NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
TABLE VII (c).
Percentage Prevalence of Lactose Fermenters in Human Fwces and Cowdung.
Series I,
Series 2,
Series 3,
Series 4.
Series 5,
Series 6,
Series 7,1 Series 8,
Series 9,
Human
Cow
Human
Cow
Human Cow
Human
Cow
Human Cow
Human
Cow
Cow
Cow
Human
Cow
per cent, per cent, percent percent, per cent, per cent, per cent, per cent, per cent, per cent, per cent, per cent, per cent, percent, per cent.
15
per cent.
4'5
B. .A cidi Lactici ...
...
...
6.6
5.3
1 0 . 5
'6
11
...
...
...
2
2
4
. . .
20'3
2
B. Levans ...
...
...
No.
...
..
B. Grunthal— Nos. 5, 7. 8
...
1.3
... 3 8 . 6
...
. . .
30
...
441
58'0
. . .
. . .
74
..,
...
70
...
73'3
86'6
36
44
...
48
...
36
...
20'3
. . .
35
.1
6 2
38
1 dul
Gr oup I (saccharose-dul ci t-). pccharose-
No. 9 ...
..
...
...
. . .
. . .
...
. . .
•••
'6
3.3
...
10
2
...
...
...
. . .
.
1
J
B. Coli communis—B. No. 35
24
8
35.3
13'75
'6
...
...
...
30
10
12
1 6
3'7
12'5
4
3'5 1
S c h æ f f e r i
B. No. 33 ...
...
...
1'3
...
. . .
. . .
9'6
...
. . .
.
. .
.
. . .
. . . .
. . .
. . .
1 Group II,
s. (saccharose—
4
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
...
. . .
'6
..
.
• • •
I dulcit +1,
6
B. No. 39 ...
...
...
...
...
..•
...
10
8
...
...
J
B. Pneumonia or Rhinoscleroma.
B. No. 67 ...
•••
...
1.3
6'6
0'6
17'3
- •
• • •
• -
. . .
• • •
• • •
• • •
. • •
. • •
2
..
• ••
••
1
...
1'9
. . .
..
...
3 . 5
Group
s e +
B. No. 70 ..
B Neapolitanus ...
...
...
3,6
4
2'3
....
2'5
• • •
2'7
...
...
...
2
8
4
8
. . .
7
9
20'3
..
...
9
2
1
dulcit +),
B. No. 73 or 75 ...
.,.
...
...
. . .
5'0
• • •
...
—
4
1
...
• •
. . .
J
B. Nos. 100, 101 ...
...
...
2'6
...
2.0
...
,..
...
. . .
...
...
...
3.5
B. Lactis ærogenes ...
...
B. Coscoroba —No. 106
6'
4
6
3'3
. 5
4 . 7
1'25
11'25
• • •
14
27
. . .
13.3
...
13.3
2
10
1
27
29
1'9
31'5
...
40
.. •
15
7
32
Group IV,
(saccharose +
B. Cloaca. ,
B. No. 105
3'6
25'3
1'1
8'75
'6
• • •
. . .
, ..
• . •
2
8
—
...
______
.
. .
1
—
5'5
• • •
--
I
dulcit + ).
—
--
_____ _ _____
—
human
751
Number of colonies on which
the per cent. is calculated.
150
171
161
150
30
50
100
54
160
100
colonies , oowdurg
955 colonies.
—
_ _ _ _
_____ __ _ __
— ---- —
-
Human
43
Numberof different samples of
11
11
10
3 separate mixtures 1 mixture of 10
3
3
1
9
9
4
16
10
11
samples, cowdung
fœces used.
of 10 samples each. samples each
63 samples
—
.
-
—
Nov.
Feb. and arch
January
M
•
Time when work was done ...
July 1908.
August 1908.
September 1908. September 1908. October 1908.
December 1908. 1908.
1909.
1909.
51
This series of experiments are admittedly of a somewhat unsatisfactory nature ;.
they were undertaken just to give us some idea as to what we might expect in.
future work.
Experiment No. 1.—Human fœees.—By an extraordinary coincidence, this parti-
cular experiment gave such very striking results, that a detailed description of all
samples taken is given in Table No. VIII (a). At first samples were romoved at
hourly intervals but later on, two or one specimen a day was found to be all that was
necessary. The results were very remarkable and will be discussed later on.
TABLE VIII (a).
Experiment No. 1.
Date.
Experiment No. 1.
N u m b e r
S a c c y
D u l c i t A d o n i t
V a n d P
Bacillus.
Group
Remarks
r 1 –+– – -- Coli Com.* . . . lI --
I 23
- --
•••
D D o
o .
,,
4 –
- - --
Do.
2nd Sept. 1908. Before exposure
...
...
...
5
6
–
– +
-—
– –
--
– –
Do.
Do.
. . .
„
Temparture
–
- - --
Do.
31° c.
1
8 –+ – – – –
Do.
I_
i 9
10
– +
–
–
-
–
-
– –
--
Do.
...
Do.
,,
Sample 2. One hour's exposure + in 5
cc. of water.
... ... . ... ... ... ...
... Temp. 40° C.
2nd
do.
„
3. Two hours' exposure + in 5
cc.
• • ... . • • • • • • ••
37° C.
.
„
4. Three „
„
„ 35° C.
„
5. Five „
/7
+
„
•••
• • •
•••
„
31° C.
1 1 + I – + – – + No.,100
... IV
2 + + + – – + Pueumoniae ... III
3 + + + – – –
Do.
... III
4 +
+- -- No. 101
... IV
j
5 + + – – – – Neapolitanus ... III
3rd
do.
„
6. End of day + in 5 cc. of 1
6 + – – – – + Coscoroba
... IV
water.
7 1+
Do.
... IV
8 +
+- -- No. 101
... /V
9 +
+- --
Do.
... IV
t. 10 1+
Coscoroba
... IV
4th
do.
„
7. End of day + in 5 cc. of
water.
... ... ... ... ... .. .
... Temp. 30° C.
1 1 + – + –
– Lactis Aerogenes 1V
2 + – + –
–
Do.
...
3
4
+
+ – + – +
Coscoroba
..,
– Lactis Aerogenes
...
..
5 4. 4. 4. – 4. – No. 67..
••• III'
5th
do.
„
8. End of day + in 5 cc. „
6 + – + – + – Lactis Aerogenes IV }- Temp. 33° C.
7 +
+
+–
Do.
...
8 +
Coscoroba
... ,
.
9
+ – – + Acidi Lactici ... I
10
Grunthal
... I
L 11 + – – + – Cloacæ
• •• IV
1 1 _ ÷ ± _ _ _ No. 33 ...
... II 1
2 –
+- -+
Do. ...
II
3
Grunthal
... I
4 +
Coscoroba
... IV
5 – + + – – – No. 33 ..
II
7th
do.
„
9. End of day + in 5 cc. of .
6
7
+ + + – – – Pneumoniae ...
Grunthal
III 1
Temp. 32° C.
water.
8 – – – –
...
–
Do.
...
I
9 – – + – – – Acidi Lactici ...
I
10 – – + – – +
Do.
...
1
11 + – + – — + No. 100
... IV
12 +
Coscoroba
... IV J
8th
do,
Sample 10. End of day + in 5 cc. of ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
••• •...
f...
Temp. 30° C.
water.
9th
do.
10th
do.
I/
11.
,,
„
12.
„
IP
•••
,,
31° C.
... •
„
30° C.
54
TABLE VIII (b).
Experiment No. 9.
'001 cc.
01 cc.
.1 cc.
1 cc.
5 cc.
20
10 cc.
cc.
Remarks.
Cowdung Experiment.
7th Jan. 1909, 12.45 unex-
posed.
1 hr.'s exposure ...
+ + +
- - -
+ + +
+ - -
+ + +
- - -
+
+ +
+ + +
2 hrs.
"
3 hrs.... "
- - -
- - -
- + +
+ + +
4 hrs.
.,
5 hrs.
"
8th Jan. 1909, 12 P.M. ...
- - -
- + +
+ + +
+ + +
+
Sediment ,,
1 P.M.
..
- - -
- - -
- - +
+ + +
+
taken.
"
2
P . M .
. . .
- - -
- - -
- - -
- + +
+
"
"
5
P . M .
+
- + +
4-
9th Jan. 1909, non • ...
- -
+ + +
+ + +
"
e v e n i n g
.
- - -
+ + +
+ + +
10th Jan. 1909, noon
...
,,
evening ...
11th Jan. 1909, noon
...
- - -
- - +
- + +
-
Cloudy day.
"
e v e n i n
g
12th Jan. 1909, noon
...
- - -
- - - +
4.
- +
+
- -
evening ... , ,
evening
_ _
- - -
- -
_
13th Jan. 1909.
_ _
_ _
_ _ . . .
....
Experiment No. 10.
12th Jan. 1909. before ex-
posure, noon.
3 P.M. ...
+ + +
- + +
+ + +
- + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
Cloudy day.
"
5 P.M. ...
- -
+
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
13th Jan. 1909, 5 P.M. ... - - -
- - +
+ + +
+ + +
Cloudy day.
14th Jan. 1909, 1 P.M. ... - - -
- - -
- + +
+ + +
"
5 P.M. ...
- - -
- - +
+ + +
+ + +
15th Jan. 1909, noon
...
- - -
- - -
- + +
+
,,
3 P . M .
- - -
- - -
- - +
+
+ +
5 P . M . . . .
- - -
- - -
- - 4
+
+ +
16th Jan. 1909, noon
...
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
Sediment
taken on pur-
"
1
P . M .
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
pose.
"
5 P.M. ...
- - -
- - -
+ + +
17th Jan. 1909, I P.M. ...
Usual method.
"
5 P.M. ...
- - -
- - -
-
18thJan. 1909, 5 P.M. ...
- - - -
- -
-
Experiment No. 11.
17th Jan. 1909, before ex-
posure, room
+ +
+ + +
"
2 P.m. ... + + +
+ + +
+ + +
,,
5 P.M. ... + +
+ + +
+ + +
18th Jan. 1909, 2 P.M. ... - - +
+ + +
+ + +
"
3 P.M. ...
+ + +
- - +
+ + +
" 5
P . M .
- - -
+
+ + +
19th Jan. 1909,
1 P
. M .
- - -
- - +
+ + +
,,
" 3 P.m.
- - -
- - +
- + +
+ + +
,,
5 P.M. ...
20th Jan. 1909, 2 P.M. ...
- + +
-- • -
+ + +
- -- -
+ + +
- - +
+ + +
+ + 4-
Sediment
taken.
"
21st Jan. 1909, 2 P.M. ...
5 P M. ...
''
- - +
- - +
- - -
- +
+
22nd Jan. 1909, 12 noon ...
I- - +
- - +
+ +
5 P.M. ...
"
23rd Jan. 1909, 5 P M. ..
- - -
+ + +
+ +
-
24thJan. 1909, 5 P.M. ...
_ _ _
_ _ _
..- -
-
25th Jan. 1909, 5 P.M.
- - - -
- -
-
26th Jan. 1909, 5 P.M. ...
Experiment No. 12.
21st Jan. 1909, before ex-
posure.
"
2 P.m. ...
- - -
+ + -
- + -
+ + +
+ + +
"
22nd Jan. 1909, noon
...
- - -
_ _ _
_ _ +
,,
2 P.M.
" "
.
5 P.M
- - -
- - -
-
- -
• - 4-
23rd Jan. 1909, 2 P.M. ...
- - -
-
- -
- - +
5 P.M. ...
"
- - -
-
-
- - +
+ + +
Cloudy day.
24th Jan. 1909, 5 P.M. ...
25th Jan. 1909, 5 P.M. ..,
- - -
- - -
- - -
26th Jan. 1909, 5 P.M. ...
28th Jan. 1909, 5 Pat. ...
29th Jan. 1909, 5 P.M. ...
- - -
- -
57
•
Experiment No. 17—Cowdung.
Emulsion before exposure contained.
3 coscoroba, 2 coli communis, 2 acidi lactici,.
1 grunthal.
After 1 hour's exposure showed
1 coli communis, 7 coscoroba, 2 grunthal.
Do. , 2 hours'
do.
3 coscoroba, 6 grunthal, 1 cloacæ).
Do. 4 hours'
do.
10 grunthal.
The emulsion became free from lactose fermenters by noon of the second day.
Note .—That bacillis coli communis survived for one hour, but not f or two ; that bacillus grunthal
was the last survivor ; the late appearance of cloacæ.
Experiment No. 18—cowdung.
Emulsion before exposure contained.
9 coscoroba, 1 neapolitanus.
After 1 hour's exposure showed
...
2 coli communis, 2 cloacæ, 2 coscoroba,
4 grunthal.
Do. 2 hours'
do.
...
7 coscoroba, 2 grunthal, 1 cloacæ.
Do. 3 hours'
do.
No fœcal organisms found to be present.
Do. 4 hours'
do.
...
8 cloacæ, 1 grunthal.
Subsequent samples proved sterile.
Note .—Coli communis did not survive longer than 2 hours ; bacillus cloacæ preponderated in the
final analysis.
.Experiments No. 19—Cowdung.
Emulsion before exposure contained.
1 coli communis, 1 cloacæ, 4 coscoroba,,
4 grunthal.
After 1 hour's exposure showed
...
3 coli communis, 3 grunthal, 4 coscoroba.
Do. 2 hours'
do.
...
8 grunthal, 1 coscoroba, 1 °loam.
Do. 3 hours'
do.
...
6 grunthal, 2 coscoroba, 2 No. 100.
Do. 5 hours'
do.
2 grunthal, 8 coscoroba.
At 1 o'clock on the 2nd day (after 10 grunthal.
about 10 hours' exposure).
•
At 5 on the second day
10
d o.
Subsequent samples contained no organisms in 20 cc.
Note .—Coli communis survived one hour, but not 2 hours' exposure to sun ; late appearance of
bacillus cloacæ ; final bacillus that remained was bacillus grunthal ; even this disappeared after
about 3 days' exposure.
Experiment No. 20—Cowdung.
Emulsion before exposure contained.
4 coscoroba, 1 cloacæ, 1 coli communis,
3 neapolitanus, acidilactici.
After 1 hour's exposure showed
...
7 coscoroba, 1 grunthal, 1 cloacæ, 1 neapo-
litanus.
Do. 4 hours'
do.
...
7 lactis ærogenes, 3 grunthal.
Noon of second day
...
... 10 grunthal.
Evening of second day
10
do.
Noon of third day ...
. 10 do.
Evening of third day
... 10
do.
Noon of fourth day
...
... 10 do.
Evening of fourth day
10 do.
In subsequent 20 cc. samples there were no organisms.
Note .—Disappearance of coli communis after 1 hour's exposure ; fairly rapid disappearance of
neapolitanus ; these organisms did not survive longer than a few hours ; appearance of bacillus
grunthal after one hour though it was not detected in the sample before exposure ; appearance of
lactis ærogenes sometime before 4 hours' exposure but its disappearance before noon of second day ;
the longer persistence of bacillus grunthal as compared with other organisms.
Experiment No. 21—Cowdung.
Emulsion before exposure contained.
5 grunthal, 4 acidi lactici ,1 No. 100.
After 15 minutes' exposure showed...
9 acidi lactici, 1 coscoroba.
1 hour's exposure showed
4 acidi lactici, 2 lactis ærogenes,
4 cloacæ.
15
66
TABLE IX (a).
Tabular Statement of Results of Analyses of Red Hills Lake.
Date of
taking
Sample
taken from
sample.
Total
colonies
A g
a r
g
37' ň
f œ œ œ œ œ œ
bacilli
æ æ æ i n
Organisms present and
n u m her.
Depth
of water
in lake.
Rainfall and other
remarks remarks.
...
1
Oct. 25
Surface 1
...
'1 cc. 5 Oxytocus pernlciosus, 3
9 . 1
Lake rose on account
deep.
I
No. 69, 2 No. 105.
of rain about 4 1/2 feet
in one night.
2
Oct. 31
Surface.
...
1 cc. 9 Grunthal, 1 cloacæ
... 11.9'
2b
, ,
Bottom 14'.
...
1 cc. 1 2 Acidi lactici, colt comma-
nis , 1 grunthal, 2 cloacx,
1 No. 101, 1 No. 69.
...
Due to more rain.
3 a
Nov. 11
Surface.
1 cc. 3 Grunthal, 1 coscoroba, 2
cloacT, 1 lactls
æ r o
genes, 3 No. 101.
12.9'
Due
to
continued
rainfall up to N o
v
-
ember 7th.
3b, ,
Bottom 14'.
1 cc. 2 Grunthal, 3 lactis
æ r o
genes, 1 cloaca, 2 No.
101, 1 No. 67, 1 No. 75.
4a
No v . 23
Surface.
150
1 cc. 10 Cloacæ
. . .
. . . 12.25' Total sediment in sur-
face • 55 part per
100,000.
4b
II
Bottom 11'.
440
1 cc. ' 9 Lactisæmrogenes, 1 pneu-
moni m.
...
No rain.
5a
Nov. 29
Surface.
160 5 cc. 19 Lactis ærogenes 1 cosco-
roba. .
12.4,
No rain.
5b
II
Bottom 6'.
510
9 Cloacae, 1 No. 75...
. . .
5c
Middle 3'.
190
1 cc. 7 Lactis æirogenes, 1 cloacae,
2 No. 101.
•••
Ga
6b
Dec. 7
Surface.
290
Bottom 6 1/2
360
5 cc.
0 cc.
j 5 Coli communis, 4 cloacm,
1 neapolitanus.
1 Coll communis, 6 grun-
I
thal, 2 cloacæ, 1 No. 37.
12 . 3'
...
Heavy rain fell about
5th December.
Analyses
of chan-
nels supplying the
lake taken at this
time show that
some
of these
channels are dis-
in
6c
, ,
Middle 3'.
430
1 cc. 2 Coli communis, 1 grun-
. . .
charging
very
polluted
water.
I
thal, 5 coscoroba, 2
lactis rogenes.
Sediment of sur-
face '4 part per
L 100,000.
'7a
Dec. 13
Surface.
1,110 50 cc. Nil
...
. . .
. . .
7b
7c I
8 a
,,
, ,
Dec. 18
Bottom 11
Middle 5'.
Surface.
1,420
360
10 cc.
20 cc,
50 cc.
9 Cloaca 1 coscoroba
...
6 Lactis rogenes, 4 grun-
thal.
Nit
...
...
...
...
. . .
...
12.23'
No rain.
No rain.
8b
,,
Bottom 8'.
580 10 cc. 10 Cloacae
...
...
„.
...
Sediment in surface
sample .35 parts per
100,000.
8c
.9a
,,
Jan. 6
Middle 4'.
Surface.
850
620
1 cc.
1 cc.
9 Lactis æmrogenes, 1 No.
101.
8 Acidi lactici, 2 grunthal..
...
...
Heavy rain fell first
week of the year ; a
polluted layer of
water on the sur-
face.
• 9b
9c
:10a
,,
,,
Jan. 14
Bottom 18'.
Middle 8'.
Surface.
360
340
1,260
10 cc.
5 cc.
1 cc.
5 Cloacm, 5 No. 6 ...
...
9 Grunthal, 1 acidi lacticl ..
5 Acidi lactici, 2 coscoroba,
3 No. 101.
. . .
...
12.75'
No rain, but rise due
to last fall.
10b
10c
,,
,,
Bottom 10'.
Middle 5'.
1,890
3,150
1 cc.
1 cc.
9 Coscoroba, 1 neapolitanus.
5 Grunthal, 3 coscoroba, 1
cloaca, 1 neapolita-
nus.
...
...
,
11a
Jan. 20
Surface.
690 20 cc. 8 Coscoroba, 2 lactis æmro-
genes.
13'
No rain.
11 b
l l
c
9,
„
Bottom 18'.
Middle 9 ' .
110
630
50 cc.
50 cc.
8 Coscoroba, 2 grunthal ...
Nil
...
. . .
. . .
...
. . .
12a
Jan. 26
Surface.
780
5 cc. 8 No. 101, 2 No. 69 ...
...
...
—
70
CHAPTER X.
THE EFFECTS OF SUNLIGHT CONTINUED: THE RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF THE
WATER OF THE TAKES AND RESERVOIRS IN THE PRESIDENCY.
A third source from which the action of sunlight and storage can be demonstrated,
is by a study of the results of analyses, obtained from the various impounding reservoirs,
lakes, and. storage tanks, taken at different times of the year, and considering these in
relation with the meteorological conditions obtaining at the time. In the Madras
Presidency 7 out of 18 water-works derive their supply from lakes ; 2 others, namely,
Kurnool and Cocanada, possess storage reservoirs, which for 9 months of the year are
u s e d a s s e t t l i n g t a n k s o n l y , h o l d i n g a b o u t 6 o r 9 d a y s ' s u p p l y ; b u t w h i c ha
t
the
com-
mencement of the hot weather are pumped full, and act as storage reservoirs for the
town, containing as much as 2½ to 3 months supply, for the period when the irrigation
canals are empty. The results obtained in these two storage .reservoirs have been
included in these results.
In order to save long discriptions tables X (a) and X (b) have been compiled.
TABLE X (a) .
Tabular Statement of Results of Analyses of Lake Waters.
Town supply.
Quarter ending 30th September
1908.
.
Quarter
ending 31st December
1 9 0 8 .
Quarter ending 31st March
1909.
i n
n
n
i
i
Organisms present and
l i Organisms present and
l i
Organisms present
7sT3
number.
al
number. al
c i
and number.
b a
b
F
F
F
Adóni ... ... ...
10 Grunthal ...
...
.1
2 Coli communis, 5
50 8 No. 73, 1 Cloacae
Grunthal, 3 Cos-
coroba.
1 Coscoroba.
.....
1
4 Cloaca), 1 Lactis
wrogenes, 1 No. 73.
...
......
...
Coonoor
...
•01 8 Grunthal, 2 Cos-
coroba.
5 1 Grunthal, 9 Cos-
coroba.
1 10 No. 73.
Madras
—
1. Red Hill
...
10 Cloaca
...
...
5 9 Lactis
æ r o g e n e s 1
50 10 Lactis ærogenos.
Coscoroba.
2. Sholavaram
...
...
5 10 Lactis æwrugenes
Ootacamund —
1. Dodabetta
(Upper).
.01
3 Cloacm, 4 Grunthals,
3 Coscoroba.
50 Nil
...
...
...
50 Nil.
2. Dodabetta
1 I 3 Lactis ærogenes, 5
J. 4 Lactis æmrogenes, 3
1 7 Grunthals,
1.
(Lower).
No. 101,1 Pneu-
m o n i w .
Cloacae, 2 No. 67,
1 Neapolitanus.
Acidi
lactici, 2
Cloaca.
3. Tiger Hill
...
5 10 Grunthals ...
1 6 Cloacae, 1 Grunthal,
2 No. 101.
50 Nil.
4. Marlimund
...
3 5 Coli communis, 5
Grunthal.
1
. Cloacm, 2 Cosooroba,
I Grunthal, 1
1 7 Neapolitanus,
3
No. 73.
Neapolitanus, 1
Acidi lactici, 1
No. 75.
Vellore
...1 5 Cloacm, 2 Neapoli-
tanus, 2 No. 73, 1
10 2 Grunthal, 2 No. 6, 6
Coscoroba.
10 10 No. 9.
No. 67.
Vizagapatam ...
...
1 10 Cloaca)
...
...
1
2 Cloacae, 4 No. 67, 4
5 10 No. 67.
No. 75.
.
71
TABLE X (a)--cont.
Tabular Statement of Results of Analyses of Lake W a t e r s — c o n t .
•
Town supply.
Kurnool*
...
...
Cocanada * ...
Quarter
n i
l i
ci
F
3.
ending 30th September
1908.
Oreanisms pi esent and
number.
Quarter
i n
l i
al cli
F
ending 31st December
1 9 0 8 .
Organisms present and
number.
Quarter ending 31st March
1909.
i n
l i
a l
i l
ba
F
Organisms present
and number.
10 Grunthal ...
...
3 Cloaem 2 Grunthal,
1 No. 6.
10
4 Cloacæ,, 1 Grunthal,
4 No. 67, 1 Lactis
ærogenes,. t
10 Grunthals ...
... j
5 8 Lactis
æ e r o g e n e s
2 No. 101.
1 2 Grunthal, 4 Cos-
coroba, 2
L a c t i s
terogenes,
1.
No.
1 .01.•
Approximate average.
•3 of a cc,
...
...
...
Coli communis present in one
instance.
8 Cc.
...
...
...
Coli communis present in one
instance.
.40 cc.
Coli
communis
entirely
I
absent.
Table X (a) gives the fœcal organisms found in each sample taken from these
lakes for the three quarters under report, namely, first quarter—July, August and
September, second quarter—October, November and December 1908, and third quart er
--January, February and March 1909.
The bacilli present and the number of each found in these samples, are also
recorded.
TABLE X (b).
Tabular statement showing percentage of organisms in Lake Waters.
Quarter ending
September 30, 1908.
Quarter ending
December 31, 1908.
Quarter ending
March 31, 1909
Name of organism.
Actual. Per cent. Actual.
Per cent. Actual.
Per cent.
Bacillus cloac
...
...
...
...
35
31'8
19
16'8
3
2'2
„
Grunthal
...
...
...
49
44'5
21
18'6
9
10.0
,, Lactis aerogenes ...
4
3'6
27
24'0
20
22'2
„
Coscoroba
...
...
...
5
4'5
21
18'6
5
5'5
„
ooli communes ...
...
...
5
4'5
2
1'7
...
...
Neapolitanus
...
...
2
1'8
2
1•7
7
7'7
„
Pneumonæ
1
'9
1
'8
...
...
,,
Acidi Lactici
...
...
..
...
...
...
1.
1'1
,, Oxyt cns Perniciosus ... ...
...
...
...
...
„
No. 73 ...
...
...
..
3
2'7
6
5'3
21
2 3 . 3
, ,
5
4'5
2
1'7
3
3.3
„
N o. 67 ...
...
...
1
'9
10
8'8
10
11.1
„
No. 6
...
...
...
...
1
'9
2
1 '
...
...
...
10
11'1
111
100'0
113
100'0
89
100'0
Table' No. X (b) shows the organisms present and the percentage in which
they occur in all the samples of that quarter.
It should be stated at this point, that the figures in X (b) are somewhat different
from those given in table XIII (b) in ChapterXIII, because the classification in this
place is of somewhat a rough nature. The figures in this latter table contain, under
the head of Madras, about three or four analyses of water taken from supply channels,
* Kurnool and Cocanada possess settling tanks capable of holding about a week's supply when these samples were
taken.
+ On these occasions the tanks were recently filled up with canal water.
The lake at Coonoor only holds about four or six days' supply.
Note.—All samples were taken from the surface, that is within the top twelve inches.
7 4
only the most resistant organisms were found commonly in water, and. when all
susceptible bacilli had long since disappeared, would be the one of greatest prevalence
of these diseases. Undoubtedly the scarcity of water at this time is a factor. But it
demonstrates a point of difference between the sanitary problems in the East and in
E u r o p e ; n a m e l y , t h a t i n t h i s c o u n t r y w e h a v e t w o d a n g e r s t o l o o k a f t e r : ( 1 ) D i s e a s e s
such as enteric, diarrhæa, and to some extent cholera, indication of the relation of which
to the water-supply is to be looked for in the presence of the susceptible organisms, such
as coli communis and (2) cholera and dysentery, which are frequently, though not
always, connected with the lowering of the level of lakes, and are associated
with the presence in the water of the very resistant organisms. It is well-known,
amongst sanitarians in this country, that, as lakes, reservoirs, etc., reach a certain
level, cholera has a tendency to appear. There are at least two examples in the
ye a r unde r r e por t ; vi z . , e pi de mi c s i n Adóni a nd Ma dr a s c i t y. The s e wi l l f or m t he
subject of a subsequent chapter. Hence it is evident that the mere presence or
absence of organisms, usually accepted as being indicators of recent pollution, is not
the only point to be borne in mind by a water analyst in the East. Of course it is not
maintained that in every ease when the resistant, and what may be termed,
harmless organisms, such as cloacæ and grunthal predominate in a lake, that cholera
necessarily results, any more than that enteric is always epidemic when coli communis
are found in the water. But experience has shown that the conditions in the lake have
become such as to render the dissemination of the disease probable, if the specific
organism happen to be present. The relation between these resistant organisms and
the vibrios of cholera will form the subject of a future investigation.
The following conclusions are considered justified by these results:
—
(1) That bacillus cloacæ and grunthal will persist in water exposed to the
action of sun and storage for many months, and may therefore be looked upon as
resistant to these forces.
(2) That the rareness of such organisms as coli communis in the samples
analysed demonstrates the fact that organisms, very susceptible to the action of sunlight,
do exist, coli communis being the commonest example of these.
(3) That there exists a large class of organisms, which in point of power of
resistance to the action of sunlight and storage, come between the very resistant and
the susceptible organisms. This class is made up of many species. Further investi--
gation may make it possible to sub-divide this large group.
(4) That storage, an important factor in which in the tropics, is the action of
sunlight, is capable of rendering a highly contaminated water extremely pure, and of
killing a very great percentage of the fœcal organisms present after gross pollution.