NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
STATISTICS OF THE ARMY.
143
OF THE ARMY.
I.—( Continued.)
in the Native Army of Madras for the year 1872.
RATIO OF
DEATHS PER
CENT.
INVALID-
ED
CONSTITUTION OF THE REGIMENT.
S t r e n g t h b o r n e o n t h e R o l l s o f t h e
R e g i m e n t o n 3 1 s t D e c e m b e r 1 8 7 1 .
Regiments.
A v e r a g e N u m b e r o f C o n s e c u t i v e N i g h t s
in Bed.
Remarks.
8
I n H o s p i t a l t o T r e a t e d .
9
I n H o s p i t a l t o A v e r a g e
S t r e n g t h p r e s e n t .
10
O f T o a l D e a t h s , C o l u m n s 4 & 5 ,
t o A v e r a g e S t r e n g t h p r e s e n t .
11
F o r Di s c h a r g e t h e S e r v i c e .
12
F o r Te mp o r a r y Ch a n g e o f
Cl i mi nat e i n I ndi a. Hindus.
Mussul-
mans.
Christi-
ans.
S t r e n g t h .
D i e d d u r i n g t h e Y e a r .
St r e ngt h.
D i e d d u r i n g t h e Y e a r .
S t r e n g t h
D i e d d u r i n g t h e Y e a r .
0.58 1.15 1.59
9
33
400
7
247
4
63
...
710
3rd Regt. N.I ... 3.75
0.13 0.15 0.15
5
12
395
...
223
...
63
1
681
6th do. do... 5
2.53 1.13 1.27 13
8
422
6
288
3
49 ...
759 29th do. do... 4.50
0.94 0.59 1.18 24
6
322
6
204
...
64
2
590 40th do. do... 6
1.21 2.16 2.47
5
9
181
7
13
...
47
1
241 Dett. S. and M. 6
3.81 2.002 2.002 ...
4
369
10
288
2
69
2
726 24th Regt. N.I...
6.40
1.57 1.20 1:20 18
...
44
1
193
2
12
...
249 2nd Regt. L.C... 3.75
1.12 1.1.2 1.35 74
72 2,133
37 1,456
11
367
6
3,956
...
5.02
...
... 0.40 ...
6
32
...
198
1
19
...
249 1st Regt. L.C...
6
1.46 1.48 2.22 17
13
386
8
242
6
76
1
704
35th do. N.I... 3.75
Dechts. at Chandah
& Seroncha.
0.45 0.75 1.06
8
9
358
3
252
4
83
...
693
20th do. do...
3
1.13 1.008 1.29 12
9
350
4
282
5
62
...
694
32nd do. do... 4
0.82 0.96 1.40 37
37 1,126
15
974
16
240
1 2,340
......
4.15
0.99 1.08 1.08 ...
32
384
6
257
1
16
...
657 14th Regt. N.I...
3
0.25 0.29 0.59 ...
15
376
2
253
1
48
1
677
1st do. do... 5
0.45 0.73 1.32 ...
22
341
7
202
2
49
...
592
10th do. do.... 4.72 Decht. at Shoay- g h e e n .
1.65 3.68 5.53 ... 102
345
26
292
14
34
2
671 27th do. do... 3
Decht. at Akyab
and a Wing at
Port Blair.
0.98 1.52 2.24 ... 171 1,446
41 1,004
18
147
3 2,597
......
3.93
1.44 1.11 1.48
3
1
23
...
234
4
20
...
277 3rd Regt. L.C...
5.59
One Squadron at
Jubbulpore.
2.11 1.15 1.58 24
6
389
9
214
2
50
...
653
5th do. N. I... 5.75
2.25 2.04 2.18 10
6
308
11
260
4
44
...
612 11th do. do ... 4.50
Head-quarters and
Wing at Banda.
0.34 0.14 0.14
1
6
381
1
259
...
57
...
697
21st do. do ... 4.09
1.07 1.02 1.02
1
7
192
1
139
2
17
...
348
15th do. do. Wg 8
1.63 1.10 1.30 39
26 1,293
22 1,106
12
188
... 2,587
...
5.38
3.24 0.75 1.21
...
...
382
4
296
4
32 ...
710 33r d Regt . N. I . . .
6.37
0.85 0.88 1.28 520 670 16,213 233 10,945 112 2,419
25 29,577
.....
4.86
Head-Quarter Returns, except where otherwise noted.
3 5
FORT SAINT GEORGE,
4 th September 1873.
Summary of the Army Statistics for the year 1872.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Average Daily Strength
present throughout
the year.
T o t a l T r e a t e d i n H o s p i t a l .
R a t i o p e r c e n t . o f t h e T r e a t e d
t o t h e A v e r a g e S t r e n g t h .
A v e r a g e D a i l y s i c k p e r c e n t .
t o t h e A v e r a g e D a i l y
S t r e n g t h .
D e a t h s i s H o s p i t a l .
R a t i o o f D e a t h s i n H o s p i t a l
p e r c e n t . t o A v e r a g e
S t r e n g t h .
R a t i o o f D e a t h s i n H o s p i t a l
p e r c e n t . t o T r e a t e d .
De a t h s o u t o f Ho s p i t a l , i . e . , i n
t he St at i on or Guar d, on
Command, on Leave or
Furlough.
Strength of the Army
as borne on the Regi-
mental Rolls, 31st
December 1871,
30,036.
T o t a l D e a t h s d u r i n g 1 8 7 2 , i n
a n d o u t o f H o s p i t a l , C o l u m n s
5 and 8.
Ratio per cent. to the Mean
Strength of Column 9.
R a t i o p e r c e n t . t o S t r e n g t h
o f M o r t a l i t y o f H i n d u s , i na
n d o u t o f H o s p i t a l .
R a t i o p e r c e n t . t o S t r e n g t h
o f M o r t a l i t y o f M u s s u l m a n s ,
i n a n d o u t o f H o s p i t a l .
R a t i o p e r c e n t . t o S t r e n g t h
o f M o r t a l i t y o f C h r i s t i a n s , i na
n d o u t o f H o s p i t a l .
A v e r a g e N u m b e r o f C o n s e c u -
t i v e N i g h t s i n B e d .
O f T o t a l M o r t a l i t y .
Of Invalided and
Discharged the
Service for Dis-
case.
Of Men sent away
from Head-quar-
ters for Change
of Climate.
31st December 1872,
29,577.
Mean 29806.5
Cavalry
... 1,190.
953
80.08
2.77
7
0.58
0.73
4
1244
11
0.88
1.84
0.64
[161]
[977]
[73]
4.91
Mean
1.24
0.92
. . .
Infantry
... 27,582.
28,921
104.85
3.12
249
0.90
0.86
110
28562.5
359
1.25
1.74
2.31
[16,052]
[9,968]
2,346
4.69
Mean
1.43
1.03
1.06
Ratio per cent. of Deaths to the
Strength of
Totals and Averages of
all ...
...28,772.
29,874
103.83
3.11
256
0.88
0.85
114
29806.5
370
1.24
1.74
2.24
Hindus.
Mussul-
mans.
Christians.
1.43
1.02
1.03
N.B.—The figures in brackets represent strength.
(Signed) J. L. RANKING, Dy. Surgeon-Genl.,
Ag, Surgeon-General, IMD.
S T A T I S T I C S O F T H E A R M Y . 1 5 3
ICRR. 15. V./650.
Vol. V
1935
THE
Indian Journal of Veterinary Science
AND
Animal Husbandry
Issued under the authority
of
The Imperial Council of Agricultural Research
Annual subscription
Price per port
Rs. 6 or 9s. 9d.
Rs. 2 or 3s. 6d.
PUBLISHED BY THE MANAGER OF PUBLICATIONS, DELHI
PRINTED BY THE MANAGER, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PRESS, NEW DELHI.
1937.
Price annas 5 or 6d.
Ind. Jour. Vety. Sci. & Anim. Husb. Vol. V., Pt. 1.
Plate I.
V. Krishnamurti Ayyar, I. V. S.
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
V. KRISHNAMURTI AYYAR, I. V. S.
AN APPRECIATION.
The late Mr. V. Krishnamurti Ayyar, I.V S., was born of well-to-do parents
in November 1885 in the district of Tanjore, Madras Presidency. After the comple-
tion of his high school education in Kumbakonam, he joined the Madras Veterinary
College in the year 1906. His career as a student at the College was remarkable for
painstaking and diligent application to work, and the desire to dive deep into a sub-
ject in pursuit of knowledge—qualities which enabled him, later in life, to attain the
high position which he held. He graduated from the Veterinary College at the top
of his class in December 1908. Early in the following year, he was entertained as a
Veterinary Assistant in the Madras Civil Veterinary Department and in the same
year, after a short period of service in the districts, he was transferred to the Veteri-
nary College Hospital as House Surgeon. He soon found a place amongst the teaching
staff of the College. The improved methods of preserving dissection subjects and
museum specimens which he introduced into the Anatomy department of the College,
marked the starting point in the development of this particular section, which,
according to the testimony of visitors from various parts of India and elsewhere,
is one of the best of its kind.
He was promoted to gazetted rank in the Provincial Service as Senior Lecturer
in 1916, and he continued in that capacity for the next five years. In June 1922 he
was appointed as Professor of Pathology and Bacteriology and promoted to the
Indian Veterinary Service on probation. He was deputed for training at the Imperial
Bactriological Laboratory, Muktesar, from 29th April 1924 to 30th June 1925. He
fully availed himself of the opportunities and facilities extended to him by the
Government of visiting various institutions of scientific interest in India during that
period. In July 1925 he returned to Madras after his training at Muktesar and
assumed charge of his duties as Professor of Pathology and Bacteriology at the College.
He acted as Principal of the College thrice between 1929 and the premature end of
his career in 1934.
Mr. Krishnamurti Ayyar was the first and the only Indian Veterinary Graduate
to be promoted to the Indian Veterinary Service—recruitment to which has since
ceased. For one who started from the lowest rungs of the ladder, this is indeed an
admirable record of service. It is scarcely necessary to enter into a description of
the work he endeavoured to do in the field of investigation and research, for, such
a record is available from his published papers and writings. Suffice it to say that
he laboured strenuously to add to the knowledge of diseases of animals in this
country.
It is sad to contemplate that such a useful and promising career has been cut
short by death due to diabetes on 18th October 1934 at the premature age of 49.
The loss to the department of which he was so distinguished a member is no less
than to the members of his bereaved family. [K. K.]
( 1 )
A
THE ROLE OF TABANUS
ORIENTIS WLK. AND
STOMOXYS CALCITRANS LINN. IN THE MECHANICAL
TRANSMISSION OF RINDERPEST.
BY
H. L. BHATIA, M.Sc.,
Offg. Entomologist, Imperial Institute of Veterinary Research, Muktesar.
(Received for publication on 19th November 1934.)
(With four text-figs.)
INTRODUCTION.
In order to ascertain whether species of Tabanus and Stomoxys act as mechanical
transmitters of rinderpest under natural conditions, as suggested by Crawford
[1933] in Ceylon, a series of experiments were carried out by the writer with Tabanus
orientis Wlk. and Stomoxys calcitrans Linn. The results with S. calcitrans were
negative. In the case of T. orientis the infection was transmitted under natural
circumstances from an infected to a susceptible bull.
The only other species of fly which has been positively incriminated in the
transmission of the disease under natural conditions is the African Glossina morsitans
Westw.
The success obtained with T. orientis has opened up a new field for intensive
research connected with vectors of rinderpest. It is hoped that this problem will
be thoroughly investigated by interested workers, and with the progress of their
enquiries a precise knowledge of the blood sucking flies and other arthropods res-
ponsible for the propagation of this disease will be acquired.
I am deeply indebted to W. Taylor, Esquire, M.R.C.V.S., D.V.H., I.V.S., Offg.
Director of the Imperial Institute of Veterinary Research, Muktesar, for his many
valuable suggestions and for granting all facilities in the prosecution of this investi-
gation.
My thanks are also due to Mr. Ahmed Bux of this Institute for the charts and the
figures.
A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON TRANSMISSION OF RINDERPEST
BY ARTHROPODS.
Up to the present time very few attempts appea to have been made on the
transmission of rinderpest through the agency of insects and other arthropods. The
( 2 )
4
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, I
METHODS AND MATERIAL.
Tabanus orientis and Stomoxys calcitrans were the two species of blood-sucking
flies selected for the transmission experiments which were conducted during this
summer at Muktesar. These flies (Text-fig. 1, Figs. a and b) were available in the
field throughout the period of experimentation, and they could therefore be
acquired without difficulty. In all these experiments wild flies were used.
For the initial feeds, the flies were induced to bite bulls experimentally inoculated
with the virus of rinderpest, such animals being named " Controls ". The flies
were interrupted in the course of their feeding on a " Control", and transferred to a
healthy animal for the completion of their meal. The interval elapsing between
their two meals was not more than five hours in any case.
The healthy animals on which infected flies were fed were kept in small sheds or
" chuppars". These sheds were separately situated, and at a considerable distance
from the shed in which the " controls " were kept. In view of the preliminary
nature of the experiments the chuppars in which the experimental animals were
housed, though affording some protection against insect visitors, were not totally
fly-proof.
It is rather difficult to arrive at a definite conclusion regarding the optimum
time for the initial feeds during the period of development of the disease in expe-
rimentally inoculated animals. Curasson (loc. cit.), while experimenting with crushed
material, collected his infected tabanid flies on the third day of the fever. Sen
(loc. cit.) fed his house flies on virulent blood, nasal discharge and fresh faeces of
infected animals at the height of reaction, and his mosquitoes at a time just prior to,
or immediately following the appearance of vesicles on the buccal mucous membrane,
although in some cases this rule was not strictly adhered to. Hornby (loc. cit.)
fed his tsetse flies at the height of reaction.
In the present series of experiments the flies were fed at the height of the tem-
perature reaction, but all those which could not be induced to feed on an infected
animal on the one day, were allowed to suck its blood on subsequent days.
In all, eight transmission experiments were carried out, four with T. orientis
and four with S. calcitrans. The failure of flies to produce infection in the healthy
bull in any one experiment was confirmed by carrying out an immunity test, following
upon a close observation of the animal for not less than nine days subsequent to the
last day of feeding of the infected flies. During this period, the morning and evening
temperatures and the general condition and feeding of the animal were registered
daily ; and also the examination of blood smears was carried out when considered
necessary. The immunity test consisted of an injection of rinderpest virus into the
experimental bull, and on rinderpest being produced by the virus, it was concluded
that flies had failed to transmit the disease.
Text-fig. 1.
Fig. a. The ♀fly Tabanus orientis Wlk., × 4, used in transmission experi
ments ; Fig. a. 1, the same enclosed in a tube, the lower half of which is lined
with blotting paper moistened with water ; Fig. a. 2, the same × 3 with half
the wings clipped, this being the condition in which, it was liberated on the
shaved area of the animal's skin for feeding ; Fig. b-ө The ♀fly Stomoxys
calcitrans Linn. × 5, used in transmission experiments ; Fig. b. 1, the same
enclosed in a tube.
ROLE OF T. ORIENTIS AND S. CALCITEANS IN RINDERPEST TRANSMISSION.
5
Fig. 1.
ROLE OF T. ORIENTIS AND S.CALCITRANS IN RINDERPEST TRANSMISSION.
7
In view of these considerations it was decided to feed the flies singly. The total
number of flies fed in each experiment was varied with the object of attempting to
determine the minimum required to produce infection. The separate feeding of
flies was very laborious, especially when the feeding of a large number had to be
controlled.
Only the interrupted method of feeding of flies has been followed in all the
experiments. In the case of T. orientis each fly sucking the blood of an animal
experimentally inoculated with the virus of rinderpest, has been interrupted after
1½ to 2 minutes and in S. calcitrans after 25 seconds to 40 seconds. After the half-
feeding was over, they were transferred after one to two hours' interval to a healthy
animal in order to complete their meal. The feeding of those flies which could not be
induced to suck blood on the one day was carried out on the same infected bull on
subsequent days. The flies, having fed on the infected and the healthy animal in
one experiment, were destroyed.
The interval of time elapsing between the two feeds would vary in the case of
each fly, as they were not fed on the healthy animal in the same order as on the
infected one, this procedure not being considered necessary. The longest possible
time between the two feeds could not have exceeded five hours.
The technique employed in feeding of flies was as follows : A small portion
of skin on the back of a bull was shaved with a sterilized razor. For feeding Sto¬
moxys the animal was immobilized and for this the plan adopted was to throw and
secure it by tying the legs. This being done, the mouth of the tube containing the
fly was then brought into contact with the shaven skin after having removed the
blotting paper. In many cases there appeared to be a disinclination to feed but by
tapping the tube on the outside the fly was kept in constant touch with the skin and
was induced to suck a desired amount of blood without much loss of time. In this
way the feeding of all flies used in the experiment was carried out. In the case
of T. orientis a half of each wing was clipped before feeding (Text fig. 1, fig. a. 2), and
by so doing they were unable to escape and could be fed without being enclosed in
tubes, also the necessity for throwing the animal was eliminated. Usually three or
four flies were liberated simultaneously on the shaved area of the back of the animal,
and removed when they had sucked for a desired time. In this way feeding of all
the flies used in any experiment could be closely watched. Those flies which could
not be induced to feed on one day, were kept separately in tubes and fed on subse-
quent days.
8
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, I
The transmission experiments with T.
orientis.
The results of all the four transmission experiments carried out with T. orientis are
summarised in the following tables.
TABLE I
1st Experiment
Serial
No.
1
No. of flies
collected
and date
8 flies on 18th
May 1934.
No. of flies
half-fed and
Control No.
8 flies on Con-
trol No. 544.
No. of flies
induced to
complete their
meal, and
experimental
bull No.
6 flies on experi-
mental bull No.
985.
Date of
feeding
19 th May
1934.
Maximum
interval
between
two feeds
1 hour and
20 minutes.
Result
Negative.
Remarks
The flies used in the
experiment
were
starved for 18 hours
before their infec-
tive feeds.
The hill bull No. 985 used in the foregoing experiment was kept under observation for 20 days after infected flies
had been fed on it and on being subjected to an immunity test after this period proved susceptible and developed rinderpest.
ROLE OF T. ORIENTIS AND S. CALCITRANS IN RINDERPEST
TRANSMISSION.
9
TABLE II.
2nd Experiment.
Serial
No.
1
2
No. of flies
collected
and date
2 flies on 22nd
May 1934.
14 flies on
25th
May
1934.
No. of flies
half-fed and
Control No.
2 flies on Con-
trol No. 824.
10 flies on
Control No.
1098.
No. of flies
induced to
complete their
meal, and
experimental
bull No.
1 fly on experi-
mental bull No.
967.
7 flies on experi-
mental bull No.
967.
Date of
feeding
23rd May
1934.
26th May
1934.
Maximum
interval
between
two feeds
30 minutes.
2 hours .
Result
. .
Negative .
Remarks
The two lots of 2 and
14 flies were starved
for 18 and 21 hours
respectively before
their initial feeds.
The hill bull used in the above experiment was kept under observation for a total number of 55 days after the date of
feeding and on being submitted to an immunity test after this period proved susceptible, and developed rinderpest.
10
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, I
TABLE III.
3rd Experiment.
Serial
No.
1
No. of flies
collected
and date
40 flies on
2nd June {
1934.
No. of flies
half-fed and
Control No.
15 flies on
Control No.
854.
5 flies out of
25 remaining
unfed
on
Control No.
854.
No. of flies
induced to
complete their
meal, and
experimental
bull No.
13 flies on ex-
perimental bull
No. 531.
5 flies on experi-
mental
bull
No. 531.
Date of
feeding
3rd
June
1934.
5th
June
1934.
Maximum
interval
between
two feeds
4 hours .
2½ hours .
Result
. .
Negative .
Remarks
The flies employed in
the experiment were
starved for 24 hours
before their initial
feeds on 3rd June
1934, and
those
which could not be
induced to suck
blood on this date
were fed on sugar
solution, and used
on 5th June 1934.
ROLE OF T. ORIENTIS AND S. CALCITRANS IN RINDERPEST TRANSMISSION.
11
As will be seen from table III, this experiment commenced on the 3rd of June.
Hill bull No. 531 was kept in a chuppar in which, from 15th June Hill bull No. 954 em¬
ployed in the fourth experiment, to be described hereafter, was also accommodated.
The infection was transmitted mechanically by infected flies to Hill bull No. 954
and the animal showed a thermal reaction on the 19th of June. Bull No. 531 also
developed rinderpest and showed a rise of temperature on June 28th. Evidently
it developed the disease through contact with bull No. 954, and taking into account
the incubation period of three days, it would appear that bull No. 531 probably
caught infection on the 25th June, that is to say, after a period of ten days' close
contact with bull No. 954. This observation is in accord with the findings of
Cooper [1932].
During the period following rise in temperature, bull No. 531 showed all the
typical symptoms such as inappetence, diarrhœa and mouth lesions (Chart No. 1),
and died on July 13th. On post mortem examination, the characteristic ulcerative
lesions of rinderpest were observed in the thoracic portion of the œsophagus, abo¬
masum and the intestines, and coccidia were observed in rectal smears.
12
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, I
ROLE OF T. ORIENTIS AND S. CALCITRANS IN RINDERPEST TRANSMISSION.
13
TABLE
IV.
4th Experiment.
Serial
No.
1
No. of flies
collected
and date
93 flies on
14th
June
1934.
No. of flies
half-fed and
Control No.
43 flies on
Control No.
657.
No. of flies
induced to
complete their
meal, and
experimental
bull No.
36 flies on ex-
perimental bull
No. 954.
Date of
feeding
15th June
1934.
Maximum
interval
between
two feeds.
5 hours
Result
Posi t i v e.
The expe-
rimental
bull deve-
loped acute
symptoms
of Rinder-
pest.
Remarks
The flies used in the
experiment
were
starved for 21 hours
before their infec-
tive feeds.
14 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, I
It will be gathered from table IV, that in this instance, the feeding of a larger
number of infected flies has taken place than in any of the three previous ones.
Altogether 36 infected flies completed their meal on healthy bull No. 954 on the 15th
of June. The flies successfully transmitted rinderpest, and the first sign of infection
was seen when the animal showed a marked rise of temperature of 104.8° F. on the
evening of the fourth day after infected flies had fed upon it (Chart No. 2). The
temperature increased to 106. 2° F. on the evening of the fifth day, when, with a view
to ascertain that the rise in temperature was actually due to rinderpest, 20 c.c. of
blood from this bull was inoculated subcutaneously into healthy bull No. 987. Bull
No. 987 developed symptoms of rinderpest consisting of soft faeces and inappetence
on the fifth day after inoculation (Chart No. 3). The infection was mild, the animal
recovering on the 12th day after inoculation. On being put to an immunity test
after this period, immunity to rinderpest was shown to be established.
After a maximum rise in temperature of 106.2° F. on the fifth day, the tempera-
ture of bull No. 954 gradually arrived at normal on the tenth day after the feeding of
infected flies. Characteristic ulcers were detected on the 8th and 9th day on the
gums and the lips. A slight rise of temperature was observed in the evenings for
four succeeding days. The animal suffered from inappetence and diarrhœa from
the fifth day after the feeding of infected flies, and from the tenth day onwards
diarrhœa persisted, and it did not eat until the twenty-first day, when it was des-
troyed owing to its emaciated condition. An autopsy was held showing the following
changes:—
Signs of diarrhœa; mucous discharge from nostrils; watery discharge from
mouth ; eyes sunken; pharynx slightly congested showing a few healed
patches of ulcers; anterior halves of the lungs markedly emphyse
matous; thoracic trachea and bronchi with diffuse congestion;
epicardium with few petechial marks; endocardium with pin-head to
pin-point sized petechiæ; liver congested appearing slightly cirrhotic;
gall bladder with 200 c.c. of yellowish-brown sticky opaque bile;
abomasum superficially congested, pylorus intensely ulcerated, the
ulcers being irregular and coated with yellowish diptheroid deposoits;
small intestines deeply congested and ulcerated; cæcum intensely
petechiated and ulcerated; rectum deeply congested, the contents
consisting of blood and mucus.
The lesions observed in the post mortem examination left no room for doubt
that bull No. 954 had been suffering from rinderpest.
ROLE OF T. ORIENTIS AND S. CALCITRANS IN RINDERPEST TRANSMISSION.
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THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, I