1,526) vaccinated, one thousand three hundred and thirteen (1,313) were suc-
cessful, one hundred and twenty-nine (129) unsuccesful, and eighty-four (84) doubtful, the
percentage of success being 86. The quality of lymph and vesicles good. Little or no Small-
pox prevailed during the year. No known obstruction to the spread of vaccination existed."
[In Table No. 2 for 1857, in the Appendix, the operations performed
by the Station Vaccinator at Hyderabad, and by the Civil Hospital Estab-
lishment, have been separated. In the Civil Surgeon's Report they
seem to be united.]
Shikarpore.—Assistant
Surgeons W. G. Hunter and J. Gilbert.—One
(1) Vaccinator on Rupees nine (9) per mensem.
Table of Vaccination for five years and average :—
SHIKARPORE.
Total Number Vaccinated.
SEX
. . . .
CASTE . .
AGE . . .
RESULT .
Males . . . .
Females. . . . .
Hindoos . . . .
Mussalmans . .
Christians . . . .
Parsee . . . .
Other Castes . .
Under one year.
Above one year.
Successful . . .
Unsuccessful . .
Doubtful . . .
Percentage of Success . . . .
1853.
25
15
10
..
25
..
..
..
..
..
25
..
..
100.0
1854.
1,918
1,176
742
507
1,401
7
..
3
..
..
1,725
146
47
89.9
1855.
964
582
382
611
350
1
..
2
..
..
838
111
15
86.9
1856.
1,547
806
741
984
554
7
..
2
..
..
1,510
37
..
97.6
1857.
933
455
478
608
320
5
..
..
771
162
932
1
..
99.8
Average.
1,077
607
470
542
530
4
..
1
..
..
1,006
59
12
94.8
No reports for the years 1856 and 1857 have been received from this
Station.
63
Kurrachee Dispensary.—Sub-Assistant
Surgeon Anunta Chundroba.
Table of Vaccination for five years and average :—
KURRACHEE DISPENSARY
Total Number Vaccinated.
SEX . . . .
CASTE . .
AGE.
RESULT .
Males . . . .
Females . . .
Hindoos . . . .
Mussalmans . .
Christians . . . .
Parsees . . . .
Other Castes.. .
Under one year.
Above one year.
Successful . . ..
Unsuccessful..
Doubtful . . ..
Percentage of Success . . .
1853.
104
66
38
93
11
..
..
..
..
..
97
3
4
93.3
1854.
482
320
162
256
222
3
1
..
..
..
438
24
20
908
1855.
112
66
46
7
99
6
..
..
..
..
99
6
7
88.3
1856.
120
74
46
38
82
..
..
..
..
..
80
39
1
66.6
1857.
85
43
42
23
43
..
..
19
34
51
28
53
4
32.9
Average.
181
114
67
83
92
2
..
4
.. ..
149
25
7
74.4
[NOTE.—In Table No. 2 for 1856 and 1857 in the Appendix—prepared from Superintending Surgeon's
Returns—an error has crept in with regard to the Charitable Dispensary, Kurrachee, which has vitiated
in a great measure the correctness and utility of the tables. The figures should be corrected as above,
which are taken from the Half-yearly Reports of the Sub-Assistant Surgeon. It will be seen there-
fore that there were one hundred and twenty (120) vaccinations performed in 1856, instead of none as
stated in the table, and eighty-five in 1857 in place of 17, erroneously recorded in the table.]
1856.—The Sub-Assistant Surgeon regrets the few vaccinations per-
formed at the Dispensary, but accounts for it by the presence of a Sta-
tion Vaccinator at Kurrachee. He states:—
" There is some difficulty in inducing parents to have their children vaccinated. None
ever came of their own accord, and a kind of compulsion is still found necessary."
1857.—Mr. Anunta Chundroba writes :—
" I am sorry I have no encouraging report to make upon vaccination. During the past
twelve months little was done, for want of good matter. I have received several supplies
from Bombay, but unfortunately none succeeded." He then states his reasons for fearing
the vaccine virus at Kurrachee was not very genuine, especially as he had met with a case
of Small-pox following vaccination. He adds, " the difficulty in obtaining children formerly
met with, does not exist to so great an extent as before, but the hearty co-operation of the
parents is still wanting."
He concludes:—
" It is cheering to see that of the many children I vaccinated during the early part of my
stay here, not one—at least as far as I have been able to ascertain—has been attacked with
Small-pox."
At the following Stations in Sind no special reports have been
64
received. The tables are therefore simply given of vaccination for five
years and average :—
Jerruck.
Vaccination for five years and average :—
JERRUCK.
Total Number Vaccinated.
SEX . . . .
CASTE . .
RESULT .
Males. . . .
Females . . . .
Hindoos . . . .
Mussalmans . . .
Christians . . . .
Parsees . . . .
Other Castes..
Under one year.
Above one year.
Successful . . .
Unsuccessful..
Doubtful . . .
Percentage of Success . . . .
1853.
6
2
4
5
..
1
..
..
.. ..
5
1
..
83.3
1854.
77
48
29
23
54
..
..
..
..
..
77
..
..
100.0
1855.
119
72
47
84
71
..
..
..
..
..
89
30
..
74.7
1856.
17
2
15
..
17
..
..
..
.. ..
17
..
..
100.0
1857.
261
116
145
33
228
..
..
..
39
222
259
2
..
99.2
Average.
96
48
48
22
74
..
..
..
..
..
89
7
..
91.4
Mcerpoor.
Vaccination for five years and average :—
MEERPOOR.
Total Number Vaccinated.
SEX. . .
CASTE . .
AGE . . .
RESULT.
Males . . . . .
Females . . . .
Hindoos . . . .
Mussalmans ..
Christians . . . .
Parsees . . . .
Other Castes..
Under one year.
Above one year.
Successful . . . .
Unsuccessful..
Doubtful . . . .
Percentage of Success . . .
1853.
120
68
52
33
87
..
..
..
..
..
88
17
15
73.3
1854.
1,463
857
606
622
841
..
..
..
..
..
1,091
131
241
74.5
1855.
239
130
109
75
164
..
..
..
..
..
185
14
40
77.4
1856.
45
26
19
18
27
..
..
..
..
..
14
31
..
31.1
1857.
31
16
15
..
31
..
..
..
2
29
27
2
2
87.0
Average.
379
219
160
149
230
..
..
..
..
..
281
39
59
68.6
65
Mahomed Khan's Tanda.
Table of Vaccination for five years and average :—
MAHOMED KHAN'S
TANDA.
Total Number Vaccinated.
SEX
CASTE . .
AGE . . .
RESULTS
Males. . . . . .
Females . . . .
Hindoos . . .
Mussalmans ..
Christians . .
Parsees . . . .
Other Castes . .
Under one year. .
Above one year.
Successful . . . .
Unsuccessful..
Doubtful . . . .
Percentage of Success . . .
1853.
13
9
4
1
12
..
..
..
..
.. 9
..
4
69.2
1854.
13
13
..
..
13
..
..
..
..
.. 10
..
3
77.0
1855.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1856.
125
71
54
44
81
..
..
..
..
..
121
..
4
96.8
1857.
10
5
5
9
1
..
..
..
5
5
10
..
..
100.0
Average.
32
19
13
11
21
..
..
..
..
..
30
..
2
68.6
Larkhana.
Table of Vaccination for five years and average :—
LARKHANA.
Total Number Vaccinated.
SEX . . .
CASTE . .
AGE . . .
RESULT .
Males . . . .
Females . . . .
Hindoos . . .
Mussalmans ..
Christians . . . .
Parsees . . . .
Other Castes . . .
Under one year. .
Above one year.
Successful . . .
Unsuccessful.. .
Doubtful . . . .
Percentage of Success . . . .
1853.
344
208
136
234
110
..
..
..
..
..
256
63
25
74.4
1854.
12
11
1
..
12
..
..
..
..
..
4
8
..
33.3
1855.
135
89
46
49
86
..
..
..
..
..
83
42
10
61.4
1856.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1857.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Average.
98
62
36
57
41
..
..
..
..
..
69
22
7
33.8
For the operations performed at Roree, Tarosha, and Halla, during
1856 and 1857, reference is made to Table No. 2 in the Appendix. At
Kittee there was no vaccination during these years.
9v
66
Aden.—Assistant Surgeon- Steinhaeuser.—One (1) Vaccinator on
Rupees fifteen (15) per mensem.
Table of Vaccination for four years and average :—
ADEN.
Total Number Vaccinated . . . . . . .
SEX . . .
CASTE . . .
AGE . . . .
RESULT .
Males . . . . . .
Females . . . .
Hindoos . . . . .
Mussalmans . . . .
Christians . . . . .
Parsees . . . . .
Other Castes . . . . .
Under one year . . . .
Above one year . . . .
Successful . . . . .
Unsuccessful . . . .
Doubtful . . . . .
Percentage of Success . . . . .
1854.
887
692
195
44
731
3
..
59
..
..
866
21
..
97.6
1855.
825
646
179
43
767
10
..
5
..
..
825
..
..
100.0
1856.
1,786
1,277
509
125
1,606
51
..
4
..
..
1,786
..
..
100.0
1857.
901
714
187
55
80
40
3
723
41
860
901
..
..
100.0
Average.
1,099
832
267
67
808
26
1
197
..
..
1,094
5
..
99.4
1856.—The Civil Surgeon (Mr. Steinhaeuser) reports—
" Vaccination has been well kept up during the year. One thousand seven hundred and
eighty-six (1,786) individuals have undergone the operations with success, viz. one thousand
two hundred and seventy-seven (1,277) males, and five hundred and nine (509) females. The
largest number of cases for vaccination is found among the Somalies, and especially among
adults of these tribes. They have a dread of Small-pox, and as marking the body by incision
and by burning is an hereditary custom, the three round cicatrices upon the arm produced
by the vaccine pustule are in request among them. Arabs, after the Somalies, have brought
the largest number of children for vaccination ; next the Hindoos, who are prejudiced against
vaccination; the Jews have given the least support to the operation,—they form a large propor-
tion of the population of Aden, but are very bigotted and averse to all innovation. The
lymph forwarded this year from the Royal Jennerian Society of London was tried in several
cases, but proved ineffectual."
1857.—Assistant Surgeon Steinhaeuser reports that—
" Vaccination has been regularly and carefully carried on by the Native Vaccinator under
my superintendence during the entire year, but, numerically speaking, with much less success
than during the previous year, for nine hundred and one (901) individuals only have been
successfully operated on. I am unable to account for this falling off in the numbers vacci-
nated, as the prevalence of Variola as an epidemic in the town might be supposed to induce
the inhabitants to seek the more eagerly for this preventative means.
"The Somalie and Arab population have been the chief applicants, as usual, for vaccination.
At one part of the hot season when doubtful of the quality of the lymph, a fresh supply was
applied for and received from the Superintendent, Presidency, and also from the Royal
Jennerian Institution of London, and several children were successfully operated on with the
lymph obtained from these quarters. Since that period the vaccine matter at this station has
produced perfectly satisfactory results."
67
Bushire.—Assistant Surgeon McAlister.
Table of Vaccination for five years and average :—
BUSHIRE.
Total Number Vaccinated.
SEX . . . .
CASTE . .
AGE . . . .
RESULT .
Males . . . .
Females . . .
Christians . . . .
Mussalmans . .
Christians . . .
Parsees . . . .
Other Castes . .
Under one year.
Above one year.
Successful . . .
Unsuccessful..
Doubtful . . . .
Percentage of Success . . .
1853.
95
41
54
..
83
4
..
8
..
..
88
7
..
92.6
1854.
279
135
144
..
258
11
..
10
..
..
265
14
..
94.9
1855.
382
196
186
..
358
8
..
16
..
..
380
2
..
99.4
1856.
115
59
56
..
106
5
..
4
..
..
69
45
..
60.0
1857.
195
91
104
..
177
18
..
..
133
62
144
51
..
73.8
Average.
213
104
109
..
196
9
..
8
..
..
189
24
..
84.1
1856.—The Civil Surgeon states :—
" From the 1st January to the 2nd May sixty-nine (69) children, including all castes,
were vaccinated successfully, and twenty-five (25) unsuccessfully; but after the latter
date to the termination of the current year no children were brought to the Dispensary for
that purpose, excepting twenty-one (21), who were vaccinated at the latter end of the past
month, with the lymph transmitted from Bombay, but not one of the number proved suc-
cessful. The cause of this lymph producing no effect must be attributed to its having been
rendered inert during its long passage to this place in the " Clive," which vessel occupied
about forty days from Bombay to Bushire. It is to be regretted that this lymph did not act,
particularly as Small-pox has manifested itself in this place during the past month; but as yet
only a few children have been attacked by it, nor do I expect that many will suffer from the
malady, as the great mass of the children of the town, owing to the war, have been removed
to a remote part of the country.
" The cause of parents not bringing their children during the summer months is partly
owing to the extreme heat of the weather, and partly to apathy and indifference, which these
people exhibit less or more, at all times in this matter. During the very hot weather, how-
ever, the vaccine does not propagate a pustule, even when it is transmitted directly from the
arm of one child to that of another, and it would, under such circumstances, be useless
bringing children out, but parents often decline doing so sometime before the lymph ceases to
act. In comparing the number vaccinated last year, viz. one hundred and fifteen (115)
with the preceding year, viz. three hundred and eighty-two (382), there is a decrease of two
hundred and sixty-seven (267), which is partly owing to the disturbed state of the country
and partly to the vaccine having failed."
1857.—There were one hundred and ninety-five (195) vaccinations
performed, of which one hundred and forty-four (144) were reported
to be successful.
68
VACCINATION UNDER NATIVE CHIEFS' AGENCY.
26. Upon reference to Table No. 3 in the Appendix, it will be seen,
that in 1856 the total number vaccinated amounted to fifty-three thousand
six hundred and sixty-three (53,663), an increase of about eight thou-
sand and five hundred (8,500) over the year 1855. In 1857, it will be
observed, that the number was forty-four thousand and thirteen
(44,013), being a diminution of about nine thousand and six hundred
(9,600) from 1856, chiefly in the Southern Division and in Guzerat.
In 1856 there was a steady increase in each Division, the continuance
of which perhaps could not be expected during the year 1857. A
greater falling off may not. be unreasonably anticipated during the
present year.
27. The average of successful vaccinations for the year 1856 was
about 88.0 per cent. In 1857 it reached only a little more than 87.0 per
cent. In the Native States of the Southern Division the highest average
prevails. The sexes operated upon during the two years are pretty
equally balanced, and a remarkable uniformity runs throughout all the
Divisions. The Hindoos, as to numbers, far outstrip all other castes.
With regard to "age," it appears that there were only thirteen thou-
sand six hundred and thirty (13,630) children under one year of age
vaccinated, whilst there were upwards of thirty thousand (30,000) above
that age—a result which shows that in the Native States, as might
perhaps be expected,—the value of vaccination in early infancy is little
understood or appreciated.
28. The Reports of the several Medical Officers under whom the
Native Chiefs' Vaccinators are placed, will now be examined. Reference
will occasionally be made to the Superintendents' Reports previously
given, where the Native Chiefs' agency may have been already
alluded to.
SOUTHERN DECCAN DIVISION.
29. Jagheers in the Belgaum, Dharwar, Sholapore and Sattara
Districts under the Superintendent of the Southern Deccan Division,
(Assistant Surgeon Johnstone in 1856, and Assistant Surgeon Mills in
1857,) are comprised in this Division.
69
Table of Vaccination for five years and average
SOUTHERN DECCAN
DIVISION.
Total Number Vaccinated.
SEX
CASTE . .
AGE
. . . .
RESULT . .
Males . . . . . .
Females . . . .
Hindoos . . . . .
Mussalmans . .
Christians . . . .
Parsees . . . . .
Other Castes . . .
Under one year.
Above one year.
Successful . . . .
Unsuccessful . .
Doubtful . . . .
Percentage of Success . . . .
1853.
6,299
3,957
2,342
5,776
241
..
..
282
..
..
5,093
264
942
80.8
1854.
5,765
3,569
2,196
5,122
574
..
..
69
..
..
4,783
218
764
82.9
1855.
7,604
4,126
3,478
7,274
328
2
..
..
..
..
6,481
256
867
85.2
1856.
9,806
5,263
4,543
9,438
360
8
..
..
..
..
8,842
154
810
90.1
1857.
8,723
4,621
4,102
8,109
349
..
..
265
2,155
6,568
8,121
213
389
93.1
Average.
7,639
4,307
3,332
7,144
370
2
..
123
..
..
6,664
221
754
86.4
1856.—The total number vaccinated by the Jagheers' Vaccinators
(12 in number) was nine thousand eight hundred and six (9,806), an
increase of two thousand two hundred and two (2,202) over 1855,
being at the rate of eight hundred and seventeen (817) operated upon
by each Vaccinator. There were five thousand two hundred and sixty-
three (5,263) males, and four thousand five hundred and forty-three
(4,543) females, all Hindoos, with the exception of three hundred and
sixty (360) Mussalmans and eight (8) Christians. The ratio per cent.
of successful to number vaccinated was about 90.0. Dr. Johnstone
states :—
" The increase in 1856 appears due to the extension of vaccination in the Kolapore State,
where, through the instrumentality of the Acting Political Superintendent, the reception of
vaccination was urged on the people with a spirit which, at least for 1856, has made the Ko-
lapore vaccination generally to exceed that of other Jagheer lands. With the exception of
this State, vaccination in the Jagheers is inferior, generally in point of numbers, to that per-
formed in the Government districts, and this is plainly to be attributed to the want of interest
shown by the Jagheerdars on the subject, as well as to the people themselves, who, in entire
ignorance of the nature of vaccination, consider it merely a vexatious operation, in which they
place no confidence, and which they avoid in every way in their power. The Sattara
Jahgeers are all examples of this, and I do not wonder at the feeling of want of confidence,
for repeated instances of Small-pox after vaccination (which I truly believe had been with the
knowledge of the Vaccinators imperfectly performed) were brought before me during my late
visits to the Jagheers."
1857.—Dr. Mills writes :—
" During the year 1857 the number of Vaccinators supported by the Jagheerdars in this
Division has increased from twelve (12) to sixteen (16). The Chiefs of Meeruz, Jumkhandee,
Moodhal, and Kajwar, in the Southern Muratha Country, having been induced to entertain
Vaccinators, and the Koorundwar Chiefs are making arrangements to entertain a second in