NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
MINERALS IN PASTURE GRASSES IN INDIA.
187
TABLE I.
Percentage mineral composition of the grasses grown at Bangalore during the two seasons (on dry basis).
Year.
1932
1933
Mineral ingredients.
Ash
.
.
.
.
Ash soluble in Hcl. . .
P 2 O 5 . . . .
CaO . . . . .
MgO . . . .
Na 2 O . . . .
K 2 O . . . .
Nitrogen . . . .
Ash . . . .
Ash soluble in Hcl. . .
P 2 O 5 . . . .
CaO . . . .
MgO . . . .
Na 2 O . . . .
K 2 O . . . .
Nitrogen . . . .
Andropogon
contortus.
Young.
12.570
8.180
0.628
0.603
0.407
0.168
3.861
2.416
11.710
4.390
0.317
0.528
0.300
0.222
1.867
0.808
Prime.
10.930
7.250
0.428
0.558
0.417
0.273
3.206
1.748
7.460
2.430
0.158
0.301
0.224
0.211
1.109
0.461
Ripe.
8.590
3.670
0.188
0.403
0.295
0.225
1.511
0.778
9.990
2.220
0.159
0.384
0.206
0.208
0.568
0.556
Cynodon
dactylon.
Young.
11.600
7.020
0.508
0.876
0.377
0.548
3.058
2.349
15.480
8.660
0.641
0.735
0.390
0.375
3.284
2.372
Prime.
12.010
5.080
0.474
0.762
0.269
0.529
1.826
1.903
11.800
7.080
0.549
0.637
0.355
0.333
2.830
1.638
Ripe.
8.890
4.580
0.302
0.436
0.426
1.486
1.553
1.324
9.720
5.110
0.245
0.384
0.254
0.173
2.453
1.376
Pennisetum
cenchroides.
Young.
13.490
9.200
0.671
0.432
0.368
1.350
3.887
2.299
14.150
9.270
0.634
0.382
0.333
1.311
4.378
1.672
Prime.
11.720
7.770
0.501
0.436
0.432
1.583
3.050
1.906
11.410
5.440
0.444
0.526
0.340
0.811
1.916
1.283
Ripe.
9.220
5.190
0.306
0.480
0.451
1.173
1.620
1.129
11.290
4.670
0.469
0.372
0.337
0.603
1.717
1.197
188 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, II
TABLE II.
Average percentage composition of lime and phosphoric acid in the grasses and soils (on dry basis).
Pusa . .
Sabour . .
Bangalore .
Year.
1932
1933
1932
1933
1932
1933
Average for the species
Andropogon
contortus.
P 2 O 5
0.234
. .
0.367
0.208
0.408
0.211
0.286
CaO
0.691
. .
0.527
0.461
0.521
0.404
0.521
Cynodon
dactylon.
P 2 O 5
. .
0.412
. .
. .
0.428
0.478
0.439
CaO
. .
0.898
. .
. .
0.691
0.585
0.725
Pennistum
cenchroides.
P 2 O 5
0.448
0.510
0.718
0.699
0.493
0.516
0.564
CaO
0.888
0.839
0.531
0.630
0.449
0.427
0.627
Soil.
available.
P 2 O 5
0.001
0.053
0.0045
Total.
CaO
17.645
0.648
0.138
MINERALS IN PASTURE GRASSES IN INDIA.
189
TABLE III.
Average percentage composition of nitrogen, potash and magnesia in the grasses (on dry basis).
Pusa
.
.
.
Sabour
.
.
.
Bangalore .
.
Year.
1932
1933
1932
1933
1932
1933
Average for the species .
Andropogon
contortus.
N
0.671
K 2 O
1.304
CaO
0.691
MgO
0.282
No sample.
0.769
0.208
1.647
0.508
0.761
1.413
0.421
2.859
1.181
1.436
0.527
0.461
0.521
0.404
0.521
0.251
0.165
0.373
0.243
0.263
Cynodon dactylon.
N
K 2 O
CaO
MgO
No sample.
0.858
1.411
0.898
0.300
No sample.
No sample.
1.859
1.795
1.504
2.146
2.856
2.138
0.691
0.585
0.725
0.357
0.333
0.330
Pennisetum
cenchroides.
N
1.398
0.789
1.132
1.153
1.778
1.382
1.272
K 2 O
5.159
2.307
2.614
2.633
2.852
2.670
3.039
CaO
0.888
0.839
0.531
0.630
0.449
0.427
0.627
MgO
0.436
0.427
0.254
0.362
0.417
0.337
0.372
190
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, II
TABLE IV.
Percentage mineral composition of the grasses at different stages of maturity (on dry basis).
Pusa.
Sabour.
Banglore.
1932
1933
1932
1933
1932
1933
Young
Prime
Ripe .
Young
Prime
Ripe .
Young
Prime
Ripe .
Young
Prime
Ripe .
Young
Prime
Ripe .
Young
Prime
Ripe .
Andropogon contortus.
N
0.782
0.725
0.506
P 2 O 5
0.256
0.218
0.228
K 2 O
1.863
1.307
0.742
CaO
0.649
0.589
0.835
MgO
0.280
0.315
0.250
No sample.
0.579
0.958
No sample.
0.173
0.260
0.194
2.416
1.748
0.778
0.808
0.461
0.556
0.331
0.402
0.239
0.181
0.201
0.628
0.428
0.188
0.317
0.158
0.159
1.240
1.586
0.477
0.372
0.423
3.861
3.206
1.511
1.867
1.109
0.568
0.530
0.525
0.477
0.421
0.484
0.603
0.558
0.403
0.528
0.301
0.384
0.220
0.282
0.170
0.161
0.163
0.407
0.417
0.295
0.300
0.224
0.206
Cynodon dactylon.
N
P 2 O 5
K 2 O
CaO
MgO
No sample.
0.714
1.059
0.853
0.282
0.455
0.500
1.376
1.520
1.337
0.874
1.156
0.663
0.336
0.336
0.229
No sample.
No sample.
2.349
1.903
1.324
2.372
1.638
1.376
0.508
0.474
0.302
0.641
0.549
0.245
3.058
1.826
1.553
3.284
2.830
2.453
0.876
0.762
0.436
0.735
0.637
0.384
0.377
0.269
0.426
0.390
0.355
0.254
Pennisetum cenchroides.
N
1.722
1.468
1.005
0.823
0.756
No sample.
0.932
1.477
0.988
1.261
1.532
0.666
2.299
1.906
1.129
1.672
1.283
1.197
P 2 O 5
0.537
0.419
0.389
0.565
0.455
0.765
0.575
0.815
0.676
0.552
0.871
0.671
0.501
0.306
0.634
0.444
0.469
K 2 O
8.935
3.985
2.558
3.596
1.018
1.925
3.305
2.612
2.815
4.200
0.884
3.887
3.050
1.620
4.378
1.916
1.717
CaO
1.266
0.628
0.770
0.636
0.941
0.486
0.552
0.555
0.592
0.744
0.555
0.432
0.436
0.480
0.382
0.526
0.372
MgO
0.541
0.375
0.393
0.479
0.374
0.167
0.320
0.276
0.342
0.429
0.314
0.368
0.432
0.451
0.333
0.340
0.337
SELECTED ARTICLES
A SUCCESSFUL METHOD OF TREATING PROLAPSE OF
THE VAGINA AND UTERUS IN BOVINES
BY
CHAUDHRI MUSHTAQ AHMAD, G.P.V.C., P.V.S.,
Hospital Surgeon and Radiologist, Punjab Veterinary College, Lahore.
(Reprinted from the Veterinary Record, No. 2409, Volume 46.)
(With Plates XI to XIV).
Prolapse of the Vagina or Uterus is the term applied when either of these organs
is everted. The former condition may take place during advanced pregnancy,
but the latter occurs immediately or shortly after mature or premature birth.
All animals are liable to suffer from this accident, but it is most frequently met
with in cows and buffaloes.
Various methods have been introduced to return the prolapsed organs and to
prevent recurrence. No great difficulty is encountered in returning the inverted
parts, but in preventing recurrence veterinarians have not always been so success-
ful. Different methods have been adopted by various surgeons, such as the use of
pessaries, west's clamp, bottle, the application of trusses and suturing of the vulva.
The vigorous straining of the animal is chiefly due to the severe inflammation and
irritation of the part, the prevention of free drainage, interference with urination,
and acute constipation.
It is hoped that the method adopted and the success achieved by the writer
in no less than 80 cases at this college, will appeal to all professional brethren.
This article is purely confined to the treatment and does not discuss the various
causes and symptoms. The method of treatment is as now described.
The prolapsed part is irrigated with cold water from half to one hour in order
to lessen the congestion and to cleanse it. When thoroughly cleansed the
part is covered in a sheet of clean cloth and the animal is cast on its right side
on a tarpaulin. Cushions made of gunny bags filled with straw are placed
under the quarters. A dose of chloral hydrate is administered per os or intra-
venously or the animal is chloroformed. The everted organ is washed with pota-
ssium permanganate solution, one in 1500, or with some other suitable antiseptic
such as ½ per cent. solution of electrolytic chlorine, or carbolic acid or lysol. In
fresh cases, if any part is torn or ruptured, it is carefully sutured with catgut liga-
ture. In neglected cases any portion of the prolapse showing signs of sloughing
owing to the onset of gangrene or necrosis, is removed. If maggots are present
( 191 )
K
192 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, II
they are removed. The prolapsed organ is then thoroughly washed with 2 per cent.
zinc sulphas or alum lotion. In cases in which the organ is enormously swollen
and oedematous its size is reduced by dusting over it finely powdered sugar and
20 minutes later folding around the organ a sterilized wet, sheet of markine cloth
and twisting the ends of this sheet. Kneading and applying pressure by one's
hand is not always safe. The organ is reduced in simple cases by pressing the
fist against the most dependent part. When the whole of the uterus is out it
then becomes a more difficult and laborious task but reduction can be effected
as follows.
The operator should place his right fist against the os uteri, lifting the organ
with his left hand, while the right side of the prolapsed part is supported by an
assistant. The operator should now place his right elbow against the inside of
his right knee, and another assistant should press both his hands against the knee
from the outer side. The knee of the operator acts as a fulcrum and the power is
provided by the assistant. In this way the prolapsed uterus is pushed into
the abdominal cavity. This is easily accomplished during the intervals between
periods of straining. Moreover by employing this method, time and labour are
reduced to a minimum.
When the organ is replaced, it should be flooded with a weak antiseptic solution
to ensure that it is in its normal position. To prevent recurrence an apparatus
made of metal such as brass or aluminium (preferably the latter) of suitable
dimensions according to the size of the animal is then inserted. If made of
aluminium, it affords maximum strength with minimum weight. It can
be highly polished in order to provide a uniform smooth surface; it is comfor-
table to the animal; easy to clean and not liable to tranish.
The apparatus used (Plate XI) is open at the anterior part, which
rests against the os uteri, while the posterior end is provided with a
suitable hinged lid capable of being securely closed by a catch. This lid prevents
the entrance of flies, dust, dirt, etc. The ventral aspect, which rests on the lower
surface of the vagina, is suitably concave to avoid pressure on the region of
the bladder, and an aperture is provided which comes in to apposition with,
the sphincter of the bladder, to allow the urine and discharge to pass out. The
dorsal aspect is convex, and is provided with grooves to accommodate
the rugae of the upper surface of the vagina. It is perforated with
numerous holes to allow free escape of discharge. The posterior end with the
hinged lid resembles and conforms to the shape of the lips of the vulva. It is
provided with a number of holes along its outer rim by which it is sutured to the
lips of the vulva. A series of perforations in the lower half allows the escape of
discharge and urine. A ring is provided on the top of the posterior end of the
apparatus just in front of the hinge of the lid, for fastening it to the body of the
animal by means of a tape or truss.
Ind. Jour. Vety. Sci. & Anim. Husb. Vol. V, Pt.
2.
Plate XI.
Prolapsus uteri Apparatus Mushtaq's Patent.
Ind. Jour. Vety. Sci. & Anim. Husb. Vol. V, Pt.
2.
Plate XII.
1. Complete Prolapsus uteri—Brown Montgomery cow, 6 years.
2. Apparatus in situ for 4 days.
SUCCESSFUL METHOD OF TREATING PROLAPSE OF VAGINA AND UTERUS IN BOVINES. 193
The vagina and the uterus are irrigated with potassium permanganate solution
or boric lotion and the apparatus is left in position from 2 to 4 days according to
the severity of the case.
Laxatives such as mag. sulphas or linseed oil should be administered to
overcome or prevent constipation. If the cow strains continuously, anodynes such
as chloral hydrate, pot. bromide, camphor, or ext. of belladonna may be adminis-
tered every four hours. In cases where there is severe continuous straining,
tracheotomy should be performed. On the other hand, should the animal be very
weak and exhausted, alcoholic stimulants should be given. On the following
morning, in cases where the temperature rises magnesium sulphate in small doses
with quinine sulphas and dilute sulphuric acid should be given twice a day.
The uterus is douched with one of the following warm potassium prmanganate
solution, 1 in 1500, or one per cent. lysol, one to two per cent. common salt solution,
2 to 3 per cent. boric lotion, once or twice a day according to the condition
of the case. The douching should be continued for several days after removing
the apparatus till the discharge ceases.
CASES.
Two typical cases, out of all those successfully treated at the Punjab
Veterinary College Hospital, Lahore, are recorded in detail with photographs.
(Plates XII—XIV.)
Case No. 1.
Subject:—Brown cow, aged 6 years.
Symptoms.—It was stated that the cow calved two days previously, and
had not dropped the placenta, which was removed by a quack ; four hours after
the removal of its placenta, the uterus had everted. The animal was straining,
and the prolapsed organ was bleeding, due to the friction caused by the move-
ment of the tail and rubbing against the hard floor of her shed.
Treatment.—The subject was treated as mentioned above. The apparatus
was removed on the 4th day, and douching continued for a week. The cow was
discharged on the 12th day.
Case No. 2.
Subject:—A grey cow aged 6 years.
Symptoms.—It was stated that the cow calved in the normal position and
that prolapse occurred after a few hours. She was acutely constipated, and was
straining very hard, also showing colicky symptoms. The uterus was hanging down
and was soiled with mud.
194 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, II
Treatment.—The following draught was administered per os :—
Mag. sulph. . . . . . . . .
Common salt . . . . . . . .
Chloral hydrate . . . . . . . .
Treacle . . . . . . . .
Cinger . . . . . . . .
Water . . . . . . . .
M. Ft. Haustus.
oz. xii.
oz. xii.
oz. . iss.
oz. iv.
oz. i.
oz. ii ss.
Soap-water enema given.
Reduction was effected by the method described above. The apparatus was
inserted and kept in situ for 3 days and removed. Douching was continued
for 4 days and the animal discharged.
The above treatment has proved one hundred per cent. successful except in
those cases in which rupture or perforation has occurred.
The advantages claimed for the method are —
1. The apparatus supports the wall of the vagina and allows free escape of
urine and discharge.
2. It does not damage the lips of the vulva.
3. The uterus can be irrigated while the apparatus is in situ.
4. It does not allow the entrance of flies, dirt, dust, etc.
5. Recurrence cannot take place in spite of violent straining.
6. It does not cause any injuries or metritis.
7. The apparatus is ever-lasting, simple to use, and sterilizable.
Note.—The apparatus No. 1 for buffaloes made of polished aluminium in a tin case
Rs. 30 (£2 5s.), and apparatus No. 2 for cows, made of polished aluminium in a tin case
Rs. 22 (£1 13s.).
Manufacturers :—Allibhoy Villijee & Sons, Alvi Works, Multan Cantonment, Punjab.
Ind. Jour. Vety. Sci. & Anim. Husb. Vol. V, Pt.
2.
Plate XIII.
Complete Prolapsus uteri.
(Grey Hissar cow—6 years)
Apparatus in situ for 3 days.
Ind. Jour. Vety. Sci. & Anim. Husb. Vol. V, Pt.
2.
Plate XIV.
1. Twelve days after recovery from Prolapsus uteri (Brown Montgomery cow, 6 years).
Seven days after recovery from Prolapsus uteri (Grey Hissar cow, 6 years).
A NOTE ON THE TREATMENT OF TAPEWORM (MONIEZIA
SPP.) INFESTATION OF SHEEP.
BY
H. MCL. GORDON, B.V.Sc.*
(Reprinted from the Journal of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research,
Commonwealth of Australia, Vol. 8, No. 1, pages 21—24.)
INTRODUCTION.
Although it is now generally recognized that Moniezia spp. alone seldom
causes serious pathogenic effects in sheep, owners frequently attribute loss of condi-
tion, and even mortalities, to these parasites, and accordingly demand a remedial
drench. There is no doubt that, if present in sufficiently large numbers, Moniezia
spp. may certainly be of some pathogenic importance, and in mixed infestations
probably add to the effects of haemonchosis, trichostrongylosis, oesophagostomiasis,
and chabertiasis.
A number of drugs and combinations of drugs have been recommended against
these tapeworms. Combinations of copper sulphate and nicotine (in the form of
Black Leaf 40 ) are usually recommended, but Freeborn and Berry (1934) consider
that the efficiency of either constituent alone is low.
The observations recorded below were made firstly during an experiment
dealing with the chemotherapy of oesophagostomiasis, and subsequently a special
experiment was designed to deal with Moniezia spp. alone.
The experimental sheep were Merino lambs, eight to nine months old, carrying
heavy naturally-acquired infestations with Trichostrongylus spp. and Oesophagos-
tomum columbianum, and also carrying varying numbers of Haemonchus contortus,
Dictyocaulus filaria, Cooperia curticei, Nematodirus spp., Moniezia spp., Trichuris
ovis, Meullerius capillaris, and an occasional Oesophagostomum venulosum and
Chabertia ovina. These lambs were very poorly grown, and were in an emaciated
condition, in size and weight being about equal to some three months old lambs.
EXPERIMENT 1.
As stated above, this experiment was designed in connexion with the treat-
ment of Oesophagostomum columbianum infestation. The drug employed was
arsenic trisulphide (As 2 S 3 ), which Mönning (1933) considered to offer promise
* An officer of the Division of Animal Health C.S.I.R., who is located at the F. D.
McMaster Animal Health Research Laboratory and engaged on work under the Austra-
lian pastoral Research Trust—E.M.B. Scheme.
( 195 )
196
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, II
of efficiency against this parasite in South Africa. In view of the findings of Clunies
Ross (1934), that solutions of copper sulphate administered to sheep pass directly
to the abomasum in the great majority of instances, it was decided to give arsenic
trisulphide suspended in such solutions to some sheep, while to others the drug
was given in powder form as done by Mönning. One group received a full dose of
magnesium sulphate following the dose of arsenic trisulphide shaken up in copper
sulphate solution. Lambs were divided into four groups of five each :—
Group " A " received 0.5 gm. As 2 S 3 in powder form.
Group " B " received 0.5 gm. As 2 S 3 in 30 ml. 2% CuSO 4 solution.
Group " C " received 0.5 gm. As 2 S 3 in 30 ml. 2% CuSO 4 solution followed
by MgSO 4 .
Group " D " received 0.25 gm. As 2 S 3 in 30 ml. 2% CuSO 4 solution.
The lambs were treated on 7th July 1934, at 10.30 A.M. after having been
last fed the previous afternoon at 5 P.M. on lucerne hay. Water was available
throughout. The lambs were again fed at 11.30 A.M. on 7th July. After treat-
ment a calico bag was attached to each lamb in order to collect all faeces and worms
passed. Egg counts previous to treatment had revealed Moniezia spp., and in all
lambs except S477. Table I shows Moniezia spp. passed after treatment.
+ indicates that Moniezia spp. were passed, — that faeces were negative for seg-
ments or eggs.
TABLE I.
Group.
" A " . . .
" B " . . .
" C " . . .
" D " . . .
No. of
Lamb.
450
455
462
476
478
449
451
454
457
466
458
460
464
472
473
459
461
471
474
477
8th July, 1934.
+
—
—
+
+
+
+ —
—
+ +
Dead
—
—
—
—
+
+
+
—
9th July, 1934.
—
+
+
—
—
—
—
+
+
+
—
+
+
+
+
—
+
+
—
10th July, 1934,
and subsequently.
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
until 16th August,
1934, when again
became positive.
—
—
—
—
NOTE ON THE TREATMENT OF TAPEWORM (Moniezia spp.)INFESTATION OF SHEEP. 197
DISCUSSION.
S460 was dead on the morning of 8th July, 1934. At post-mortem, masses
of Moniezia spp. were found in the ileum and caecum. Egg counts were made on
falces of these lambs for almost two months following treatment, and in only one
case did ova of Moniezia spp. appear. This was in the case of S459. Daily egg
counts made on the faeces of this lamb from 8th July, 1934, onwards did not show
Moniezia spp. ova until 16th August, 1934. S459 was treated on 21st August,
1934, with 0.5 gram. As 2 S 5 as powder, and on the following day passed Moniezia
spp. segments. Subsequently, all the lambs in this experiment were killed, and at
post-mortem were free from Moniezia spp.
It thus appers that the arsenious sylphide alone, or in the combinations used,
was almost equally effective in removing Moniezia spp., S459 being the only
exception. In this lamb, which received the smaller dose of arsenic sulphide, it
appears that the scolex remained, and after approximately a month a new strobila
had grown, and eggs were being produced. A second treatment of this lamb
was quite effective. It is to be noted that S477 was negative for Moniezia spp.
throughout.
EXPERIMENT 2.
This experiment was designed to compare the efficiency of arsenic trisulphide
and copper sulphate against Moniezia spp. Six lambs were used and divided into
two groups:—
Group " E " received 0.5 g. As 2 S 5 in powder form.
Group " F " received 30 ml. 2% CuSO 4 solution.
The preparatory treatment was as in Experiment I. The animals were treated
on 17th July, 1934, at 11 A.M. The results are shown in Table II.
TABLE II.
Group.
" E " . . .
" F "
.
.
.
No. of
lamb.
475
467
453
470
468
463
18th July, 1934.
+
+
+
+
—
+
19th July, 1934.
—
+
+
—
—
+
20th July, 1934.
—
—
—
—
—
+
S463 passed only stray mature segments. S468 was negative for Moniezia
spp. throughout, and was included in the experiment without previous faecal
examination having been carried out. The remaining lambs passed masses of
Moniezia spp.
198 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, II
The six lambs were killed on 20th July, 1934, and all were completely
negative for Moniezia spp., except S463, which had two mature specimens some
yards in length. Careful search failed to reveal any retained scolioes in the other
lambs.
DISCUSSION.
It appeared that arsenious sulphide in 0.5 gm. doses was 100 per cent. efficient
in removing Moniezia spp., even when given alone in powder form, its action being
quite rapid (within 26 hours). Copper sulphate solution in the strength used was
quite efficient in one case, and quite inefficient in the other.
CONCLUSIONS.
Arsenic trisulphide is very efficient in removing Moniezia spp. from sheep,
administered either in powder form or suspended in copper sulphate solution.
Copper sulphate solution alone was efficient in one out of two cases.
REFERENCES.
Clunies Ross, 1. (1934). The Passage of Fluids through the Ruminant Stomach, II.
Aust. Vet. J., 10 : 11.
Monning, H. O. (1903). The Chemotherapy of Oesophagostomiasis in Sheep. Onder-
stepoort J. Vet. Sc. and Animal Ind., 1 : 67.
Freeborn, S. B., and Berry, L. J. (1934). Observations on the Sheep Tapeworm,
Monieza expansa in California. J. Am. Vet. Med. Ass., 85 : 611.
THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF MILKS-
RAW VS. PASTEURIZED AND SUMMER VS. WINTER.*
BY
C. A. ELVEHJEM AND E. B. HART,
Department of Agricultural Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison.
AND
H. C. JACKSON AND K. G. WECKEL,
Department of Dairy Industry, University of Wisconsin, Madison.
(Reprinted from the Journal of Dairy Science, Volume XVII, No. 12, December 1934.)
The consumption of milk by both children and adults has increased in recent
years. Along with this increase in the use of milk has come a greater reliance
upon pasteurization as a safeguard against milk-borne diseases. It has been
estimated (1) that in the United States over 87.5 per cent. of the milk used in
cities of 10,000 population and over is pasteurized.
Studies on the changes produced in milk by pasteurization are as old as the
process itself. The question of whether pasteurized milk is equal nutritionally
to raw milk is far from settled at the present time, and each new investigation
seems to increase the discordance in results. Some of the reported work is value-
less because it was sponsored by parties either opposed to or in favour of pasteu-
rized milk. It is impossible to attempt a review of the existing literature on the
subject in this short paper. A comprehensive review has been published recently
by Stirling and Blackwood (2) of the Hannah Dairy Research Institute.
Theoretically it should be very simple to measure the biological value of all
the nutrients in pasteruized milk and compare these values with those obtained
with raw milk. In practice we find this method very difficult because we are
probably not aware of all the nutrient factors in milk and because assay of some
of the known factors is far from easy. The study of raw and pasteurized milks
would be greatly simplified if the milk could be used as the sole source of the
majority of the nutrients. This is now possible due to the fact that milk can
be mineralized with iron, copper, and manganese and thereby rendered complete
for normal animal growth. Kemmerer, Elvehjem, Hart, and Fargo (3) showed
*Published with the permission of the Director of the Wisconsin Agricultural
Experiment Station. [Ed. Jour. Dairy sci].
( 199 )
L