NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
81
were vaccinated for the second time,—as in each instance an operation
was performed, the result of which it appeared desirable to record. To
the course suggested by Dr. Morehead in the same paragraph, viz. that
it would be better to record only successful cases of vaccination, and
thus get rid of the present "cumbrous system," there is the serious
objection that neither the Superintendent of Vaccination, the Superin-
tending Surgeon, nor the Director-General, would be able to form any
opinion of the comparative quality of the lymph employed in different
districts by different Vaccinators, nor of the care and attention (or the
reverse) with which the Native Vaccinators performed the operation.
Supervision under this system could scarcely be exercised, and reliance
would have to be placed entirely on the statement of the Vaccinator that
he had vaccinated successfully a certain number of individuals. But
under the present system, if any great discrepancy between the total
number vaccinated, and the proportion of success is observed, in a
particular district, the Superintendent's attention is immediately attracted
to the circumstance, and if his inquiries fail to elicit a satisfactory
explanation, it is his duty to visit the district to ascertain by personal
investigation the cause of the failure or want of success.
Columns for Ages first
opened in 1857.
47. The subject of "Age" first engaged attention in 1856, con-
sequent upon Government Resolution on the
Report of Vaccination for 1854-55 (see p. 57
Vaccination Report of that year), and columns
were opened in all the Returns from 1857 to distinguish between
those who were operated upon under and above one year of age—
the object being to contrast the difference between infant and adult
vaccination.
Table of Age in Appendix.
48. The last table in Appendix No. 2 will be found to exhibit the
result of this inquiry for the year 1857, and it will
be seen that out of a total of two hundred and
forty-six thousand six hundred and nineteen (246,619) persons vacci-
nated, seventy-five thousand one hundred and fifty-five (75,155) were
under one year of age, and one hundred and seventy-one thousand four
hundred and sixty-four (171,464) above, being an excess of ninety-six
thousand three hundred and nine (96,309) in favor of the latter, i. e.
in other words out of every hundred (100) individuals vaccinated
about seventy (70) were above one year old, and thirty (30) were below
that age.
Same subject.
49. In the Superintendents'
Establishments
out of a total of one
hundred and seventy-four thousand three hun-
dred and sixty-eight (174,368) operations, fifty
thousand nine hundred and eighteen (50,918) were performed upon
11 v
82
children under one year, and one hundred and twenty-three thousand
four hundred and fifty (123,450) above one year, being an excess of
seventy-two thousand five hundred and thirty-two (72,532) of the
latter, i. e. in the proportion of about twenty-nine (29) under one year,
and seventy-one (71) above that age in every one hundred (100)
individuals. In the Civil Surgeons' Establishments
there were out of a
total of twenty-eight thousand two hundred and thirty-eight (28,238)
operations, ten thousand six hundred and seven (10,607) under one year,
and seventeen thousand six hundred and thirty-one (17,631) above one
year, the excess of the latter being only seven thousand and twenty-four,
(7,024), and the proportion out of every hundred being thirty-seven (37)
under one year, and sixty-three (63) above that age. In the Native
Chiefs' Agency, out of a total of forty-four thousand and thirteen (44,013)
vaccinations, thirteen thousand six hundred and thirty (13,630) were in
infants below one year, and thirty thousand three hundred and eighty-
three (30,383) in persons above, being an excess of the latter of sixteen
thousand seven hundred and fifty-three (16,753), showing that amongst
one hundred (100) individuals operated upon, thirty (30) only were
under one year, and seventy (70) above that age. Notwithstanding
the above remarkable facts, it will be seen that in two of the Superin-
tendents' Divisions (Presidency and Western Guzerat), and at the
following Stations (Bandora, Nassick, Dhoolia, Broach, Kurrachee,
Hydrabad, Shikarpore, Roree, and Bushire), the vaccinations performed
upon children under one year old were absolutely in excess of those
above that age.
Presumed causes of Vacci-
nation being performed at
different Ages.
50. It is difficult to trace the true causes of these differences, and it
is impossible to say whether at the Presidency, in
Western Guzerat, and at the other places just
mentioned, the people are or are not more alive
to the value of infant over adult vaccination, than at other places, or
whether there may not be accidental circumstances attending the registra-
tions of ages during the first year of its introduction, which may not be
met with afterwards. The inference drawn by the Acting Superintend-
ing Surgeon, Poona, (Dr. Morehead,)at p. 45 ante, which is recorded also
in somewhat similar terms in other reports, that the excess of adult over
infant vaccination "proves that notwithstanding
the efforts of half a
century, this prophylactic has not secured an appreciable hold on the
affections of the people," may be correct; but as it is impossible to be
certain without some further information that the greater part of those
vaccinated above one year were not really children under two—or at the
most three years of age, no safe or satisfactory conclusion can at the
present stage be arrived at, further than—that at a very tender age the
83
majority of Native parents object to the operation of vaccination being
performed on their children.
51. The distinction of "infants," "children," and "adults" might,
perhaps, hereafter be advantageously introduced into the tables ; but
for some time to come the present arrangement should be allowed to
continue.
Pensions for the Super-
annuated.
52. There is scarcely a Superintendent during the two years now
passed under review, who has not recommended
that superannuated Native Vaccinators should
receive a small pension, and there is some reason
to fear that aged men—unfit for work—are sometimes kept on the
Establishment to the prejudice of the cause of vaccination, and to the
disadvantage of the public, because Superintendents and others can
hardly bring themselves to recommend for summary discharge men
who have spent thirty or forty years in the service of Government, and
who have no pittance from the State to support them in old age.
I earnestly trust that ere long the subject will receive the attention of
Government; in the mean time I beg to refer to the remarks on this
head in the last para. of Dr. Morehead's Report at page 45 ante, with
which I fully agree.
53. ANALYSIS OF TABLES IN APPENDIX No. 2.—Table No. 1A. Vac-
cination under Superintendents—Showing
the total number vaccinated
in each year from 1853 to 1857, arranged according to sex, caste, age,
and result, with averages.
In the year 1853 the Vaccination Establishments under Superintend-
ents were largely increased, and a new Superintendent of the Southern
Deccan Division was appointed. The effect of this change is seen in
a large increase of the numbers vaccinated in 1854 compared to 1853.
The average number of persons vaccinated for the five years appears to
be about one hundred and fifty-eight thousand five hundred and sixty-
two (158,562) per annum.
There seems to be annually vaccinated on
an average about seventeen thousand (17,000) more males than females.
The proportion per cent. as regards caste is as follows :—Hindoos 80.4,
Mussulmans 16.6, Christians 0.9, Parsees 0.1, other castes 1.8. The
average percentage of success appears to be very nearly 90., that is—out
of every ten persons operated on, nine are successfully vaccinated.
Table No. 1B is similar to No. 1A, but arranged in accordance with
Superintendents' Divisions. In this table the amount of work performed
by each Superintendent for the last five years is seen at a glance, and the
averages of totals, sexes, castes, ages, and results are distinctly figured.
84
Table No. 2A. Vaccination under Civil Surgeons, &c.—Showing
the
total number vaccinated in each year from 1853 to 1857, arranged
according to sex, caste, age, and result, with averages. There is nothing
in this table to call for particular remark. The largest number of vacci-
nations were performed in 1853, and are to be explained by the fact
that in 1853 the organization of the Establishment belonging to the new
Divisional Superintendent of the Southern Deccan Division had not
been entirely completed, and that consequently the numbers vaccinated
under Civil Surgeons were not affected until the following year 1854,
when there was an increase of more than twenty thousand (20,000)
under the Superintendent (see Table No. 1B Southern Division), and
a decrease of six thousand (6,000) at Belgaum, ten thousand (10,000) at
Dharwar, two thousand (2,000) at Kolapore (see Table No. 2B South-
ern Division). The average number of persons vaccinated by Civil
Surgeons appears to be about thirty-six thousand six hundred and sixty-
five (36,665) per annum, and about five thousand (5,000) more of the
male than of the female sex. The proportion per centum of caste is as
follows :—Hindoos 74.7, Mussalmans 22.4, Christians 1.5, Parsees 0.3,
and other castes 1.0. The percentage of success on an average of five
years is not quite so great as under Superintendents, but the difference
is scarcely appreciable.
Table No. 2B is similar to No. 2A, but arranged under Stations
classified in accordance with Superintending Surgeons' Divisions, and
the details respecting each Station for the last five years are given.
Table No. 2C and 2D are intended to show the number vaccinated at
Stations where there is, and where there is not, a Native Vaccinator.
The former table relates to twenty stations, and shows that, on an
average, each Vaccinator operates annually on about one thousand and
five hundred (1,500) individuals, the latter table to fifteen places, at
each of which about two hundred and ninety (290) persons are annually
vaccinated. These tables are scarcely to be relied on, inasmuch as
some Civil Surgeons have erroneously included vaccinations per-
formed by other persons than by Station Vaccinators. This is particu-
larly seen at p. 40 ante, where the Station Vaccinators' operations are
only seven hundred and forty-nine (749); yet one thousand one hun-
dred and twelve (1,112) persons are entered as vaccinated by the Civil
Surgeon Ahmednuggur. Moreover at Bhooj, in 1856, operations per-
formed by the Vaccinators employed by His Highness the Rao of
Cutch are entered under the Station of Bhooj.
Table No. 3A. Vaccination under Native Chiefs'
Agency—Showing
85
the total number vaccinated each year from 1853 to 1857, arranged
according to sex, age, caste, and result, with averages.
In this table it will be observed that the largest number of vaccinations
are in 1856, and the smallest number in 1853. The average appears
to be about thirty-eight thousand six hundred and fifty-four (38,654
per annum. The distribution into caste shows the average per centum
to be—Hindoos 91.3, Mussalmans 6.7, Christians 0.2, Parsees 0.01, and
other castes 1.5. The percentage of success is not so high as in other
tables, being a little more than 86.0, i. e. about eight and a half (8½)
persons are successfully vaccinated out of every ten (10) persons.
Table No. 3B is the same as Table No. 3A, but the operations for
the last five years are arranged according to Divisions.
Table No. 4A General Abstract of Vaccination for Five Years from
1853 to 1857 corresponds with Table No. 4 of the Appendix,
arranged according to sex, caste, age, and result with averages. The
total number vaccinated by all the Establishments, throughout the whole
Presidency for five years is one million one hundred and sixty-nine
thousand, four hundred and ten (1,169,410), or about on an average two
hundred and thirty-three thousand eight hundred and eighty-two
(233,882) persons per annum. The total number of the male sex is
six hundred and forty-seven thousand one hundred and twenty-one
(647,121), and of the female sex five hundred and twenty-two thousand
two hundred and eighty-nine (522,289), or one hundred and twenty-four
thousand eight hundred and thirty-two (124,832) less than males. Thus
upon an average there seems to be twenty-five thousand (25,000) more
of males than females annually vaccinated. In the year 1855 the
largest number of vaccinations were recorded, in the year 1853 the
smallest. Vaccinations, therefore, it will be seen, increased from 1853
to 1855, since which time they have diminished in actual numbers, al-
though the percentage of success has been greater. With respect to
"caste," the following is the proportion per centum: Hindoos 81.3,
Mussalmans 15.9, Christians 0.9, Parsees 0.2, and other castes 1.6.
Table No. 4B shows the total number of persons vaccinated, arranged
under the head of Establishments under Superintendents,
Civil Surgeons,
and Native Chiefs' Agency.
The total number vaccinated, viz. one
million one hundred and sixty-nine thousand four hundred and ten
(1,169,410), gives an average of about three hundred and eighty-nine
thousand eight hundred and three (389,803) for each Establishment;
but it will be seen that under Superintendents of Vaccination seven
hundred and ninety-three thousand eight hundred and twelve (793,812)
operations were performed, nineteen thousand three hundred and
86
twenty-seven (19,327) by the agency of Native Chiefs, and one hundred
and eighty-three thousand three hundred and twenty-six (183,326) by
Civil Surgeons and others. With respect to the ratio of success
which has attended these operations, that under Superintendents and
Civil Surgeons, for five years is nearly 90 per cent., whilst under the
Establishment of Chiefs it is about 86 per cent.
I have the honour to be
Sir,
Your most obedient Servant,
B. P. ROOKE, M.D., Director-General,
Medical Department.
Bombay, Director-General's
Office,
9th October 1858.
No. 2756 OF 1858.
GENERAL DEPARTMENT.
To THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL MEDICAL DEPARTMENT.
SIR,—I have received and laid before the Right Honorable the
Governor in Council your Report on Vaccination throughout the
Bombay Presidency and Sind, for the years 1856 and 1857, and am
directed to communicate to you the following observations and
instructions.
2. His Lordship in Council considers that your Report is a very
complete and valuable document, and I am to convey to you the
expression of the satisfaction of Government with the great care and
attention which has been bestowed upon it.
3. It is to be regretted that the Vaccination Department does not
hold out sufficient inducement to enable Government to secure the
services of a more trustworthy and intelligent class as Native Vaccina-
tors. The low rate of remuneration, and exclusion from pensions, is,
no doubt, sufficient to explain this circumstance in some measure, but
His Lordship in Council observes, that " many Vaccinators are employed
in occupations foreign to the object for which they were originally
intended," and that an objectionable system of allowing absentees to
87
appoint their own substitutes is tolerated, to the prejudice of the public
service. These are both abuses which the Superintendents should, in
the opinion of His Lordship in Council, be directed at once to remedy.
4. Government observe with regret, that, notwithstanding the con-
tinued zealous efforts of the officers of the Department to extend the
practice of Vaccination throughout the country, there is not only no
increase of the numbers vaccinated, but the general result shows a
retrogression, both in 1856 and 1857, from the numbers vaccinated in
1855; in the former year the falling off is twelve thousand one
hundred and thirty-seven (12,137), in the latter no less than thirteen
thousand one hundred and forty-seven (13,147). This shows, in the
absence of any special explanation, that Vaccination does not advance
in popular favour with the Natives of this country. Sind, however, pre-
sents a striking contrast in this respect, the increase in that province
has been upwards of twenty-five thousand (25,000), as this increase is
included in the general results, the falling off in the older provinces of
this Presidency assumes very serious proportions for the year 1857,
and must be set down, as compared with the year 1855, at not much
under forty thousand (40,000). His Lordship in Council trusts, that this
may prove to be only a temporary retrogression, and that future expe-
rience may tend to dissipate the doubts to which it is calculated to give
rise, as to the voluntary adoption at some future period of Vaccination
by the Natives of this country as a general practice.
5. In conclusion, I am desired to request, that printed copies of the
Vaccination Report for 1856 and 1857 be distributed as usual for
general information, and a sufficient number of copies (sixty) furnished
to Government for transmission to the Home Authorities.
I have the honour to be, &c.
H. YOUNG,
Chief Secretary to Government.
Bombay Castle, 12th November 1858.
APPENDIX.
a
TABLE
VACCINATION UNDER
Table of Divisional Vaccination, showing the Number and Names of the Divisions, and their
compared with those of last Year ; the Total Number arranged according to Sex, Caste,
Operations performed by each Vaccinator ; the Pay of Vaccinators ; and the
Number.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
DIVISIONS.
1856.
PRESIDENCY . . . . ..
KONKAN . . . . . .
NORTHERN DECCAN ..
SOUTHERN DECCAN ..
WESTERN GUZERAT ..
EASTERN GUZERAT ..
SIND . . . . . .
1857.
PRESIDENCY . . . . . .
KONKAN . . . . . . .
NORTHERN DECCAN ..
SOUTHERN DECCAN ..
WESTERN GUZERAT ..
EASTERN GUZERAT ..
SIND . . . . .
KATTYWAR CIRCLE . .
Names of the
MEDICAL OFFICERS,
Superintendents of Vaccination.
Asst. Surg. G. R. Ballingall . .
„
T. B. Beatty . . . .
„ W. Davey . . . . .
„
T. B. Johnstone . .
„
R. G. Lord, M.D.
„
W. Peach, M.D . . .
„
T. E. P. Martin . .
Total . . . .
Asst. Surg. G. R. Ballingall ..
„ T.B Beatty . . . . . . .
„ W. Davey . . . . . .
„ J. Mills . . . . . .
„ R. Thorp . . . . .
„ C. Ross . . . . . .
„
T. E. P. Martin ..
„
R. G. Lord, M.D..
Total . . . .
Number of Native Vac-
cinators attached.
10
18
18
18
23
17
15
119
10
18
18
18
15
17
15
8
119
Total Number Vacci-
nated.
7,183
33,798
22,614
16,262
36,567
26,260
15,551
158,235
6,747
33,756
20,563
15,532
28,857
25,563
40,777
2,573
174,368
Compared with last Year.
1855.
8,494
35,955
26,490
16,208
45,156
23,277
20,809
176,389
1856.
7,183
33,798
22,614
16,262
36,567
26,260
15,551
..
158,235
Increase.
..
..
..
54
..
2,983
..
....
..
..
..
..
..
..
25,226
..
16,133
Decrease.
1,311
2,157
3,876
..
8,589
..
2,258
18,154
436
42
2,051
730
7,710
697
..
..
..
Sex.
Males.
4,355
17,389
12,040
8,656
19,373
14,772
9,265
85,850
4,169
17,346
10,549
8,090
15,270
14,586
25,577
1,402
96,989
Females.
2,828
16,409
10,574
7,606
17,194
11,488
6,286
72,385
2,578
16,410
10,014
7,442
13,587
10,977
15,200
1,171
77,379
NOTE.—By Government Notification, dated 14th October 1857, eight Vaccinators
No. 1 (For 1856-57).
SUPERINTENDENTS.
Superintendents ; the Number of Vaccinators employed ; the Total Vaccinations performed, and
Age and Result ; the Ratio of Successful to Total Vaccinated ; the Average Number of
Average Cost of every Hundred Persons Vaccinated, for the Years 1856 and 1857.
Total Number Vaccinated, arranged according to
Caste.
Hindoos.
4,972
32,111
21,920
14,613
33,709
23,663
3,678
134,666
4,094
32,297
18,717
13,845
24,493
20,978
7,895
2,025
124,344
Mussulmans.
1,042
817
689
1,610
2,858
2,552
11,830
21,398
1,028
1,078
690
1,333
2,679
3,272
32,751
492
43,323
Christians.
1,049
820
5
39
..
..
29
1,942
868
356
9
56
..
..
17
..
1,306
Parsees.
120
31
..
..
..
45
14
210
173
..
..
..
..
28
..7
..
208
Other Castes.
..
19
..
..
..
..
..
19
584
25
1,147
298
1,685
1,285
107
56
5,187
Age.
Under one
Year.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
4,044
5,689
3,651
3,991
15,143
4,759
12,863
778
50,918
Above one
Year.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
2,703
28,067
16,912
11,541
13,714
20,804
27,914
1,795
123,450
Result.
Successful.
6,424
32,255
21,674
15,005
32,131
22,854
14,226
144,569
5,809
32,287
19,512
14,809
25,871
22,322
39,642
2,150
162,402
Unsuccessful.
..
686
177
640
1,421
1,902
325
5,151
301
711
187
446
871
1,444
421
203
4,584
Doubtful.
759
857
763
617
3,015
1,504
1,000
8,515
637
758
864
277
2,115
1,797
714
220
7,382
Ratio per Cent. of Suc-
cessful to Number
Vaccinated.
89.4
95.4
95.8
92.2
87.8
87.0
91.4
91.3
86.0
95.6
94.7
95.3
89.6
87.3
97.2
83.5
93.1
Average Number of
Persons Vaccinated
by each Vaccinator.
718
1,877
1,256
903
1,590
1,544
1,037
1,329
675
1,875
1,142
863
1,374
1,504
2,718
321
1,465
Pay of Native Vacci-
nators.
Rs.
1,608
2,784
2,784
2,784
3,504
2,640
2,352
18,456
1,608
2,784
2,784
2,784
3,308
2,640
2,352
196
18,456
Average Cost of every
100 Persons Vacci-
nated, exclusive of
the Superintends'
Pay & Allowances.
Rs.
22
8
12
17
9
10
15
11
23
8
13
17
11
10
5
7
10
a.
6
3
4
1
9
0
1
10
13
3
8
14
7
5
12
9
9
p.
2
9
11
10
3
10
11
7
3
11
7
8
4
2
3
10
4
from the Establishment of Western Guzerat were transferred to the Kattywar Circle.
TABLE
VACCINATION UNDER
Table of Vaccination under Civil Surgeons and others, arranged according
Number.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
SUPERINTENDING SUR-
GEONS' DIVISIONS.
PRESIDENCY
....
POONA .......................
NORTHERN ...................
S O U T H E R N ...........
SIND .......................
ADEN ................................
PERSIAN GULF ....
CIVIL STATION.
Tanna ...................................
Alibangh .............................
Bandora Dispensary ...........
Total ....
Poona ...................................
Ahmednuggur .......................
Sattara ..................................
Dhoolia ................................
Nassick ................................
Mahableshwur .....................
Total..
Ahmedabad .........................
Kaira ...................................
Rajkote ...............................
Surat ...................................
Broach .................................
Bhooj Dispensary ................
Total..
Belgaum .............................
Dharwar .............................
Sholapore ..........................
Kolapore ...........................
Rutnagherry ........................
Vingorla ............................
Total..
Kurrachee ............................
Hyderabad ..........................
Shikarpoor .........................
Kurrachee Dispensary
....
Larkhana .....................
Jerruck .............................
Meerpoor .....................
Mahomed Khan's Tanda ..
Khittee ...............................
Tarosha ...............................
Halla ................................
Roree ..................................
Total..
Aden ...............................
Bushire .............................
Grand Total..
Number of Native Vac-
cinators attached.
1
..
..
1
1
1
1
1
1
..
5
1
1
1
1
1
..
5
1
1
1
1
1
..
5
1
1
1
..
.. ..
..
..
..
.. ..
..
3
1
..
20
Total Number Vacci-
nated.
390
45
309
744
1,681
1,052
1,661
989
1,461
118
6,962
2,712
843
1,752
1,175
1,447
6,186
14,115
606
1,444
1,066
2,820
870
167
6,973
628
2,353
1,547
....
....
17
45
125
....
36
88
197
5,036
1,786
115
35,731
Compared with last Year.
1855.
278
5
41
324
1,594
947
3,134
1,510
1,390
66
8,641
3,208
684
2,486
1,070
1,534
7,345
16,327
667
1,815
1,088
2,438
862
102
6,972
1,123
2,078
964
112
133
119
239
..
64
.. ..
..
4,834
825
382
38,305
Increase.
112
40
268
420
87
105
..
..
71
52
..
.
159
..
105
..
..
..
..
1
..
382
8
65
1
..
275
583
..
..
..
..
..
..
.. ..
..
202
961
..
..
Decrease.
....
....
....
....
....
....
1,473
521
....
....
1,679
496
....
734
....
87
1,159
2,212
61
371
22
....
....
....
....
495
....
....
....
....
102
194
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
267
2,574
Sex.
Males.
203
24
150
377
950
616
914
519
795
67
3,861
1,463
508
935
620
911
3,626
8,063
349
850
634
1,418
484
99
3,835
400
1,735
806
..
.. 2
26
71
..
25
57
94
3,216
1,277
59
20,688
Females.
187
21
159
367
731
436
747
470
666
51
3,101
1,249
335
817
555
536
2,560
6,052
257
594
431
1,402
386
68
3,138
228
618
741
....
....
15
19
54
....
11
31
103
1,820
509
56
15,043