NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
DIGESTIBILITY TRIALS ON INDIAN FEEDING STUFFS
345
TABLE I
Chemical composition
Name of the feed
1935
Oat hay . .
1 F American cot-
ton seed.
43 F American cot-
ton seed.
1928
Oat hay . .
285 F American
cotton seed.
289 F American
cotton seed.
4 F American
cotton seed.
Desi cotton seed
Per cent on feed as such
Moisture
8.30
12.17
10.50
4.00
4.42
6.33
6.71
6.78
Dry
matter
91.70
87.83
89.50
96.00
95.58
93.67
93.29
93.22
Ash
8.54
3.82
3.66
6.94
4.01
4.95
4.63
4.73
Fat
2.22
20.19
17.70
1.81
18.76
18.77
20.73
17.64
Fibre
31.76
22.07
25.46
33.98
25.96
26.20
20.96
21.67
Protein
4.44
16.00
15.56
5.00
18.13
18.13
17.50
14.38
Nitrogen
free
extract
44.74
25.75
27.12
48.27
28.72
25.62
29.47
34.80
Per cent on oven dried feed
Ash
9.31
4.35
4.09
7.23
4.20
5.29
4.96
5.08
Fat
2.42
22.99
19.78
1.89
19.63
20.04
22.23
18.92
Fibre
34.64
25.13
28.44
35.40
27.16
27.97
22.47
23.25
Protein
4.84
18.22
17.38
5.21
18.97
19.36
18.76
15.43
Nitrogen
free
extract
48.79
29.31
30.31
50.27
30.04
27.34
31.58
37.32
346
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [V, IV
TABLE I— contd.
Mineral matter in 1,000 lbs. of the feed
Name of feed
1935
1 F American cotton seed.
43 F American cotton seed.
Oat hay
.
.
.
.
1928
285 F American cotton seed
289 F American cotton seed
4 F American cotton seed
Desi cotton seed . .
Oat hay
.
.
.
.
Phos-
phates
p 2 O 5
10.34
12.94
1.98
12.95
12.54
13.29
12.00
2.94
Calcium
CaO
2.41
3.30
4.80
3.41
3.44
3.99
4.43
3.30
Sodium
Na 2 O
1.39
0.83
0.92
0.77
0.62
0.54
0.75
0.86
Potas-
sium
K 2 O
10.65
10.64
11.52
10.30
9.73
9.38
10.07
1.94
Magne-
sium
MgO
4.44
5.55
0.11
5.50
5.44
5.54
5.09
1.59
Manga-
nese
Mn 3 O 4
0.36
0.30
0.28
0.34
0.31
0.26
0.30
0.36
Alumi-
nium
Al 2 O 3
0.56
0.37
2.48
0.12
0.31
0.28
0.10
0.38
Iron
Fe 2 O 3
0.28
0.21
0.82
0.27
0.30
0.24
0.25
0.40
Sulphate
SO 4
2.84
2.54
0.89
1.85
1.80
2.04
1.70
1.70
Chloride
Cl.
0.38
0.33
. .
0.24
0.23
0.31
0.42
0.20
Insoluble
Residue
3.16
1.19
45.10
2.40
3.90
3.80
1.85
28.90
DIGESTIBILITY TRIALS ON INDIAN FEEDING STUFFS
347
TABLE II
Digestibility factors.
Name or
number
of the
animal
169
171
G 1
166
G 2
S 1
166
G 2
S 1
169
171
G 1
115
116
117
120
115
Ration
1935
Oat hay alone
(Basal ration
for 1 F and
43 F).
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
1 F American
cotton seed
(With oat hay).
Do.
Do. .
43 F American
cotton seed
(With oat hay).
Do. .
Do. .
1928
Oat hay alone .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
285 F American
cotton seed
(Basal ration
oat hay).
Oat hay
eaten
perday
lbs.
12.4
12.5
11.3
14.0
13.2
9.5
10.7
12.6
9.6
11.9
11.7
12.1
8.6
10.9
9.2
7.6
8.1
Cotton
seed
eaten
per day
lbs.
...
...
...
...
...
...
2.0
2.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
...
...
...
...
3.0
Digestibility coefficients of the feed
Dry
matter
63.75
62.72
66.00
56.01
63.20
62.91
81.42
79.14
77.44
88.88
84.44
86.66
61.62
63.38
59.68
57.80
59.58
Ash
40.64
42.15
45.55
43.44
48.83
43.09
65.45
52.36
78.54
75.00.
75.00
75.00
25.00
27.63
23.44
24.53
50.00
Fat
72.52
75.68
75.68
73.88
78.38
80.63
94.12
91.64
89.16
94.45
88.88
88.88
68.74
75.00
70.59
71.42
94.64
Fibre
68.05
66.50
70.22
57.12
66.78
65.96
83.82
79.30
58.91
88.00
80.00
80.00
64.38
67.01
64.54
61.23
53.84
Protein
50.90
45.05
51.81
43.47
52.93
50.22
78.13
84.38
87.50
87.50
93.75
81.25
46.51
47.27
43.47
39.47
61.10
Nitrogen
free
extract
65.96
65.07
67.84
57.98
63.68
64.71
73.78
69.90
77.66
88.88
81.48
92.60
67.46
67.30
62.61
61.30
63.03
Digestible nutrients per 100 lbs. of the feed
Dry
matter
58.46
57.52
60.52
51.36
57.96
57.69
71.50
69.50
68.00
80.00
76.00
78.00
59.15
60.84
57.29
55.49
56.95
Ash
3.47
3.60
3.89
3.71
4.17
3.68
2.50
2.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
1.74
1.92
1.63
1.70
2.01
Fat
1.61
1.68
1.68
1.64
1.74
1.79
19.00
18.50
18.00
17.00
16.00
16.00
1.24
1.36
1.28
1.29
17.75
Fibre
21.61
21.12
22.30
18.14
21.21
20.95
18.50
17.50
13.00
22.00
20.00
20.00
21.88
22.77
21.93
28.80
13.98
Protein
2.26
2.00
2.30
1.93
2.35
2.23
15.50
13.50
14.00
14.00
15.00
13.00
2.33
2.36
2.17
1.97
11.08
Nitrogen
free
extract
29.51
29.12
30.35
25.94
28.49
28.95
19.00
18.00
20.00
24.00
22.00
25.00
31.96
32.43
30.28
29.73
18.10
348
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [V, IV
TABLE II—contd.
Name or
number
of the
animal
116
117
120
115
116
117
120
115
116
117
120
Ration
285 F American
cotton
seed
(Basal
ration
oat hay).
Do. .
Do. .
Desi cotton seed
(Basal
ration
oat hay).
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
4 F American
cotton seed
(Basal ration
oat hay).
Do. .
289 F American
cotton seed
(Basal ration
oat hay).
Do. .
Oat hay
eaten
per day
lbs.
10.7
8.2
7.2
8.9
11.1
9.4
8.5
9.1
11.5
9.9
8.7
Cotton
seed
eaten
per day
lbs.
4.0
4.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
Digestibility coefficients of the feed
Dry
matter
62.04
57.58
73.51
59.28
54.64
54.28
67.84
51.07
53.00
56.94
50.52
Ash
42.50
43.75
41.67
...
...
...
...
...
Fat
90.66
93.34
91.08
90.56
84.89
92.44
86.78
90.32
85.48
...
89.27
85.70
Fibre
62.51
73.16
82.06
75.38
63.07
50.76
73.84
49.21
26.99
54.33
49.37
Protein
63.01
75.34
70.36
53.49
46.51
58.12
65.12
64.14
56.60
64.82
62..96
Nitrogen
free
extract
67.83
66.10
63.94
46.16
50.97
45.19
61.54
34.09
26.13
51.95
42.85
Digestible nutrients per 100 lbs. of the feed
Dry
matter
59.30
55.04
70.26
55.27
50.93
50.59
63.24
47.64
49.44
53.34
47.32
Ash
1.70
1.75
1.67
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Fat
17.01
17.51
17.09
15.98
14.98
16.31
15.31
18.73
17.72
16.76
16.09
Fibre
16.23
18.99
21.30
16.34
13.67
11.00
16.00
10.31
5.66
14.23
12.94
Protein
11.42
13.66
12.76
7.69
6.69
8.36
9.31
11.23
9.91
11.75
11.42
Nitrogen
free
extract
19.48
18.98
18.36
16.06
17.74
15.73
21.41
10.35
7.70
13.31
10.98
DIGESTIBILITY TEIALS ON INDIAN FEEDING STUFFS
349
TABLE III
Feeding value of the cotton seeds per 100 lbs.
Name of the seed
1935
1 F
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
43 F . . . . . . .
1928
285 F
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
289 F
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
4F
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Desi
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Per 100 lbs. of the seed
Starch
equivalents.
81.10
85.95
77.95
68.25
62.85
69.57
Digestible
protein
lbs.
13.33
14.00
12.23
11.50
10.67
8.00
Albuminoid
ratio
1:
5.9
6.2
6.0
5.6
5.5
8.6
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON "CIRCLING" DISEASE OF
SHEEP IN HYDERABAD STATE.
BY
M. R. MAHAJAN, M.R.C.V.S.,
Veterinary Investigation Officer, H. E. H. the Nizam's Dominions, Hyderabad.
(With plates XXXII and XXXIII.)
(Received for publication on 6th July 1935.)
The disease occurs in the Mahbubnagar district and the local name of the
disease is ' Tirgudu Potrogam' but ' Potrogam' is more commonly employed.
The word ' Tirgudu Potrogam ' signifies ' circling ' disease and I think this name
is appropriate until a definite diagnosis is arrived at, although it has been pre-
viously referred to as a ' Gid-like ' disease. The losses from this disease are sea-
sonal and shepherds definitely state the period between Aridra karthi (about
21st June) and Mogha karthi (16th August) as the time when losses occur. Cases
are rare before or after this period. Some shepherds blame the new shoots of
grass that come up with the onset of rains, while others, the dried up shoots of
grass found in the interval between two successive rains. Goats that graze with
the sheep and other animals are not reported to suffer. This disease is said to
occur every year in some places and in others every two or three years. Some
villages were reported to be free altogether from the disease.
In the year 1933, while on tour at Devarkadra three sheep which died from
this disease were available for post-mortem examination. No lesions were
detected except for the presence of numerous helminthic nodules in the mesen-
teric lymph glands, and portal and interlobular cirrhosis of the liver.
The present investigation was undertaken in July and August 1934. The
flocks of thirty-five villages were inspected and the disease was reported to have
occurred in thirty-three of them. The mortality was about 500 sheep and it was
said that the disease was widespread this year.
Twenty cases were kept under close observations mostly at Makhtal, Narayan.
pet, Tilkapalli and Puljal villages and morbid materials from these were collected
and forwarded for laboratory examination.
Usually hoggets are attacked, but as male ones are sold off to the butcher
the ewe-hoggets are the usual victims. It is said that all sheep aged four months
and above are susceptible.
SYMPTOMS
The shepherd is quick in recognising the affected sheep, and knowing that the
disease is fatal, slaughters them without delay to make the carcass pay.
( 350 )
Ind. Jour. Vety. Sci. & Anim. Husb. Vol. V, Pt. 4.
PLATE XXXII
1. Case No. 2 of Narayanpet. Sleeping standing and nose touching the ground.
2. Case No. 5 of Makhtal. Circling to right side.
3. Case No. 13 of Makhtal. Circling to left side.
Ind. Jour. Vety. Sci. & Anim. Husb. Vol. V, Pt. 4.
PLATE XXXIII
1. Case No. 1 of Tilkapalli. Unable to support herself ; also showed Coenurus cerebralis
in brain.
2. Case No. 5 of Makhtal. Staggering gait and falling down.
3. Case No. 2 of Narayanpet. Struggling before death.
OBSERVATIONS ON "CIRCLING" DISEASE OF
SHEEP.
351
The animal is usually first noticed to be sick when the flock is let out for
grazing at about 10 o'clock in the morning. The affected sheep is dull and does
not attempt to follow the flock. When it attempts to do so, it has a staggering
gait, the head and body is swayed in either direction, and control is lost. Cases
kept under my observation appeared quite alert to begin with, head lowered
and off feed. One gets the impression that the affected sheep is actually sleeping
on its feet and the nose touches the ground. The teeth chatter, and the sheep
tries to nibble the grass or the sand whatever may be found at the spot. When
approached, it darts away and takes up the same position again and it soon becomes
apparent that it is moving in a circle. This goes on and the circle becomes smaller
and smaller till the sheep circles in its own long axis. When exhausted, an un-
controllable swaying movement starts, the animal is very dull, has a staggering
gait, and later falls or sits down. The swaying movements increase, the head
is twisted to one side, and there is laboured respiration. The sheep then extends
itself on the ground, struggles with its legs and the head is lifted and dashed to
the ground quite frequently. The latter symptoms become exaggerated and
finally there is a last stretching of the body, and death follows.
The symptom of circling is typical and almost constant. Some circle to the
right while others to the left. While under observation one sheep (left side turner)
was made to stand with its left side to the wall. She walked right along the wall
and at the corner followed the same procedure, but would not turn to the right.
When obstruction is met with, the forehead is kept pressed against it. Most of the
cases observed turned to the right. There were definite signs of encephalitis in
that the affected sheep spends its time apparently sleeping on its feet. If roused,
the animal moves with a stumbling gait, its head is turned to the right or to the
left and there is a tendency to turn in that direction only.
The symptoms just described represent a typical case. Variations are
noticed. Some sheep do not show the early symptoms. Diarrhoea is reported
in some, but perhaps this is not so, since at this time green grass is available in
plenty and faeces are normally soft. Nasal discharge is seen, but this is general
at this time of the year. Partial blindness is also noticed. No rise of tempera-
ture has been observed and one case only exhibited a sanguineous discharge from
the nostrils at death.
Cases may also occur while animals are out grazing or during the night, when
the affected sheep wanders off by itself and is found either lying down or even
dead in the morning. One case was found dead in a ditch one morning.
It has been pointed out that the disease is fatal, but a case at Puljal village
had apparently recovered after an attack as stated by the owner.
The course of the disease is per-acute and fatal.
The usual duration is
twelve to eighteen hours but cases were seen that died within six to seven hours of
showing symptoms.
352 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, IV
POST-MORTEM
FINDINGS
Twenty post-mortem examinations were made. Almost all organs were
found normal except the brain and spinal cord which showed engorgement of blood
vessels, and blackened brain membranes due perhaps to stasis of venous blood.
This was seen particularly involving the lower portions of the brain between
the posterior part of the cerebral hemisphere and the cerebullum. One animal
revealed in addition to the above a Coenurus cerebralis cyst of the size of a small
walnut situated in the anterior left hemisphere of the cerebrum and a few Oestrus
ovis in the nasal chambers. Besides these, a varying degree of helminthic infesta-
tion in different organs was seen in most of the cases.
LABORATORY EXAMINATION
Smears of blood and of various internal organs were examined with negative
findings, and so also were the smears made from the brain and the medulla. In
one instance only a smear from the lesion in the brain revealed small rod-shaped
bacilli.
The following is the report from the Director, Imperial Institute of Veteri
nary Research, Muktesar, on the materials submitted from cases of this disease :—
Brain and spinal cord in formalin, and brain and spinal cord in 50 per
cent glycerine.
" Emulsion of the brain and spinal cord was inoculated by various routes
into four sheep, three of which were kept under observations for over
ten days. No reaction was seen in any of them. Naked eye exa-
mination of the brain and the spinal cord failed to show the presence
of any parasitic cysts.
Histological examination of sections of the brain revealed a distinct capil-
lary engorgement with the presence of numerous neutrophile leu-
cocytes in some of the capillaries. Occasional neutrophiles have
been seen in the brain parenchyma as well. A slight degree of
round cell infiltration has been seen around the blood vessels but no
particular significance is attached to it at present. Sections of the
spinal cord appear to show nothing unusual. No micro-organisms
have been detected in either tissue. Sections of the meninges for-
warded have failed to reveal any abnormality.
Heart muscle shows sarcocysts and areas of round cell infiltration. Endo-
cardium shows capillary congestion and minute haemorrhages but
no micro-organisms.
Lungs.—Acute congestion of the inter-alveolar and peri-bronchial vessels.
Many of the alveoli are filled with blood. Bronchioles contain ca-
tarrhal exudate and blood. Minute pneumonic foci containing
neutrophile cells have been seen. No bacterial organisms have been
detected, but a few segments of nematode worm larvae have been
seen.
OBSERVATIONS ON
CIRCLING
DISEASE OF SHEEP.
353
Liver and gall-bladder.—Liver slightly congested and shows a few minute
nodular lesions consisting of round cells. Glisson's capsule shows
round cell infiltration. No micro-organisms detected. In another
case liver parenchyma shows necrotic abscesses and extensive
degenerative changes. A few eosinophile leucocytes have been
seen around the necrotic areas with a preponderance of neutrophile
leucocytes. A few diphtheroid organisms were also seen. Gall-
bladder acutely inflamed and shows extensive haemorrhages in the
submucosa, associated with the presence of numerous neutrophile
leucocytes and free blood pigments. A few diphtheroid organisms
have been seen.
Intestines and caecum.—Section of the intestines show subacute enteritis
and the presence of a few diphtheroid organisms in the mucosa.
Caecum.—The mucous membrane shows nothing unusual. The submucosa
shows numerous nodular lesions with a central necrotic debris of
eosinophile and neutrophile leucocytes. In one of these nodules
a larva of nematode worm probably an oesophagostome has been
seen.
Mesenteric lymph gland.—Nodular lesions in various stages of disintegra-
tion associated with a distinct eosinophilia in and around the nodules
have been seen. No worms or micro-organisms were detected."
The stomach with its contents and the liver sent from a case of this disease
were examined by the Chemical Examiner, H. E. H. the Nizam's Government,
but no poison of an alkaloid nature was detected.
FIELD TRANSMISSION EXPERIMENTS
Five healthy sheep were used locally for this work and they were inoculated :—.
(1) Intravenously with blood drawn from jugular vein of an affected
sheep.
(2) Subcutaneously with blood drawn from jugular vein of an affected
sheep.
(3) Intracerebrally with brain emulsion removed from an affected sheep.
(4) With brain emulsion syringed into the nostrils.
(5) With brain emulsion into the carotid artery.
These sheep were kept under observation from six to ten days. Only a slight
rise of temperature was noted in the first three for about four days, and in addi-
tion sheep No. 3 immediately after injection showed a slight excitement and turned
its head to the right. No other symptom was noted. Sheep No. 5 was destroyed
and post-mortem examination revealed nothing unusual.
It is difficult at present to suggest a diagnosis but some interesting facts
have been brought to light particularly in regard to symptoms. The disease
resembles the ' circling' disease of sheep reported from New Zealand by Gill
354 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, IV
[1931 and 1933]. ' Gid' has also to be considered, but I am of opinion that the
finding of ' Gid ' parasite in the case at Tilkapalli is of little importance.
The annual loss from the disease is reported to be heavy. I understand that
this disease also occurs in other districts of the Nizam's Dominions.
Further investigation is in progress.
I am indebted to Mr. B. K. Badami, Director, Veterinary Department,
Hyderabad-Deccan, for his valuable suggestions and securing facilities for this
investigation; and to the Director, Imperial Institute of Veterinary Research,
Muktesar, for examination of materials. My thanks are also due to Mr. Narsingh
Pershad, Veterinary Inspector, Mahbubnagar, for the help rendered.
REFERENCES.
Gill, D. A. (1931). Veterinary Journal, 87, 2, 60—74.
(1933). Veterinary Journal, 89, 6, 258—270.
ON THE UNSUITABILITY OF THE EXISTING METHODS
FOR THE DETERMINATION OF FATS IN BIOLOGICAL
MATERIAL
BY
P. A. SESHAN,
Animal Nutrition Section, Bangalore.
(Received for publication on 23rd May 1935.)
During the course of work in connection with a previous paper on the Diges-
tion of Fats by Bullocks [Seshan, 1932] it was noticed that the methods available
for the determination of fats were far from satisfactory. A reference to the litera-
ture on the subject yields two methods in common use. One is a direct extrac-
tion of the material with ether or alcohol or both and in some cases with other
solvents such as benzene or chloroform. In the other method, the material is
subjected to a preliminary hydrolysis followed by a wet extraction with solvent.
It is evident from the reports of workers, early as well as recent, that the recovery
of fats obtained from any material, plant or animal, by these methods or their
modifications is not quite quantitative. While it is generally recognised that
the results obtained are not absolute, the impression often arrived at is that what
is left over in the material, of fats, is negligible in quantity and immaterial. An
attempt is made in this paper, as a result of numerous tests, to emphasise the
magnitude and the nature of the errors that are usually accepted as within experi-
mental limits.
The seriousness of this incomplete extraction of material for a determination
of lipoids can best be realised by a brief review of the literature on the subject.
It is apparent that no uniform period of extraction has been adopted by workers.
Work on the subject is largely confined to a quantitative and qualitative study of
fats extracted during various periods as it suited individual workers and their
purposes. While such variations are too numerous to detail, a few of the varia-
tions between workers, whose avowed object was the determination and estimation
of total fats or lipoids might be mentioned. They are (1) four refluxings in a
Soxhlet with methylene-di-chloride or sixteen with ether sulphuric [Jonas, 1930]
for a determination of fats in wood pulp, (2) three extractions of 2 to 5 grams of
dried faeces with alcohol and a subsequent treatment with warm ether several
times [Allodi and Palomba, 1932] for a determination of faecal fat, (3) extraction
of 5 grams of dried material for four hours being found sufficient, in spite of the
( 355 )
356 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, IV
recommendation of others for sixteen hours [Tomala and Takala, 1932] for a
determination of raw fat in fodder, (4) extraction of 5 grams of material for twenty.
four hours with cold ether [Waksman and Tenney, 1928] for a quantitative analysis
of plant material, (5) extraction of 1 gram of powdered material with ethyl ether
in a Soxhlet for twenty hours [Folin and Wentworth, 1909-10] for a determi-
nation of fat and fatty acids in faeces, (6) extraction of about 2 grams of
material in a Soxhlet for sixteen hours with ethyl ether [Book of Methods, A. O.
A. C., 1931], (7) extraction of about 10 grams of moist faeces spread on a paper
coil or mixed with sand, with ether for two days [Long, 1906] and so on. Surely,
it is beyond all probability that such divergent methods would give values of total
fats in any material, which would be at all comparable or even complete.
Among the few attempts at a study of the rate of extraction with solvents
may be mentioned two. An estimation has been made [Maxwell, 1891] of the
fatty bodies in vegetable organisms on dry fine powder. The following table
shows the results of extraction with ether in a Knorr apparatus :—
Hours
8½ . . . . . . . . .
10
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
15
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Substance in
gms.
4.0
4.0
4.0
Extract in
gms.
1.472
1.491
1.511
As a result of this experiment, 15 hours extraction was fixed as the normal
period, no comment being offered as to why the extraction was stopped there.
In collecting the ether-soluble substances of cabbage leaf cytoplasm for a detailed
analysis [Chibnall and Channon, 1927], the following was the rate of extraction
of lipoids:—
Hours
16
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
24
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
24
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
After grinding the substance
24
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
24
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Three extractions with alcohol at 60 degrees centigrade .
Hydrolysis for three hours with NHCl on water-bath .
Ether extract
in gms.
17.0
0.6
0.15
0.23
0.02
0.88
0.69