NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
APPENDIX
INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE IMPERIAL
COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH.*
1. All manuscripts should be clean, clear and carefully revised. Only one side
of the paper should be used, and as far as practicable the original type-written
copy and not a carbon copy should be sent. Capitals should be sparingly used,
and all the necessary punctuation should be done in the MS. and not left for intro-
duction in proofs.
2. The title of a paper should not be lengthy.
3. It is desirable that the MS. should have suitable heads and sub-heads. In
numbering the principal divisions of a paper, roman numerals should be used. The
use of arabic figures and (a), (b), (c), etc., is generally reserved for numbering the sub-
divisions coming under each head.
4. Articles submitted for publication either in the Indian Journal of Agricul-
tural Science or in the Indian Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry
should be accompanied by abstracts for publication in Agriculture and Live-stock
in India. Abstracts should be concise, but should be long enough to explain the
matter dealt with ; ordinarily no abstract should exceed 200 words.
5. When a word or line is intended to be printed in italics, it should be underlined
with a single line, in SM. CAP. with two lines, in CAPITALS with three lines, and
when in Antique (heavy type) with a wavy line (————).
6. In descriptive matter, numbers under 100 and all numbers occurring at the
beginning of a sentence should be in words.
7. Local names for crops, technical operations, etc., should be defined where they
first occur in the text, e.g., rabi (spring crop). The use of local weights and mea-
sures should be avoided as far as possible. Vernacular names, such as jowar, bajri,
should be in italics without a capital letter, and each such name where it first occurs
should be followed by its scientific equivalent in brackets, e.g., jowar (Andropogon
Sorghum). It is usual to write the initial letters of varietal names in capitals, e.g.,
Striped Mauritius, Dharwar-American cotton and Broach cotton.
8. Botanical and zoological names are printed in italics and should be underlined
in the MS., e.g., Triticum vulgare L.; Diplodia Corchori Syd.; Pyrilla aberrans
Kirby. The International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature and the International
* Spare copies of these Instructions can be had on application to the Secretary,
Imperial Council of Agricultural Research (Publication Section), New Delhi.
( 123 )
124
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, I
Rules of Zoological Nomenclature should be followed. The names of chemical sub-
stances should not be written with a capital letter ; they are printed in roman type
(e.g., calcium carbonate, prussic acid).
9. The following and similar abbreviations may be used freely :—viz., e.g., i.e.,
mm. (millimetre), cm. (centimetre), grm. (gramme), mg. (milligramme), c.c. (cubic
centimetre), sp. gr. (specific gravity), lb. (pound), cwt. (hundredweight), in. (inch),
ft. (foot), oz. (ounce), md. (maund), sr. (seer), ch. (chattak). Other abbreviations
should be used sparingly, if at all.
10. References to plates should be given within brackets, without prefixing the
word " see " or " cf." in the MS. itself, and should not be left over for introduction
in proofs. For example, " The parasite (Pl. X, fig. 4) was present late in 1906 "
11. The word " Table " is preferable to " Statement ", and tables should be
numbered consecutively in roman figures. Each table should have an explana-
tion as a sub-head. It is more convenient for reference if tables can be printed hori-
zontally ; for this purpose they should not exceed in width the printing measur e
of the page (5"). Example—
TABLE IV.
Results of water-saving experiments on wheat (Pusa 12) at Gungapur, Haripur and
Sargodha, 1916-17.
Station
Gungapur . . .
Haripur . . .
Sargodha . . .
No. of irri-
gations in-
cluding the
preliminary
watering
One
„
„
YIELD PER ACRE IN
MAUNDS AND SEERS
Grain
Mds. Srs.
12 19½
8 31
8 12½
Straw
Mds. Srs.
20 10
19 14
25 27½
AVERAGE YIELD PER
ACRE
Grain
Mds. Srs.
} 9 34
Straw
Mds. Srs.
21 17
12. References to literature, arranged alphabetically according to authors' names,
should be placed at the end of the article, the various references to each author being
arranged chronologically. Each reference should contain the name of the author
(with initials), the year of publication, the abbreviated title of the publication,
APPENDIX.
125
volume and page. In the text the reference should be indicated by the author's
name followed by the year of publication enclosed in brackets ; when the author's
name occurs in the text, the year of publication only need be given in brackets. If
reference is made to several articles published by one author in a single year, these
should be numbered in sequence and the number quoted after the year both in the
text and in the collected references. This system of referencing is the same as is
used in the Biochemical Journal with slight modification and will be clear from the
following illustration:—
The work of Osborne and Mendel [1919, 1, 2] and Steenbock and Boutwell [1919]
had indicated an association of the fat-soluble vitamin with the green parts of plants.
This view was examined by Coward and Drummond [1921] who reported that vitamin A.
was not synthesised by etiolated shoots but that green leaves were active in its forma
tion. Another worker [Wilson, 1922], on the other hand, found that etiolated shoots if
given in sufficient quantity could supply the fat-soluble, vitamin and that this factor
was therefore formed in the absence of light.
REFERENCES.
Coward, K. H. and Drummond, J. C. (1921). Biochem. J. 15, 530.
Osborne, T. B. and Mendel, L. B. (1919, 1). J. Biol. Chem. 37, 187.
————————————— (1919, 2). J. Biol. Chem. 41, 549.
Steenbock, H. and Boutwell, R. (1919). J. Biol Chem. 41, 149.
Wilson, J. (1922). J. Biol. Chem. 51, 455.
Abbreviations, as far as possible, should follow the system adopted in " A World
List of Scientific Periodicals " published by the Oxford University Press.
13. Papers should be complete when submitted for publication. As altera-
tions and additions at the proof stage cause both additional expense and delay,
they should be resorted to as little as possible. In making corrections in proofs
the recognized symbols which will be found in the " Standard Dictionary " should
be used. Second (page) proofs will be submitted to authors who should return
them promptly.
Illustrations.
14. As the format of the journals has been standardized, the size adopted being
crown quarto (about 7⅛"× 9 ⅝" cut), no text-figure, when printed, should exceed
4½ × 5 inches. Figures for plates should be so planned as to fill a crown quarto
plate—the maximum space available for figures being 5¾ × 8 inches exclusive of that
for letterpress printing.
15. Photos or drawings for illustration should accompany the manuscript and
each should bear on the reverse side the name of the paper to which it relates
together with the title or legend, figure or plate number, and the size to be repro
duced. When giving instructions for reduction linear measurements are under
stood ; thus, " half-size " means reduce to half the length and breadth, not half the
126 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, I
area. A photograph should not be rolled up, nor pinned, and should always be
packed flat. A complete list of plates and figures should always accompany the
paper.
16. Line drawings should be made with clear black lines on smooth white paper,
preferably Bristol board. Rough paper should be avoided. Care should be taken
that all the lines are drawn firmly ; scratchy or grey lines, produced by the ink
being thinned down, are not permissible. Drawings should be larger than the
required size. All lettering should be neatly and clearly put in, care being taken
to make all lettering sufficiently large to stand reduction.
17. For half-tone work, copy should be made on glossy silver paper and of the
same size or larger than the size required.
18. For three-colour work, copy may be oil-painting, water-colour, coloured
photograph or coloured transparency, and larger than the size required. In pre-
paring copy, one should use only the primary colours, in any combination, as only
inks of primary colours are used in printing. Originals can be enlarged, if neces-
sary, but this should be avoided if possible.
19. For detailed instructions regarding preparation of illustrations, it would be
of advantage to refer to Mr. C. M. Hutchinson's article on " Photographic Illustra-
tions " in the Agricultural Journal of India, Vol. XI, Pt. 3, July 1916, and Mr. A. W.
Slater's paper on " The Preparation and Reproduction of Scientific Illustrations "
in the Proceedings of the Third Entomological Meeting, 1919, which has been reprinted
as Bulletin No. 114 of the Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa.
BIHAR AND ORISSA VETERINARY COLLEGE, PATNA.
Notice.
The next session of the Bihar and Orissa Veterinary College will commence
from the 1st July 1935.
1. Candidates desiring admission should each submit his application on the
prescribed form together with the following certificates in original, so as to reach the
Principal on or before the 1st June 1935.
(a) Age and moral character certificate from the Head master of the school at
which he last read.
(b) University certificate or a certificate from the School or University autho¬
rities to show that he has passed the Matriculation Examination.
(c) Medical Certificate of fitness from an Assistant Surgeon.
(d) Letter from his guardian stating that all expenses incurred by his ward
during the latter's period of study at the college will be paid.
(e) Letter of identification from some well known person stating that the
candidate is known to him and the statements made in the application form are
correct.
2. Government or District Board stipendiaries should in addition to the above
each produce a letter from the Director of Veterinary Services, Bihar and Orissa
or from the Chairman, District Board concerned, to whom they should apply in
the first instance, stating that their selection as stipendiaries has been approved.
3. Preference will be given to candidates who have passed the I. A. or I. So.
Examination of a recognised University. A good knowledge of English is essential.
4. Non-stipendiary candidates will have to appear before the Governing Body
of the College when called for interview.
5. Fees must be paid in advance according to the scale under rule 8 of the
college rules.
6. Candidates will reside in the college hostel from the date of their admission
unless specially exempted.
7. Admission forms may be had free on application to the Principal. Pros-
pectus will be supplied on receipt of 0-4-0 by Money Order for each copy required.
( 127 )
GIPD—M449 ICofAR—17-4-35—650.
THE INFLUENCE OF PROGRESSIVE RIPENING OF
FODDERS ON THE MINERAL NUTRITION OF CATTLE :—
PART I. MINERAL COMPOSITION AND THE MINERAL BALANCE AS
INFLUENCED BY PROGRESSIVE RIPENING OF FODDERS.
BY
A. VISWANATHA IYER, B.A.,
Assistant Physiological Chemist, Animal Nutrition Section, Bangalore.
(Received for publication on 7th February 1935).
The papers deals with two distinct questions.
(a) The mineral composition of some fodders.
(b) The assimilation of minerals from these fodders.
Regarding the mineral composition of fodders, a considerable amount of work
is in progress both at Bangalore and in other research centres in India. The
present paper is not specially directed to this subject, but it gives data regarding
the effect of maturing on the mineral constituents of four fodder crops grown
under field conditions.
Regarding the assimilation of minerals, previous work by the Nutrition Sec-
tion has been directed to determine the influence of mineral supplements on
assimilation. The intake of minerals was varied by feeding supplements, while
the quality of the fodder remained the same [Warth, Viswanatha Iyer and Krishna
Ayyar 1932 and Viswanatha Iyer and Krishna Ayyar 1934].
In the present tests both the mineral intake and the quality of the fodder
varied, the stage of maturity influencing both the mineral content and the quality.
The work was undertaken to determine the extent to which mineral assimila-
tion is likely to be affected by the maturing of fodder crops under Indian condi-
tions.
PROCEDURE.
The fodders employed were—
Rhodes grass hay (Military Grass Farm, Bangalore.)
Aurangabad grass hay (Military Grass Farm, Aurangabad.)
Spear grass hay (Military Grass Farm, Bangalore.)
Jouar grass hay (Imperial Institute of Animal Husbandry and Dairying,
Bangalore.)
( 129 )
B
130 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, II
From each fodder 2 or 3 cuttings were taken at different stages of maturity,
each cutting providing sufficient fodder for feeding two bullocks for thirty
days. Separate tests were made with each cutting. The tests were conducted
on mature Indian bullock fed on a bare maintenance ration.
Every feeding test consisted, of a preliminary feeding period followed by a
digestion experiment period during which the food consumed and the excreta
voided were accurately sampled daily and quantitatively determined.
The composition, digestibility and mineral balance were thus determined for
each cutting of each fodder. The digestion data (though not directly connected
with the mineral problem) are of practical value and deserve brief notice here.
The ordinary analytical composition of the fodders is given in Table II.
From a perusal of the table, it will be seen that, generally, both the soluble
ash and crude protein decreases with advance of maturity.
DIGESTIBILITY OF FODDERS IN RELATION TO STAGE OF MATURITY.
The digestibility data are recorded in a summary fashion in Table III. The
figures agree generally with previous results published by the Nutrition Section
[Warth, 1930] and show how the protein supply and digestibility of organic
constituents is affected by maturing of fodders in India.
These data shed light on an important question. It may be asked
whether the phosphoric acid content, in other respects an index of quality in
a fodder, is in any way an index of the digestibility of the fodder protein.
Our experimental figures do not show any such connection Table IV will
illustrate the point. Attention is particularly drawn to the Jouar samples.
Ripe Jouar contains 30 grams phosphoric acid in the quantity fed which exceeds
the amount present in the early cut, yet the digestibility of the protein in the
early cut is very much higher (50 per cent. compared with 25 per cent.)
Again comparing ripe Rhodes grass hay and ripe Jouar hay, for the former
with only 11 grams phosphoric acid the digestibility of protein is 41 per cent.
whereas for ripe Jouar hay having 30 grams of phosphoric acid the digestibility
is only 25 per cent. Many similar figures from other experiments carried out by
the Nutrition Section could be quoted to show that the digestibility of protein
is not related to the phosphoric acid content of the fodder but is related to the
protein content as has been repeatedly pointed out by the Nutrition Section. In
this connection too, the protein digestion graph proposed by the Nutrition Section
is significant [Warth, 1930].
Before passing on it may be noted that some of the mature cuts do not provide
sufficient protein for maintenance. To avoid complications in the mineral balance
experiments, appropriate protein supplements were fed with such fodders.
PROGRESSIVE RIPENING OF FODDERS ON MINERAL NUTRITION OF CATTLE.
131
MINERAL COMPOSITION OF THE FODDERS.
Table I gives the mineral composition of the fodders tested. A perusal of the
table shows that the mineral content varies from fodder to fodder and also changes
with maturity.
Jouar is the best example of peculiarity in mineral composition of fodders.
In Jouar the phosphoric acid is higher and the lime lower than in any other
fodder reported in the table. Jouar is also unusual in containing more phosphoric
acid than lime, a peculiarity which the author has so far found only in one other
fodder which will be reported in a later publication.
There is an indication too that Spear grass hay contains less mineral matter
than is found in Jouar and Rhodes grass hay. Some of the differences in this
respect may be attributed to the soil, but it is significant that Rhodes grass hay
and Spear grass hay grown on more or less similar soil contained very different
quantities of mineral matter.
Considering the effect of maturing, the table shows that phosphoric acid,
magnesia and potash tend to become less with advance of maturity. It is note-
worthy that lime generally does not decrease to the same extent.
MINERAL BALANCE EXPERIMENTS.
The average intake and outgo of minerals in duplicate feeding tests are shown
in Table IX.
TABLE IX.
Mineral balance table.
Rhodes grass hay
I Intake . . .
Balance . .
II Intake . . .
Balance . .
P 2 O 5
20.25
4.32
11.30
.06
CaO
28.12
9.30
21.85
.45
MgO
14.52
4.42
8.86
.66
132 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, II
Mineral balance table.
Aurangabad hay
Spoar grass hay
Jouar hay
I In take . . .
Balance . .
II Intake . . .
Balance . .
III Intake . . .
Balance . .
I Intake . . .
Balance . .
II Intake . .
Balance . .
I Intake . . .
Balance . .
II Intake . . .
Balance . .
III Intake . . .
Balance
P 2 O 6
12.24
.33
9.16
—2.26
6.87
—3.40
14.53
2.82
11.00
—1.17
24.64
2.10
23.68
— .13
29.75
—1.81
CaO
28.25
1.25
24.57
— .27
27.88
— .36
24.17
2.03
26.99
2.57
17.34
2.68
14.44
— 1.19
10.82
—1.91
MgO
19.05
3.59
14.24
1.58
14.56
2.93
14.21
4.31
13.14
4.31
20.23
3.10
15.54
1.63
14.69
.71
The following points are noteworthy.
1. The first cuts all give positive mineral balances and generally the mineral
balance becomes less favourable as maturity advances.
2. To obtain positive balances both calcium and phosphorus must be sufficient.
For example, with jouar, phosphoric acid intake is always high, yet, owing to
low calcium intake, balance of both calcium and phosphorus becomes negative.
Again Aurangabad hay supplies sufficient calcium but owing to deficiency of
phosphorus the balance of both calcium and phosphorus becomes negative in
these experiments. Furthermore, the absolute minimum intake from which
assimilation is possible when other factors are favourable is indicated by the
figures here and is corroborated by other data to be published later.
PROGRESSIVE RIPENING OF FODDERS ON MINERAL NUTRITION OF CATTLE.
133
The actual minimum intake values found in these experiments are 10 grams
phosphoric acid and 15 gr ms calcium oxide for an animal of 750 lbs. liveweight.
It appears that with less calcium and phosphorus than these amounts, no
positive balance is possible under any circumstances.
Here it should be mentioned that Wellman [1931] has also made estimates of
the minimum requirements from his experiments and gives the following values
25-50 grams for phosphoric acid and 50-100 grams for calcium oxide for an
animal of 1000 Kg. which amounts to 8.8 grams phosphoric acid and 17 grams
calcium oxide for an animal of 750 lbs., values which agree fairly closely,
with the results from Bangalore quoted above. Another interesting point
is, that, while a positive lime balance can be obtained when the lime is above
the minimum but the phosphoric acid below, the converse, namely, a positive
phosphoric acid balance, when lime is below the minimum, seems un- attainable.
It must be emphasised that these minimal quantities only yield positive
balances when conditions are otherwise favourable.
SUMMARY.
The mineral composition of four fodders at different stages of maturity has
been determined.
The mineral content was found to vary from fodder to fodder and with the
state of maturity.
Feeding tests were carried out with these fodders to study the assimilation
of minerals.
It was found that the stage of maturity greatly affected the mineral as
milation.
Some data are given to show the mineral amounts of calcium and
phosphorus needed to produce positive balances of these elements.
The author's grateful thanks are due to Dr. Warth for his very helpful
suggestions in the preparation of this paper.
REFERENCES.
Warth, F. J. (1930). Mem. Dept. Agri. India, Chem. Ser. 11, 4.
Warth, F. J., Viswanatha Iyer A., and Krishna Ayyar N. (1932). Ind. Jour.
Vet. Sci. and Anim. Husb. 2, 4, 325-331.
Wellmann (1931). Mitteil-d-deutsch Landwirtsch Cessellsch 46, 316-319.
Viswanatha Iyer, A., and Krishna Ayyar N. (1934). Ind. Jour. Vet. Sci. and
Anim. Husb. 4, 2, 108-113.
134 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, II
TABLE I.
Mineral composition of fodders.
Per cent.
P 2 O 5 . . .
CaO . . .
MgO . . .
Na 3 O . . .
K 3 O. . . .
Rhodes grass
hay.
1st cut.
0.446
0.589
0.307
1.084
3.028
2nd cut.
0.233
0.422
0.171
0.972
1.302
Aurangabad hay.
1st cut.
0.185
0.566
0.344
0.230
0.668
2nd cut.
0.128
0.513
0.279
0.289
0.590
3rd cut.
0.049
0.550
0.255
0.393
0.229
Spear grass
hay.
1st cut.
0.313
0.520
0.306
0.301
1.263
2nd cut.
0.141
0.544
0.234
0.254
0.352
Jouar hay.
1st cut.
0.543
0.382
0.446
0.257
3.393
2nd cut.
0.460
0.297
0.316
0.319
2.142
3rd cut.
0.574
0.196
0.278
0.222
1.837
TABLE II.
Chemical composition of some Indian roughages.
Roughages.
Rhodes grass
hay.
Aurangabad
hay.
Spear grass hay
Jouar hay.
Stages
of
maturity.
1st cut
2nd cut
1st cut
2nd cut
3rd cut
1st cut
2nd cut
1st cut
2nd cut
3rd cut
Composition of Dry Matter.
Organic
matter.
39.007
90.691
85.520
84.598
84.420
91.241
90.264
89.945
92.113
92.926
Crude
protein.
11.375
6.256
4.163
2.581
1.663
5.606
3.175
7.031
4.500
4.844
True
protein.
8.388
5.019
3.494
2.281
1.506
4.825
3.038
5.675
3.950
3.419
Ether
extract.
1.184
1.002
1.150
1.428
1.308
1.420
1.467
0.981
1.298
0.926
Fibre.
37.490
38.050
40.650
37.780
38.730
38.210
37.390
42.770
42.890
42.770
Nitrogen
free
extract.
38.958
45.383
39.557
42.809
42.719
46.005
48.232
39.163
43.425
44.386
Total
carbohy-
drates.
76.448
83.433
80.207
80.589
81.449
84.215
85.622
81.933
86.315
87.156
Ash.
10.903
9.309
14.480
15.402
15.580
8.759
9.736
10.055
7.887
7.074
Silica.
3.765
4.950
12.250
2.934
13.617
5.299
7.664
2.695
2.808
2.649
Soluble
ash.
7.228
4.359
2.230
2.468
1.963
3.460
2.072
7.860
5.079
4.425
PROGRESSIVE RIPENING OF FODDERS ON MINERAL NUTRITION OF CATTLE. 135
TABLE III.
Per cent. digestibility of the fodders.
Roughages
Rhodes grass hay
.
Augangabad hay .
Spear grass hay. .
Jouar hay .
Stage of
maturity
1st cut. .
2nd cut .
1 st cut .
2nd cut .
3rd cut .
1st cut .
2nd cut .
1st cut .
2nd cut .
3rd cut .
Digestion Coefficients.
Org.
matter.
63.73
56.89
51.18
49.76
46.64
55.05
51.57
56.29
50.85
49.24
Crude
protein.
59.38
41.21
34.45
11.53
negative
41.93
16.01
50.77
31.24
25.36
Ether
extract.
24.79
28.86
45.18
42.46
57.13
39.81
45.17
39.76
41.37
30.07
Fibre.
74.43
63.86
59.50
57.00
53.35
63.00
58.66
64.76
58.66
58.74
Nitrogen
free
extract.
55.34
53.04
44.51
45.92
42.95
50.03
48.62
48.23
45.05
43.09
Total car-
bohydrates.
64.68
57.97
52.11
51.12
47.90
55.92
53.00
56.85
51.81
50.77
TABLE IV.
Relation between P 2 O 5 in feed and protein digestion.
Fodder
Rhodes grass . .
Aurangabad hay .
Spear grass hay . .
Jouar hay . . .
1st cut . .
2nd cut . .
1st cut . .
2nd cut . .
3rd cut . .
1st cut . .
2nd cut . .
1st cut . .
2nd cut . .
3rd cut . .
P 2 O 5 fed.
(gms per
day).
20.25
11.30
12.24
9.16
6.87
18.15
11.00
24.64
23.68
29.75
Crude protein fed in (gms
per day).
Roughage
517.0
303.7
196.5
118.9
79.4
260.3
148.5
319.2
197.8
221.4
G.N.
Cake
...
...
136.9
137.7
188.0
152.3
168.2
...
146.2
146.1
Total
517.0
303.7
333.3
256.6
267.4
402.6
316.7
319.2
344.0
367.5
Per cent digestion of
crude protein in
Total
59.4
41.3
57.3
53.5
56.4
58.9
54.1
50.7
55.7
51.1
Roughage
59.4
41.3
34.5
11.6
Negative.
42.0
13.8
50.7
31.3
25.4
C