NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
P. V. SUKHATME
119
It will be seen that the value of the Interme-
diate Index is 4259 lbs., its sampling error is
295 lb. and the extent to which the figure of
4259 is likely to vary due to chance is 529. In
other words the best estimate of the true breed-
ing worth of the sire measured in terms of yield
of milk is 4259, but this estimate is likely to
err on either side to the extent of 529.
A
breeder thus knows that, provided the environ-
mental errors are correctly discounted, he can
use the sire with confidence for increasing pro-
duction of daughters when the mates are of a
level below 3730 lb.
Tables II and III give the calculations re-
quired for adjusting the yields of mothers and
daughters to the standard length of 300 days.
From the total of the figures in col. 4 is sub-
stracted a figure called the correction factor,
which is equal to the quotient of the square of
the total of col. 3 by the number of pairs. The
figure so derived is the corrected sum of squares
of the days of lactation. Similarly from the total
of the figures in col. 5 is substracted a figure, a
correction factor, which is obtained by dividing
the product of the totals of col. 2 and 3 by the
number of pairs. The remainder is called the
corrected sum of products. The corrected sum
of products divided by the corrected sum of
squares of the days of lactation gives a figure
called the regression coefficient, 'b', of the milk
yield on the days of lactation. In column 6 are
entered 300 minus the figures in col. 3. Column
7 shows the products of the figures in col. 6
with 'b'. Column 8 gives the sum of the cor-
responding figures in cols. 2 and 7 and shows
the yields adjusted to 300 days of lactation.
TABLE II
Showing the method of adjusting yields of mothers to the standard length of 300 days
No.
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Total
Yield in lb.
2
2631
3454
2034
3760
3537
4810
4115
4297
3765
4972
3662
3586
44623
Days of
lactation
3
346
349
271
376
324
385
349
391
339
340
374
362
4206
Square of col.
3
4
119716
121801
73441
141376
104976
148225
121801
152881
114921
115600
139876
131044
1485658
Product of col.
2 and col. 3
5
910326
1205446
551214
1413760
1145998
1851850
1436135
1680127
1276335
1690480
1369588
1298132
15829381
300—col. 3
6
— 46
— 49
29
— 76
— 24
— 85
— 49
— 91
— 39
— 40
— 74
— 62
—606
Col. 6×'b'
= Col. 6×
16.501
7
— 759
— 808
478
—1254
— 396
— 1402
— 808
—1501
— 643
— 660
—1221
—1023
— 9997
Col. 2 +
Col. 7
8
1872
2646
2512
2506
3141
3408
3307
2796
3122
4312
2441
2563
34626
Correction factor . .
Corrected total
Regression coefficient of
milk yield on days='b'
(4206) 2 / 12 =
..
. .
1474203
11455
. .
44623 × 4206/
12
= 15640361.5
189019.5
189019.5/
11455.0
= 16.501
120
Sire Index for Milk Production in Cattle
TABLE III
Showing the method of adjusting yields of daughters to the standard length of 300 days
No.
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Total
Yield in lb.
2
3090
3194
2941
3645
4967
5241
4474
4904
5313
4158
4966
3838
50731
Days of
lactation
3
262
329
280
372
373
385
361
353
374
317
382
293
4081
Square of col.
3
4
68644
108241
78400
138384
139129
148225
130321
124609
139876
100189
145924
85849
1408091
Product of
col. 2 and col. 3
5
809580
1050826
823480
1355940
1852691
2017785
1615114
1731112
1987062
1318086
1897012
1124534
17583222
300 - col. 3
6
+38
—29
+20
—72
—73
—85
—61
-53
—74
—17
—82
+7
—481
Col. 6×'b'
=Col. 6×
16.350
7
+621
—474
+327
—1177
—1193
—1390
—997
—866
—1210
—278
—1341
+114
—7864
Col. 2+Col
7
8
3711
2720
3268
2468
3774
3851
3477
4038
4103
3880
3625
3952
42867
Correction factor . .
Corrected total . .
Regression coefficient of
milk yield on days='b'
(4081) 2 /
12
..
..
50731
X
1387880.08
20210.92
330454.42/
20210.92
4081/
12
= 17252767.58
330454.42
16.350
Two more illustrations of the procedure of
calculating the Intermediate Index are given in
Tables IV and V. Table IV shows the records of
the main calculations for bull No. 8 from Hosur
Cattle Farm, Madras; Table V for bull No. 56
from the same farm. All the records in the
tables relate to the first lactation yields obtained
under twice-a-day milking condition. The dam-
daughter pairs Nos. 26 and 27 in Table IV and
No. 7 in Table V are omitted from the calcula-
tion for reasons mentioned in the remarks
column.
It will be seen from the table that details of
calculating the Intermediate Index are identi-
cal with those presented in Table I. There are,
however, two features, one in the records of
Table IV and one in Table V, which require an
explanation. A reference to col. 2 of Table. IV
shows that there are 21. different records of
mothers corresponding to 21" different mates of
the bull. The regression of milk-vield on the
length of lactation is consequently based on 21
pairs of observations and not 25. The feature
of Table V is the exceptionally high yield record
P. V. SUKHATME
121
of the daughter of dam-daughter pair No. 4.
The test of significance, however, shows that
the record is not so high that it cannot be re-
garded as the random member of the group
arising from the sampling nature of inheritance.
Its inclusion in the index is therefore justified.
TABLE IV
Showing the calculation of the Intermediate Index for milk production of Sindhi Bull No. 8
from Hosur Cattle Farm, Madras
No.
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Total .
Average
Milk yield
in lb.
Mothers
2
3042
3282*
4972
3020
3282*
5103
2004*
1888
3595
7117
4592
4663*
3052
2004*
3210
3217
2828*
4663*
5613
2363
3128
4297
3537
2828*
4200
727**
416†
91500
3660.0
Daughters
3
2592
6152
2409
4678
3528
5343
2847
4176
4403
7774
3997
7509
5139
4015
4351
4868
3455
4 934
2266
4531
4459
3167
3879
3133
4924
4204
4754
108609
4344.4
Days of 1
actation
Mothers
4
279
293
340
288
293
331
290
167
346
402
338
370
381
290
312
332
304
370
344
315
329
391
324
304
344
140
104
8077
323.1
Daughters
5
227
368
365
383
375
384
331
351
364
437
344
442
383
297
382
327
342
365
265
360
359
217
377
213
337
344
386
8595
343.8
Adjusted
in 1
yields
b.
Mothers
6
3405
3403
4280
3228
3403
4567
2177
4190
2799
5352
3934
3452
1650
2177
3002
2663
2759
3452
4852
2103
2626
2722
3122
2759
3439
..
..
81516
3260.6
Daughters
7
3794
5032
1338
3311
2293
3960
2336
3336
3429
5518
3272
5170
3772
4064
3000
4423
2763
3863
2842
3543
3487
4534
2611
4566
4315
..
..
90572
3622.9
Twice
col. 7
minus
col. 6
8
4183
6661
—1604
3394
1183
3353
2495
2482
4059
5684
2610
6888
5894
5951
2998
6183
2767
4274
832
4983
4348
6346
2100
6373
5191
..
..
99628
3985
Square of
col. 8
9
17497480
44368921
2572816
11519236
1399489
11242609
6225025
6160324
16475481
32307856
6812100
47444544
34739236
35414401
8988004
38229489
7656289
18267076
692224
24830289
18905104
40271716
4410000
40615129
26946481
..
..
503991328
..
Remarks
10
** Calf
death
† Still
birth
Correction factor for sum of squares . . . . . . . . . .
Corrected sum of squares . . . . . . . . . .
Sampling variance of Int. Index . . . . . . . . . .
Standard Error of Int. Index . . . . . . . . . .
Standard Error ×t 10 % . . . . . . . . . .
(99628) 2 /
25
397029535.36
106961792.64
178269.65
422.2 lb.
721 lb.
NOTE.—Figures with asterisks * each appear twice in Col. 2
R. L.
KAURA
143
constituents essential for proper animal growth,
production and reproduction. Where necessary
soil erosion may be prevented by resorting to
bunding in the plains and by terracing and gully
traping in the hills, etc.
5. Improve pastures. Pasture where available
is usually the cheaper feed as well as one of the
best for feeding either milch or draught cattle.
FIG. 3
152
Transmission of Anthrax through Flies
TABLE I
Stomoxys calcitrans feeding on normal skin
No. of living
goats used as
donor
116
69
113
116
165
165
203
205
64
64
157
157
215
215
543
543
611
611
6
9
14
Date of death,
1941
July 25
1 P.M.
July 25
2-30 P.M.
July 25-26
night
...
Aug. 6
6 P.M.
...
Aug. 14-15
night
Aug. 14-15
night
Aug. 27-28
night
...
Sept. 12
2 P.M.
...
Oct. 4-5
night
...
1942
May 1-2
night
...
May 2
10-30 A.M.
...
Aug. 17
10-30 A.M.
Sept. 22
Sept. 30
11 A.M.
Number of
flies
25
25
17
50
150
150
100
100
120
120
120
120
120
120
30
30
30
30
50
15
18
Duration of exposure
(minutes) on
donor
5
5
(Fed partial)
2
(Fed partial)
15
60
45
6
48
2
4
2
6
5
10
5
10
15-20
30
6
receptor
10
10
(Feed completed)
3 to 5
(Feed completed)
15
15
15
15
10
10
30
15
10
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
12
12
20
20
20
20
Till engorged
do.
do.
Interval between
exposures
3 min.
3 min.
1 min.
3 min.
2 min.
15 hr.
21 hr.
42 hr.
30 min.
18 hr.
23 hr.
2 min.
18 hr.
23 hr.
2 min.
17 hr.
23 hr.
2 min.
19 hr.
28 hr.
Nil
Nil
Nil
24 hr.
Nil
24 hr.
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Result
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Remarks
Same receptor goat used
for these three donors.
With donor 113 and
the receptor flies were
fed singly.
Footnote 1
Footnote 2
Fed singly.
Do.
1. With goats 165, 203, 205 and 64 the flies were fed once on the donor and thrice on the receptor as shown.
2. Four separate batches of 30 flies were used, the same donor being used for feeding two of the batches, which were then placed on
one receptor.
2. All receptor goats, except that from donor 203, later proved to be susceptible to anthra x.
carried out on the same lines as those with S.
calcitrans.
2. Bringing infected flies in contact with the
eyes (Table IV). The flies were fed on incisions
as above and then brought in contact with the
eyes of healthy goats. In the earlier experiments,
they were enclosed in cigarette tins or in ' scari-
fication cages'. As neither of these proved satis-
factory, use was later made of ' eye cages ' des-
cribed earlier in this paper.
All these results were negative, as might perhaps
have been anticipated in view of the work of
Aïtoff [1922]. As a further check, two goats
were given on the conjunctiva a suspension of
anthrax from an 18-hour agar culture, but no
infection ensued. The suspension was held in
contact with the cornea and conjunctiva of one
eye for several minutes before the animal was
released.
S. K. SEN AND F. C.
MINETT
153
III. Experiments with Calliphora erythrocephala
and Sarcophaga sp.
1. Bringing infected flies in contact with cau-
terized skin. These experiments were carried
out on the same lines as those with S. calcitrans
(Table II).
2. Two experiments were carried out to test the
infectivity of C. erythrocephala flies bred from
larvae reared for about 8-14 days from time of
emergence from egg on meat from anthrax car-
cases. The flies were then brought into contact
with the cauterized skin of goats, for 1½ hr. on each
of two successive days in the first experiment and
for l½ hr. on one day in the second experiment.
The results were negative, and anthrax organisms
could not be recovered on bacteriological examina-
tion of the flies or of larvae which were about to
pupate.
Morris [1919] found that flies (Callophorid and
Lucilia) bred out of unopened anthrax carcases
during the warm season do not carry infection,
but that flies bred in the presence of anthrax
spores are capable of doing so. It is of interest
also that Graham-Smith [1911] found that many
blowflies (C. erythrocephala and Lucilia caesar)
which emerged from larvae fed for seven days on
meat infected with anthrax spores were infected
with B. anthracis and remained infected for
15 days or more. The faeces deposited by such
flies contained considerable numbers of B.
anthracis for at least two days. On the other
hand, flies which emerged from larvae fed on the
body of a guinea-pig dead of anthrax, that is
containing only spore-free forms of the organism,
were not infected with anthrax [Graham-Smith,
1912].
TABLE II
Transmission from carcase wounds to scarified skin
Cercase
as donor
from
goat No.
Date of death
Number
of flies
Duration of exposure
on
donor
receptor
Interval
between
two ex-
posures
Result
Remarks
Stomoxys calcitrans
28
85
76
1942
June 15 . .
6-15 A.M.
June 18.19 .
night.
June 12 . .
10-25 A.M.
200
100
60
2 hr.
2 hr.
2 hr.
l½ hr.
45 min.
45 min.
Nil
15 min.
30 min.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg
Flies were fed on
clipped area on
donor
Flies fed on cau-
terized, pricked and
swabbed area
on
donor.
Musca domestica
88
28
25
1
5
June 22 . .
2 P.M.
June 15
.
.
6-15 A.M.
June 29 .
July 6 . .
July 23 . .
50
30
24
24
24
24
24
24
30 min.
2 hr.
6 min.
6 min.
15 min.
15 min.
25 min.
25 min.
30 min.
1 hr.
6 min.
6 min.
6 min.
6 min.
6 min.
6 min.
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Pos.
Pos.
Pos.
Neg.
Pos.
Pos.
Neg.
Pos.
Calliphora erythrocephala and Sarcophaga sp.
80
610
137
6
Aug. 6 . .
8-40 A.M.
Aug 6-7
night
Aug. 11 . .
10-30 A.M.
Aug. 24 . .
40 Cal.
40 Cal.
40 Cal.
50 Sarc.
l½ hr.
1 hr.
1 hr.
1 hr.
1 hr.
1 hr.
1 hr.
1 hr.
Nil
Nil
15 min.
15 min.
Pos.
Pos.
Neg.
Neg.
Footnote 1
Footnote 2
1 The same batch of flies was used for feeding on carcases 80 and 610 and then on one receptor goat, first on one
side of its body and next day on its other side.
2. One goat was used as receptor, first for carcase 137 and later for carcase 6. One side of receptor's body was
used for the first feed and other side for the second feed.
3. With one exception (receptor from carcase 28), all receptor goats later proved to be susceptible to anthrax.
154
Transmission of Anthrax through Flies
TABLE III
Stomoxys calcitrans. Attempted transmission by faeces to scarified skin
Number of
goat used
as donor
581
584
88
193
Date of death
1942
June 1
2 P.M.
June 8
10-15 P.M.
June 22 . .
2 P.M.
1943
Aug. 31 . .
9 A.M.
Number of
flies
150
60
About 100
About 100
Number of
goat used as
receptor
610
604
...
570
23
14
265
Duration of exposure (hr.) on
donor
2
2 ¼
2
1
receptor
1 ⅓
2⅓, 2
2, 2
2, 2
2, 2
2
2, 2
2, 2
2, 2
2, 2
2, 1½
2, 1½
2, 2
1
1
day 1*
„ 2
„ 3
„ 4
„ 5
day 2
„ 3
day 4
„ 5
day 2
„ 3
day 4
„ 5
day 2
„ 3
Result
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
* 'Day 1' means day on which donor died. On most days two separate exposures of flies were made.
1. Except with goat 610, alternate sides of the receptor's body were used on different days. With goat 610, one
side of the body was used after clipping the hair, this being scarified and not cauterized but freshened each
day with sand paper.
2. Goat 610 was susceptible to anthrax on retest. The others were not retested, because they died 7-18 days later,
from unknown cause or in case of goats 23 and 14 of pneumonia.
3. With goat 265 after exposure to the flies the faecal spots were rubbed into the scarifications with a pestle.
TABLE IV
Musca domestica. Attempted transmission from carcase incisions to eyes of goats.
Number
of goat
used as
donor
88
599
113
78
180
258
308
192
Date of death
1942
June 22 .
2 P.M.
June 29 .
7-50 A.M.
July 28-29 .
night.
Sept. 5 . .
?
Sept 28-29 .
night.
Oct. 14 . .
8 A.M.
Oct. 25 . .
2 P.M.
1943
July 13 .
Number
of flies
26
25
50
50
70
60
60
30, 30
Duration of Exposure
(hr.) on
donor
½
1
1
1½
1½
1½
l
¾ , ¾
receptor
1
¾
1
?
1½
1½
1
½ , ½
Interval
between
the two
exposures
(min.)
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
15
15
Nil
Result
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Remarks
Same receptor used, both
eyes being exposed to
flies from No. 88 and
one eye to those from
No. 599.
Same receptor goat, right
eye for flies from goat
180, left eye for files
from goat 258.
Two separate batches of
30 flies fed on same donor
and then on two different
receptor goats.
Receptor goat No. 78 was suseptible to anthrax on retest, receptor to No. 180 was not tested, while the receptors
to NOS. 88 and 113 died from causes other than anthrax.
S. K. SEN AND F. C.
MINETT
155
TABLE V
Bacteriological examination of flies
Number of
goat used
as donor
Date of death
Number
of flies
examined
Interval bet-
ween feeding
and killing
of flies
Result of cultural
examination
Mouth-
parts
Bodies
Remarks
Stomoxys calcitrans
152
(carcase)
165
154
203
203
64
157
215
241
142
543
538
(carcase)
31
31
31
537
1941
Aug. 1-2 . .
night
Aug. 6 . .
?
Aug. 7 . .
1-45 P.M.
Aug. 14-15 . .
night
Aug. 27-28 . .
night
Sept. 12 . .
2 P.M.
Oct. 4-5 . .
night
Oct. 18-19 . .
night.
Oct. 29 . .
3 P.M.
1942
May 1-2 . .
night.
May 7 . .
7 A.M.
May 12 . .
10-50 A.M.
. .
. .
May 15 . .
7 A.M.
3
50
3
2
2
100
2
6
6
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
12
13
5
5
5
5
5
5
10
20
23
25
39
9
10
10
27
20
20
20
Nil
42 hr.
Nil
20 min.
42 hr.
42 hr.
22 hr.
44 hr.
Nil
26 hr.
48 hr.
72 hr.
24 hr.
48 hr.
72 hr.
98 hr.
Nil
Nil
24 hr.
50 hr.
72 hr.
96 hr.
119 hr.
147 hr.
30 min.
18 hr.
42 hr.
Nil
Nil
Nil
24 hr.
48 hr.
72 hr.
Nil
10 min.
30 min.
—
—
—
?
—
—
—
—
—C
—C
—G
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—C
—C
+ (very
few
bacilli)
. .
. .
..
—
—
—
. .
. .
+
+
—
—
+
—
+
+
—C
—C
+
+H
—
—
+H
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
+ H
+ H
?C
—
—
. .
+H
—
—
—
—
—
Suspension of ground-up
flies injected g. pig. Result
negative
The flies were killed 19 hr.
after third feed on recep-
tor to goat 203 (see Table
I). Suspension of flies
injected g.-pig: negative
Weather becoming cold,
flies sluggish and did not
feed properly
Flies fed singly
Only 5 of the 27 flies alive
at time of examination
156
Transmission of Anthrax through Flies
TABLE V—contd.
Number of
goat used
as donor
591
591
581
581
584
584
28
(carcase)
85
(carcase)
88
88
88
599
(carcase)
Date of death
May 20 . .
9 A.M.
. .
June 1 . .
2 P.M.
June 8 . .
10-15 P.M.
. .
June 15 . .
6-15 A.M.
June 18-19 . .
night
June 22 . .
2 P.M.
. .
. .
June 29 . .
7-50 A.M.
Number
of flies
examined
7
7
7
30
30
25
25
8
7
7
25
22
55
6
7
6
6
25
17
18
100
100
8
25
28
26
11
11
26
Interval bet-
ween feeding
and killing
of flies
Nil
10 min.
30 min.
24 hr.
48 hr.
72 hr.
96 hr.
Nil
10 min.
30 min.
24 hr.
48 hr.
72 hr.
96 hr.
Nil
10 min.
30 min.
40 hr.
63 hr.
87 hr.
Nil
1 hr.
20 hr.
44 hr.
68 hr.
92 hr.
Nil
20 hr.
5 min.
Result of cultural
examination
Mouth-
parts
—
—
—C
. .
. .
. .
. .
+ (very
few)
—
—
. .
. .
. .
. .
—
—
—
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
—
. .
—
Bodies
+
+
+
+
+
—C
—C
+
+
+
—C
+
+
—
+
+
+
+
+
—C
+
+
—C
—
—C
—
+
—
+H
Remarks
Flies fed individually on
donor
25 flies examined after 96
hr. included 17 dead in
cage
Flies fed singly
Flies fed on clipped area on
carcase
15 min. after their feed on
clipped area on carcase the
flies were fed 45 mins. on
receptor goat No. 85
(Table II)
Flies dead
Flies dead between 21 ard 44
hr, after feeding (Table)
VI).
Flies dead between 46 and 58
hr. after feeding (Table VI)
Flies dead between 69 and
92 hr.
after
feeding
(Table VI)
Flies fed singly
Flies dead
Flies fed on clipped area on
carcase
Musca domestica
85
(carcase)
88
(carcase)
5
599
(carcase)
. .
. .
July 23 . .
. .
58
21
21
27
Nil
30 min.
30 min.
Nil
—
+
—
—
+
+
—C
+H
A second batch of 21 flies
Calliphora erythrocephala
80
(carcase)
610
(carcase)
Aug. 6 . .
8-40 A.M.
Aug. 6-7 . .
night
40
40
2 hr.
2 hr.
. .
. .
+
+
These 40 flies had been put
on cauterized skin of recep-
tor to goat 80 for 1 hr.
before being killed (Table
II) Ditto.
H—Saline suspension of bodies heated 75°C. 30 mins.
C—Badly contaminated plates.
S. K. SEN AND F. C.
MINETT
157
BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS
I.—Examination of mouth-parts and bodies of
flies
The specimens were killed with chloroform and
their wings pulled off. They were then decapita-
ted when necessary and kept in small Petri dishes
or in other glass containers. In a few cases, they
were kept overnight in a refrigerator and exa-
mined the following day (Table V).
II—Examination
of faeces of
infected
Stomoxys calcitrans
The flies, after being fed on infected goats, were
kept confined in cages and provided with Petri
dishes for deposition of faeces. The dishes were
removed from the cage at various intervals for
the examination of faeces (Table VI).
TABLE VI
Bacteriological examination of flies faeces
Number of
goat used
as donor
31
591
581
584
88
Date of death
1942—
May 12 . .
10-50 A.M. .
May 20 . .
9 A.M.
June 1 . .
2 P.M.
June 8 . .
10-15 P.M.
June 22 . .
2 P.M.
Number
of flies
50—60
200
108
65
100
Duration of
exposure of
donor (hr.)
2
1½
2
?
2
Period during
which faeces
deposited after
feed on donor
First 24 hr.
Second 24 hr.
Third 24 hr.
First 24 hr.
Second 24 hr.
Third 24 hr.
Fourth 24 hr.
First 24 hr.
Second 24 hr.
Third 24 hr.
Fourth 24 hr.
15 hr.
16-40 hr.
41-63 hr.
64-87 hr.
20 hr.
21-44 hr.
48-68 hr.
Result
—
—
—
—
+ (a few) (S)
+ (many) (S)
—
—
+
+
—
—
—C
+ (few)
—
—
+
—
Remarks
30—40 flies only
alive
20 flies only alive
Faeces deposited by
about 150 flies
Faeces deposited by
about 120 flies
Faeces deposited by
about 25 flies
25 flies dead
22 more flies dead
55
do.
6
do.
5 flies dead.
25 more flies dead
17
do.
18
do.
11 flies dead
25 more flies dead
28
do.
C—badly contaminated plate.
S—anthrax spores in faeces.
SUMMARY
1. Under experimental conditions, Stomoxy
calcitrans failed to transmit anthrax to goats by
its bites or by defaecating on the scarified or
cauterized skin of goats.
2. Both Musca domestica and Calliphora ery-
throcephala transmitted the disease when brought
in contact with the cauterized skin of goats, after
having fed on incisions on carcases of goats dead
of anthrax.
3. The disease could not be reproduced by
bringing infected M. domestica in contact with the
eyes of healthy goats.
4. No evidence was obtained of the presence of
anthrax bacilli in the mouth-parts of S. calcitrans
flies killed at various intervals after their infec-
tive feed, except in two instances, in which very
small numbers of bacilli were demonstrated in the
mouth-parts of flies killed immediately, or within
a few minutes after feeding. On the other hand,
in some cases the bacilli were found in the bodies
of such flies up to 72 hours.
5. Anthrax organisms were found in the faeces
of S. calcitrans not earlier than 21 and not later
than 72 hours after their infective feed.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are indebted to Messrs M. R. Dhanda,
P. B. Kuppuswamy, S. N. Sapre and K.
Raghavachari
for
assistance
with
these
experiments.
Indian J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb., Vol. XIV, Part III ]
plate XII
FIG. 1. Fly-proof shed. View from one end.
FIG. 2. Fly-proof shed. View from side, showing the two compartments.
PLATE XIII
[ Indian J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb, Vol. XIV, Part III
FIG. 1. Sacrification outfit stick—its
use saves an attendant
FIG. 2. Vaccine-pulp being pressed
out from the tube into the
blade of the sacrifier
FIG. 3. The operation being performed
FIG. 4. Appearance of the droplets of serus exudate at the site soon
after the operation