NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
200 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, II
that rats reared from weaning on whole cow's milk mineralized with iron, copper,
and manganese grew from 60-200 gm. in 36 days, a growth which is comparable
in every way with the growth of rats on a natural ration.
Krauss, Erb and Washburn (4) found no difference in the rate of growth of
rats fed raw and pasteurized milk supplemented with iron and copper. However,
their animals showed a very slow rate of growth due to the absence of manganese
and this slow growth may have reduced the requirements sufficiently to prevent
the demonstration of any limitations in the treated milk.
In this paper we wish to present results obtained by feeding mineralized
raw and pasteurized milk produced during the fall, winter, and spring months.
We want to emphasize that the method which we have used does not give the
quantitative destruction or inactivation of any individual component due to
the heat, but it does demonstrate whether pasteurization alters the milk suffi-
ciently to prevent it from supplying the nutrients which we rely upon milk to
furnish.
EXPERIMENTAL.
The milk used throughout these experiments was received directly from
the University of Wisconsin Dairy each day. The source of milk was from approxi-
mately twenty farmers who sell their milk to the dairy. It was typical market
type and contained about 3.7 per cent fat. One-half of the milk was pasteurized
in the University dairy before bringing it to the laboratory. In the pasteuriza-
tion process the milk was heated to 145°F. in a vat and held at that temperature
for 30 minutes.* It was then cooled over a surface cooler to 40° F. The two
milks were therefore identical except for the pasteurization process.
The first feeding trial, which will be described in detail, was started October
26, 1932. Three litters of six rats each were taken from the stock colony at
weaning. The litters were divided as equally as possible according to weight
and sex into two groups, one for the raw milk and one for the pasteurized. Each
animal was put in an individual wire bottom cage and fed nothing but the milk
supplemented with iron, copper, and manganese.
The iron was supplied as ferric chloride, the copper and manganese as the
sulphates. The minerals were administered as follows:—
First week : 0.5 mg. Fe+0.05 mg. Cu per rat daily in milk.
Second week : 0.5 mg. Fe + 0.05 mg. Cu + 0.04 mg. Mn. per rat daily
in milk.
Third week : 1.5 mg. Fe+0.15 mg. Cu+0.15 mg. Mn per 100 cc. of milk.
* Cherry-Burrell spray type pasteurizer used. Temperature manually controlled.
"Recording thermometer used,
Ind. Jour. Vety. Sci. & Anim. Husb. Vol. V, Pt.
2.
PLATE XV.
FIG. 1. Photograph of two rats fed mineralized milk for nine weeks. Rat 791
(left) received raw milk reinforced with iron, copper and manganese. Rat 796 (right)
received pasteurized milk plus iron, copper and manganese.
FIG. 2. Growth curves for rats grown on mineralized raw and pasteurized milk. The
solid line indicates raw milk and the broken line pasteurized milk.
NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF MILKS .
201
The rate of mineralization outlined for the third week was continued through-
out the duration of the experiment. The animals were fed ad libitum but during
the first two weeks the minerals were placed in a small amount of milk fed in the
morning and additional milk supplied in the evening. Beginning the 3rd week
35 cc. of mineralized milk were supplied in the morning and additional untreated
milk in the evening depending upon the amount consumed the previous day.
By this method consumption records were kept without leaving a great deal of
unconsumed milk in the dishes over night. The animals were weighed weekly.
All animals except one (Rat 805) grew exceedingly well on these diets and
remained on the experiment for a period of 30 weeks. Rat 805 became sick
during the fourth week and upon autopsy showed an enlarged and highly pig-
mented liver. Growth curves for two male and two female rats on mineralized
raw milk and a like number on mineralized pasteurized milk are given in PI. XV,
fig. 2.
The males grew from 60 to 200 gm. in about 28 days, which is somewhat
better growth than previously reported (3). It is readily seen from these curves
that there is no difference in the growth of the rats on the pasteurized and raw
milks. The fact that the rats on the pasteurized milk grew very well and were
maintained for a period of 30 weeks demonstrates that there is no serious deficiency
due to the heat treatment.
An idea of the physical condition of the animals may be gained from
PI. XV, fig. 1. showing the picture of Rat 791 on raw milk and Rat 796 on
pasteurized milk.
They had been on the milk diet nine weeks at the time the picture was taken
and weighed within one gram of each other. They were in good flesh, their
coats were smooth and sleek and their eyes bright.
When the animals had been on the experiment 10 weeks (14 weeks old)
ovulation studies were made on the females by vaginal smears. All animals
ovulated normally. Some of the animals were allowed to mate with production
of young as may be seen from the growth record of Rat 794. Reproduction
studies will not be included in this paper.
The only abnormal condition which we observed was the presence of some
respiratory trouble during March and April. However, there was no indication
that the animals on pasteurized milk were more susceptible, in fact Rats 792 and
801 both on raw milk had the most severe attacks. Although the temperature
of our laboratory was kept very constant, the respiratory troubles might have been
due to drafts. However, we were more inclined to believe that the difficulty was
associated with some change in the winter supply of the milk. A second series of
rats was started therefore on April 21, 1933. The experimental procedure
was identical with that described for the first series. At this time of the year
none of the animals grew quite as rapidly as those started in the fall and the animals
receiving the raw milk made considerably better gain than those on pasteurized
milk. This difference is represented in Table 1 which shows the average daily
gain for the males and females during the first six weeks of each experiment,
202 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, 11
TABLE I.
Average daily gains in grams during the first six weeks of rats started in October and
in April, 1932-33.
Time of starting
experiment.
October 26, 1932 .
April 21, 1933
Raw.
Males.
4.55
4.00
Females.
3.04
2.66
Pasteurized.
Males.
4.36
3.49
Females.
3.04
1.91
Due to a very uneven distribution of sex in the litters used in the second
experiment the number of animals in the male group receiving raw milk was
reduced to one. In spite of this there seems to be no question but what the
difference in growth between the fall and winter experiment is significant in all
groups.
This difference must be due to a seasonal variation in the milk. In order to
test this suggestion more carefully three series of experiments were conducted
during the past year.
The milk was obtained again from the University dairy. The average fat
content varied from 3.67 per cent. during the fall to 3.7 per cent. in the spring.
The rats were started on the following dates: October 14, 1933 ; December 27,
1933 ; and February 6, 1934. The average daily gains during the first six weeks
for the different groups are given in Table II.
TABLE II.
Average daily gains in grams during the first six weeks of rats started in October,
December and February, 1933.34.
Time of starting
experiment.
October 14, 1933
December 27, 1933
February 6, 1934
Raw.
Males.
4.19
3.32
2.45
Females.
2.88
2.11
3.14
Pasteurized.
Males.
3.90
1.96
1.14
Females.
2.59
2.52
2.12
204 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, II
the cow is receiving an abundance of green feed containing certain essential factors.,
is little affected by pasteurization. Our problem therefore becomes one of pro-
ducing a milk so complete that slight changes due to pasteurization have no effect
on the nutritive quality.
DISCUSSION.
The lack of any noticeable destructive action due to pasteurization of a good
quality milk obtained in our studies with rats is in accord with the general con-
clusions reached in extensive studies with children in this country (1) and in
Scotland (5). The Lanarkshire studies have been criticized, but a recent re-
examination of the data by Elderton (6) substantiates the original conclusion
that ' There is no evidence that raw milk has an advantage over pasteurized or
pasteurized over raw in increasing growth when the two are directly compared
on this selected material'.
The deficiency of winter produced milk and the increase in this deficiency
due to pasteurization observed with rats indicates that there is a definite change
in the composition of the milk during the winter period. Although it is well
known that the amount of certain vitamins in milk varies with the season, it is
difficult from our present results to determine what specific factors may be respon-
sible for the gross changes observed. Vitamin C may be disregarded because rats
do not require this factor preformed in the diet. Since a few of our animals
suffered from respiratory troubles, it might be suggested that we were dealing
with a vitamin A deficiency. However, there is no indication that our rats were
receiving a limited supply of this factor. In a recent paper Baumann , Steen-
bock, Beeson, and Rupel (7) calculated the vitamin A activity of Holstein milk
produced in the University dairy herd to be approximately 21 International units
per gram of butter fat when the cows were on winter feed. The rats showing
growth impairment in our studies would therefore be ingesting at least 50—60
International units daily.
In order to demonstrate that the presence of the minerals had no destructive
action on vitamin A, the carotene and vitamin A content of a sample milk was
determined before mineralization and a similar sample after the milk had been
mineralized and allowed to stand 24 hours. The values before mineralization
were 7.5 gamma of carotene and 7.5 gamma vitamin A per gram of butterfat
and after mineralization the value was 7.5 gamma carotene and 6.5 gamma
vitamin A. Thus there was no inactivation due to the presence of the metals.
Krauss, Erb, and Washburn (4) found a destruction of about 25 per cent.
of the original vitamin B content of milk due to pasteurization. However there
is no indication that either the B or G content of milk varies with seasonal change.
Gunderson and Steenbock (8) concluded that the vitamin B content of milk was
under physiological control and Dutcher, Guerrant and McKelvey (9) conclude
NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF MILKS.
205
in a recent paper that the vitamin B and G potency of raw milk is remarkably
constant throughout the year. It is possible that the difference in wniter and
summer milk may be associated with change in the vitamin B 4 content but further
work is necessary before any definite relationship can be established.
The studies which we have conducted so far suggest that the rate of growth
of male rats on mineralized milk is an excellent measure of changes in the nutri
tive value of that milk. This method may be of considerable importance in
measuring the value of milks produced by cows fed artificially dried hays and
legumes preserved by the A. I. V. process during the winter months.
SUMMARY.
1. Rats started on experiment in October and grown on mineralized raw
milk and mineralized pasteurized milk showed no differences in growth or develop-
ment over a period of 30 weeks.
2. The average daily gains during the first six weeks for rats on mineralized
raw milk were less for the animals started in April than those started in October.
In April the rate of growth for rats on pasteurized milk was inferior to that
obtained on raw milk.
3. A decrease was observed in the daily rate of growth in male rats on miner-
alized milk from 4.19 gm. for milk produced in October to 3.32 gm. for milk
produced in December to 2.45 gm. for milk produced in February. The decrease
for male rats on pasteurized milk for the same periods was 3.90 to 1.96 and to
1.14 gm. The female rats showed some decrease in growth on winter milk but
the impairment in growth during this period was not nearly as great as that
observed in the case of the male rats.
4. The kind of feed ingested by the cow has a greater effect upon the nutritive
value of milk than does pasteurization.
5. Pasteurization has practically no detrimental effect, as measured with
rats, upon the nutritive value of a milk of high nutritive quality but may further
decrease the value of a milk of low nutritive quality.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1. Frank, L. C, Clark, F. A., Haskell, W. H., Miller M. M., Moss, F. J., and
Thomas, R. C. Do children who drink raw milk think better than
children who drink heated milk ? U. S. Pub. Health Rep. 47, 1951.
1932.
2. Stirling, J. D., and Blackwood, J. H. The nutritive properties of milk
in relation to pasteurization. Bull. No. 5, The Hannah Dairy Research
Institute. 1933.
206 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, II
3. Kemmerer, A. R., Elvehjem, C. A., Hart, E. B., and Fargo, J. M. The
nutritive value and efficiency of mineralized milk. Amer. J. Physiol,
102; 319. 1932.
4. Krauss, W. E., Erb, J. H., and Washburn, R. G. The effect of pasteuriza-
tion on some of the nutritive properties of milk. Ohio Agric. Exp.
Sta. Bulletin. 518. 1933.
5. Leighton, G., and McKinlay, P. L. Milk consumption and the growth of
school children. His Majesty's Stationery Office. 1930.
6. Elderton, E. M. The Lanarkshire milk experiment. Ann. Eugenics 5;
326. 1933.
7. Baumann, C. A., Steenbock, H., Beeson, W. M., and Rupel, I. W. Fat-
soluble Vitamins XXXIX. The influence of breed and diet of cows on
the carotene and vitamin A content of butter. J. Biol. Chem. 105;
167. 1934.
8. Gunderson, F. L., and Steenbock, H. Is the vitamin B content of milk
under physiological control ? J. Nutrition 5 ; 199. 1932.
9. Dutcher, R. A., Guerrant, N. B., and McKelvey, J. G. Vitamin studies
XX. The effect of various methods of pasteurization on the vitamin
B and the vitamin G content of cow's milk. Journal of Dairy Science
17 ; 455, 1934.
We are indebted to Frank E. Stirn and Walter H. Uphoff for help in conduct-
ing the feeding trials and to W.M. Beeson for the determination of vitamin A and
carotene in the mineralized milk.
ABSTRACT
Haemorrhagic filariasis in cattle caused by new species of Parafilaria,
JESUS, Z. Phil J, Sc. 55, 125—132 (1934).
In this article Hæmorrhagic filariasis of cattle as it occurs in the Philippine Islands
is described. The disease starts with an apprearance of small nodules on the skin
measuring 5—7 mm. in thickness. In two or three weeks the nodules attain a diameter
of nearly 40 mm. and bleed profusely. The hæmorrhage is more profuse in animals
used for ploughing and pulling carts and in those that graze in the open on hot days.
The disease is seasonal and its duration is variable. Üsually it occurs from Decem.
ber to July.
The causal agent of the disease is the new worm, Parafilaria bovicola Tubangui,
1934. So far only females have been recovered from bleeding nodules : males being
unknown. [G.D.B.]
(207)
NOTICE
ROUND TABLE DISCUSSION ON NUTRITION AT THE
NEXT CONGRESS OF FAR EASTERN ASSOCIATION
OF TROPICAL MEDICINE.
We have received the following letter for publication from the Local Secretary,
The Far Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine :—
At the next Congress of the Far Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine, it is
proposed to hold a round-table discussion on nutrition, and we have been asked by
the Council to make preparation for it.
Papers are invited upon Nutrition from the widest point of view and we should
be glad if you will be so good as to ask trained observers who are working on any
aspect of the subject in your country, whether they will kindly contribute to the
discussion by reading a paper on their work under any of the sub-headings below ?
If suitable support is forthcoming, it may be possible to combine the papers
received and the discussions in a volume, which would constitute an up-to-date
account of Nutrition as concerns the East.
It is hoped that some indication of the support which may be expected from
your country may be received during 1935 though it will not be necessary for titles
of papers to be sent in until a later date which will be notified in due course. Such
co-operation will enable the Council to know how much time should be allotted for
the discussion.
It has been proposed to divide papers under three headings as follows :—
I. Economics.—To include such aspects as Agriculture in relation to human
nutrition, e.g., improvement of yield and quality of food crops ; horticulture ; fruit-
growing ; stock-raising ; dairy problems ; institutional feeding ; food surveys ;
storage ; cooking, etc.
II. Chemical and physiological.—To include food analyses in the widest sense ;
vitamin, mineral, fat, protein studies, etc; metabolism, basal metabolism, energy
requirements, specific dynamic action.
III. Clinical.—Studies of disease in relation to food and diet, the feeding of
infants during the first year with special reference to development (height and
weight) ; children's diseases in relation to food ; nutritional oedema, atypical
beriberi; the course of infectious diseases under the influence of food ; liver cirrho-
sis ; anaemias ; skin diseases in relation to food and vitamins ; ulcers of the leg ;
leprosy in relation to food ; constitutional diseases, diabetes, obesity, gallstones,
gastric ulcer, etc. ; clinical value of certain foods, etc.
It should be understood that the above provisional programme is intended to
be as wide as possible, and that additional suggestions from those able to make them
will be welcomed. It is hoped that the subject of nutrition will receive emphasis
from the general and normal point of view as well as from the point of view of disease.
( 208 )
GIPD—26 IC of AR—12.7-35—650.
Ind. Jour. Vety. Sci. & Anim. Husb. Vol. V, Pt. 3.
PLATE XVI.
Dr. F. J. Warth, D. Sc.
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
DR. FREDRIC JOHN WARTH, B.Sc. (LOND.), D.Sc.
(BIRMINGHAM) : AN APPRECIATION.
By the retirement of Dr. F. J. Warth, Physiological Chemist, Imperial Ins-
titute of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Bangalore, from Government service
on 23rd March 1935, the Indian Agricultural Service has lost one of its most ex-
perienced and capable workers.
Dr. Warth was born on 23rd March 1879 and received his education first at
Merchiston Castle School, Edinburgh, and then in the Birmingham University.
He graduated in science in 1901, with honours in chemistry and became a chemical
research scholar in the University where he displayed considerable zeal in the
prosecution of an investigation—a thesis which secured for him the degree of
M.Sc.
Before coming out to India in 1906 as Agricultural Chemist to the Govern-
ment of Burma, Dr. Warth was a Science Master for 3 years at Burford Grammar
School where he gained valuable experience in laboratory work and in teaching
chemistry. He organised and developed the Chemical Section of the Department
of Agriculture, Burma, and carried out important investigations in connection
with the manurial requirements of soils of the province.
When in connection with a scheme for the development of cattle-breeding in
India a new section was created in 1921 for dealing with problems connected with
animal nutrition, Dr. Warth was selected as its head. The work of this section
first began at Pusa and was then transferred in 1923 to Bangalore with the transfer
of the Military Dairy there to the Imperial Department of Agriculture. Although
Dr. Warth had in the beginning to conduct the work of the section under adverse
conditions, yet the output of his work, as testified by the Royal Commission on
Agriculture, was most satisfactory, both from the point of view of technical excel-
lence and from that of practical value. He was the pioneer worker on animal
nutrition problems in India, and some of his investigations, e.g., on the power
of digestion possessed by Indian breeds of cattle, the character of diet required by
growing calves, the digestibility of Indian coarse fodders, the digestibility of fodder
plants at different stages of growth and the mineral deficiency in fodders, are of
far reaching practical importance in the development of animal husbandry and
dairying in India. As a fitting recognition of his outstanding work, the Birming-
ham University conferred the D.Sc. degree on him in 1933. His retirement has
been a distinct loss to the Department of Agriculture (F. J. F. S.).
( 209 )
THE DETERMINATION OF SULPHUR FOR SULPHUR
BALANCE EXPERIMENTS WITH CATTLE AND SHEEP.
BY
F. J. WARTH, D.Sc., I.A.S.,AND T. S. KRISHNAN, B.A.
Animal Nutrition Section, Bangalore.
(Received for publication on the 27th April 1935.)
The methods in general use at present for the determination of total sulphur
in vegetable and animal products depend upon either oxidation with copper
nitrate [Benedict 1909, Denis 1910, Aitken 1930, Frear 1930], or fusion with
sodium peroxide (A. O. A. C., 1931, Evans 1931, 1933) a bomb being used by-
some workers [Hodsman 1921]. The main draw-back to either of these methods
for our purpose is that no more than 1 grm. of material can be oxidised.
The following table shows the amounts of barium sulphate obtainable from
1 grm. of some of the substances with which we have to deal:—
Weight of barium sulphate in mgrms, from 1 grm. substance.
Substance.
Hay
Guinea grass
....
Dhub grass
....
Groundnut cake
Sheep faeces
....
Sulphur.
4.55
8.05
46.03
26.70
9.30
Sulphate.
2.45
2.93
30.01
2.48
1.38
Organic sulphur
(by difference).
2.10
5.12
16.02
24.22
7.92
It is clear that in some of these samples an unavoidably small error would
become a considerable proportion of the whole. In the case of hay, particularly,
which is difficult to sample too and is consumed in large amounts, a small error
in the determination would be magnified at least over 500 fold and thus cause a
grave discrepancy in the computed sulphur balance.
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