NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
60
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, I
TABLE
Comparison of the
Species.
Dimensions .
Oral sucker .
Pharynx .
Excretory
bladder.
Testes . .
Genital pore .
Cirrus sac .
Ovary . .
Vitellaria .
Uterus . .
Eggs . .
C. elongatum.
Harrah, 1921.
12—16.5 × 1.5—3
0.43—0.52 . .
0.215—0.280 ×
0.265—0.330.
Bicornuate . .
Anterior.—
0.415—0.975 ×
0.415—0.570.
Posterior.—
0.640—0.820 ×
0.480—0.545.
Ventral to poste-
rior
end
of
pharynx.
Extending poste-
riorly up to the
posterior wall of
intestinal fork.
Between
two
testes, 0.330—
0.375 dia.
Extending
from
pharynx to ex-
cretory bladder.
Few coils overlap
intestinal cæca.
0.112—0.117 ×
0.051—0.066.
C. makii.
Yamaguti, 1933.
11.2 × 2.4 . .
Not definite .
0.21 × 0.2 . .
Simple and flat-
tened.
Anterior.—
0.72 dia.
Posterior.—
0.6 dia.
Immediately behind
pharynx.
Extends as far as
intestinal fork.
To the right of
posterior testis.
0.25×0.3.
Extend from intes-
tinal fork to
posterior intesti-
nal arch.
Coils not overlap-
ping
intestinal
cæca.
0.1—0.112 ×
0.0625—0.0688.
C. mutabile.
Zeder, 1800.
5—24 × 2—8 .
Not described .
0.3—0.9 .
Simple
and
flattened.
Round, small.
0.4—0.8
Ventral
to
pharynx.
Extending up to
intestinal fork.
Round, small.
0.226—0.365.
Extending from
intestinal fork
to
excretory
bladder.
Coils do not
cross intestinal
cæca.
0.110—0.130 ×
0.056—0.070.
C. microcotylum
Noble, 1933.
8.5—21 × 3.4—7.5
Absent . .
0.8—1.27 . .
Simple and flat-
tened.
Both to the right
of middle line.
Spherical.
Immediately ante-
rior to pharynx.
Extending poste-
rior to intestinal
fork.
To the left side of
body, midway
between
the
testes.
Extending
from
slightly posterior
to intestinal fork
to
excretory
bladder.
Coils mostly con-
fined to inter-
cæcal space.
0.064×0.096
C. obscurum
Leidy, 1887.
6—13 × 1.5—3 .
Weak, 0.115 dia.
0.115—0.264 ×
0.115—0.295.
Simple
and
flattened.
Anterior.—
0.300—0.827 ×
0.462—0.0827,
round.
Posterior.—
0.300—0.877 ×
0.480—1.0,
oval.
Ventral
to
pharynx.
Extending up to
the middle of
intestinal fork.
To the side oppo-
site of anterior
testis.
Extending from
pharynx
to
excretory
bladder.
Some coils over-
lapping intesti-
nal cæca.
...
TWO NEW MONOSTOMES (TREMATODA) FROM AVIAN HOSTS IN BRITISH INDIA.
61
II.
species Cyclocœlum.
C. orientale.
Skrjabin, 1913.
11.5—25 × 2—5.5
Not described .
0.25—0.29 × 0.21
—0.28.
Simple
and
flattened.
Anterior.—
0.31—0.95 ×
0.52—1.027.
Posterior.—
0.50—1.02 ×
0.57—1.53.
Ventral to pharynx
May or may not
reach intestinal
fork.
On the same side
as the posterior
testis.
0.33—0.58.
Extending
from
intestinal fork to
excretory bladder
Coils seldom over-
lap
intestinal
cæca.
0.144—0.168 ×
0.077—0.101.
C. phasidi
Stunkard, 1929.
12—13 × 3—3.5
Faint . .
0.35—0.45
Simple
and
flattened.
Anterior.—
0.65—0.9 ×
0.57—0.82 to
the left side.
Posterior.—
0.7—0.85 ×
0.85—1.0.
Ventral to
pharynx.
Extending up to
intestinal fork.
Near
right
cæcum.
0.33—0.45 ×
0.27—0.36.
Form variable:
meeting ante-
riorly and pos-
teriorly or only
one way.
Coils overlapping
intestinal cæca
mostly ante-
riorly.
0.130 × 0.064
C. toratsugumi
Morishita, 1924.
11—14 × 2.5—4
Not described .
0.21—0.27 × 0.23
—0.25.
Simple
and
flattened.
Anterior.—
0.61—0.63 ×
1.1—1.4.
Posterior.—
0.78—0.95 ×
1—1.1.
Ventral to pharynx
Extending up to
the middle of
intestinal fork.
Opposite to ante-
rior testis.
0.41—0.45.
Extending
from
intestinal fork to
excretory bladder
Rarely overlapping
cæca.
0.130 × 0.14×
0.078 × 0.082.
C. vagum.
Morishita, 1924.
9—10 × 3—3.5
Very
feeble
(Ventral sucker
present).
0.29 dia. . .
Simple
and
flattened.
Anterior.—
0.84 × 0.69.
Posterior.—
0.58 × 0.87.
At the level of
the
anterior
intestinal arch.
Extending pos-
terior to intesti-
nal fork.
0.27 × 0.33, si-
tuated in a
straight
line
passing through
the two testes.
Extending from
the posterior
end of cirrus
sac to excre-
tory baldder.
Confined to inter-
cæcal area.
0.067—0.077 ×
0.037—0.043.
C. vogeli.
Szidat, 1932.
8—10 × 2.5—3
Not described .
0.3 × 0.2 . .
Simple
and
flattened.
0.5—0.7 .
Posterior
to
pharynx.
...
Level with pos-
terior testis.
0.4 dia.
Extending from
intestinal fork
to excretory
bladder.
Anterior
half
confined
to
intercæcal area.
0.11—0.5
C. Sharadi.
Bhalero, 1935.
10.5—11 × 4—4.5
Well developed,
0.44 × 0.32.
0.425 × 0.38.
Simple
and
flattened.
Anterior.—
2.15 × 1.32.
Posterior.—
2.07 × 1.7.
Behind pharynx.
Extending up to
the two-third
the thickness of
intestinal fork.
On the side oppo-
site to the ante-
rior testis.
0.5 × 0.43.
Varying.
Majority of coils
overlapping In-
testinal cæca.
0.123—0.14 ×
0.060—0.081.
62
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, I
TABLE
Species.
Points of differ-
ence from Cy-
clocælum shar-
adi.
C. elongatum
Harrah, 1921.
1. Pharynx smaller
2. Genital
pore
Ventral to pos-
terior end of
pharynx.
3. Cirrus sac ex-
tends up to pos-
terior wall of in-
testinal fork.
4. Excretory blad-
der bicornuate.
C. makii
Yamaguti, 1933.
1. Oral sucker
not definite.
2. Pharynx smal-
ler.
3. Uterus less
dense.
C. mutabils
Zeder, 1800.
1. Pharynx larger
2. Genital pore
ventral to pha-
rynx.
3. Cirrus sac ends
to anterior
margin of in-
testinal fork.
4. Ovary smaller
C. microcotylum
Noble, 1933.
1. Size larger
2. Pharynx larger.
3. Testes both to
right of middle
line.
4. Genital pore im-
mediately ante-
rior to pharynx.
5. Vitellaria begin
from some dis-
tance behind in-
testinal fork.
C. obscurum
Leidy, 1887.
1. Oral sucker weak-
ly developed.
2. Pharynx smaller.
3. Œsophagus
larger.
4. Cirrus sac nar-
rower.
Ovary smaller.
6. Genital
pore
ventral to pha-
rynx.
TWO NEW MONOSTOMES (TREMATODA) FROM AVIAN HOSTS IN BRITISH INDIA.
63
III.
C. orientale
Skrjabin, 1913.
1. Oral
sucker
absent.
2. Genital pore ven-
tral to pharynx.
3. Pharynx smaller.
4. Uterine coils not
so much overlap-
ping intestinal cæca.
C. phasidi
Stunkard, 1929.
1. Oral
sucker
feeble.
2. Genital pore ven-
tral to pharynx.
3. Vitellaria varying
4. Uterine coils less
overlapping intes-
tinal Cæca.
C. toratsugumi
Morishita, 1924.
1. Oral sucker weak.
2. Pharynx smaller.
3. Testes smaller. .
4. Genital pore ven-
tral to pharynx.
5. Uterine coils less
dense.
C. vagum
Morishita, 1934.
1. Oral sucker weak.
2. Ventral sucker
present.
3. Cirrus sac extends
much posteriorly.
4. Vitellaria extend
from posterior end
of cirrus sac to
excretory bladder.
5. Uterine coils con-
fined to intercæcal
area.
6. Genital pore level
with intestinal fork.
7. Pharynx smaller.
8. Ovary in straight
line passing through
the two testes.
C. vogeli
Szidat, 1932.
1. Oral sucker feebly
developed.
2. Pharynx smaller.
3. Ovary level with
posterior testis.
4. Eggs smaller.
THE PERMEABILITY OF THE GOAT'S PLACENTA TO
RINDERPEST VIRUS*
BY
P. C. BANERJI, G.B.V.C.,
Veterinary Deputy Superintendent,
AND
R. N. MOHAN, L.V.P.,
Veterinary Inspector, Imperial Institute of Veterinary Research, Muktesar.
(Received for publication on 11th December 1934.)
INTRODUCTION.
That certain substances, when introduced into, or otherwise gaining access to,
the blood stream of pregnant mammals, may sometimes reach the foetus through
the placenta, has been known for a long time. The subject has received special
consideration from those interested in the immunological aspects of embryology,
resulting in the accumulation of a great mass of literature, and the behaviour of the
placenta towards a large variety of substances has been determined. Very incon-
clusive observations have been made by most of the earlier workers who have laid
stress only on the nature and size of the substance passing through the placenta.
Kuttner and Ratner [1923] and Ratner, Jackson and Gruehl [1927], in a series of
articles, were the first to point out that the histological structure of the placenta.
determines largely whether any given substance would pass through it or not. Thus,
the haemochorial placentas (man and rodents), consisting of villi composed of a single
layer of cells directly bathed in the maternal blood, are permeable to many sub-
stances of a sufficiently small molecular size, but the syndesmochorial (ruminants)
and the epitheliochorial (horse and pig) placentas, in which three or more layers in-
tervene between the two circulations, are impermeable to most such substances.
The earlier workers have entirely overlooked this important phase of the subject
and one only too often encounters such vague and generalised statements as that
" the placenta is permeable, or impermeable, to " whatever substance was used.
LITERATURE.
The few observations that have been made on the behaviour of the goat's pla-
centa, in common with the placenta of ruminants in general, tend to show that it
* Read at the Indian Science Congress, January 1935.
( 64 )
66
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, I
pathognomonic vesicles and ulcers on the mucosa of the lip and gums a week after
the inoculation. Both had undergone a moderate reaction and survived the attack.
It is apparent from this experiment that the tissues of the foetus contained the rinder-
pest virus.
CONCLUSION.
One is, therefore, justified in concluding that the placenta of the goat (and
probably ruminant placenta in general), though possessing a relatively high degree
of resistance to the passage through it of most substances, will allow a very minute
antigen like the ultravisible virus of rinderpest to traverse it from the mother to the
foetus and vice versa.
REFERENCES.
Beller, K. and Tahssin Bey, S. (1926). Arb. a. d. Reichsgesundheitsamte, 57, 484. (Abs.
Trop. Vet. Bull, 1927, 15, 121.)
Burekhardt (1879). Deutsche. Arch. f. Klin. Med., 24, 506.
Copper, D. J. (1906). Jahresb. u. d. Fortschbritte d. Tier-Chemie, 36, 682.
Edwards, J. T. (1927). Trans. Seventh Cong. Far East. Assn. Trop. Med., 3, 699.
Famulener, L. W. (1912). J. Infect.. Dis., 10, 232.
Kraus, R. (1901). Wien. Klin. Wchnschr., 14, 737.
Kreidl, A. and Mandl, L. (1904). Ibid, 17, 611.
Kuttner, A. and Ratner, B. (1923). Amer. J. Dis. Child., 25, 413.
Pack, G. T. and Barber, D. (1928). Amer. J. Obstet. and Gynaecol., 16, 115. (Abs,
J. A. M. A., 1928, 91, 753.)
Ratner, B., Jackson, H. C. and Cruehl, H. L. (1927). J. Immunol., 14, 249.
Remlinger, P. (1919). Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 33, 375.
Reymann, G. C. (1920). J. Immunol, 5, 227, 391, 455.
Tanberg, A. (1922). Acta. Med. Scand., 56, 33.
THE USE OF GOAT TISSUE VACCINE FOR THE CONTROL
OF OUTBREAKS OF RINDERPEST IN BENGAL
BY
P. J. KERR, I.V.S.,
Director, Civil Veterinary Department, Bengal.
(Received for publication on 30th January 1935.)
(With 18 text-figures.)
A preliminary note on the use of goat virus and goat tissue vaccine alone for
the control of outbreaks of rinderpest has already appeared. [Kerr and Menon
1934]. In this article some of the same ground is covered again and the work dealt
with from the beginning of December 1933, when a vaccine depot was established
at Barrackpore.
VACCINE DEPOT.
The Depot is a slaughterhouse rented from the Military Authorities. The
building is a modern one and consists of a large fly-proof meat room; and a slaugh-
tershed, both of which have " pucca " floors and drains. Water is laid on.
In the small compound a brick incinerator, and mat sheds for goats have been
erected. The compound is surrounded by a 7 ft. brick wall.
Special apparatus consists of an ice-chest, a dry heat steriliser and an air-acety-
-ene gas plant for ampouling work.
PREPARATION.
The Muktesar procedure is followed for the preparation of vaccine. Goats
are injected with 1 to 5 c. c. of a 1 per cent. emulsion of spleen tissue, and usually
react on the 4th day. They are then slaughtered, the abdomen clipped, and the
spleen removed. The spleen is then cut up into pieces of approximately 1 gram in
weight, placed in glass ampoules and sealed in the flame.
These ampoules are then sent to the Bengal Veterinary College for cold storage
at 45° F.
At first the vaccine was prepared every 3 weeks, but it was found better to
make it every fortnight. It would be still better to make it each week but this is
not possible under the limitations of the present temporary arrangement.
A higher concentration of emulsion has been tried but did not yield such good
results : probably due to the more ready diffusion of the thinner emulsion.
( 67 )
E 2
68
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, I
Samples of vaccine have been sent periodically to the Imperial Institute of
Veterinary Research, Muktesar, to check potency and ensure that the fixed strain
has been maintained. Also from time to time fresh vaccine has been obtained from
Muktesar as a double precaution.
REACTION IN GOATS.
Great variation has been found in the size of the spleens. This bears little
relation to the size of the goat. The cross-bred Jamnapari with the small Bengal
goat gives the best yield with a spleen of about 40 grams.
In the hot weather goats run very high normal temperatures, 103° F. to 105° F.
being common. As the thermal reaction is the chief guide, this makes interpreta-
tion difficult. It is better to obtain the goats some time beforehand and keep them
in a shed protected from the sun for some days before use and keep a record of their
daily temperatures.
In the charts attached will be found the record of four goats which were injected
in the usual way. Three failed to react but the fourth gave a proper reaction. The
former had no natural immunity and the first injection conferred no immunity.
Of these three, two were again injected four days afterwards with blood from No. IV
and gave a proper reaction. The vaccine made from these two goats was tried in
cattle and buffaloes and gave normal results and conferred immunity. Vaccine
prepared from the second sub-inoculation from these goats was sent to Muktesar for
test and found fully potent. Fresh vaccine was obtained from the Institute to
make sure that the right strain had been maintained, pending the result of the test.
The charts of a number of other vaccine goats are attached.
DOSAGE.
In the matter of dosage there is more investigation to be done. As noted in the
preliminary article published, some buffaloes reacted very strongly, and though
this was probably enhanced by the animals being worked, it is a fact that buffaloes
react more strongly than cattle. The attempt made to control this by giving half
doses to buffaloes seems to have had an appreciable effect.
IMMUNITY.
The immunity conferred by giving buffaloes ½ c. c. doses of emulsion has been
tested and found solid. The immunity to cattle conferred by giving 1 c. c. doses
has also been tested and found to be satisfactory. It remains to be shown whether
½ c. c. doses to the more resistant plains cattle will be sufficient. It is possible that
it may be below the minimum essential. This matter is being investigated. From
an administrative point of view it is important as it will further reduce the cost of
anti-rinderpest inoculation by 50 per cent. In Bengal the cost is borne by Govern-
ment.
GOAT TISSUE VACCINE FOR THE CONTROL OF RINDERPEST IN BENGAL.
69
The following immunity tests have just been completed at the time of submis.
sion of the paper for publication:—
A. The immunity conferred by 1 c. c. G. T. V. emulsion twelve months after
inoculation. 10 animals tested—result immunity solid.
B. The immunity conferred to cattle by ½ c. c. doses of emulsion one month
after inoculation—14 cattle tested—result immunity solid.
The test virus used was Muktesar bull virus.
Two controls were used, one showed a severe reaction with typical symptoms
of rinderpest including mouth lesions.
VIABILITY.
Viability experiments carried out demonstrate that the vaccine remains potent
for 30 days in cold storage at 45° F., and that it retains its potency fully for 6 days
after removal from cold storage. Potency is waning on the 7th day. It loses its
potency if exposed, either as vaccine or emulsion, to sunlight, or excessive heat.
As an emulsion, it probably loses strength rapidly and therefore should be used as
soon as possible after it is prepared. It should never be kept till the next day. The
strength of the saline solution used for emulsification may also cause enervation.
The strength of the saline solution used has recently been reduced to 0.5 per cent.
Exposure of the vaccine during transit to high summer temperatures may also
enervate it. This statement can be modified as during the summer of 1934 the
vaccine was sent out as an ordinary postal parcel without ill effect. But the only
serious instance of failure of this method to give protection occurred in April when
the temperature was about 103° to 108° F.
DISTRIBUTION.
Distribution is a difficult problem to solve satisfactorily. The ideal is to send
it when made to be kept in cold storage cabinets at each District Headquarters, send-
ing it in thermos containers packed at a temperature of 45° F., and despatching it
by passenger train. At Dacca cold storage is available and vaccine has been sent
by air-mail and collected personally from the aerodrome. The above methods will
be developed as facilities for local cold storage become available.
REACTIONS.
The seat of inoculation is visited at intervals of about 5 and 12 days after
immunisation by the inoculator himself or his inspector. The reports received
are more or less uniform, and tally with those of the headquarter staff on the work
carried out personally by them.
70
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, I
The results are c assified under four heads :—
1. Normal thermal reactions, or no visible reaction noticed.
2. Animals inoculated during incubation period of the disease.
3. Animals naturally infected prior to immunity being conferred.
4. Animals not immunised owing to inertia of vaccine.
APPLICATION IN THE FIELD.
Each ampoule contains approximately 1 gram of tissue. This is emulsified
with 100 c. c. of 0.5 per cent. saline solution. The dose of this emulsion is 1 c. c. for
cattle and ½ c. c. for buffaloes. The emulsification takes fully ½ an hour to perform
in a glass mortar, until only small particles of fibrous tissue remain. It is placed in
a porcelain gallipot with a lid or enamel mug, and decanted into a smaller vessel as
required for inoculation. The gallipot is kept in the shade wrapped in a damp cloth.
Special needles are required for the ordinary 1 c. c. record syringe to allow the emul-
sion to pass freely. An inoculation outfit has been devised containing all the neces-
sary apparatus for goat tissue vaccination in the field.
MILCH COWS.
It has not been possible to estimate the loss in milk caused by this inoculation,
but the examination of this aspect in the case of two dairy herds immunised is of
value.
In a herd of about 100 cows consisting of Hariana and Sahiwal animals given
vaccine alone, a slight drop in milk yield was noticed. In a herd of approximately
the same size consisting of Welsh and cross-bred Welsh and Sahiwal cattle immunised
by giving simultaneous inoculation with serum and goat vaccine there was a very
marked drop in the milk yield. In both cases the drop was temporary and quickly
disappeared as the effect of the inoculation wore off.
There has been no case reported of pregnant cows aborting as a result of this
inoculation though a number have been inoculated when over 7 months in calf.
CALVES.
It has been found expedient to inoculate all young calves, whatever their age
as owners do not like their being left, and young calves do occasionally get rinder-
pest.
WORK.
The working of buffaloes after inoculation has been found to enhance the re
action, but this does not seem to apply to plains bullocks to anything like the same
extent. At certain seasons of the year it has been found impossible to restrain
owners from working their animals and in bullocks this seems to have had no ill
effect.
GOAT TISSUE VACCINE FOR THE CONTROL OF RINDERPEST IN BENGAL.
71
FAILURES.
In only two instances have definite failures occurred. Both were due to the
inertia of the vaccine and no protection was given to the animals. The outbreaks
continued unchecked.
In the first the vaccine was used more than 7 days after issue. This was in the
early days of the work. The second occurred in April 1934 during the height of an
exceptionally hot weather when the temperature was in the neighbourhood of 108°F.
Cognisance of the extreme heat should have been taken and the vaccine sent in a
thermos container by passenger train.
RESULTS.
The results have far surpassed expectation. 100,000 animals have now been
inoculated by this method in face of the disease, and after eliminating those animals
which were obviously inoculated during the incubation period of the disease, the
loss works out to ½ per cent. which is negligible.
ADVANTAGES OF THE GOAT TISSUE VACCINE METHOD.
A. The protection conferred is lasting.
B. Distribution is inexpensive.
C. It is easy of application in the field.
D. The extremely low cost of production—
i.e.
1,000 doses Goat Tissue Vaccine (including cost of ampoule) Rs. 10.
1,000 doses A. R. Serum (including freight ex-Muktesar) Rs. 100.
CONCLUSION.
From the above results it is conclusively proved that Goat Tissue Vaccine alone
is an efficient and safe method to employ to control outbreaks of rinderpest in plain
cattle and buffaloes in Bengal.
REFERENCE.
Kerr, P. J. and Menon, M. B. (1934). Ind. Jour. Vety. Sc. and Anim. Husb., 4,
75-80.
The following charts of goats used for vaccine preparation and other experiments in
connection with vaccine work are included :—
1. Charts of vaccine producers . . .
a. Good reactor.
b. Fair reactor.
c. Doubtful reactor.
72
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [V, I
2. Charts to illustrate the effect of initial
high temperature in vaccine makers.
a. Reactor.
b. Non-reactor.
3. Peculiar reactors, subinoculation and viability test by Muktesar Institute,
positive.
Experimental goats :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Vaccine 30 days old in cold storage.
„
25
„
„ and 1 day at room temperature.
„
17
„
„
6 days „
„ 16
„
„
7 „ „
Effect of testicular vaccine and result of retest.
90 goats have so far been used for the preparation of vaccine of which—
54
14
7
15
were good reactors
„ fair
„
„ doubtful „
„ negative „
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
60.0 per cent.
15.5 per cent.
7.7 percent.
16.6 per cent.
} 83.3 per cent.
Out of the 15 negative reactors 4 had high temperature at the time of inocula-
tion, hence the correct interpretation of the result could not be made—These
eventually died of rinderpest.
Three others showed a delayed reaction. For purposes of vaccine preparation
the material from these may have been alright but was discarded for sake of
efficiency. Actually therefore there were only 8 non-reactors or (9.0 per cent.).
For the sake of confirmatory evidence a doubtful reactor was tested with vaccine
and found to be perfectly immune to rinderpest, hence vaccine from such reactors
might be used after confirmatory test.
Initial high temperature is often likely to vitiate the result as interpretation
of reaction is difficult or not appreciable.
The vaccine remained viable for 30 days in cold storage and it is possible to
keep it for longer period (limit has still to be ascertained by actual experiment).
After removal from cold storage vaccine kept at room temperature for—
1 day
6 days
7 days
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Result.
good
„
fair
has been tested and the charts show the degree of viability quite clearly.
Testicular material was neither viable nor antigenic and reaction was seen
after retest with virus,