NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
ROLE OF T. ORIENTIS AND S. CALCITRANS IN RINDERPEST TRANSMISSION.
17
THE TRANSMISSION EXPERIMENTS WITH Stomoxys
calcitrans.
The results of the four transmission experiments carried out with.
Stomoxys
calcitrans are summarised in the following tables :—
TABLE V.
1st Experiment.
Serial
No.
1
2
No. of flies
collected
and date
25 flies on
27th
May
1934.
25 flies on
7th
June
1934.
No. of flies
half-fed and
Control No.
5
flies
on
Control No.
1098..
15 flies on
Control No.
821.
No. of flies
induced to
complete their
meal, and
experimental
bull No.
3 flies on experi-
mental bull No.
148.
7 flies on experi-
mental
bull
No. 148.
Date of
feeding
28th May
1934.
8th
June
1934.
Maximum
interval
between
two feeds
45 minutes .
2½ hours .
Result
. .
Negative .
Remarks.
The two lots of 25
flies each were starv-
ed for 18 and 21
hours before
their
initial feeds.
Hill bull No. 148 used in the above experiment was kept under observation for 22 days after infected flies had fed on it
1 , on being submitted to an immunity test after this period, proved susceptible and developed rinderpest.
B
18
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, I
TABLE
VI.
2nd Experiment.
Serial
No.
1
No. of'flies
collected
and date
15 flies on
22nd June
1934.
No. of flies
half-fed and
Control No.
11 flies on
Control No.
934.
No. of flies
induced to
complete their
meal, and
experimental
bull No.
10 flies on ex-
perimental bull
No. 856.
Date of
feeding
23rd
June
1934.
Maximum
interval
between
two feeds
3 hours
Result
Negative
Remarks.
The flies were starved
for 21 hours before
their initial feeds.
Hill bull No. 856 employed in the foregoing experiment was under observation for a period of 35 days after infected
flies had fed on it, after which period it developed rinderpest on inoculation with virus.
ROLE OF T. ORIENTIS AND S. CALCITRANS IN RINDERPEST TRANSMISSION;
19
TABLE VII.
3rd Experiment.
Serial
No.
1
No. of flies
collected
and date
30 flies on
29th
June
1934.
No. of flies
half-fed and
Control No.
14 flies on
Control No.
859.
No. of flies
induced to
complete their
meal, and
experimental
bull No.
13 flies on ex-
perimental bull
No. 777.
Date of
feeding
30th June
1934.
Maximum
interval
between
two feeds
4 hours .
Result
Negative .
Remarks.
The flies used in this
experiment
were
starved for 24 hours
before their initial
feeds.
Hill bull No. 777 used in the foregoing experiment was under observation for a period of 26 days following the date of
feeding on it of the infected flies, but on being submitted to an immunity test after this period, it proved immune and did not
develop rinderpest. The circumstances under which this bull had acquired a previous immunity are not known.
B 2
20
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, I
TABLE VIII.
4th Experiment.
Serial
No.
1
No. of flies
collected
and date
20 flies on
13th
July
1934.
No. of flies
half-fed and
Control No.
14 flies on
Control No.
972.
No. of flies
induced to
complete their
meal, and
experimental
bull No.
14 flies on ex-
perimental bull
No. 638.
Date of
feeding
14th July
1934.
Maximum
interval
between
two feeds
3½ hours .
Result
Negative .
Remarks.
The flies used in the
experiment
were
starved for 21 hours
before their initial
feeds.
Hill bull No. 638 used in the above experiment was under observation for 31 days after the feeding of infected flies, and
after an inoculation of virus developed rinderpest.
ROLE OF T. ORIENTIS AND S. CALCITRANS IN RINDERPEST TRANSMISSION.
21
CONCLUDING REMARKS.
The mechanical transmission of rinderpest having been experimentally demons-
trated by means of Tabanus orientis, it is urged that transmission experiments on a
much larger scale than has been possible for the writer, should be carried out with a
larger variety of blood-sucking flies and other arthropods, in order that more complete
information may be gained regarding the species which are capable of transmitting
rinderpest. In addition to experiments with more species of Tabanus and Stomoxys,
transmission of the infection should be attempted with other biting and non-biting
flies which are found in association with cattle such as species of Simulium, Haema¬
topota, Chrysops, Lyperosia, Haematobia, the blood sucking spp. of Musca and
Hippobosca, and non-biting muscids found in the region of the eyes of cattle. Only
when the vector problem has been thoroughly investigated will it be possible to
introduce control measures for checking the frequent outbreaks of rinderpest.
It will be seen from the experiments reported upon in this article that the feeding
of a varying number of infected flies has been carried out on the healthy bull employed
in each experiment, with the object of finding the minimum number of flies that is
required for the production of the infection. In T. orientis by which positive results
have been obtained, successful transmission of rinderpest resulted only when 36
infected flies were fed, the results being negative when a smaller number of flies
were used. It is too early to state whether this number represents the minimum
necessary for the transmission of the infection, nevertheless, it is hoped that following
upon this article, further experiments will throw light on this point. It will also be
interesting to determine the length of time for which the vector maintains a fully
virulent virus, and the circumstances in which it transmits the infection under field
conditions.
REFERENCES.
Baldrey, F. S. H. (1911). J. Trop. Vet. Sc., 6, 271.
Connal, A. and Connal, S. L. M. (1922). Trans. Roy. Soc. Med. and Hyg., 16, 64-89.
Cooper, H. (1932). Ind. J. Vet. Sc. Ani. Husb., 2, 390.
Crawford, W. (1933). Ibid., 3, 401.
Cross, H. F., and Patel, P. G. (1921). Dept. Aqri. Punj. Vet. Bull., 5, 2.
Curasson, G. (1922). Rev. Gen. Med. Vet., 31, 57-60. [Abstract in Trop. Vet. Bull., 10,
49-50 (1922).]
Datta, S. C. A. and Rajagopalan, V. R. (1932). Ind. J. Vet. Sc. Ani. Husb. 2, 360-361.
De Souza, M. A. (1924). Trop. Vet. Bull., 12, 63.
Dutton, J. E., Todd, J. L., and Hanington, J. W. B. (1907). Ann. Trop. Med. and
Parasit., 1, 203, 215.
Francis, E. (1914). J. Infect. Dis., 15, 1-5.
Hornby, H. E. (1926). Vet. J., 82, 348-355.
Husain, M.A. (1926). Sci. Repts. Agri. Res. Inst., Pusa, 76-77.
Kearney, W. (1927). Rev. App. Ent. 15, 168.
Kinghorn, A. and Yorke, W. (1912). Ann. Trop. Med. and Parasit., 6, 3-4.
22
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, 1
Kranefeld, F. C. (1931). Ned. Ind. Diergeneesk., 43, 132-192. [Abstract in Vet.,
Bull., 1, 209 (1931).]
Mitzmain, M. B. (1913). Philipp. J. Sc. Sec.,B., 8, 226.
—
(1913). Govt. Philipp. Dept. Public Instruction. Bur. Agri. Bull
24, 9-51.
Nieschulz, O. (1926 a). Ned. Ind.. Diergeneesk., 38, 255-279. [Abstract in Trop. Vet.
Bull., 14, 129 (1926).]
—
(1926 b). Dept. Landbouw. Veeartsenijk. Meded., 57, 1-10. [Abstract in
Trop. Vet. Bull., 15, 49 (1927).]
—
(1927 a). Dept. Landbouw. Veeartsenijk. Meded., 61, 1-13. [Abstract in
Trop. Vet. Bull., 15, 129 (1927).]
—
(1927 b). Dept. Landbouw. Veeartsenijk, Meded., 64, 1-20. [Abstract
in Trop. Vet. Bull, 16, 42-43 (1928).]
—
(1928). Arch. f. Protistenkunde., 61, 92-118. [Abstract in Trop. Vet.
Bull, 17, 2 (1929).]
—
(1929 a). Dept. Landbouw, Veeartsenijk. Meded., 68, 1-66. [Abstract in
Trop. Vet. Bull, 17, 41-42 (1929).]
—
(1929 b). Ned. Ind. Diergeneesk., 41, 253-264. [Abstract in Trop.
Vet. Bull., 17, 111 (1929).]
Nieschulz, O and Ponto, S. A. S. (1927). Dept. Landbouw. Veeartsenijk. Meded., 63, 1-8-
[Abstract in Trop. Vet. Bull., 16, 42 (1928).]
Sen, S. K. (1925). Memoirs of Dept. Agri. Ind. Ent. Ser., 9, 59-185.
Stuhlmann, F. (1909). Bull Sleep. Sickness. Bur., 1, 93.
Ind, Jour, Vety. Sci. & Anim. Husb, Vol. V, Pt. 1.
Plate II.
FIG. 1. Outline of shell and spine is seen well ; the miracidium inside seen to some extent × 60
FIG. 2. Some amount of "Actino-body" is seen as dark masses on the shell. × 40.
OVA OF SCHISTOSOMES IN THE FAECES OF A DOG.
(A PRELIMINARY REPORT)
BY
M. ANANT NARAYAN RAO, G.M.V.C.,
Lecturer in Parasitology, Madras Veterinary College,
AND
R. SWAMINATHA AYYAR, B.A., G.M.V.C.,
Veterinary Assistant Surgeon, Ootacamund.
[Received for publication on the 9th October 1934.]
(With Plate II and one text-fig.)
In the month of May last, one of us (R. S. A.) found schistosome ova in the
faeces of a dog that was brought for treatment at the Veterinary Hospital, Ootaca-
mund (The Nilgiris). The material was re-examined at Madras and the finding
was confirmed by the senior author. The dog, it is reported, developed periodical
dysentery at Jubbalpore (North India) nearly six months prior to its arrival at Kota¬
giri (The Nilgiris) and in spite of the change to the South, it continued to suffer from
the complaint. The owner had lost previously three other dogs which, along with
this one showed similar symptoms. There is no published account of such cases in
India and the authors wish to record that schistosomiasis is one of the possible causes
of dysentery in the dog in this country. The dog is still under treatment and a
separate paper on this aspect of the subject will be published later.
DESCRIPTION OF THE OVA.
The ova have thin shells which are brownish-yellow in colour. Each ovum
is suboval in shape with one side flattened. It has a small spine at one end which
is subterminal and inclines slightly towards the flattened side. (P1. II, fig. 1 and text
( 23 )
24
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, I
fig. 1.) Some of the ova show a thin layer of actino-body attached round the shell.
(P1. II, fig. 2.) The dimensions of the ova are as follows:—
Length . . . . . . . .
Breadth
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Length of spine . . . . . . .
90 to 100 µ.
45 to 50 µ
7 to 7.5 µ
Fig. 1. Drawings of schistosome ova from faeces of dog.
It appears from the above description that these ova resemble in all respects,
those of Schistosoma suis Rao and Ayyar, 1933. It has not been possible to obtain
the adult worms from the dog, yet one can venture to say, depending on the mor-
phology of the ova, that the adults may be identical with Schistosoma suis, since
the ova of each species of Schistosome has a characteristic shape peculiar to the
species.
In this connection it is interesting to note that Bhalerao [1934] has recently
described schistosomes from pigs in Calcutta which he considers as no other than
Schistosoma japonicum Katsurada, 1904. It is possible therefore that the present
finding of schistosome ova, in the faeces of a dog, may be taken as further evidence
to support the belief of the existence of S. japonicum in India, because that parasite
is found in man and in most of the domesticated animals, including pigs, in the far
east. The present authors, on the other hand, do not agree with Bhalerao in con-
cluding that the schistosome found in the pig in Calcutta is S. japonicum. He bases
the specific identity of the parasites on the following points which require to be
examined.
(1) He found the parasites to resemble S. japonicum particularly in respect of
the alimentary canal and the number of testes which in all cases were typically seven.
He does not take into consideration the average size of the worms or the nature of
the cuticle.
(2) Sewell [1919] described schistosome cercariae which he obtained in Calcutta
and which he believed, at that time, to resemble these of S. japonicum. Sewell
supported this identity by saying that the differentiation of the cephalic gland cells
OVA OF SCHISTOSOMES IN THE FAECES OF A DOG.
25
into coarsely granular and finely granular ones is more a physiological than a mor-
phological difference and that the final test of the identity of this form of cercaria,
with that of 8. japonicum, lay in the similarity or otherwise of the adults. Bhalerao
obviously assumes that those cercariae are of S. japonicum. on the strength of Sewell's
observation and because they existed in the same locality where adult schistosomes
have now been found in the pig, the adult worms are 8. japonicum.
As regards the first point, Bhalerao seems to be unaware of a paper on the
Schistosome of the pig by Rao and Ayyar [1933]. It will be instructive to compare,
in a tabular form, the morphological features of worms described by Bhalerao with
those of the male S. suis and S. japonicum, since he describes only male worms.
Table of comparison of male worms
Cuticle . .
Length . .
Breadth .
Oral sucker .
Ventral sucker
Testes . .
Schistosome
described by
Bhalerao
(1934)
Tuberculate
(Tuberculations
of moderate
size).
5.65 — 6.62
0.183 to 0.258
0.147 to 0.167
0.16 to 0.167
7
S. suis
Rao & Ayyar
(1933)
Tuberculate
(Tubercula-
tions of mo-
derate size).
4 to 6
. .
0.15
0.18
4 to 7
S. japonicum Katsurada, 1904
According to
Baylis
(1929)
Smooth . .
9 to 12
0.5 to 0.1
6 to 8
According to
Faust
(1930)
Smooth.
12 to 20
0.50 to 0.55
.
7
(The measurements are in millimeters.)
If this comparison is of any significance, it will be noticed that the schistosome
from the pig described by Bhalerao agrees more with S. suis, than with S. japonicum.
It is interesting to point out here that Chandler [1926] found Schistosome ova in
faeces, which he named S. incognitum in Krishnagar, Bengal and in a Nepalese
village in Northern Bengal. Rao and Ayyar [1933] have shown that these ova
resemble those of S. suis. Now that adult schistosomes have been found in pigs
in Calcutta (Bengal) itself, the observations of Rao and Ayyar are further supported
as regards the source of the faeces in which Chandler found the ova of schistosomes.
It would seem that in India, where more than one species of schistosome exists
in domesticated animals, the specific identity of a schistosome may not be correct,
OVA OF SCHISTOSOMES IN THE FAECES OF A DOG.
27
Before concluding this paper, we wish to quote a portion of the letter from the
owner of the dog in question. " You ask whether there were pigs in Jubbulpore.
Yes, plenty, especially round the jheels where we used to go snipe shooting ". This
information suggests that the dogs may have been infected in the jheels and presum.
ably with the same schistosome as found in the pigs of that locality.
REFERENCES.
Baylis, H. A. (1929). Helminthology, Med. and Vet. London, B. T. and Cox.
Bhalerao, G. D. (1932). On the identity of the Schistosomes found in cases of Bovine
Nasal Granuloma and some observations on a few other members
of Schistosomidae Ind. Jour. of Vet. Sc. and Anim. Husb., 2, 338-356.
(1934). On the occurrence of Schistosoma japonicum Katsurada in India
Ind. Jour. of Vety. Sc. and Anim. Husb., 4, 148—151.
Chandler—Asa, C. (1926). Ind. Jour. of Med. Res., 14, 179—183.
Faust, E. C. (1930). Human Helminthology, London. Henry Kimpton.
—and
Melency, H. E. (1924V Studies on Schistosomiasis Japonica. Mono-
graphic Series No. 3. Amer. Jour. of Hyg.
Rao, M. A. N. (1932). Bovine Nasal Schistosomiasis in Madras Presidency, with a
description of the parasite. Ind. Jour, of Vety. Sc. and Anim
Husb., 3, 29-38.
(1934). A Comparative study of Schistosomaspindalis Montgomery 1906
and Schistosoma nasalis, n. sp. Ibid 4, 1-28.
Rao, M. A. N. and Ayyar, L. S. P. (1933). Schistosoma suis, n. sp. A Schistosoma
found in pigs in Madras. Ind.Jour. of Vet. Sc. and Anim. Husb., 3,
321-324.
Sewell, R. B. S. (1919). The possible occurrence of Schistosoma japonicum Katsurada
in India. Rec. Ind. Mus., 16, 425-429.
(1922). Cercariae Indicae. Ind. Jour. Med. Res., 10, Supplement.
A NOTE ON TAENIA SOLIUM LINNEUS, 1758 IN THE
MADRAS PRESIDENCY
BY
M. ANANT NARAYAN RAO, G.M.V.C.,
Lecturer in Parasitology, Madras Veterinary College.
[Received for publication on 3rd October 1934.]
In the Annual Report of the Civil Veterinary Department, Madras, for the year
1932-33, attention was drawn to the fact that the pigs obtained from near Tiruvan-
namalai, North Arcot District, for slaughter in Madras; showed varying degree of
infestation with Cysticercus cellulosae. It was then suggested that T. solium may
exist in man in that locality. On 3rd May 1934, the Veterinary Assistant Surgeon
at Tiruvannamalai sent to this College some segments of tapeworms passed by a
man and these were found to be T. solium which is interesting. Those segments
were obtained by him through the kind courtesy of the Assistant Surgeon attached
to the Civil Hospital at that place.
This parasite is of great veterinary importance, because its cystic stage—
C. cellulosae—is found in the pig which is the cause of " measly " pork, but from the
public health point of view its importance should be greater since man, the defini-
tive host of the parasite, is liable also to somatic infestation with the cystic stage.
In man the cysts are most frequently located in the brain, the eye, the heart and
elsewhere. The infestation may cause serious disturbances, which if severe may
even lead on to the death of the man. The somatic infection in man is due to the
ingestion of the ova of the tapeworm through contamination of food and water or
it may be due to autoinfection when he has previously become infested with the
adult worm in his intestines.
The first records of cases of C. cellulosae in man appears to be by Elliot and
Ingram [1911] and Tirumurti [1911]. The latter records multiple infestation in the
brain and viscera of man. Ware [1926] in recording some more cases in the human
being quotes Wright of the Madras Ophthalmic Hospital who says that about 3 to 6
cases of Cysticercosis in the eye are met with in a year in that Institution. All the
above cases apparently are indigenous to the Madras Presidency, yet it is strange
that no information is available regarding the prevalence of this important tapeworm
of man in the various districts of this Presidency.
Besides the pig, the cystic stage of T. solium is met with in the dog also, and the
infestation is due to coprophagous habits. It is not uncommon to find these cysts
in dogs in Madras and Krishnamurti [1929] has recorded four such cases found dur-
ing autopsies on dogs that died in the Veterinary College Hospital. Of these four
( 28 )
A NOTE ON TAENIA SODIUM LINNEUS.
29
cases discussed, the course of case III recorded by him is of particular interest
because that was the only one that showed a very heavy multiple infestation of the
brain in addition to the heart, diaphragm, etc. In that dog the outer surface of the
cerebrum, cerebellum and the pons varoli was beset with a number of cysts, while on
the anterior portion of the medulla there were some. On section of the brain cysts
were found in the interior involving the ventricles also. This dog was admitted
as an in-patient in the College Hospital on 26th July 1926 with the history that
it was losing condition and that it was gradually losing power over its limbs. The
blood smears of this dog showed Babesia canis for which trypanblue was injected
subcutaneously inside the thigh and treated with stimulants and tonics. The dog
was getting worse though the blood was free from parasites. On the morning of
3rd August 1926 it was found that two toes of the left hind limb were torn off the
foot, probably by the dog itself and the reasons for the cause of such a condition
are obvious. Such a sequel to multiple infestation of the brain does not appear
to have been recorded hitherto and this opportunity is taken to do so.
In the pigs, animals of economic value, owing to their highly coprophagou
habits, the chances of a large percentage of them getting infested with C. cellulosae
are greater even if a very small percentage of men in that locality harbour the adult
tapeworms in their intestines. Therefore the larger the percentage of the pigs with
cysts in their flesh, the greater are the chances of more men getting infested with
T. solium, thus enlarging the vicious circle day by day. With the reduction of
the adult worm in man and of the larvae in pigs, it should be possible to reduce the
incidence of human infestation which apparently is more widely present in this
Presidency than what has been recorded hitherto.
REFERENCES.
Elliot, R. H. and Ingram (1911). Ind. Med. Gaz.
Krishnamurti Ayyar, V. (1929). Scientific papers of the C. V. D., Madras, 1, p. 16.
Tirumurti, S. (1911). Ind. Med. Gaz.
Ware, F. (1925). Jour. of Com. Path. and Therapeutics, 38, pp. 89-91.
LUNG FLUKES IN TWO DOGS IN THE MADRAS
PRESIDENCY
BY
M. ANANT NARAYAN RAO, G.M.V.C.,
Lecturer in Parasitology, Madras Veterinary College.
[Received for publication on 3rd October 1934.]
(With Plate III.)
Lung flukes or Paragonimus westermani [Kerbert, 1878] Braun [1899], were
first discovered in the lungs of two Bengal tigers that died in the Zoological Gardens
in Amsterdam and Hamburg. Since then they have been recorded in the pig, dog,
cat, panther and in man. Some importance is attached to this parasite, because it
produces a serious disease "Paragonimiasis" in man in the far east. As regards the
geographical distribution of these parasites it would be interesting to quote here
a few authors. Lane and Low [1923] include the whole of India, but Faust [1930]
includes only Bengal and Assam in the endemic foci. Chandler [1930] who, like
Lane, had worked in Bengal and Assam, says that the flukes of the Genus Para-
gonimus occur in " parts of India ". Baylis [1929] omits India in the geographical
range of these parasites. None of these authors, however, have reported the finding
of these parasites in man in India, or in domesticated animals such as the dog and
cat in this country. From the literature available, it would appear that there is
no record of Paragonimiasis either in man or domesticated animals in India, at
any rate in the Madras Presidency.
Surveyor [1919] appears to be the only one in this country, who recorded a
case of Paragonimiasis in a Chinaman in Bombay and that case appeared to be an
imported one. Leiper [1920] in abstracting that paper remarked that the case
referred to did not appear to him to be an endemic one.
This opportunity is taken to record the finding of Paragonimus westermani
in two dogs in the Madras Presidency, one in Malabar on the West Coast and the
other in Coimbatore, a district adjoining the former. It will not be out of place
to mention here that the writer recently received a few specimens of P. westermani
from the lungs of a panther shot in Coorg—a province adjoining Malabar. It would
appear therefore that these adjoining districts, through which the Western Ghats
( 30 )
Ind. Jour. Vety. Sci. & Anim. Husb. Vol. V, Pt. 1.
Plate III.
1. Section of lung showing lesions × 30.
2. Section of lung showing fibrous changes
round an ovum × 60.
3. Section of lung showing nests of ova and
catarrhal changes in the alveoli × 60.