NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
62
Hæmorrhagic Septicæmia.
Bull.
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Serum.
5
5
20
20
25
25
25
Virus after 3
weeks c.c.
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Result.
Lived. No reaction.
„ „
„ „
Died.
Lived. No reaction.
„
„
„ „
1 Control died in about 30 hours, and the other in 3 days.
Serum plus virus after six weeks.
Bull No.
22
23
24
25
Serum c.c.
25
25
25
25
Virus c.c.
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Died.
„
Lived.
„
Result.
1 Control died in 2 days; 1 lived.
Serum plus virus after 8 weeks.
Bull No.
26
27
28
29
30
31
Serum c.c.
25
25
25
25
25
25
Virus c.c.
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Died.
Lived.
Died.
„
Lived.
Died.
Result.
No reaction.
Slight reaction.
3 Controls died in 2 days ; 1 lived.
Serum C. in doses of 20 c.c. protected for a period of 3
weeks. After an interval of 6 and 8 weeks the immunity was
uncertain and passing off. The simultaneous injection of 20
c.c. serum and virus was not followed by any reaction, but
gave an active immunity which was tested after an interval
of 8 weeks with successful results.
METHOD OF PREPARATION OF SERUM D.
Hill Bull No. 9089.
Immunized by an injection of anti-serum followed by an inoculation of
0.1 c.c. culture 48 hrs. after.
Interval 10 days.
Injected with 5 c.c. filtered culture 48 hrs. old.
Interval 10 days.
Hæmorrhagic Septicæmia.
63
Injected with 30 c.c. filtered culture 48 hrs. old.
Interval 12 days.
Injected with 200 c.c. filtered culture 48 hrs. old.
Interval 14 days.
Injected with 600 c.c. filtered culture 48 hrs. old.
Interval 14 days.
Injected with 2000 c.c. filtered culture 48 hrs. old.
Interval 21 days.
Bled 1850 c.c.
Two other hill bulls were treated in a similar manner and
the serum from all three mixed together.
TESTS OF SERUM D.
Serum plus virus 48 hours after. Re-tested after 8 weeks.
Bull.
1
2
3
4
Dose of
serum in-
jected c.c.
5
5
10
10
Virus c.c.
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Result.
Lived. No reaction.
„ „
„ „
„ „
Re-tested
after inter-
val of
8 weeks.
„
„
„
Result.
Lived. No reaction.
„ „
„ „
„ „
2 Controls died.
Serum alone tested after 6 weeks.
Bull No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Dose of serum
injected c.c.
25
25
25
25
25
25
Virus c.c.
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Lived.
„
„
„
Died.
Died.
Result.
No reaction.
„
„
„
3 Controls died ; 1 lived.
Virus followed by serum 24 hours after.
Bull No.
1
2
3
Virus c.c.
0.1
0.1
0.1
Dose of serum
injected c.c.
25
50
50
How injected.
Intrav.
„
„
Result.
Died 2½ days.
Died 3 days.
Died 2 days.
2 Controls died.
Serum D appeared somewhat more potent than serum C.
Out of six bulls which received a dose of 25 c.c. and were tested
after an interval of six weeks, four were protected.
64
Hæmorrhagic Septicæmia.
An injection of 5 to 10 c.c. followed by virus 48 hours
after gave no reaction and afforded an active immunity which
was tested after an interval of eight weeks with good results.
The injection of serum (C & D) followed by the inoculation
of virus confers an active immunity of long duration and gives
rise to no thermal reaction or other symptoms. Similar
results have been obtained in immunising against Rinderpest
and Anthrax by the combination of serum and virus. Even
when the amount of serum injected is sufficient to suppress all
symptoms of disease, an active immunity follows which persists
for several months.
This serum had no curative effect.
IMMUNISATION BY MEANS OF STERILE VACCINES.
As it was frequently observed during this investigation
that attenuated cultures produced no immunity against in-
oculation of a virulent strain, and also for the reason that vac-
cination by means of the living organism is always attended by
considerable risk of fatalities, no experiments on this line were
conducted.
Vaccines were prepared in the following manner :—
(1) A forty-eight hours broth culture of virulent strain
was sterilized at 60° for half an hour. To this was added a
quantity of the sterilized sediment of broth cultures grown
from one to four months.
Vaccine A.
(2) A forty-eight hours broth culture was treated as
above and was mixed with a glycerine extract of the sedi-
ment from old cultures.
Vaccine B.
(3) A bull was injected intrapleurally with 200 to 300 c.c.
of a 48 hours broth culture of H. S. The exudate was drawn
24 hours after the injection. This was sterilized for three days
under toluol.
Vaccine C.
(4) The sterilized and filtered fluid (Toxin) from 48 hours
cultures was also tested to ascertain its immunising effect.
Hæmorrhagic Septicæmia.
65
TESTS OF VACCINE A.
Hill Bull.
1
2
Vaccine.
50 c.c.
1 „
Tested after
16 days.
„
Lived.
Died.
Result.
No reaction.
1 Control died in 2 days.
3
4
10 c.c.
5 „
21 days.
„
Lived.
„
No reaction
„
Hill Bull.
5
6
7
8
Vaccine.
5 c.c.
5 „
5 „
5 „
Tested after
21 days.
21 „
21 „
21 „
Lived.
„
„
„
Result.
No reaction.
„
„
„
2 Controls died in 3 days.
9
10
11
12
13
14
10 c.c.
10 „
10 „
5 „
5 „
5 „
21 days
21 „
21 „
21 „
21 „
21 „
Lived.
„
„ „
„
„
No reaction.
„
„
„
„
„
1 Control died in 2½ days.
15
16
17
10 c.c.
5 „
5 „
31 days.
31 „
31 „
Lived.
„
„
No reaction.
„
„
1 Control died in 36 hours.
18
19
20
21
22
23
10 c.c.
10 „
10 „
5
„
5 „
5 „
42 days.
42 „
42 „
42 „
42 „
42 „
Lived. No reaction.
„ „
„ „
„ „
„ „
Died in 2 days.
2 Bulls & 2 Ponies, Controls, died within 3 days.
This vaccine was kept for 36 days at room temperature
before being used.
5
Hæmorrhagic Septicæmia.
Hill Bull.
24
25
26 27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Vaccine.
5 c.c.
5 „
5 „
5 „
5 „
5 „
5 „
5 „
10 „
10 „
10 „
10 „
10 „
10 „
10 „
10 „
Tested after
56 days.
56
„
56
„
56 „
56 „
56
„
56
„
56
„
56
„
56
„
56
„
56
„
56
„
56 „
56
„
56
„
Lived.
„
„
„
„
„
„
Died.
Lived.
„
„
„
„
„
Died.
„
Result.
No reaction.
„
„
„
„
„
„
No reaction.
„
„
„
„
„
3 Controls died in 2 days ; 1 lived.
Vaccine A in dose of 5 to 10 c.c. confers complete immunity
up to a period of six weeks. Out of 16 bulls tested after an
interval of two months, three deaths occurred ; the others
showed no reaction.
TEST OF VACCINE B.
To determine at what period after the inoculation of the
vaccine immunity is established.
Hill Bull.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Vaccine.
5 c.c. plns
5 „
5 „
5 „
5 „
5 „
Tested after
Virus simultaneously.
„
2 days.
9 „
6
„
6 „
Lived
Lived
„
Result.
Died 36 hrs.
48 „
30 „
Severe reaction.
No reaction.
„
Length of immunity conferred by Vaccine B.
4, 5 & 6 were re-tested six weeks after and showed no
reaction to the virus.
Hill Bull.
7
8
9
10
11
12
Vaccine.
5 c.c.
5 „
5 „
10 „
10 „
10 „
Tested after
42
day.
42
„
42 „
42 „
42 „
42 „
Result.
Lived. No reaction.
„ „
„ „
„ „
„ „
„ „
Hæmorrhagic Septicæma.
67
2 Controls died in 3 days.
Hill Bull.
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Vaccine.
5
c.c.
5 „
5 „
5 „
5 „
5 „
10 „
10 „
10 „
10 „
10 „
10 „
Tested after
56 days.
56 „
56 „
56 „
56 „
56 „
56 „
56 „
56 „
56 „
56 „
56 „
Lived.
„
„
„
Died.
Died.
Lived.
„
„
„
„
Died.
Result.
No reaction.
„
„
„
No reaction.
„
„
„
„
3 Controls died in 2 days ; 1 lived.
In this test the vaccine was dried and made up in form
of pillules which were injected subcutaneously.
Bull.
25
26
27
28
29
30
Vaccine
2 pilluies.
2 „
2 „
1 „
4 „
4 „
Tested after
21 days.
21 „
21 „
21 „
21 „
21 „
Lived.
„
„ „
„
„
Result.
No reaction.
„
„
„
„
„
2 Controls died in 2½ days.
Vaccine B in dose of 5 to 10c.c. confers complete immunity
for six weeks. Out of 12 bulls tested after an interval of eight
weeks, three died; the others showed no reaction. As the inocu-
lated virus produces a more acute and fatal course than is ob-
served in cases of natural infection, it is probable that Vaccines
A and B will be found to protect for longer periods in field
operations.
The immunity is established in about four days after the
inoculation of the vaccine.
TESTS OF VACCINE C.
Bull.
1
2
3
4
Vaccine.
5 c.c.
„
„
„
Tested after
Simultaneously.
„
„
„
Lived.
„
„
„
Result.
No reaction.
„
„
„
1 Control died in 48 hours.
5
6
7
8
5
c.c.
5 „
5 „
5 „
21 days.
21 „
21 „
21 „
Lived.
„
„ „
No reaction.
„
„
„
68
Hæmorrhagic Septicæmia.
1 Control died in 36 hours.
Bulls 1, 2, 3, 4 were re-tested a month after the vaccine
injection and inoculation of virus and were found immune.
The investigation of this vaccine was not carried any fur-
ther, as the difficulty in obtaining the pleural exudate proved
that it was not a practical method of operation.
IMMUNISATION BY MEANS OF TOXIN.
The toxin was obtained by sterilizing and filtering broth
cultures 48 hours old. The toxin was used fresh.
Bull.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Testin.
5 c.c.
5 „
5 „
5 „
5 „
5 „
5 „
5 „
10 „
10 „
10 „
10 „
Tested after
21 days
21 „
21 „
21 „
42 days
42
„
12 „
42 „
12 „
42 „
42 „
42 „
Lived
„
„
„
Died.
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Result.
No
reaction
„
„
„
The toxin in a dose of 5 c.c. protects for a period of al out
three weeks.
PART IV.
RINDERPEST.
THE " SERUM ALONE " METHOD AS A MEANS OF
COMBATING RINDERPEST IN INDIA.
About ten years ago the method of preventive inoculation
against Rinderpest by means of a single injection of serum alone
was first practised in India. The introduction of the prophy-
lactic treatment of Rinderpest in India, followed on the work
done in South Africa by Koch, Kolle, Turner Danys, Bordet,
Theiler, Edington and others.
In 1897 Koch visited India and gave a demonstration of
the bile and serum methods at the Muktesar Laboratory.
These methods were subsequently thoroughly investigated
by Rogers and Lingard, in relation to their practical applicability
to existing conditions in India. The use of the bile was
condemned principally on account of the difficulty in obtain-
ing sufficient quantities and the fact that it failed to protect
cattle of Hill breed which are recognized as being particularly
susceptible to Rinderpest. After some years of work during
which the " serum alone " and the " serum simultaneous "
methods were submitted to repeated tests both in the Labora-
tory and in the field, it was finally decided that the " serum
alone" process was the only method capable of practical
application in India.
The peculiar conditions of the country in regard to all
questions connected with cattle, the prejudices and supersti-
tions of the people, the antipathy and suspicion with which
they regard all innovations, are the first considerations which
have to be reckoned with in all attempts to control epizootics
among cattle in India. Whatever measures are attempted,
they cannot be carried out without the full consent and appro-
val of the cattle owners. No compulsion, segregation of
animals, or police restrictions can be enforced. Consequently
70
Rinderpest.
many methods of dealing with infective diseases, which have
met with success and are in force in other countries, cannot be
adopted for use in India.
Lingard, by a long series of experiments, worked out the
safest and most economical method of preparing an anti-Rin-
derpest serum of high potency. This method is still in practice.
The serum-preparing animal is immunised by a simultaneous
injection of serum and virulent blood About 2 weeks after
this, he receives a massive injection of virulent blood, about
8 c.c. for each pound body weight. When the reaction following
this injection has subsided, another massive injection of about
double the amount of the first is given. After an interval of
three weeks from the last injection the animal is bled for serum
Some animals receive a series of six or more bleedings at inter-
vals of a week. The potency of the serum is maintained by
mixing with the serial bleedings equal parts of the first bleedings
from the more susceptible bulls of Hill breed, whose serum is
stronger than that of Plains bulls. This method ensures a
serum which in a dose of 4 to 5 c.c. per 600 lbs. body weight
for animals of Plains breed and of 72 to 90 c.c. for Hill breeds
protects against a simultaneous inoculation of virulent blood.
Each brew of serum is carefully tested on Hill bulls and the
dose fixed before issue from the Laboratory. In the early
operations with serum much opposition was experienced from
the owners of the cattle, who regarded the interference with
suspicion and refused to allow their animals to be treated.
It required unlimited tact and patience on the part of the
operator to gain their confidence, and it speaks well for the zeal
and perseverance of the Veterinary Department, and is a testi-
mony to the intrinsic value of the serum method, that at the
present time, in districts where serum has once been used,
cattle owners of their own accord apply for help in outbreaks
of Rinderpest. Among the Native States, also, the method
has met with approval and there is a rapidly increasing demand
for serum from this quarter.
The figures of inoculations for the past nine years show
how far the use of the serum is annually extending—
1899-00
1900-01
1901-02
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Doses.
1,730
1,489
7,074
Rinderpest.
71
1902-03
1903-04
1904-05
1905-06
1906-07
1907-08
...
...
...
..
..
...
...
...
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
..
...
...
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
41,147
48,157
56,483
1,24,015
1,97,259
2,46,722
The demand would be much greater if there were a suffi-
cient staff for field operations. The serum treatment is not
allowed to be carried out except by graduates of a Veterinary
College who have also been trained in inoculation work.
The number of qualified Veterinary Assistants is far below
the requirements and the colleges are unable to educate a suffi-
cient number to meet the increasing demand for men for Gov-
ernment and other posts.
The popularity which the serum has, under the most diffi-
cult circumstances, achieved among cattle owners in India,
and the annual records of the Superintendents, Civil Veter-
inary Department, and their staff, go to prove that the use
of the "serum alone" method is one of real practical benefit,
that it protects cattle through an outbreak of the disease, and
that it affords a means of effectually checking the spread
of Rinderpest.
In field operations there are many difficulties in keeping
treated animals under observation and in collecting accurate
information. There is, however, little doubt that the number
of cattle which succumb to Rinderpest, after serum treatment,
is extremely small. If the percentage of deaths among animals
after serum injections were at all appreciable, the owners would
consider the treatment as the cause of death and would draw
attention to the fact.
Recently I had an opportunity of making some careful ob-
servations of the results of serum injections in an outbreak
of Rinderpest among the susceptible Hill cattle.
In January 1908, Rinderpest broke out among cattle in a
village a few miles from the Laboratory. Soon after the
disease appeared, 35 cattle were injected with a single dose of
serum. Among the untreated animals deaths occurred for
over a month and a half. The inoculated animals were during
* 6,27,349 doses were issued during 1908-09.
72
Rinderpest.
this time in contact with the other cattle and escaped without
any mortality.
During July, August and September, Rinderpest was
again prevalent in villages not far from the Laboratory. The
following serum inoculations were made by one of our Veter-
inary Inspectors in different villages:—
14
14
23
28
cattle were treated on
„ „ „ on
„ „ „
on
„ „
„
on
16-8-08 received 35 c c. each
17-8-08
„
40 „ „
24-8 08
„
40 „ „
11-9-08
„
50 „ „
Ordinary
single
dose for
Hill cattle.
The disease continued on into October. On the 24th
October, the inoculated animals were checked by the Veterinary
Inspector and none of them had succumbed.
Although the practical results of the "serum alone"
method appear in every way satisfactory, a consideration of
the limitation of serum treatment established by Laboratory
test suggests a doubt as to the actual value and accuracy of
the statistics and reports of these results.
With a view of arriving at a clearer understanding of the
true value of the "serum alone" methods as applied in out-
breaks of Rinderpest in India, some investigations on the
following questions were carried out:—
(1) The duration of the protection afforded by the use
of a single injection of serum.
(2) The nature of the immunity following a simulta-
neous inoculation of serum and virulent blood,
where no subsequent reaction occurs.
(3) The nature of immunity which results from an in-
jection of serum, followed by exposure to natural
infection.
Immunity following a single injection of serum.
ZEITSCHRIFT
FUR
HYGIENE,
VOL. XXIX,
1898.
In South Africa, Kolle and Turner made some experiments
to test the length of the protection conferred by large doses of
serum. The average dose of their serum used at this time
was from 10 c.c. to 30 c.c. In these tests doses of 100 c.c. up to
400 c.c. were injected. The animals were tested with 5 c.c.
of virulent blood from periods of one month to five months.
From the results the authors concluded that the immunity
Rinderpest.
73
following these large doses lasted for several months. The
experiments were not conclusive and are open to objection.
Some of the animals treated were mixed daily with infected
cattle and most probably contracted a mild form of the disease,
thereby obtaining an active immunity. Most of the animals
were subjected to repeated tests with virulent blood and the
immunity discovered at later periods was probably due to the
earlier injection of virulent blood.
ANNALES DE
L'INSTITUT
PASTEUR,
1899.
In Turkey, Nicolle and Adel Bey found that an injection of
25 c.c. serum afforded protection against virulent blood inocu-
lated several days after. They expressed the opinion that the
same dose protected bovines in epidemics for several weeks.
In Russia, Nencki used fortified serum and considered
that the immunity lasted several months.
ANNUAL
REPORT OF
THE I. B. L.,
1901-1902,
PAGE 13.
In India, in 1902-1903, experiments were made to test
the dose of serum necessary to protect cattle of different breeds.
The results arrived at were :—
"(1) Sindh breed.—From result of experiments it appear-
ed that 8 c.c. serum protects by the simultaneous method. In
the event of an outbreak of Rinderpest 15 to 20 c.c. by the
'serum alone' method should prove sufficient to pass them
through an outbreak of disease lasting several months. For
Buffaloes of Gujrat and Jafferabad breed 7 c.c. is sufficient
for simultaneous method. Therefore 20 c.c. of this serum
would give sufficient protection to guard against Rinderpest
during 3 to 4 months.
ANNUAL
REPORT OF
THE I. B. L.,
1902-03.
(2) Lucknow breed.—Experiments prove that probably
a dose of 6 c.c. per 600 lbs. weight have been sufficient to pro-
tect by the simultaneous method, but that 7 c.c. per animal
by the 'serum' alone method would have been ample to secure
immunity during an outbreak of disease in the district.
(3) Meerut breed.—This breed would be protected by doses
of 5 to 7 c.c. and such dose should give sufficient protection
to guard against Rinderpest during a period of several
months."
THE
REPORT
OF RINDER¬
PEST IN
In Selangor, Daniels experienced that "Out of 771 Indian
bullocks injected with serum, 54 cases, or 7.4%, occurred over
74
Rinderpest.
SELANGOR,
1903-04.
10 days after injection. No other cases resulted though
animals were exposed to infection in the next two months.
REPORT
OF THE
TRANSVAAL
DEPART-
---- OF
AGRICUL-
----, 1904.
The Siamese bullocks gave similar results. 39 out of 610
injected, developed the disease more than 10 days after the
injection.
Stockman from his experience of the working of the serum
in the Transvaal concluded that serum alone can give immunity
for ten days only and that it must be frequently repeated.
About the 'serum alone' method his views are that "as the
best method of cutting short an outbreak and preventing the
further spread, its adoption is only justifiable if it be used in
such a manner as will ensure absolute immunity to the 'in con-
tact' animals for a time equal to the duration of the infection."
Head, in a report on cattle plague in the Anglo-Egyptian
Sudan, condemned the "serum alone" method as unsatisfactory
owing to the impossibility of re-inoculating the cattle every
three weeks. He found the great disadvantage to serum alone
was that the immunity wore off and the animals got the disease
often in a fatal form, and also prolonged the period of infection.
These statements coming from experts who have studied the
use of the serum both by Laboratory test and by the results
of its practical application are very conflicting and difficult
to reconcile. The conclusion of some authors appears to be
based entirely on the reported results following field operation,
while others seem to base their opinions of what is to be
expected from the practical use of serum, on the result of an
insufficient number of Laboratory tests.
Experiments to determine the duration of immunity following a
single dose of serum.
All animals used for these tests were the susceptible bulls
of hill breed.
The dose of this serum sufficient to protect against a
simultaneous inoculation of virulent blood was fixed at 72 c.c.
for cattle of hill breed and 4 c.c. for plains cattle, per 600
lbs. body-weight.
Rinderpest.
75
Experiments to determine how long a single dose of serum
protects against an inoculation of virulent blood.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Body
weight.
lbs.
228
225
165
209
176
204
181
183
181
202
193
193
175
169
206
Actual
dose of
serum.
c.c.
27.36
27.00
19.80
25.08
21.12
24.48
21.72
21.96
21.72
30.30
28.95
28.95
21.00
20.28
24.72
Test after
an interval
of
Days.
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
21
21
21
28
28
28
Virus.
c.c.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Result.
Slight attack.
Severe attack.
„
„
„
„
„
Temperature reaction
„
Severe attack.
„
„
„
„
„
Lived.
Died.
„
Lived.
„
Died.
„
„
Died.
„
„
„
„
„
Lived.
„
Out of nine bulls tested after 14 days, all showed reac-
tions, five lived and four died.
Out of three bulls tested after 21 days, and three tested
after 28 days, none showed any immunity and all died in the
same time as control animals.
The length of immunity conferred by double doses of serum,
against inoculation of virulent blood.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Body
weight.
lbs.
235
226
224
188
170
193
202
196
198
Actual
dose of
serum.
c.c.
56.40
54.24
53.74
45.12
40.8
46.32
48.48
47.64
47.52
Virus.
c.c.
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
Virus
after
Days.
21
21
21
28
28
28
28
28
28
Result.
Temp. reaction for 6 days. Lived.
„ „
„ „
Severe attack.
Died on 9th day.
„
Lived.
Temperature reaction.
Lived.
Severe attack.
Died.
„ „
Temp. reaction. Lived.
Nine bulls were injected with double doses of serum, three
tested after 21 days had temperature reaction only lasting for
6 days. Six were tested after 28 days, four had severe attacks,
out of which three died and one survived, two had tempera-
ture reactions lasting for some days, and survived.
76
Rinderpest.
The following bulls received treble doses of serum and were
tested after 28 days :—
No.
1
2
3
Body
weight.
lbs.
192
197
198
Actual
dose of
serum.
c.c.
69.12
70.92
71.28
Virus.
c.c.
0.5
0.5
0.5
Virus
after
Days.
28
28
28
Result.
Severe attack. Died.
„ „
„ Lived.
All three had severe attacks; two died and one recovered.
The following bulls received treble doses of serum and were
tested after 38 days :—
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Body
weight.
lbs.
202
209
254
261
235
206
Actual
dose of
serum.
c.c.
72.72
75.24
91.44
93.96
84.60
74.16
Virus.
c.c.
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
Virus
after
Days.
38
38
38
38
38
38
Result.
Severe attack. Died.
Severe reaction. Lived.
„ „
„ „
Severe attack. Lived.
„ Died.
Six bulls, injected with treble doses of serum, were inocula-
ted with 0.5 c.c. virulent blood after 38 days. All of the bulls
had severe reaction. Two died and four lived after varying
reactions.
The following bulls received five times the standard dose of
serum and were tested after 44 days :—
No.
1
2
3
Body
weight.
lbs.
244
210
224
Actual
dose of
serum.
c.c.
146.4
126.0
134.4
Virus.
c.c.
0.5
0.5
0.5
Virus
after
Days.
44
44
44
Result.
Severe attack. Lived.
„ „
„ „
Three bulls injected with five times the dose of serum
alone, tested with virulent blood after 44 days; all had a
severe re-action, but all three lived.