NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
82
Figure 26.—An embryonic salivary cell of future adult the substance of which is replaced
by sporozoits. To the left is seen the nucleus of the cell, to the right
a globular mass—a later stage than that shewn in figure 24.
Figure 27. —An embryonic cell squashed out shewing the swarms of young parasites
"sporozoits ?" × 1000.
Figure 28. —Some of the above more highly magnified. × 2000.
Figure 29.—A group of "sporoblasts" shewing that they are about to divide further into
"sporozoits." From embryonic tissue. × 2000.
Figure 30.—A group of bodies seen in the salivary cells of hereditarily infected nymphs.
They appear to be capable of further subdivision by the process indi-
cated in figures 29, 31 and 33. Note the resemblance of the chromatin to
piroplasma in the blood and the presence of the irregular area. × 2000.
Figure 31.—A" sporoblast" shewing extension of chromatin very like that in piroplasma.
Such a body will eventually form three parasites. × 4000.
Figures 32 & 33. —Later stages of the condition seen in figure 31. × 2000.
Figure 34.—Sporozoits from salivary cells. × 2000.
Figure 35.—Angular and stellate sporozoits—the chromatin has from an oversight not been
indicated. × 2000.
Figure 36. —Pear-shaped sporozoits exactly resembling piroplasma in the blood. From
salivary gland. × 2000.
Figure 37.—A group of four club shaped bodies in the gut of nymph fed on infected dog,
× 2000.
83
PLATE III.
Figure 1. —Portion of undeveloped salivary gland of adult shewing the large clear
" poison" acini and the more refractile and granular ordinary acini. ⅓
objective.
Figure 2.—A developing acinus. Ordinary type. × 1000.
Figure 3. —A developing acinus, " poison " acinus. Note the large cell which in this
type of acinus develops out of all proportion to the rest of the acinar
cells. × 1000.
Figure 4. —Embryonic adult tissue the cells of which contain sporozoits. The dark mass
represents the original sporulating zygote, the two large light cells are
becoming salivary ti s sue. × 750.
Figure 5. —Embryonic tissue infiltrated with the products of division of zygote. Note on
the right some free " sporoblasts." × 750.
Figure 6. —A salivary cell of a nymph (a portion only is shewn) shewing sporozoit-like
bodies. Note the close resemblance to piroplasma in the blood the
irregular area of chromatin, etc. The granular protoplasm and secre-
tory products have been omitted. × 2000.
Figure 7. —A young zygote embedded in embryonic salivary tissue cell. Note to the
right and above the rudiments of a duct with one of its nuclei × 1500.
Figure 8.—A squash preparation of embryonic salivary tissue of adult shewing sporozoits.
× 2 0 0 0 .
Figure 9 .—Two poison acini (developing) containing sporozoits. The lower right hand
space is a portion of the acinus shewn above which is overlain in the
middle by the duct. × 750.
Figure 10. —Sporozoits in embryonic tissue cell shewing that when the cell divides there
will be two infected cells. The sporozoits seen are probably the pro-
duct of only one or two sporoblasts. × 1500.
Figure 11.—Single sporozoits in embryonic salivary cells. × 2500.
Figure 12.—A group of sporozoitsresulting from one or at most two sporoblasts. Em-
bryonic salivary tissue. × 2500.
Figure 13.—A mass of sporozoits occupying substance of a cell of muscle sheath.
× 1000.
Fig. 8.
Fig. 9.
Plate III.
Piroplasma canis and its life cycle in the tick.
Fig.1.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 7.
Fig.10.
Fig.13.
Fig. 11.
Photogravure.
Survey of India Offices, Calcutta, July, 1907.
No. 29.
(NEW SERIES.)
SCIENTIFIC MEMOIRS
BY
OFFICERS OF THE MEDICAL AND SANITARY DEPARTMENTS
OF THE
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
PIROPLASMA CANIS AND ITS LIFE CYCLE IN
THE TICK.
BY
CAPTAIN S. R. CHRISTOPHERS, M.B., I.M.S.
ISSUED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
BY THE SANITARY COMMISSIONER WITH THE GOVERNMENT
OF INDIA, SIMLA.
CALCUTTA:
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.
1907.
Price two rupees or 3s.
7374 1872
OF THE
NATIVE ARMY OF MADRAS
FOR
THE YEAR
1872.
FRAMED ON THE WEEKLY AND ANNUAL RETURNS, ON THE REPORTS OF
REGIMENTAL MEDICAL OFFICERS, AND ON THE INSPECTION REPORTS
OF DEPUTY SURGEONS-GENERAL OF THE INDIAN MEDICAL DEPARTMENT.
(ALL STATISTICAL INFORMATION IS GIVEN IN THE TABLES
AT THE END.)
MADRAS:
PRINTED BY E. KEYS, AT THE GOVERNMENT GAZETTE PRESS.
1874.
IP /25/AF.3
MEDICAL AND SANITARY REPORT
OF THE
NATIVE ARMY OF MADRAS
FOR THE YEAR
1872.
FRAMED ON THE WEEKLY AND ANNUAL RETURNS, ON THE REPORTS OF
REGIMENTAL MEDICAL OFFICERS, AND ON THE INSPECTION REPORTS
OF DEPUTY SURGEONS-GENERAL OF THE INDIAN MEDICAL DEPARTMENT.
(ALL STATISTICAL INFORMATION IS GIVEN IN THE TABLES
AT THE END.)
MADRAS:
PRINTED BY E. KEYS, AT THE GOVERNMENT GAZETTE PRESS.
1874.
INDEX.
[ The Regiments are placed as they stood in the Army List on the 31 st December 1872.]
CENTRE OR PRESIDENCY DISTRICT.
PAGE.
PAGE.
Body Guard of the Right Honorable the
Governor of Madras
13
13th Regiment Native Infantry
17
28th
do.
do.
18
7th Regiment Native Infantry
14 37th
do.
do.
19
17th do.
do.
16
NORTHERN DISTRICT.
2nd Regiment Native Infantry
20 31st Regiment Light Infantry, Left Wing
24
12th
do.
do.
21 41st do.
Native Infantry
26
31st Light Infantry, Head Quarters, and
Right Wing
23
SOUTHERN DISTRICT.
Deputy Surgeon-General Johnston's remarks
on the Southern District
30
22nd Regiment Native Infantry
32
26th
do.
do.
34
19th Regiment Native Infantry
31 38th
do.
do.
35
MYSORE DIVISION OF THE ARMY.
Deputy Surgeon-General Ranking's Report
on Mysore Circle
37
30th Regiment Native Infantry Detach-
ment at Mysore
66
8th Regiment Native Infantry
59 36th Regiment Native Infantry
66
23rd Light Infantry
62 39th
do.
do.
69
30th Native Infantry
64 Head Quarters, Sappers and Miners
70
CEDED DISTRICTS.
Deputy Surgeon-General Ranking's Report
on Ceded Districts
37
2nd Regiment Light Cavalry
73
4th
do.
Native Infantry
76
4th Regiment Light Cavalry
72 16th
do.
do.
78
PROVINCES OF MALABAR AND CANARA.
Deputy Surgeon-General Johnston's remarks
on Provinces of Malabar and Canara
30
25th Regiment Native Infantry
82
34th
do.
Light Infantry
83
9th Regiment Native Infantry
81
HYDERABAD SUBSIDIARY FORCE.
Deputy Surgeon-General Barclay's remarks
on Hyderabad Subsidiary Force
85
6th Regiment Native Infantry
112
24th
do.
do.
113
Deputy Surgeon-General Barclay's Report
on Cholera at Secunderabad
101
29th
do.
do.
114
40th
do.
do.
116
3rd Regiment Light Infantry
110
iv
INDEX.
NAGPORE FORCE.
PAGE.
PAGE.
Deputy Surgeon-General Tribe's remarks on
Nagpore Force
117
Head Quarters, 32nd Regiment Native In
-
fantry
121
1st Regiment Light Cavalry
120 Wing 32nd
do.
do.
122
20th do.
Native Infantry
120 35th Regiment Native Infantry
122
BRITISH BURMAH DIVISION.
Deputy Surgeon-General Burn's Reports on
British Burmah Division
123
10th Regiment Native Infantry
126
14th
do.
do.
128
1st Regiment Native Infantry
124 27th
do.
do.
130
BENGAL PROPER.
33rd Regiment Native Infantry
113
TROOPS SERVING IN SAUGOR DIVISION, BENGAL.
3rd Regiment Light Cavalry
134 15th Regiment Native Infantry-Left Wing 138
5th do.
Native Infantry
135 21st do.
Native Infantry
139
11th do.
do.
136
STATISTICAL TABLES.
Table No. I.—Showing the Sickness, Mortality, and Invaliding in the Native Army for 1872. 140
Table No. II.—Showing the Relative Ratios per cent, of Treated and Deaths under the different
Classes of Diseases 144
Table No. III.—Showing the Remained, Admitted, Discharged, Died, &c., under the different
Classes of Diseases arranged according to Divisions in which the Troops were
serving
146
Table No. IV.—Showing the Remained, Admitted, Discharged, Died, &c., arranged according to
the different Classes of Diseases 152
OFFICE OF SURGEON-GENERAL, INDIAN MEDICAL DEPARTMENT,
FORT SAINT GEORGE, 4th September 1873.
No. 329.
FROM
THE ACTING SURGEON-GENERAL,
INDIAN MEDICAL DEPARTMENT,
Fort St. George,
To
THE SECRETARY TO GOVERNMENT,
MILITARY DEPARTMENT.
SIR,
I HAVE the honor to submit the Annual Medical and Sanitary Report on the
Native Army of Madras for the year 1872.
2. Seasonal phenomena.— In all the central and southern portions of the
Presidency the temperature was about the average; but in some parts of the
Northern Division, owing to the scanty rainfall, the range of the thermometer
was unusually high during the hot season. In most parts of the country south
of the Kistna the rainfall was ample, and in some districts considerably above
the average. In the beginning of May a severe cyclone, accompanied with heavy
rain, occurred at the Presidency, driving most of the ships in the roads on shore,
and doing a vast deal of damage to houses and trees. Notwithstanding the
great number of wrecks on the beach and the fury of the hurricane, the loss of
life was comparatively small, a great many sailors and cooly emigrants having
been rescued by the noble exertions of the European Troops of the garrison of
Fort St. George. This storm travelled westwards across the Peninsula, doing
a great deal of damage to villages and crops; but the most serious effects inland
were experienced at Vellore. Here, owing to the excessive rainfall that accom-
-panied the wind, several tanks above the level of the town burst their
embankments, and an immense body of water rushed down on the town, sweep--
ing everything before it in general ruin. The number of the population who
perished during this flood was estimated at 800, and a great many cattle and
other valuable property were swept away and lost. As soon as the water sub--
sided, prompt measures were taken to afford relief to the homeless poor, and to
carry out the necessary sanitary precautions. A body of Sappers from Banga--
lore and a large gang of prisoners were at once set to work to clear away ruins,
recover and bury dead bodies, and carry out similar essential operations; and
the crisis passed away without any serious outbreak of sickness. Towards the
close of November an unusually heavy fall of rain took place in Madras and its
neighbourhood. All the lower parts of the town were deeply flooded, and a
large number of the frail mud huts, in some of the parcherries, were destroyed;
while in other cases houses were rendered temporarily uninhabitable, owing to
the streets and floors being under water. From these causes an immense
number of the population were driven homeless into the streets, in very incle--
ment weather, and great suffering must have ensued, but that the Municipality
at once opened buildings to receive, and made arrangements for feeding, those
who stood in need of such relief.
3. Necessaries of life.— In most districts the crops were abundant, and food
selling at moderate prices. In a few quarters the crops were damaged to some
5
Average Daily
Strength.
Ratio per cent. of
Treated to Average
Strength.
Ratio per cent. of
Deaths to the Average
Strength.
Cavalry ...
...
...
...
. . .
1,190
80.08
0.58
Infantry ...
...
...
...
...
27,582
104.85
0.90
It will be observed that the ratios of sickness and mortality in the Infantry
were considerably in excess of those that obtained in the Cavalry. This is quite
in accordance with the experience of previous years, but at the same time it
must be remembered that the comparison is hardly a fair one, inasmuch as the
Cavalry form but a very small body numerically, and also because their duties do
not expose them to so many causes of sickness as those that fall to the lot of the
Infantry Soldier. At present, too, the whole of the Cavalry are men of a good
many years' service ; and, as recruiting has been stopped for some time, it is to
be presumed that nearly all the bad lives have been weeded out of Cavalry
Corps.
12. Mortality according to caste.—On contrasting the death-rates amongst the
several creeds or castes in the Native Army, it appears that the smallest number
of deaths occurred amongst Mahomedans, the next fewest amongst Christians,
and the largest number amongst Hindoos.
The following statement gives in each case the rate per cent. of mortality to
strength :—
Caste or Creed.
Ratio per cent. of Mortality
in and out of Hospital to
Strength.
Mahomedans ...
...
...
...
...
...
1.02
Christians
... ...
... ...
...
...
1.03
Hindoos
...
...
...
...
...
...
1.43
It is impossible, as has been said on previous occasions, to give any very
satisfactory explanation of these different death-rates.
13. Health of the troops in the several divisions. —The order of healthiness in
the several divisions in 1872 was very different from that which was recorded in
1871. On the latter occasion the Southern District was, as usual, the most
healthy in the Presidency , whereas in 1872 table it stands low on the list. The
Northern and Presidency Divisions have also experienced a similar descent,
having in 1872 been the most unhealthy of all the circles with the excep-
tion of British Burmah. The chief cause of the increased sickness in these
three divisions was, as already stated, dengue. The following table shows the
several divisions in which Madras Troops were serving in the order of their
healthiness :—
Divisions.
Average
D a i l y S t r e n g t h .
Ratio per cent. of
Total Treated to
Average Strength.
Ratio per cent. of
Total Deaths to
Average Strength.
Bengal
...
...
...
...
660
23.33
1.21
Malabar and Canara
...... ...
1,903
36.88
1.15
Ceded Districts ... .. ...
1, 534
49.73
0.91
Saugor Circle
...
...
...
...
2,613
67.81
1.30
Mysore ......
...
4,069
98.74
1.13
Hyderabad Subsidiary Force ...
...
3,996
99.84
1.35
Southern ......
...
. ..
...
..
2,547
113.19
0.86
Nagpore Force ...
...
...
2.2 74
117.01
1.40
Northern ...
..
.. . . . .
...
2, 764
128.79
1.41
Presidency...
...
...
3 , 6 5 2
139.92
1.01
British Burmah Division
...
...
2,760
154.38
2.24
6
Bengal .—The average strength of Madras Troops serving in Bengal during
1872 was 660, and the average daily sick 6. The diseases which chiefly prevailed
were eruptive and malarious fevers, and the totals and ratios under each of these
were as follows :—
Diseases.
Total
Treated.
Died in
Hospital.
Ratio per cent. of
Treated to the Total
Treated under the
several Diseases in
the District.
Ratio per cent. of
Mortality to the
Total Treated under
the several Diseases
in the District.
Eruptive fevers ...
...
...
19
. . .
12.33
. . .
Malarious fevers ...
...
...
44
1
28.57
0.64
Malabar and Canara .—Notwithstanding the dislike that some of the Native
Troops entertain for the rainy climate of the Western Coast, it is certainly one of
the healthiest of our divisions, and this is all the more remarkable, considering
that good fresh vegetables are, as a rule, scarce and dear. The average strength
of the troops serving in Malabar and Canara during 1872 was 1,903, and the chief
causes of sickness and mortality are given in the following statement :—
Diseases.
Total
Treated.
Died in
Hospital.
Ratio per cent. of
Treated to the Total
Treated under the
several Diseases in
the District.
Ratio per cent. of
Mortality to the
Total Treated under
the several Diseases
in the District.
Malarious fevers ...
......
90
2
12.82
0.28
Rheumatic affections
...
...
49
...
6.98
...
Diarrhœa ......
...
...
27
1
3.84
014
Dysentery ...
...
...
...
36
1
5.12
0.14
Skin diseases
...
...
...
159
...
22.64
. . .
The most fertile sources of sickness were skin diseases, malarious fever, and
rheumatism, but there was a decided reduction in the number of fever cases, as
compared with that for 1871.
Ceded Districts .—The health of the troops in these districts was very much
the same as in 1871 and satisfactory. The chief diseases were continued and
malarious fevers, rheumatism, and dysentery. With an average strength of 1,534,
the average daily sick numbered 29.
Diseases.
Total
Treated.
Died in
Hospital.
Ratio per cent. of
Treated to the Total
Treated under the
several Diseases in
the District.
Ratio per cent. of
Mortality to the
Total Treated under
the several Diseases
in the District.
Continued fevers ...
...
...
1 4 6
1
19.13
0.13
Malarious fevers ...
...
...
8 4
. . .
11.009
Rheumatic affections
...
...
6 1
...
7.99
...
Dysentery ...
...
...
...
37
1
4.84
0.13
Skin diseases
...
...
. . .
6 3
...
8.25
...
Saugor .—Hitherto this circle has proved one of the most unhealthy for
Madras Troops ; but on the present occasion, it occupies rather a favorable position
on the comparative list in paragraph 13, partly because there has been an unusual
amount of sickness in some of the other divisions, and partly because the year
1872 seems to have been comparatively a healthy one in the Saugor Circle.
The average daily sick numbered 61 out of an average strength of 2,613. The
chief diseases were malarious fever and rheumatism, and there were two cases of
cholera.
8
TREATED
In 1871.
In 1872.
Continued fevers
...
85
1,819
Dengue was, of course, the chief cause of the increase in continued
fevers during 1872. The number of cases of malarious fever and rheumatic
affections were much the same as in 1871. The following table shows the
extent to which the chief diseases prevailed and the mortality which resulted from
each of them :—
Diseases.
Total
Treated.
Died in
Hospital.
Ratio per cent. of
Treated to the Total
Treated under the
several Diseases in
the District.
Ratio per cent. of
Mortality to the
Total Treated under
the several Diseases
in the District.
Eruptive fevers
......
...
17
...
0.58
. . .
Continued fevers ...
...
...
1,819
1
63.09
0.03
Malarious fevers
......
...
133
...
4.61
...
..
...
Rheumatic affections...
1 1 1
...
3.85
...
Diseases of the eye... 0...
...
6 4
...
2.21
...
Diseases of the lungs...
...
4 4
1
1.52
0.03
Diarrhoea
.•.
...
...
65
3
2. 25
0.10
...
...
•...
Skin diseases...
1 3 4
...
4.64
...
The average strength of the force was 2,547, and the average daily sick 60.
Nagpore Force.—This circle was slightly more unhealthy than in 1871, and
the prevailing disease was, as usual, malarial fever. There were also three cases
of cholera, all of which proved fatal. The average strength of the troops was
2,274, and the average daily sick 74. The following figures give the chief forms of
disease, together with the number treated under each of these and the mortality :—
Diseases.
Total
Treated.
Died i n
Hospital.
Ratio per cent. of
Treated to the Total
Treated under the
several Diseases in
the District.
Ratio per cent. of
Mortality to the
TotalTreatedunder
the several Diseases
in the District.
Eruptive fevers
...
...
. . .
3
. . .
1.31
. . .
Malarious fevers
...
...
1,211
7
45.50
0.26
Cholera
...
...
...
3
3
0.11
0.11
Skin diseases...
.
...
141
...
5.29
...
Northern, Division .—In 1871 this circle occupied the fifth place in the com-
parative health statement, whereas on the present occasion it is the ninth on
the list. The chief causes of sickness were dengue, malarious fever, rheumatism,
and skin diseases. One case of cholera occurred. The average strength of the
force was 2,764, and the average daily sick 113.
Diseases.
Total
Treated.
Died in i
Hospital,
Ratio per cent. of
Treated to the Total
Treated under the
several Diseases in
the District.
Ratio per cent. of
Mortality to the
Total Treated under
the several Diseases
in the District.
Continued fevers... ...
1,522
...
42.75
...
Malarious fevers
...
...
525
4
14.74
0.11
Cholera ...
....
...
1
...
0.02
...
Rheumatic affections
...
...
148
. . .
4.15
...
Diseases of the lungs
......
86
6
2.41
0.16
Diarrhœa...
...
...
74
1
2.07
0.02
Dysentery
...
...
92
3
2.58
0.08
Skin diseases...
...
4 0 6
...
11.40
...
9
Presidency Division. —This circle also descended considerably in the com-
parative scale in 1872, having been very much more unhealthy than during the
previous year. The chief causes of sickness were dengue, malarious fever,
rheumatic affections, and skin diseases. There were five cases of cholera, all of
which recovered. The average strength of the troops was 3,652, and the average
daily sick 138.
Diseases.
Total
Treated.
Died in
Hospital.
Ratio per cent. of
Treated to theTotal
Treated under the
several Diseases in
the District.
Ratio per cent. of
Mortality to the
Total Treated under
the several Diseases
in the District.
Eruptive fevers ...
...
...
43
. . .
0.84
. . .
Continued fevers
...
...
2,340
. . .
45.79
. . .
Malarious fevers
...
...
670
4
13.11
0.07
Cholera ... ...
. . .
5
...
0.09
. . .
Rheumatic affections
...
...
610
...
11.93
. . .
Diseases of the lungs ...
...
108
2
2 . 1 1
0.03
Diarrhœa
...
...
109
1
2.13
0 . 0 1
Skin diseases...
...
399
...
7 . 8 0
. . .
British Burmak.—This circle on the present occasion occupies the last place
in the comparative health statement of divisions, the rate per cent. of treated to
strength having been no less than 154.38, and the death-rate 2.24 per cent.
The more important causes of this excessive sickness were malarious fevers,
continued fevers (including dengue), rheumatism, diarrhœa, and dysentery. No
invaliding took place, as sick men are generally, when their cases become chronic,
sent to Madras, but 171 men out of an average strength of 2,760 were granted
sick leave. The actual number of deaths in and out of hospital was 62. The
following table exhibits the chief forms of sickness and the ratios of treated and
mortality :—
Diseases
Total
Treated.
Died in
Hospital.
Ratio per cent of
Treated to the Total
Treated under the
several Diseases in
the District.
Ratio per cent. of
Mortality to the
Total Treated under
the several Diseases
in the District.
Continued fevers...
9 2 4
2
21.68
0.04
Malarious fevers
...
1,431
2
33.58
0 . 0 4
Rheumatic affections
. . .
297
. . .
6.97
. . .
Diarrhœa
...
...
...
191
. . .
4.48
. . .
Dysentery
...
...
...
194
6
4.55
0 . 1 4
Skin diseases ...
281
. . .
6.59
. . .
14. Movements of corps .—The following movements of corps took place
during 1872, and were fortunately carried out without any remarkable outbreak
of sick ness :—
1st Regiment N. I. from Kamptee
to Thayetmyo.
2nd
do.
L. C. from Bellary
to Kamptee.
4th
do.
" from Secunderabad to Bellary.
5 t h
d o .
N . I . f r o m
do.
to Saugor.
6th
do. " from Nagode
to Secunderabad.
10th
do. " from Dorundah
to Tonghoo.
11 th
do.
„ from Raipore
to Nagode
.
12th
do.
„ from Tonghoo
to Vizianagram.
13th
do.
" from Hong-Kong
to Palaveram.
19th
do.
" from Singapore
to Trichinopoly.
23rd
do.
" from Quilon
to Bangalore
.
24th
do. " from Secunderabad to Palamcottah.
27th
do.
" from Bangalore
to Moulmein.
35th
do. " from Madras
to Kamptee.
36th
do. " from Thayetmyo
to Bangalore.
37th
do. " from Moulmein
to Madras.
40th
do. " from Saugor
to Secunderabad.
3
11
22.
Meteorological diagrams .—The meteorological reports of the Government
Astronomer are so much in arrears that I am at present unable to furnish the
usual diagrams, but I hope to be able to forward them before the report has
passed through the Press.
23.
Administrative and Executive 0fficers .—The Officers of the Department
have conducted their duties in a highly efficient manner. In those corps in
which dengue prevailed their duties were of a most arduous nature, both during
and after the prevalence of the epidemic.
24. I, as usual, annex extracts from the Annual Medical Reports of the
Medical Officers bearing on the health of the troops.
I have the honor to be,
Sir,
Your most obedient servant,
J . L. RANKING, Dy. Surgn.-Genl.,
Ag. Surgeon-General, I.M.S.