NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
25
From the above series of experiment it is seen that 0.06 c.c. of H. C. V.
serum completely neutralised 0.1 milligramme of the corresponding venom as
far as this clotting action in vitro is concerned. It is quite inactive against the
similar actions of the three other poisons.
Notes and References.
(1) "Scientific Memoirs by Officers of the Medical and Sanitary Departments of the
Government of India :" 1903, No. 5.
(2) "Proceedings of Royal Society :" Vol. 72, p. 419. "The Lancet :" 6th February
1904, p. 349.
(3) For the venoms of Naia bungarus and Trimeresurus gramineus I am indebted to
the Bombay Natural History Society ; for that of Hoplocephalus curtus to Dr. Tidswell of
Sydney; for that of Enhydrina valakadien to Mr. Peal, Calcutta; and for that of Crotalus
adamanteus to Prof. S. Flexner of Philadelphia. The other venoms I collected myself.
(4) "The Lancet :" 2nd January 1904, p. 20.
(5) "Loc. cit. "
(6) "Scientific Memoirs by Officers of the Medical and Sanitary Departments of the
Government of India :" 1902, No. 1.
(7) " Loc. cit. ''
(8) " Loc. cit. "
(9) "Scientific Memoirs by Officers of the Medical and Sanitary Departments of the
Government of India :" 1904, No. 7.
(10) "Australasian Medical Gazette :" 21st April 1902, p. 177.
(11) "Proceedings of the Royal Society :" Vol. 71, p. 481, and Vol 72, p. 306.
(12) "Proceedings of the Royal Society :" Vol. 71, p. 481.
(13) "The Lancet :" 6th February 1904, p. 349.
(14) "Scientific Memoirs by Officers of the Medical and Sanitary Departments of the
Government of India :" 1903, No. 3.
(15) " Loc. cit. ( vide reference No. 1)."
(16) "Proceedings of the Royal Society :" Vol. 72, p. 419.
(17) "Journal of Experimental Medicine:" Vol. VI, No. 3, March 17, 1902, p. 277.
"Univ. of Penna, Medical Bulletin." Vol. XV, No. 9, November 1902, p. 345. "Univ. of
Penna, Medical Bulletin." Vol. XVI, Nos. 5-6, July-August 1903, p. 163.
(18) "Berliner klinische Wochenschrift :" 1902, Nos. 38 and 39; 1903, Nos. 2-4.
(19) "Scientific Memoirs by Officers of the Medical and Sanitary Departments of the
Government of India :" 1903, No. 4.
(20) "Loc. cit. "
E.
No. 10.
NEW SERIES.)
SCIENTIFIC MEMOIRS
BY
OFFICERS OF THE MEDICAL AND SANITARY DEPARTMENTS
OF THE
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
SPECIFICITY OF ANTIVENOMOUS SERA.
(SECOND COMMUNICATION.)
BY
CAPTAIN GEO. LAMB, M.D. (GLASG.)
(Indian Medical Service. )
ISSUED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
BY THE SANITARY COMMISSIONER WITH THE GOVERNMENT
OF INDIA, SIMLA.
CALCUTTA:
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.
1904.
Price As. 8 or 9d.
No. 33A.
FROM
CHARLES PLANCK, ESQ.,
Sanitary Commissioner, N.-W. Provinces,
To
B. W. COLVIN, ESQ.,
Offg. Secy. to Govt., N.- W. Provinces.
DATED NAINI TAL, THE 19TH OCTOBER 1876,
SIR,
I HAVE the honour to submit herewith a report on Leprosy, as
required by the orders of the Government of India, dated 5th March,
1876.
I have the honour to be,
SIR,
Your most obedient servant,
C. PLANCK,
Sanitary Commissioner, N.- W. P.
REPORT ON LEPROSY IN THE NORTH-WESTERN PROVINCES.
Prepared in obedience to the orders of the Government of India, contained in paragraph 8, of Resolution
No. 1/136, dated 5th March, 1875, in the Home Department (Medical).]
1. The orders of Government above quoted were to the effect that the Sanitary
Commissioners of Local Governments should, with the assistance of the Civil Surgeons,
collect all facts bearing on the distribution and causation of leprosy; the principal
facts to be noticed and recorded being— 1st, the extent to which leprosy exists in
each district; 2nd, if localized, the locality in which it is chiefly found; 3rd, the
peculiarities of this locality, if any, and the conditions in other respects under which
the people therein live ; 4th, the circumstances under which individual cases seem to
have arisen, whether by contagion or hereditary taint, or from any other cause.
2. As a reliable foundation for this investigation, I have, during the past year,
been engaged, in regard to this subject, in collecting, with the assistance of the Civil
Surgeons, histories of leprosy cases from every district of the province. The history
in every case being a record of facts in the following form;—
Present history. Name, age, sex, caste, present place of abode, form of leprosy
suffered, present means of livelihood.
Previous history. Place of abode when first attacked with leprosy, age when
first attacked, employment or means of livelihood when first attacked.
Family history.—State of health during life of grandfathers and grandmothers,
father and mother, uncles or aunts, brothers and sisters, as regards leprosy. It
10. Yet, to this general rule of extended prevalence, something of exception appears
as the result of this investigation, which should be stated here.
By careful consideration of the histories provided, it appears that leprosy may be
unusually prevalent in some centres of population. There is nothing to show that this
is due to local causes ; but so far as this limited enquiry goes, it seems likely that if
there are any especial leprosy-producing centres of population in this province, they
may be pointed out in the following statement:—
District.
Garhwál
...
...
...
Kumaun
Tarái
Bijnor
...
...
Moradabad
...
...
...
Bareilly
...
...
Budaun
...
...
... j
Shábjahánpur ...
...
Dehra Dún
...
...
...
Saháranpur
...
...
...
Muzaffarnagar ...
...
...
Meerut
...
...
...
Bulandshahr
Aligarh.
...
...
...
Etah
...
...
Muttra
...
...
Farukhabad
...
...
...
Agra
•..
...
...
Etáwab.
...
...
(
Mainpun
...
...
...
(
Cawnpore
Hamirpur
Bánda
...
...
...
Fatehpur
...
...
.••
Allababad
Jaunpur
.,.
...
... «
Gorakhpur
...
...
...
Bash
...
...
...
Azamgarh
Gházipur
...
...
Benares
...
...
•..
Mirzapur
...
Jalaun.
...
•••
•••
Jhánsi
...
Lalitpur
...
...
...
Greatest
umber of cases
originating in
one centre.
3
2
7
3
18
5
6
4
4
21
2
6
4 6
25
4
10
8
14
16
5
2
17
10
12
6
6
5
5
16
2
22
6
4
2
10
4
15
11
4
7
13
8
17
13
6
3
7
4
17
8
13
4
7
Name of that centre of population.
Zamlá.
Gará Khera.
Káshipur.
Niko-af-al.
Moradabad city.
Paikbarra.
City of Bareilly.
City of Budaun.
Dahemi.
Sháhjahánpur city.
Udeypur.
Deoband.
Manglaur.
Muzaffarnagar town.
Meerut city.
Bugrassi.
Aligarh city.
Soron.
Muttra city
Farukhabad city.
Fatehgarh.
Farrah.
Etáwah city.
Mainpuri city.
Karauli.
Gbiror.
Jasrana.
Pharangi.
Sabalpur.
City of Cawnpore.
Raweri.
City of Bánda.
Town of Fatehpur.
Byrahanpur.
Seyrnh.
City of Jaunpur.
Gora Badshahpur.
City of Gorakhpur.
Rudarpur.
Narcotia.
Basti.
Mehndawal.
Bansi.
City of Azamgarh.
City of Gbázipur
City of Benares.
Majhilpur.
City of Mirzapur.
Town of Jalaun..
Parásan.
Barragaon.
Mau Bánípur.
Mehrauni.
Town of Lalitpur.
11. It may be observed of the above list that many of the places where the dis-
ease appears to arise most frequently are populous cities, and the greatness of the popu-
lation may account for the unusual number of cases originating therein, peculiarity of
locality having nothing to do with the prevalence. But this line of argument will not
account for the undue prevalence of leprosy in a village of small population, as for
example in Parásan in Jalaun. It is certainly not impossible that even in the case of
a small village, leprosy commencing there may in every case be due to hereditary taint.
But as this enquiry proceeds, evidence of a commencement of the disease " de novo" in
some individuals will appear, and it seems not unlikely that the conditions under which
this untoward circumstance arises, may be profitably studied amongst the lepers of a
small village. This I purpose doing when opportunity occurs. In regard to Parásan,
I may add that the Civil Surgeon of Jalaun attributes the undue prevalence of leprosy
2
( 7 )
From this account it appears that the disease is not specially prevalent amongst
men of any one form of employment. Indeed, I think it not unlikely the ratios, of
cases recorded, to the totals of persons existing in the province of each form of employ-
ment mentioned in the list, would, if the figures were available, be found pretty
equal.
If any undue prevalence were discoverable, it would probably appear amongst the
class, employed as bankers, shopkeepers, and traders.
15. The same remark applies to castes.
The castes of those afflicted with leprosy recorded in the 1,531 histories are rather
more numerous than the employments of the above list, and the caste list teaches deci-
dedly that caste has no influence on the prevalence of the disease.
The caste list and the employment list are, indeed, very much alike in regard to
what may be learnt from them, and I have preferred to give the list of employments
as more generally understandable and more pertinent to the enquiry on hand.
16. The list of employment points plainly to one fact of importance ; namely, the
pretty equal prevalence of leprosy amongst the poor or those who have to struggle for
the necessaries of life, and the rich or those who possess the necessaries of life with
certainty.
Estimating two-thirds of the cultivators as poor, a high ratio, for many were re-
turned as farmers, the list of those who may have had to struggle for the necessaries
of life will be—
Cultivators
...
... ,
..
... 368
Labourers
...
•••
...
... 210
Beggars
...
...
...
...
68
Weavers
...
...
...
...
50
Potters
...
...
...
...
20
Sweepers
...
...
...
...
15
Total
... 731
Leaving a balance of 800 persons, of whom at least 315—namely, 117 bankers,
shopkeepers and traders ; 72 soldiers, servants and officials ; 68 supported by relatives ;
42 landlords; 12 priests ; 4 goldsmiths—must have been living in fairly affluent circum-
stances, and the remaining 485 were most likely placed above want of any important
character by the practice of their professions or employments.
Probably, by the law of ratios it might be shown that leprosy is a disease
unduly prevalent amongst those who lead a sedentary life. But the facts of the list
suffice to prove that the disease afflicts alike the Cultivator or Labourer of open air
life with hard fare, and the Bania or merchant of sedentary habits and ample nourish-
ment.
17. The previous list, as the heading shows, provides a statement of employment
at the time leprosy first appeared in the individuals concerned. I think it is a point of
some importance to determine how these people were employed, or what moans of live-
lihood they possessed at the time of examination, in most cases, many years after they
were first afflicted; and the following statement provides the necessary informa-
tion :—
( 9 )
21. I think from these facts it may be gathered that the people of this country,
as the result of experience, do not believe in any contagious nature of leprosy.
22. The ages of the 1,531 persons of the histories appear in the following state-
ment, and to these I am able to add the ages of 47 lepers recorded in the Agra city
nominal roll :—
Age at date of examination.
Age.
Number at each
period of age.
Total
Age not stated
3
1
4
5 to 10 years.
1
...
1
10 to 20 years.
51
...
51
20 to 30 years.
213
...
213
30 to 40 years.
318
321
40 to 50 years.
43S
12
450
50 to 60 years.
332
14
346
60 to 70 years.
130
12
142
Above 70 years.
45
5
50
Total.
1,531
47
1,578
Remarks.
History state-
ments.
Agra city roll.
The table shows that 62.6 per cent. of those examined were above 40 years of ago,
and 12.2 per cent. had lived to be more than 60 years old—a great age for people of
this country. Of the 50 persons more than 70 years old, 29 are returned as between
70 and 75, 2 from 75 to 80, 14 from 80 to 85, 3 from 85 to 90, and 2 from 90
to 95.
It is likely that these latter figures are in excess of the actual facts. But still the
evidence of age, as a whole, goes to prove undoubtedly that to suffer from leprosy
does not forbid the expectation of long life.
23. The age at time of first appearance of the complaint is a fact perhaps of
greater importance than the age at the time of examination, and the following is the
statement, as compiled from the histories recorded and from the nominal roll of 530
lepers of the Agra city and Agra district, in which the age at time of attack is recorded.
Age at first appearance of the disease.
Age.
Number at each
period of age.
Total
Age not stated.
3
...
3
At birth.
5
...
5
Under 5 years.
10
2
12
5 to 10 years.
24
10
34
10 to 20 years.
232
48
280
20 to 30 years.
371
120
500
30 to 40 years.
457
154
611
40 to 50 years.
285
121
406
Above 50 years
144
66
210
Total.
1,531
530
2,061
Remarks.
Histories.
Agra city and
district.
The table shows that 83.8 per cent, of those examined wore more than 20 years
old, that is, well advanced beyond the age of puberty before the disease attacked them ;
and 59.5 per cent, were more than 30 years old, or long past the age of active fertility.
Of the 210 persons of more than 50 years of age previous to attack, 185 were
between 50 and 60, 12 between 60 and 70, and 13 between 70 and 80, so that leprosy,
it is seen, attacks even the extremely aged.
24. But the important fact to be learnt from this summary is, that, as a rule,
the disease does not appear in any recognizable form until after children have been
probably born to the person afflicted.
If to the ages above 20 I had added the ages from 17 to 20, which are fairly
numerous, and at which men and women are often fertile in this country, this fact
would have appeared more marked,
3
( '
of helpless lepers who may be found begging in public throughout the Province, it
seems probable that the asylum accommodation is insufficient, or the asylum manage-
ment disagreeable.
And, 2nd, that any measure of sequestration of lepers, with a view to the eradication
of the disease, such as I understand is in force in Norway, is not likely to attain
its objects here, seeing that in the great majority of cases the disease, has been trans-
mitted to the coming generation before any accurate knowledge of its existence in men
now living can be attained to. For I do not suppose it possible to sequestrate an
apparently heathly man because his grandfather or father had been lepers.
SANITARY COMMISSIONER'S OFFICE, N.-W. P. :
C. PLANCK,
Dated Naini Tal, the 9th October, 1876.
Sanitary Commissioner, N.-W. P.
Report
ON THE
Cholera Epidemic
OF
1868.
BY
DR. S. C. TOWNSEND,
Sanitary Commissioner,
CENTRAL PROVINCES AND BERARS.
1869.
Report
ON THE
OF
1868. _____
BY
DR. S. C. TowNSEND,
Sanitary Commissioner,
CENTRAL PROVINCES AND BERARS.
1869.
No. 258/34
FROM
ΤΗe ASST. SECY. TO THE CHIEF COMMISSIONER,
Central Provinces,
To
THE SANITARY COMMISSIONER,
Central Provinces,
Dated Nagpore, the 4th February 1870.
SIR,
I am directed to acknowledge the receipt of your report on the
cholera epidemic of 1868. This subject has already been discussed by you in
a general manner in your last Annual Report on the sanitary condition of the
Central Provinces, but the present report goes much more fully into details,
traces the origin and follows the spread of the disease, and finally concludes with
an exposition of the conclusions you have arrived at, regarding the conditions
under which cholera becomes epidemic, and the measures which in your opinion
are best calculated to prevent this.
2. The Officiating Chief Commissioner has perused your report with much
interest. It is evident that you have spared no pains to elicit all facts that
might seem likely to throw light on the cause of the appearance of the disease in
the towns and villages which you visited. You have also minutely noted the
situation and sanitary condition of these places, and the Officiating Chief Com-
missioner cannot doubt that the facts which you have brought together and the
information which you have acquired are of great value.
3. The third Section of your report is devoted to a review of all the facts
brought under your notice, and contains at length the deductions therefrom, which
you think can legitimately be made, and the views which you entertain regarding
the spread of cholera. Your conclusions may be briefly summarized :—You are of
opinion that facts go to show that the cholera which raged in the Central Provin-
ces in 1868 was not locally generated, but was imported from outside, and dif-
fused by means of human intercourse. That the epidemic spread only to a limited
area, you attribute in a great measure to the fact, that the focus of the disease
was not a large body of pilgrims assembled from all parts of the country, who
thereafter dispersed carrying with them the disease in all directions to their own
homes, but that the focus was a small congregation of men, who for the most
part did not disperse, and that in this case local traffic and intercourse of village
with village caused the spread of the disease, but more slowly and over a smaller
area than would otherwise have been the case.
4. You have found that neither extreme heat nor extreme dryness of atmos-
phere checks the development of cholera. And that the greatest mortality
occurred in villages and places situated, in soil of trap formation. Elevation and
3
practical bearing. Scientific men alone will be able to appreciate correctly the
value and validity of your deductions and conclusions, but the Officiating Chief
Commissioner desires to express his high, sense of the indefatigable care and pa-
tience with which you have conducted your researches, and of the clear and prac-
tical manner in which you have embodied their result in this report.
I have the honor to be,
Sir,
Your most obedient Servant,
J. W. NEILL,
Offg. Asst. Secretary.
No. 369.
FROM
ThE SANITARY COMMISSIONER,
Central Provinces and Berars,
To
THE SECRETARY TO THE CHIEF COMMISSIONER,
Cenrtal Provinces.
Dated Nagpore, the 8th October 1869.
SIR,
I have the honor to submit for the in formation of the Chief Commis-
sioner my report on the cholera epidemic of 1868.
The report is divided into 3 Sections:—
In Section I. is described the origin and spread of the epidemic among
the gangs of labourers employed on the Northern, road.
In Section II. the spread of the epidemic among the general population.
In Section III. the history of the epidemic is reviewed and conclusions
drawn with reference to the conditions that appear to favour the
spread of the disease among the people and the measures that
are required for the removal of those conditions.
I have also appended two Statements, one showing the rise and de-
cline of the epidemic of the present year and the atmospheric conditions that
prevailed during its continuance, the other showing the total mortality resulting
from the epidemic in each district of the Province.
INDEX.
Object of the Report
INTRODUCTORY.
... .. ..
Cholera in the Central Provinces in former years ...
Measures taken to diminish its prevalence
PARA.
... 1
... 2
.. 3&4
SECTION I.
Prevalence of citolera among the the coolies employed on the North
Liability of the districts of Seonee and Jubbulpore to visita-
tion of cholera. ... .. ... ..
Cholera in Benares and Mirzaporc .. ... ..
Nagpore and Jubbulpore road .. ... ..
Coolies collected on the road .. ... ..
Atmospheric conditions at the time of the out-break of cholera ...
Health of coolies and general population prior to out-break ...
Description of locality in which first out-break occurred, and the
number and distribution of the coolies employed there
Out-break of cholera ... ... .. ...
Cholera in the neighbouring villages ... .. ...
Spread of cholera among the gangs along the road .. ...
Hoolkee valley ... ... .. ...
Gangs south of Gunncshgunj ... .. ...
Gangs on southern section of the road .. .. ...
Gangs that had dispersed, re-collected... .. ...
Review of facts connected with the origin and spread of cholera
among the coolies
Incident showing the possibility of the disease having been im-
ported from Benares ...
..
..
...
Road.
5
6,7,8
9,10,11
12,13
14 to 18
19;20
21 to 27
28
29
30
31
32
33 to 43
44
45 to 51
52
SECTION II.
Diffusion of the epidemic among the general population.
Nature of enquiry .. .. .. ..
Maps and Tables accompanying the Report .. ...
Extent to which the statistics are reliable ... ...
Information gathered from the people ... ...
Slow progress of the epidemic ... ... ...
Districts in which it chiefly prevailed. .. ... ...
General description, of different parts of epidemic area
The trap formation .. .. .. ..
Out-break in the marriage party at Saleewarra .. ...
Do.
do.
do.
at Kuladehi
...
...
Immunity of the village of Khapa
..
53
54
55
56
57
58
59 to 63
64 to 72
73
74
75
11
SECTION IL—Continued.
PARA,
Hoolkee ..
Dhoomah ..
Poonwarra ..
...
. • •
...
Prevalence at Lucknadown
Do.
Sailooa
Do.
Koorseepar
Do.
Sehora
Do.
Rana
Mohgaon ...
Seonee ...
Kaneewara ...
Khyree ...
Hinnotia
Balleewarra ...
Choulwara and Bogan
Kyra and Myra
Country east of the Sagur
Burrora
..
Jugra ...
Lossa ...
..
..
• •
..
..
...
• • •
•
...
..
. . .
•
•
river
....
• •.•
•. •
Country to north of Sagur river
Ghunsore ...
Soonwarra ...
Ama nullah ...
Raipoora ...
Pindraye ...
Doondawanee ..
Iveolaree ...
Ivohkah ...
•
•
...
. • •
•
•
...
. • •
...
...
Villages in Heempore vralley
Boad from Heerapore tc
The villages of Nadia, P
The village of Maharajpi
Mundla
alaygaon, an
ore
Cholera in the town of Mundla
...
...
....
...
..
..
..
..
..
...
...
•..
...
...
..
..
. . .
• •
...
• . *
...
•
•
* • •
...
.. .
...
...
...
•. •
...
...
d Kedarpo
..
...
Contrast between Maharajpore and Mundli
Isolated cut-break in the Eamgurh tehseel
Road from Mundla to Juboulpore
Villages on the Babeya n
Do. of Bhowul
Do.
Goojher
ullah
...
...
Do.
Beejagaon and Bumhnee
...
...
..
...
...
Do.
Koomhar and Chamarwara
DO.
Koomhar andCham arwar
Do.
Pateyrah
Do.
Dunwahi
Country round Burrailla
The town of BurrailL
The village of Peepuria
Saleewarra
Kuttenghat ...
..
..
...
1
...
• • •
...
..
...
..
..
• •
...
...
...
•
• . •
...
Several villages close to J ubbulpore Cantonmen
Koondum Police Circle
Jubbulpore Cantonment
Do.
City
...
...
...
...
..
..
...
...
...
...
..
•
•
..
..
..
...
...
...
...
..
...
..
..
•
•
•
•
...
•.
.
...
...
...
...
...
* • a
...
. • •
* •
...
re ..
...
..
..
...
...
...
..
• . •
...
..
...
...
...
...
..
..
• • •
t ...
...
..
...
...
...
...
..
..
• •
..
..
..
...
...
..
...
...
...
• •
..
..
•. •
...
...
..
...
...
..
..
...
...
...
...
• • •
....
...
...
...
..
...
...
• •
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
• • •
...
...
...
...
... 135
... 1
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85,86
87 to 89
90
91
92
93
94
95
9 6
97
98
99
100
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114,115
7
116
117
118
119
120
121
122,123
125
126,127
128
129
130
131
133
133
134
to 137
36,139