NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
65
No. IX
the Bombay Presidency as it stood on 31st December 1928
Dharwar
No.
1
...
2
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
...
...
2
4
12
...
...
...
...
...
1
1
7
...
...
...
...
1
...
...
4
...
2
Monthly
Wages
Rs.
150
......
310
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
30
......
......
46
84
228
......
......
......
......
......
22
20
126
......
......
......
......
16
......
......
66
......
30
Ahmedabad
No.
1
...
2
...
1
...
...
...
...
...
1
1
...
3
7
15
...
...
1
...
...
1
5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
1
...
2
Monthly
Wages
Rs.
150
a.
0
p.
0
......
275 0 0
......
50 0 0
......
......
......
......
......
45
30
0
0
0
0
......
78
161
285
0
0
0
0
0
0
......
......
24 0 0
......
......
20
90
0
0
0
0
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
21
18
0
0
0
0
......
32 0 0
Hyderabad
Sir Cowasji
Jehangir
No.
1
...
2
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
...
...
3
6
13
...
...
...
...
...
1
3
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
1
...
1
Monthly
Wages
Rs.
150
......
282
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
30
......
......
69
126
247
......
......
......
......
......
20
54
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
16
15
......
16
Total
No.
6
1
11
2
5
2
2
4
3
4
6
3
2
21
38
92
20
21
3
...
...
10
20
28
10
1
1
...
2
3
5
15
3
11
Monthly
Wages
Rs.
2,562
610
1,583
465
400
125
370
545
460
835
243
106
72
549
848
1,868
440
441
81
a.
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
p.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
......
......
231
398
534
200
16
40
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
......
32
66
115
276
59
179
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
O 3—9
66
STATEMENT
Establishment
Barbers ... ... ...
Mali ... ... ...
Sweepers, male ... ... ...
Do.
female ... ... ...
Store Boy ... ... ...
Bhisties ... ... ...
Engine Driver ... ... ...
Instructor of canework ... ... ...
Do.
of weaving ... ... ...
Ward Boy ... ... ...
Male Bathroom attendants ... ...
Female Bathroom attendant ... ...
Butler ... ... ...
Gate-keeper ... ... ...
Total ...
Daily average strength of male insanes
Daily average strength of female insanes
Proportion
of
Jamadars to males ... ...
Jamadarins to females ... ...
Male-keepers to males ... ...
Female-keepers to females ... ...
Naupada (Thana)
Narotamdas
Madhavdas
No.
1
2
11
2
1
...
...
...
1
...
...
...
...
...
92
241-8
85.2
Monthly
Wages
Rs.
16
65
230
38
18
......
......
......
38
......
......
......
......
......
3,273
327-0
1 to 120.9
1 to 85.2
1 to 5.3
1 to 7.1
Ratnagiri
No.
1
1
7
2
...
...
...
...
...
1
...
...
...
...
49
117.5
45.9
Monthly
Wages
Rs.
14
15
138
40
......
......
......
......
......
15
......
......
......
......
1,408
163.4
......
......
1 to 5.3
1 to 6.6
Central Mental
Hospital,
Yeravda
No.
3
4
10
7
1
...
...
1
1
...
1
1
1
...
161
429.2
227.0
Monthly
Wages
Rs.
60
86
167
112
18
a.
0
0
0
0
0
p.
0
0
0
0
0
......
......
30
30
0
0
0
0
......
21
20
30
0
0
0
0
0
0
......
7,837 8 0
656.2
1 to 85.8
1 to 45.4
1 to 6.3
1 to 6.9
67
No. IX—concld.
No.
1
1
5
3
...
1
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
50
95.5
49.8
Dharwar
Monthly
Wages
Rs.
15
16
81
48
......
16
......
......
......
......
......
...
......
16
1,320
145.3
......
......
1 to 5.3
1 to 5.5
Ahmedabad
No.
...
2
7
3
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
54
143.6
40.4
Monthly
Wages
Rs. a. p.
......
39
119
48
0
0
0
0
0
0
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
1,485 0 0
184.0
......
......
1 to 5.7
1 to 6.7
Hyderabad
Sir Cowasji
Jehangir
No.
1
1
6
1
...
...
...
...
...
1
...
...
...
1
44
158.6
24.0
Monthly
Wages
Rs.
14
22
108
18
......
......
......
......
......
15
......
......
......
15
1,217
182.6
......
......
1
to 7.2
1 to 8.0
Total
No.
7
11
46
18
2
1
...
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
450
1,186.2
472.3
Monthly
Wages
Rs.
119
243
843
304
36
16
a.
0
0
0
0
0
0
p.
0
0
0
0
0
0
......
30
68
30
21
20
30
31
16,540
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,658.5
1 to 169.5
1 to 78.7
1 to 5.8
1 to 6.5
68
STATEMENT
Statement showing the Receipts and Expenditure on account of
during the year 1928 and Provincial
1
Name of Mental
Hospital
Naupada,
Thana
(Narotamdas Ma-
dhavdas.)
Ratnagiri ...
Central
Mental
Hospital, Yerav-
da.
Dharwar ...
Ahmedabad ...
Hyderabad
(Sir
Cowasji Jehan-
gir.)
Total
...
1928 ...
1927 ...
1926 ...
2
Mean Population
Male
232.0
117.5
429.2
95.1
143.6
165.0
1,182.4
1,104.0
1,126.4
Female
77.0
45.9
227.0
49.3
40.4
24.0
463.6
429.8
418.1
Total
309.0
163.4
656.2
144.4
184.0
189.0
1,646.0
1,533.8
1,544.5
3
4
5
6
7
8
CREDITS
Cash paid into the Trea-
sury during the year for
articles sold
Rs.
123
269
3,477
164
430
1,141
5,604
7,813
5,141
Value of manufactured
goods made over to
Hospitals for Hospital
purposes
Rs.
1,764
942
10,709
1,271
1,352
3,083
19,121
18,039
17,565
Value of raw materials in
store at the end of the
year
Rs.
162
...
162
107
...
...
431
260
260
Value of manufactured
goods in store at the
end of the year
Rs.
238
...
1,938
...
...
...
2,176
2,348
3,143
Value of plant and
machinery in store at
the end of the year
Rs.
300
491
800
...
...
...
1,596
1,586
1,580
Total, Credits
Rs.
2,587
1,702
17,086
1,542
1,782
4,224
28,923
30,046
27,689
Note.—The figures shown in this statement are exclusive
69
No. X
Manufactures in the Mental Hospitals of the Bombay Presidency
Totals for two previous years
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
DEBITS
Value of manufactured
goods in store on 1st
January
Rs.
...
...
2,348
...
...
...
2,348
3,143
1,009
Value of raw materials in
store on 1st January
Rs.
38
...
172
107
...
...
317
174
259
Value of plant and machi-
nery in store on 1st
January
Rs.
300
491
795
...
...
...
1,536
1,580
1,516
Raw materials purchased
Rs.
818
66
1,437
...
...
...
2,321
2,829
2,944
Contingencies of manu-
factures
Rs.
...
...
4,423
...
...
...
4,423
4,705
4,666
All other Charges
Rs.
...
...
...
164
...
...
164
443
51
Total Debits
Rs.
1,156
557
9,175
271
...
...
11,159
12,874
10,445
16
17
RESULTS
Excess of Credits or
Profits
Rs.
1,431
1,145
7,910
1,271
1,782
4,224
17,763
17,172
17,244
Excess of Debits or Loss
Rs.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
18
Average number
of Insanes
employed during
the year
Male
10.5
26.1
37.0
54.2
73.9
123.0
324. 7
352.0
294.6
Female
5.0
2.9
43.5
28.0
18.2
17.0
114.6
94.7
94.7
Total
15.5
29.0
80.5
82.2
92.1
140.0
439.3
446.7
389.3
19
Remarks
of cases under observation.
O 3—10
BOMBAY : PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT CENTRAL
PRESS.
Annual Reports.
Mental Hospitals, 1928.
GOVERNMENT OF BOMBAY.
GENERAL DEPARTMENT.
Resolution No. P—53.
Bombay Castle, 11th September 1929.
Letter from the Surgeon General with the Government of
Bombay No. P—8-B, dated the 31st August 1929 :—
" With reference to Government Memorandum, General Depart-
ment, No. P—53, dated 22nd July 1929, I have the honour to for-
ward herewith the Annual Report on the Mental Hospitals in the
Bombay Presidency for the year 1928, duly signed by me and to
state for the information of Government that there is nothing
special in it to which the attention of Government need be drawn."
RESOLUTION.—The report should be published.
By order of the Government of Bombay
(Transferred Departments),
R. B. EWBANK,
Secretary to Government.
To
The Surgeon General with the Government of Bombay,
The Director of Public Health for the Government of Bombay,
The Commissioner in Sind,
The Commissioner, Northern Division,
The Commissioner, Central Division,
The Commissioner, Southern Division,
The Commissioner, Bombay Suburban Division,
The Collector of Poona,
The Collector of Ahmedabad,
The Collector of Thana,
The Collector of Dharwar,
The Collector of Ratnagiri,
The Home Department,
The Public Works Department,
The Private Secretary to His Excellency the Governor,
The Superintendent, Mental Hospital, Ahmedabad,
O 3—11
[P. T. O.
2
The Superintendent, Mental Hospital, Naupada, Thana,
The Superintendent, Central Mental Hospital, Yeravda, Poona,
The Superintendent, Mental Hospital, Ratnagiri,
The Superintendent, Mental Hospital, Dharwar,
The Superintendent, Mental Hospital, Hyderabad,
The Secretary, Legislative Council,
The Director of Information,
The Government of India (by letter),
The Under Secretary of State for India (by letter).
No: 29.
(NEW SERIES.)
SCIENTIFIC MEMOIRS
BY
OFFICERS OF THE MEDICAL AND SANITARY DEPARTMENTS
OF THE
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
PIROPLASMA CANIS AND ITS LIFE CYCLE IN
THE TICK.
BY
CAPTAIN S. R. CHRISTOPHERS, M.B., I.M.S.
ISSUED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
BY THE SANITARY COMMISSIONER WITH THE GOVERNMENT
OF INDIA, SIMLA.
CALCUTTA:
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.
1907.
Price two rupees or 3s.
No. 29.
(NEW SERIES. )
SCIENTIFIC MEMOIRS
BY
OFFICERS OF THE MEDICAL AND SANITARY DEPARTMENTS
OF THE
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
PIROPLASMA CANIS AND ITS LIFE CYCLE IN
THE TICK.
BY
CAPTAIN S. R. CHRISTOPHERS, M.B., I.M.S.
ISSUED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
B
Y THE SANITARY COMMISSIONER WITH THE GOVERNMENT
OF INDIA, SIMLA.
CALCUTTA:
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.
1907.
Agents for the Sale of Books published by the Superintendent of Government
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List of numbers of Scientific Memoirs by Officers of the Medical and Sanitary
Departments of the Government of India (New Series) published previous
to the present issue.
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deterioration of this serum through keeping in India, by Captain G. Lamb,
I.M.S., and Wm. Hanna, Esq., M.B. Price As. 3 or 4 d.
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or 7 d.
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As. 10 or 1s.
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1
s
. 4
d .
2
No. 21. On the Standardisation of Anti-Typhoid Vaccine, by Captain George Lamb,
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Copies are also available from all Agents for the sale of Government publications.
PIROPLASMA CANIS AND ITS LIFE
CYCLE IN THE TICK.
I.
INTRODUCTION.
T HE piroplasmata, apart from their economic importance, possess a special
interest for the protozoologist. This interest centres round their morpho-
logy and life cycle, because the discovery of the nature of the developmental
changes which they undergo in the tick promises to throw light on the relation
of the hæmocytozoa to the flagellates, as well as to add greatly to our knowledge
of the life processes of the pathogenic protozoa.
The subject of the present memoir is Piroplasma canis, which, although of
little economic importance, has been chosen on account of its comparatively large
size and because it is probable that what applies to it will be applicable, in the
main, to other species of the genus. Piroplasma canis has lately been the subject
of a comprehensive work by Nuttall and Graham Smith, but I have decided to
describe it afresh in order that the complete life cycle of the parasite both in its
mammalian host and in the tick, may be dealt with in one work, and because even
the asexual cycle of piroplasma requires more detailed study than it has yet
received.
The piroplasmata first became known to science as a result of researches
by the American workers Smith and Kilborne (120-122) who described under
the name Pyrosoma bigeminum certain parasites of the red blood corpuscles of
cattle which they showed to be the cause of the disease Texas fever. These
observers fully recognised the protozoon nature of the parasites and their rela-
tionship to the malarial parasites of man and to certain other intracorpuscular
parasites which shortly before had been observed in the blood of various lower
animals. Before the date of publication of Smith and Kilborne's reports Babes
(18) had seen the same organism in the blood of cattle suffering from hæmoglo-
binuria in Europe ; but it seems that he did not recognise that it was a protozoon,
since he named the organism Hæmatococcus bovis and considered at first tha
he had grown it upon nutrient media.
Later work has shown that parasites closely resembling, if not identical with,
those of Texas fever exist in the blood of cattle over almost all the tropical and
subtropical world giving rise to the diseases variously known as Redwater,
B
2
Tristeza, etc. At present the question whether these represent one or more
species is still an open one. Ligniéres, who described the South American
forms, believes that more than one species is present in that country ; and the
identity of the American and European parasites is not proved.
In East and South Africa, in addition to the large forms seen in Redwater,
very minute bacillary forms were described by Koch (73) who considered them
as forms of the Redwater parasite. They are now looked upon as a distinct
species, P. parvum (Theiler) (127) the causal agent in a disease characterised
by a series of definite morbid lesions and known under the names of Rhodesian
Redwater, African Coast Fever or more usually East Coast Fever.
Similar parasites are also described as the cause of tropical piroplasmosis
of cattle in Transcaucasus (42) and exist in the cattle of India (12) and of Japan
(102).
In 1892 a species P. ovis, resembling in appearance P. bigeminum, was
observed by Babes (136) in the blood of Roumanian sheep suffering from the
disease known locally as Carceag, and similar parasites have been described as
occurring in sheep in Italy (138), France (140 a), Turkey (138), and South
Africa (139).
Piroplasma canis was first described by Piana and Galli Valerio (161) in
1895, and malaria like parasites in the blood of the horse by Gugliemi (167) in
1899. The latter parasite, which has since been named by Laveran (1901)
P. equi and differs in several respects from the typical piroplasmata, is the cause
of biliary fever in horses, a disease which has been described as existing in Europe
(167), Africa (168), and India (171a), and no doubt exists elsewhere. A very
similar disease in donkeys and mules due to a piroplasma is described as being
present at the Cape by Dale (164) who regards the parasite, though it has the
general characters of P. equi, as specifically distinct. Piroplasmata in the
blood of monkeys (Cercopithecus) in Africa are described but not named by
Ross (183). Ziemann (183 a) describes a species found in the Cameroons in
the blood of the sheep, goat, horse and ass. Recently Fantham (177) has
described a species (P. muris ) in white rats obtained from a dealer in England.
What is probably a distinct species occurs in the sheep of Southern India.
This is a minute form resembling, but still more minute than, P. parvum.
Probably other species as yet undiscovered also exist, the minute forms being
especially likely to be overlooked * ; and the results obtained by Lounsbury with
the tick A. hebrœum certainly predisposes one to believe that the disease of
* Since writing the above a bacilliform species of piroplasma has been described by Betteitcourt, Franca,
and Borges in Cervus dama of Portugal (T. Cervus). These authors suggest the genus Theileria for those
piroplasmata which adopt the bacillary form and divide to form four cocciform elements disposed in the
form of a cross. Theiler has also described a species in cattle which he believes to be distinct ( P. mutans).
3
sheep and other animals at the Cape known as " heartwater " is a piroplasmosis,
in spite of the fact that no one has yet demonstrated any parasite in the blood of
animals suffering from the disease.
The existence of a human piroplasmosis described by Anderson (176 a)
and Wilson and Chowning (183 b) still remains unsubstantiated as does the
presence of piroplasmata in the human subject described by Lingard and
Jennings (180).
It is no longer possible to include the Leishman-Donovan parasite among
piroplasmata, which I shall show do not pass through a flagellate stage in their
development.
The inoculation of blood containing piroplasmata into animals of the species
in which the parasite naturally occurs leads to infection in the case of most of the
species. This was shown for the Texas fever parasite by Smith and Kilborne
who observed the onset of symptoms and the appearance of parasites five or six
days after the intravenous injection of defibrinated blood from sick animals. A
similar fact in regard to P. canis was established by Spreul and Purvis (162 a)
and successful inoculations with P. ovis have been recorded by Motas.
In the case of P. equi considerable difficulty is found in transmitting the
disease by inoculation even when large quantities of blood are used ; but success-
ful results have been obtained by Koch.
Inoculation with blood containing the parasite of East Coast fever has
failed, in the hands of Koch and of Theiler, to give rise to infection and it
would appear that this disease can be transmitted experimentally only by the
bite of infected ticks. Inoculation of white rats and of monkeys with their re-
spective piroplasmata has also so far failed.
An important point in transmission of the piroplasmata by inoculation is that
the blood of recovered animals is infective even though parasites may not be
demonstrable under the microscope. This was proved to be the case in Texas
fever by Smith and Kilborne and also by Schroeder (117) who notes that the blood
of recovered animals may be infective years after they have recovered from an
attack.
Robertson (162) has shown the same in the case of " salted " dogs, their
blood giving rise to fatal infection many months after recovery and at a time
when by microscopical methods no parasites could be detected.
The injection of blood containing piroplasmata into animals of a species
other than the normal host of the parasite has so far in no recorded case been
followed by success. The piroplasmata thus differ from the pathogenic trypano-
somata to most of which laboratory animals are susceptible. Smith and Kilborne
injected large quantities of infective Texas fever blood into lambs, rabbits,
guinea pigs, and pigeons, in each case without producing infection. Robertson
B 2