NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
HELMINTH PARASITES OF THE INDIAN ELEPHANT.
43
It will be seen from the above description that the specimens at my disposal
differ in some respects from those of Mönnig ; particularly in respect of the size, the
rays of the bursa and the female genitalia, but since the host and the location of
the parasite is the same these differences are not in the opinion of the writer enough
to justify the creation of a new species. It is probable that these variations occur
normally in this species and Monnig could not record these as he had only a single
pair at his disposal.
Location.—Larynx, œdematous swelling under the neck.
Locality.—Andamans.
REFERENCES.
Bhalerao, G. D. (1933). The Trematode Parasites of the Indian Elephant, Elephas
indicus. Ind. J. Vet. Sc. & Anim. Husb., 3, 103—115.
Fukui, T. (1926). Three new species of Amphistomata from Mammals. J. Fac. Sc.,
Imp. Univ., Tokyo, Sec. IV, 1, 97—113.
(1929). Studies on Japanese Amphistomatous parasites, with revision of the
group Jap. J. Zool., 2, 219—351.
Gedœlst, L. (1924). Un Syngame parasite de Phippopotame. Ann. Parasitol., 2, 307—
311.
Lane, C. (1914). Bursate nematode from the Indian elephant. Ind, J. Med. Res., 2,
380—398.
Maplestone, P. A. (1923). A revision of the Amphistomata of mammals. Ann. Trop.
Med. Parasitol, 17, 113—212.
Meggitt, F. J. (1926). On a collection of Burmese Cestodes. Parasitol., 18, 230—237.
Mönnig, H. O. (1932). Syngamus indicus.—A new Nematode from the Indian elephant,
18th Rep. Dir. Vet. Serv. & Anim. Ind. Un. S. Africa, pp. 173—175.
Stiles, C. W. & Goldberger, J. (1910). A Study of the anatomy of Watsonius (n. g.).
watsoni of man. Hyg. Lab. Bull. No. 60, pp. 1—264.
Ware, F. (1925). Two unrecorded Nematode parasites of cattle. J. Comp. Path, Ther.,
38, 83—89.
Explanation to figures.
Fig. 1. Pfenderius heterocœca showing the alimentary canal and the suckers.
Fig. 2. Pfenderius heterocœzca showing the cirrus sac and the terminal portions
of the male and the female genitalia.
Fig. 3. Pfenderius birmanicus showing the alimentary canal, suckers and the
vitellaria.
Fig. 4. Pfenderius birmanicus showing the genitalia.
Fig. 5. Syngamus indicus.—Posterior end of male showing spicules.
Fig. 6. Syngamus indicus.—Dorsal view of bursa.
Fig. 7. Syngamus indicus.—Dorso-lateral view of bursa.
Fig. 8. Syngamus indicus.—Lateral view of bursa.
Fig. 9. Syngamus indicus.—Eggs with two segments.
44
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, I
a. 1.
c.
c. s.
d.
e. d.
g. a.
g. p.
h. b.
i. c.
l. v.
m. l.
o. b.
o. d.
oes.
Explanation to abbreviations.
Antero-lateral ray.
Cirrus.
Cirrus sac.
Dorsal ray.
Externo-dorsal ray.
Genital atrium.
Genital pore.
Hermaphroditic bulb.
Intestinal cæca.
Latero-ventral ray.
Medio-lateral ray.
Oesophageal bulb.
Oral diverticulum.
Oesophagus.
or. s. Oral sucker.
ov. Ovary.
p. l. Postero-lateral ray.
p. s. Posterior sucker.
pp. Pars prostatica.
sh. gl. Shell gland.
sp.
Spicule.
s. v. Seminial vesicle.
t.
Testis.
ut.
Uterus.
v. v. Ventro-ventral ray.
vag. Vagina.
vit. Vitellaria.
Fig. I.
(Please see p, 43 and above for explanations to figures and abbreviations,)
HELMINTH PARASITES OF THE INDIAN ELEPHANT.
45
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
(Please see pp. 43-44 for explanations to figures and abbreviations,)
46 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 5.
(Please see pp 43-44 for explanations to figures and abbreviations.)
HELMINTH PARASITES OF THE INDIAN ELEPHANT.
47
Fig. 6.
Fig. 7.
(Please see pp. 43-44 for explanations to figures and abbreviations.)
48 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, I
Fig. 8.
Fig. 9
(Please see pp. 43-44 for explanations to figures and abbreviations.)
ON TWO NEW MONOSTOMES (TREMATODA) FROM AVIAN
HOSTS IN BRITISH INDIA.
BY
G. D. BHALERAO, M.Sc.,
Helminthologist, Imperial Institute of Veterinary Research, Muktesar.
(Received for publication on the 13th November 1934.)
(With four figures.)
Up to the present time there has not been any record of the occurrence of any
monostome from India. The present opportunity is therefore taken to record
the presence of these worms from two avian hosts in this country.
For the material described in this paper I wish here to record my indebtedness
to Mr. K. Subramanian, M.A., formerly of the Biological Department, University
College, Rangoon, and to Mr. V. R. Rajagopalan, G.M.V.C., my colleague at this
Institute.
Notocotylus babai n. sp.
Only one specimen of this species was obtained by Mr. K. Subramanian from
the cæcum of the common kite, Milvus migrans govinda. The specimen was in
an excellent state of preservation and well stained. On comparison it was found
to differ from all the existing species of Notocotylus. It is intended to give here a
short description of the species, and to discuss its affinities in the subsequent part
of the paper. In order to facilitate future investigation on this genus a comparative
table of the known species recorded from birds and a key to these have been given.
Fig. 1.—Notocotylus babai n. sp. ; entire worm.
( 49 )
D
50
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, I
The body is small, elongate, elliptical, measuring 3.83* in length and 0.93 in
maximum breadth which is attained some distance behind the anterior end. The
lateral margins, a short distance from the anterior end, and the posterior margin
of the body are slightly incurved ventrally. The cuticle of both the dorsal and the
ventral surfaces is covered with minute spines.
The parenchymatous cells are
arranged in diagonally transverse rows and have large nuclei. There are three
rows of ventral glands ; the lateral ones consist of seventeen glands each and the
central row consists of fifteen glands only. The glands are more or less of uniform
size and are eversible. The lateral rows advance more anteriorly than the central
one. The oral sucker is subterminal and measures 0.2 × 0.16. The œsophagus
measures 0.12 long. The intestinal cæca are slightly wavy, pass posteriorly and
end at a distance of 0.265 from the posterior end.
The testes are elongate, deeply lobed, symmetrical, extra-cæcal and are situated
at the sides of the posterior part of the body. They measure 0.535—0.545 × 0.24—
0.275. The vasa efferentia arise from the inner anterior border of the testes and
unite in front of the shell gland to form a vas deferens. This latter passes ante-
riorly for a considerable distance and enlarges into the vesicula seminalis which
winds its course before entering the cirrus sac. This latter is an elongated, club-
shaped organ, measuring 1.09 long. The genital pore is median and is situated
ventrally to the intestinal bifurcation. Inside the cirrus sac the vesicula seminalis
winds for a short distance at its posterior extremity. The pars prostatica is wide
and elongated and measures 0.435 in length. The narrow, muscular, eversible
cirrus measures 0.575 in length.
The ovary is deeply lobed, median, and is situated between the two testes. It
measures 0.3 × 0.31. The shell gland measuring 0.235 × 0.165 is immediately
anterior to and smaller than the ovary. The oviduct arises from the anterior
border of the ovary and enlarges soon into the uterus. This latter passes anteriorly
with eighteen transverse coils. Of these coils seven or eight are situated in the
vitelline zone and the remaining ten or eleven anterior to it. With the exception
of one or two coils on the left side, which cross the cæca laterally, all of them are
situated in the intra-cæcal area, between the shell gland and the posterior end of the
cirrus sac. The vagina measuring 0.56 is almost half as long as the cirrus sac.
Its distal portion passes ventrally to the cirrus sac. The Laurer's canal is present,
but the receptaculum seminis is absent. The vitellaria are follicular and extra-
cæcal, with the exception of the most posterior follicle on the left side, a part of
which lies in the intra-cæcal zone. They extend from the anterior border of the
testes to the anterior three-fifth of the body. Transverse vitelline ducts and the
yolk reservoir are situated dorsally to the shell gland. The eggs have a long filament
at each pole and measure 0.014—0.017 × 0.008—0.011 excluding the filament.
*All measurements in millimeters.
52
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, I
of the genital pore, the smaller size of the eggs and in the extent of the uterus in
front of the vitellaria. In this latter respect it is very characteristic and differs
from all the existing species of the genus. In this species the majority of the
uterine coils are anterior to the vitellaria while in all others the majority of the
uterine coils lie in the vitelline zone of the body. On account of this difference
coupled with the other two already mentioned it is considered that the species from
the Burmese kite is a new one and it is proposed to designate it Notocotylus
babai.
SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS.
Notocotylus: Length 3.8, maximum breadth 0.93. Cuticle spiny. Ventral
glands in three rows: the central row consisting of 15 glands and the lateral ones
of 17 each. Oral sucker subterminal, 0.2 × 0.16. Œsophagus 0.12 long. In-
testinal cæca slightly wavy. Testes deeply lobed, 0.535—0.545 × 0.24—0.275.
Cirrus sac 1.04 long, reaching posteriorly to about one-third of body length. Genital
pore at intestinal fork. Ovary deeply lobed. Uterus with 7 or 8 coils in the vital-
line zone and 10—11 coils anterior to vitellaria. Vagina 0.56 long, about one-half
of cirrus sac. Vitellaria extracæcal extending to anterior three-fifth of body. Eggs,
excluding filaments, measure 0.014—0.017 × 0.008—0.011.
Host.—Milvus migrans govinda (Kite).
Location.—Cæcum.
Locality.—Rangoon (Burma).
The type slide is deposited in the Helminthological Museum of the Imperial
Institute of Veterinary Research, Muktesar-Kumaun, U. P., India.
Key to the Avian species of Notocotylus
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Ventral glands in five rows . . .
Ventral glands in three rows . . .
Genital pore anterior to intestinal fork .
Genital pore at or posterior to intestinal
fork
.
.
.
.
.
.
Cirrus sac reaching the mid-body . .
Cirrus sac ending anterior to mid-body
Ovary deeply lobed . . . .
Ovary slightly lobed or round . .
Vagina three-fourth of cirrus sac . .
Vagina two-third of cirrus sac . .
Testes slightly lobed . . . .
Testes deeply lobed . . . .
Ovary deeply lobed . . . .
Ovary slightly lobed . . . .
Vagina three-fourth of cirrus sac . .
Vagina one-half of cirrus sac . . .
Vagina slightly more than one-third of
cirrus sac
.
.
.
.
.
N. quinqueserialis.
2
N. naviformis.
3
4
6
N. noyeri.
5
N. trachyeretis.
N. chionis.
N. gibbus.
7
8
N. seineti.
N. intestinalis.
9
N. parviovatus.
TWO NEW MONOSTOMES (TREMATODA) FROM AVIAN HOSTS IN BRITISH INDIA.
53
9.
10.
Major portion of uterus anterior to
vitellaria, genital pore at intestinal
fork
.
.
.
.
.
.
Major portion of uterus in vitelline
zone, genital pore immediately behind
intestinal fork .
.
.
.
.
Middle row of ventral glands consisting
of 14—15 units and the lateral one
of 16—17 . . . . .
Middle row of ventral glands consinsting
of 12 units and the lateral ones of
9—10
.
.
.
.
.
All the three rows of ventral glands
consisting of 13—14 elements . .
N.
N.
N.
N.
babai.
10
attenuatus.
thienemanni.
urbanensis.
Cyclocælum sharadi, n. sp.
Only four specimens (Fig. 2.) of this species were obtained from the thoracic
cavity of the Western yellow-billed magpie, Urocissa favirostris cucullata by Mr. V. R.
Rajagopalan, who very kindly placed the material at my disposal.
Fig. 2.—Cyclocœlum sharadi n. sp. ; entire worm.
54
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, I
The flukes are of medium size, flat but fleshy, measuring 10.5—11 in length,
4—4.5 in maximum breadth which is attained somewhere in the middle third of the
body. From this broadest portion the body tapers gradually both anteriorly and
posteriorly. The anterior extremity is narrow and bluntly pointed while the poste-
rior extremity is comparatively much broader.
The mouth is subterminal and
is surrounded by a fairly well developed musculature which forms the oral sucker
measuring in the largest specimen 0.44 × 0.32. No trace of the ventral sucker
was discovered. The mouth which appears semi-circular in toto preparations is
followed by a short prepharynx. The well developed muscular pharynx is spherical
or oval in shape and measures 0.425 × 0.38. The œsophagus is short, thin and
somewhat sinuous. Its presence is usually eclipsed by the genital sinus, the cirrus
sac and the terminal portion of the vagina. The voluminous, more or less irregular,
intestinal cæca run almost parallel to the margin of the body and as in other species
of the genus form a continuous arch posteriorly behind the genital glands. The
excretory system, as far as it could be ascertained, consists of and excretory
bladder which is a simple and flattened sac lying between the posterior
arch of the intestine and the body wall. It opens to the exterior on the median
dorsal surface by a small duct surrounded at its distal end by a strong sphincter.
Opening into the excretory bladder are two main excretory canals which pass along
either side of the body, following anteriorly the course of the intestinal cæca.
The nerve ganglia are situated one on either side of the anterior end of the
pharynx. They are joined together by a dorsal nerve band. Nerves are also
seen proceeding both anteriorly and posteriorly from the ganglia.
Fig. 3.—Cyclocœlum sharadi n. sp. ; anterior end enlarged.
TWO NEW MONOSTOMES (TREMATODA) FROM AVIAN HOSTS IN BRITISH INDIA.
55
The genital glands ( Fig. 2.) are situated in the posterior fourth of the body. The
hinder testis is completely inclosed by the posterior intestinal arch and is almost in
contact with the latter. It is flattened anteriorly and rounded posteriorly and mea-
sures 2.15 × 1.32. The vas deferens of the posterior testis arises from the right hand
corner of its anterior margin. The anterior testis is somewhat irregularly elongate
and oval in shape and measures 2.07 × 1.7. Laterally it is in contact with the left
intestinal cæcum and is separated from the posterior testis by a few, usually three,
uterine coils and the ovary. The vas deferens of the anterior testis emerges from
its left anterior margin.
The cirrus sac is small and wide and measures 0.5 × 0.43. The large, inversely
pear-shaped seminal vesicle almost completely fills the cirrus sac. The seminal
vesicle is followed by a somewhat thicker duct, the pars prostatica, which describes
only a single coil. Into the pars prostatica open numerous, non-cellular prostatic
glands. The terminal portion of the male genitalia is the cirrus, which is disposed
in the form of a horizontal S inside the cirrus sac. The male genital duct opens into
the genital atrium by a distinct aperture. The genital atrium is very large and
is situated posterior to the pharynx, the genital pore being situated slightly behind
the pharynx. Posteriorly the cirrus sac extends only as far as two-thirds of the
thickness of the intestinal fork.
Fig. 4.—Cyclocœlum sharadi n. sp. ; A portion of female genitalia enlarged,
On the anterior side of the posterior testis is situated the ovarian complex (Fig. 4).
The ovary is situated almost between the two testes to the right of the straight line
joining their centres.
It is slightly oval and measures 0.5 × 0.43.
The shell
gland is somewhat larger than the ovary and is situated on the left side of the latter.
The oviduct emerges from the side of the ovary directed towards the shell gland and
passes posteriorly into the latter organ. Half way before it enters the shell gland
it is joined by a fine duct proceeding from the receptaculum seminis. This latter
is oval and is situated towards the left side of the ovary between it and the anterior
TWO NEW MONOSTOMES (TREMATODA) FROM AVIAN HOSTS IN BRITISH INDIA.
57
from the Western yellow-billed Magpie, have been recorded in literature; these
being C. makii Yamaguti [ 1933 ], C. microcotylum Noble [1933 ], C. phasidi Stun-
kard [1929 and] C. vageli Szidat [ 1932 ]. Before discussing the relationship of
the species from the magpie with those mentioned above, it will be instructive to
compare them all in tabular form (Table II).
As a result of the study of Table II, it will be observed that the species under
discussion differs from the other species in the points noted in Table III.
Table III shows clearly that the species from the magpie can be differentiated
from all the species of Cyclocælum allied to it. It is therefore necessary to create
a new species for its reception for which the name Cyclocælum sharadi is proposed.
SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS.
Cyclocælum.—Length 10.5—11, breadth 4—4.5. Mouth subterminal. Oral
sucker well developed, measuring in the largest specimen 0.44 × 0.32. Ventral sucker
absent. Prepharynx small. Pharynx 0.425 × 0.38. Oesophagus short, sinuous. Ex-
cretory bladder in the form of a simple flattened sac. Posterior testis surrounded
by the hinder intestinal cæcum. Both testes separated by uterine coils. Currus
sac 0.5 × 0.43, extending posteriorly as far as two-thirds of the thickness of the
intestinal fork. Vesicula seminalis large. Genital pore close behind pharynx.
Genital atrium large. Ovary oval, 0.5 × 0.43, to the right of the line passing through
the centres of the testes. Receptaculum seminis oval, 0.36 × 0.275. Vitellaria
lateral, extending posteriorly as far as the excretory bladder, but anteriorly their
extent varying from pharynx to a distance somewhat posterior to intestinal fork
Uterine coils overlapping intestinal cæca in the posterior two-thirds of their extent.
Eggs long, elliptical, measuring 0.123—0.14 × 0.060—0.081.
Host.—Western yellow-billed magpie (Urocissa favirostris cucullata).
Location.—Thoracic cavity.
Locality.—Muktesar-Kumaun, United Provinces, India.
Type slide and cotype material deposited in the Helminthological Museum of
the Imperial Institute of Veterinary Research, Muktesar-Kumaun.
It is my pleasant duty to acknowledge my indebtedness to the Directors of the
Zoological Survey of India, the Geological Survey of India and the Helminthological
Institute, University of Rangoon, for the loan of literature and to Mr. Ahmed Baksh
for the figures.
REFERENCES.
Baylis, H. A. (1928). A new species of Notocotylus (Trematoda), with some remarks
on the genus. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 2, Ser. 10, 528-585.
Cort, W. W. (1915). Larval Trematodes from the North American fresh water snails.
J. Paras. 1, 65-84.
58
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, I
Duthoit, M. G. (1931). A new species of trematode genus Notocotylus. Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. 7, 290-293.
Fuhrmann, O. (1919). Notes Helminthologiques Suisses. Rev. Suis. Zool. 27, 353-
376.
(1928). Trematoda in Kükenthal's "Handbuch der Zoologie ", Berlin,
1-140.
Harrah, E. C. (1921). Two new monostomes from Asia. J. Paras. 7, 162-165.
(1922). North American Monostomes. III. Biol. Mon. 7, 1-106.
Joyeux, Ch. (1922). Researches sur les Notocotyles. Bull Soc. Path. Exot. 15, 331-
343.
& Baer, J. C. (1927). Note sur les Cyclocœlidæ (Trematodes). Bull. Soc.
Zool. France, 52, 416-434.
Kossack, W. (1911). Uber Monostomiden. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst., 31, 493-590.
Morishita, K. (1924). Notes on two new monostomes with rudimentary ventral suckers.
J. Paras. 10, 158-164.
(1929). Some avian trematodes from Japan, especially from Formosa,
with a reference list of all known Japanese species. Ann.
Zool. Jap. 12, 143-173.
Noble, A. E. (1933). Two new trematodes from the American Government. Trans.
Amer. Microsc. Soc. 52, 416-434.
Odhner, Th. (1905). Die Trematoden des arktischen Gebites. Fauna Arctica 4, 291
-372.
Poche, F. (1925). Das System der Platodaria. Arch. f. Naturgesch. 91, Abt. A.
1-458.
Sprehn, C. E. W. (1932). Lehrbuch der Helminthology, Berlin, pp. xvi plus 998.
Stunkard, H. W. (1929). The parasitic worms collected by the American Museum of
Natural History Expedition to the Belgian Congo, 1909-1914.
Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 59, 233-289.
Szidat, L. (1932). Parasiten aus Liberia and Franzosisch-guiner. II. Teil: Trematoden.
Zeits. f. Parasitenk. 5, 506-521.
Szidat, Lothar & Ursula. (1933). Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Trematoden der Mono-
stomiden Gattung Notocotylus Dies. Zentralbl. Bakt. Abt. 1,
Orig. 129, 411-422.
Tubangui, M. A. (1932). Trematode parasites of Philippine Vertebrates. Phil. J.
Sc. 47, 369-404.
Witenberg, G. (1926). Die Trematoden der familie Cyclcœlidæ Kossack, 1911. Zool.
Jahrb, 52, 103-186.
Yamaguti, S. (1933). Studies on Helminth Fauna of Japan. Part I. Trematodes
of Birds, Reptiles and Mammals. Jap. J. Zool. 5, 1-134.
(1934). Studies on the Helminth Fauna of Japan. Part III. Avian
Trematodes, II. Jap. J. Zool. 5, 543-583.
Host.
Length . .
Rows of ventral
glands.
Number of glands
in the middle
row.
Number of gland
in the lateral
rows.
Genital pore .
Testes . .
Posterior extent
of cirrus sac.
Ovary . .
Uterine coils in
front of vitella-
ria.
Vagina to cirrus
sac.
Anterior extent of
vitellaria.
Eggs . .
N. attenuatus
Rudolphi, 1809.
Numerous species
of Lamelliros-
tres.
2—5
3
14—15
16—17
Immediately
behind intesti-
nal fork.
Deeply lobed .
One-third
of
body
length
approximately.
Deeply lobed .
Fairly anterior
to vitellaria.
One-half of cirrus
sac.
Somewhat
be-
hind mid-body.
0.02—0.022 ×
0.01
N. œgyptiacu
Odhner, 1905 to
Anas
bocha
dom.
3.5
3
12—14
12—14
...
...
One-fourth
body length.
...
Much anterior
to vitellaria.
...
...
0.02
banensis.
1914.
acuta,
zibethicus,
sponsa.
5—3.5
3
—14
—14
Immediately be-
intestinal
lobed .
y
more
one-third
body length.
lobed .
anterior
tellaria.
half of cir-
rus sac.
Reaching mid-
body.
2 × 0.01
N. thienemanni.
Szidat &
Szidat, 1933.
Anas crecca, A.
boschas, Gallus
domesticus.
2.5
3
12
9—10
Immediately be-
hind intestinal
fork.
Deeply lobed .
Slightly
less
than one-half
body length.
Deeply lobed .
Fairly anterior
to vitellaria.
One-half of cir-
rus sac.
Reaching mid-
body.
0.02 × 0.01
N. parviovatus.
Yamaguti, 1934.
Olar
bewicki
jankowski.
5.17
3
21
24—25
Immediately be-
hind intestinal
fork.
Deeply lobed .
Extending slight-
ly into the mid-
dle third of
body.
Deeply lobed .
Fairly anterior
to vitellaria.
One-third of cir-
rus sac.
Reaching almost
the mid-body.
0.015 × 0.009
N. babai.
Bhalerao, 1935.
Milvus migrans
govinda.
3.8
3
15
17
At intestinal fork.
Deeply lobed.
About one-third
of body length.
Deeply lobed.
Very far ante-
rior to vitella-
ria.
One-half of cir-
rus sac.
Reaching two-
fifth of body
length
from
posterior end.
0.014—0.017 ×
0.008—0.011