NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
20
Digestibility Trials on Indian Feeding Stuffs,
XII
TABLE IV—contd.
Period.
1-9-41 to 30-9-41
.
.
.
.
Ditto
.
.
.
.
Ditto
.
.
.
.
1-12-41 to 23-12-41 . . .
Ditto
.
.
.
.
Ditto
.
.
.
.
1-9-41 to 30-9-41
.
.
.
.
Ditto
.
.
.
.
Ditto
.
.
.
.
27-10-41 to 14-11-41 . . .
Ditto
.
.
.
.
Ditto
.
.
.
.
27-10-41 to 14-11-41 . . .
Ditto
.
.
.
.
Ditto . . . .
1-12-41 to 23-12-41 . . .
Ditto
.
.
.
.
Ditto . . . .
8-1-42 to 31-1-42
.
.
.
.
Ditto
.
.
.
.
Ditto
.
.
.
.
15-2-42 to 14-3-42
.
.
.
.
Ditto
.
.
.
.
Ditto
.
.
.
.
8-1-42 to 31-1-42 .
.
.
.
Ditto
.
.
.
.
Ditto
.
.
.
.
15-2-42 to 14-5-42
.
.
.
.
Ditto
.
.
.
.
Ditto . . . .
Concentrate
eaten
per
day
lb.
Oat hay
eaten
per day
lb.
Hei f er No.
Digestibility coefficients
Dry
matter
Fat
Protein
Total
carbc -
hydra-
tes
100 lb. of the feed
Dry
matter
Fat
Protein
Total
carbo-
hydra-
tes
Albumi-
noid
ratio
1:
Total
digesti-
ble
nutri-
ents
Oats
3
3
3
3
3
3
6.4
7.3
7.7
8.0
8.0
10.0
A
B
F
C
D
E
68.11
69.22
71.05
68.84
72.38
71.89
77.31
77.31
71.69
80.01
81.97
81.97
50.25
49.14
53.19
57.94
52.96
54.11
70.22
70.86
76.02
71.19
78.13
76.74
61.67
62.67
64.33
63.08
66.33
65.87
4.67
4.67
4.33
3.91
4.00
4.00
4.09
4.00
4.33
5.60
4.57
4.67
49.88
50.33
54.00
51.33
56.33
55.33
14.8
15.2
14.7
12.0
14.3
13.8
64.48
64.84
68.07
65.13
69.90
69.00
Chari
3
3
3
3
3
3
9.6
0.9
10.0
7.6
7.6
7.6
C
D
E
A
B
F
76.67
76.30
80.36
78.56
75.96
73.74
61.34
66.67
69.34
59.48
68.23
65.60
48.52
46.55
46.04
49.63
47.63
48.86
85.98
46.41
90.86
88.75
85.93
94.93
69.33
69.00
72.67
70.67
68.33
66.33
1.38
1.50
1.56
2.04
2.34
2.25
6.67
6.40
6.33
6.47
6.21
6.37
61.82
62.13
65.33
62.33
60.33
66.67
9.8
10.2
10.9
10.3
10.6
9.7
71.60
71.91
75.17
73.39
71.81
78.10
Moth
Sick
3
3
3
3
3
..
7.6
10.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
C
D
E
A
B
F
...
85.75
83.93
81.38
84.01
78.76
...
73.69
77.63
78.00
72.00
74.00
...
78.18
75.22
78.95
78.95
75.96
...
90.97
88.33
81.28
89.63
83.50
...
78.33
76.67
72.33
74.67
70.00
...
0.56
0.59
0.78
0.72
0.74
...
17.67
17.00
17.67
17.67
17.00
...
58.01
56.33
48.67
53.67
49.99
...
3.4
3.4
2.9
3.1
3.0
...
76.94
74.66
68.10
72.96
68.66
Bawan
3
3
3
3
3
3
8.0
8.0
8.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
A
B
F
C
D
E
71.24
69.38
68.64
70.12
69.76
67.53
62.68
58.45
58.45
62.88
56.34
60.56
78.02
78.02
74.72
75.22
78.02
76.59
71.14
69.49
71.76
75.17
76.32
68.90
64.00
62.33
61.67
63.00
62.67
60.67
0.89
0.83
0.83
0.89
0.80
0.86
18.67
18.67
17.88
18.00
18.67
18.35
41.64
40.67
42.00
44.00
44.67
40.33
2.3
2.3
2.5
2.6
2.5
2.3
62.31
61.21
61.75
64.00
65.14
60.60
Matri
Sick
3
3
3
3
3
...
9.0
10.0
7.0
6.0
7.0
C
D
E
A
B
F
...
76.95
81.05
78.29
78.37
82.67
80.00
78.82
78.82
78.82
77.63
...
77.80
75.00
80.64
77.80
79.24
...
82.51
88.45
80.97
82.65
87.24
...
68.67
72.33
70.33
69.67
73.33
...
0.68
0.67
0.67
0.67
0.66
...
18.33
17.67
19.00
18.33
18.67
...
47.66
51.09
46.77
49.01
50.39
...
2.7
2.9
2.5
2.8
2.8
...
67.52
69. 27
67.28
68.85
70.55
22
Simplification of the Gerber Test used for Testing Fat
TABLE II
Effect of adding amyl alcohol at a later stage
Sample
No.
Series I.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Series II.
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Time
interval
in hours
2
4
6
8
26
28
30
24
48
72
98
120
144
168
Cow whole milk
Reading after
keeping in water
bath at 160°F.
5 min.
5 min.
and
centri-
fuging.
(Gerber test 4.4
per cent fat)
2.8
3.4
3.0
3.4
3.9
3.9
4.0
4.4
4.4
4.3
4.3
4.4
4.3
4.3
(Gerber test 4.3
per cent fat).
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.5
3.8
3.5
3.0
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
Buffalo whole
milk
Reading after
keeping in water
bath at 150°F.
5 min.
5 min.
and
centri-
fuging.
(Gerber test 6.6
per cent fat).
4.6
6.0
6.2
6.0
6.4
6.0
6.4
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
In each case a series of mixtures of milk, sulphuric
acid and amyl alcohol were prepared in the
normal way, in triplicate, for each time interval
indicated below. The triplicate tubes were
examined as follows: the first tube was kept
at the particular temperature to be tried for
five minutes before testing; the second tube was
centrifuged and fat read; while the third tube
was centrifuged, immersed in a water bath for five
minutes at the temperature under observation
and the fat percentage then read. The results
are shown in Table III.
It will be seen that merely keeping the sample
in the water bath at 120°F. gave rather a low
reading. If, however, the sample is kept in the
bath at this temperature after centrifuging, no
change in the reading is noted. The same
tendency was noted when employing 149°F.
All the fat layer did not separate out by merely
immersing the sample in the bath but it was
necessary to centrifuge it. When using 160°F.
the reading tended to equalize, after about eight
hours, with the reading obtained by the standard
method. Hence it could be concluded that if
the ordinary Gerber test is carried out after
allowing the reaction mixture to stand for eight
hours at room temperature and then immersing it
in the bath at 160°F. for five minutes the reading
obtained would be the same as that obtained by
centrifuging it immediately after mixing the
solutions.
TABLE III
Effect of using different temperatures in Gerber test
Sample No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
Time
interval
in hours
0
2
4
6
24
26
0
4
8
24
28
32
Temperature 120°F.
Keeping
in
water-
bath
alone.
Centri-
fuging
alone
Centri-
fuging
and
keeping
in
bath
Temperature 149°F.
Keeping
in water
bath
alone
Centri-
fuging
alone
Centri-
fuging
and
keeping
in bath
Cow whole milk (Gerber test 4.2 per cent fat)
...
...
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
..
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.9
3.9
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
Buffalo milk (Gerber teat 6.4 per cent fat)
..
6.0
6.0
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
..
6.0
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
Temperature 160°F.
Keeping
in
water
bath
alone
..
3.8
3.9
3.9
4.1
4.1
6.1
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
Centri-
fuging
alone
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
Centri-
fuging
and
keeping
in bath
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
6.4
6.4
6.4
6.4
6.4
6.4
ZAL R. KOTHAVALLA, D. R. KASHYAP AND NOSHIR N. DASTUR 23
(iv) Effect of varying the period of heating at
different temperatures on the Gerber test
In practice probably waiting for eight hours
before taking the reading may be a disadvantage.
Trials were carried out to see if this interval could
be considerably reduced by either increasing the
period of heating or by still further raising the
temperature.
For these trials, mixtures of milk acid and
amyl alcohol were prepared as usual and kept at
room temperature. Before testing they were
immersed in the water-bath at 120°, 149°, 160°,
165°, 175°, 180°, 185°, 190° and 195°F., for
different intervals as indicated in Table IV.
The results showed that the temperatures of
120°F. and 149°F. were too low to be employed for
these experiments. As the temperature was
raised to 160°F. and upwards, correct readings
were obtained at varying intervals of time. The
higher the temperature the shorter was the time
after which the reading could be taken.
TABLE IV
Effect of varying periods of heating at different temperatures
Sample No.
A. 120°F.
1
2
3
4
5
6
B. 149°F.
1
2
3
4
5
C. 160°F.
1
2
3
4
5
D. 165°F.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
E. 175°F.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Time interval
in hours
0
2
4
6
8
24
1
3
5
7
24
1
3
5
7
24
1
1½
2
2½
3
3½
4
4½
1
1½
2
2½
3
3½
4
Cow whole milk
Time of immersing in water-bath
10 min.
15 min.
20 min.
(Gerber test 4.1 per cent fat)
3.6
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.8
3.9
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
3.9
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
Gerber test 4.1 per cent fat)
3.6
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
3.9
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
(Gerber test 4.6 per cent fat)
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.1
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
(Gerber test 3.6 per cent fat)
3.3
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.6
3.6
3.4
3.5
3.5
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
(Gerber test 4.5 per cent fat)
4.3
4.4
4.4
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.4
4.4
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.4
4.4
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
Buffalo whole mil
Time of immersing in water-bath
10 min.
15 min.
20 min.
24
Simplification of the Gerber Test for Testing Fat in milk
Sample No.
F. 180°F.
1
2
3
4
G. 185°F.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
H. 190°F.
1
2
3
I. 195°F.
1
2
3
4
Time interval
in hours
1
1½
2
2½
1
1½
2
2½
3
3½
4
1
1½
2
½
1
1½
2
Cow whole milk
Time of immersing in water-bath
10 min.
15 min.
20 min.
(Gerber test 4.7 per cent fat)
4.6
4.6
4.7
4.7
4.6
4.6
4.7
4.7
4.6
4.7
4.7
4.7
(Gerber test 4.6 per cent fat)
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.5
4.5
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.5
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
(Gerber test 4.7 per cent fat)
4.6
4.7
4.7
4.6
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.7
Buffalo whole milk
Time of immersing in water-bath
10 min.
15 min.
20 min.
(Gerber test 6.4 per cent fat)
6.3
6.3
6.4
6.4
6.3
0.3
6.4
6.4
6.3
6.3
6.4
6.4
(Gerber test 6.4 per cent fat)
6.3
6.3
6.4
6.3
6.4
6.4
6.3
6.4
6.4
(Gerber test 6.8 per cent fat)
6.7
6.8
6.8
6.7
6.8
6.8
6.8
(Gerber test 6.8 per cent fat)
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.7
6.8
6.8
6.7
6.8
6.8
At 160°F. the correct reading corresponding to
the control Gerber test was obtained after three
hours by keeping the butyrometer for 20 minutes
in the bath; at 180°F. the interval was reduced
to two hours; at 190°F., to 1½ hours and at 195°F.,
to one hour. Hence any of these temperatures
could be selected, but temperatures between
175°F. to 190°F. are likely to prove more con-
venient on account of saving in time. It should
be noted that it is essential to completely dip
the butyrometers in water bath in all these cases.
CONCLUSIONS
(i) It is not necessary to centrifuge a sample
immediately it is prepared when estimating fat
by the Gerber method, provided the precaution
is observed that such a mixture is dipped for five
minutes in water-bath at 160°F. before taking the
reading. Under these circumstances even after
10 days the correct reading can be obtained.
(ii) If the butyrometers are allowed to stand
at room temperature, in about eight hours or above,
the fat layer gets enough time to separate out
from the remainder of the mixture and it is
possible to dispense with centrifuging entirely.
(iii) It is possible to shorten the time before
correct reading can be obtained, and at the same
time dispense with the centrifuge, by raising the
temperature of the bath and prolonging the time
of dipping. Thus, for example, it is found that
at 190°F. reading could be obtained after an
interval of only one hour.
(iv) These modifications in the standard Gerber
method makes possible its regular use by small
producers.
28
An Egg-cooling Cabinet
FIG. 1. Detail of construction of the cabinet cooler
To start the cooler, the water tray was filled
with water, the hessian clothes were thoroughly
soaked in water and hung over the cabinet with
one end immersed in the water tray. The cabinet
was not loaded with eggs until the temperature
inside had ceased to fall. The cabinet was only
opened when absolutely essential as frequent
openings, especially during the heat of the day,
increased the inside temperature and lowered the
humidity.
Experiments were carried out to test the effi-
ciency of the cabinet with regard to regulating the
temperature and humidity and controlling embryo
development, the extent of shrinkage and the
deterioration of internal quality. In each test
similar groups of fertile and infertile, hour-old and
day-old eggs were used. The quality of the hour-
old, day-old and other eggs at various stages of
storage both in the cabinet and under ordinary
room condition were determined, Temperature
and humidity records for the cabinet and room
were maintained throughout each experiment.
TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY
Fig. 2 gives the results obtained in three ex-
periments carried out in the hot dry period of
May and June. The daily mean temperatures
were obtained by averaging the daily maximum
and minimum temperatures. The daily mean
relative humidity percentages were obtained by
A. J. MACDONALD AND T. S. KRISHNAN 29
FIG.
2. Record of temperature and relative humidity inside and outside the Cabinet Cooler
Indian J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb., Vol. XIV, Part I ]
PLATE III
FIG. 1. The Cooler in use
FIG. 2. Measurement of depth of air-cell
PLATE IV
[ Indian J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb, Vol. XIV, Part I
FIG. 1. Lung lesions in goat No. 374
FIG. 2. Lesions in the liver of goat No. 374
D. R. KASHYAP, NOSHIR N. DASTUR AND ZAL R. KOTHAVALLA 39
FIG. 1. Device for detecting coloured separated milk
separated milk. When the lights are switched on,
the adulterated samples appear distinctly red,
while the unadulterated samples show only a
white colour.
By the help of this simple device
the amount of dye actually required for colour-
ing separated milk is very small in each case and
corresponds to the quantities given under column
B in Table I.
The sensitivity of the test varies with the inten-
sity of artificial light. A 40 W bulb was found
suitable. It was found that a light blue coloured
(day-light lamp) bulb was preferable to a plain
one.
On a field scale when an electric supply is not
always available, ordinary torch cells with a tiny
40
Famine Rations for Livestock
blue bulb may be used. The bulb is dipped direct-
ly in the milk or is placed in a test-tube, which is
then dipped in the milk container. This is illus-
trated in Figs. II (A) and II (B).
FIG. 2. Field outfit for detecting presence of coloured separated milk
SUMMARY
To prevent the adulteration of milk with
separated milk, colouring of the latter to a pink
colour is suggested. For this purpose eosine,
congo-red, Ediocol erythrosine, cochineal extract
and beetroot extract were tried. Coloured milks
were studied under various conditions likely to be
encountered by the trade.
These studies show
that eosine and congored are the most suitable
dyes. Next to them come erythrosine and cochi-
neal extract. Beetroot extract is not suitable, as
it imparts an objectionable flavour to the coloured
milk.
A simple device is described for viewing the
samples of milk adulterated with coloured sepa-
-rated milk under artificial light. By the use of
this apparatus the concentration of dyes to be
used is greatly reduced, and it is still possible
to detect as little as 5 per cent adulteration.
INVESTIGATIONS ON FAMINE RATIONS FOR LIVESTOCK
I. MUNJ AND MOLASSES AS FAMINE RATIONS
By NARAIN DAS KEHAR, M.Sc., Sc.D., Animal Nutrition Section, Imperial Veterinary Research
Institute, Izatnagar
(Received for publication on 4 June 1943)
(With Plate VI and two text-figures)
THE irregularity of rainfall in certain tracts of
India is solely responsible for periodic famines,
and the question of feeding stock during these
times is of paramount importance.
In examining the fodder resources of the country
for the cattle population, Wright [1937] has arrived
at approximate figures which are given in Table I.
Indian J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb., Vol. XIV, Part I ]
PLATE
V
FIG. 1. Liver nodule.
Early stage × 140.
Some
of the
youngest
nodules
represented by foecal collection of
mononuclear cells.
FIG. 2. Liver nodule. Late stage × 70.
1. Completely amorphous eosinophilic
centre
2. Area composed of nuclear detritus
3. Zone of intact polyblasts
4. Compressed liver cells at the junction
of healthy and diseased tissue
PLATE VI
[ Indian J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb., Vol. XIV, Part I
FIG. 1
FIG. 2
FIG. 3
FIG. 4
FIG. 5
FIGS. 1 & 2. Sheep, goats and camels appear happy as compared with cattle and seem able to
subsist on the flora available in the xerophytic areas.
FIG. 3.
The last few leaves on Kikar being lopped for feeding hungry livestock.
FIGS. 4 & 5. Typically xerophytic plants which are either toxic or bear tough thorns are the only
survivors in the sunburnt overgrazed areas.
42
Famine Rations for Livestock
TABLE III
Livestock census of the Hissar, Rohtak and Gurgaon districts in 1940 as compared with that of 1935
Year
1935 . . .
1940 . . .
1935 . . .
1940 . . .
1935 . . .
1940 . . .
Bulls
Hissar
1216
1004
1249
1102
601
572
Others
191
40
...
...
959
885
Bullocks
101914
58137
127726
92396
120091
109295
Cows
121397
67228
87469
66511
93366
84076
Calves
Male
69026
28701
Female
86915
45197
124224
100211
58377
42474
57752
47198
Buffalo
Bulls
Cows
HISSAR
954
703
90854
46870
ROHTAK
1222
755
92336
60043
GURGAON
2322
1894
97107
77777
Calves
Male
30984
13149
Female
64180
36927
97340
67444
27246
18420
61370
54895
Sheep
161725
254075
50384
80437
45885
80410
Goat
206483
169476
84721
89184
150970
151184
Horses & Ponies
Male
1253
819
1701
962
5096
2341
Female
3610
2075
2412
557
(ponies)
1278
335
(ponies)
5737
4201
Mules
105
73
190
147
1024
120
Donkeys
17204
11913
18170
12332
...
...
Camels
42142
26556
3309
4175
4517
3954
NOTE :—The above figures are taken from Famine Bulletin, No. 16, 1940, P. 4, by courtesy of Sir Colin C. Garbet, Financial Commissioner, Government of the Punjab
TABLE IV
—
Munj (saccharum munja Roxb.)
Bajra (pennisetum typhoideum)
husk
Corn (zea mays) heart . .
Groundnut (arachis hypogoea)
husk
Rice (oryza sativa) hulls .
Cotton (gossypium) hulls .
Wheat bhusa . . .
Percentage on dry matter basis
Dry
matter
94.47
94.20
95.28
96.48
92.90
92.02
93.74
Total
ash
3.703
7.350
3.507
4.482
20.310
2.84
14.07
Crude
protein
4.325
3.631
3.081
7.713
4.488
6.13
2.89
Ether
extract
1.081
0.610
0.855
1.641
3.500
2.69
1.02
Fibre
45.60
36.64
35.07
65.86
38.51
40.94
39.55
N. F.
extract
45.291
51.739
57.487
20.304
33.192
39.42
42.97
Soluble
ash
2.811
3.115
1.621
2.482
2.670
. .
3.13
CaO
0.316
0.086
0.086
0.427
0.094
. .
0.42
P.O.
0.236
0.160
0.265
0.278
0.734
. .
0.51
44
Famine Rations for Livestock
in famine conditions. The carotene content of
some of the common trees is given in Table V.
TABLE V
Carotene content per kg. dry matter
Jhar beri leaves . . .
Shisham leaves . . .
Neem leaves
.
.
.
.
Ber leaves . . . .
Pipal leaves
. . . .
Babul leaves
.
.
.
.
Dub grass
.
.
.
.
Dub grass roots . . .
mg.
195.3
155.1
103.6
286.4
80.8
132.4
250.0
1.2
Dry
matter
(per cent)
25.60
23.85
22.20
26.6
29.7
42.3
16.0
60.8
Further observations on the chemical composi-
tion of some of the tree leaves (Table VI), e.g.
shisham, kikar, ber, neem, pipal, pastawunah
mulberry, kachnar and haldu, indicated that in
addition to being sources of carotene, they
are moderately rich in protein and can, therefore
if available in sufficient quantities in the
famine areas, replace cake, thus reducing feeding
costs.
The following adjusted ration was fed to animals
weighing 500 lb.
Munj . . .
Molasses . . .
Mustard cake . .
Wheat bran . .
Salt . . . .
9lb.
2 „
1
„
1 „
ad lib.
I lb. green leaves or
grass or roots of
grass twice a week.
This ration provided approximately 0.376 lb.
digestible crude protein and 3.46 lb. starch equiva-
lent and thus compared favourably with the nor-
mal requirement.
TABLE VI
Percentage composition on dry basis
Tree leaves
Haldu (Adina cordifloria) . .
Kachnar (Bauhinia Varigata) .
Mulberry (Morus Alba) . .
Pastawunah (Grewia Oppositfolia)
Ber (Zizyphus Jujuba) . .
Neem (Melia Azadiaechta) . .
Pipal (Ficus Religiosa) . .
Shisham (Delbergia sisoo) . .
Paker (Ficus Infectoria) . .
Total
ash
7.93
8.54
3.80
14.90
14.16
10.35
11.67
14.65
9.12
12.62
Crude
protein
15.26
13.15
13.99
16.37
10.12
12.80
15.31
12.68
16.27
10.90
Fibre
12.26
29.37
15.71
16.58
14.09
11.67
13.78
21.55
22.63
23.97
N. F.
extract
60.19
46.82
49.70
43.77
54.81
60.15
58.47
47.32
49.78
53.65
Crude
fat
3.93
2.12
6.80
8.38
6.82
1.99
3.21
2.58
2.98
2.14
CaO
2.41
3.40
2.74
5.00
0.58
4.12
4.85
5.37
3.22
2.09
P 2 O 5
0.26
0.42
0.45
5.85
0.57
0.39
0.47
0.45
0.37
0.41
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
(a) Observations on adult animals
In the first experiment observations were made
on two healthy adult hill bulls, seven and eight.
They were fed 50 per cent. of their normal ration
for 12 days, so that before they started on the
experimental diet their condition approximated
to that of those in the drought areas. During this
period the animals lost 20 to 40 lb. of body weight
(Fig. 1).
FIG 1. Weight of adult bulls on munj-molasses ration
Indian J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb., Vol. XIV, Part I
]
PLATE
VII
FIG. 1.
FIG. 2.
FIG. 3.
FIG. 4.
FIG. 5.
FIG. 6.
FIG. 1. Hypostome of O. papillipes ♀ (From
Pavlovsky 1930).
FIG. 2. Hypostome of O. papillipes ♂ (From
Pavlovsky 1930).
FIG. 3. Hypostome of O. cholodkovskyi ♀ (From
Pavlovsky 1930).
FIG. 4. Hypostome of O. crossi ♂
FIG. 5. Hypostome of O. crossi ♀
FIG. 6. Palp showing the dense growth of hairs
of O. crossi.
FIG. 7. Structure of cuticle of O. crossi.
FIG. 7.
PL
FIG. 1. Structure of cuticle of O. papillipes, the blackened areas denote plates in the network ; the
white central plate is depressed and bears a hair (From Pavlovsky 1930).
FIG. 2. Structure of cuticle of O. tholozani (From Brumpt 1936).
FIG. 3. Denticulate hairs arising from the central antero-ventral surface of the body in front of
the camerostome. (From Pavlovsky 1930).
FIG. 4. Tarsus I of O. cholodkovskyi. (From Pavlovsky 1930).
FIG. 5. Tarsus I of O. papillipes. (From Pavlovsky 1930).
FIG. 6. Tarsus IV of O. Cholodkovskyi. (From Pavlovsky 1930).
FIG. 7. Tarsus IV of O. papillipes. (From Pavlovsky 1930).
FIG. 8. Tarsus I of O. crossi.
FIG. 9. Tarsus IV of O. crossi.
PLATE IX
[Indian
J.
Vet.
Sci.
&
Anim.
Husb,
Vol.
XIV,
Part I
FIG. 1. Dark spots indicate nodules
FIGS. 2 and 3. Cases of Rinderpest showing skin lesions.
68
Phenothiazine as an Anthelmintic in Horses
TABLE I
Results obtained from the administration of 100
gm. of phenothiazine powder
Horse
No.
A38
A39
A42
A46
A47
A50
A52
A79
A86
A89
A91
A99
B40
B44
B46
B51
B54
B58
B59
B68
B69
B70
B72
B73
B76
B77
C60
C61
C66
C70
D2
D28
D36
D45
t.b.d.
Age
11
11
6
8
8
9
6
15
11
8
6
9
10
7
9
6
8
8
8
8
6
8
7
15
14
12
14
7
15
12
8
10
6
9
2
Strongyle eggs per gm.
Count
before
dosing
1,000
1,400
850
560
1,000
600
1,050
1,200
750
800
800
1,560
600
400
1,060
260
1,330
830
1,400
60
1,160
600
600
460
1,780
450
1,300
1,360
1,430
1,200
630
250
1,000
970
970
1st
count
after
dosing
0
0
0
+
0
0
0
0
0
+
+
+ 0
0
+
+ 0
30
0
0
0
+ 0
0
0
0
230
+
+ 0
0
+
+ 0
+
2nd
count
after
dosing
0
0
0
+ 0
0
0
0
0
+
+
+ 0
0
30
30
+
60
0
0
0
+
0
0
0
+
200
+
+ 0
30
+
+ 0
+
3rd
count
after
dosing
330
230
+
130
60
30
60
30
360
160
+
+ 0
0
60
130
30
260
+ 0
+
+
60
+
260
60
260
60
30
+
130
+
100
+ +
TABLE II
Results obtained from the administration of 95 gm.
of phenothiazine powder
Horse
No.
C59
C72
C75
Age
15
9
15
Strongyle eggs per gm.
Count
before
dosing
2,500
1,030
1,030
1st
count
after
dosing
0
0
0
2nd
count
after
dosing
0
0
+
3rd
count
after
dosing
130
+
+
TABLE III
Results obtained from the administration of 80
gm. of phenothiazine powder
Horse
No.
A44
B63
B75
B8
D49
Age
7
8
6
9
10
Strongyle eggs per gm.
Count
before
dosing
960
1,060
560
630
700
1st
count
after
dosing
0
+
+
330
0
2nd
count
after
dosing
0
+
+
200
0
3rd
count
after
dosing
+
130
+
200
230
TABLE IV
Results obtained from the administration of 4 fl.
oz. Phenovis-72 gm. of phenothiazine powder
Horse
No.
A7
A33
A48
A56
A59
A73
A75
A76
A80
A84
A92
Age
10
13
6
7
13
10
8
6
15
12
12
Strongyle eggs per gm.
Count
before
dosing
1,200
60
1,300
600
300
500
800
500
830
500
560
1st
count
after
dosing
0
0
+ 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2nd
count
after
dosing
0
0
+ 0
0
0
0
0
0
+ 0
3rd
count
after
dosing
0
60
+ 0
+ 0
0
0
0
+
0
TABLE V
Results obtained from the administration of 60
gm. of phenothiazine powder
Horse
No.
B31
B35
B39
B41
B42
B43
B49
B52
B55
B57
Age
9
15
10
8
15
9
8
6
11
14
Strongyle eggs per gm.
Count before
dosing
1,000
300
130
700
1,530
660
500
730
820
800
Count after
dosing
30
160
30
0
0
30
0
30
30
60