NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
Sample I.—Reservoir of the well .
Colony No.
S a c c h e r o s e .
D u l c i t . A d o n e t .
I n u l i n . V o g e s o r P r o s k . M o b i l i t y .
Group.
Bacillus.
Group
and Remarks.
(a) Total colonies on agar at 37°—25·20.
(b) Bile_salt lactose, medium.
1 + — — — + — IV B. Cloacæ.
Group I, 2
+
—
2 + + — + + — III
, ,
I I n i l
3
— — — — — —
I B. Grunthal.
,, III,5
1 tube 20 cc. of water taken
..
1 . .
4 + + + + + — III B. Oxy tocus Pernici-
osus.
, , I V , 3
2 tubes 10 cc. ,,
. . 2 ..
5 + + — — + — III
4 „
5 cc.
, ,
. . 4 ..
6 + + — + + — III
5 „
1 c c .
, ,
. . 5 ..
7 + — — — +
—
IV B. Cloacæ.
[The bla
n k s a r e u n n a m e d b a c i l a l l o f f œ c a l o r i g i n . ]
5 ,
· 1 c c .
, , . . 5 ..
8
— — — — — —
I B Grunthel.
5 „
· 0 1
c c .
, ,
. . 5 ..
9 + +
—
+ +
—
III
10 + — — — — — IV B. Coscoroba.
(c) Fœcal bacilli in ·01 cc. and upwards.
(d) Sporogones milk test +
in 20 cc.
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS.
Well, Central Jail, Tanjore,
Physical
appearances.
Colour and
Transparency.
Colourless and clear.
Smell.
None.
Total solids ..
Quantitative.
..
. .
P a r t s p e r 1 0 0 , 0 0 0
23·200
Temporary hardness ..
..
Do.
d o .
0750
Permanent hardness ..
..
Do.
do.
2·500
Total hardness
..
..
Do.
do.
3·250
Chlorine
..
..
Do.
do.
1·420
Free ammonia
..
..
Do.
do.
0·002
Albuminoid ammonia
..
Do.
do.
0·001
Oxygen absorbed (Tidy's Process).
Do.
do.
0 · 0 0 8
Nitrates
..
..
..
Do.
do.
0·965
Q u a l i t a t i v e .
Nitrites . .
. .
. .
. .
Nil.
Sulphates
..
..
..
..
Phosphates
..
..
..
. .
Present.
Nil.
Iron, poisonous metals
..
..
. .
Nil.
REPORT.
The well water is very highly polluted; it has fœcal bacilli in less than ·01 of a cc. The total colonies are very high
porogenes are present. The bacilli present are practically identical with those found in unfiltered Cauvery water. Hence
consider that the pollution is due to washing of a highly contaminated soil with rain, the porosity of the soil through
the water passes having little or uo action in removing the surface organisms. The chemical analysis also bears out
theory; the nitrates are very high, the ammonias and chlorides low : consequently though the pollution is very large,
amount it is probably not very recent. The bacilli present cannot be looked upon as harmless.
The. well water is a great deal worse than the town supply at this time of year and it is for consideration if a drinking
water supply should not be laid on from the pipe line.
W. WESLEY CLEMESHA,
MAJOR, I.M.S.,
Ag. Sanitary
I P / 2 5 / K Z .
h E R P E T O M O N A S L Y G Æ I
( P A T T O N )
A N D
C R I T H I D I A G E R R I D I S
( P A T T O N )
B y
C A P T A I N W . S . P A T T O N , M . B . ( E D I N . ) , I . M . S .B
E I N G
A P P E N D I X N o . 2
T O T H E
A N N U A L R E P O R T O N T H E K I N G I N S T I T U T E O FP
R E V E N T I V E M E D I C I N E , G U I N D Y , F O R 1 9 0 8 .M
A D R A S :
P R I N T E D B Y T H E S U P E R I N T E N D E N T , G O V E R N M E N T P R E S S .1
9 0 9 .
HERPETOMONAS LYGÆI
(PATTON)
AND
CRITHIDIA G E RRIDIS
(PATTON)
BY
CAPTAIN W. S. PATTON, M.B. (EDIN. ) I.M.S.
BEING
APPENDIX No. 2
TO THE
ANNUAL REPORT ON THE KING INSTITUTE OF
PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, GUINDY, FOR 1908.
MADRAS:
PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRESS.
1909.
•
z.•`
--------
. .
The Life Cycle o f Crithidia gerridis.
7
immature stages of the parasite and that the adult flagellate of Crithidia gerridis is very similar
in appearance to the adult forms of Crithidia fasciculata. In a recent paper (1909) I have
defined the genus Crithidia as follows :-
Crithidia Leger, 1902 (amended.by Patton, 1907).—Flagellates which in their adult stages have
a fusi form body with a blepharoplast, 'usually a large rod-shaped structure situated close to the nucleus,
•either anterior or a little distance posterior. Their anterior ends are attenuated and drawn out along
the flagella to which they are attached by a narrow undulating membrane, which never has the
characteristic bolded appearance seen in the adult flagellates of the genus Trypanosoma. Their
posterior ends may be blunt or pointed. They have three characteristic stages in the life-cycle
pre flagellate, round or oval bodies with a nucleus and blepharoplast which multiply by simple fission ;
•
_flagellate stage, when they multiply by longitudinal division which may be either equal or unequal; in
this stage they often exhibit marked polymorphisms ; post-flagellate stage, when the flagellates shorten,
divide and then encyst. Some species (ticks, leeches and .Melophagus ovinus) pass this stage in the eggs
of their hosts.
8
were obtained from the roosting place of Scotophilus kuhli.- These have been sent
to Mr. Newstead of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine for description. -
(iii) EDUCATIONAL.
The sanitary system of this Presidency owes its origin to Lieutenant-Colonel
W. G. King, M.B., I.M.S., late Sanitary Commissioner for Madras, who in
1895 formulated a scheme for the better education of the Sanitary Inspectors ; in
1904 Colonel King suggested an additional course of training for the Inspectors, as
he considered it was very essential that they should undergo a course of Minor
Sanitary Engineering which would enable them to frame estimates for sanitary
works. At Colonel King's suggestion the Assistant Sanitary Engineer, aided by an
office Assistant, was directed to give the necessary instruction at the King Institute.
The course begins in January and consists of lectures and practical work which is
continued for five months. The course was primarily intended for candidates for
Sanitary Inspector's posts, Vaccinators and Plague Inspectors but by a recent
Government Order certain officers of the Assistant Surgeon's class are selected to
attend the course. In addition to the above there is a course of instruction in-
( 1) The preservation and bacteriology of vaccine and the science of asepsis,
(2) Human and animal vaccination,
(3) Demonstrations of the common skin and other diseases of man,
(4)
Do.
do.
of animals.
During the official year 37 students and 6 Assistant Surgeons attended the
co urse.
Assistant Surgeon Thirumudusawmy Pillai was sent by the District Medical
and Sanitary Officer, Tanjore, for one month to the Institute to undergo training
in bacteriological technique and to acquaint himself with some of the common
blood parasites, mosquitoes, etc. It is to be regretted that more medical officers
have not availed themselves of the excellent opportunities this Institute offers in
the way of Bacteriological and Protozoological research.
W. S. PATTON, M.B., Captain, I.M.S.,
OFFICE OF THE SUPT. ) K .I.P
A g. Superintendent.
GUINDY, 14th February 1908.
Indian Civil
Veterinary Department
Memoirs
NO. 1
REPORT OF THE RESEARCH WORK
OF THE
IMPERIAL BACTERIOLOGICAL LABORATORY
MUKTESAR, 1908-09
CAPTAIN J. D. E. HOLMES, M.A., D.SC
Imperial Bacteriologist to the Government of India
PRINTED BY
THACKER, SPINK & CO., CALCUTTA
FOR THE
INDIAN CIVIL VETERINARY DEPARTMENT
INDIAN CIVIL
VETERINARY DEPARTMENT
MEMOIRS
NO. 1
REPORT OF THE RESEARCH WORK OF
THE IMPERIAL BACTERIOLOGICAL
LABORATORY, MUKTESAR, 1908-09
CAPTAIN J. D. E. HOLMES, M.A., D.SC
Imperial Bacteriologist to the Government of India
PRINTED BY
THACKER, SPINK & CO
CALCUTTA
PRINTED BY
THACKER, SPINK AND CO., CALCUTTA.
PREFACE.
IN previous years the whole work of this Laboratory has
been annually briefly summarised in an official report to the
Government of India.
This report has of necessity been limited to a short state-
ment of the administration of the Institute, amount of sera
and vaccines prepared, and a mention of the diseases under
investigation. While the information contained therein has
been sufficient as an annual record of the management and
the practical results of the work of the Laboratory, it has for
some time been recognised that a more complete account of
the research work engaged in during the year would be
interesting and valuable.
For this purpose the Government of India recently sanc-
tioned the publication of a Scientific Memoir, in which the
investigation work can be dealt with apart from the annual
administration report (Rev. and Agr. Dept. letter No. 769-39-2,
dated 9th March 1908).
The present Memoir is the first of these publications and
contains a statement of the research work of the Laboratory
for the official year 1908-09.
In submitting this report it is not out of place to briefly
refer to the general conditions regulating the work of the
Institute. The main object of the Laboratory is primarily to
supply the demands of the Civil Veterinary Department for
sera and vaccines used in treatment and control of infective
diseases of animals throughout India. Secondly, the investi-
gation of the diseases of animals, their etiology, treatment and
methods of immunisation.
For the first purpose the facilities of the Laboratory and
the results obtained have been eminently satisfactory.
iv
During the past year, however, the demand for anti-rin-
derpest serum has increased to such an extent that in spite of
all efforts it has been found impossible to prepare a sufficient
supply of that serum.
The following sera and vaccines were manufactured and
issued during 1908-09 :—
Name of sera.
Rinderpest
Anthrax
Hæmorrhagic
Septicæmia
Vaccine
Charbon Symp-
tomatique
Pillules
Mallein
Tuberculin
...
...
...
...
...
...
Prepared
doses.
5,45,974
29,786
5,140
1,860
9,238
306
Issued
doses.
6,27,349
30,933
*3,500
1,310
9,052
144
REMARKS.
Doses.
1,22,938 Previous year's balance
5,183
Do.
* For trial in the field.
The position in regard to research work is less satisfactory.
The European staff which consists of a Director, two Assist-
ants and three Laboratory Assistants is inadequate to deal
with the administration work, sera preparation and research.
The first two mentioned duties claim much of their attention.
In present circumstances, the isolated position of the
Laboratory and the lack of sufficient staff to collect material
for investigation, carry out observations at the seat of out-
break, and to form a link between the work of the Laboratory
and field operations, are insuperable barriers to any great
progress.
During the year 1908-09 the superior staff of the Labora-
tory consisted of Mr. Cross, Assistant Bacteriologist and Mr.
Branford, I.C.V.D., on training. To these officers I am
indebted for their assistance in the work herein recorded.
J. D. E. HOLMES.
MUKTESAR,
}
7th May 1909.
SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS.
PART I.—SURRA ... ... ... ...
(i) Investigation of an Outbreak of Horse
Surra with result of treatment, with
Atoxyl, Tartar Emetic, Mercury and
other drugs ... ... ...
(ii) Treatment of Surra by Atoxyl and Orpiment
(iii) Further Experiments on the Treatment of
Surra with Atoxyl and Orpiment and
other preparations of Arsenic ...
PART II.—IMMUNISATION AGAINST CHARBON SYMPTOMATIQUE BY
MEANS OF A SINGLE VACCINE ... ...
PART III.—IMMUNISATION AGAINST HÆMORRHAGIC SEPTICÆMIA OF
BOVINES ... ... ... ...
(i)
Introduction and Experiments ...
(ii) Experiments with Toxin ... ...
(iii) Immunisation by means of Serum ...
(iv)
Do.
do.
Sterile Vaccine
(v)
Do.
do.
Toxin ...
PART IV.-RINDERPEST ... ... ... ...
(i) " Serum Alone " Method.—Duration of Im-
munity following a single, double, treble,
quadruple and five times the standard
dose ... ...
(ii) Nature of immunity following simultaneous
inoculation of blood and serum after a
single, double and treble the standard
dose ... ... ...
(iii) Summary ... ... ...
PART
V.—A PECULIAR FORM OF STREPTOTRICHOSIS AMONG CATTLE
PART VI.—FLAGELLATE FORM OF PIROPLASMA BOVIS ...
PART VII.—NOTE ON A GIANT POLYNUCLEAR CELL ... ...
PAGE.
1
1
15
23
37
48
48
53
54
64
68
69
74
79
83
86
94
101
CORRECTIONS.
For " Trypanosoma " read " Trypanosomes. "
The Sodium Arsenite Solution referred to in Surra Treatment, was that of
Loeffler and Rueh.
Page 78, line 11 from bottom, for " saltfed " read " salted. "
Page 101, line 3 from top, for " has " read " have."
INVESTIGATION OF AN OUTBREAK OF HORSE
SURRA WITH RESULT OF TREATMENT
WITH ATOXYL, TARTAR EMETIC,
MERCURY AND OTHER DRUGS.
DURING the latter months of 1907, the tonga and ekka
ponies working on the Kathgodam-Naini Tal road, U. P.,
suffered heavy losses from Surra. The outbreak commenced,
as is usually the case, soon after the appearance of the rains,
in July. Unfortunately, no opportunity of studying the
outbreak occurred until September. Early in that month,
Mr. Cross, the Assistant Bacteriologist, was directed to carry
out this work, but, owing to pressure of work at the
Laboratory, he was recalled after ten days and Mr. Leese
(Officer Investigating Camel Diseases) was deputed for this
duty.
SUMMARY OF REPORTS BY THE ABOVE OFFICERS.
The tonga service runs from the Railway Station, Kath-
godam, to Naini Tal Brewery, a distance of 12 miles. There
are four halting stages where the ponies are changed and stab-
led: Kathgodam, Bojiaghat, Dogaon and Amprao. About
one hundred and thirty ponies are constantly employed on
this work.
Position of Stables.—The jungle comes up to about
30 yards on one side of Kathgodam stable; there are several
hollows where water is said to collect during the rains within
50 yards from the stable, but no water was there between
20th September and 23rd October. The distance of stable
from road is 80 yards.
Bojiaghat old stable is within a few yards of the road, but
considerably below that level; on three sides there is thin
jungle; about 100 yards from the stable and on a much
lower level is a marshy hollow containing stagnant water.
On the road, just above, and on the same side as the stable,
is a bullock camping-ground, used far more in the day time
1
2
Surra.
than at night ; and the sweepers throw the dung from this
parao over the khud opposite the tonga stable.
Bojiaghat new stable is over. 100 yards from the road and
at a very considerable distance below its level; and about ½
mile from the old stable.
Dogaon stable is almost surrounded by thick jungle, but
is raised 20 or 30 feet above the road which it adjoins. A
bullock parao is opposite the tonga stable.
Amprao has jungle on three sides but of a more open
kind ; and is raised above its level like Dogaon ; is close to
the road but just below that level. Bullock parao adjoins.
Naini Tal Brewery stable is not used at night.
Previous outbreaks.—The last outbreak among the tonga
ponies occurred in 1901 when the tonga service lost 53 animals.
It originated in the old Bojiaghat stable and every animal
there became affected and died.
After this outbreak the old stable was abandoned and
a new one built. In 1906 the old stable was again occupied
and a case of Surra was discovered in December, 1906. This
pony had stood in this stable from the month of July. In this
year some 27 cases were recorded among the pack and ekka
ponies. These ponies use the main road as far as Ranibagh
(2 miles from Kathgodam) and from there to the brewery
they travel by a separate hill track, so that they do not come
much in contact with the tonga ponies. In 1907 the old
Bojiaghat stable was again used.
HISTORY OF 1907 OUTBREAK.
Each tonga pony works on the same stage every day and
stands at night at the same stable.
The first case was diagnosed at Bojiaghat on 15th July,
where the old stable was being used; the pony (No. 69) had
been bought at Aligarh on 10th February, 1907, and had work-
ed at Kathgodam and Bojiaghat since.
The next 14 cases were all among ponies bought previ-
ously to the year 1907. The second, third and fourth cases
were diagnosed on 28th July and the last on 12th October.
Between the 16th July and 12th October, 81 ponies were
lost. All the tonga ponies that were at Bojiaghat or at Kath-
Surra.
3
godam at the first onset died except one Kathgodam pony.
Also an aged Arab, " a pensioner, " running about the tonga
yard, was not affected. The Bojiaghat ponies were moved to
the new stable about a fortnight after the onset. No losses
occurred at Dogaon or Amprao except one at each place,
and these ponies had both been transferred from Bojiaghat
8 or 9 days previously. The usual method of diagnosis
appears to have been for the Veterinary Assistant to take tem-
peratures daily of all ponies at Kathgodam and Bojiaghat
stables, and any pony showing 101° F. or over, was tested by
fresh blood films under 1-6th power, by the Tonga Inspector.
The year is said to have been an exceptionally dry one
with hardly any rain after 27th August, and it has also been
a very bad autumn for malaria in Kathgodam.
Before the outbreak there were 106 ponies distributed
amongst the four lower stages (none stand at night at the
brewery). To replace losses new purchases arrived as fol-
lows :—
22nd August ...
22nd August ...
1st September ...
22nd September
5
3
3
30
from Tanda ...
from Moradabad
from Lucknow ...
from
Peshawar
& Rawalpindi
All diagnosed as Surra between 4th
and 17th September.
One diagnosed 13th September. Other
two escaped.
All got Surra, diagnosed on 13th Sep-
tember, 1st October and 3rd Octo-
ber.
These were distributed as follows :—
Amprao
...
... 10
Dogaon
...
... 6
Bojiaghat
...
... 0
Kathgodam
... 14
The ponies at Kathgodam were segregated about ¼ mile
from the other tonga ponies, about 100 feet above, on the
hill side in the jungle. During the time they had to wait at
Bojiaghat for the return tonga, they stood in the road. Not
one of these ponies which arrived on 22nd September became
affected, although regulary worked on the road and in contact
with 14 other ponies which became affected after the date of
their arrival.
BITING FLIES.
Early in the year before the break of the rains, a fly of
the species Tabanidæ is said to be present in large numbers
4
Surra.
at the lower stages. After the rains commence these flies
soon disappear, and the first case of Surra in 1907 is said to
have been observed when they were becoming scarce. None
of these flies were to be found at the time of investigation.
A Stomoxys which sucks the blood of horses and bullocks
is present throughout the hot weather and disappears towards
the end of October, when, as a rule, no further cases of Surra
occur. It is to be found at every stage on the line. At night
they collect on the leaves of trees and seem to have a prefer-
ence for a tree locally known as " Simal. " They bite all parts
of the body but particularly the fore legs below the knee. A
Hippoboscus is also present at every stage during the same
period, but in much smaller numbers. It is to be seen at com-
paratively high altitudes over 5,000 feet and is found on horses
both during day and night.
At Bojiaghat and Kathgodam, horses, bullocks and buffa-
loes were observed to be severely bitten by some insect
at night time. Late in the evening it is usual to find a few
small fresh blood clots on the hairs of these animals. Early
in the morning, before the Stomoxys commence to bite, nu-
merous dry clots are found attached to the end of hairs on most
parts of the body. Of the pony the withers and back are most
attacked and even in the buffalo the thickest part of the hide
is penetrated. These blood clots are very distinctly seen
on a white or grey pony in the morning.
That these clots were not caused by the Hippoboscus was
concluded from the fact that few of these flies were found in
the stables at nights. The bites occurred to a lesser extent
when the ponies were rugged. The Hippoboscus was never
found on cattle or buffalo.
Many visits were made to the stables at night in order
to discover the cause of these blood clots. An insect resem-
bling a small mosquito* was found in large numbers on the
ponies, but it did not appear to be a blood sucker, as no trace
of blood was found in the stomach after many examinatinns.
Other mosquitoes were present in small numbers, but none
could be secured while biting either ponies or bulls. The syces
* Classified by Dr. Austen as a Phlebotomus (new species) Flies Classified by Dr.
Austen, see page 15.
Surra.
5
affirm that these blood clots are noticed in the morning on the
ungroomed ponies after the rains each year but only in the
stables at the Kathgodam and Bojiaghat stages. This fact was
confirmed by night visits to these and other stables. The clots
are not found after the commencement of the cold season.
Mosquitoes are very prevalent around Kathgodam and
for some miles beyond Bojiaghat, but the numbers become
less as the altitude increases.
REMARKS BY MR. LEESE.
The longest time that actively moving trypanosomes were
found in stomach of Stomoxys was ½ hour after sucking blood
of a Surra pony. In stained preparations trypanosomes were
found 3½ hours after it had sucked from a Surra pony. Exami-
nation of blood of goats and buffaloes showed no parasite,
neither did the sweat, tears or dung of Surra ponies.
Intraperitoneal inoculations from bullocks, which had
been on the road all the year, into rabbits and guinea-pigs gave
trypanosomiasis in one case out of four ; the amount of blood
inoculated being 3 c.c.
That the cattle in the valley are sometimes affected with
latent trypanosomiasis is proved by the inoculation experi-
ment above mentioned, but the refusal of the natives to allow
the withdrawal of blood from their bullocks prevented me from
obtaining evidence as to the proportion affected.
The evidence is against the probability of the disease in
tonga ponies having been imported by new purchases, as no
ponies were bought between 10th February and the beginning
of the outbreak (15th July).
The disease was first discovered at the old Bojiaghat stable
at a time when Tabanus may have been absent, and it conti-
nued to spread when Tabanus was certainly absent.
My visit was too late in the season to make observations
on flies in the early part of the outbreak, but at the time of
my stay, Stomoxys was biting both horses and cattle, and
the effects of what appears to be most likely a mosquito, were
still to be seen on horses, cattle and buffaloes.
After 11th October, I visited the horses every evening
between 7 and 9 P.M., but the only mosquito-like insects which
6
Surra.
I found was apparently a non-blood sucker, and at this time
the blood-marks were much less numerous than in September.
The ponies that were rugged up at night did not show so many
blood-marks as those in the segregation shed which were not
rugged up, but the segregation shed was situated on the edge
of thick jungle.
The cessation of the outbreak corresponds with the dimi-
nution in number of these blood-marks, and also with the
diminution in number of Stomoxys. In September, however,
the Stomoxys was found at every stage on the road.
The only two cases that occurred at Dogaon and Amprao
are probably accounted for by their recent transfer from Bojia-
ghat, and they may also have been overlooked for some days
owing to the irregular testing which was carried out at the two
former stages. At Amprao, the syces had not seen the blood-
marks ; at Dogaon, they had, but my own night visits to these
places were made too late to be able to entirely confirm either
statement, and I can only say that on 15th October there
were no such marks at night at either stage.
The reappearance of the disease with the use of the old
Bojiaghat stable may be more than a coincidence, for the marsh
near it affords a good theoretical breeding ground for mosqui-
toes or Tabanus, and the dung thrown over the khud
from the bullock parao opposite the stable may be expected
to aid the breeding of Stomoxys, and the close proximity of
the bullocks when resting at the parao would give any insect,
capable of transmitting Surra, an opportunity to bite both
horses and bullocks within a short space of time. The appear-
ance given by the trypanosomes in the stomach of the
Stomoxys seemed to indicate that the organism was simply
undergoing disintegration.
SUMMARY.
There appears to be a connection between the old Bojia-
ghat stable and the cause of the outbreak, as on the three
different occasions the disease commenced here. The close
proximity to this stable of a cattle camping-ground on one side
and the presence of marshy land and jungle within a short
distance, are, in all probability, factors in the origin of