NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
H. N. RAY AND K.
RAGHAVACHARI
41
SUMMARY
Encephalitozoon cuniculi has been recorded for the first time in India
from the kidney of a rabbit which had succumbed to experimental trypanoso-
miasis.Its morphology has been described in detail. The different stages
of development encountered in this parasite strongly suggest its microspori¬
dian affinity, although the polar filament was not observed. Transmission ex-
periments carried out on rabbits were ineffectual.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is our pleasant duty to express our grateful thanks to Dr F.C.Minett,
Director, and Capt. S.C.A. Datta, Officer-in-charge, Veterinary Zoology
Section of the Institute, for kindly going through the manuscript and for
helpful suggestions.
REFERENCES
Fantham, H.B. and Porter, A.(1912). Ann. Trop. Med. and Parasit.6, 163
Levaditi, C.; Nicolau, S. and Schoen, R.(1924). Ann.Inst.Past.38,
651
Smith, T. and Florence, L.(1925). J.Expt.Med.41,
25
Wenyon, C.M.(1926). Protozoology, Vol.I
Wright, J.H. and Craighead, E.M.(1922). J.Expt.Med.36, 135
NEW FELLODISTOMIDS (TREMATODA) FROM INDIAN
FISHES
PART III. A NEW PARASITE OF THE GENUS HAPLOCLADUS
ODHNER, 1911, FROM AN INDIAN MARINE FISH
BY
HAR DAYAL SRIVASTAVA, M. Sc. , D. Sc.
Imperi
(Received for publication on 7 August 1940)
(With one text-figure)
A MONGST the digenetic trematodes, the genus Haplocladus is remarkable
in having a single intestinal cæcum which opens to the outside at the
posterior end. The genus was created by Odhner [1911] for two new species
of trematodes H. typicus and H. minor, which he found parasitic in the gut
of Pleuronectes limauda. In this paper, the author describes the third species
of the genus which is parasitic in the intestine of an Indian marine fish.
HAPLOCLADUS ORIENTALIS, N. SP.
In the course of an extensive parasitological examination of the marine
food fishes of the Bay of Bengal, the author recovered two mature specimens
of this parasite from the intestine of Synaptura orientalis (Bloch and Schn).
In the living state, the worms are light brown in colour and exhibit marked
power of contraction and expansion. They have a narrow, elongated body
which measures 6.14-7.16 mm. in length. The body is of nearly uniform
breadth, 0.52-0.64 mm. and bears minute, backwardly directed, cuticular
spines. The oral sucker is an inverted pear-shaped structure of 0.28-0.34
mm. × 0.22-0.24 mm. in size. It is situated sub-terminally at the anterior
end of the body. It is followed by an extremely small pre-pharynx which is
visible only in extended living specimens. The pharynx is an elongated oval
and muscular structure, measuring 0.28-0.3 mm. × 0.12-0.16 mm. in
size, and is followed by an œsophagus 0.28-0.4 mm. long. The œsophagus
does not bifurcate into two intestinal cæca, but continues into a single
straight, intestinal tube, which opens to the outside at the hinder end of the
body. The acetabulum consists of a small, circular and poorly muscular
cup-shaped structure, which measures 0.22-0.26 mm. in diameter. It is
situated at the end of the first eighth or fifth of the body-length.
The testes are two in number. They are small, oval bodies, situated
one behind the other. The two testes are separated by a distance of 0.42
-0.7 mm. The anterior testis measures 0.34-0.38 mm. × 0.3-0.38 mm.
in size and lies close behind the anterior half of the body. The posterior
testis is nearly of the same size as the anterior and measures 0.3-0.4
mm. × 0.24-0.34 mm. The cirrus sac is a small, ovoid structure of
42
H. D.
SRIVASTAVA
43
0.36-0.46 mm. × 0.28-0.34 mm. It is situated on one side of the
acetabulum, with its greater part lying in front of the latter. The vesicula
seminalis is bi-partite, being divided into two parts by a transverse
construction, and measures 0.17-0.18 mm. × 0.07-0.08 mm. It is
continued anteriorly into a small pars prostatica, which is surrounded by
prostate glands. The pars prostatica opens to the outside through a small
ductus ejaculatorius. The vesicula seminalis, the pars prostatica, the pros-
tate glands and the ductus ejaculatorius are all enclosed inside the cirrus
sac.
Ventral view of Haplocladus orientalise n. sp.
An. =Anus ; G. p. = Genital pore ; I.c. =Intestinal cæcum; O.=Ovary ; T. =
Testis; Vt. = Vitellaria ; V.s. = Vesicula seminalis.
The ovary is a small, oval or spherical body, which measures 0.24-
0.26 mm. × 0.2-0.22 mm. It is pre-testicular, being situated 0.6-
0.76 mm. in front of the anterior testis. The shell gland complex is diffuse
and pre-ovarian. A receptaculum seminis is absent. The vitellaria consist
of small, oval follicles, which extend along the side of the body from behind
the acetabulum to the level of the posterior testis. The uterus is well developed
and occupies the whole of the post acetabular space of the body. It contains
numerous, yellowish brown operculate eggs measuring 0.034-0.038 mm. ×
0.019-0.023 mm.
In the general feature of its anatomy, the new species, Haplocladus
orientalis, described in this paper, stands nearest to the type species,
44
New Fellodistomids from Indian Fishes
H. typicus Odhner, 1911. It, however, differs from the latter in the much
cephalad position of the acetabulum and the extent of the vitellaria, which
reach the level of the posterior testis in the Indian species, while, in the type
species, they stop in front of the anterior testis. It also differs in the relative
positions of the gonads. There are also differences in the measurements of
the various organs.
REFERENCE
Odhner, T. (1911). Zool. Anz. 38, 97
NEW HEMIURIDS (TREMATODA) FROM INDIAN MARINE
FOOD FISHES
PART II. TWO NEW PARASITES OF THE GENUS STERRHURUS
LOOSS, 1907
BY
HAR DAYAL SRIVASTAVA, M. Sc., D. Sc.
Imperial Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar
(Received for publication on 27 August 1940)
(With two text figures)
L OOSS [1907] created the genus Sterrhurus, with S. musculus as its type
species, and included in this genus three more species: S. imocavus, S.
grandiporus and S. fusiformis. Subsequently, twelve more species have
been added to the genus : S. monticellii, S. brevicirrus, S. inimici, S. flori¬
densis, S. Iœvis, S. præclarus, S. robustus, S. profudulus, S. branchialis, S.
magnatestis, S. musigarei and S. magnus. The occurrence of the members
of the sub-family Sterrhurinæ Looss, 1907, in Indian hosts was first reported
by the author [Srivastava, 1935]. In the present paper two new species of
the genus Sterrhurus—S. monolecithus and S. karachii—are described. The
former is a very common parasite of the stomach of the Indian migratory
fish, Clupea illisha, during winter months, while the latter is a very rare
inhabitant of the stomach of a marine fish in the Arabian Sea.
Genus—Sterrhurus Looss, 1907. Sterrhurus monolecithus, n. sp.
Host—Clupea illisha
Habitat—Stomach
Locality—Allahabad, Puri and Karachi
This species represents probably the most common trematode infesting
Indian fishes. Large numbers of specimens of this parasite have been col-
lected from the stomach of Clupea illisha examined at Allahabad, Puri and
Karachi. The host is a migratory fish and is found in large numbers in the
Ganges and Jumna at Allahabad, in the Bay of Bengal and in the Arabian
Sea. During the winter months about ninety per cent of the hosts were found
harbouring this parasite. The infestation was, however, never found to be
very heavy ; the maximum number of specimens obtained from a single host
at Allahabad being nineteen.
The worms are light brown in colour and possess considerable power of
contraction and expansion. The body is nearly cylindrical and is feebly
muscular. It has a very rudimentary tail, which is visible only in fully ex-
tended specimens. Deep transverse cuticular annulations are present all over
the body. Though this species varies considerably in size, the measurements
given in this paper hold good for the majority of specimens. The type specimen
in permanent mount measures 2.4 mm. in length, which includes a small
tail of 0.1 × 0.16 mm. The elongated body has a nearly uniform breadth,
though it is broadest across the level of the acetabulum, where it measures
45
46
New Hemiurids from Indian Fishes
0.38 mm. The oral sucker is transversely oval in outline and measures
0.09 × 0.12 mm. It is situated just behind a small preoral lip at the ex-
treme anterior end of the body. The opening of the oral sucker is more or
less anteriorly directed. The prepharynx and œsophagus are extremely
rudimentary. A small, spherical pharynx 0.05 mm. in diameter is present.
The œsophagus bifurcates into two, long, narrow, somewhat sinuous cæca
which end blindly near the hinder end of the body proper. They never extend
into the tail region. The acetabulum is a well-developed, spherical structure
of 0.26 mm. in diameter. It is situated just in front of the second quarter
of the body-length.
Fig. 1. Ventral view of Sterrhurus
monolecithus, n. sp.
Fig. 2. Ventral view of S.
karachii, n. sp.
Act. = Acetabulum ;
D. h. = Ductus hermaphroditicus ; G. p. = Genital pore ;
I. c. =Intestinal cæcum ; O. = Ovary ; O. s. = Oral sucker ; Ph. =Pharynx ; P. gl. =
Prostate glands ; P. p. =Pars prostatica ; R. s. =Receptaculum seminis ; S. gl. =Shell
gland ; T. =Testis ; Tl. =Tail; Ut. =Uterus ; Vt. =Vitellarium; V. s. =Vesicula
seminalis
The testes are two, small, oval or spherical bodies, nearly equal in size,
measuring 0.08-0.1 mm. × 0.06-0.08 mm. They are situated somewhat
asymmetrically, on either side of the median line, at about the equator
of the body. The right testis lies slightly in front of the left. The vesicula
seminalis is a fairly large, pear-shaped, thin-walled sac. It measures 0.2
× 0.16 mm. and is situated just in front of the testis. It opens anteriorly
nto a long, tubular, more or less straight and intercæcal pars prostatica, which
is surrounded by numerous prostate glands. Terminally the pars prostatica
joins the distal part of the uterus, a little in front of the acetabulum, to form
H. D.
SRIVASTAVA
47
a small ductus hermaphroditicus. The latter is enclosed into a small spindle-
shaped, muscular hermaphroditic sac measuring 0.1 × 0.04 mm. The
genital pore is situated on the ventral body surface at the level of the intesti-
nal bifurcation.
The ovary is a small, oval structure measuring 0.1 × 0.08 mm.
and is situated in front of and slightly overlapping the vitelline mass. The
latter is a single, large, ovoid mass 0.24 × 0.18 mm. in size, lying at
the base of the third quarter of body-length. A small bulb-shaped recep¬
taculum seminis is present in some specimens at the angle between the ovary
and the vitelline mass. The shell gland complex lies between the median
line and the anterior quarter of the vitelline mass. In fully mature specimens,
the uterus occupies the whole of the post testicular area and contains a large
number of yellowish-brown, operculate eggs measuring 0.019-0.023 mm.
× 0.08-0.01 mm. In front of the testes the uterus follows more or less
straight course. It never enters the tail region.
The excretory bladder is Y-shaped, with its main stem bifurcating into
two lateral cornua just behind the acetabulum. The cornua unite dorsally
to the oral sucker.
Amongst the species of the genus Sterrhurus, the new species, S. mono¬
lecithus, is unique in having an extremely rudimentary tail and a single com-
pact vitelline mass.
Sterrhurus karachii, n. sp.
Host—Clupea longiceps
Habitat—Stomach
Locality—Karachi, Arabian Sea
Only two specimens of this parasite were recovered from the stomach
of one out of over twenty-four fish examined at Karachi, in June, 1936. The
parasite has an elongated, narrow, cylindrical body which measures 1.4 mm.
in length and 0.2 mm. in maximum breadth. It is of nearly uniform breadth
throughout and has prominent transverse annulations all over. An extremely
rudimentary tail is present. The subterminal and spherical oral sucker
measures 0.08 mm. in diameter and is situated behind a prominent oral lip.
A prepharynx is absent. A small pharynx 0.05 × 0.04 mm. in size and an
œsophagus are present. The intestinal cæca consist of two, long, narrow
tubes which run along the sides of the body and end blindly at the hinder
end. They never extend into the tail. The acetabulum is a well-developed,
spherical structure, 0.15 mm. in diameter, and is situated at the end of the
first quarter of the body-length.
The testes are two, small, spherical bodies of equal size. They measure
0.06 mm. in diameter and are situated symmetrically just behind the first
half of the body. The vesicula seminalis is a pear-shaped, thin-walled sac,
slightly bigger than the testes, situated in the median line a short distance in
front of the latter. It is continued anteriorly into a long, narrow pars pros¬
tatica which is surrounded by a large number of prostate gland cells. The
pars prostatica and the terminal part of the uterus join together to form a
spindle-shaped ductus hermaphroditicus which is enclosed in a hermaphro-
ditic sac. The genital pore is situated on a level with the anterior margin
of the pharynx.
D
48
New Hemiurids from Indian Fishes
The ovary measures 0.06 × 0. 08 mm. and is situated just in front
of the vitellaria. The latter are composed of a pair of elongated, oval, com-
pact bodies measuring 0.15 × 0.08 mm. and are situated symmetri-
cally at the junction of the last two-thirds of the body-length. The uterus
is well developed and occupies the whole of the intercæcal space behind the
acetabulum. It contains a large number of operculate eggs 0.015-0.019
mm. × 0.08 mm. in size. The excretory bladder is similar to that described
in the previous species.
Sterrhurus karachii, n. sp. resembles S. monolecithus in the position of
the acetabulum, the almost symmetrical position and size of the testes, the
long pars prostatica and the extremely small tail. But it differs from the
latter species in the relative positions of the genital pore and the vesicula
seminalis, in possessing two, compact, elongated, oval, symmetrically placed
vitelline masses, and in marked differences in measurement. In the cha-
racter of its vitellaria, S. karachii resembles S. profundulus [Manter, 1934],
but differs from it in all other important features.
REFERENCES
Looss,. A. (1907). Zool. Jahrb. Syst. 26, 63
Manter, H. W. (1934). Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. , No. 435., 257
Srivastava, H. D. (1935). Parasit. 27, 374
NEW HEMIURIDS (THEMATODA) FROM INDIAN MARINE
FOOD FISHES*
PART VIII. THE MORPHOLOGY AND SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF A
NEW PARASITE—INDODERO GENES PURII, GEN. ET. S. P.
NOV. (SUB-FAMILY DEROGENETITNAE)
BY
HAR DAYAL SRIVASTAVA, M. Sc., D. Sc.
Imperial Ve
(Received for publication on 14 June 1940)
(With one text-figure)
I N 1933 the author described two new species and a new variety of the
genus Halipegus Looss, 1899, two new species of the genus Progonus Looss,
1899, and two species of a new genus Ophiocorchis, parasitic in Indian hosts.
The synonymy between the genera Vitellotrema Guberlet, 1928, and Hali-
pegus was fully discussed and the suppression of the former name was suggested.
The systematic position of the sub-family Derogenetinæ Odhner, 1927, was
discussed and all the above parasites were assigned to it. In a subsequent
paper [Srivastava, 1934], an errata to the above paper was published in which
it was pointed out that one of the points of difference between the genera
Halipegus and Derogenes was the presence of a polar filament in the eggs of
the former genus. The identity between the genera Genarchella Travassos,
Artigas and Pereira, 1928, and Halipegus was also pointed out and it was
suggested that the former genus should be considered synonymous with the
latter.
Manter [1938] includes the following genera under the sub-family Dero-
genetinæ : Bunocotyle Odhner, Derogenes Lühe, Derogenoides Nicoll, Genar¬
chopsis Ozaki, Genolinea Manter, Genocerca Manter, Halipegus Looss (Syns.
Vitellotrema and Genarchella), Hemipera Nicoll, Hemiperina Manter, Liopyge
Looss, Ophiocorchis Srivastava, Progonus Looss, and Leurodera Linton. In
this paper the author describes a new trematode which is parasitic in the
stomach of an Indian marine fish, and is referable to a new genus of the sub-
family Derogenetinæ.
Genus—Indoderogenes Gen. nov.
Indoderogene
Host—Chirocentrus dorab (Forskal)
Habitat—Stomach
Locality—Puri, Bay of Bengal
Three mature specimens of this parasite were collected from the stomach
of a marine fish, which was obtained from the Chilka lake on the coast of
the Bay of Bengal. The worms are fairly muscular and light brown in colour.
They have an elongated cylindrical body which is completely devoid of
*The articles, ' A new parasite—Stomachicola secundus—of the subfamily Dinurinac
Looss, 1907 ', ' Two new parasites of the genus Aponurus Looss, 1907 (Subfamily
Lecithasterinae) ' and ' A new parasite of the genus Hysterolecitha Linton, 1910',
published in the Ind. J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb. , Vol. IX, Part I, March 1939, constitute
parts V, VI and VII espectively of this series. Through an unfortunate omission
the general title and part numbers were not published.
49
D2
50
New Hemiurids from Indian Fishes
scales and spines. The type specimen in permanent mount measures 1.6
mm. in length and 0.36 mm. in maximum breadth, which occurs across the
level of the acetabulum. The suckers are fairly muscular, spherical structures,
and are situated close together in the anterior third of the body. The oral
sucker measures 0.4 mm. in diameter and is situated subterminally on the
ventral surface, near the anterior end. The acetabulum is two-and-a-half
times the size of the oral sucker and is situated at the end of the first quarter
of the body. The oral sucker opens posteriorly into a spherical pharynx
of 0.04 mm. diameter. The œsophagus is extremely small and bifurcates
into two narrow, simple cæca which terminate blindly in front of the ovary.
The testes are two in number and are equal in size. They measure 0.12
mm. in diameter and are situated obliquely behind each other, separated by
a distance of 0.1 mm. The posterior testis lies just behind the first half of
the body-length. The vesicula seminalis is a small, flask-shaped sac which
measures 0.12 × 0.06 mm. in size. It is situated immediately behind
the intestinal bifurcation and opens anteriorly into a small, narrow pars
prostatica which is surrounded by prostate gland cells. The vesicula semi-
nalis extends posteriorly to the level of the first third of the acetabulum.
Terminally the pars prostatica joins the distal part of the uterus to form a
small ductus hermaphroditicus. The latter opens on a small genital papilla
which is situated in a median, shallow genital atrium close behind the oral
sucker.
Ventral view of Indoderogenes purii
Act. = Acetabulum ; D. h. = Ductus hermaphroditicus ; G. p. = Genital pore ; I. c. =
Intestinal cæcum ; O. = Ovary ; O. s. = Oral sucker ; Ph. = Pharynx ; P. p. =Pars prosta-
tica ; S. gl. = Shell gland ; T. =Testis ; Ut. =Uterus ; Vt. =Vitellaria ; V. s. = Vesicula
seminalis.
H. D.
SRIVASTAVA
51
The ovary is pear-shaped and measures 0.12 × 0.07 mm. in size.
It is situated in the space between the blind extremities of the intestinal
cæca, the vitellaria and the hinder end. The shell gland mass of 0.04
× 0.03 mm. size lies to the left of the ovary. The receptaculum seminis
is absent. Laurer's canal is present. The vitellaria are composed of two
oval bodies of 0.06-0.07 mm. × 0.08-0.09 mm. size, which are situated
one behind the other at the extreme hinder end of the body. The uterus is
well developed and pre-ovarian. It contains a very large number of yellowish
brown, operculate eggs of 0.03-0.032 mm. × 0.01-0.012 mm. in size.
The excretory bladder is Y-shaped with its main stem bifurcating a
little in front of the anterior testis into two cornua, which anastomose on the
dorsal side of the oral sucker.
The new genus Indoderogenes differs from all the genera of the subfamily
Derogenetinæ, to which it obviously belongs, in the markedly anterior position
of the acetabulum and the relative positions of the gonads, as well as in the
length of the cæca and the pars prostatica.
GENERIC DIAGNOSIS
Body small, muscular, cylindrical and smooth. Suckers well developed
situated close together in first third of body-length. Acetabulum, two-and-
a-half times the size of the oral sucker, lies close behind the first quarter of
body-length. Pharynx and œsophagus present; cæca terminate blindly in
front of the ovary. Testes obliquely tandem, situated at about the middle
of body. Vesicula seminalis flask-shaped, extending posteriorly up to the
level of the anterior third of acetabulum. Pars prostatica and ducts hemaphro¬
diticus small; genital pore situated on a small conical papilla close behind
the oral sucker. Ovary in front of the two compact oval, vitelline bodies
situated at the extreme hinder end of body. Receptaculum seminis absent.
Laurer's canal present. Uterus pre-ovarian, eggs numerous, operculate,
without filament. Excretory bladder Y-shaped, with the cornua anastomosing
dorsal to the oral sucker. Parasitic in fishes. Type species—I. purii.
REFERENCES
Manter, H. W. (1938). Trans. Amer. Micr. Soc. 57, 26
Srivastava, H. D. (1933). Bull. Acad. Sci., U. P. , Allahabad, 3, 41
—(1934). Proc. Acad. Sci. , U. P. , Allahabad, 4, 113
NEW ALLOCREADIDS (TREMATODA) FROM INDIAN
MARINE FOOD FISHES
PART V. A NEW PARASITE OF THE GENUS LEPOCREADIOIDES
YAMAGUTI, 1936
BY
HAR DAYAL SRIVASTAVA, M. Sc. , D. Sc.
Imperial Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar
(Received for publication on 14 June 1940)
(With one text-figure)
I N 1936, Yamaguti described a new parasite from a Japanese fish and created
a new genus Lepocreadioides for its reception. The genus, with L. zebrini
as the type species, was assigned to the subfamily Lepocreadiinae Odhner,
1905, of the family Allocreadiidae Stossich, 1903. In the following year,
he added a second species from another Japanese fish to the genus. In this
paper is described the third species of the genus. It is a common parasite
infesting the gut of an Indian marine fish at Puri and Karachi.
Lepocreadioides indicum, n. sp.
Host—Platycephalus insidiator Forsk
Habitat—Intestine
Locality—Puri and Karachi
A large number of specimens of this species was collected from the small
intestine of Platycephalus insidiator examined at Puri and Karachi. The
parasite has a foliate, ovoid body which is bluntly pointed anteriorly and
broadly rounded at the posterior extremity. The lateral margins of the body
are deeply crenated and the posterior end has a deep, median incision into
which the excretory bladder opens. The worms in permanent mounts measure
1.0-2.32 mm. in length and 0.72-1.4 mm. in maximum breadth. Minute
cuticular spines are present only in the pre-acetabular region, but small,
deeply staining cutaneous cells are found uniformly distributed. They are
specially prominent in the pre-acetabular region. The transversely oval,
subterminal oral sucker measures 0.08-0.13 mm. × 0.09-0.19 mm. in
size. The acetabulum is cup-shaped and measures 0.12-0.35 mm. in
diameter. It is situated at the base of the anterior third of the body. The
pre-pharynx is absent, but a pharynx is present and measures 0.06-0.08 mm.
× 0.08-0.12 mm. The oesophagus is extremely small and is visible only
in extended specimens. It bifurcates into two, simple, wide caeca, which
terminate blindly a little in front of the hinder end.
The testes are two, longitudinal, elliptical bodies situated asymmetrically
in the intercaecal space, one on either side of the excretory bladder. They
lie close behind the anterior half of body. The anterior testis measuring
0.12-0.36 mm. × 0.08-0.16 mm. lies on the right side, while the posterior
52