NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
Rhododendron Uredineæ.
BY
SURGEON-MAJOR A. BARCLAY, M.B.
In the preceding volume of these Memoirs I described in detail the charac-
ters and structure of a Chrysomyxa on Rhododendron arboreum (C. Himalense,
mihi) a species extremely abundant here, but without trace of any other spore
form. I had at that time no information regarding the geographical distribution
of the fungus. But during the summer of 1890 I received specimens, apparently
of C. Himalense on Rhododendron Hodgsoni, Hook. f. from Surgeon L. A.
Waddell, collected at Lingtu, below the Jelep Pass in Sikkim, at an elevation
of 11,50o-12,000 ft. showing its extension far eastwards along the Himalayas
(Pl. I, fig. 2 b ).
Again, my friend Mr. J. H. Lace, of the Forest Department, sent me other
specimens, collected on the inner ranges of the Himalayas, towards the north
of Simla, which are of exceptional interest, since they consisted of a uredo
form on Rhododendron lepidotum, Wall, and an æcidial form on R. campanula
-tum, Don. The existence of an æcidium on Rhododendron is extremely
interesting, especially in connection with de Bary's speculations on the remote
history of Chrysomyxa Rhododendri, D. C. But, before proceeding to any con-
sideration of the possible connection between the Himalayan and Alpine forms,
it will be convenient to describe these two new forms, which I have recently
received, in some detail.
Uredo on Rhododendron lepidotum, Wall. (Pl. I, fig. 2c).—The pustules
are entirely hypophyllous in all the specimens I received—orange red and in
clusters, with no discoloration or staining of the upper leaf surface opposite, so
that-the existence of the parasite might very readily be overlooked. Examined
with a field lens each pustule is seen to be surrounded by a scaly wall, somewhat
like a peridium; but microscopic examination shows that this is nothing but a
raised layer of epidermis cells (Pl. II, fig. I). The spores are orange yellow,
mostly oval, with a thick and spiny epispore, measuring when just wetted 28-22
X 18-17 μ ( Pl. II, fig. 4). These measurements are considerably greater than
those given by de Bary, whose spores measured in greatest diameter 15-2o μ .
In general appearance they much resemble æcidiospores; and they appear to
be given off in very short rows, exactly as described by de Bary (Pl. II, fig. I).
Scientfiic Memoirs by
In stained preparations I could determine six or more germ pores in some
individual spores; but in others, equally colored, I could detect none. In trans-
verse sections of a leaf through spore beds the mycelium is seen to be very
abundant, and to contain bright orange red oil globules. It gives rise to no
appreciable thickening of the leaf blade, but many spongy cells are entirely
destroyed, though the palisade cells are uninjured. The mass of the mycelium
occupies the place of the spongy tissue, but filaments course singly among the
palisade cells to the epidermis on the opposite side.
Æcidium on Rhododendron campanulatum, Don. (Pl. I, figs. I and 2a).—
The peridia are all hypophyllous, often close under the margins of the projecting
midrib, but also scattered over, the blade. In the former place the peridia are
often very elongated, forming, as it were, weals parallel to the midrib; in the
latter place they frequently present an irregular circinate arrangement. The
peridia everywhere are irregular in appearance, often diffusely large, and never
forming a definitely shaped body. They rupture freely and irregularly. The
peridium is white, and consists of a single layer of typical cells, arranged in an
imbricate fashion, the upper end of each cell overlapping the lower end of the
cell above internally. Each cell is long and angular (fig. 2), being five to six-
sided, and measures about 36 x 25 The aecidiospores (Pl. II, fig. 3) are
given off in rows as usual, an intercalary wedge-shaped cell being decernible
between the lowermost spores of a row. They are bright orange red, round to
oval, spiny, thick-walled, and measure when just wetted 30-22 X 18-21 μ . The
spores resemble those of Peridermium closely in general appearance, and are of
much the same size, the aecidiospores of Chrysomyxa Rhododendri, as given by
Winter, being 45-17 X 22-12 μ . The mycelium below spore-beds is extremely
abundant, often in aggregated masses, and filled with orange-red globules. It
destroys numerous spongy cells, but does little harm to the palisade cells,
among which individual filaments course. It is somewhat remarkable that
spermogonia appear to be entirely absent. In many sections I looked through
I did not find one. Nor are there any accompanying the Uredo stage describ-
ed above.
Thus, on the Himalayas we ha., e a Teleutospore, a Uredo, and an iEcidium
on different species of Rhododendron, and the question arises are these geneti-
cally related to one another. This could be proved only by actual experiment ;
but had we more definite information of the geographical distribution of the
various forms, we might assume with some certainty that a relationship did or
did not exist. With regard to the teleutosporic stage the evidence of connec-
tion from general considerations is weak. In Simla, as I have already pointed
out, this stage on R. arboreum is extremely abundant ; but we have no other
species of Rhododendron, and all evidence goes to show that the sporidia of
the Chrysomyxa on it cannot attack the same host. The nearest spots on which
R. lepidotum and R. campanulatum occur together are the Chor peak, about
72
Medical Officers of the Army of India.
73
25 miles in a direct line, and the Murali peak, 54 miles as the crow flies. On
Hatu, a mountain about 23 miles distant, in a direct line, R. lepidotum occurs,
but not R. campanulatum. Near all these localities, but at lower elevations,
R. arboreum is also plentifully met with. Dr. Waddell's specimen of Chrysomyxa
Himalense on R. Hodgsoni, collected in Sikkim, would tend to show that this
teleutosporic stage is found throughout the inner ranges of the Himalayas. In
Hooker's "Flora of British India" R. arboreum is said to be found throughout the
Himalayas at elevations between 5,000 and 10,000 feet, and R. Hodgsoni only
on the eastern Himalayas at elevations of 10,000 to 12,000 feet. The latter
presumably therefore overlaps the former.
On the other hand, it seems highly probable that the Uredo form on R.
lepidotum, and the Æcidial form on R. campanulatum are related to one another,
since Mr. Lace collected both forms in the same locality and at the same time;
and, moreover, the Æcidial specimens presented the appearance of being old
and nearly over, whilst the Uredo form presented the opposite condition. But
in this locality R. arboreum is absent Mr. Lace informs me. In the "Flora of
British India" R. lepidotum is said to occur throughout temperate and alpine
Himalayas from 8,000 to 15,000 feet, and so likewise does R. campanulatum ,at
about the same levels (9,000 to 14,000 feet). Bringing all these heights together,
we see that it is possible that all these forms of Uredine on them may well,
from this point of view alone be connected with one another
R. arboreu
.
.
.
.
. .
. 5 to 10,000 ft.
R. Hodgsoni.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
1 0 to 12,000 „
R. lepidotum.
.
.
. .
. .
. 8 to 15,000 „
R. cambanulatum .
.
. .
.
.
. 0 to 14,000 ..
In my description of the teleutosporic form (C. Himalense) I considered the
possible connection between it and the several species of Æ cidia borne by our
Coniferce, and by a process of exclusion came to the conclusion that if connected
with any it was most probably connected with that on Pinus excelsa (Aec.
brevius, mihi). But further observations make me think that even this connec-
tion is improbable; and the fact—if fact it is—* that P. excelsa is absent from
Sikkim would be an additional reason for excluding the connection. I also
thought that no connection could exist between it and the one species of
Æ cidium which occurs on the few individuals of Picea Morinda met with in
Simla, because the teleutospore is extremely abundant, whilst the Æcidium is
rare. But it is now desirable to reconsider this. Picea Morinda occurs through-
out the Himalayas from 6,000 to 11,000 feet, and I have described the existence of
no less than four different forms of fungi on it, namely, two iEcidia (A. Thomsoni,
Berk, and A. Piceæ, mihi), one Chrysomyxa (C. Piceæ, mihi), and a form which
I erroneously took to be an aberrant form of Uredo, but which I am row con-
vinced by Dr. P. Dietel is another species of Chrysomyxa. This last-mentioned
* See "Flora of British India," Hooker.
Scientific Memoirs by Medical Officers of the Army of India.
Chrysomyxa, which I have left to Dr. Dietel to re-describe, is to all appearances
associated with A. Thomsoni. There is no obvious connection between A.
Piceœ and Chrys. Piceœ, though there is a possibility of such. Much the same
has been said of the possible connection between Chrys. Himalense and the
æcidium on Rhododendron campanulatum. We have then these possible
connections:—
Chrysomyxa on Picea . . . Aec. on Picea.
Chrysomyxa on rhododendron . . . Aec. on Rhododendron.
De Bary, in considering the origin of Chrysomyxa Abietis, Unger, and Chrys.
Rhododendri, says, either (I) the original form from which both came was without
æ cidial fructification, or (2) the original form had æcidial fructification, and that
Chrys. Abietis has, in course of time, thrown this out, and inclines to the latter
view. Is it not possible that we have here, in the Himalayas, an indication that
de Bary's view (2) was correct. Leaving A. Thomsoni and its associated (?)
Chrysomyxa out of consideration, since it is in every sense extremely peculiar,
and does not occur in Europe at all, we may compare the present state of affairs
on the Himalayas and on the Alps thus:—
Himalayas . . . Chrys. Pice
æ
(on Picea Morinda).
=Aec. Piceæ, mi
hi (on Picea Morinda).
Alps
. . . Chrys. Abietis, Wallr.
(on Picea excelsa).
Aec. Abietinum.
(on Picea excelsa).
Himalayas . . . Chrys. Himalense, mihi
(on R. arboreum).
=Aec. Rhododendri
(on R. campanulatum).
Alps
. . . Chrys. Rhododendri, D. C
(on R. ferrugineum, &c. )
The dotted arrows are intended to indicate the original state of affairs, now
no longer existent. In planning the above diagram, I desired to express the
possibility that in its extension westwards from its original home here the
æcidial stage of the Chrysomyxa on Rhododendron was transferred to another
host (Picea excelsa ) producing there A. abietinum, Alb. et Schwein. In this
case, in remote history, two Chrysomyxata (namely, those on Rhododendron and
Picea) we may imagine competed in Europe for Picea as the æcidial host, and
that that on Rhododendron succeeding, the Chrysomyxa Abietis dropped its
æcidial fructification altogether. In a paper submitted to the Linnæan Society
on the Life-history of Uromyces Cunninghamianus, mihi, I sketched a develop
-mental history of the Uredineœ, as I conceived it possible, and attempted to
show that in the struggle for existence heterœcism was beneficial; and hence
I think that if two species compete against one another for a host, that which
makes for heterœcism will more probably succeed than that which makes for
autœcism. Therefore, in the supposed competition between Chrysomyxa Abietis
and Chrysomyxa Rhododendri for Picea as an æcidial host the latter succeeded.
G. I. C. P. O.—No. 20 S. C.—17-3-91.—275—F. B.
74
Description of Plates.
PLATE I.
FIG. 1. Photograph of Rhododendron campanulatum, with Æcidium; slightly,
enlarged.
„ 2a. Leaves of Rhododendron campanulatum , with æcidial fructification.
„ b. Leaves of R. Hodgsoni, with Chrysomyxa Himalense.
„ c. Leaves of R . lepidotum , with Uredo pustules.
PLATE II.
„
1. Transverse section of leaf of R. lepidotum through a Uredo pustule, x 150.
„ 2. Peridial cells of Æcidium on Rhododendron campanulutum, x 350.
„ 3. Æcidiospore, x 350.
„ 4. Uredospores, x 350.
Photo-etching.
R H O D O D E N D R O N U R E D I N E A E .
S u r v e y o f I n d i a O f f i c e s , C a l c u t t a . N o v e m b e r 1 8 9 6 .
P L A T E i .
PLATE II.
SCIENTIFIC MEMOIRS
BY
MEDICAL OFFICERS OF THE ARMY OF INDIA.
EDITED BY
W. R. RICE ESQ., M . D.
S U R G E O N G E N E R A L W 1 T H T H E G O V E R N M E N T O F I N D I A .
PART VI.
1891.
1.— On some Species of Choleraic Comma-Bacilli occurring in Calcutta.—
Surgeon-Major D. D. Cunningham, F.R.S. (Page 1.)
2.—The Morbid Anatomy of a Form of Biliary Cirrhosis in children in India.—
Surgeon f. B 'Gibbons. (Page 51.)
•
3 . — . O n t h e H a b i t s o f C e r t a i n “ H a r v e s t i n g . ” A n t s . — S u r g e o n f . H . T ' . W a l s h .
(Page 59.)
4.—On two Autœcious Cæomata in Simla.—surgeon-Major A. Barclay, M.B.
(Page 65.)
5.—Rhododendron Uredineæ.—Surgeon-Major A. Barclay, M.B. (Page 71.)
CALCUTTA
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.
1891.
Price Three. Rupees.
(NEW SERIES.)
I P / Q B . 1 0
sf
m . 9 1 . b .
No. 44.
SCIENTIFIC MEMOIRS
BY
OFFICERS OF THE MEDICAL AND SANITARY DEPARTMENTS
OF THE
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
The Preparation of a Safe and
Efficient Antirabic Vaccine
BY
LIEUT.-COLONEL SIR D. SEMPLE, KT., M.D., D.P.H., R.A.M.C. (Retired)
Director, Central Research Institute, Kasauli
ISSUED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA BY THE
SANITARY COMMISSIONER WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, SIMLA
CALCUTTA
SUPERINTENDENT GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA
1911
Price annas 8 or 9d.
3943124
Х
(NEW SERIES.)
No. 44
SCIENTIFIC MEMOIRS
BY
OFFICERS OF THE MEDICAL AND SANITARY DEPARTMENTS
OF THE
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
The Preparation of a Safe and
Efficient Antirabic Vaccine
BY
LIEUT.-COLONEL SIR D. SEMPLE, KT., M.D., D.P.H., R.A.M.C. ( Retired )
Director, Central Research Institute, Kasauli
ISSUED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA BY THE
SANITARY COMMISSIONER WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, SIMLA
CALCUTTA
SUPERINTENDENT GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA
1911
Agents for the Sale of Books published by the Superintendent of
Government Printing, India, Calcutta.
IN ENGLAND.
Mr. E. A. ARNOLD, 41 and 43, Maddox
Street, Bond Street, London, W.
Messrs. CONSTABLE & Co. 10, Orange
Street, Leicester Square, W.C.
Messrs. KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER &
Co., 43, Gerrard Street, Soho, London, W.
Mr. BERNARD QUARITCH, 11, Grafton Street,
New Bond Street, W.
Messrs. P. S. KING & SON, 2 and 4, Great
Smith Street, Westminster.
Messrs. H. S. KING & CO., 65, Cornhill, and
9, Pall Mall, London.
Messrs. GRINDLAY & Co., 54, Parliament
Street, London, S.W.
Mr. T. FISHER UNWIN, 1, Adelphi Terrace,
London, W.C.
Messrs. W. THACKER & Co., 2, Creed Lane,
London, E.C.
Mr. B. H. BLACKWELL, 50 and 51, Broad
Street, Oxford.
Messrs. DEIGHTON BELL & CO., Cambridge.
Messrs. LUZAC & Co., 46, Great Russell
Street, London, W.C.
ON THE CONTINENT.
Mr. OTTO HARRASSOWITZ, Leipzig.
Mr. KARL HIERSEMANN,
Messrs. R. FRIEDLÄNDER & SOHN, Berlin,
W.N., Carlstrasse, 11.
Mr. ERNEST LEROUX, 28, Rue Bonaparte,
Paris.
Mr. MARTINUS NIJHOFF The Hague, Holland.
IN INDIA.
Messrs. THACKER, SPINK & CO., Calcutta and
Simla.
Messrs. NEWMAN & Co., Calcutta.
Messrs. R. CAMBRAY & Co., Calcutta.
Messrs. S. K. LAHIRI & CO., Calcutta.
Messrs. B. BANERJEE & CO., Calcutta.
The Calcutta School Book and Useful Litera-
ture Society, 1, Wellington Square,
Calcutta.
Messrs. HIGGINBOTHAM & CO., Madras.
Messrs. V. KALYANARAMA IYER & CO.,
Madras.
Messrs. G. A. NATESAN & Co., Madras.
Messrs. S. MURTHY & CO., Madras.
Messrs. THOMPSON & Co., Madras.
Messrs. TEMPLE & Co., Madras.
Messrs. COMBRIDGE & CO., Madras.
Messrs. P. R. RAMA IYER & CO., Madras.
Messrs. THACKER & Co., LD., Bombay.
Messrs. A. J. COMBRIDGE & CO., Bombay.
Messrs. D. B. TARAPOREVALA, SONS & CO.,
Bombay.
Mrs. RADHABAI ATMARAM SAGOON, Bombay.
Mr. SUNDER PANDURANG, Bombay
.
Messrs. GOPAL NARAYAN & Co., Bombay.
Superintendent, American Baptist Mission
Press, Rangoon.
RAI SAHIB M. GULAB SINGH & SONS, Mufid-
i-Am Press, Lahore and Calcutta.
Mr. N. B. MATHUR, Superintendent, Nazair
Kanun Hind Press, Allahabad.
Messrs. A. CHAND & Co., Punjab.
Messrs. A. M. & J. FERGUSON, Ceylon.
Babu S. C. TALUKDAR, Proprietor, Students
and Company, Cooch Behar.
List of numbers of Scientific Memoirs by Officers of the Medical and
Sanitary Departments of the Government of India (New Series)
published previous to the present issue.
No. 1. Standardisation of Calmette's Anti-Venomous Serum with Pure Cobra Venom : the
Deterioration of this Serum through keeping in India, by Captain G. Lamb,
I.M.S., and Wm. Hanna, Esq., M.B. Price As. 3 or 4 d.
No. 2. Malaria in India, by Captain S. P. James, I.M.S. Price Re. 1-8 or 2s . 3d.
No. 3, Some Observations on the Poison of Russell's Viper (Daboia Russellii), by Captain
G. Lamb, I.M.S., and Wm. Hanna, Esq., M.B. Price As. 5 or 6 d .
No. 4. On the Action of the Venoms of the Cobra and of the Daboia on the Red Blood
corpuscles and on the blood plasma, by Captain G. Lamb, I.M.S. Price As. 8 or 9 d .
No. 5. Specificity of Anti-Venomous Sera, by Captain G. Lamb, I.M.S. Price As. 3 or 4d .
No. 6. First Report on the Anti-Malarial Operations in Mian Mir, 1901-03, by Captain
S. P. James, I.M.S. Price As. 12 or 1s. 2d.
No. 7. Some Observations on the Poison of the Banded Krait (Bungarus Fasciatus), by
Captain G. Lamb, I.M.S. Price As. 8 or 9 d .
No. 8. A Preliminary Report on a Parasite found in Patients suffering from Enlargement
of the Spleen in India, by Lieutenant S. R. Christophers, I.M.S. Price Re. 1-8
Or 2s. 3 d.
No. 9. Second Report of the Anti-Malarial Operations at Mian Mir, 1901-03, by Lieutenant
S. R. Christophers, I.M.S. Price As. 10 or 1s.
No. 10. Specificity of Anti-Venomous Sera (Second Communication), by Captain G. Lamb,
I.M.S. Price As. 8 or 9 d .
No. 11. On a Parasite found in persons suffering from Enlargement of the Spleen in India-
Second Report, by Lieutenant S. R. Christophers,I.M.S
Price Rs. 2 or 3 s .
No. 12. On the Morphology, Teratology, and Diclinism of the Flowers of Cannabis, by
Major D. Prain, I.M.S. Price As. 14 or 1s. 4d.
No. 13. Oriental or Delhi Sore, by Captain S. P. James, I.M.S. Price As. 10 or 1s.
No. 14. On a Parasite found in the White Corpuscles of the Blood of Dogs, by Captain S. P .
James, I.M.S. Price As. 10 or 1s.
No. 15. On a Parasite found in persons suffering from Enlargement of the Spleen in India-
Third Report, by Lieutenant S. R. Christophers, I.M.S. Price As. 10 or 1s.
No. 16. The Specificity of Anti-Venomous Sera with special reference to a Serum prepared
with the Venom of the Daboia Russellii, by Captain G. Lamb, I.M.S. Price
As. 6 or 7d.
No. 17. Snake-Venoms in relation to Hæmolysis, by Captain G. Lamb, I.M.S.
Price As. 6
Or 7d.
No. 18. Hæmogregarina Gerbilli, by Lieutenant S. R. Christophers, M.B., I.M.S. Price
As. 10 or 1s.
No. 19. On Kala Azar, Malaria and Malarial Cachexia, by Captain S. P. James, M.B., I.M.S.
Price Re. 1-4 or 1s. 11d .
No. 20. Serum-Therapy of Plague in India ; Reports by Mr. W. M. Haffkine, C.I.E., and
various officers of the Plague Research Laboratory, Bombay, by Lieutenant-
Colonel W. B. Bannerman, M.D., B.Sc., F.R.C.S., I.M.S. Price As. 14 or
1 s. 4 d.
No. 21. On the Standardisation of Anti-Typhoid Vaccine, by Captain George Lamb, M.D.,
I.M.S. (Director, Pasteur Institute of India), and Captain W B. C. Forster, M.B.,
D.P.H., I.M.S. Price As. 6 or 7 d.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
PAGE.
INTRODUCTION
.
.
.
. . . . .
.
.
1
CHAPTER II.
THE EFFECT OF HEAT ON RABIES VIRUS
. . . . .
.
.
6
CHAPTER III.
THE EFFECT OF CARBOLIC ACID ON RABIES VIRUS
.
.
.
.
.
8
CHAPTER IV.
THE EFFECT OF NORMAL SALINE SOLUTION ON RABIES VIRUS :
1. At Room Temperature.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1 4
2. At a Temperature of 37°C.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1 5
CHAPTER V.
THE IMMUNISATION OF ANIMALS WITH RABIES VIRUS KILLED BY CARBOLIC ACID, AND THEIR
SUBSEQUENT RESISTANCE TO THE SUBDURAL INOCULATION OF LETHAL DOSES OF
" STREET VIRUS," AND ALSO OF "FIXED VIRUS.''
1 8
C H A P T E R V I .
THE EVIDENCE OF IMMUNITY IN THE SERUM OF ANIMALS TREATED WITH RABIES VIRUS
KILLED BY CARBOLIC ACID
.
26
CHAPTER VII.
THE ADVANTAGES OF HAVING A SAFE AND EFFICIENT ANTIRABIC VACCINE WHICH COULD BE
SENT TO WHEREVER IT IS REQUIRED FOR THE TREATMENT OF PATIENTS
.
29
C H A P T E R V I I I .
SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS .
. . . . . .
.
.
32
The Preparation of a Safe and Efficient
Antirabic Vaccine.
I n t r o d u c t i o n
T HE two cardinal factors to be taken into consideration in the preparation and
administration of vaccines whether for prophylactic or curative purposes are,
safety and efficiency. When Pasteur first applied his method of antirabic treatment
to man these were the two points upon which he concentrated his attention, with
the result that he firmly established the principles of antirabic treatment now
carried out in almost every civilised country where rabies is found.
In the practice of conferring a specific immunity on man and animals by ino-
culating them with dead bacterial vaccines, the question of safety, or free-
dom from any risk of communicating the disease which the vaccine is intended to
prevent is foreclosed, and the main points to be taken into consideration are a
proper system of dosage, and the interspacing of doses ; but when living vaccines
are used the question assumes a different aspect.
It is now well established that dead bacterial vaccines are efficient in
producing an immunising response in man and animals ; a response which in most
cases it would not be justifiable to attempt to produce with living bacteria. On
this account it is now almost the universal custom in the prophylactic and cura-
tive vaccination of infectious diseases in man to make use of killed cultures of the
causal micro-organisms. No person would be justified in using a living staphylo-
coccus, or a living streptococcus vaccine, when dead vaccines prepared from these
germs answer every purpose.
In the immunisation of animals it is not an uncommon practice to begin by
using dead bacterial cultures, and then go on to living cultures ; but in man it is
exceptional to use living microbes either for prophylactic or curative purposes,
although in some cases it has been done with perfect safety, e.g., in the prophylaxis
of cholera and typhoid fever. In some cases an attenuated living vaccine is used
as a prophylactic by communicating a modified form of the disease, e.g., vaccinia
to protect against small-pox in man ; but in this particular case the person inocula-
ted can afford to allow the virus to multiply without running any risks, and more-
over, the multiplication of the living element in this vaccine is no doubt the strong-
B2