NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
46
Charbon Symptomatique.
is three to several days. In experimentally inoculated cases
the mortality is over 65% and the animals die in 24 to 48 hours.
It can, therefore, safely be concluded that a vaccine which
protects against the above Laboratory test will afford a more
complete and durable immunity against natural infection.
The vaccines experimented with are entirely harmless. In no
instance was any temperature reaction or other disturbance
noticed after their use.
Guinea-pigs and sheep inoculated with the same dose as
used for cattle showed only a slight rise of temperature, and no
other disturbance. The only danger attending vaccination
is, when the animals are exposed to direct infections during
the period of anaphylaxis following the inoculation of the vac-
cine. Practical experience has proved that casualties resulting
after vaccination are neither heavy nor of frequent occurrence.
Vaccines in pillule form are safer and more easily mani-
pulated than the powdered muscle. With the latter vaccines
there is the danger of contamination, while dissolving the
powder and the difficulty of injecting undissolved particles
through a hypodermic needle. It is also conceivable that
vaccines inoculated in the pill form produce a better result
than those used in solution.
The pillules, when inoculated subcutaneously, are not
dissolved for 12 to 24 hours, and during this time the virus is
partially protected from rapid phagocytosis and gets a better
opportunity of exerting its effect on the system.
DESCRIPTION OF AN AUTOMATIC PILLULE
INJECTOR.
This instrument was devised for the purpose of injecting
the vaccines in pillule form. It is simple and easy of mani-
pulation and does not readily break or get out of order.
The parts of the injector are :—
(a) a short steel rod,
(b) a sheath filling over this rod and provided with
a circular finger rest ;
(c) an ejector pin ;
(d) a large hypodermic needle.
AN AUTOMATIC PILULE INJECTOR.
Charbon Symptomatique.
47
The rod A is provided with a button at the top. The
lower end is hollow and is grooved for the hypodermic needle
to be screwed on. Above this is a channel to accommodate
the head of the ejector pin. Working on the head of the
ejector pin is a spiral spring.
The sheath fits over the steel rod, and the end of the head
of the ejector pin is fastened into the lower end of the sheath.
At the lower third the sheath is provided with a circular finger
rest. By means of the spiral spring the sheath has a play of
somewhat less than ¼ inch along the rod.
Method of Use.
By placing the button of A in the palm of the hand and
the second finger on the rest of B, the rod is lowered in the
sheath and the needle projects below the ejector pin.
The pillule is dropped into the needle and the mouth cov-
ered by the first finger (Fig. E). A fold of skin is seized by
finger and thumb of the other hand and the needle is inserted
about half an inch. The pressure on the button of A is relaxed
by which the rod is raised on the sheath and the mouth of the
needle brought to the level of the ejector pin. By this action
the pillule is forced out of the needle and the ejector is with-
drawn.
PART III.
IMMUNISATION AGAINST HÆMORRHAGIC SEPTI-
CÆMIA OF BOVINES.
Hæmorrhagic Septicæmia is a widespread and fatal
disease of Bovines in India.
Unfortunately, owing to the inadequacy of the Veterinary
Staff, whose time is fully occupied in dealing with epizootics
and who have neither the leisure nor the facilities for under-
taking investigation work, there is very scanty information
regarding the epidemiology of this disease. Several years ago
Pease drew attention to the existence of Hæmorrhagic Septi-
cæmia in the Punjab and described the disease among cattle
and buffaloes. During recent years the Superintendents, Civil
Veterinary Department, have, from time to time, recorded heavy
losses from the disease in certain districts and attempts
have been made to combat outbreaks by means of an anti-
serum prepared at the Muktesar Laboratory.
Evans has observed mortality among elephants due to
this disease in Burma. There is no doubt that in past years
many deaths which were ascribed to Anthrax, Ludhiana
disease, and even Rinderpest, were caused by Hæmorrhagic
Septicæmia, and that as the methods of diagnosis improve and
further facilities for accurate observation in the field are
obtained, it will be found that the disease is more widespread
and prevalent than is at present recognised.
In India the disease is known under the following terms :—
Ghotu or Galghotu
Gardawa or Gardu
Gala Phula
Oru or Galghotu
Chatari Odu
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Punjab.
Hindi.
Bengal.
Bombay.
Madras.
Hæmorrhagic Septiæmia.
49
Buffaloes are said to be more susceptible than cattle, cattle
of hill breed more than those of the plains, and young animals
to a greater extent than older ones.
I have not been able to observe any appreciable difference
in susceptibility to the experimentally inoculated disease among
buffaloes, cattle, young and old animals.
The hill cattle are somewhat more susceptible than the
plains, but working with a virus of uniform strength, all these
animals succumb in much the same time, and none, which
have once shown any symptoms of the disease further
than a moderate temperature reaction, recover. About 20%
were found to be resistant. Horses, donkeys and pigeons
are also very susceptible. Sheep and mules have a slight
susceptibility, while goats, dogs and fowl are immune.
The virus, when kept in artificial medium, is very variable
and loses its virulence. It frequently occurs that a sub-
culture taken from a very virulent growth proves innocuous.
Further, a culture which is fatal for rabbits and guinea-
pigs may have no effect on cattle.
In all the following experiments relating to immunity,
the virus for each test was first passed through a rabbit or bull,
and a fresh culture obtained from the dead animal was
employed. This rarely failed in virulence.
For all experiments, bulls were used as Controls. It was
found that the organism was susceptible to variations of
temperature.
This fact was constantly observed. It was also noticed
that Lemco, as a medium, was unsuitable for the growth of
the organism.
Animals inoculated with non-virulent cultures, showed
no immunity when tested at short or long periods after the
first inoculation.
For this reason, and having regard to the unsuitability
of living vaccines for use in India, no experiments with attenu-
ated cultures were conducted.
4
50
Hæmorrhagic Septicæmia.
Experiments to determine a standard lethal dose of a broth
culture 48 hours old, grown at 37°C., against which to test
methods of immunising and to establish the susceptibility of
different animals to the inoculated disease.
CATTLE.
Serial No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Breed.
Hill ...
„ ...
„ ...
Plains ...
Hill ...
„ ...
Plains ...
Hill ...
Plains ...
Hill ...
Plains ...
Hill ...
„ ...
Plains ...
Buff. Plains
„ „
„
„
„ „
„
„
„ „
Quantity of
culture
injected.
c.c.
0.016
0.018
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.022
0.025
0.025
0.05
0.05
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
How
injected.
Subcut.
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
Result.
Lived. Temp. 39° C.
„
„ 39.4° C. good reac-
tion.
Lived. Temp. 39.4° C.
„
Died on 4th day.
Lived. Temp. 39.4° C.
Died 93 hours 50 minutes.
„ on 2nd day.
„ in 41 hours 4 minutes.
„ on 2nd day.
„ in 2 days.
„
„ 2 „
„ „ 36 hours.
„
„ 30 „
„ „ 24 „
„ „ 40 „
„
„
30 „
„ „ 35 „
„ „ 26 „
„ „ 38 „
Lethal dose adopted for cattle=0.1 c.c.
GUINEA-PIGS.
Serial No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Breed.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Quantity of
culture
injected.
c.c.
0.0002
0.002
0.02
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.5
How
injected.
Subcut.
...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
Result.
Lived.
No reaction.
„ „
„ „
Died 48 hours.
Lived.
T. reaction 41.5°
C.
Off
feed.
Died 56 hours.
Lived.
Off feed.
T. fell 35.6° C.
Died 48 hours.
„
4 days.
Dose for Guinea-Pigs fixed at 0.5 c.c.
Hæmorrhagic
Septicæmia.
51
RABBITS.
Serial No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Quantity of cul-
ture injected.
c.c.
1
0.1
.02
0.01
.01
.01
.002
.0002
.00002
.00002
.00002
How injected.
Subcut.
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Result.
Died 20 hours.
„ 30
„
„
39
„
„
18
„
„ 24
„
„
20
„
„
45
„
„
48 „
„
41
„
„
36
„
„ 30
„
Dose for Rabbits= .00002 c.c.
FOWL.
Serial No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Quantity of cul-
ture injected.
c.c.
1
1
1
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
How injected.
Subcut.
„
„
„
Intrap.
„
„
„
Result.
Lived.
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
PIGEONS.
Serial No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Quantity of
culture injected.
c.c.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
How injected.
Subcut.
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Intrap.
„
„
„
„
„
„
Result.
Died 48 hours.
„
4 days.
„
3 „
„ 38 hours.
„ 48
„
„ 48 hours.
„
3 days.
„ 56 hours.
„ 48
„
„
7 days.
„
6
„
Lived.
„
Died 48 hours.
„ 21 „
Lived.
„
Died 50 hours.
PONIES.
Serial No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Quantity of
culture injected.
c.c.
1
1
1
1
1
1
How injected.
Subcut.
„
„
„
„
„
Result.
Died 3 days.
„ 30 hours.
Lived.
Died 2½ days.
„ 35 hours.
„ 30
„
52
Hæmorrhagic
Septicæmia.
MULES.
Serial No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Age.
aged
„
„
„
„
5 yrs.
aged
„
„
Quantity of culture
injected.
c.c.
1
1
1 1
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.25
0.25
How injected.
Subcut.
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Result.
Lived. No effect.
„ „
„ „
Died in 24 hours.
Died on 5th day.
Lived. No effect.
„ „
„ „
„ „
DONKEYS.
1
2
3
...
...
...
1
1
Subcut.
„
„
Died in 24 hours.
„ 3 days.
„
30 hours.
DOGS.
1
2
3
4
...
...
...
...
0 2
0.2
0.5
0.5
Subcut.
„
„
„
Lived. No effect.
Lived.
Temp.
reaction
40.6°C.
Lived. No reaction.
„ „
SHEEP.
Serial No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Quantity
of culture in-
jected.
c.c.
5
5
2.5
2.5
2
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
How injected.
Intrav.
Intrap.
Subcut.
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Result.
Lived. Temp. reaction
„ „ „
„ „ „
„ „ „
Died 48 hours.
Lived. No reaction.
Died in 5 days.
Died in 8 days.
Lived. No reaction.
Died 20 hours.
Lived. Temp. reaction
„ „ „
„ „ „
„
„
„
Died 24 hours.
Lived. Temp. reaction
„ „ „
41.6 °C.
41.2 °C.
41.2 °C.
41.2 °C.
40.0 °C.
41.2 °C.
40.6 °C.
40.0 °C.
40.5 °C.
40.3 °C.
LAMBS.
1
2
3
0.1
0.1
0.1
Subcut.
„
„
Lived. No reaction.
„ „
„
„
Hæmorrhagic Septicæmia.
53
GOATS.
Serial No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Quality
of culture in-
jected.
0.5
0.5
0.2
1
1
1
How injected.
Subcut.
„
„
„
„
„
Result.
Lived.
„
„
„
„
„
No reaction.
Temp. 43.0 °C.
Slight reaction.
Temp. reaction.
„ „
„ „
TOXIN.
A soluble toxin is obtained in 48 hrs. cultures in ordinary
broth. This toxin appears equal in strength to that derived
from older cultures seven days to three months. The toxin
can be separated by filtering, by sterilising the culture for three
days under toluol or by heating at 60°C. for a quarter of an
hour.
It is destroyed by heating to 100°C. for fifteen minutes.
Toxin kept at room temperature for three weeks retained its
strength, but after three months it was found to have lost
its lethal effect.
Dried toxin keeps its strength for several months.
In dose of from 5 to 10 c.c. inoculated intravenously it is
rapidly fatal to cattle of 200 to 300lbs. weight. Injected sub-
cutaneously even in large amounts it causes no disturbance,
and confers an immunity against the disease which lasts for
some weeks.
The intravenous injection of 5 c.c. toxin has no effect
on sheep.
EXPERIMENTS WITH TOXIN.
Rabbits.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Dose.
c.c.
0.1
0.2
0.5
0.5
0.8
How prepared.
Filtered
„
„
Sterilised by heat at 60°C.
for ½ hr.
Sterilised by Toluol.
How injected.
Intrav.
„
„
„
„
Result.
Lived. Slight reaction.
Temp. 40.4°C. „ „ 40.7°C.
Died in 30 hrs.
„ 45 „
„ 20 „
54
Hæmorrhagic Septicæmia.
No.
6
G. Pig
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Dose.
0.8
1
0.5
1
5
5
5
10
10
5
10
200
50
How prepared.
Filtered ...
„ ...
Sheep.
Filtered ...
„ ...
„ ...
Cattle.
Sterilised by Toluol ..
Filtered ...
„ ...
„
(3 weeks old) ...
Sterilised at 10°0 for
¼ hr. ...
„ ...
Filtered .
„ ...
1 c.c. of a solution of 1 gramme Dried
Toxin kept (2 months) in 10 c.c. of
salt solution.
10
10
Filtered ...
(Kept 3 months.)
„
How injected.
Intrav. ...
Subcut. ...
Tntrav. ...
„ ...
„
Intrav.
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
Subcut.
„ ...
Intrav ... ....
„ ...
„
Result.
Died in 36 hrs.
„
38 „
No effect.
„
„
Died in 15 hrs.
„
40 „
„
36 „
„
2 days.
No effect.
„
„
„
Died in 12 hrs.
No effect.
„
IMMUNISATION BY MEANS OF SERUM.
In order to ascertain the possibility of preparing an anti-
serum of high potency and capable of conferring an immunity
of long duration, four methods of hyper-immunising animals
were tested.
(1) By increasing small injections of living cultures, first
given subcutaneously and later on intravenously. Serum A.
(2) By subcutaneous injections of large quantities of
living cultures up to 1000 c.c. Serum B.
(3) By subcutaneous inoculation of a mass of living
bacilli obtained from old cultures by centrifugalising.
Serum C.
(4) By subcutaneous injections of the filtrate (Toxin
alone) from broth cultures 48 hours. Serum D.
METHOD OF PREPARATION OF SERUM A.
Plains bulls, averaging 500 lbs., were injected with 5 c.c.
of an anti-serum subcut. and, 48 hours after, inoculated with
0.025 c.c. of an H.S. culture.
Following this at intervals of 10 days, they receive increas-
ing doses as follows :—
Subcutaneously.
0.050 c.c.
0.100 c.c.
0.200 c.c.
Intravenously.
0.1 c.c.
0.2 c.c.
0.5 c.
Hæmorrhagic Septicæmia.
55
Subcutaneously.
0.500 c.c.
1.000 c.c.
Intravenously.
1.0 c.c.
2.5 c.c.
5.0 c.c.
7.5 c.c.
10.0 c.c.
12.5 c.c.
About 21 days after the last injection, the bulls were bled
2500 c. c. from the jugular vein. Twenty-four hours after
they were bled a second time, a similar quantity. A period
of over five months was necessary to prepare this serum.
Frequently deaths occurred after an injection of culture.
The sera preparing bulls appeared not to be immunised
against the disease. As has been observed in the preparation
of other anti-toxic sera, the repeated injections of the
toxic products established in certain animals a condition of
anaphylaxis.
Among one batch of serum preparing bulls five deaths
occurred.
Bull (1) died 2 days after the injection of 0.2 c.c. subcut.
„ (2) „
„ (3) „
„ (4) „
„ (5) „
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
1 c.c.
the first injection, subcut.
0.5 c.c. subcut.
0.05 c.c.
„
Testing of Serum A.
In all the following tests 0.1 c.c. of a 48 hours broth
culture of Hæmorrhagic Septicæmia was used. Fresh
cultures from a rabbit or bull dead of the disease were, in
most instances, employed, and as controls two udlls were
inoculated with a similar amount of the virus alone.
TEST I.
Serum and Virus simultaneously.
The dose of serum and the virus were inoculated subcu-
taneously on either side.
Hill Bull.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Serum.
c.c.
1
1
20
20
20
20
20
1
1
1
Virus.
c.c.
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Result.
Died 48 hours.
„ 36 „
„ after 3 days.
„
„
50 hours.
„
„ 50 „
Lived, Temp. Reaction 39.2°C.
„
„
39.0°C.
„
„
„
39.0°C.
„ „ 30.0°C.
„
No reaction.
56
Hæmorrhagic Septicæmia.
1 Control died in 3 days and 1 Control lived.
Summary :—Out of 5 bulls which received 20 c.c. + Virus,
simultaneously, 3 died.
Out of 5 bulls which received 1 c.c. + Virus simulta-
neously, 2 died.
TEST II.
Serum plus virus inoculated 48 hours after the serum.
Hill Bull.
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Serum.
c.c.
5
5
6
8
10
15
20
20
Virus.
c.c.
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Result.
Died in 49 hrs.
„ 3 days.
Lived
Died 2 days
Lived.
Died 2½ days.
Lived.
Died 36 hrs.
2 Controls died.
TEST III.
Serum plus virus inoculated 5 days after the serum.
Hill B
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Serum.
c.c.
1
1
1
1
1
20
20
20
20
20
Virus.
c.c.
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Result.
Died in 30 hrs.
„ 48 „
„ 50 „
„ 50 „
„ 56 „
„ 24 „
„ 48 „
„ 48 „
„ 20 „
Lived. Temp. Reaction
39.5°c.
2 Controls died.
Out of 5 bulls which received 20 c.c. serum plus virus 5
days after, 4 died, 1 lived.
5 bulls received 1 c.c. serum plus virus 5 days after;
all died.
The tests of this serum proved that it was of little prac-
tical value. It had an uncertain protective power against
the virus inoculated simultaneously or forty-eight hours
following the serum injection. It afforded no immunity against
the virus inoculated five days after the serum.
Hæmorrhagic Septicæmia.
57
METHOD OF PREPARATION OF SERUM B.
H. S. SERUM MAKING.
Plains Bull No. 7350.
6th October
28th „
5th November
14th „
21st „
2nd December
23rd
„
1st January
17th „
1907 ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
1908 ...
„ ...
Received
„
„
„
„
„
Bled
Received
Bled
2
0.025
0.05
0.1
1
50
1,000
500
1,500
c.c.
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Serum.
Bouillon culture 48 hrs. subcut.
„ „ „ „
„
„
„
„
„ „ „ „
„ „ „ „
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Plains Bull No. 5210.
30th September
2nd October
14th
„
24th „
31st
„
8th November
16th
„
23rd
„
2nd December
16th
„
1907 ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
1907 ..
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
2
0.025
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.5
1
10
400
c.c.
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Serum.
Bouillon culture 48 hrs. subcut.
„ „ „ „
„ „ „ „
„ „ „ „
„ „ „ „
„ „ „ „
„ „ „ „
„ „ „ „
Bled 1000 c.c.
Plains Bull No. 6376.
5th October
7th „
18th
„
24th „
31st
„
8th November
16th „
23rd
„
2nd December
16th
„
31st
„
6th January
1907 ..
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
1908 ...
2
0.025
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.5
1.0
0.1
50
Bled
„
„
c.c. Serum.
„ b.c. 48 hrs. subcut.
„
„
„
„
„ „ „ „
„
„
„
„
„ „ „ „
„ „ „ „
„
„
„
intrav.
„
„
„
subcut.
1,000 c.c.
1,500 „
1,000 „
Plains Bull No. 6356.
30th September
2nd October
14th
„
24th
„
31st „
8th November
14th
„
21st
„
1907 ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
2
c.c. Serum.
0.025 „ b.c. 48 hrs. subcut.
0.05
0.1
5
0.1
25
200
„
„
„
„
„ „
„ „
„ „
„ „
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
intrav.
subcut.
„
58
Hæmorrhagic Septicæmia.
6th December
9th
1st January
17th
„
„
„
1908
„
... Bled 1000 c. c.
... 500 c.c. b.c. 48 hrs. subcut.
... 1,000 „
„ „ „
... Bled 1,500 c.c
Testing of Serum B.
To ascertain the duration of the protection afforded
by injection of serum alone.
TEST I.
H. S. Serum Testing on Bulls.
Serial
No.
Bull.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11 12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Buff.
28
29
30
31
32
33
Dose of
serun
injected.
c.c.
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
5
20
5
20
5
20
5
20
5
20
20
20
20
20
5
5 5
5
5
5
5
5
20
20
Serum taken
from Bull
No.
5210
6356
6376
6376
7350
7350
3626
3626
6356
6356
3626
3626
5210
5210
7350
7350
6356
6356
5210
6356
5210
6356
3626
7350
7350
6356
6356
326
326
326
326
326
326
After
injection
of
c.c.
400
200
1,000
1,000
500
500
300
300
200
200
300
300
400
400
500
500
1,000
1,000
400
200
400
200
300
500
500
1,000
1,000
300
300
300
300
300
300
Tested with
0.1 c.c. b.c.
48 hrs. after
5 days.
5 „
6 „
6 „
6 „
6 „
7 „
7 „
11 „
11 „
11 „
11 „
11 „
11
„
15 „
15 „
15 „
15 „
19 „
19 „
20 „
20 „
20 „
21 „
21 „
21 „
21 „
3 „
3 „
3 „
3 „
11 „
11 „
Result.
Lived.
„
„
Died.
Lived.
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Died.
Lived.
„
Died.
Lived.
Died.
„
Lived.
Died.
Lived.
Died.
„
„
Lived.
Died.
„
Lived.
„
Retested after
30 days.
46 „
41 „
41 „
41 „
52 „
60 „
39 „
35 „
23 „
23 „
35 „
40 „
28 „
40 „
46 „
Discontinued.
Result.
Lived.
„
„
„
Died.
Lived.
Died.
„
„
„
Lived.
Died.
Lived.
Died.
Lived.
„
The general result shows that 5 c.c. from bulls, injected
400 c.c. and less, protects up to eleven days;
and that 20 c.c., from bulls injected 400 c.c. and less,
protects less than 20 days;
also that 5 c.c., from bulls injected 500-1000 c.c., protects
up to 15 days.
It appears that bulls inoculated within a week after the
serum had a reaction, and consequently a long immunity. Of
those inoculated with virus at a longer period after the serum
injection, 60% died. The remainder had an active immunity.
Hæmorrhagic
Septicæmia.
59
H. S. Testing
on
Rabbits.
No.
Rabbit.
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
Dose of
serum in-
jected.
c.c.
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
Serum
taken
from
Bull No.
6356
6356
5210
5210
5356
5356
6376
6376
6356
6356
6356
7350
7350
5210
3626
3626
5210
6356
After in-
jection of
c.c.
200
200
400
400
500
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
200
500
500
400
300
300
400
200
Tested with
0.00002 b.c.
after
Simultaneous
„
„
„
6 days
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
7 days
„
17 days
„
Result.
Died.
Lived ...
Died.
Lived ..
Died.
„
„
„
„
Lived ...
Died.
Lived
„ ...
„ ...
Died.
„
„
„
Remarks.
Retested 7 days
after serum, died.
Do.
Discontinued.
Do.
Do.
Do.
The results of these tests were so contradictory that the
use of rabbits for this purpose was not continued.
TEST
II.
To determine the nature of immunity established by an
injection of serum (B) followed four days after by an inocula-
tion of virus.
Hill
Bull.
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
Dose of
serum
injected.
c.c.
20
20
20
20
20
5
5
5
5
20
5
Serum
taken
from
Bull No.
6356
6356
6356
6356
6356
6356
6356
6356
6356
6356
6356
After in-
jection of
c.c.
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
Virus
after
4 days
c.c.
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Result.
Lived
..
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
Died after
4 clays.
Died in 3
days.
Retested
after
interval
of
25 days
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Result.
Lived. No reac-
tion.
Died 50 hours.
Lived. No reac-
tion.
Lived. No reac-
tion.
Lived. No reac-
tion.
Lived. No reac-
tion.
Lived. No reac-
tion.
Lived. No reac-
tion.
Lived. No reac-
tion.
60
Hæmorrhagic Septiæmia.
2 Controls died.
Remarks :—
The tests of serum B showed that it was superior to serum
A. The length of immunity conferred by the use of serum
alone was not, however, sufficient to be of any practical value
in field operations. The method of serum injection followed
by virus after an interval of a few days established an active
protection of longer duration, but was accompanied by fatal-
ities.
METHOD OF PREPARATION OF SERUM C.
Plains Bull No. 6374.
Immunized by 5 c.c. serum followed forty-eight hours
after by an inoculation of 0.1 c.c. broth culture of virus. 10
days interval.
Injected with the sediment of 500 c.c. broth culture 3
weeks old, in 50 c.c. saline solution.
14 days interval.
Injected with the sediment of 3,000 c.c. broth culture
4 weeks old, in 200 c.c.saline solution.
Ten days interval.
Injected with the sediment of 3,500 c.c. culture 4 weeks
old, in 200 c.c. saline solution.
Interval of 23 days.
Bled 3,400 c.c.
Plains Bull No. 7348.
Immunized as in case of Bull No. 6374.
10 days interval.
Injected with sediment of 250 c.c. culture 4 weeks old,
in 50 c.c. saline solution.
Interval 10 days.
Injected with sediment of 500 c.c. culture 4 weeks old,
in 50 c.c. saline solution.
Interval 10 days.
Injected with sediment of 3,000 c.c. culture 4 weeks old.
in 100 c.c. saline solution.
Interval 10 days.
Hæmorrhagic Septicæmia.
61
Injected with sediment of 4,000 c.c. culture 4 weeks old,
in 250 c.c. saline solution.
Interval 18 days.
Bled 3,750 c.c.
TESTING OF SERUM C.
Serum followed by virus 48 hours after. Retested after
32 days.
Bull
No. 1.
1
2
3
4
Dose
c.c.
0.1
1
20
20
Virus
c.c.
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Result.
died
lived
„
„
Retested after
...
32 days.
„
„
...
Lived.
„
„
Result.
...
No reaction.
„
„
Out of four bulls inoculated with serum, 2 with 1 c.c. and
2 with 20 c.c., one with 1 c.c. died.
The other three were immune when tested 32 days after
first injection. 1 Control died in 48 hours.
Serum plus virus 48 hours after. Retesting after 6 weeks.
Bull
No.
5
6
7
8
Serum
c.c.
20
20
20
20
Virus
c.c.
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Result.
Lived. No reaction
„
„
„ „
„ „
Retested after 6 weeks.
with 0.l c.c. virus.
Reaction 39.4°C. for 1 day ; lived.
„ 40°C. for 1 day ; lived.
„ 39°C. for 1 day ; lived.
„
39.3°C. for 1 day; lived.
Control died in 3 days.
Serum (7348) plus virus after 48 hours. Retesting after
8 weeks.
Bull
No.
9
10
11
12
13
14
Serum
c.c.
25
25
25
25
25
25
Virus
c.c.
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Lived.
„
„
„
„
„
Result.
No reaction
„
„
„
„
„
Retested after 8 weeks
with 0.1 c.c. virus.
Lived. Slight reaction.
„
No reaction.
„
„
„
„
„
Slight reaction.
„ No reaction.
3 Controls died in 2 days, one lived.
Bulls treated with serum and tested with virus 3 weeks
after.