NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
25
TABLE VI.
Organism.
Disinfectant.
Dilution.
Time.
.25 per
cent.
.125 per
cent.
.06 per
cent.
.04 per
cent.
.02 per
cent.
.01 per
cent.
Typhoid
... Cyllin
...
x
x
x
x
2½ m.
Do.
...
.. Perchloride ...
Do.
...
... Cyllin
x
x
5 m.
Do.
...
...
Perchloride ...
Do.
...
...
Cyllin
...
x
x
10 m.
Do.
...
... Perchloride ...
Staphylococcus
aureus.
Cyllin...
x
x
x
x
2½ m.
Do.
Perchloride ...
x
Do.
Cyllin
x
x
x
x
5 m.
Do.
Perchloride ...
x
TABLE VII.
Organism.
Disinfectant.
Dilution.
Tim
e.
.01 pe
r
cent.
.005 per
cent.
.002 per
cent.
. 0 0 1 p e r
cent.
Typhoid
...
...
...
... Cyllin
...
...
x
x
x
x
2½ m.
Do.
...
...
... Perchloride
...
Do.
...
...
...
... Cyllin
...
x x
x
x
5 m.
Do.
...
...
... Perchloride
Do.
. . .
Cyllin
...
...
x
x
x
x
10 m.
Do.
...
...
...
... Perchloride
...
Staphylococous aureus
..
Cyllin
x
x
x
x
2½ m.
Do.
...
.. Perchloride ...
...
x
x
x
x
Do.
...
... Cyllin
. . .
x
x
x
x
5m.
Do.
...
... Perchloride..
x
x
x
Do.
...
... Cyllin
x
x
x
x
10 m.
Do.
. . .
Perchloride ...
...
x
x
Cyllin is shown by these results to be weaker than perchloride, when acting
on the typhoid bacillus, more than 60 times, though in the case of staphylococcus
pyogenes aureus it is only 3 times weaker. The former figure, though experiments
repeated on a different occasion gave an identical result, cannot, unless perchloride
has a remarkably selective action upon the typhoid bacillus, be a true value, and
as will be seen later the result as shown on the staphylococcus is more likely to
represent the comparative values of the disinfectants for general purposes.
The action of cyllin on spore-bearing organisms.— The action of cyllin and
perchloride upon spore-bearing organisms was contrasted by adding 1 c.c. of filtered
sewage to 9 c.c of different dilutions of the disinfectants as in the previous experi-
ments and allowing a time exposure of 12 hours.
7
28
•
It is often present almost in .pure culture, and it is the only organism
invariably present in vaccine. The same organism appears to be equally universal
upon the human skin.
2. The next most frequent colonies are round, flat opaque colonies of a
yellow colour having a raised centre and entire edges. Microscopically it is a
coccus taking ordinary stains and. Gram's stain. On agar it forms a yellow streak
and is facultatively anæobic It has been considered to be the Staphylococcus
pyogenes citreus.
:3. Almost as frequent as the last are colonies which develop a deep golden
yellow and which must be considered the Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus.
4. The only ether organism at all abundant is a bacillus. Colonies are
round, flat, thin, rather opaque, yellowish with raised centre and entire edges and
very tough. These colonies when examined show round coccus-like bodies which
do not take analine stains and which are evidently spores. On fresh agar slopes a
thick non-motile bacillus which forms centrally situated spores on or about the fifth
day. It is much more strictly robic than the staphylococci.
• 5. By no means often colonies having irregular edges with branching
processes are present. These are an actively motile; rapidly growing, spore
forming bacillus probably belonging to the b. subtilis. group.
6. Moulds are occasionally present.
Plates incubated under strict anærobic conditions show only feebly growing
colonies of the three staphylococci and strictly anærobic organisms have never
been met with.
These results being very constant suggested the advisability of trying the
action of preservatives such as glycerine and lanoline on each type of organism.
They also showed that in dealing with vaccine manufactured under cleanly condi-
tions gross enumerations of organisms dealt probably to a great extent with the
harmless white staphylococcus, an organism the presence of which seems to be of
little obvious importance.
The inhibitory effect of glycerine in various dilutions on these organisms was
shown in the following table which shows the results of incubation of browth tubes
containing different percentages of glycerine inoculated with the different organisms
after incubation for 72 hours:—
Organism.
Dilutions of Glycerine.
20per
cent.
25 per
cent.
30 per
cent.
40 per 50 per
cent.
cent.
.60 per
cent.
70 per
cent.
80 per
cent.
90 per
cent.
100 per
cent.
Staphylococcus albus ...
+
+
+
Staphylococcus amens.
+
+
+
+
Staphylococcus citreus.
+
+
+
Very
faint.
Bacillus No. 4 ...
+
Faint.
Bacillus No. 5 ...
...
+
+
+
The bactericidal effect of glycerine is very different as shown in the next table
which shews the result of plating a Ioupful from tubes containing different
dilutions of glycerine made just turbid with the organism and. allowed to remain
for 5 days.
Organism.
Dilutions of Glycerine.
10 per
cent.
20 per 30 per 40 per
cent.
cent.
cent.
50 per
cent.
60 per 70 per
cent.
cent.
80 per 90 per 100 per
cent.
cent.
cent.
Staphylococcus p. album.
4
1
3
5 —
1
32
—
4
2
3
—
Staphylococcus
P.
a u r e u s
2
1
—
—
3
_ _
—
_
_
—
Staphylococcus
p.
(Atreus
...
...
_
1
8
6
—
—
Bacillue No. 4 ...
...
Countless colonies in all dilutions.
rapidly pass on to flagellation, flagella being seen in all stages of development, or as
is more commonly the case they may further enlarge, the macro and macro-nuclei
dividing again and again and thus producing a large round cell containing from four
to eight macro and Micro-nuclei. Flagella now develop in close relation to the
micro-nuclei and pass out from one side of the cell which now begins to divide up into
separate flagellates. This is the true resette and is analogous to that of T r y p a n o s o m a
avium described by Novy and McNeal in so far that they are produced by the
consecutive division of one cell in situ. These flagellates when free further
multiply by longitudinal division and by the fifth day attenuated forms are seen.
APPENDIX VII.
THE PIROPLASMATA OF MADRAS.
By the SUPERINTENDENT.
In cattle two species of piroplasmata occur, a large species indistinguishable
morphologically from p. bigeminum and a minute bacillary type of parasite resem
bling that of East Coast Fever, p. par vum
The latter is very common and nearly 50 per cent. of deaths among calves at the
Institute are due to this disease which must be considered closely related to, if not
identical with, African East Coast Fever.
Although, so far as I am aware, the presence of this parasite has not been
recognised, it must have a very considerable economic importance.
Piroplasma Canis was reported by me from India in 1904 when investigating
the Leishman-Donovan Body in Madras. It was shortly afterwards recorded by
James in Assam, so that it probably occurs throughout India. An important
feature of infection in India is that it occurs among the indigenous pariah dogs.
It does not differ morphologically or in any other recognisable way from the para-
site in the South African and European forms of the disease. It is transmitted by
the tick R. sanguineus (Latreille) which is the common dog tick of India. Trans-
mission takes place either hereditarily through the egg, the nymphs and adults of
the second generation being infective, or apparently from stage to stage.
Piroplasma in the sheep—When examining the blood of half-grown lambs
grazing about Guindy a very minute type of piroplasma was encountered. This
resembled most closely the bacillary p. parvum of East Coast Fever, but it showed
certain quite recognisable differences, being still more minute and showing a
greater tendency to form minute round and oval forms. From want of time the
species has not been further investigated, but it is in all probability a new species
since p. ovis described in Europe and elsewhere is a large parasite of the p.
bigeminum type.
Piroplamosis in man —The Leishman-Donovan. Body is still considered by some
authors as having a relation to piroplasma. My own researches on the develop-
ment of piroplasma show that there is no flagellate stage in Piroplasma as there is
in Leishmania and the two can have little or no connection. At the same time such
researches as have related to Leishmania are against the view that it is merply a
human trypanosomiasis.
9
34
APPENDIX VIII.
THE ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY OF TICKS.
By the SUPERINTENDENT.
In order to prepare the way for researches upon piroplasma and the spirilla
a minute study was made of the Anatomy of Rhipicephalus annulatus and of
Ornithodoros savignyi, the first being a type of the ixodidœ , the latter of the
argasidœ .
Very little work had previously been done on these lines, so that most of the
work was new. It is, however, too, lengthy to give in full in the present report.
The most interesting points bearing upon disease relate to the development
of the tick. The statement which has found its way into text-books that with
each egg a portion of blood was laid to serve as nourishment for the young tick
was shown to be incorrect, so that the belief sometimes given expression to that
hereditary infection was so conveyed could not stand. An important point eluc
i - d a t e d w a s t h a t t h e a l i m e n t a r y c a n a l w a s t h e d i r e c t r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e o r i g i n a l
yelk, so that any parasite lodged in the yelk would of necessity come to be situated
in the gut of the larva. Other changes are referred to under the note on the deve-
lopment of piroplasma canis. The organs of the adult tick lie loose in the body
cavity, the ova and salivary cells being directly open to attack by any organism
which has penetrated the. thin gut walls. As shown by later investigations,
however, piroplasma often attacks the ova in their passage down the oviduct.
APPENDIX IX.
TICKS OF THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY.
By the SUPERINTENDENT.
Up to the present the following species have been recorded :—
Ornithodoros savignyi (Audouin).
Hæmaphysalis spinigera.
Argas vespertilionis (Latreille).
Hæmaphysalis sp.
Rhipicephalus annulatus (Say).
Aponomma ger vaisi.
Rhipicephalus
sanguineus (Latreille).
Aponomma sp.
Rhipicephalus bursa.
Amblyomma, several species not yet ideatified
Rhipicephalus
several species not vet iden
tified
tified.
Hyalomma Æ gyptium.
H æ maphysalis fusca.
Ornithodoros savignyi (Audouin).—This species, so far as I am aware, has
not hitherto been reported from India. Its presence in this country was first
brought to my notice by Dr. Oliver of the South Indian Railway who told me
that a species of tick lived in the Tirupati Railway station and attacked human
beings. Specimens forwarded by him were identified by Mr. Pocock as Ornitho-
doros savignyi (Audouin), since then I have received the tick from many parts
of the Presidency and from the outskirts of Madras City itself.
In the laboratory the tick will feed on many kinds of animals, but in a state
of nature it must live mainly on human beings, for it occurs most abundantly
in the passenger sheds of larger railway junctions and other native halting places.
Whether the species has spread along trade and pilgrimage routes, or whether it is
merely especially favoured by the conditions present on these, is not known, but the
former seems very probable.
36
Hyalomma ægyptium.—This species is common on cattle. It is almost the
only tick found on horses in Madras and seems to be very common on. camels in
North India. It has occasionally been sent to me as a dog tick, but I have never
found dogs infested with this species. A very curious. feature is the very great
variation in size exhibited by different specimens. This is so great that it is
difficult to be sure that more than one species is not concerned. The largest and
the smallest specimens have come from the camel. On cattle such variation is not
so noticeable.
APPENDIX X.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE BED-BUG IN INDIA.
By Captain W. S. PATTON, I.M.S.
The discovery of the development of the Leishman-Donovan Body in the
bed-bug has led to an investigation of the distribution of the two known species of
Cimex. It has generally been believed that Cimex lectularius L. is distributed
throughout British India, while Cimex macrocephalus Fieb. occurs in Burma (Bhamo)
alone. An examination of a large number of specimens sent by Medical officers,
Assistant Surgeons and Hospital Assistants to the Institute from all parts of India,
Burma and Assam has shown that Cimex lectularius L. is confined to the North,
West Frontier Province (Kurra and Abbottabad), while Cinex macrocephalus Fieb.
is distributed throughout India, Burma and Assam and also occurs in Malay, Aden,
the islands of Mauritius and Reunion. The bed-bug from the island of Reunion was
described by Signout in 1852 and it is more than probable that it was introduced
to the islands in the early forties when an extensive trade in oil, etc., existed
between Southern India and Mauritius. The name Cimex rotundatus originally
given by Sigmont to this species has been adopted in preference to Cimex
macro-cephalus given it by Fieb. in 1861.
APPENDIX XI.
LEUCOCYTOZOON CANIS.
By the SUPERINTENDENT.
A considerable portion of the life history of this peculiar parasite has been
followed. In the dog it undergoes schizogony in the bone marrow forming cysts
containing about 30-40 merozoits. These, when set free, penetrate cells of
mononuclear type in the bone marrow and develop a capsule. By the time the
capsule has appeared the cells have approached polymorphonuclear leucocytes in
character and appear in the peripheral blood.
The parasite very rarely leaves its capsule in vitro even. after being kept 48
hours in citrated blood; but in the alimentary canal of the tick the parasites very
readily leave their capsules to become active vermicules. These penetrate the cells
of the gut wall and become swollen, ultimately dividing to form two or possibly
more vermicules. Conjugation between two similar vermicules then takes place
characterised by an extrusion of chromatin and the formation of an oocyst. After
reaching a certain size the oocyst breaks up into a small number sporozoits
which resemble somewhat the original vermicules, but have compacter and more
globular chromatin. The further history of the sporozoits has not been traced.
37
•
APPENDIX XII.
L E U C O C Y T O Z O O N F U N A M B U L I .
By Captain W. S. P A T T O N , I . M . S .
This mammalian hæmogregarine was found in the blood of the Kathiawar
Palm Squirrel Funambulus pennantii and has been fully described in a recent
memoir.
When stained by Roamnowsky's stain it is seen as an oval body measuring
10 μ i n l e n g t h a n d 5
μ i n b r e a d t h l y i n g i n t h e p r o t o p l a s m o f t h e l a r g e m o n o n u c l e a r
leucocytes. One end of the parasite is rounded, and the other is more attenuated
and bent up in the form of a tail; its nucleus is a large irregular quadrilateral
mass lying about the centre of the body. The protoplasm stains dark blue by
Giemsa's method and is seen to contain six to eleven large chromatic granules
scattered irregularly.
Free vermicules are readily seen in fresh preparations from heavily infected
animals. So far I have been unable to find any evidences of schizogony in the liver,
spleen or bone marrow ; the free vermicules were easily recovered from the mid-
gut of a species of Hæmatopinus found on the squirrel, but no further evidences of
development were found.
It is interesting to note that in animals with many parasites there was a
marked increase in the number of the large mononuclear leucocytes.
APPENDIX XIII.
THE HÆMOGREGARINE OF THE DOMESTIC CAT.
By Captain W. S. PATTON, I.M.S.
In October 1905 I found the above parasite in the blood of a cat caught in
the grounds of the King Institute, and since then I have examined over one
hundred cats, of which five were infected. The parasite when stained by Giemsa's
stain is seen as an oval body measuring from 10 to 12 μ in length and from
4 to 6 μ , in breadth lying in the protoplasm of a leucocyte. One end of its body
is more rounded and contains a large circular nucleus, the other is more pointed
often containing one or more vacuoles and many small chromatic granules are
scattered throughout the protoplasm.
The parasite frequently appears lying between two halves of the nucleus and
in some cases it was seen lying almost buried in the nucleus. A paper describing
this new mamalian Hæmogregarine is in preparation and will be published later.
APPENDIX XIV.
•
S N A K E H Æ M O G R E G A R I N E S .
By Captain W. S. PATTON, I.M.S.
It is well known that sporozoa belonging to the genus Hæmogregarina are
found in the blood of snakes in different parts of the world, and that authorities
differ as to whether these parasites represent a single species or a number of
distinct ones. Langmann and Lutz regard the hæmogregarines of snakes studied
10
39
A species of crithidia in the rectum and hind gut is also common.
In the tick a large species of trypanosome has been found which Prof. Novy
suggests may have a mammalian origin. At present its investigation has for want
of time been left over.
In a small leech . (Clepsina ?) common on turtles a trypanosome resembling
t. inopinatum is common. As trypanosomes are common in the turtle it is possibly
derived from this source. On the other hand, no definite connection could be
traced and the species may be a normal parasite of the gut of the leech.
Captain Patton records flagellates in the cat flea and these also occur in the
larva.
Since the parasite of Kala Azar is more nearly related to these
h e r p e t o m o n a s - l i k e p a r a s i t e s t h a n t o a n y o t h e r k n o w n f o r m s i t i s o b v i o u s t h a t t h e i r s t u d y i s o f
considerable importance and some systematic research on the subject is meditated.
APPENDIX XVI.
HÆMAMŒBA OF THE BAT.
By Captain PATTON, I.M.S .
This Hæmamœba was found in the blood of Scotophilus kuhli in Madras in six
out of nine specimens examined, but in each case very few parasites were seen in
the blood films. It appears to be identical with Polychromophilus melanipherus.
described by Dionisi from the blood of Miniopterus Schreibersii; this parasite and
the two other species described by Dionisi from bats are very imperfectly known,
apparently owing to the difficulty of keeping bats alive. I hope later to continue
my observation on the life history of this parasite. It is interesting to note that
the bat tick Argas vespertilionis, Latrielle was found on Scotophilus kuhli, both the
larvæ and nymphs having been seen, although the adults have not yet been found
and are apparently unknown to science. This tick was first found in Rajkote,
Kathiawar on Pipistrellus abramus but does not occur on this bat in Madras owing
probably to its living in punkhas while in Rajkote it was found roosting in holes
in roofs of houses.
APPENDIX XVII.
GREGARINES.
By Captain W. S. PATTON, I.M .S
In Madras I am able to record species from the following hosts
:—
Tribe Cephalina.
1. From Caradina Wickii.
4. Fr om a species of Physida.
2.
Bipalium univittatum.
5.
Cordulia.
3.
Pœcilocera picta and
6 .
Polydesmid.
two unnamed.
7.
Grillus domesticus.
Tribe Acephalina
—
1. Two species, one Coelomic from Benhemia.
2. From Porocephalus from the lung of the rat snake, Zamenis mucosus.
40
APPENDIX XVIII.
NOTE ON A NEW SPECIES OF STEGOMYIA MOSQUITO FOUND IN MADRAS.
By Hr. P. NABASIMHA RAO NAIDU, Second Bacteriological Assistant.
Whilst investigating the stegomyia mosquitoes of Madras, a species having
the head. scales like those of a culex but all other characters like those of stegomyia
was encountered.
Description of Adult.
MALE—Head.—The vertex is covered with curved scales and upright forked
scales. Laterally there is on either side an area of flat scales.
The base of the first joint of the antennæ are covered with white silvery
scales. Silvery scales are also present round the margin of the eyes on the upper
aspect of the head.
The palpi have four white bands.
The proboscis is dark brown or black and is unbanded.
Thorax.—Dark brown in colour covered with hair like scales, marked dorsally
with six conspicuous silvery spots three on either side in a line from before back-
wards. At the extreme posterior portion in the middle line there is a patch of
silvery curved scales. The scutellum has three areas of flat silvery scales the
middle group of which is the broadest and some narrow long hair like scales.
Halteres are white stemmed, with black knobs.
The abdomen is basally banded white. Laterally there is a triangular dark
area surrounded by white scales. On the seventh segment the white area is
confined to the middle line and triangular in shape.
FEMALE— Head. —As in the male.
The palpi. are four jointed the tips silvery white and one minute white band.
The proboscis. Black with a broad brown band in the middle. On the
clypeus there are white spots.
Thorax.--As in the male.
Scutellum and halteres as in the male.
Abdomen .—Segments basally banded white. The white area on the first
segment is comparatively small. The basal band of the sixth segment is slightly
broader than that of others.
Hind Legs.—The femora are covered with dark flat scales with a ring of white
scales. The tibia is dark basally banded white with a white ring at about one-
third of its length from the tibio-femoral joint.. The tarsal joints are all basally
banded white, the last tarsal joint is pure white above but dark beneath.
On the first and second legs the last two tarsi are black in colour.
The wings are devoid of obvious markings. The veins carry rather broad
scales.
The ova are laid singly and float upon the surface. Each ovum is oval in
shape and covered with reticular white lines which bound small air vesicles.
The larva resembles in general appearance a stegomyia larva. The antenna
resemble closely those of stegomyia having only a single bifid hair arising about
one-third of its length from the base.
The siphonic index is 2. The spines on the siphon tube number about 21.
The trumpets of the nymph are broadly triangular as are those of stegomyia.
The males do not suck blood. The females will bite readily during the day.
Except for the head scales which have the arrangement typical of the genus
oulex this species in every way resembles a stegomyia.
Nos. 523 , 524 L., 17TH APRIL 1907.
GOVERNMENT OF MADRAS.
LOCAL AND MUNICIPAL DEPARTMENT.
READ—the following paper :—
I
Letter—from Lieut.-Colonel H. THOMSON , I.M.S., Sanitary Commissioner for-
Madras.
To—the Secretary to Government, Local and Municipal Department.
Dated—the 21st March 1907.
No. -854-S.
With reference to G.O., No. 892 L., dated 26th July 1906, I have the honour
to forward the accompanying report of the Superintendent, the King Institute,
Guindy, on the working of the Bacteriological section of the institute during the
year 1906.
2. I would advise that the attention of all District Medical and Sanitary officers
be drawn to the suggestion of the Superintendent under Routine Work—Malaria
— r e g a r d i n g t h e d e s i r a b i l i t y o f f i n d i n g t h e E n d e m i c I n d e x o f i n f e c t i o n o f t h e d i f f e r e n t
feverish localities in each district.
3. The Bacteriological section continues to do good work both in research and
for purposes of diagnosis.
Order—No. 523 L., dated 17th April 1907.
Recorded.
2. The Government note with pleasure the valuable work carried out during the-
year in the matter of bacteriological research.
(True Extract.)
H. D. TAYLOR,
Ag. Secretary to Government.
To the Sanitary commissioner.
„ the Surgeon-General.
„ the Sanitary Engineer.
„ the Public Department.
,, the Judicial Department.
„ the Revenue Department.
„ the Assistant Adjutant-General, 9th (Secunderabad) Division, with C.L.
„ all Collectors.
„ all Presidents of District Boards.
„ all Chairmen of Municipal Councils.
„ the President of the Corporation of Madras.
„ the Director of Public Instruction.
„ the Accountant-General.
Editors' Table.
Endorsement—No. 524 L., dated 17th April 1907.
Copy to the Government of India, Home Department.
H. D. TAYLOR,
Ag. Secretary to Government..
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LEISHMAN-
DONOVAN PARASITE IN CIMEX
R O T U N D A T U S .
APPENDIX TO ANNUAL REPORT OF BACTERIOLOGICAL
S E C T I O N O F T H E K I N G I N S T I T U T E ,
GUINDY, FOR 1907.
BY
CAPTAIN W. S. P A T T O N , M . B . , I . M . S .
VOLU
M E I I .
MADRAS:
PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRESS.
1 9 0 8.