NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
GOAT TISSUE VACCINE FOR THE CONTROL OF RINDERPEST IN BENGAL.
73
VACCINATION AGAINST RINDERPEST WITH GOAT TISSUE VACCINE.
Summary of 45,000 cases.
Out of 100,000 animals vaccinated with Goat Tissue Vaccine, the details of
reactions and deaths of 45,148 have been accurately recorded.
Throughout the whole period 1 c. c. doses of emulsion have been given to cattle.
Buffaloes were at first given 1 c. c. and later ½ c. c. doses. Buffalo reactions are
therefore shown as A. 1 c. c, B.½ c. c. In buffaloes the reduction in dose appears
to have controlled the reaction without impairing the protection given:—
Cattle . .
Buffaloes 1,800
Cattle.
43,348
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
A.
B.
.
.
.
Reactors.
.
.
.
510 (1.2 per cent.)
.
.
.
.
.
.
43,348
923
877
Deaths.
280 (0.6 per cent.)
I. No definite reaction
noticed.
.
II. Infected prior to inoculation (incubation period).
.
III. Infected prior to acquiring immunity . . .
IV. No protection in the case of 2 outbreaks.
42,838
409(0.95 per
cent.)
101(0.23 per
cent.)
(a) One outbreak in early stages of the work in which old vaccine was used
contrary to instructions.
*(b) An outbreak during height of hot weather. Vaccine was several days
in transit and no precautions taken to keep it cool—In both these
cases the disease continued unchecked.
II.
a.
b.
Buffaloes.
923
877
Reactors.
148 (16 per cent.)
20 (2.2 per cent.)
Deaths.
4 (0.4 per cent.) (1 c. c. dose).
11 (1.2 per cent.) (½ c. c. dose).
In (a) the high number of reactors is attributed to the 1 c. c. dosage.
In (b) high death rate is accounted for thus :—9 inoculated during incubation
stage of disease (II) ; 2 natural infections prior to immunity (III).
Buffalo reactions.
I.—No definite reaction noticed
.
.
(a) Definite reaction noticed
.
.
II. Inoculated during period, of incubation
III. Infected prior to obtaining immunity
IV. No protection
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1,632
125
29
14
0
1,800
* Excluded from the calculations altogether.
74
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, 1
Fig. 1.—Goat No. 2, Brew 3, dated 26th January 1934 ; date of inoculation 22nd January 1934 ;
Seed used—Vaccine of Brew No. 2, dated 31st December 1933 (22 days old in cold storage) ;
Goat fed well throughout; Reaction—Good.
N. B.—Day of inoculation is ' O '.
Fig. 2.—Goat No. 2, Brew No. 24, dated 16th December 1934 ; date of inoculation 12th Decem-
ber 1934 ; Seed used—Tissue Vaccine from Brew No. 23, dated 26th November 1934 ;
Goat fed well throughout; Reaction—Fairly good.
N. B.—Day of inoculation is 'O '.
GOAT TISSUE VACCINE FOR THE CONTROL OF RINDERPEST IN BENGAL.
75
Fig. 3.—Goat No. II, Brew 1, dated 3rd December 1933 ; date of inoculation 29th November
1933 ; Seed used—Vaccine of 19th November 1934 ; Goat fed well throughout; Reaction
—Doubtful.
N. B.—Day of inoculation is ' O '.
Fig 4.—Goat No. 1, Brew No. 12, dated 31st July 1934 ; date of inoculation 27th July 1934 ;
Seed used—Tissue Vaccine of Brew 11, dated 5th July 1934 ; Reaction—Fairly good.
(Initial temperature high.)
N. B.—Day of inoculation is ' O '.
76 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, I
Fig. 5.—Goat No. 6, Brew No. 16, dated 18th August 1934 ; date of inoculation 14th August
1934 ; Seed used—Tissue Vaccine of Brew No. 13, dated 4th August 1934 ; Goat fed
well throughout. Reaction—Nil (died) (Initial temperature high).
N. B.—Day of inoculation is 'O '.
GOAT TISSUE VACCINE FOR THE CONTROL OF RINDERPEST IN
BENGAL.
77
Fig. 6.—Goa No. 1, Brew No. 21, dated 3rd November 1934; (a) date of inoculation 29th Octo-
ber 1934 ; Seed used—Tissue Vaccine of Brew 20 (5 c. c.) ; Reaction—Nil ; (b) Rein-
oculated on 3rd November 1934 with blood from Goat No. 4 of Brew No. 21 (5 c. c.) ;
Goat fed well throughout; Reaction—Good.
N.B.—Day of inoculation is ' O '.
78
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, I
Fig .7.—Goat No. 2, Brew 21, dated 3rd November 1934 ; date of inoculation 29th October
1934; Seed used—Tissue Vaccine of Brew 20, dated 11th October 1934 ; Goat fed
well throughout; Reaction—Doubtful. (Kept under observation.)
N. B.—Day of inoculation is ' O '.
GOAT TISSUE VACCINE FOR THE CONTROL OF RINDERPEST IN BENGAL.
79
Fig. 8.—Goat No. 3, Brew 21, dated 3rd November 1934 ; (a) Date of inoculation 29th October
1934 ; Seed used—Tissue Vaccine of Brew 20, dated 11th October 1934 ; Reaction—
Nil ; (b) Reinoculated on 3rd November 1934 with blood direct from the vein of
Goat No. 4 of Brew No. 21. Goat fed well throughout. Reaction—Fair.
N. B.—Day of inoculation is ' O '.
80
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, I
Fig. 9.—Goat No. 4, Brew No. 21, dated 3rd November 1934 ; date of inoculation 29th October
1934 ; Seed used—Tissue Vaccine of Brew No. 20, dated 11th October 1934 ; Goat
fed well throughout; Reaction—Fair.
N. B.—Day of inoculation is ' O '.
GOAT TISSUE VACCINE FOR THE CONTROL OF RINDERPEST IN
BENGAL.
81
Fig. 10.—Goat No. 4, Brew No. 22, dated 7th November 1934 ; date of inoculation 3rd Novem-
ber 1934 ; Seed used—Blood direct from Goat No. 4 of Brew 21 (7 c. c.) ; Goat fed
well throughout; Reaction—Satisfactory.
N.B.—Day of inoculation is ' O '.
F
82 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, I
Fig. 11.—Goat No. 3, Brew 23, dated 26th November 1934 ; date of inoculation 22nd November
1934 ; Seed used—Tissue Vaccine from Brew 22, dated 7th November 1934; Goat
fed well throughout; Reaction—Good.
N. B.—Day of inoculation is ' O '.
GOAT TISSUE VACCINE FOR THE CONTROL OF RINDERPEST IN
BENGAL.
83
Fig. 12.—Goat No. 1, Brew No. 24, dated 16th December 1934 ; date of inoculation 12th Decem-
ber 1934 ; Seed used—Tissue Vaccine from Brew 23, dated 26th November 1934 ;
Goat fed well throughout; Reaction—Good.
N. B.—Day of inoculation is ' O '.
84
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, I
Fig. 13.—Goat No. 1 (Experimental) ; date of inoculation 2nd January 1934 ; Seed used—
Vaccine of Brew No. 1, dated 3rd December 1933 (30 days old in cold storage) ;
Goat fed well throughout; Reaction—Reacted and recovered.
N. B.—Day of inoculation in ' O '.
GOAT TISSUE VACCINE FOR THE CONTROL OF RINDERPEST IN BENGAL.
85
Fig. 14.—Goat No. 5, Brew No. 2, dated 31st December 1933 ; date of inoculation 26th
December 1933 ; Seed used—Vaccine of Brew No. 1, dated 3rd December 1933 (one
day old at room temperature) ; Goat fed well throughout; Reaction—Very good.
N. B.—Day of inoculation is ' O '.
86
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, I
Fig. 15.—Goat No. 3, Brew No. 2, dated 31st December 1933 ; date of inoculation 26th-December
1933 ; Seed used—Vaccine of Brew No. 1, dated 3rd December 1933 (6 days old at
room temperature) ; Goat fed well throughout ; Reaction—Good.
N.B.—Day of inoculation is ' O '.
GOAT TISSUE VACCINE FOR THE CONTROL OF RINDERPEST IN BENGAL.
87
Fig. 16.—Goat No. 2, Brew No. 2, dated 31st December 1933 ; date of inoculation 26th Decem-
ber 1933 ; Seed used—Vaccine of Brew No. 1, dated 3rd December 1933 (7 days old
at room temperature); Goat fed well throughout ; Reaction—Fairly good
N. B.—Day of inoculation is ' O '.
88
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, I
Fig. 17.—Goat No. 1, Brew No. 5, dated 15th March 1934 ; (a) Date of inoculation 9th March
1934 ; Seed—Testicular Vaccine of Brew No. 4, dated 14th February 1934 (4 c. c.) ;
Reaction—Nil. (b) Restested on 22nd March 1934 with Muktesar vaccine ; Goat fed
well throughout; Reaction—Good.
N. B.—Day of inoculation is ' O '.
GOAT TISSUE VACCINE FOR THE CONTROL OF RINDERPEST IN BENGAL,
89
Fig. 18.—Goat No. 5, Brew No. 8, dated 27th April 1934 ; (a) Date of inoculation 23rd April
1934. Seed used—Testicular Vaccine of Brew No 7, dated 4th April 1934 (19 days
in cold storage) ; Reaction—Nil ; (b) *Retested on 27th April 1934 with blood direct
from the vein of Goat No. 4 of Brew 8 (4 c.c.) ; Goat fed well throughout ; Reaction—
Good.
N. B.—Day of inoculation is ' O '.
SELECTED ARTICLES
STERILITY IN DAIRY COWS*.
BY
W. L. HINDMARSH, B.V. Sc., M.R.C.V.S., D.V.H.
Senior Research Officer, Veterinary Research Station, Glenfield.
(Reprinted from the Australian Veterinary Journal, 10, 5, pp. 162—172.)
Sterility can be defined either as the failure of the animal to conceive or, in a
wider sense, the failure of an animal to bear viable, healthy young.
From the point of view of the stock-owner, the latter definition is probably
the more desirable, since the act of abortion or the birth of a weak, sickly calf is
frequently more irritating than the failure of an animal to conceive.
THE EFFECTS OF DOMESTICATION.
In discussing fertility and the problems of sterility one must bear in mind
the effect of domestication upon the bovine species.
Under natural conditions cattle roamed at will over large areas, they bred but
once during the year, they produced only sufficient milk to rear the calf. Thus
their energy was turned to :—
(a) Feeding over extensive pastures.
(b) Travelling from one pasture to another.
(c) Flight from or, in the last extremity, battle with attacking carnivora.
(d) Breeding and rearing young.
Under conditions of domestication cattle are usually supplied with an ample
and continuous food supply and are kept in fenced enclosures which do not permit
of travelling. In some cases, of course, cattle do not have abundant pasture, but
they are still enclosed in paddocks which prevent the movement over large areas
so that the more succulent and appetizing food can be selected. Being kept in
more or less civilized areas, there is little need for animals to be prepared for flight
or defence.
* Address delivered before the New South Wales Veterinary Association, 5th June
1934.
( 90 )
STERILITY IN DAIRY COWS.
91
Domestic cattle are kept and bred for man's convenience and profit, and hence,
by selective breeding, the modern dairy cow is of no value unless it produces milk
in large amounts, amounts enormously in excess of what would be required to rear
a calf.
Further, whereas the wild animal is monœstrous, breeding but once a year,
under domestication the cow breeds at any period of the year and has a regular
œstrons cycle of approximately three weeks. Thus it will breed at more frequent
intervals than its wild prototype.
The wild animals came into œstrum in the spring or early summer, and it-
is noteworthy that the domesticated animal shows the desire for the bull in a far
more marked manner in the spring and summer months than in the colder parts
of the year. In fact, in some cases during winter months œstrum may cause so
little disturbance that the occurrence is not noted by the herdsman, but is recognized
by the bull.
The young of the wild animal lived with its dam and regularly took milk direct
from the udder as it required it. It was probably so fed for some six months.
The young of our domesticated cattle are removed from the mother at or shortly
after birth. They are fed from buckets and made to gulp the milk down quickly
without the admixture of saliva which is excreted in the sucking of the teats. Very
soon after birth they receive separated milk alone, or separated milk to which some
concentrate has been added. They are kept in small paddocks or yards and do
not receive the exercise the young of the wild obtain by travelling with the herd
in the search of better pastures. Frequently, because the owner holds the opinion
that fineness of type may be obtained by semi-starvation, they are turned out to
grow on the barest parts of the farm.
The wild animals did not breed at an early age. They matured before their
sexual organs were ready to function. Under domestication the young breed at
a very early age and thus energy which should be devoted to growth is turned to
the nutrition of the developing young.
Thus, compared with the wild animal, the domesticated cow : (a) breeds at
an earlier age, (b) breeds more frequently and at any season, (c) produces much more
milk, (d) is frequently on a lower plane of nutrition when young.
These factors have been deliberately induced by the cattle breeder, but in
doing so he has lost sight of, or never recognized the fact that in improving his
cattle for continuous milk production he is taking toll of the animal in some other
way.
There is not the slightest doubt that under domestication, with the improve-
ment of breeds, for specific purposes and the holding of large numbers of cattle on
small areas, the stock breeder has paved the way for many of the troubles that
beset stock to-day. It appears to me that investigation into the results of domesti-
cation and the collection of exact knowledge concerning the physiological effects
92
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, I
of breeding for high production would throw considerable light on many of our
breeding problems.
In this connection Orr and Darling, 1 in a brochure published by the Imperial
Bureau of Animal Genetics, make this statement: "It would appear that an
optimum state of domestication exists in relation to the fertility of animals and in
the case of the cow and the mare the demands made upon them by the factors
associated with domestication have outweighed the benefits."
Another point of considerable importance is that the comparatively heavy
cattle population of our farms assists the rapid spread of infectious disease.
Dealing with sterility itself, we may class it as : (a) functional or (b) patholo-
gical.
FUNCTIONAL STERILITY.
By functional sterility are meant those cases of sterility in which there are
apparently no pathologic changes in the genital organs and the failure to breed is
due to dysfunction of the organs. This dysfunction is stated to be due mainly to
failure of the hormonic control of the generative mechanism. The anterior pituitary
is now regarded as providing the initial stimulus to the ovary. It is, as it were,
the " self-starter ". Without the action of the pituitary hormone the œstral cycle
is in abeyance. With this lack of secretion the ovary may simply lie quiescent,
showing no activity whatever. In other cases, where apparently some stimulus
is given to the ovary, it is reported that the final acceleration of cell growth and
secretion of the liquor folliculi does not occur. As a result there is failure of ovula-
tion. Some believe that the follicles formed under these conditions increase in
size, without rupture, and eventually form the cystic ovary so frequently associated
with nymphomania. With these latter cases, if the opinion is correct, I have had
no personal experience, but I have met cases where the ovaries were quiescent for
some months (up to sixteen months), the animals having shown no desire for the
bull during this period. The ovaries, on examination, were small and bean-like,
showing on palpation no formation of follicles or corpora lutea.
Other investigators are of opinion that there may be hypersecretion of the
œstrogenic hormone and that by the production of a number of maturating follicles
at the one time this may lead to cyst formation in the ovary.
Personally, however, I lean to the opinion that in most cases of cystic degenera-
tion of the ovaries this is associated with metritis and cervicitis. Many observers
believe that the uterine lesions are the initial changes and that the ovarian are secon-
dary, and from experience in this State I am in agreement with them. Williams, 2
of the United States of America, however, believes that in many cases the ovarian
lesion is the precursor of the metritis, and his opinion is worthy of serious considera-
tion. It is probable that the ovarian and uterine functions are so closely con-
nected by hormonal action that any disease of one part of the genitalia may lead
to abnormality of another part.
STERILITY IN DAIRY COWS.
93
Another aberration in the function of the ovary is retention of the corpus luteum.
As you are aware, the corpus is known to produce a hormone which has profound
effects on the activity of the ovary and which prepares the uterus for the develop-
ment of the fœtus and the mammæ for milk production. Diminution or excess of
production of this hormone may alter the rhythm of the ovarian cycle. The corpus
formation is supposed to depend upon a hormone (prolan B) also secreted by the
pituitary. The so-called retention of the corpus luteum, therefore, may be due to
excess of prolan B. Other causes that have been suggested are endometritis and
heavy milk production. It is recognized that heavy milking cows frequently do
not show œstrum after parturition as early as cattle which are poorer producers, and
the delay of oestrum may be a protective action on behalf of the animal, which
obviously would suffer physically if bred again whilst the milk production was high.
My experience, however, has indicated that retained corpus luteum is associated
very frequently with metritis, and the corpus in the majority of these cases is
cystic.
In the absence of endometritis, Frei suggests that the persistence of the corpus
luteum is an atavistic trait and an attempt by the cow to revert from its polyœstrous
condition to one of monœstrum. As a matter of fact, under range conditions in
America it is stated that cattle do tend to revert to breeding only in the spring of
the year.
Then again, there is much evidence to indicate that functional sterility is
associated with diet. Famine or war sterility is a recognized condition. Quinlan, 3
in South Africa, states that under conditions of drought œstrus is frequently sup-
pressed. Some observers, however, believe that diet deficiency would tend to cause
a total inhibition of generative activity rather than a mere retention of the
corpus.
In this State we have associated two conditions with malnutrition. In one
there is total cessation of ovarian function. The ovaries are small and show no
follicle or corpus formation. Œstrum does not occur. In the other case œstrum
may occur, the animal accept repeated service from the bull, but fertilization appa-
rently does not occur. Both conditions appear to respond to a more generous diet,
and when the body reserves are re-established, normal breeding again takes place.
Whilst on the subject of diet one might also refer to sterility associated with an
over-fat condition. It is generally accepted by breeders of stock that females
prepared for show purposes and in high condition do not readily breed, and some
authors state that fatty degeneration of the ovary may eventually render the animal
completely sterile. One, however, must bear in mind the opposite picture and
remember that sterile cows tend to become fat since there are no breeding demands
upon the body.
Finally, in this connection one might refer to the fact that avitaminosis may
cause sterility, but I have no experience in sterility which might have been assumed
to be due to this cause.
94
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, I
STERILITY DUE TO PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS.
In dealing with sterility due to pathological conditions we face a vast field,
since disease of any part of the genital tract may prevent breeding. Further, since
the various parts of the genital organs are connected, in that there is a direct
passage from the vulva to the ovarian bursa, there is great opportunity for exten-
sion of the disease process.
Sterility has been more or less popularly classed as temporary and permanent,
although it must be borne in mind that by " temporary sterility " is frequently
meant a condition in which the cow fails to breed after two or more services, but
holds to a later service without any remedial measures having been applied by the
owner. Actually any sterility which responds to treatment is of a temporary
nature.
Vaginitis and Sterility.
Using the term in its popular sense, temporary sterility is that condition in
which œstrum occurs at normal intervals, the cows accept service, but for varying
periods fertilization does not result. It is assumed, of course, that the bull is normal
and that the failure is not on his account. In New South Wales this type of sterility
has been found to be associated largely with inflammatory conditions of the vagina.
This conclusion was reached after examination of many herds in different parts of
the coastal district. During the past four years we have had the opportunity of
making more or less regular observations on cattle in seven dairy herds on the South
Coast. In these herds the diet of the adult cows was good, but the treatment of the
growing calves and heifers somewhat variable. The South Coast to Nowra rarely
suffered from drought conditions, and the pasturage was from fair to good. Supple-
mentary feeding was regularly carried out. With one exception all the herds con-
tained pedigreed stock, and three of the herds competed with success at the Royal
Agricultural Show and local agricultural shows. We were thus able to make our
observations on herds in which, as far as we could ascertain, diet deficiency would
not be a complicating factor and the general management was satisfactory. Two
of the herds were free from infection with contagious abortion, another entered
the departmental scheme for eradication of this disease, and although not scheduled
as abortion-free, did not introduce any further cattle after the final agglutination
test. The remaining herds were known to have a number of infected cattle. In
these herds the conditions present on the first examinations made were as follows :—
Herd 1.
Seventy-eight per centum of the cattle showed inflammatory conditions of the
vagina and 44 per cent. of the cattle had returned to the bull during the previous
year, i.e., 56 per cent. of the cattle had conceived to the first service.
STERILITY IN DAIRY COWS.
95
Herd 2.
Sixty-five per centum of the cattle showed inflammatory conditions of the
vagina and 66 per cent. of the cattle had conceived to the first service.
Herd 3.
Sixty-five per centum of cattle showed vaginal lesions, 55 per cent. of cattle
conceived to the first service.
Herd 4.
Eighty per centum of cattle showed vaginal lesions, and 32 .5 per cent. of cattle
conceived to the first service.
Herd 5.
Sixty-one per centum of cattle showed vaginal lesions, and approximately 50
per cent. of cattle conceived to the first service.
Herds 6 and 7 will be referred to later.
From the above it will be seen that in five herds with a total cattle population
of some 220 animals, from 60 per cent. to 80 per cent. showed the presence of various
forms and grades of vaginal inflammation and that approximately 50 per cent.
of the animals failed to conceive to the first service by the bull. In all the herds
there was a small incidence of metritis and cervicitis, but these cases are not being
taken into consideration at the moment.
Vaginitis occurs in different forms, probably due to different infections. We
have not carried out bacteriological investigations into the causes of the conditions,
but have classed them on their clinical manifestations :
Granular venereal disease, approximately 30 per cent. of animals inspected.
Congestion of vagina, approximately 25 per cent. of animals inspected.
Purulent vaginitis, approximately 15 per cent. of animals inspected.
Since the only detectable lesions in the majority of the cattle were located in
the vagina, we decided to adopt treatment by douching the vagina with various
antiseptic and astringent solutions in order to note the results.
The medicaments tested covered a wide range; potassium permanganate,
iodine and bromine compounds, various silver preparations and zinc sulphate were
used. Generally speaking, improvement resulted in all cases, but in view of their
apparent greater efficacy we finally decided to use zinc sulphate in solution of 1/200
and dibromin (a proprietary preparation) in strength of 1/4,000 in treatment on a
more extensive scale. Of the five herds quoted two were placed under regular
treatment with dibromin and three with zinc sulphate solution.