NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
77
of the drug unaltered in the abomasum eight days after
administration.
When doses of 3, 4 and 5 ozs. were given every 3rd day
over a long period, the trypanosomes were unaffected.
Soamin—(Sodium para-aminophenylarsenate).
Wenyon (5) reports some cures of rats from the effects
of T. pecaudi by the use of Soamin.
The solutions used by me were made up immediately
before use.
Intravenously, a camel can take single doses of 60, 80
or 100 grains, and all these doses generally disperse trypano-
somes in about 24 hours.
Poisoning occurred, however, when the drug was given
intravenously every 2nd day in the following doses:—60, 60,
60, 60, 65, 85, 85 grains.
Several other disastrous results occurred from the use
of repeated large doses intravenously; the lowest dose in-
travenously for dispersing trypanosomes is 45 grains,
Given subcutaneously, 30 and 50 grains fail to disperse
trypanosomes; 60, 65 and 70 grains disperse trypanosomes,
but the effect soon wears off, for I have had the organisms
reappearing 2 days after camels had received 65 and
70 grains.
Seventy-five grains disperse trypanosomes and gradually
increasing doses of 75, 80, 85 and so on, up to 110 grains,
can be given subcutaneously with safety at intervals of three
or four days, and were used by me in several combined
treatments.
A dose of 140 grains subcutaneously produced disturb-
ance four days afterwards; and a camel receiving 160 grains
showed signs of poisoning after the 3rd day.
The symptoms of soamin poisoning are, first, refusal to
graze or chew cud, then a tetanised condition of the muscles
with difficulty in rising or sitting; this passes off and is
followed by inco-ordination of movement, the symptoms
resembling those of locomotor ataxy; this lasts several days
and is accompanied by apparent disturbance of the functions
of the vagus from which impaction of 3rd or 4th stomachs
occurs and from the results of which the camel dies. The
same course was followed in three cases of soamin poisoning
78
Comparing the results of administration intravenously
of the 2 drugs, there appears to be little to choose between
atoxyl and soamin in their effects on camel or trypanosomes.
WHITE ARSENIC.
This drug was given in balls.
Camels tolerate large quantities of white arsenic.
Different camels, however, vary a good deal in the doses
they can take, and this variation is independent of any
difference in "condition" or in the time of day at which
the drug is given; one camel may stand twice as much as
another.
It seems evident that when large quantities are given,
much of it is not absorbed at all, because 3 grammes of the
same salt given in solution will disperse trypanosomes, whilst
13 in solid form will not.
As a result of 25 dosage experiments the following
conclusions were arrived at:—
Most camels can take up to 12 grammes in one dose
without undue disturbance.
Some camels cannot stand 13 grammes without diarrhœa,
whilst others can take 24 grammes without any disturbance of
apparent health. In the same camels which cannot stand
13 grammes, trypanosomes were unaffected by the dose.
Thirty-two grammes caused very severe diarrhœa, but
not death. In one camel which had been given 25 grammes
when the blood was free from organisms, trypanosomes
appeared in the blood within 36 hours of its administration;
and in another, within 24 hours.
Imitation of Captain Holmes' method of atoxyl follow-
ed by gradually increasing doses of white arsenic did not
therefore appear hopeful in the camel, but was nevertheless
tried as follows:—
(a)—Camel 41.—An attempt to accommodate the camel
by beginning with very small doses. October 10th, Tryps.
present. 4 grammes atoxyl intravenously. Tryps. disappear-
ed within 24 hours. On 12th, white arsenic was given, and
thereafter every 2nd day, in the following doses:—
Grammes 1½, 2½, 4½, 7, 10½, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24
and 27. This last dose was followed by slight diarrhœa.
79
Trypanosomes remained absent during the treatment, but
returned nine days after the last dose.
(b)—Camel 138.—After a dose of atoxyl to clear away
trypanosomes, this camel received the following doses of white
arsenic every 2nd day:—1½, 3½, 7, 10 and 13 grammes
trypanosomes reappeared within 48 hours of this last dose.
From this experiment I concluded that the tolerance of
camels to arsenic must, if trypanosomes are to be affected,
be acquired more quickly, by beginning with larger doses.
(c & d)—Camels 985 and 920 were submitted to
similar treatment, the first doses of white arsenic, however,
being 10 and 13 grammes respectively. But in neither case
was I able to increase the dose above 16 grammes, as both
the camels were scoured badly, went off their feed for several
days and showed abdominal pain and fever. These doses did
not affect trypanosomes.
(e)—Camel 329.—After a dose of atoxyl began his ar-
senic treatment at 10 grammes and thereafter the doses (given
every second day) were grammes 13, 13, 16, 16, 19, 19, 22,
25, 28, 31, 34, 37, 40, 43; during the treatment trypanosomes
reappeared after 16 and 25 grammes respectively, and had to
be dispersed with extra doses of atoxyl. Diarrhœa did not
appear until after 43 grammes, but stopped within 48 hours,
so that the treatment was continued by two more doses (43
and 46 grammes) which resulted in death in 6 days. This
camel showed a greater tolerance than camels 985 and 920, but
the large doses of arsenic did not prevent the regular return
of trypanosomes except possibly in the later stages when
the camel was suffering from arsenic poisoning.
(f)—Camel 727.—An attempt to tolerate arsenic by
beginning with lower doses than were used in experiments
c & d, but increasing the doses more rapidly.
1st day tryps.
2nd day tryps.
3rd day do.
5th day do.
7th day do.
9th day do.
present, 4 grammes atoxyl intravenously.
absent.
do. 6 grammes white arsenic.
do. 8 grammes
do.
do. 10 grammes
do.
do. 25 grammes
do.
Severe diarrhœa followed, whilst tryps. reappeared on
the following day.
80
These unpromising results then decided me to turn
attention to arsenical solutions.
It appeared also from experiments that it makes little
difference to the effect on the camel whether the arsenic be
given in a ball or distributed in a feed.
ARSENIC IN SOLUTION BY THE MOUTH.
Five solutions of arsenic were experimented with to find
out the most suitable. They were—
1. Solution of Sodium Arsenate.
2. Liquor Arsenicalis.
("This official solution does not generally contain ar-
senite of potassium, for the arsenic does not decompose the
carbonate of potassium, or only after long boiling.") (6)
3. Donovan's solution.
4. Solution of Arsenious iodide.
5. Solution of Sodium Arsenite prepared according to
the formula of Loeffler and Rueh (7). In the case of solutions
of arsenic, as a rule, camels in good condition take larger
doses than thin camels; well-fed ones take more than those
which have been neglected; the effect of the repeated doses of
solutions is to cause inflammation of reticulum, omasum and
"water-cells;" chlorodyne has an effect in easing the
camel after a slight overdose.
A dose which can be relied on to clear away trypano-
somes is generally about equal to and sometimes a little more
than an average Surra camel can stand without showing any
ill effect. In most camels it is not practicable to give
repeated doses of arsenical solutions sufficient to prevent
recurrence of trypanosomes without causing fever, diarrhœa,
and loss of condition except when the drug is used in a
combined treatment which allows of long intervals between
each dose of the arsenical solution.
1.—Sodium Arsenate Solution.
The Sodium Arsenate was given in a large quantity
(from 2 to 4 quarts) of cold water as a drench.
The drug used by me was the anhydrous salt.
81
23 experiments were made to find the dose and the
results may be summarised thus:—
The drug is not useful against trypanosomes up to 40
grains.
45 grains do not harm the camel.
50 grains caused slight diarrhœa in a weak camel, and
the trypanosomes did not disperse promptly.
55 grains seem a pretty reliable dose for dispersing
trypanosomes and cause diarrhœa in a minority of instances,
and this may last 36 to 48 hours.
60 grains disperse trypanosomes, but cause diarrhœa in
about half the camels to which it is given.
65 grains caused diarrhœa and fever.
2.—Liquor Arsenicalis.
A 1% solution of each of Pot. Carbonate and White
Arsenic in water (without Tinct. Lavender) was used.
Given in drench with plenty of water.
The following conclusions were arrived at from 22
experiments:—
Up to and including 250 c.c. there is no effect on try-
panosomes, and the latter dose generally causes diarrhœa,
sometimes severe.
From 275 c.c. upwards, trypanosomes appear to be
dispersed, and these doses nearly always caused diarrhœa
in my camels.
This drug was therefore not employed in any experi-
mental treatment.
3.—Donovan's Solutions.
As a result of 13 experiments I found that—
Up to 275 c.c. there was no effect on trypanosomes or
on the camel.
300 c.c. caused looseness of bowels in one case out of four,
but appears to disperse trypanosomes, though not promptly
as they persist 36 hours.
325 c.c. given in only two cases caused diarrhœa in one,
but dispersed trypanosomes in both within 36 hours.
350 c.c. caused diarrhœa in two cases out of three, and
dispersed trypanosomes in all three.
82
450 c.c. caused severe diarrhœa, but dispersed trypano-
somes within 24 hours.
Donovan's Solution seems to possess no advantage over
Sodium Arsenate Solution for the purpose of dispersing
trypanosomes in the camel.
4.—Solution of Arsenious Iodide.
This was a 1% solution in water.
Up to 450 c.c. there was no effect on camel or trypano-
somes.
A dose of 700 c.c. caused severe diarrhœa without any
effect on trypanosomes. The solution therefore appeared to
be useless for the purpose.
5.—Sodium Arsenite Solution.
This was prepared immediately before use, and the
amount of white arsenic used in its manufacture is the
standard used for estimation of dosage.
With white arsenic up to and including 1.5 grammes,
there is no prompt effect on trypanosomes, and occasionally
it causes slight diarrhœa.
Made with 1.75 or 2 grammes white arsenic, the
solution appears to be a pretty reliable trypanosome
disperser, the camels' blood always being free from trypano-
somes after 24 or 36 hours. These doses caused diarrhœa
in about half the cases, but not severe.
When 2.5 grammes of white arsenic are used, only
camels in comparatively good condition are sometimes able
to take the solution without it, causing severe diarrhœa.
The above are the results of 14 experiments, and the
solution appeared to possess no advantage over the sodium
arsenate solution.
SUMMARY.
Comparing the five solutions, those of Sodium Arsenite,
and Sodium Arsenate, and Donovan's Solution were thus
found to be the least irritant when given in doses sufficient
to send away trypanosomes; and as there appeared to be
little to choose from this point of view between these three
substances, sodium arsenate was the one used per os in
combined treatments as it requires no preparation.
83
ANTIMONY TARTRATE.
The intravenous dose for trypanosomes in the camel is
25 c.c. of a 2% solution (8).
Given by the mouth, symptoms of poisoning are caused
by doses which do not affect trypanosomes.
METHYLENE BLUE AND MERCURY BICHLORIDE.
These drugs were tried on two spare camels and had no
apparent effect whatever on trypanosomes.
Eleven consecutive daily doses were given intravenously;
the minimum doses used were 50 c c. of a 1—500 solution of
Hg. Cl 2 and 30 c.c. of one per cent. solution of Methylene
blue; the maximum doses used were 100 c.c. of the Hg. Cl 2
solution and 50 c.c. of the Methylene blue solution.
COMBINED TREATMENTS.
Soamin and Sodium Arsenate.
Camel 2818.—Poor condition.
11th
12th
13th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
21st
22nd
23rd
24th
25th
26th
27th
28th
October.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Tryps. 10 in 1 field.
Tryps. dispersed.
No trypanosomes
Do.
Tryps. reappeared.
No Trypanosomes.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
80 grains Soamin intravenously.
45 grams Sodium Arsenate per os.
50
do.
do.
80 grains Soamin intravenously.
60 grains Sodium Arsenate.
Some diarrhœa.
60 grains Sodium Arsenate.
60 grains Sodium Arsenate.
Diarrhœa. Off feed.
Do.
(until midday).
60 grains Sodium Arsenate.
Diarrhœa. Off feed. Chlorodyne.
Do.
do.
Diarrhœa stopped. 60 grains
Sodium Arsenate.
Diarrhœa.
60 grains Sodium Arsenate.
The camel was now not in a condition to stand further
doses of arsenic and required much care and attention to
pull it through.
The sodium arsenate treatment had been pushed to the
limit, the camel was weak, its eyes were sunken and it would
not graze.
84
In a fortnight, however, it was in rapidly improving con-
dition and soon began to put on a hump. Then, 41 days
after the last dose, trypanosomes returned (8th December).
SOAMIN AND ANTIMONY TARTRATE.
Two camels were used:—
Camel 1004.—Received a dose every second day, the
two drugs being used alternately five times each:—
7th December.
9th
Do.
11th
Do.
13th
Do.
15th
Do.
17th
Do.
19th
Do.
21st
Do.
23rd
Do.
25th
Do.
Tryps. present.
Tryps. absent.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
80 grains Soamin intravenously.
25 c. c. of 2% Solution Antimony
Tart. intravenously.
80 grains Soamin subcutaneously.
25 c. c. of 2% Antimony Tart. intra-
venously.
80 grains Soamin subcutaneously.
25 c. c. 2% Antimony Tart. intra-
venously.
85 grains Soamin subcutaneously.
25 c. c. 2% Antimony Tart. intra-
venously.
100 grains Soamin subcutaneously.
25 c. c. of 2% Antimony Tart. intra-
venously.
Trypanosomes reappeared on 16th January 1910, that
is, 22 days after the last dose.
Camel 56.—Received the same drugs but at different
intervals, thus:—
7th December.
8th
Do.
9th
Do.
10th
Do.
11th
Do.
12 to 14th Do.
15th
Do.
16th
Do.
17 to 23rd Do.
24th
Do.
25th
Do.
Tryps. present.
Tryps. absent.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
75 grains Soamin subcutaneously.
25 c. c. of 2% Antimony Tart. intra-
venously.
75 grains Soamin subcutaneously.
25 c. c. of 2% Antimony Tart. intra-
venously.
80 grains Soamin subcutaneously.
25 c. c. of 2% Antimony Tart. intra-
venously.
110 grains Soamin subcutaneously.
25 c. c. of 2% Antimony Tart. in-
travenously.
Trypanosomes reappeared on 5th January, that is,
11 days after the last dose.
85
ATOXYL, SOAMIN AND SODIUM ARSENATE.
Camel 789.—
10th October.
11th
Do.
12th
Do.
13th
Do.
14th
Do.
15th
Do.
16th
Do.
Tryps. present
Do.
Tryps. absent.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
100 c. c. of 4% Solution Atoxyl
intravenously.
100 grains Soamin intravenously.
60 grains Sodium Arsenate per os.
100 c. c. of 4% Solution Atoxyl
intravenously.
100 grains Soamin intravenously.
65 grains Sodium Arsenate.
Symptoms of Soamin or Atoxyl poisoning began on 17th
October and continued until 13th November when trypano-
somes reappeared. It was then destroyed. It was dying
from the results of impaction caused by apparent paralysis
of the walls of recticulum and omasum.
The animal was poisoned, but the trypanosomes were
not destroyed.
ATOXYL, SOAMIN AND ANTIMONY TARTRATE.
Camel 985.—The trypanosomes of this camel were
found very difficult to control. All the drugs were given
intravenously.
11th October.
12th
Do.
13th
Do.
14th
Do.
15th
Do.
16th
Do.
17th
Do.
18th to 20th Do.
21st
Do.
22nd
Do
23rd
Do.
Tryps. present.
Do.
Do.
Tryps. absent.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
120 c. c. of 4% Solution Atoxyl.
80 grains Soamin.
25 c. c. of 2% Solution Antimony
Tart.
100 c. c. of 4% Solution Atoxyl.
90 grains Soamin.
25 c. c. 2% Solution Antimony
Tart.
100 c. c. of 4% Solution Atoxyl.
90 grains Soamin.
25 c. c. of 2% Antimony Tart.
Trypanosomes reappeared, however, on 30th October.
Camel 404.—Treated in a similar way, began to show
symptoms of poisoning after only six doses and was destroyed.
ATOXYL, ANTIMONY AND SODIUM ARSENATE.
This treatment was conducted on the lines of a suc-
cessful treatment in the case of a horse by Captain
86
Holmes, I.C.V.D., who, however, used Sodium Arsenite, not
Sodium Arsenate.
The Atoxyl and Antimony were always given intra-
venously; the Sodium Arsenate was given in solution by
the mouth.
Camel 1143.—
7th December.
8th
Do
9th
Do.
13th
Do.
14th
Do.
15th
Do.
23rd
Do.
24th
Do.
25th
Do.
Tryps. present.
Tryps. absent.
Do.
50 c.c. of 8% Solution Atoxyl.
25 c.c. of 2% Antimony Tart.
55 grains Sodium Arsenate.
4 days' interval (no tryps.).
Do.
Do.
Do.
50 c.c. of 8% Atoxyl.
25 c.c. of 2% Antinomy Tart.
55 grains Sodium Arsenate.
8 days' interval (no tryps.).
Do.
Do.
Do.
55 c.c. of 8% Atoxyl.
25 c.c. of 2% Antimony Tart.
55 grains Sodium Arsenate.
Trypanosomes did not reappear until 2nd February
which was 39 days after the last dose.
Treatment was repeated on other camels, but an extra
series of doses was added; the intervals between the series
being 2, 4 and 8 days.
Camel 180.—Which was very weak at the beginning of
this treatment died of exhaustion before the fourth series of
doses had been completed, not having shown any trypano-
somes since the first dose.
Camel 790.—
17th October
18th
Do.
19th
Do
21st
Do
22nd
Do
23rd
Do
27th
Do.
28th
Do.
29th
Do.
6th November
7th
Do.
8th
Do.
Tryps. present.
Tryps. absent
Do.
100 c.c. of 4% Atoxyl.
25 c.c. of 2% Antimony Tart.
60 grains Sodium Arsenate.
2 days' interval (no tryps.).
Do.
Do
Do.
100 c.c. of 4% Atoxyl.
25 c. c. of 2% Antimony Tart.
60 grains Sodium Arsenate.
4 days' interval (no tryps.).
Do.
Do.
Do
100 c.c. of 4% Atoxyl.
25 c.c. of 2% Antimony Tart.
60 grains Sodium Arsenate.
8 days' interval (no tryps).
Do.
Do.
Do.
55 c c. of 8% Atoxyl.
25 c.c. of 2% Antimony Tart.
60 grains Sodium Arsenate.
87
This camel occasionally had diarrhœa from the Sodium
Arsenate, and was in very low condition at the end of the
treatment. After this, however, it quickly improved in con-
dition. Although before treatment this camel had been
showing regular "proxysms," trypanosomes did not return
until 5th January, that is, 58 days after the last dose.
This interval was so long that further trials were given
to this method of treatment as follows:—
Camel 702.—
7th December.
8th
Do.
9th
Do.
11th
Do.
12th
Do.
13th
Do.
17th
Do.
18th
Do.
19th
Do
27th
Do
28th
Do.
29th
Do.
Tryps. present.
Tryps. absent.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do
100 c.c. of 4% Atoxyl.
25 c.c of 2% Antimony Tart.
55 grains Sodium Arsenate.
2 days' interval (no tryps.).
100 c.c. of 4% Atoxyl.
25 c.c. of 2% Antimony Tart.
55 grains Sodium Arsenate.
4 days' interval (no tryps.).
55 c.c. of 8% Atoxyl.
25 c.c. of 2% Antimony Tart.
60 grains Sodium Arsenate.
8 days' interval (no tryps.)
50 c.c. of 8% Atoxyl.
25 c.c. of 2% Antimony Tart.
55 grains Sodium Arsenate.
This camel was very weak to start with and required
much care to pull it through the treatment. After the
treatment was finished, the camel rapidly improved in con-
dition, but after 44 days from the last dose trypanosomes re-
appeared (on 11th February).
Camel 1629.—Was subjected to an exactly similar
course of treatment as camel 702 except that the doses were
slightly larger as the camel was a very large one. Trypano-
somes disappeared after the first dose and did not return
until 57 days after the last dose.
With this treatment the trypanosomes remain absent
from the circulation longer than in any other combination
of drugs yet tried; I am therefore continuing the experi-
ments though varying the way in which the drugs are
given.
I am also endeavouring to find out if Solution of White
Arsenic intravenously can be made to take the place of the
Antimony Tartrate.
88
LIST OF REFERENCES.
1. Thiroux and Teppaz—Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, 23 Anne. Tome XXIII,
No. 3, p. 240.
2. Holmes—Jnl. of Trop. Vety. Science, Vol. 4, No. 3.
3. Holmes—Jnl. of Trop. Vety. Science, Vol. 5, No. 1.
4. Gaiger—Jnl. of Trop. Vety. Science, Vol. 4, p. 546.
5. Third Report of Wellcome Research Laboratories, Khartoum, p. 139.
6. Attfield's Chemistry, 15th Edition, p. 188.
7. Quoted in Review of Recent Advances in Tropical Medicine issued by Wellcome
Research Laboratory, p. 209.
8. Leese—Jnl. of Trop. Vety. Science, Vol. 5, No. 1.
Indian Civil
Veterinary Department
Memoirs
NO. 3
REPORT OF THE RESEARCH WORK OF THE
IMPERIAL BACTERIOLOGICAL LABORATORY
MUKTESAR, DURING 1910 & 1911
MAJOR J. D. E. HOLMES, M.A., D.SC
Imperial Bacteriologist to the Government of India
PRINTED BY
THACKER, SPINK & CO., CALCUTTA
FOR THE
INDIAN CIVIL VETERINARY DEPARTMENT
INDIAN CIVIL
VETERINARY DEPARTMENT
MEMOIRS
NO. 3
REPORT OF THE RESEARCH WORK OF THE IMPERIAL
BACTERIOLOGICAL LABORATORY, MUKTESAR
DURING 1910 & 1911
MAJOR J. D. E. HOLMES, M.A., D.SC
Imperial Bacteriologist to the Government of India
PRINTED BY
THACKER, SPINK & CO
CALCUTTA
SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(i)
PART I—SURRA.
The Treatment of Surra in Horses by means of Arsenic and its Deriva-
tives, by J. D. E. Holmes ... ... ... ... ...
The Cure of Surra in Horses by the Administration of Arsenic, by
J. D. E. Holmes ... ... ... ... ...
A Further Note on the Cure of Surra in Horses, by J. D. E. Holmes ...
Some Experiments in the Treatment of Surra in Camels, by J. D. E.
Holmes ... ... ... ... ... ...
PART II—RINDERPEST.
Reports on Experiments carried out to test the susceptibility of Cattle
for several districts and on Improved Methods of Rinderpest Serum
Preparation, by J. D. E. Holmes ... ... ... ...
The Preparation of anti-Rinderpest Serum by the Injection of Virulent
Artificial Peritoneal Fluid, by H. E. Cross, Assistant Bacteriologist ...
On the Immune Bodies occurring in Rinderpest Immune Serum. Part I,
The Preparation of the Rinderpest Immune Bodies by Dialysis of the
Immune Serum, by P. Hartley, Physiological Chemist ... ...
Report on the Preparation of Rinderpest anti-Serum by means of Diluted
Virulent Fluids, by P. Hartley, Physiological Chemist ... ...
PART III—HÆMORRHAGIC SEPTICÆMIA.
Further Testings of the H. S. anti-Serum and Vaccine on Bovines and
Equities, by J. D. E. Holmes ... ... ... ...
PART IV—ANHTRAX.
The Practical Value of Anthrax anti-Serum and Vaccines. Preliminary
Report, by J. D. E. Holmes
PART V—MISCELLANEOUS.
A Note on Elements resembling Spirochætes found in the Blood of Man
and Animals, by J. D. E. Holmes ... ... ... ...
PAGE
49
73
78
98
206
216
231
242
248
272
PREFACE.
THE first Scientific Memoir of the Imperial Bacteriological
Laboratory, Muktesar, was published in 1909 as a Memoir
No. I of the Indian Civil Veterinary Department. Recently
the Laboratory has come under the administration of the
Imperial Agriculture Department, and in future the research
work of the Laboratory will be published in a Veterinary Series
of Memoirs and Bulletins in connection with that Depart-
ment.
In presenting this Report of the Research Work of the
Laboratory for the years 1910 and 1911, I may mention that
this work has been carried out with a very limited staff, con-
sisting of an Assistant Bacteriologist and a Physiological
Chemist, and amidst the pressure of innumerable duties con-
nected with the preparation of large quantities of seras and
vaccines. The time of the Assistant Bacteriologist is almost
entirely occupied in this latter work. The Physiological
Chemist is mainly engaged in research work on questions
relative to his own subject.
The popularity of the Laboratory products continues to
grow throughout India, and the demand for seras and vaccines
increases each year. In 1911 the manufacture of Rinderpest
anti-Serum alone rose from 5¾ to 10½ lacs doses, and the output
of Hæmorrhagic Septicæmia serum and vaccine has increased
considerably. It is, however, satisfactory to record that work
of undoubted scientific interest and of very considerable economic
value has been accomplished.
The subject-matter of this Memoir is arranged in five parts,
four of which deal with the study of diseases common to stock in
India. Since the publication of the last Memoir, experiments