NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
19
Hæmorrhagic Septecæmia—contd.
Province.
United Provinces {
Bengal
. .
Madras
{
Assam .
.
.
Serial
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1
1
2
1
Date of issue.
28th April 1906 .
16th July 1906 .
11th ditto .
17th ditto .
25th ditto .
7th August 1906 .
14th
ditto .
17th
ditto .
20th
ditto .
23rd
ditto .
24th October 1906 .
9th June 1906
9th June 1906
30th ditto
23rd May 1906
To whom consigned.
Veterinary Inspector, Meerut .
.
Veterinary Assistant, Cawnpore
Ditto
ditto, Aligarh . .
Ditto
ditto . .
Veterinary Assistant, Unao
. .
Veterinary Inspector, Sitapur .
.
Veterinary Assistant, Gonda . .
Veterinary Inspector, Sitapur . .
Veterinary Assistant, Etawah . .
Ditto
ditto
Moradabad .
Superintendent, Civil Veterinary De-
partment,
United Provinces,
Lucknow.
Total .
Superintendent, Civil Veterinary De-
partment, Bengal, Calcutta.
Total .
Superintendent, Civil Veterinary De-
partment, Madras.
Ditto
ditto .
Total .
Veterinary Inspector, Moriani, Assam
Total .
GRAND TOTAL .
Utilized in experiment, etc., at the
Laboratory.
TOTAL ISSUE .
c. c.
1,250
1,000
1,500
3,500
2,000
2,500
1,250
2,500
1,000
2,400
10,000
28,900
5,000
5,000
5,000
10,000
15,000
2,000
2,000
224,350
2,813
227,165
Doses.
250
200
300
700
400
500
250
500
200
480
2,000
5,780
1,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
3,000
400
400
56,695
680
57,375
Serial
No.
IX
X
„
XI
„
XIII
„
„
„
„
XV
X
X
„
X
Standard.
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
ALFRED LINGARD,
Imperial Bacteriologist.
APPENDIX No. IV.
Table showing the amount of English, French and Muktesar Mallein received or prepared and despatched
during the year 1906-1907.
Stock.
Balance in hand from 1905-1906
Prepared during 1906-1907, including
Pseudo and untested Mallein.
Total
MALLEIN DOSES.
English.
158
....
158
French.
52
...
52
Muktesar.
1,520
11,276
12,796
Abstract of issue.
Issued as per detail below
Used in experiments
.
Balance in hand .
Total
MALLEIN DOSES.
English.
72
...
86
158
French.
20
...
32
52
Muktesar.
3,573
10
9,213
12,796
20
Issue.
Province
Punjab
.{
United
Provinces.{
Bengal .
Serial
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
1
{ 2
3
Date of issue.
1st June 1906 .
6th ditto .
8th August 1906 .
18th ditto .
22nd September 1906
11th March 1907
.
20th ditto .
27th ditto .
Ditto ditto .
16th May 1906 .
19th ditto
29th ditto .
26th July 1906 .
10th August 1906
10th
ditto .
10th
ditto .
10th
ditto .
10th
ditto .
10th
ditto .
22nd October 1906 .
22nd
ditto .
23rd
ditto .
5th December 1906
21st January 1907 .
25th
ditto .
6th February 1907 .
9th March 1907 .
20th
ditto .
6th June 1906 .
6th July 1906 .
25th
ditto .
To whom consigned.
Messrs. Jamasjee & Co., Peshawar
.
.
Superintendent, Civil Veterinary Depart-
ment, Punjab, Lahore.
Ditto
ditto
Superintendent. Remount Depôt, Mona
Lieutenant, G. M. Routh, R.G.A., Kailana
Camp, Chakrata.
Senior Veterinary Officer, Umballa . .
Ditto
ditto, Lahore . .
Ditto
ditto, Sialkote . .
Ditto
ditto, Rawalpindi . .
Total .
Superintendent, Civil Veterinary Depart-
ment, United Provinces, Lucknow.
Officer Commanding, 1st Lancers, Jhansi .
Inspecting Veterinary Inspector, Eastern
Command, Naini Tal.
Superintendent, Army Remount Depôt,
Babugarh.
Pt. Tek Chand, Veterinary Officer, Meerut .
M. Mohamad Shah, Veterinary Inspector,
Bareilly.
Mr. Amir Ahmad, Veterinary Inspector,
Lucknow.
Mr. Hussain Bux, Veterinary Inspector,
Fyzabad.
Mr. Imdad Hussain, Veterinary Inspector,
Allahabad.
M. Nasib Beg, Veterinary Inspector,
Benares.
Pt. Tek Chand, Veterinary Inspector, Meerut
M. Moin Khan, Veterinary Inspector, Agra
Superintendent, Civil Veterinary Department,
United Provinces, Lucknow.
Superintendent, Remount Depôt, Babugarh
Inspecting Veterinary Officer, Eastern Com-
mand, Meerut.
Veterinary Officer, Remount Depôt, Babu-
garh.
Inspecting Veterinary Officer, Eastern Com-
mand, Meerut.
Veterinary Officer, Remount Depôt, Babu-
garh.
Senior Veterinary Officer, Meerut . .
Total .
The Superintendent, Civil Veterinary Depart-
ment, Bengal, Calcutta.
Ditto
ditto
Ditto
ditto
MALLEIN DOSES.
English.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.„
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
French.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Muktesar.
2
25
25
200
1
120
125
60
20
578
20
5
200
6
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
100
6
200
6
200
6
100
889
150
100
100
Laboratory
No. of
Muktesar
Mallein.
V
„
„
„
„
VI
„
„
„
V
III
V
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
VI
„
„
...
V
„
„
21
Issue—contd.
Province.
Bengal— {
contd.
Bombay
{
Sind, Balu-
chistan {
and Raj-
putana.
Burma .
Native {
States.
Foreign
Countries
Serial
No.
4
5 {
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
Date of issue.
12th November 1906.
29th January 1907
29th
ditto .
5th May 1906 .
16th August 1906 .
21st September 1906.
10th January 1907 .
18th February 1907 .
8th March 1907
.
9th ditto
9th February 1907 .
9th March 1907
.
15th January 1907 .
10th May 1906
3rd December 1906 .
10th
ditto
9th March 1907
.
15th
ditto
22nd
ditto
27th
ditto
17th July 1906 .
To whom consigned.
The Superintendent, Civil Veterinary Depart-
ment, Bengal, Calcutta.
Veterinary Officer, Remount Depôt, Calcutta
Ditto
ditto
Total .
Principal, Veterinary College, Bombay .
Ditto
ditto
Ditto
ditto
Superintendent, Civil Veterinary Depart-
ment, Bombay, Poona.
Principal, Veterinary College, Bombay
.
Inspecting Veterinary Officer, Western Com-
mand, Poona.
Lieutenant Greenfell, Veterinary Officer,
Karachi.
Total .
Officer Commanding 37th Lancers, Loralai .
Station Veterinary Hospital, Quetta .
.
Total .
Superintendent, Civil Veterinary Depart-
ment, Burma, Rangoon.
Total .
Officer Commanding 3rd Skinner's Horse,
Neemuch.
Ditto
1st
Imperial Service
Lancers, Jodhpur.
Veterinary Inspector, Sreenagar, Kashmir .
Senior Veterinary Officer, Trimulgherry
(Hyderabad, Deccan).
Commandant, 1st Jodhpur Lancers, Jodhpur
Officer Commanding 3rd Skinners Horse,
Neemuch.
Inspecting Officer, Central India State
Cavalry, Indore.
Total .
State Surgeon, Selangor .
.
.
Total
GRAND TOTAL .
Used in experiments .
TOTAL ISSUE .
MALLEIN DOSES.
English.
...
...
...
...
10
50
...
...
...
...
...
60
...
...
...
...
...
...
12
...
...
...
...
12
.
72
...
72
French.
...
...
...
...
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
20
...
20
Muktesar.
200
10
790
1,350
...
...
50
10
50
200
60
370
40
100
140
6
6
10
18
...
70
14
100
3
215
25
25
3,573
10
3,583
Laboratory
No. of
Muktesar
Mullein.
V
„
VI
...
„
„
V
„
VI
„
„
...
VI
„
...
V
...
V
V
„
VI
„
„
...
...
...
...
...
...
ALFRED LINGARD,
Imperial
Bacteriologist.
22
APPENDIX No. V.
Table showing the amount of Charbon Symptomatique vaccine and serum manufactured and despatched during
the year 1906-1907.
AMOUNT MANUFACTURED.
Stock.
Manufactured during 1906-
1907—vaccine of two
kinds.
Manufactured during 1906-
1907—Serum.
Total .
Doses.
14,030
3,839
17,869
AMOUNT ISSUED
Abstract of issue.
Issued as per detail below .
.
.
Balance in hand . . . .
Balance in hand—serum . . .
Doses.
930
vaccine{
13,100 3,839
17,869
REMARKS
Issue.
Province.
Punjab . .{
United Provinces .
Bengal . .
Central Provinces .
Madras . .
Bombay . . {
Burma . .
Serial
No.
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
1
Date of issue.
27th July 1906 .
11th September 1906
11th September 1906
11th September 1906
31st October 1906 .
11th September 1906
11th September 1906
11th
ditto .
13th March 1907 .
11th September 1906
To whom consigned.
Inspector General, Civil Veterinary
Department, Simla.
Superintendent, Government Cattle
Farm, Hissar.
Total .
Superintendent, Civil Veterinary
Department, United Provinces, Luck-
now.
Total .
Superintendent, Civil Veterinary
Department, Bengal, Calcutta.
.
Total .
Superintendent, Civil
Veterinary
Department, Central Provinces, Nag¬
pur.
Total .
Superintendent, Civil Veterinary
Department, Madras.
Total .
Superintendent, Civil Veterinary
Department, Bombay, Poona.
Principal, Veterinary College, Bombay
Ditto
ditto .
Total .
Superintendent, Civil Veterinary
Department, Burma, Rangoon.
Total .
GRAND TOTAL .
c.c.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Doses.
10
200
210
250
250
50
50
50
50
200
200
50
50
20
120
50
50
930
Laboratory
No. of
vaccine.
I
I
...
I
...
I
...
I
...
I
...
I
I
I
...
I
...
Standard.
ALFRED LINGARD,
Imperial Bacteriologist.
23
TABLE XV.
Showing main results of the working of the Imperial Bacteriological Laboratory during the year 1906-1907.
Muketsar La-
boartory.
{
Bareilly Depôt.
QUANTITY OF SERA OR ANTI-TOXIN PREPRED AND ISSUED
Name of Sera or Ant i
- t oxi n
2
Rinderpest .
Rinderpest serum
in powder.
Anthrax serum
.
Hæmorrhagic Sep-
ticæmin.
Mallein
. .
Charbou Symp {
tomatique.
...
TOTAL
Opening
Balance.
8
c. c.
621,403
*34,650
2,194
117,240
...
1,520
vaccine
serum
...
417,007
Pepared duri ng
the year.
4
c. c.
1,779,876
...
76,402
258,665
11,276
14,030
7,678
...
2,147,927
Total.
5
c. c.
2,075,929
2,194
193,642
258,665
12,796
}21,708
...
2,564,934
Issued during
the year.
6
c.c.
1,661,709
12 (lost in
breakage)
59,070
227,165
3,583
930
...
1,952,469
Stock in hand.
7
c.c.
414,220
2,183
134,572
31,500
9,213
vaccine
13,100
serum
7,678
...{
612,465
INSTRUCTION IMPARTED.
Department of Province.
8
Civil Veterinary
Department.
Army
Veterinary
Corps.
United Provinces .
Punjab .
.
.
Central Provinces .
Native States .
}
United Provinces .
Punjab
. . .
Bengal.
. . .
Bombay
.
.
NUMBER OF
ATTENDING
CLASS
Veternary
officers
9
2
3
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
5
Veternary Inspecters and
Assistants.
10
...
...
13
5
1
4
4
11
3
49
NUMBER PASSED.
Veternary
officers
1
2
3
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
5
Veternary Inspecters and
Assistants.
12
...
...
13
5
1
4
4
11
3
49
FINANCIAL RESULTS.
RECEIPTS.
Sale of Animals
13
R
} 135
} ...
135
a.
0
0
p.
0
0
Sale of Sera.
14
R
1,516
...
1,516
a.
2
2
p.
0
0
Sale of garden products
and revenue from reserved forests
15
R
240
225
465
a.
13
0
13
p.
9
0
9
Other miscellaneous
receipts
16
R
96
...
96
a.
9
9
p.
8
8
Total
17
R
1,988
225
2,213
a.
9
0
9
p.
5
0
5
EXPENDITURE.
Salaries and traveling
allowances of officers and
subordinate staff.
18
R
54,686
11,287
65,973
a.
0
11
11
p.
4
2
6
feed and keep of animals.
19
R
30,170
2,499
32,670
a.
9
15
8
p.
9
1
10
Purchase of animals.
20
R
13,762
1,996
15,759
a.
14
3
1
p.
6
0
6
Cost of chemicals and
Appartus.
21
R
5,125
...
5,125
a.
12
12
p.
6
6
Other miscellaneous ex-
penditure.
22
R
1,250†
20,944
...
22,194
a.
12
12
p.
5‡
5
Total.
23
R
1,25,940
15,783
1,41,723
a.
1
13
14
p.
6
3
9
* Returned from Garhwal.
‡
Includes
fitting
and
furniture charges of Institute, Dispensary, etc., together
† Rupees 1,250 Library allowance.
with cost of medicines.
ALFRED LINGARD.
Imperial Bacteriologist.
26
7. Anthrax.—It has been already shown that the demand for Anthrax
serum has considerably decreased. This disease is difficult to diagnose at
present, the staff of Veterinary Surgeons available for the purpose being so
extremely small. It appears probable that in former years Hæmorrhagic
Septicæmia may have been treated as Anthrax. Far more care is now exer-
cised in diagnosis and hence the decrease in the demand for Anthrax serum.
The following table gives the results abstracted from the tables supplied by
the various Superintendents who used the serum during the year. The
mortality after inoculation is only approximate for the reason previously
mentioned :—
PROVINCE
Bengal . . . .
United Provinces .
.
.
Madras
.
.
.
Eastern Bengal and Assam .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
TOTAL .
Last year
Difference .
Number of
outbreaks.
3
24
105
5
137
248
—111
Number of
cattle
inoculated.
51
2,207
8,856
1,490
12,604
25,910
—13,306
Number died
after
inoculation.
...
...
1
3
4
68
—64
Per cent.
.01
.20
.03
.26
—.23
8. Hæmorrhagic Septicæmia.—This serious disease is very prevalent
at certain seasons of the year and causes serious losses. As will be seen from
the following table, the disease is so far shown to be most prevalent in the
Punjab. Efforts are being made to protect animals at the critical periods
in villages where the malady is most prevalent. The following are the figures
showing results so far as is known, extracted from the reports of the various
Superintendents. The same remarks apply to them as to other sera :—
PROVINCE.
Punjab and North-West Frontier . . .
United Provinces . . . . . .
Madras
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Eastern Bengal and Assam
.
.
.
.
TOTAL .
Last year .
Difference
.
Number of
outbreaks.
97
52
37
1
187
123
+64
Number of
animals
inoculated.
30,897
4,153
679
376
36,105
13,541
+ 22,654
Number died
after
inoculation.
17
...
...
...
17
14
+3
Per cent.
.05
...
...
...
.04
.10
-.06
9. Charbon Symptomatique.—Two kinds of vaccine and a serum have been
prepared for the protection of animals against this disease. Nine hundred and
thirty doses of the ordinary 1st and 2nd vaccines were issued to Superintendents
for trial during the year, but, so far, no reports have been received as to the
results obtained from their use. It is not so convenient as the single vaccine
obtainable and known as Blacklegoids which has been used in 4,911 cases with
apparently good results. The double vaccine is not very suitable for India
owing to the time required to carry out protection with it.
REPORT ON MALARIA
IN THE PUNJB
DURING THE YEAR 1916,
TOGETHER WITH AN ACCOUNT
OF THE WORK OF THE
PUNJAB MALARIA BUREAU
BY
COLONEL H. HENDLEY, M.D., K.H.S., I.M.S.
Chief Malaria Medical Officer, Punjab.
Lahore:
PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRINTING, PUNJAB.
1917.
Price: Rs. 2 or 3s.
REPORT ON MALARIA IN THE PUNJAB
DURING THE YEAR 1916.
Revised List of Agents for the sale of Punjab Government Publications.
IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.
CONSTABLE & Co., 10, Orange Street,
Leicester Square, London, W. C.
KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER & CO.,
Limited, 68-74, Carter Lane, E. C,
and 25, Museum Street, London,
W. C.
BERNARD QUARITCH, 11, Grafton Street,
New Bond Street, London, W.
T. FISHER UNWIN, Limited, No. 1,
Adelphi Terrace, London, W. C.
P. S. KING & SON, 2 & 4, Great
Smith Street, Westminster, London,
S. We
H. S. KING & Co., 65, Cornhill, and 9,
Pall Mall, London.
GRINDLAY & Co., 54,. Parliament Street,
London, S. W.
W. THACKER & Co,, 2, Creed Lane,
London, E. C.
LUZAC & Co., 46, Great Russell Street,
London, W. C.
B. H. BLACKWELL, 50 and 51, Broad
Street, Oxford.
DEIGHTON BELL & Co., Limited, Cam-
bridge.
OUTER & BOYD, Tweeddale Court,
Edinburgh.
Ê. RONSONBY, Limited, 116, Grafton,
Street, Dublin.
WILLIAM WESLEY & SON, 28, Essex
Street, Strand, London.
ON THE CONTINENT.
ERNEST LEROUX, 28, Eue Bonaparte,
Paris, France.
MARTINÜS NIJHOPF, The Hague, Hol-
land.
IN INDIA.
A. CHAND & Co., Imperial Book Depôt
Office, Delhi.
GULAB SINGH & SONS, Mufid-i-'Am
Press, Lahore.
MANAGER, Punjab Law Book Depôt,
Anarkali Bazar, Lahore.
RAMA KRISHNA & SONS, Book-Sellers
and News Agents, Anarkali Street,
Lahore.
N. B. MATHUR, Superintendent and
Proprietor, Nazir Kanun Hind Press,"
Allahabad.
D. B. TARAPOREVALA, SONS & Co.,
Bombay.
THACKER SPINK & Co., Calcutta and
Simla.
NEWMAN & Co., Calcutta.
R. CAMBRAY & Co., Calcutta.
THACKER & Co., Bombay.
HIGGINBOTHAMS, Limited, Madras.
T. FISHER UNWIN, Calcutta.
V. KALYANARAM IYER & Co., 189,
Esplanade Row, Madras.
G. A. NATESAN & Co., Madras.
SUPERINTENDENT, AMERICAN BAPNST
MISSION PRESS, RANGOOH.
REPORT ON MALARIA
IN THE PUNJAB
DURING THE YEAR 1916,
TOGETHBR. WITH AN ACCOUNT
OF THE WORK OF THE
PUNJAB MALARIA BUREAU
BY
COLONEL H, HENDLEY, M.D., K.H.S., I.M.S.
Chief Malaria Medical Officer, Punjab,
PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRINTING, PUNJAB.
1917.
Appendices.
The following Appendices accompany the report :—
Appendix A— Chart I.—Showing the Total, Fever, and Autumnal Mortality in the Punjab
from 1867—1916.
Chart II Showing graphically the Total, Fever, and Autumnal Mortality in the
Punjab from 1867—1916.
Chart III.—Showing the Monthly Fever Mortality in the Punjab during 1915 and
1916.
Appendix B—Table I.—Showing deaths resigistered from Fever in the districts of the Punjab
in the year 1916.
Table II.—Showing the number of Total and Fever Deaths registered in the
towns of the Punjab during 1916, together with a ratio of Fever
Deaths for the last 5 years.
Table III.—Showing the monthly Fever Mortality of the towns and rural circles
of the Punjab for the year 1916.
Appendix C—Map I.—Showing the Fever Death-rate per mille of all the districts in the
Punjab for the year 1915 and 1916.
Map II.—Showing the Epidemic Figure of the towns and districts of the Punjab
for the year 1916.
Map III.—Showing the Spleen Index of the Punjab in June 1916.
Map IV.—Showing the Spleen Index of the Punjab in November 1916.
NO. 4517 General.
THE HON'BLE COLONEL H. HENDLEY, M.D., K.H.S., I.M.S.,
Inspector-Gener'al of Civil Hospitals-, Punjab,-
To
L. FRENCH, ESQUIRE, C.I.E., I.C.S., ADDITIONAL SECRE-
TARY TO GOVERNMENT, PUNJAB.
Dated Lahore, the 6th June 1917.
SIR,
I HAVE the honour to forward herewith the Annual Report of the Chief
Halaría Medical Officer, Punjab, for 1916.
An attempt has been made to give a connected account of the Malarial
History of the year as it varied from average or usual conditions and to show
why, although a repetition of the great outbreak of 1908 was expected, it did
not occur.
The actual conditions that existed might be described as partaking of
the nature of a minor epidemic in endemic areas.
It is of considerable interest that the City of Amritsar with a fever
death-rate of 68.16 in 1908 showed one as low as 13.57, the lowest but one.
since that year of the big epidemic when for a time the activities of the towns
people almost ceased. The theory of immunity will scarcely account for this
result, it is indeed contrary to what was expected by its advocates who antici-
pated an epidemic—at the same time it cannot be said' that this- theory has-
been discredited as it also depends upon conditions otherwise favourable to an
epidemic, which, as suggested in the report, were owing to peculiarities in
the rainfall inimical to the growth of insect life as represented by the
mosquito.
Other features of interest in the report are the doubts cast upon the
usefulness of fish or waterfowl in connection with the destruction of larvae and
the negative results obtained in the course of an inquiry connected with the
particular species of mosquito responsible for the presence of malaria in the
Salt Range.
It has been found possible to present this report earlier this year by
making arrangements for the local preparation of the maps that accom-
pany it.
I have the honour to be,
Sir,
Your most obedient servant,
H. HENDLEY, M.D., COLONEL, I.M.S ,
Inspector-General of Civil Hospitals,, Punjab.
No. 171-M. I.
OFFICE OF CHIEF MALARIA MEDICAL OFFICER, PUNJAB.
To
THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL OF CIVIL HOSPITALS, PUNJAB.
Bated Lahore, the 5th April 1917.
HAS the honour to forward herewith the Annual Report on Malaria in
the Punjab during the year 1916, together with an account of the work of the
Punjab Malaria Bureau.
H. HENDLEY, M.D., COL., I.M.S.
Chief Malaria Medical Officer, Punjab.
2
between 90°-120° F. or more. The temperature reaches its maximum in June ;
and with the onset of the rains there is a slight fall, but humidity increases,
and remains high during the monsoon months of July, August, and September.
In the beginning of October the nights become cooler and a fall in the shade
temperature is also very noticeable during the day. These extremes of temper-
ature are prejudicial to metamorphic changes which the lower insects, such as
mosquitoes, pass through.
Solvability of spring and autumn to the
development of anopheles.
The temperate heat of spring, from the beginning of March to early May,
and that of September and October, and the in-
crease of humidity in the autumnal months is
very favourable to the propagation of the ano-
pheline fauna of the Punjab, and to the development of the malarial parasite.
Conclusion.
It will be seen that the conditions generally associated with endemic
and epidemic malaria are present to a high
degree in the Punjab—put shortly these are :—
(1) Situation of the Punjab in the sub-tropical region.
(2) The flatness of much of the country.
(3) Liability to flooding.
(4) Impermeability of the soil.
(5) Great climatic variations.
(6) The presence of both temperature and humidity at a certain period
of the year favourable to the development of carrier anopheles,
to their biting capacity, and to the metamorphic changes of the
parasite in the body of the carrier.
7. Sudden changes in temperature conducing to chill.
Past knowledge of malaria in the
Punjab.
From our knowledge of the past history
of malaria in the Punjab, we know that :—
(1) The Punjab has been visited by nine epidemics of importance
since 1868.
(2) There are certain areas in the Punjab to which known epidemics of
malaria have been limited. The chief of these comprise the
districts of Gujrat, Gujranwala, and Shahpur in the north, and
Delhi, Gurgaon, and part of Rohtak in the south ; others have
been the districts of Amritsar, Gurdaspur, Ludhiana, Hoshiar-
pur, and Jullundur.
(3) Endemic malaria is prevalent in the whole Punjab, as is evidenced
by increase in the size of spleen and the presence of malarial
parasites in the blood stream of small children.
(4) Malaria plays a more important part than any other disease in the
consistently high mortality-rate in the Punjab.
(5) It affects all classes of people, but the poor are more susceptible to
its ravages.
(6) Infantile mortality is much influenced by malaria.
(7) It has a greater influence on the mortality-rate, more than a high
birth-rate even.
(8) Malaria kills not less than 350,000 people, annually, in the
Punjab.
II.—General Considerations.
Annual fever deaths in the Province.
During the year under review the total number of deaths from fever
was 376,003 against 284,784 in 1915 and 345,471
in 1914 giving a death-rate equivalent respect-
ively to 19·44, 14·72, and 17·86. The annual fever mortality in 1916 was
by 34,270 more than in any one of the last seven
years except in 1909, the year following the
Comparison with last seven years.