NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
Ixi
in the Madras Presidency during the year 1870.
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lxii
Statement showing the Monthly Prevalence of Cholera
lxxii
Statement showing the Monthly Prevalence of Cholera
Name of District.
Malabar.—(Continued.)
Names of Registration Circles, Talooks,
Towns, Jails, Cantonments, &c.
Ponnani, R. C. (Talook)
...
...
Ponnani, T. ... ... ...
Melmuri, T. ... ... ...
Nettiga, T.
...
...
...
Talakad, T
...
...
...
Vadauapalli, T. ... ... ...
Kavaslacrry, T ... ... ...
Chillalancuerry, T. ... ...
Ponnandem, T. ... ... ...
Atavanad, T. ... ... ...
Kotaolaeree,
T. ... ... ...
Edappal, T.
...
...
...
Eramungalum T. ... ... ...
Katikkad, T.
...
...
...
Rayeramuugalum, T. ... ...
Yuruvayur, T. ... ... ...
Ponnyur, T. ... ... ...
Nattika,
T.
...
...
...
Etuttirutti,
T.
...
...
...
Zemindaries ... ... ... ...
Total District ...
Total Madras Presidency ...
Geographical posi-
tion of Registration
Circles (Talooks),
Towns,&c. (Talooks
relative to Districts,
and Towns relative
to Talooks.)
S. of District ...
W. of Talook ...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
Population according to last census.
310, 131
8,401
5,182
6,210
5,522
6,670
6,974
6,594
5,394
7,129
5,225
5,113
6,330
5,130
8,984
5,460
6,152
6,210
5,991
1,849,805
...
January
No. of cases of Cholera reputed.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
No. of Deaths of Cholera reported.
3
...
1
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
8
6363
February
No. of cases of Cholera reputed.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
No. of Deaths of Cholera reported.
3
...
...
3
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
7
2743
March
No. of cases of Cholera reputed.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
No. of Deaths of Cholera reported.
4
...
...
4
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
31
1887
April
No. of cases of Cholera reputed.
4 ...
...
...
...
...
...
No. of Deaths of Cholera reported.
2
...
...
1
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
35
2091
May
No. of cases of Cholera repute
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
No. of Deaths of Cholera
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
77
4442
June
No. of cases of Cho
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
No. of Deaths
1
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
199
8566
NOTE.—In this tabular statement the whole mortality from cholera occurring in a talook (Registration Circle) is shown under the
talook return, but to show how the towns of 5,000 inhabitants and upwards have been affected by the epidemic, the particulars of each
town have been separately entered below the Registration Circles, in which the town as well as village mortality has been included.—
(W.R.C.)
ERRATA.
Page 3, marginal para. 6, for is, read in.
" 9, foot-note, second line, omit the between to and Scotts.
" 9,
do.
fourth line, for atucally, read actually.
Appendix I., second line, for Instruction, read Instructions.
"
page vi., foot-note, for Harvy, read Harvey, and for analysis, read analyses.
I P / S R L / I P
ANNUL REPORT
UPON THE WORK OF THE
BACTERIOLOGICAL SECTION
OF THE
KING INSTITUTE OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE,GUINDY.
FOR THE YEAR
1907. MADRAS PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT GOVERNMENT PRESS.
1908. [PRICE,8 annas]
[ 9 p e n c e . ]
ANNUAL REPORT
UPON THE WORK OF THE
BACTERIOLOGICAL SECTION
OF THE
KING INSTITUTE OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE,
GUINDY,
FOR THE YEAR
1907.
MADRAS:
PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRESS.
1908.
5
No.
Type
Total
No.
Typical and
non-malignant.
No.
Atypical and malignant.
N o .
3 Muscular tissue.
3
Striated (Rhabdo-my-
oma) .
1 Sarcoma., round celled
...
...
1
Unstriated (Leio-my-
oma).
Nil. Encephaloid carcinoma ...
...
1
4 Nervous tissue.
Nil.
Nil.
Nil.
Nil.
Nil.
5 Glandular tissue.
42 Adenoma
...
...
9 Adeno carcinoma of breast sphe-
roidal.
24
Lymphoma ...
Nil. I
......
Lymphadenoma
...
1 Carcinoma of liver 3
...
"
stomach 2 ...
7
"
pancreas 2 ...
Malignant thyroid
1
Columnar carcinoma
...
...
Nil.
Lympho sarcoma
...
...
Nil.
6 Mixed tissue ...
17 Adeno-myxoma
...
5
. . . . . .
Adeno-fibroma
...
5 Colloid cancer
...
...
...
1
Chondro-adenoma
...
1 Rodent ulcer
...
...
1
Fungoid
1
Mycetoma
1
2
......
Myxo-fibroma
2
......
7 Cysts ...
...
7 Dermoid
...
...
4 Cysts with carcinomatus growth
(ovarian).
1
Hæmatogenous
...
1
.
......
Probably lacteal
1
......
8 Granulomata ...
31 Tubercular
...
...
4
......
Avian tuberculous
...
1
......
Lupus ...
...
2
......
Syphilitic (gumma) ...
5
.......
Infective granuloma ...
3
......
Inflammatory and gran-
ulation tissue.
16
.....
9 Nature unknown.
...
Psorosperms
1 ...
...
Tumour cornea of a child masses
of epitheliium in fibrous matrix.
1
Cancer bodies
2 ...
. . .
.. . . .
Fungus eye
1 ...
......
Growth rectum prob-
ably sebaceous ade-
noma.
1
. . .
Tumour iliac forsa granulation
tissue with large cells suggesting
possible malignancy.
1
Diseased testis large
cells in granulation
tissue
1
. . .
Growth cheek probably sarco-
matus.
3
Tumour neck inflam-
matory adenoma 1.
. . .
Enucleated eye conver-
sion of vitrious into
cellular tissue 1.
. . .
All the specimens referred to above which were sent during the year are as
follows :—
PLAGUE consisting of smears from human spleens and bubos, rat spleens,
sputum, etc.
...
...
. .. ... ... ... ...
804
MALARIA
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
266
LEISHMAN-DONOVAN BODY
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
21
WIDAL REACTIONS
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
324
TUMOURS ... ... ... ... . .. .. ... ... ...
141
SPUTUM FOR TUBERCLE BACILLI,,
...
...
...
...
52
WATER SAMPLES
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1 72
CHOLERA—Cholera vibrios were isolated from-cases in St, Thomas' Mount
and Saidapet
...
...
..
....
...
...
22
URINE qualitative and quantitative examination, presence of casts and
g
onococci ...
...
...
......
. .. ...
37
MISCELLANEOUS examinations for gonococci, rabid material, leucocytosis,
fæces for ova, vomited matter, filaria, spirochetes, diph-
theria and leprosy bacilli and blood. for reaction against
micrococcus militensis
...
...
...
...
...
...
46
MOSQUITOES AND BITING FLIES
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
Total ...
8
1,893
(ii) RESEARCH.
1. Bacteriology.—At the request of the Government of Madras, Captain
Christophers, I.M.S., investigated the value of Pesterine and other flea destroying
substances; his experiments are given in Volume I, No. II. The time occupied
3
Substance. Dilution.
Nature of
exper i ment .
Duration of
immersion.
F l e a e u s e d . F l e a s r e c o v e r e d .
Effective.
Remarks.
Plunas
... 1-100 Dipping rat
...
. . . . . .
...
Yes All fleas killed.
,, ... 1-50 Immersion
... Momentary ... 3
0
Yes
,,
.
.. 1-50 Spraying
...
...
8
6
No
,, ...
1-50 Dipping rat
...
... ...
...
Yes All fleas killed.
,,
..
.
1-25
Immersion
... Momentary ... 2
0
Yes
„
... 1-25 Spraying
...
...
4
0
Yes
,,
... 1-10
Immersion
... Momentary ...
3
0
Yes
Emulsion A ... 1-1000 Immersion
... 30 seconds ... 4
0
Yes Acted quite rapidly.
,, ... 1-1000
,,
... 60 seconds ... 3
0
Yes
,, ... 1-800
,,
... 60 seconds
2
0
Yes
,, ... 1-100
,,
... Momentary ... 3
1
No
One recovered quickly.
,,
...
1-100 Spraying
...
...
7
3
No Appeared dead but re
-covered.
,,
... 1-100 Dipping rat ...
...
9
0
Yes Fleas were unable to leave
the rat.
,,
...
1-50 Immersion
... Momentary ... 4
2
...
Took some time to recover.
,, ... 1-50
,,
...
,,
...
3
1
. . .
Do.
,, ...
1-50 Spraying
...
...
5
0
Yes
,, ...
1-50
,,
...
...
4
3
No Appeared dead but three
recovered.
,, ...
1-50 Dipping rat
...
...
... ...
Yes Many dead fleas in fur.
,,
...
1-25 Immersion
.., Momentary ... 3
0
Yes
,,
... 1-25
,,
...
,,
... 3
1
No Took some time to recover.
,,
.. 1-25
,,
...
,,
... 4
0
Yes
,,
..
1-25 Spraying
...
...
2
1
No Appeared dead but re
-covered.
,,
...
1-25
,,
...
...
8
0
Yes
,,
...
1-25 Dipping rat ...
...
... ...
Yes Many dead fleas in fur.
,,
...
1-10 Immersion
... Momentary ... 4
0
Yes
,,
...
1-10 Spraying
...
...
25
0
Yes. Fleas killed almost instantly
where caught by fluid.
,,
...
1-10 Dipping rat ...
...
... ...
Yes
TABLE B.
The cost of the substances tried above per gallon of effective solution is as follows :—
Substance.
Dilution
considered
effective.
Cost per
gallon.
Cost per
gallon of
effective
solution.
Cost of 100
gallons of
effective
solution.
Remarks.
RS. A. P. RS. A. P. RS. A. P.
Pesterine ... ... ... Undiluted...
0 4 0
0 4 0
2
5
0 0
Exact price not known.
Pesterine emulsion (un
-saturated soap emulsion).
1-10
0 8 0
0 0 9.6
5
0 0
Disadvantage of being very
foul compared with Plunas
and kerosine emulsion.
Crude oil emulsion
1-10
1 6 0
0 2 2
13 12
0
Very doubtful if effective as
stated at 1 in 10.
Plunas
...
1-25
3 8 0
0 2 3
14
0 0
1-10 I3 8 0
0 5
6
3
5
0 0
Effective on momentary contact.
Emulsion A .. ...
1-25 l0 8 0
0 0 3
.4
2
0 0
1-10
0 8 0
0 0 9.6
5
0 0
Effective on momentary contact.
8
few, chiefly of Muhammadan class, are employed in boat making. A certain number of
persons from the inland villages are employed as coolies in boat making.
Percentage of Spleens.— The percentage of spleens in a village situated on the other side
of Pulicat bar was very high—
Number
inspected.
Spleens
found.
percentage.
Adults
. .
..
..
4 .
..
.
.
36
21
58
Children ..
..
6 .
. f
.
.
. .
22
22
100
Total ..
58
43
74
The place is the most highly infected of all the villages examined showing cent per cent.
infection among children, all harbouring malignant tertian parasites in their blood.
Sambachypallikuppam (situated a mile interior from the canal). This place also has a high
percentage—
Adults
..
.. .
..
. 4
.
.
.
..
11
9
81.81
Children
..
. .
4 .
. .
..
, .
19
14
74
Total ..
30
23
77
Karimanal—
Adults
. a
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
4
18
11
61
Children ..
..
..
..
.
0
.
.
14
10
71.4
Total ..
32
21
65.5
Blood Examination. —Ten blood films from the worst infected area Dhon-revoo were
examined.
Films.
Number of films
showing parasite.
Percentage.
10
1
10
A sporulating body seen.
This mature schizont containing about 7 merozoits was slightly smaller than a red cell.
Breeding Places
—
Oochankulam is the only large pool in Dhon-revoo which contained plenty of Anopheles
larvæ.
In Sembachypallikuppam altogether 3 pools were examined, of which one Thengachy
Amman Kolam contained many Anopheles larvæ.
In Karimanal three pools were examined, of which one of them Ammayee tope pool
contained many larvæ.
Buckingham Canal was examined for a distance of half a mile with negative results. The
casuarina plantations in this part of the coast are all old ones and as such no pools containing
water exist.
PULDIVAKAM.
General con dition.—This place is situated on the Buckingham Canal about a distance of 10
miles south of Palicat. Town is on the eastern bank of the canal and consists of the village
proper, a parachery and a Kuppain situated on the beach. Casuarina plantations are abundant
in and around these villages. The soil is chiefly sandy. On the eastern bank of the canal
there are a few paddy fields and on the other side there are a number of salt pans. There are
several pools in this village and a few in the salt factory which is situated a mile to the south
of the village and occupied by the employees of the Salt department. Owing to the great
prevalence of fever several of these houses are unoccupied though a few people principally
caretakers are bound to live in these quarters.
Percentage of Spleens—
Attiput Factory.
Puldivakam.
Number
examined.
Spleens
found.
Per-
centage.
Number
examined.
Spleens
found.
Per-
centage.
Adults ..
. .
.
.
24
2
8
78
43
55
Children
. .
..
6
1
16
43
30
70
Total ..
30
3
10
121
73
61
Examination of Blood—
Films.
Parasites found.
In percentage.
Remarks.
10
1
10 per cent.
Malignant Schizonts
(scanty).
16
Crithidia-like flagellates. Owing to the want of time I have not been able to follow these
observations further. It is hardly necessary to point out that the flagellates in the leech have no
connection whatever with the hœmogregarines that happened to be sucked up by the leeches and
there is nothing at present to show that hœmogregarines have a flagellate stage. In carrying
out any feeding experiments with leeches the possibility of latent hœmogregarine frog infections
must always be remembered.
Brumpt1 in a recent paper claims to have show that the flagellates of leeches, presumably
developmental forms of frog trypanosomes, penetrate the eggs of the leech and thus infect the
second generation and the trypanosomes are then found in the sheath of the leech's proboscis,
In the leech associated with Rana tigrina I have so far not found this method of infection, but
my observations are not yet concluded. A large number of feeding experiments in the proper
season and the exclusion of possible natural leech flagellates are undoubtedly necessary.
Brumpt—Comptes Rendus Soc.
Biologie, T. LXIII, 20th July 1907.
2
Nos. 693, 693A L., 14TH MAY 1908.
Referring to the preventive measures I can heartily endorse the view that
quinine should be popularized and should be always obtainable from such people as
schoolmasters and mistresses, munsifs, etc.; but before the other suggestions can be
adopted a good deal more investigation is required. Thus, I do not consider it estab- -
lished that the casuarina trees have any direct influence on the "malariosity" of
the place, and further that considering the cost and trouble of antimalarial measures
it might be found cheaper to remove the villages to other sites as the area of infec- -
tion is very small.
(5) As regards the parasites described in papers IV, V and VI very little need
be said. The protozoa are becoming very important in the field of medicine and a
study of the life history of as many different species as possible is of the greatest
importance.
The life history of the non-pathologenic protozoa is in some instances compara- -
tively easy to work out and affords valuable information in the study of the more
important pathogenic varieties. Of these, the life cycle of the malaria parasite is
now certain, but not so the Leishman. Donovan body. A study of the other species
of Herpetomonas, such as occur in some animals, affords most valuable information
as to what probably occurs in the extra corporeal life of the parasite of Kala Azar.
Another interesting point is brought out in Captain Patton's work, viz., that many
of the sanguivora, be they mosquitoes, flies, lice or leeches, have in their bodies
two kinds of parasites—(i) those that are sucked in from the blood of the animal
they feed on and which may or may not undergo any important changes in the
body of the host, and (ii) some natural or "wild" parasites that inhabit the
body of the suctorial animal. It is in many cases very difficult to tell which of these
two types one is dealing with hence it is easily understood how mistakes may occur
in describing the life history of any particular parasite. The study of the methods
of transmission of these wild parasites is in itself a very important fascinating
subject.
Order—No. 693 L., dated 14th May 1908.
Recorded,
(True Extract.)
C. A. SOUTER,
Ag. Secretary to Government.
To the Sanitary Commissioner.
',, the Surgeon-General.
„ the Sanitary Engineer.
„ the Public Department.
„ the Judicial
„
„ the Revenue
„
„ the Assistant Adjutant-General, 9th (Secunderabad) Division, with C.L.
„ all Collectors.
„ all Presidents of District Boards.
„ all Chairmen of Municipal Councils.
„ the President, Corporation of Madras.
„ the Director of Public Instruction.
„ the Accountant-General.
Editors' Table.
Endorsement—No. 693A L., dated 14th May 1908.
Copy to the Government of India, Home Department.
C. A. SOUTER,
Ag. Secretary to Government.
IN THE EAST
R. CAMBRAY & CO., Calcutta.
T. COOPOOSWAMI NAICKER & CO., MADRAS.
H I G G I N B O T H A M & C o . , M o u n t R o a d , M a d r a s .
V . K A L Y A N A R A M A I Y E R & C o . , E s p l a n d e , M a d r a s .
S. MUR
G. A. NATESAN & Co., Kapalee Press, Madras.
RADHABAI ATMARAM SAGUN, Bombay.
D. B. TARAPOREVALA SONS & Co., Bombay.
THOMPSON & Co., Madras.
ENGLAND.
E ARNOLD,
B
L d.
T. FISHER UNWIN, 1, Adelphi Terrace, W.C., London.
GRINDLAY & Co., 54, Parliament Street, S.W., London.
KEGANPAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., 43, Gerrard Street, Soho, W., London.
B.
W :THACKER & Co., 2, Creed Lane, E.C., London.
ON THE CONTINENT.
F IEDL X N DER SO
OTTO HARRASSOWITZ, Leipzig.
KARL W. HIERSEMANN, Leipzig.
ERNEST LEROUX, 28, Rue Bonaparte, Paris.
NU
N J. o FF, The Hague, Holland.
Ag ent Tor sale of the Legisative Department publications.
A N N U A L R E P O R T
U P O N T H E W O R K O F T H E
BACTERIOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE KING INSTITUTE
O F P R E V E N T I V E M E D I C I N E
FORTHE YEAR
PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT,GOVERNMENT PRESS
[PRICE, 1 rupee 4 annas.]
[2 shillings]
ANNUAL REPORT
UPON THE WORK OF THE
BACTERIOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE KING INSTITUTE
OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE
FOR THE YEAR
1906.
MADRAS:
PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRESS.
1907.
P. 1.
=Area under Sewage from Debden Filter Beds.
P. 2. = „
„
Sand Filter.
P. 3.
= „„
Crude Sewage.
P. 4.
= Land atpresent out of .use t of
means of irrigation.
P.5 = Land under ordinary picottah irrigation
Area irrigable by single picottah.
P.6
P. 7 . Quarantineplots kept irrigated for grazing
till June when water not available.
P. 8.
9
when more urgent matters have required attention in the laboratories, and since
it requires no staff to undertake such experiments should they at any time be
desirable.
32. As stated before it is not the business of a septic tank or even filters in
the case of sewage to remove or reduce the number of organisms. Nevertheless
several estimations have shown some reduction in certain test organisms, i.e. ,
B. Coli communis and B. Sporogenes enteritidis. The accompanying table III
shows that this reduction is most marked in the case of the former organism:—
TABLE III.
Dates.
Bacillus.
Crude sewage.
Septic tank.
Effluent after filter bed.
18th March 1906
B. Coli ... ...
Present in .00001 cc.
and upwards.
Present in .001 cc.
and upwards.
Present in .01 cc. and
upwards.
B. Sporogenes ...
Present in .001 cc.
and upwards.
Present in .01 cc. and
upwards.
Present in .01 cc. and
upwards.
6th April 1906
B. Coli ... ...
Present in .00001 cc.
and upwards.
Present in .01 cc. and
upwards.
Present in .01 cc. and
upwards.
B. Sporogenes ..
Present in .01 cc. and
upwards.
Present in .1 cc. and
upwards.
Present in .1 cc. and
upwards.
33. To summarise—
The installation so far as disposal of sewage without nuisance was con-
cerned has been eminently successful. The experiments have suggested, however,
that a much smaller plant would have sufficed. This is probably due to the condition
in India favouring great waste of sewage by desiccation and soakage.
As regards utilisation of sewage the experiments make it doubtful whether in
small installations utilisation for crops is worth while. They suggest, however, as
an advantageous method the use of ordinary well irrigation in combination with a
sewage outflow, as this makes use of the manurial value of the sewage but does not
rely upon the limited irrigating power of this fluid.
In the case of the institute sewage, direct flow of the sewage upon the land
gave results equally good with those of filtered sewage, but in the case of more
concentrated sewage bacterial treatment would be desirable as was demonstrated
by the Government House installation.
It is impossible to draw inferences from the present experiments as regards
the disposal and utilisation of sewage on a large scale.
The practical outcome of the experiments would suggest that for institutions
and small municipalities, a septic tank with filter beds is eminently desirable. It
would appear not to be necessary if the system is in proper working order, to
arrange for utilisation of the effluent, or even particularly remunerative to do so,
where the ground is dry and porous.
3
10
TABLE I—showing amount of sewage run on different plots and fodder supplied during the month.
of August 1905 after the plots had been continuously irrigated with the same form of sewage for
one year. The amounts represent total possible yield.
Crude sewage.
Filter beds.
Sand filter.
Remarks.
Gallons
Kind and
Gallons
Kind and
Gallons
Kind and
—
approxi-
nature of
approxi-
nature of
approxi-
natur of e of
mate.
crops.
mate.
crops.
mate.
crops.
LB.
LB.
LB.
lst August
,,
...
...
...
6,500
...
Amount run through
beds not necessarily
on to plot as wast-
age great.
2nd
„,,
...
...
6,500
3rd ,, ,,
...
...
...
97 grass
6,000
4th
„
95 grass
...
...
Total amount goes
on to bed.
5th
„
5,000
95
"
6th„
6,000
100 grass
7th„
...
105 gras
8th„
98 grass
...
24 lucerne
9th
„
...
...
6,000
105 ,,
10th. ..
...
11th
„
5,000
...
...
12th„
...
...
. .
6,000
13th„
...
6,000
14th
„
...
6,000
15th
„
..
...
. .
...
. . .
6,000
1 6 t h
, ,
. ..
...
,,
...
17th
„
...
...
18th
„
6,000...
19th„
.
,,
6,000
,,
20th„
...
5,000
...
21st„
...
...
22nd
„
6,000
...
83 cholam
23rd
„
...
...
6,000
80
„
24th„
. . .
...
,,
80
„
25th
„
...
4 , 0 0 0
...
...
...
82
26th
...
6,000
...
80
„
27th
„
. . .
6,000
..
28th
„
...
80 cholam
...
29th„
,,
80
„
...
. . .
...
. . .
30th„
6,000
26
„
...
. . .
...
31st„
. . .
. . .
4,000
,,
295 grass
.124 grass
Total
...
34,000
46,500
300 grass
42,500
405 cholam
185 cholam
24 lucerne
Water pumped per diem over 10,000 gallons.