NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
F. WARE AND M. K. SRINIVASAN 301
Serial
No:
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Animal
B
B.
B.
B.
B.
H. C.
C.
C.
C.
C.
Date of test
Mar. 37 . .
Sep. 37 . .
Mar. 37 . .
Sep.37 . .
Mar. 39 . .
Mar. 37 . .
Sep. 37 . .
Mar. 39 . .
Mar. 37 . .
Sep.37 . .
Mar. 39 . .
Mar. 37 . .
Sep. 37 . .
Aug. 30 . .
Jun. 31 . .
Oct. 31 . .
Dec. 31 . .
Jun. 33 . .
Jun. 34 . .
Dec. 34 . .
Oct. 30 . .
Nov. 30 . .
Mar. 32 . .
Oct. 30 . .
Jan.32 . .
Jun. 33 . .
Oct. 32 . .
Jun. 33 . .
Result with
Avian
tuberculin
+
±
+
+
—
+
—
—
+
Ŧ
—
+
±
+
±
±
±
+
+
..
Ŧ
. .
±
+
±
—
—
—
Ordinary
tuberculin
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
+
+
+
±
—
—
+
—
—
—
—
Diagnosis
post mortem
J. d. +.
J. d. —. (Dest.)
J. d.—. (Dest.)
J. d.—. (Dest.)
J. d.—. (Dest.)
J.d. +.
J. d. +. T. B.—.
J.d.+.
J.d. +.
J.d. +.
J.d. + . = Johne's disease confirmed post-mortem.
J. d. —. = Johne's disease not confirmed post-mortem.
T. B. + . = Tuberculosis confirmed post-mortem.
T. B. —. = Tuberculosis not confirmed post-mortem.
Ŧ = Suspicious probably negative.
± =Suspicious.
+ = Positive to test.
C. = Cow.
H. C. = Heifer calf.
Bk. = Bullock.
B.C. = Bull calf.
B. = Bull.
H. = Heifer.
Unless otherwise stated the animal died.
302
Johne's Disease
Serial
No.
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
Animal
C.
C.
C.
C.
C.
C.
C.
B.
Bk.
Bk.
B.
B.
B.
B.
Date of test
Jun. 33 . .
Oct. 30 . .
May 31 . .
Jun. 32 . .
Jun. 33 . .
Nov. 33 . .
Jun. 34 . .
Jun. 33 . .
Jum. 34 . .
Jun. 35 . .
Jun. 33 . .
Jun. 34 . .
Dec. 34 . .
May 35 . .
July 36 . .
Oct. 30 . .
Jun. 36 . .
Jun. 33 . .
Jun. 34 . .
Dec. 34 . .
May 35 .
Oct. 30 . .
Mar. 39 . .
Mar. 39 . .
Jun. 31 . .
Dec. 31 . .
Jun. 32 . .
Jun. 33 . .
Jun. 33 . .
Jun. 34 . .
July 31 . .
Sep.31 . .
Nov. 31 . .
Jun 33 . .
Jun. 34 . .
Dec. 34 . .
Result with
Avian
tuberculin
—
+
—
—
—
±
—
—
—
—
—
±
±
—
—
+
—
—
±
—
—
+
+
+
+
±
±
—
—
—
+
+
+
+
. .
Ordinary
tuberculin
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
+
+
Diagnosis
post mortem
J.d.+.
J.d. +.
J. d.+.
J.d. +.
J.d. +.
J.d. +.
J. d. —.
J. d.+. (Dest.)
J.d.+.
J.d.—. (Dest.)
J.d.—. (Dest.)
J.d.—. (Dest.)
J. d. — (Dest.)
J.d.—. T.B.—.
(Dest.)
F. WARE AND M. K. SRINIVASAN 303
Serial
No.
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Animal
H.
H.
H.
H.
H.
H.
H.
B.C.
B.C.
B.
B.C.
B.
B.
B.
Bk.
Date of test
Jun. 33 . .
Jun. 34 . .
Jun. 33 . .
Jun.34 . .
Sep. 35 . .
Jun.33 . .
Jun. 34 . .
Jun. 35 . .
Jun. 34 . .
Jun. 33 . .
Jun. 34 . .
Jun. 33 . .
Jun. 34 . .
Jun.35 . .
Jun. 36 . .
Aug. 30 . .
Feb.31 . .
Feb.31 . .
Jun. 35 . .
Jun. 36 . .
Jun. 33 . .
Jun. 34 . .
Jun.34 . .
Dee. 34 . .
Jun. 33 . .
Jun. 34 . .
Jun.33 . .
Jun.34 . .
Result with
Avian
tuberculin
Ŧ
Ŧ
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
±
—
+
+
+
+
—
—
—
—
+
. .
+
—
—
—
Ordinary
tuberculin
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
+
—
+
—
—
—
Diagnosis
J. d. +.
J.d. +.
J. d. +.
J.d. +.
J. d. —.
J.d.—.
J. d. —.
J.d. +.
J. d. +.
J.d. +.
J.d. +.
J. d. +. (Dest.)
J.d.—. T.
B.
+.
(Dest.)
J.d.—. (Dest.)
J.d.—. (Dest.)
304
Johne's Disease
APPENDIX 2(b)
Results of tests with ordinary and avian tuberculin and with synthetic tuberculin and Johnin
(Animals with Serial Nos. 61 to 95)
Serial No.
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
Animal
C.
C.
C.
C.
B.
B.
B.
B.
C.
Date of test
Apr. 30 .
Aug. 30 .
Dec. 31 .
Jun. 33 .
Apr. 40 .
Apr. 30 .
Aug. 30 .
Jun. 33 .
Jun.34
.
Apr. 40 .
Feb. 36 .
Oct. 36
.
Aug. 37 .
Apr. 40 .
Aug. 36 .
Aug. 37. .
Apr. 40 .
Feb.36
.
Sep.36 .
Jan. 37 .
Aug. 37 .
Apr. 40 .
Aug. 36 .
Sep. 37 .
Apr. 40 .
Mar. 37 .
Sep.37
.
Apr. 40 .
Mar. 37 .
Sep. 37 .
Mar. 39 .
Apr. 40 .
Oct. 30 .
Jun.33 .
Jun.34
.
Apr. 40 .
Avian
tuber-
culin
+
+
±
—
. .
+
+
+
±
. .
+
+ +
. .
+
±
. .
—
+
±
±
. .
+
+
. .
+
—
. .
+
Ŧ
+
. .
+
—
—
. .
Ordi-
nary
tuber
culin
—
—
—
—
. .
—
—
+
±
. .
—
—
—
. .
—
—
. .
—
—
—
. .
—
—
. .
—
—
. .
—
—
—
. .
—
—
—
. .
Synth
etic
tuber-
culin
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Synth-
etic
Joh-
nin
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Diagnosis
post mortem
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
J.d. —.
J. d —.
J. d. —.
Remarks
Still alive
Still alive
Still alive
Still alive
Still alive
Still alive
(Dest.)
(Dest.)
(Dest.)
F. WARE AND M. K. SRINIVASAN 305
Serial No.
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
Animal
C.
C.
C.
C.
H.
H.
H.
H.
H. C.
H. C.
C.
C.
C.
Date of test
July 29
.
Oct. 30
.
Jun.32
.
Jun.33
.
Aug. 36 .
Apr. 40 .
Jun. 31 .
Dec. 31 .
Jan.32
.
Jun. 33 .
Jun.34
.
Apr. 40 .
Jun.32
.
Jun. 33 .
Jun.34
.
Apr. 40 .
Jun.33
.
Jun. 34 .
Apr. 40 .
Jun.35 .
Jun. 36
.
Apr. 40 .
Apr. 40 .
Apr. 40
.
Sep. 35 .
Jun. 36
.
Apr. 40
.
Apr. 40 .
Apr. 40 .
Jun. 33 .
Jun.34
.
Apr. 40 .
Jun. 33
.
Jun.34
.
Jun. 35 .
Jun. 36
.
Apr. 40 .
Jun.34
.
Avian
tuber-
culin
—
—
—
—
+
. .
+
+
+
—
—
. .
+
±
—
. .
—
—
. .
—
—
. .
. .
. .
—
—
. .
. .
. .
—
+
. .
+
—
+
—
. .
+
Ordi-
nary
tuber-
culin
—
—
—
—
—
. .
—
—
—
—
—
. .
—
—
—
. .
—
—
. .
—
—
. .
. .
. .
—
—
. .
. .
. .
—
—
. .
+
—
—
—
. .
—
Synth-
etic
tuber-
culin
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Synth-
etic
Joh-
nin
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Diagnosis
J. d. —.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
J. d. —.
. .
. .
. .
. .
Remarks
(Dest.)
Still alive
Vaccinat-
ed
Still alive
Still alive
Still alive
Still alive
(Dest.)
Still alive
Still alive
Still alive
Vaccinat-
ed
Still alive
Vaccinat-
ed
Still alive
Vaccinat-
ed
B
306
Johne's Disease
Serial No.
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
Animal
H.
H.
H. C.
H. C.
B.
B.C.
B.C.
B.
B.
B.
B. C.
H. C.
H. C.
Date of test
Apr. 40 .
Jun. 35 .
Jun. 36 .
Apr. 40
Jun. 36 .
Apr. 40
Apr. 40
Apr, 40
Jun. 35
Jun. 36
Apr. 40
Apr. 40
Apr. 40
Apr. 40
Apr. 40
Apr. 40
Apr. 40
. .
. .
Avian
tuber-
cul in
. .
—
—
. .
±
. .
. .
. .
—
—
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
Ordi-
nary
tuber-
culin
. .
—
—
. .
—
. .
. .
. .
—
—
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
Synth-
etic
tnber-
culin
—
—
—
—
+
—
—
—
+
—
+
+
. .
.
.
Synth-
etic
Joh-
nin
±
—
+
±
+
—
—
—
+
+
+
+
. .
. .
Diagnosis
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
J. d.—.(Dest.).
. .
. .
. .
. .
J. d.—.(Desf.)
J.
d. +.
J. d. +.
Remarks
Still alive
Vaccinat-
ed
Still alive
Vaccinat-
ed
Still alive
Vaccinat-
ed
Still alive
Vaccinat-
ed
Still alive
Still alive
Still alive
Vaccinat-
ed
Still alive
Vaccinat-
ed
Still alive
Vaccinat-
ed
Still alive
Vaccinat-
ed
F. WARE AND M. K. SRINIVASAN 307
APPENDIX 3
Vaccination Results
Year
1930-33 .
1934-40 .
No. of
animals
8 vaccinated .
8 controls .
14 vaccinated .
13 controls .
Found
infected
with
Johne's
disease
3
4
1
2
Johne's
infection
not found
2
*3
4
2
Still
living
3
1
9
9
Remarks
Bacilli
in
saline
used for vaccination
Bacilli in oil and sand
used for vaccination
* One was tubercular
MULTIPLICATION OF B. ANTHRACIS AND CL. CHAUVŒI
IN SOIL AND IN WATER
BY
F. C. MINETT
AND
M. R. DHANDA
Imperial Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar
(Received for publication on 26 September 1941)
(With Plate XXI)
AMONG the many interesting and important problems concerning animal
disease
in warm countries, the influence of ' climate ' is one of the
most outstanding. Much work has been done on this subject on the medical
side by epidemiologists and others and in course of time we hope to extend
knowledge of the subject as it affects the domesticated animals of India.
By way of illustration, we would mention that exact information is wanted
on the incidence of certain diseases in different parts of the country and at
different seasons and this we are now collecting with the help of the local
veterinary authorities. We trust that facts, which may be forthcoming in
this and similar enquiries, will help towards a better understanding of methods
of prevention and control. In the realm of infectious diseases, we are con-
cerned, of course with parasite and host and the conditions which may faci-
litate or hinder effective contact between them. In this first paper, we deal
with a problem relating to the parasite, selecting as examples the organisms
of anthrax and blackquarter—F.C.M.]
LITERATURE
Anthrax
A conmon view, early expressed by Robert Koch, is that the anthrax
bacillus is an accidental parasite, which can live and multiply as a sapro-
phyte in water containing plant residues. Anthrax, in fact, is often referred
to as a soil disease. Circumstantial evidence for this is that the disease in
warmer countries is frequent at certain seasons in areas where the soil is wet
or marshy or which have been subjected to recent flooding. In India, anthrax
tends to break out with the onset of the rainy season.
Mollet [1913] gives a number of references to the older literature on the
subject. The position is also summarized among others by Oppermann [1906]
and by Szpilman [1914]. One of the earliest workers on the subject was
Schrakamp [1884], who came to the conclusion that the anthrax bacillus can
undergo its whole developmental cycle in soil. It should be noted, however,
( 308 )
Ind. J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb., Vol. XI, Part IV ]
[PLATE
XXI
Characteristic surface and deep colonies
of B. anthracis on agar
320
Multiplication of B. Anthracis and Cl. Chauvœi
and there is some evidence to show that this does happen. This, however,
is a matter beyond the scope of this paper.
SUMMARY
1. The anthrax bacillus is capable of multiplying in heat-sterilized soils
if the temperature is favourable, e.g. 25° or 30°C. and if they are sufficiently
wet. A water content of about 20 per cent or over is suitable but the abund-
ance of growth depends rather on the amount of' free water ' present. With-
in two weeks, increases up to 30,000 times were observed and with cessation
of growth the organism sporulates.
2. Growth also takes place in soil enriched, individually or in mixture,
with animal and plant manure, as well as with ammonium sulphate, lime
and superphosphate. The addition of lime appeared to be particularly ad-
vantageous.
3. Tests with soils from various parts of India show that, in very acid
soils, multiplication tends to be inhibited.
4. In natural (i.e., unsterilized) soil or water, placed under otherwise
favourable conditions, there was no indication that the anthrax bacillus would
grow, presumably owing to the antagonistic action of soil bacteria.
5. The evidence, therefore, strongly suggests that, in nature, the anthrax
bacillus is mainly, if not entirely, an obligatory parasite. Its survival out-
side the body depends, firstly, on the resistance of its spores and, secondly,
on the gross contamination of the surroundings, a point on which some quanti-
tative data are given.
6. In the case of Cl. chauvœi, the experimental findings indicate that
under favourable conditions growth of the organism is sterilized or natural
soil, if occurring at all, is usually very restricted.
7. The literature on the subject of this paper is reviewed.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are extremely grateful to Rao Bahadur B. Viswanath, Director of
the Imperial Agricultural Research Institute and to Mr P. V. Ramiah,
Government Agricultural Chemist at Coimbatore, for providing samples of
soil with their analyses. The former also kindly submitted analyses of the
Mukteswar soils. Analyses of the lime and superphosphate used were made
by our colleague, Dr N. B. Das.
REFERENCES
Bull, L. B. (1939). Bull. Off. Int. Epizooties. 18, 253
Bull, L. B. and Dickinson, C. G. (1933). Aust. Vet. J. 9, 82
Burow, W. (1912). Z. Haustiere. 11, 15
Carne, H. R. (1932). J. Coun. Sci. & Ind. Res. 5, 103
Dravid, R. K. (1940). Indian J. agric. Sci. 10, 352
Erdman, L. W. (1928). Biol. Abs. 2, 1705.
Fildes, P. (1929). System of Bact., Med. Res. Coun. 3, 321
Frankland, P. F. and Ward, H. M. (1893). Proc. Roy. Soc. London 53, 164
Harvey, D. (1929). System of Bact., Med. Res. Coun. 4, 43
Haslam, T. P. (1920). J. Immun. 5, 539
F. C. MINETT AND M. R.
DHANDA
321
Hastings, E. G. (1923). Abs. Bact. 7, 6
Henry, H. (1929). System of Bact., Med. Res. Coun. 3, 40
Hesse, E. (1924). Archiv. f. Tierheilkunde. 50, 168
Higgins, C. H. (1916). Dept. Agric., Ottawa Bull. 23
Houston, A. C. (1911). Quoted by Henry, H., p. 41
Hunziker, R. Ref. in 1927. Schweizer Arch. f. Tierheilkunde. 69, 217
Isabolinski, M. P. and Sobolewa, R. M. (1934-5). Z. Bakt. Orig. 133, 107
Keen, B. A. (1926). J. Min. Agric. 33, 210
Keen, B. A. and Russell, E. J. (1921). J. Agric. Sci. 11, 211
Kehoe, D. (1917). 5th & 6th Rep. Dir. Vet. Ser., S. Africa, 211
Koci, E. (1934). Biol. Abs. 8, 2279
Lewis, I. M. (1929). J. Bact. 17, 89
Mair, W. (1908). J. Hyg. 8, 37
Martin, S. (1897-8). Local Govt. Board, Rep. Med. Officer 308
M'Fadyean, J. (1898). J. Comp. Path. & Therap. 11, 51
Milks, H. J. (1910). J. Trop. Vet. Sci. 4, 162
Mollet, F. (1913). Schweizer Arch. f. Tierheilkunde. 55, 413
Oppermann, T. (1906). Archiv. f. Tierheilkunde. 32, 41
Pokschischewsky, N. A. & Golowin, A. D. (1933). Z. Haustiere. 43, 93
Read, W. D. B., Singh, G., Seal, S. C. and Bose, S. (1939). Ind. J. Med. Res. 27, 1
Salmon, D. E. and Smith, Theobald (1904). U. S. Dept. Agric., Bureau An. Indust.,
Circular 71
Schrakamp, F. (1884). Archiv. f. Hygiene. 2, 335
Seddon, H. R. and Edgar, G. (1930). Aust. Vet. J. 6, 98
Stampa, W. (1935). Biol. Abs. 9, 363
Szasz, A. (1914). Z. Haustiere. 15, 442
Szpilman, J. (1914). 10th Int. Vet. Cong. Rep. 3, 367
Thornton, H. G. (1922). Ann. App. Biol. 9, 241
Viljoen, P. R., Curson, H. H. and Fourie, P. J. J. (1928). 13th & 14th Rep. Dir. Vet. Ser.
S. Africa, 431
Viljoen, P. R. and Scheuber, J. R. (1926). Ibid. 11th & 12th, 501
Waksman, S. A. & Woodruff, H. B. (1940). J. Bact., 40, 581
322
Multiplication of B. Anthracis and Cl. Chauvœi
TABLE I
Soil analyses
Clay
(b)
Silt
(a)
...
8.45
28.82
8.22 14.02
(b)
...
14.42
...
...
...
...
...
Fine sand
(a)
...
35.01 19.46
15.08 38.60
1.11
3.49
12.83
2.25
14.17
11.85
9.7
16.7
19.3
8.6
7.4
15.4
(b)
...
36.84
40.17
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
... ...
...
Coarse sand
(a)
...
39.21
...
69.90 37.60
7.78
33.07
23.88
59.34
43.38
58.35
17.7
54.9 45.5
4.1
3.9
59.9
(b)
...
39.61
...
...
...
...
...
...
... ...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Nitro-
gen
...
...
0.108
0.085 0.098
0.040
0.049
0.038
0.038
0.062
0.097
0.043
0.081
0.060
0.095
0.064
0.045
Car-
bon
1.16
... 1.20
1.04 1.10
0.83
0.50
0.52
0.43
0.86
1.00
...
...
...
...
...
...
Organic
matter
2.01
... 2.07
1.79 1.90
1.43
0.86
0.90
0.74
1.48
1.72
0.690
0.726
0.549
0.991
* 0.865
0.367
Ca car-
bonate
0.065
... 0.0
0.0 37.4
9.8
7.1
0.0
1.05
0.4
0.0
...
...
...
... ...
...
Lime status
(per cent
M. E. ex-
changeable
Ca)
5.43
... 10.25
0.05 7.30
48.00
37.60
5.75
21.40
2.50
1.25
32.4
9.2
6.8
30.0
33.6
5.2
thod.
322
Multiplication of B. Anthracis and CL Chauvœi
TABLE I
Soil analyses
No. of
soil
A
B
1184
702
786
262
922
762
896
1082
255
M6
M5
M3
M2
M1
M4
Source or description
Mukteswar
.
.
.
.
.
.
Mukteswar sandy loam . . .
Kangra (Punjab), black . . .
Jorhat (Assam) . . . . .
Padrauna (U. P.), black . . .
Padegaon (Bombay), black . . .
Hagari (Madras), black . . .
Ranchi (Bihar), red
.
.
.
.
Coimbatore (Madras), red . . .
Chandkhuri (C. P.), red . . .
Sirsi (Bombay), red
.
.
.
.
(Madras) Deccan, black, dry lands . .
(Madras) Deccan, black, irrigated . .
(Madras) Deccan, Red, dry lands . .
(Madras) Godavari, delta alluvium
(Madras) Bezwada, delta alluvium
(Madras) Coimbatore, garden loam, irri-
gated.
Water
content
0.73
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
8.03
3.2
2.68
8.73
9.68
3.01
Satura-
tion
capa-
city
...
37.6
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
62.0
40.6
30.09
65.8
57.4
41.3
Mois-
ture
equi-
valent
...
19.0
20.2
11.3
22.2
36.6
37.1
15.6
18.4
21.5
16.3
...
...
...
...
...
...
Reaction
pH
Acid,
Acid,
Neut.,
Acid,
Alk.,
Alk.,
Alk.,
Acid,
Alk.,
Neut.,
Acid,
Alk.,
Alk.,
Alk.,
Alk.,
Alk.,
Alk.,
6.69
5.85
6.93
4.26
8.1
8.52
9.06
6.57
7.89
7.16
3.78
9.21
7.43
7.67
7.97
8.6
8.81
Clay
(a)
8.00
17.33
11.55
6.80
9.78
74.75
43.95
42.22
31.67
18.12
17.23
49.75
22.01
26.98
65.70
70.90
20.36
(b)
...
9.13
4.61
0.20
2.41
3.35
36.50
9.98
21.90
6.42
2.70
...
...
...
...
...
...
Silt
(a)
...
8.45
28.82
8.22
14.02
16.36
19.49
21.07
6.74
24.38
12.57
13.3
5.8
9.2
70.2
20.6
2.5
(b)
...
14.42
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Fine sand
(a)
...
35.01
19.46
15.08
38.60
1.11
3.49
12.83
2.25
14.17
11.85
9.7
16.7
19.3
8.6
7.4
15.4
(b)
...
36.84
40.17
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Coarse sand
(a)
...
39.21
... 69.90
37.60
7.78
33.07
23.88
59.34
43.38
58.35
17.7
54.9
45.5
4.1
3.9
59.9
(b)
...
39.61
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Nitro-
gen
...
... 0.108
0.085
0.098
0.040
0.049
0.038
0.038
0.062
0.097
0.043
0.081
0.060
0.095
0.064
0.045
Car-
bon
1.16
... 1.20
1.04
1.10
0.83
0.50
0.52
0.43
0.86
1.00
...
...
...
...
...
...
Organic
matter
2.01
... 2.07
1.79
1.90
1.43
0.86
0.90
0.74
1.48
1.72
0.690
0.726
0.549
0.991
* 0.865
0.367
Ca car-
bonate
0.065
... 0.0
0.0
37.4
9.8
7.1
0.0
1.05
0.4
0.0
...
...
...
... ...
...
Lime status
(per cent
M. E. ex-
changeable
Ca)
5.43
... 10.25
0.05
7.30
48.00
37.60
5.75
21.40
2.50
1.25
32.4
9.2
6.8
30.0
33.6
5.2
Percentage figures are given.
(a)=NaCl
dispersion. (b)=Water dispersion.
* Wet combustion method.
F. C. MINETT AND M. R. DHANDA
323
TABLE II
P. C. MINETT AND M. R. DHANDA
TABLE II
Growth of anthrax in Mukteswar soil B at varying water content and, except where otherwise stated, at 25°C.
Number of experiment . .
Water content of soil (estimated
per cent of dry soil)
„ (actual per cent at close of
experiment)
Estimated number of anthrax
bacteria added (per gm. wet
soil)
Immediate plating . . .
Plating after—
3—4 days . . .
5—6
„ . . . .
7 days . . . .
9—10 days . . .
13—14
„ . . . .
16 days . . . .
20
„ . . . .
24
„ . . . .
35
„ . . . .
3
0
4
120
3
—
3
—
—
2
—
1
—
—
—
0
—
—
2
—
2
—
—
3
5
6
112
3
—
6
—
—
22
—
36
—
—
3
4
5
10
10
10
9
3
—
96
—
—
1200
—
1310
—
—
—
336
—
—
1070
—
2800
—
—
11
65
3
—
210
—
—
5060
—
—
13100
—
—
403
—
—
3330
—
—
2760
—
8.6
315
5
—
15
—
—
153
—
—
—
—
—
7
—
—
27
—
—
—
—
3
15
14
104
3
—
700
—
—
20000
—
8000
—
—
—
177
—
—
2120
—
1940
—
—
3
4
20
18
100
3
—
257
—
—
1000
—
760
—
—
—
1610
—
—
14200
—
15400
—
—
18
60
3
—
317
—
—
400
—
—
340
—
—
182
—
—
10700
—
—
14700
—
1
2
3
4
5
25
21
—
2
2000
—
—
3000
—
2300
—
—
—
23 20
100
2
1
—
0
—
—
—
—
0
4
112
—
140
—
—
—
—
150
130
23
96
3
—
3460
—
—
75000
—
74200
—
—
—
2160
—
—
92600
—
90700
—
—
21
58
3
—
1730
—
—
16100
—
—
10900
—
—
2150
—
—
3450
—
—
2800
—
23
277
5
—
132
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
90
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
30
—
6
200
—
—
1200
—
—
—
—
—
2
3
4
5
30
30
95
2
4
—
—
2
—
—
—
4
3
3
—
—
4
—
—
—
3
3
26
92
3
—
1050
—
—
2170
—
2600
—
—
—
4810
—
—
21000
—
14500
—
—
24
55
3
—
1330
—
—
1220
—
—
1700
—
27
266
5
—
680
—
—
1740
—
—
—
—
—
182
—
—
—
—
—
1
2
4
5
40
35
—
2
600
—
—
4700
—
—
—
—
—
33
32
80
2
4
—
—
1
—
—
—
2
0
3
—
—
2
—
—
—
2
2
29
50
3
—
2260
—
—
9700
—
—
9000
—
—
2550
—
—
6000
—
—
30000
—
33
247
5
—
1500
—
—
7300
—
—
—
—
—
600
—
—
360
—
—
—
—
7
6*
8*
Coarse soil
30
28
538
7
—
3080
—
—
2300
—
—
—
—
—
178
—
—
146
—
—
—
—
30
27
28
230
6
244
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
6700
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
25
19
96
2
3
—
69
—
2480
—
2300
—
—
7
6
8
Fine soil
30
28
538
7
—
20
—
—
30
—
—
—
—
—
1200
—
—
1320
—
—
—
—
30
29
230
6
—
47
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
30
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
25
18
96
2
1
—
1
—
3
—
9
—
—
—
12*
Seeded with anthrax blood
30
31
—
950
—
—
36400
—
45000
—
—
—
—
29
—
2200
—
—
280
—
490
—
—
—
—
30
30
—
—
34
38600
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
39300
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Table shows the number of anthrax colonies on plate sown from dilution b. each vertical column of figures being the results from one bottle. Where the plate sown from dil b was contaminated, the number of anthrax colonies was estimated from uncontaminated plates sown from higher dilutions. Where possible, plates showing 30—300 colonies were selected for counting.
Numbers in italics show the numbers of anthrax colonies on plates which also showed some degree of bacterial contamination.
Number of colonies given under ' immediate plating ' is the average of all colonies on dilution b plates used in the particular experiment.
* Experiments 6 and 8 and 12 were conducted at 30°C.
324
Multiplication of B. Anthracis and Cl. Chauvœi
TABLE III
B and C at 30 per cent water content and varying temperature
7
29
13
28.5
29
29
30°C.
1200
22
58
2670
...
7000
162
8190
...
20,300
75
3430
...
4970
24
32
31
1500
22
8300
8800
...
9400
1020
1240
...
750
6
29
230
6
...
2540
...
...
...
1250
...
...
13
33
27
31
24
31
30
37°C.
1200
22
26
356
...
446
50
440
...
221
80
141
...
502
1500
22
5610
2350
...
2260
6210
25400
...
12000
324
Multiplication of B. Anthracis and CI. Chauvœi
TABLE III
Growth of anthrax in Mukte war soils B and C at 30 per cent water content and varying temperature
Number of experiment
.
.
.
.
Water content of soil, (actual per cent at close
of experiment)
Temperature of incubation . . .
Estimated number of anthrax bacteria added
(per gm. wet soil)
Immediate plating
.
.
.
.
.
Plating after—
2 days
.
.
.
.
.
.
3—4 days . . . . .
5-6
„
.
.
.
.
.
11—13 „
.
.
.
.
.
7
28
15°C.
538
7
...
...
6
...
13
30
29.5
29
17°C.
1200
22
25
29
...
2040
27
27
...
1610
31
29
...
328
7
29
30
29
22°C.
538
7
...
...
35
23
...
...
5
7
...
...
47
2
13
32.5
29
27
25°C.
1200
22
25
54
...
4370
38
359
...
2550
38
212
...
5160
7
29
538
7
...
...
4380
4400
...
...
5700
5400
...
...
4310
5500
13
28.5
29
29
30°C.
1200
22
58
2670
...
7000
162
8190
...
20,300
75
3430
...
4970
24
32
31
1500
22
8300
8800
...
9400
1020
1240
...
750
6
29
230
6
...
2540
...
...
...
1250
...
...
13
33
27
31
24
31
30
37°C.
1200
22
26
356
...
446
50
440
...
221
80
141
...
502
1500
22
5610
2350
...
2260
6210
25400
...
12000
Legend as Table II
F. C. MINETT AND M. R. DHANDA
325
TABLE IV
Growth of anthrax in Mukteswar soil B containing various enrichment
substances
Number of experiment
.
.
.
.
Water content of soil, (estimated per cent
of dry soil)
„ (actual percentage at close of
experiment)
Temperature of incubation . . .
Estimated number of anthrax bacteria add-
ed (per gm. wet soil)
Immediate plating
.
.
.
.
Plating after—
3 days
.
.
.
.
.
5—6 days
.
.
.
.
.
7 days
.
.
.
.
.
10 „
.
.
.
.
.
13 „
.
.
.
.
.
.
20 „
.
.
.
.
.
29
„
.
.
.
.
.
62 „
.
.
.
.
.
7
8
Horse manure
30
29
25°C.
538
7
...
191
...
...
1850
...
...
...
...
145
...
...
210
...
...
...
24
30°C.
92
2
5
...
2
...
3
0
...
...
9
Plant
manure
30
32
30°C.
77
3
110
2610
...
...
...
...
...
...
38
130
...
...
...
...
...
...
7
9
8
Ammonium sulphate
30
29
25°C.
538
7
...
1980
...
...
5430
...
...
...
28
24
30°C.
77
3
148
6000
...
...
...
...
...
...
180
23100
...
...
...
...
...
...
92
2
2
...
1
...
2
4
...
...
2
...
5
...
0
2
...
...
10
8
11
Lime
30
25
24
23
40
30
30°C.
215
3
111
...
98
...
...
...
...
...
130
...
14600
...
18200
...
18500
...
92
2
5
...
205
...
720
720
...
...
47
...
25300
...
49000
46300
...
42800
180
4
...
...
60
200
...
...
...
...
11
Super-
phos-
phate
40
30
30°C.
180
4
...
264
...
2780
...
...
...
...
Manure.—For experiment 7 dried and powdered horse dung was added to the soil before sterilization to give final 1.0 per cent by weight. Horse dung in experi-
ment 8 and vegetable manure (leaves which had rotted were dried and pulverized) in experiment 9 was added in the form of a 10 per cent clear watery extract, which
after autoclaving was added to the sterilized soil in amount corresponding to a final 1.0 per cent by weight of dried manure.
Ammonium sulphate.—From a 10 per cent solution (sterilized by filtration or autoclaving) enough was added to the sterilized soil to give final 0.1 per cent.
Lime (slaked) . Superphosphate—From
a 10 per cent watery suspension enough was added to give a final 0.1 per cent. The lime used contained CO 2 as Ca CO 2
9.45 per cent and total calcium as CaO 68.32 per cent. The superphosphate contained total phosphorus as P 2 O 5 47.5 per cent.
C
326
Multiplication of B. Anthracis and Cl. Chauvœi
TABLE V
Growth of anthrax in diverse types of soil at 30°C.
Number of experi-
ment
Soil number
Estimated number
of anthrax bac-
teria added (per
gm. wet soil)
Immediate plating
Plating after—
4 days . .
5 „ . .
6 „ . .
11 „ . .
13 „ . .
1
896
180
...
...
...
20,000
...
...
786
166
...
...
...
16,000
...
...
262
155
...
...
...
420
...
...
1082
196
...
...
...
405
...
196
762
184
...
...
...
370
...
...
1184
180
...
...
...
104
...
...
922
171
...
...
...
23
...
...
702
186
...
...
...
0
...
36
255
180
...
...
...
3
...
4
Muk¬
teswar
C
180
...
...
...
3800
...
5600
2
896
1100
22
19,300
...
...
36,000
...
19,800
...
...
32,000
...
255
1136
22
23
...
...
15
...
16
...
...
11
...
702
1145
22
12
...
...
13
...
19
...
...
13
...
3
702
170
...
...
5
...
...
...
255
...
...
340
...
...
...
4
M1
...
...
148
...
...
...
M3
...
...
3900
...
...
...
M4
26
...
...
640
...
...
...
M5
...
...
4400
...
...
...
M6
...
...
600
...
...
...
5
M2
130
...
...
...
406
...
...