NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
250
ANTHRAX.
successful and the method has given place to the use of anti-
serum.
The principal objections to the use of the Pasteur vaccines
are:—
(1) the unequal results which follow inoculations, pro-
bably due to variation in virulence of vaccines
used;
(2) the danger of disseminating anthrax by means of
the more virulent second vaccine in non-inocula-
ted animals and man;
(3) the commercial losses due to the death of inoculated
animals.
Horses especially bear protective inoculation badly. Koch
(4) expresses doubt as to the value of vaccine inoculation in
ingested anthrax. Leclainche and Vallee (5) hold the opinion
that all methods of immunisation involving the use of attenua-
ted cultures are liable to accidents, and although the percentage
of deaths from inoculation is not at all great they cannot be
neglected. Moreover the accidents are very unevenly distri-
buted. The same facts are observed in the case of the three
diseases, Anthrax, Swine Erysipelas and Black Quarter. Some
authors consider these accidents to be due to latent infection
at the time of inoculation, while others maintain that the mor-
tality is caused by variation in virulence of the vaccines used
and in susceptibility of the animals vaccinated. It is undeniable
that in the case of Anthrax, Black Quarter and Swine Erysipe-
las the specific bacilli are present at times in the alimentary
canal of animals kept in infected areas. Law's (6) views
are opposed to the use of Pasteur's vaccines against
anthrax.
" It can never be safely ignored that we are dealing with
the living seed of a most deadly infection. Though robbed of a
large part of its virulence by artificial culture at 107.5°F., yet
many accidental conditions contribute to a relapse to its
original potency and, when it has once killed a victim, the
reacquired virulence is usually persistent.
ANTHRAX.
251
" The germs, reinforced in potency in any such way, are
liable to be the starting points for dangerous infections in
animals and permanent contamination of soils and water.
" Fortunately, an occurrence of this kind is rare, yet, with a
wide application of the Pasteurean inoculation, the opportuni-
ties also are great, and, with the free sale and distribution of
the mitigated virus (Anthrax vaccine), the evil may grow in-
definitely. The method departs from the ideal one, aimed at
a final extinction of the disease, and accepts, in place, a mere
temporary protection of the herd or flock, and, though in this
affection eradication cannot always be secured, every effort
should be made to gain it and, above all, to prevent an increase
of the area of infection."
In India the vaccines have not been used, nor is this
method of immunisation to be recommended as suitable for this
country. The risk of a large mortality following inoculation,
of spreading infection and of accidents to man and animals
are too serious to be accepted in a country in which the cattle
are regarded as sacred and all innovations viewed with suspicion.
II. By means of Serum.
An anti-anthrax serum can be prepared by immunising
animals by means of Pasteur's vaccines and subsequently in-
jecting them with large quantities of virulent cultures.
Sclavo (7) was the first to prepare an anti-anthrax serum.
He made use of sheep for this purpose and obtained a serum
which, when tested on rabbits, shewed both prophylactic and
curative properties. At a later period he found that the ass
yielded a serum of higher potency. From this source he obtain-
ed a serum which, in doses of 10 c.c. injected intravenously
into rabbits, protected against a simultaneous inoculation of
0.5 c.c. virulent anthrax culture. Marchaux (8) obtained a
serum from sheep by injection of cultures up to 300 c.c. at a
time, and when the sheep had received in all 1,400 c.c. the serum
protected rabbits in doses of 1 c.c. and 2 c.c. from a simultane-
ous inoculation of virulent anthrax culture. Active immunity
252
ANTHRAX.
in rabbits was not produced by simultaneous inoculation of
serum and virus ; but when the serum was injected 10 to 24
hours after the virus the animals survived and were actively
immunised. Sclavo recommends subcutaneous injections of
the virulent culture ; they are safer and result in the formation
of more potent serum than that produced by intravenous in-
jections. It is necessary to use virulent strains of anthrax, and
cultures should be obtained from different sources. The in-
jection of mass cultures from agar, emulsified in a small amount
of fluid, is preferable to bouillon cultures. The use of one day
old cultures gives results as good as those obtained by the use of
older cultures.
Sobernheim (9) uses a mixed serum from the horse, cattle
and sheep. He recommends the combined use of serum and an
attenuated vaccine of about the same strength as Pasteur's
second vaccine, injected at the same time, in different parts
of the body. Sobernheim claims that this serum protects
against both inoculated and ingested anthrax, and that it has
slightly curative powers. This method has been practically
tested in recent years in several countries with successful results.
In South America alone it is recorded that several thousand
animals have been treated by this serum and virus without
any inoculation mortality and with the result that the disease
has disappeared from districts where it formerly was endemic.
Carini (10) obtains serum from sheep and the ass and recom-
mends as a practical method for protecting cattle, the injection
of 20 c.c. of serum followed by active immunisation by means
of the Pasteur vaccine. Mendez (11) hyperimmunised horses
and prepared a powerful serum, which in doses of 0.5 to 1.0
c.c. protected cattle and sheep and moreover possessed curative
properties.
The properties on which the value of anti-anthrax serum
depends and its mode of action are unknown. Marchaux (8)
considers that the serum stimulates phagocytosis. Sobern-
heim (9) states that the bactericidal power of the serum of an
animal is not increased by immunisation or infection and the
ANTHRAX.
253
existence of an anti-toxin is not recognized. Deutsch (12)
found that anthrax anti-serum agglutinates the bacilli strongly
and contains an immune body capable of destroying the
bacilli in presence of a suitable complement.
In the preparation of anthrax anti-serum the animals are
bled 14 to 16 days after the last injection. Cattle are bled 6
to 8 litres, horses a similar amount, and sheep 1 to 1½ litres.
Two days later a second bleeding of smaller amount can be
taken. The serum for use among animals is prepared by centri-
fugalisation ; for human use by the clotting method, the serum
subsequently being filtered. Carbolic acid 0.5 per cent, is
added to preserve the serum.
Sobernheim (9) gives the following as his method of test-
ing the serum :—Five rabbits are injected with 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6
c.c. serum intravenously, and 5 to 10 minutes later with .001
c.c. virulent culture subcutaneously. Controls are inoculated
with virus alone. If two of the test rabbits live the serum is
serviceable ; if more than two or all the test animals survive it
is a serum of very high potency. Controls should die in 2½
to 3 days.
III. Other Methods of Immunisation.
Toussaint (13) heated defibrinated anthrax blood for 10 to
15 minutes at a temperature of 122° F. to 131° F. The heated
blood was inoculated immediately. He considers the immu-
nising effect to be due to some protective substance in the
blood. Chauveau (14) established the fact that the injection
of anthrax blood into the veins of a refractory sheep caused
a passing indisposition due to the soluble poison which the blood
contains. He succeeded in conferring immunity by the in-
travenous injection of defibrinated anthrax blood and deprived
of living bacteria by heating. Nevertheless one cannot rely
on this method because the treatment of the blood necessary
to deprive it of living bacilli tends to exert a deleterious influ-
ence on the soluble toxins occurring in the blood. Roux and
Chamberland (15) obtained immunity in sheep by the injection
254
ANTHRAX.
of anthrax blood, sterilised by heating for an hour daily for
four or five consecutive days at 58° C. The animals which re-
ceived subcutaneous injections of this heated blood, survived
an injection of virulent anthrax given 14 days later. The in-
jection of filtered blood produced no immunity. Law (16)
recommends the method of heating the blood from an animal
dead from anthrax to 100° C. for half an hour, and then dissolv-
ing out the soluble toxins in boiling water. The extracted
substance is said to confer a passive immunity after injection
of doses of 2 to 4 c.c.
Roux and Chamberland (15) used essence of mustard
in order to obtain sterilisation without altering the soluble
products. They took the heart blood and spleen pulp of an
animal dead from the injection of a non-sporulating strain of
anthrax and mixed it with a small quantity of water saturated
with essence of mustard. After two or three days of contact
in a closed vessel, the mixture was submitted to the action of a
mercury pump to evaporate all traces of mustard. All the
bacilli were killed by this process, and the mixture, inoculated
in graduated doses, immunised.
Numerous attempts have been made to isolate a toxin
from cultures of anthrax. Arloing (17) by decanting the fluid
from old cultures obtained a germ-free fluid which immunised
sheep. Marmier (18) obtained a toxin from anthrax cultures
grown on a special peptone-glycerin medium. Hankin (19),
Westbrook (20), Brieger and Frankel (21), Sidney Martin (22),
Landi (23), Petermann (24), and others have worked at the
same subject and have obtained varying results.
Bail (25) immunised animals by means of aggressins
obtained from peritoneal exudates caused by the injection of
anthrax cultures.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ANIMALS IN INDIA TO INOCULATED ANTHRAX.
The virus used for this experiment was a forty-eight hours
culture of a broth growth of anthrax. The original culture
ANTHRAX.
255
was obtained from a bull dead of anthrax. The subcutaneous
inoculation of 0.01 c.c. killed the rabbit in from 24 to 48 hours
and the same dose was fatal for the guinea-pig in 18 to 24 hours.
These statistics have been collected during the past three
years from animals used as controls to experiments with
anthrax.
CATTLE.
Bulls of both Plains and Hill breed were used ; also Buffa-
loes of Plains breed were tested.
Plains Bulls.—These bulls averaged in weight from 300
to 400 lbs.—
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Age.
2¼
5
8
2
1
4
3
6
4
3
3
2
3
1
7
1½
3
2
4
1
2
3
2
Virus c.c.
0.25
0.25
0.25
1
1
1
1
5
5
5
50
50
0.1
1
5
4 loops
agar cul-
ture
4 do.
1 c.c. heart
blood from a
sheep dead of
anthrax
1 c.c. do.
1 c.c. heart
blood of bull
dead of an-
thrax
1 c.c. do.
1 c.c. culture
& 5 c.c. 5%
lactic acid
1 c.c. do.
Method of In-
oculation.
Subcutaneous.
„
„
„
„
„
„
..
.
..
..
..
Intravenous.
„
„
Subcutaneous.
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Result.
Lived. No reaction.
„ „
„ „
„ Temperature reaction.
„ „ „
„ „ „
„ No reaction.
„ Temperature reaction.
„ „ „
Died after 4 days.
Lived. No reaction.
„ „
„
„ Temperature reaction.
„ „ „
Lived. No reaction.
„ „ „
Died after 6 days.
Lived. Temperature reaction.
„ „ „
„ „ „
„ „ „
„ „ „
256
ANTHRAX.
No.
24
25
26
27
Age.
4
3
1½
3
Virus c.c.
1 c.c. culture &
3 oz. sodium
cinnamate
on opposite
aide
1 c.c. do.
1 c.c. culture
mixed with
1 c.c. of ste-
rilised cul-
ture
1 c.c. do.
Method of In-
oculation.
Subcutaneous.
„
„
„
Lived.
„
„
„
Result.
Temperature reaction.
„ „
„ „
„ „
Buffaloes Plains Breed—
1 ..
2 ..
3 ..
4 ..
5 ..
1 c.c.
1 „
1 „
1 „
1 „
Subcutaneous.
„
„
„
„
Died in 3 days.
Lived. Temperature reaction
„ „
„ „
„ No reaction.
Hill Bulls—
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
2
1
2¼
3
2½
3
10
1½
6
2½
1
4
3
2
2
3
1½ 1
..
1½
3
7
. .
0.25 c.c.
0.25 „
0.25 „
0.25 „
„
1
1
1
1
„
5
5
50
„
50
1
1
0.25 „
1 c.c. heart blood
from bull dead
of anthrax
1 c.c.
do.
1 c.c.
do.
1 c.c. culture &
5 c.c of 5%
Lactic Acid
1 c.c. do.
Subcutaneous.
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Intravenous.
Intraperitoneally.
Intravenous.
Subcutaneous.
„
„
„
„
Lived. No reaction.
„ Temperature reaction.
„ „ „
Died 5th day.
Lived. Temperature reaction.
Died 3rd day.
Lived. No reaction.
„ Temperature reaction.
Died 5th day.
Lived. Temperature reaction.
„
„
„
Died 4th day.
Lived. Temperature reaction.
„
„
„
Died 4th day.
Lived. Temperature reaction.
Died 6th day.
Lived. Temperature reaction.
Died 5th day.
Lived. No reaction.
„ Temperature reaction.
„ „ „
„ „ „
ANTHRAX.
257
Hill
Bulls.-(Contd.)
φ
No.
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
Age.
5
4
1½
2¾
3
1
Virus c.c.
1 c.c. culture & 3 oz.
Sod. cinnamate on
opposite side
1 c.c.
do.
1 c.c.
do.
1 c.c. culture mixed
with 1 c.c. sterilised
culture
1 c.c.
do.
1 c.c.
do.
kept without water and
4
3
3
3
5
3
4
5
7
1 c.c.
1 c.c. & 3 oz. Tinct.
opii in drench
1 c.c.
do.
1 „
do.
1 „
do.
1 „
1 „
1 „
1 „
Method of In-
oculation.
Subcutaneous
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
,
„
Result.
Died 2nd clay.
Died 7th day.
Lived. Temperature reaction.
Died 3rd day.
Died 6th day.
Lived. No reaction.
„ Temperature reaction.
„ „ „
„ No reaction.
„ Temperature reaction.
Died 3rd day.
Died 38 hours.
Died 4th day.
Died 3rd day.
Lived. Temperature reaction.
φ Exposed to rain and extremes of temperature after inoculation.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SHEEP.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Dose.
0.025 Broth culture 48 hours old
0.25
0.025
0.05
do.
0.025
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
1 Loop agar culture in 1 c.c. salt so
lution
0.025 Broth culture 48 hours old
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Result.
Died 3rd day.
„
2nd „
„ 2½ days.
„ 2½
„
„
30 hours.
„
2nd day.
„ 2½ days.
„ 3½ „
„
4th day.
„ 2½ days.
„ 2½ „
„ 1½ day.
„
26 hours.
„
30
„
„
3rd day.
„ 2½ days.
„
30 hours.
„ 2½ days.
„
4th day.
„
28 hours.
„
40
„
„
2nd day.
„ 2½ days.
„ 30 hours.
17
258
ANTHRAX.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF HORSES.
Country-bred Ponies—
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Age.
11
3
14
10
6
8
12
12
9
11
2
12
8
4
12
8
10
7
2½
10
7
16
10
10
12
Dose.
1 c.c. 48hours old
1 „ 72„
1 „ 72„
1 „ 48„
1 „ 48„
1 „ 48„
1
„
48„
1 „ V. B(Pony No. 262)
1„„
1
„„„
1 „ 48 hours old
1 „ V.B. (Pony No.281)
1 „„
1 „ agar culture
1
„
„„
5 „ 24hours old
5 „ 24„
1 „ V.B. (Horse No. 241)
1 „ 72hours old
1 „
72„
1 „
12„
1 „ 12„
1
„
„..
1 „
„..
1 „
„..
Result.
Lived.
..
Died after 4 days.
„ 3 „
Lived.
„
„
„
Died after 5 days.
Lived.
„
Died after 2 days.
„ 4 „
„ 3 „
„ 7 „
„ 3 „
Lived.
„
„
„
Died after 6 days.
Lived.
Died after 3 days.
„ 7 „
„
5 „
Note.—V. B... Virulent Blood.
Australian Horses.
20
27
28
8
7
6
18
19
15
14
27
28
29
30
10
10
12
2½
8
9
4
12
4
1½
12
20
15
7
1 c.c. ..
1 „ ...
1 „ ..
1 c.c. 48
1 „ 4
1 „ 4
1 „ 72
1 „ 72
1 „ 72
1 „ 72
1 c.c. 48
1 „ 48
1 „ 48
1 „ 48
hours old
days old
„
hours old
„
„
„
hours old
„
„
„
DONKEYS.
Mules.
Died 3 days.
„
7 „
„ 5 „
Died 7 days.
„ 2 „
„ 4 „
„ 2 „
„ 2 „
Lived.
Died 7 days.
„ 2 „
„ 2 „
„ 3 „
ANTHRAX.
259
GOATS.
10
9
8
7
3
2
1
6
1
1
5
½
1
½
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
c.c. 48
„ 48
„ 48
„ 48
„ 48
„ 48
„ 48
hours old
„
„
„
„
„
„
Died 4 days.
Lived. No reaction.
„ „ „
„ „ „
„ „ „
„ „ „
„ „ „
SUMMARY.
In India, the cattle of the Plains are very resistant to ex-
perimentally inoculated anthrax. Buffaloes possess a similar
degree of immunity. Cattle of Hill breed are more susceptible.
The administration of opium, the addition of Lactic acid to
the virus, the injection of Sodium cinnamate simultaneously
with the virus but on the opposite side, subjecting the animal
to thirst and starvation after the inoculation, appeared to have
no effect in increasing the virulence of the disease or altering
the natural resistance of the animal. Exposure to rains,
extremes of temperature, and to fatigue were found to break
down the resistance to the disease and animals subjected to
those conditions after inoculation succumbed. It was also
observed that the state of the weather exercised a marked
influence on the course of the disease. During thunderstorms
or when a heavy oppressive atmosphere and rains prevailed,
the resistance of inoculated animals appeared to be very
perceptibly lowered and fatal results occurred more
frequently than at other times.
It was not found possible to infect cattle or sheep by
feeding them on cultures of virulent anthrax. Sheep fed on
culture of anthrax for several days showed no immunity
to the inoculated virus.
Sheep have no resistance and 100 per cent, succumb to
inoculations.
Goats possess a high degree of immunity.
The Australian horse is very susceptible and dies in a few
days after inoculation.
The country-bred pony is more resistant.
260
ANTHRAX.
The donkey and mule appear to have a high degree of sus-
ceptibility.
PREPARATION OF ANTI-ANTHRAX SERUM A.
The Anti-Anthrax Serum was prepared by injecting bulls
subcutaneonsly with increasing amount of. broth cultures of
Anthrax incubated at 37° C. for 48 hours.
Bull No. 6613.
Inoculated with 0.1 c.c. culture
14 days interval.
Inoculated with 1 c.c. culture
14 days interval.
inoculated with 5 c.c. culture
10 days interval.
Inoculated with 100 c.c. culture
10 days interval.
Inoculated with 1,000 c.c. culture
15 days interval.
Bled 1,000 c.c. for serum.
Bull No. 6384.
Inoculated with 0.1 c.c. culture
14 days interval.
Inoculated with 1 c.c. culture
14 days interval.
Inoculated with 500 c.c. culture
10 days interval.
Inoculated with 1,000 c.c. culture
14 days interval.
Inoculated with 1,500 c.c. culture
15 days interval.
Bled 1,000 c.c. for serum
10 days interval.
Inoculated with 5,000 c.c. serum
14 days interval.
Bled 1,000 c.c. for serum
Bull No. 6375.
Inoculated with 0.1 c.c. culture
14 days interval.
Inoculated with 1 c.c. culture
14 days interval.
Inoculated with 500 c.c. culture
10 days interval.
ANTHRAX.
261
Bull No. 6375.—(Contd.)
Inoculated with 1,000 c.c. culture
10 days interval.
Inoculated with 1,500 c.c. culture
15 days interval.
Bled 1,000 c.c. for serum
10 days interval.
Inoculated with 4,000 c.c. serum
15 days interval.
Bled 1,000 c.c. for serum.
Bull No. 270.
Inoculated with 0.1 c.c. culture
14 days interval.
Inoculated with 1 c.c. culture
14 days interval.
Inoculated with 500 c.c. culture
10 days interval.
Inoculated with 1,500 c.c. culture
10 days interval.
Inoculated with 3,000 c.c. culture
15 days interval.
Bled 1,000 c.c. for serum.
Bull No. 6367.
Inoculated with 0.1 c.c. culture
14 days interval.
Inoculated with 5 c.c. culture
14 days interval.
Inoculated with 100 c.c. culture
14 days interval.
Inoculated with 2,000 c.c. culture
14 days interval.
Inoculated with 5,000 c.c. culture
15 days interval.
Bled 1,000 c.c. for serum.
Bull No. 6351.
Inoculated with 0.1 c.c. culture
14 days interval.
Inoculated with 5 c.c. culture
14 days interval.
Inoculated with 500 c.c. culture
14 days interval.
Inoculated with 3,000 c.c. culture
14 days interval.
Inoculated with 6,000 c.c. culture
15 days interval.
Bled 1,000 c.c. for serum.
262
ANTHRAX.
TESTING ANTI-ANTHRAX SERUM A .
Sheep.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Dose
of
Serum
c.c.
50
50
50
50
10
10
15
15
25
25
25
50
15
15
25
25
25
50
15
15
25
25
50
15
20
25
50
50
15
25
25
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
25
25
25
15
10
5
15
15
5
5
From
Bull
No.
6,613
6,613
6,613
6,613
6,375
6,375
6,375
6,384
6,375
6,375
6,384
6,375
270
270
270
270
270
270
6,375
6,375
6,375
6,375
6,375
6,367
6,367
6,367
6,367
6,367
6,351
6,351
6,351
6,351
6,351
270
270
270
270
270
270
6,375
6,375
6,384
6,384
6,384
6,384
6,384
6,384
6,384
6,384
6,375
6,375
6,375
6,375
After
injection
of
c.c.
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,500
1,500
1,500
1,500
1,500
1,500
1,500
1,500
3,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
6,000
6,000
6,000
6,000
6,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,500
1,500
1,500
1,500
1,500
1,500
1,500
1,500
1,500
1,500
4,000
4,000
4,000
4,000]
Virus
inoc.
after
hours.
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
7
12
15
21
23
23
14
21
Bulls
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
Result.
Lived
Died
Lived
„
Died
„
„
„
Lived
„
„
„
Died
„
„
Lived
„
„
Died
„
Lived
„
„
Died
Lived
Died
Lived
„
Died
Lived
„
„
„
„
„
Died
„
Lived
„
„
Died
No reaction
„
„
„
„
Died
No reaction
„
„
„
Temp, react.
No reaction
Re-tested
after
days.
30
..
30
30
..
..
..
..
30
30
30
30
..
..
..
30 30
40
..
..
35
35
35
..
30
35
35
..
30
30
40
40
32
32
..
32
32
32
32
32
..
32
32
32
32
32
32
Result.
Lived.
....
Lived.
„
....
....
....
....
Lived.
„
„
„
....
....
.....
Lived.
„
„
....
.....
Lived.
„
„
.....
Lived.
.....
Lived.
„
„
Lived.
„
„
„
„
„
.....
No reaction.
„
„
„
„
.....
No reaction.
„
„
„
„
„
ANTHRAX.
263
The serums tested in these experiments were of low potency.
An injection of about 50 c.c. protected against the virus inocu-
lated twenty-four hours after the serum. The animals which
survived the first inoculation proved to be still resistant when
re-tested up to 40 days.
In the following experiments the virus was given 24 hours
before the serum.
Bulls.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Dose
of
Serum
c.c.
50
50
25
25
15
15
5
5
5
5
From
Bull
No.
6,375
6,613
6,613
270
270
270
270
270
270
270
After
injection
of
c.c.
4,000
1,000
1,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
Virus
inoe.
before
hours.
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
Result.
Died
No reaction
„
Died after
7 days
No reaction
„
„
„
„
Re-tested
after
days.
..
33
33
33
..
33
33
33
33
33
Result.
....
No reaction.
„
„
..
No reaction.
„
„
„
„
In the following tests the virus was inoculated four weeks
after the serum.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
50
25
25
10
25
25
10
10
10
6,375
6,375
6,375
6,375
270
270
270
270
270
4,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
No reaction
„
„
„
„
„
„
Slight re-
action
No reaction
As bulls in India are not very susceptible to the Anthrax
inoculated virus, these experiments are of relative value
only.
PREPARATION OF ANTI-ANTHRRAX SERUM B.
Two bulls were hyperimmunised by means of broth culture
of Anthrax 48 hours old, to which was added an emulsion of
Anthrax bacilli grown on surface agar for 48 hours.
264
ANTHRAX.
Bulls Nos. 7373 & 7374.
Inoculated 0.5 c.c. broth culture.
Interval 14 days.
Inoculated 500 c.c. broth culture.
Interval 14 days.
Inoculated 500 c.c. broth culture and an emulsion of bacilli from 2 agar flasks
(Roux bottles).
Interval 14 days.
Inoculated 500 c.c. broth culture and an emulsion of bacilli from 4 agar flasks.
Interval 14 days.
Inoculated 500 c.c. broth culture and an emulsion of bacilli from 8 agar flasks.
Interval 15 days.
Bled 1,000 c.c. for serum.
TESTING OF ANTI-ANTHRAX SERUM B.
Serum, plus Virus 24 hours after.
Sheep
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Doses.
c.c.
5
5
15
15
20
20
25
25
25
25
Virus.
c.c.
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.025
Result.
Died 2nd day
„ 4th „
Lived
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Re-testcd
after
days.
..
..
..
...
..
..
28
28
28
28
Result.
..
..
..
..
..
..
Lived.
„
Died 4th day.
Lived.
An injection of 15 c.c. serum protected against Anthrax
inoculated 24 hours after the serum. Out of four sheep
re-tested a month after the inoculation, three lived and
one died.
SERUM, PLUS VIRUS 48 HOURS AFTER.
Animal
No.
Bull
1
2
3
4
5
Dose.
c.c.
5
5
20
20
25
Virus.
c.c.
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.025
Result.
Lived. No reaction
Slight „
„ „ „
No
Slight „
Re-tested
after,
days.
28
28
28
28
28
Result.
Lived.
No reaction.
„
„
„ „
„ „