NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
( 22 )
very elastic heading. Now the probable (not the recorded)
mortality of the Goálpára district may be taken as nearly
50 per annum per mille, and we shall not be far wrong if we
assume that 28 per mille of this total are cases which would
ordinarily be returned under the head of " fever," so that any
excess over this number in any given village may fairly be
ascribed to the epidemic. In the above-mentioned table, re-
produced below, Dr. Dobson gives the population and numbers
of death from fever in 266 villages.
Name of village.
Rangjuli Outpost.
Amjonga
Pulana Chita
Kakomapura
Bangpur
Bangpura
Shupuku
Allibario
Kamarpotta
Darrangeeri
Rangjooho
Rahamaheo
Bhomrapather
Rangpather
Kutakoothea .........
Dhikdhok
Deegboho
Pipmebareo
Maoang
Mámagáo
Ambook
Katalmooree ........
Arimari
Monbari Khamar . $
Dhontolá
Gora Chatka
Bamoonigao
Tipnai
Potpara
583
440
188
91
232
257
375
137
139
180
376
734
896
3,397
3,497
486
91
111
1,806
388
1.280
970
1,302
1,243
470
598
555
498
286
794
400
680
1,293
20
11
11
10
20
15
10
10
16
22
24
51
46
284
326
42
11
11
72
9
19
35
63
45
2
27
14
25
15
32
47
34
25
58
109
86
58
26
73
115
122
63
69
51
83
93
86
120
99
39
23
14
36
48
36
4
45
25
50
23
37
47
36
Name of village.
Rangjuli Out-
post. — (Concluded.)
Fakirpara
Khootabario
Ambareobeemán ...
Khakapara
Masalam
Ghillabario
Shikajooho
Maniskpur
Sachapanee
Deulgooree
Kharashinook
Chakbaree
Salpara Outpost.
Mandalgrám
Ulortala
Kharaoram
Tálá-
baree.
Khamarshialmarie...
Dámrah
Hapangeeree
Hadeerampara
Rangchee
Ghorapota
Uporparah
Habanipara Bongao
Banionpanie Khata.
Khamarie
Borapather
Chemipearco
Bakharpara
Dainrahat
Boralumpara
Hatibanda
.
313
459
333
299
455
550
1,123
699
528
552
583
741
655
805
49
282
557
57
136
168
189
190
184
138
117
268
219
66
345
143
314
233
15
22
13
17
16
14
78
8
9
59
46
10
135
40
40
4
33
39
5
8
21
7
26
9
19
12
21
50
6
20
4
47
48
39
56
35
25
69
11
17
106
78
...
182·1
61·06
49·6
81 6
117·2
70·01
87·7
58·8
125
37·03
136·8
40·9
137·6
102·5
78·3
228·3
90·9
26·08
139·8
2·11
1208
( 23 )
Name of village.
Salpara Out-
post. — (Concluded.)
Bogalamarie, Khae-
repara.
Kharapara
Salpara
Falpanee
Guruah
Satapara
Boramatiah
Pepiraphar
Pádfán Poozahori-
parah.
Arrimari
Ashu Churee
Chamgiapara
Shonan Doobi
Shiaine
Kishnai hát
Kouripara
Khokan
Chinapara
Bel para
Kasnpara
Yera
Karkalichachapani
Barigrarn
Daman
Ning Yanee
Nahadon
Dhaigram
Khoruapura
Kailumostra
Sardarpara
Sianmari Jonaimari
Daboho
Nananonubasa
Degohe
Shaiknatu
Ranasara
Odeahpara
Salmara Station.
Ghoramara
Shimlabari
Bara Ghoriah
Chaklapara
415
154
142
389
59
565
154
360
61
753
265
136
40
179
293
142
71
559
219
178
59
82
228
257
166
217
359
196
240
28
87
246
239
446
279
292
429
99
128
268
52
327
140
41
11
26
46
3
9
29
36
17
55
10
7
1
51
5
1
6
4
15
18
4
10.
46
10
32
VU
13
23
14
4
11
36
38
y
33
9
19
5
16
10
4
8
1
987
71·4
183·09
118·2
50·8
15·9
188·3
100
278·6
73 04
37·7
51·4
25
284·9
17·06
7·04
84·5
7·1
68·4
101·1
67·7
121·9
201·7
38·9
192·7
322·5
36·2
117·3
58·3
142·8
126·4
146·3
158·9
20·1
118·2
30·8
44·2
50·5
125
37
76
24
7
Name of village.
Salmara Station. —
(Continued.)
Shimlabari II.
Rupaah
Uzarparah
Kirtonpura
Bezupara
Haldibari
Kaltapara
Narabhita
.
Kokila
Nomborpara
Tainbulbari
Rangapanee
Lengtisinga
Noah Shasroh Be-
joypur.
Margao
Golapara
Tilpukhri
Anishury
,
Peradhora
Dumuriah
Khudro Narikola ...
Jolakbara
Dholagao
Damorshurie
Nodipori
Arimara
Bora Narikobe
Rohumarie..
Sonamoobe
Malaygorh
Jhitkibario
Pochamiah
Hooramara
Charupooniah
Jaldhapnra
Chakro
Bhum
Kakoijala
Kuchea K ata
Shiporphila
Sikkagao
Dolaigao
Birjhara
Boshongao
Mulagao
Bongaigao
Majgao
Bamongao
117
227
49
90
100
125
54
63
1,095
373
59
3S2
1,409
39
32
90
205
111
489
776
229
197
844
135
273
272
131
1,066
1,805
333
287
194
651
338
205
64
38
1,962
496
792
520
747
1,701
785
881
956
503
273
1
9
9
5
6
6
10
2
18
13
1
11
36
1
1
2
3
9
20
10
4
10
21
9
19
5
10
41
74
33
13
1
21
5
16
7
1
90
26
29
42
24
50
34
24
16
14
19
8
39
183
55
60
48
185
31
16
34
16
28
25
25
31
22
14
81
40
12
17
50
24
66
69
18
76
38
41
99
45
5
32
14
78
109
26
45
52
36
80
32
29
43
27
16
27
69
( 24 )
Name of village.
Salmara Station. —
(Continued.)
Madaleemari
Kali Doba
Chakepara
Shalmara
Deohalty
Tulonga
Dompara
Balubario
Chandaparah
Chukani
Mamarpara
Pakhru Ghoori
Jogughopa
Kakoitaree
Udashirlitta
Chalondapura
Bagrabari
Udobi
Boalmari
Kerkhabari
Khoragao
Chappara
Balapara
Koriagao
Birpara
Amshooree
Shoorirmukha
Kheloorapara
Baripookhoori
Bongao
Neemagao
Barakhata
Beziemari
Talshuri e
Moobeegao.
Raghoonandanpur .
Sal Ban
Kasharpara
Bhishnoopur
Borakhola
Kumsakuta
144
236
254
1,600
768
1,116
1,411
390
541
210
168
56
24
120
107
729
666
112
1,569
111
270
154
149
374
848
109
130
60
340
119
208
580
91
52
433
100
141
519
204
255
560
856
353
263
835
60
78
761
2
21
11
69
30
47
42
13
18
6
14
3
2
28
1
34
28
8
65
36
14
4
12
18
31
15
19
2
11
1
1
44
1
1
5l
4
11
29
4
13
17
39
9
12
44
4
1
49
13
89
43
43
39
42
29
33
33
29
83
53
83
233
9
46
42
71
41
46
51
26
80
48
36
137
146
33
32
8
4
75
11
19
117
40
78
55
19
50
29
45
25
45
52
66
12
84
Name of village.
Salmara Station. —
(Concluded.)
Singimara
Bhootkoori
SakhChor
Shonkorkhola
Shoznabhitu
Bashbari
Dewangao
Bashigao
Dhontola
Barnipari
Bazikpara
Poschagao
Paknabari
Kaetpara
Shakhotiegram
Napatpara
Tanglamari
Sheejorgao
Chabiechira
Goálpára Station.
Garkuta
Falpanee
Kokonga
Kukoria
Karipara
Lalubarie
Tongabari .
Bhozmahi
Thalpara
Bamunpara
Nowhata
Baraparamatia
Jugupara
Manikpore
Dhandipara
Bhalakhamar
Khalmohora
Boramohara
Bhakorbhita
Poncha Raton
Makorie
Khorboza
Bhahekdubi
Doshakatol
Rohatie
Garmari
667
274
111
1,144
291
1,351
523
1,057
282
104
246
882
299
315
861
215
143
178
539
348
1,202
216
1,241
433
137
191
202
79
176
97
360
117
485
310
112
181
85
458
713
1,102
78
25
3
10
45
11
72
53
23
14
2
22
24
4
24
32
1
1
1
1
1
8
31
14
44
35
1
8
15
1
1
V
28
V
11
2t
3t
3
1
2
1
20
10
49
3
37
10
90
39
38
53
101
21
49
19
89
27
13
76
37
4
...
...
7
44
57
40
36
162
8
18
159
5
4
88
109
72
30
222
80
9
9
11
11
)
43
)
14
44
38
( 25 )
Name of village.
Goálpára Sta-
tion, — (Continued.)
Bhardobi
Sheinlitola
Balipura
Shatorpara
Takora
Bhukpara
Dakoidol
Teriko-
riahparah.
DoreeiTi ornai .
..
Dobola
Gaobari
84
548
223
349
499
751
263
694
964
303
42
3
4
2
32
30
53
61
...
500
5
17
5
65
39
210
30
Name of village.
Goalpara, Out-
post — (Concluded.)
Mornai-
Dalgao
Bagooah
Bakaitari
Badur Chor
Hadagram
Mozkubi
Kakhoshuhi ,
Àoorkakuchee
Kokorin
836
636
122
1,169
624
502
307
106
556
164
81
21
11
49
24
30
11
12
14
7
96
33
90
41
38
59
35
113
25
42
The total population of the villages included in this table
is 117,912, and the number of recorded deaths 5,848, equal to
49·1 per mille. Subtracting from this the 28 per mille as-
sumed as the normal proportion of deaths recorded as " fever,"
we are left with a mortality of 21·1 per thousand, equivalent to
2,488 deaths, due to some unusual cause, in a single year, and
that in only a portion of the Goálpára district. As may be
seen, in forming this estimate, all tendency to arrive at an
exaggerated estimate has been avoided by taking the recorded
mortality from " fevers " as being exact, while assuming the
normal mortality of the district to be considerably above that
recorded ; but, in spite of this precaution, the rates from
individual villages are something appalling, as will be seen from
the selection from the preceding table given below :—
List of villages in Kála-azár stricken portions of the Goalpara district in
which the mortality from "Fever"'' alone exceeded 200 per thousand in 1883.
Name of village.
Chainpeani
Keperaghor
219
61
Deaths
from
fever.
50
17
228·3
278·6
( 26 )
Name of villages.
Slioran Dubi
Jira
Daman
Marnarpara
Khal Moharer
Bhardoki
Dakaidol (Jarporlahpara)
Averages
Population.
179
228
217
120
117
84
263
148·8
Deaths from
fever.
51
46
70
28
26
42
58
38·3
Mortality per
thousand.
284·9
201·7
822·5
233
222
500
201
257
List of villages in which the mortality from "fever' 1 alone exceeded 150 per
thousand in 1883 in Goálpára.
Name of village.
Mandagrain
Kharapara
Boramatiah
Bangrain
Senamari Jonaimari
Azarpara
Kallapara
Lalabario
Manikpur
Averages
Population.
741
142
154
166
239
49
54
216
176
215·2
Deaths from
fever.
135
26
29
32
88
9
10
35
28
38·0
Mortality per
thousand.
182·1
183·09
188·3
192·7
158·9
183
185·2
162
159
176·5
There is no particular reason to believe that similar
statistics for the present year would exhibit any great change
from those obtained six years ago, but, at any rate, no im-
provement can be expected, as there cannot be the least doubt
that the disease is now far more widely spread than it was in
1884, so that such a list would now probably exhibit an even
larger proportion of villages with heavy mortalities. At any
rate, no more recent statistics are available.
A glance at the above tables will show one notable point.
This is that, with but one exception, the villages thus remark-
able for so pestilential a mortality are of small size, and the
worst instances occur in very small villages. On the assump-
tion that the disease producing this mortality is communicated
( 27 )
from man to man, this can be easily understood. A village,
e.g., such as Bhardoki, where half the entire original popula-
tion of 84 souls died in this one year, would consist of but two
or three families, in the Indian sense of the word ; in other
words, the inhabitants would be in close and constant associa-
tion ; and the high mortality, assuming the deeply-seated
popular conviction of the communicability of the disease to be
well founded, would be inevitable.
Thus, the average population of the villages having a mor-
tality of over 200 per thousand is 148, that of the villages with
mortalities between 150 and 200 per thousand is 215, while the
average population of the whole number of villages, of all
mortalities is 443. It seems to me that it is impossible to explain
this fact, save on the assumption of communicability, for it is
perfectly inexplicable that malarial poisoning, or any other non-
communicable malady should thus single out the small villages
for a disproportionately large mortality, scattered as they are,
amongst the large ones, over all parts of the affected district ; for
the number of small villages exhibiting exceptionally high
rates of mortality is too large to admit of the explanation of
its being due to the fallacy of drawing statistical ratios from a
small number of data. Thus, the deductions derivable from
such statistics as are available all point to the conclusion that,
whatever it may be, kála-azár is a disease which affects intense-
ly scattered local centres. That while the mortality of such
places is so serious as to cause a widely-spread and well jus-
tified panic, the total number affected, while sufficient to render
unfit for work a number adequate to seriously affect the reve-
nue of the affected districts, is yet insufficient to make any
distinct mark on the vital statistics of large areas, even when
they are as seriously affected as the Kámrúp district is at
present. Finally, the distribution of the malady points strongly
to the conclusion that kála-azár is a communicable disease.
( 28 )
IV.
FACTS EELATING TO THE SPEEAD OF KÁLA-AZÁR.
In Appendix A to the Annual Sanitary Eeport of Assam
for 1882, Dr. Clarke, the then Sanitary Commissioner, gives
a short abstract of what was then known as to kála-azár. Ac-
cording to this report, the. disease had attracted attention as far
back as the year 1869, and appears to have been, up to the
date of the report, confined to the Gáro Hills and those por-
tions of the Goálpára district bordering on them. During the
next three years, it spread widely through the Goálpára district,
affecting first those, portions nearest the Gáro Hills, and gra-
dually spreading till almost the whole district became dotted
with affected villages. In 1884, the disease became so serious
a matter, in this district, that Government organized special
measures of medical relief, by starting dispensaries at several
suitable centres, and employing a number of medical subordi-
nates to travel about and visit the people at their houses.
Accounts of these operations figure in several succeeding reports,
but they appear to have been attended with but little success.
This was mainly owing to the difficulty of inducing the people
to submit to European medical treatment, and their impatience
for an immediate cure even when persuaded to give our
methods a trial. They expected to be cured by a single dose
of medicine, and seldom could be induced to take a second. The
disease being a very chronic one, no method of treatment
could be expected to yield any appreciable results at once, and
I have found that the same difficulty exists at the present day.
The treatment, however, was entirely devoted to combatting
malaria, and hence, from the point of view of the disease deve-
loped in the prevent investigation, it is by no means surprising
that success was so wanting, as it would only be in cases of
true malarial cachexia, such as are always to be abundantly
found in Assam, that success could be expected. In such
cases, no doubt, considerable good was effected, but, for all
practical purposes, the spread of the disease was in no way
affected by the relief operations.
In the sanitary report of the Kámrúp district for 1886,
we find Dr. Mullane noting the appearance of the disease in
the western portion of his district, where it marches with the
Goálpára district, and year by year we find the Civil Sur-
geons of Kámrúp speaking in stronger and stronger language
of the ravages caused by the disease. In 1888 the disease
( 29 )
had become most serious in Chaygaon, 30 miles from Gauhàti,
having taken, as is remarked by Mr. A. C. Campbell, the Deputy-
Commissioner of the district, in his comments on Dr. Borah's
annual report for 1888, four years to travel 36 miles, and during
the latter part of this year, and during 1889, cases began to ap-
pear in Gauhàti itself. At present it is undoubtedly increasing
in the town, and there are numerous villages, close by it, which
are as badly stricken as any of those in the Chaygaon district. It
is now to be found well to the eastward of Gauhàti, and is said
to have invaded the portion of the Nowgong district contiguous
to Kámrúp. On the northern bank of the river it has spread
to Barpeta and Mangaldai, and is very severe in some of the
villages just opposite Gauháti.
It is a noticeable fact that, once the disease has made its
appearance in a district, it never leaves it, the weekly returns
of the prevalence of epidemic disease showing it to be present
to-day in every part of the country where it has been hitherto
reported.
It will thus be seen that the progress of the disease is
peculiar. It does not appear suddenly and inexplicably over
a large area, like influenza or cholera : it does not spread
rapidly from man to man like small-pox, and other specific
fevers ; but it creeps slowly from village to village, holding what
it has seized, but progressing so slowly that it has taken seven
years to reach Gauháti from the Gáro Hills, a distance of not 100
miles. It must, I think, be admitted that these facts are in no way
compatible with the theory of a malarial origin. Assam always
has been extremely malarious ; but if, as has been suggested,
Kála-azár be due to waves of " periodic epidemic intensity " (of
malaria), how is it that we hear of no such periods of intensity
before the appearance of this disease ? and how is it that once
it has appeared, the intensity remains intense, but ceases to be
periodic ? Again, if Kála-azár be but malarial cachexia inten-
sified by the proximity of uncleared jungle, the habits of the
people, and so forth, it is clearly incumbent on the advocates
of this theory to show that these conditions and habits have been
intensified in affected villages coincidently with the outbreak of
the disease, but, in point of fact, no one pretends that any such
change has taken place. Further, I would ask, how is it that it is
common enough to find villages quite unaffected by it in the midst
of villages badly stricken, which may be less than a mile distant ?
And yet, that such is the fact, is a matter on which any one may
( 30 )
satisfy himself by visiting the affected districts. To take a con-
crete instance. About six miles from Gauháti is a village called
Para, which is most seriously affected with kála-azár. The village
stands on alluvial ground, on the river bank, but the site is some-
what elevated above the general level of the plain by the detritus
washed down from the Kamakhia hill, the river bank being here
exceptionally high. To the east, the close but isolated
patch of jungle, clothing Kamakhia hill, reaches nearly down
to the village, but is separated from the habitations by a belt
of cultivation. On the north is the river Brahmaputra, and
the remaining sides look on to extensive open cultivated plains.
The houses are, for an Assamese village, closely placed, the
place boasting of two quite distinct streets, and there is compara-
tively little jungle within its precincts. The supply of drinking-
water is taken from the river, which is so absolutely at every
one's door that it involves less trouble to do so than to seek for
it elsewhere. The river here sweeps by the village in a strong
deep current, and there is no backwater to be found nearer
than Gauháti. On account of its proximity to Gauháti, I
visited the place many times, and have been into every corner
of the village, and am positive that there are no wells to be
found in it. Between the village and Kamakhia hill is a small,
very filthy bhíl. It is evidently used for watering cattle,
but the water is so filthy that I doubt if even an Assamese
could be persuaded to drink it ; and it is further from the houses
than the river is, so that it would involve additional trouble to
take drinking-water from it. It does not appear to contain
any fish. The neighbourhood of the houses is of course filthy
in the last degree, but in this matter it differs in no way
from every other Assamese village I have entered. The
other village, that of Maligaon, is almost three-quarters of a mile
from Pani, and is situated on the Trunk Eoad not far from
the spot where the path to Paru diverges. It is thus a long
distance from the river, and the ground on which it is placed lies
somewhat lower, but it is about the same distance from the
jungle of the Kamakhia hill. The hills to the south of the road
are nearer and shut it in more than Paru, so that there is quite
open country to the north and west only. The water-supply
is from two or three shallow Kutcha wells, which contained, at
the time of my visit, only a little brown, evilly-smelling water.
It, too, has one or two pools, the counterparts of that at Paru.
In the matter of filth, it is neither better nor worse than the
other place, and, on the whole, it must be admitted that,
owing to its more open and slightly drier site, and its pos-
( 31 )
session of an excellent water-supply, Paru is by far the more
desirable place of residence. Yet Paru, as we have seen, is
being decimated by kála azár, while I could not find a single
case of it at Maligaon, either described as such by the inhabit-
ants, or in the shape of early cases diagnosable by ansemia,
but not yet sufficiently affected to consider themselves ill.
Why then should a wave of " periodic epidemic intensity " pass
over the one place and not involve the other, so close by it, and
so similarly situated ? Another illustration of the want of con-
nection between the incidence of the epidemic and ordinary
sanitary conditions is to be found in the water-supply.
While on tour, I searched large numbers of specimens of
drinking-water microscopically for dochmius embryos, but
without success, and, after I reached Shillong, I determined
to make a further attempt to find them, and accordingly, by
the kind aid of Dr. Costello, the Sanitary Commissioner, obtained
from the district medical officers a considerable number of
specimens of drinking-water from infected localities. Having
the conveniences now at hand, I supplemented the micro-
scopical, by a rough chemical analysis. The results show
the greatest variety, from really good drinking-water to the
most horrible filth imaginable. In only one instance were
anything like dochmius embryos discovered, and, for many
reasons, even in this case, the exact character of the single
nematode observed is very doubtful. The results of these
examinations of drinking water are given in the subjoined table.
The analysis of the Shillong pipe-water, which is really
excellent, examined on the same plan, is given as a means of
comparison :—
( 32 )
Results of analyses of Specimens of Water from
Name of place.
Shillong pipe-water
Bazar well
Label illegible (probably also from
Bara Jalinga).
Nagadum tea-garden river- water...
Chunsali tea-garden well in coolie
lines.
Bara Jalinga tea-garden tank-water
Well at Kalapani, Salpara outpost.
Well, village Dighi, Darangiri
jurisdiction, Rangauli outpost.
Well of Lakhipur, label nearly
illegible.
Bojni outpost, label otherwise ille-
gible.
Label quite illegible ..................
Bijni outpost pipe-water
Darrangiri
jurisdiction, label
otherwise illegible.
Bijni outpost pond -water
Well Manicpore, Salpara outpost...
Pond water, Naipara, Goálpára
police-station.
Khoody Mari bhíl, Gauripur
Smell.
Nil.
Nil.
Foul
Disagree-
ble.
Very foul
Foul
Slight ...
Little or
more.
Nil.
Foul
......
Nil
Nil
Very foul.
Disagree-
ble.
Nil
Slight ...
Foul
Colour.
Clear and
sparkling.
Good
Fair
Good after
settling.
Brown .......
Good .......
Very brown
Good
Fair
Good
Brownish...
Good
Fair
Reaction.
Neutral ...
Ditto ...
Acid
Neutral ...
Acid
Slightly acid
Ditto ...
Ditto ...
Alkaline ...
Neutral
Acid
Mar k ed1y
acid.
Neutral
1
29
1·7
1·6
7·1
1·7
2·6
2·0
4·0
1·2
1·2
1·4
1·6
1·6
1·4
0·9
1·8
1·4
0·5
1·2
3·6
0·7
4·8
3·1
2·8
1·6
2·5
8·0
3·0
0·8
0·8
12·0
1·
0·8
1·8
4·0
( 33 )
places affected with kála-azár and Beri-beri,
1·75
5
1·5
1·0
3·8
1·4
1·4
2·4
4·9
4·7
4·9
15·
2·4
6·7
1·9
1·4
2·1
2·4
Ammoni a by
Nestless test
qualitative.
A slight trace ...
A trace
Strong re-action
Ditto
Ditto
Very
strong
re-action.
Ditto
A trace
Distinct reaction
Very
strong
re action.
Ditto
Ditto
Marked re-action
Distinct
Very strong
reaction.
Microscopical appearances, &c.
Scarcely any sediment, some algaa, copepoda, and
diatoms.
A very small amount of brownish yeiluw sediment,
mainly mineral, no evidence of pollution.
A moderately copious, brownish white, flocnlent
sediment, consisting mainly of decomposed
vegetable matter, cotton fibres, rice, husk, &c.
Copious gray sediment, consisting mainly fine
sand, diatoms, human hair, and some decomposed
vegetable matter.
Sediment very copious, composed mainly of
decomposed vegetable matter with mud, cotton
fibres, epithelia, &c.
A moderate amount of floculent sediment, consist-
ing almost entirely of decomposed vegetable
matter, copepods, diatom aceie algaa, fibres, hair,
epithelia, evidently much polluted.
Small amount of red bnnvn sediment, consisting
almost entirely decomposed vegetable matter,
copepods. No evidence of human pollution.
Small sediment, mainly decomposed vegetable
matter, copepods, a setigerous annelid, diatoms
algaj. No evidences of human pollution.
Moderate sediment, mainly decomposed vegetable
matter, cotton fibres and other evidences
pollution, desmids, diatoms, infusorians.
Scanty sediment, mainly organic, with a few living
copepods.
Scanty sediment, consisting of about equal parts
sand and organic matter, a small cattle tick,
copepods, &c.
A very small sediment consisting' almost entirely
of desmids and diatoms.
Scanty sediment mainly consisting of organic
matter, with infusorians.
. Considerable sediment, almost entirely organic
remains of copepods; cotton fibres, and othei
evidences of human pollution.
Small sediment, consisting almost entirely of
filamentous algce, living and decomposed ; cotton
fibres, &Ci
Scanty sediment, mainly organic, with clayey
matter, filamentous algaa, ostracods and copepods
Moderate sediment ; almost entirely decomposed
vegetable matter with fibres, hairs, and other
evidence pollution.
' Copious sediment consisting almost entirely of
organic matter; filamentous algie and diatoms
extremely abundant.
Quality,
Excellent
Good.
Very bud,
Bad.
Very bad,
Ditto.
Bad,
Good.
Doubtful.
Very bad.
Bad.
Good.
Ditto.
Very bad.
Doubtful.
Good.
Doubtful.
Bad.
D