NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
( 23 )
94. In the Hindustani Class the following prizes were given by the
teachers of the class in consultation with the Principal of the School :—
NAMES.
Subject.
Prizes awarded.
3rd year students—General Proficiency.
Rs.
Shib Ditta
...General Proficiency
20
2nd year students.
Shadi Khan
...
Anatomy ...
1st Prize. Urdu Medical Dictionary
and
6
Broma Nand
...
2nd Ditto. Ditto
Ditto and
3
Maya Singh
. . .
3rd Ditto. Arnir Shah's Chemistry.
Jehangir Baksh
...
4th Ditto. Posological Chart and
1
Muhammad Ali
...
Materia Medica
1st Ditto. Amir Shah's Chemistry and
5
Shadi Khan..
2nd Ditto. Ditto
Ditto and 2
Broma Nand
...
3rd Ditto. Ditto
Ditto.
Maya Singh
...
4th Ditto. Posological al Chart and
1
Muhammad Ali
...
Medicine ...
1st Ditto. Rahim Khan's Midwifery
and.
6
Shadi Khan
...
2nd Ditto. Ditto
Ditto and
3
Broma Nand
...
3rd Ditto. Ditto
Ditto and
1
Imam-ud-dín
...
4th Ditto. Posological Chart and
1
Maya Singh
...
5th Ditto. Stethoscope.
Ram Kishan
...
6th Ditto.
Ditto.
Shadi Khan
...
Surgery
...
1st Ditto. Pocket case.
Imam-ud-din.
...
2nd Ditto. Rahim Khan's Midwifery
and
4
Soheil Singh
. . .
3rd Ditto.
Ditto
Ditto and
2
Maya Singh
...
4th Ditto. Urdu Midwifery
and
1
1st year students.
Wajid Ali Shah
...
Anatomy
1st Prize. Anatomical plates and
5
Kirpa Ram .
2nd Ditto.
Ditto
and
2
Bhowani Das
. .
3rd Ditto. Urdu Midwifery and
1
Badar-ud-din
...
4th Ditto. Posological Chart and
1
Kirpa Ram
...
Materia Medica
1st Ditto. Amir Shah's Chemistry
and
5
Wajid Ali Shah
...
2nd Ditto.
Ditto
Ditto and
2
Bhowani Das
...
3rd Ditto.
Ditto
Ditto.
Narsingh Das
...
4th Ditto. Posological Chart
and
1
Imam-ud-din
...
Chemistry ...
1st Ditto. Huxley's Physiology and.
5
Uttam Chand
...
2nd Ditto. Ditto
Ditto and
3
Shadi Khan
...
3rd. Ditto. Ditto
Ditto and
1
Midwives.
Talian...
Midwifery ...
Prize. Urdu Midwifery and. 2 chaddars
Bhagbhari
2nd Ditto.
Ditto
and 1 chaddar
Jowayee
...
3rd Ditto.
Ditto
Local students.
95. These students receive scholarships from the local funds of their
districts, but those in the English Class are allowed to compete also for Govern-
ment scholarships if they have passed the Entrance Examination of a university ;
otherwise they are expected to return to their district and practise there when
their education is finished. At present the districts which send local students
to the Lahore Medical School are the following :—
Lahore,
Rohtak,
Amritsar,
Peshawar,
Jullundur,
and the Native States of-
Hoshiarpur,
Bahawalpur,
Shahpur,
Patiala,
Jhelum,
Kapurthala,
Kangra,
Faridkot.
Gurgaon,
(24)
96. Of these students, some belong to the English Class and others to the
Hindustani Class. In the former there are
—
5th year.
Ram Kishan, Local Fund, Lahore.
3rd year.
Nihal Chand, Kapurthala.
Gholam Mustafa, Amritsar.
2nd year.
Ajudhia Patti, Jhelum.
1st year.
Sadik Ali, Kapurthala.
Hem Chander, Peshawar.
H a r i C h a n d , S h a h p u r .
In all 7 students from 6 Local Funds.
97. In the Hindustani class there are the following:—
3rd year.
Gundu Ram, Jullundur.
U m a r C h a n d ,
D i t t o .
Shadi Khan,
Ditto.
Imam-ud-din,
Ditto.
Mula Ram, Kangra.
Dalbag Rai, Hoshiarpur.
Badr-ud-din, Gurgaon.
2nd year.
Uttam Chand, Hoshiarpur.
Kutab Din, Lahore.
Bhowani Das, Amritsar.
Muhammad Abdul Aziz, Rohtak.
Muhammad Ismail Khan, Ditto,
Imam Bakhsh, Bahawalpur.
1st year.
Nyamat Khan, Jullundur.
Tulsi Ram,
Ditto.
Baryam Singh, Ditto.
Bhagat Ram, Lahore.
Bishan Das, Shahpur.
R a m P a r s h a d , P a t i a l a .
Indar Singh,
Ditto.
Mohan Lal,
Ditto.
Muhammad Ismail, Faridkot.
In all 22 students of the Hindustani Class, of whom 7 are in their 3rd year,
6 in 2nd, and 9 in first year. Seven of these came from Jullundur,
3 from Patiala, 2 from Hoshiarpur, 2 from Rohtak, and 2 from Lahore,
and 1 from Kangra, 1 from Gurgaon, 1 from Amritsar, 1 from Bahawalpur,
1 from Shahpur and 1 from Faridkot.
98. Additional Classes .—The class of practising hakims has continued
to be taught by Honorary Surgeon Rahim Khan, Khan Bahadur, who gives
lectures once a week to these men. None were prepared for examination
during the past year, but it is expected that two or three will be ready during
next year. About 17 students attended the lectures every week.
99. The class of practising midwives or dhaies has also continued to
receive instruction from Assistant Surgeons Brij Lal Ghose, Rai Bahadur,
and Amir Shah. The former lecturer teaches the diseases of women and
children, and the latter the subject of midwifery proper. The class consists of
about 23 Native women, of whom 17 attend regularly. An examination was
held at the end of the year, and the 6 best students, all of whom had attended
( 27 )
Statement showing the Income and Expenditure of the Lahore Medical School for the Official Year ending 31 st March 1880.
I NCOME.
Amount.
TOTAL.
EXPENDITURE.
Amount.
TOTAL.
All this is from the
Imperial Treasury
except the Students'
Book Fund, which
originally received a
grant from Govern
-ment, but is main
-tained by the pro
-ceeds of books sold to
students and by the
profit on educating
local students.
Principal . . .
Rs. A. P.
Rs. A. P.
Principal . . .
Rs. A. P.
Rs. A. P.
16,800 0 0
16,800 0 0
3 Professors . . .
21,731 5 8
3 Professors . . .
21,731 5 8
3 Teachers of the Hindustani Class . . .
7,800 0 0
3 T e a c h e r s o f t h e H i n d u s t a n i C l a s s . . .
7,800 0 0
Native Establishment . . .
1,616 2 1
Native Establishment . . .
1,616 2 1
Scholarships . . .
4,557 0 0
Sc hol a r s hi ps . . .
4,557 0 0
Native Medical pupils . . .
4,288 4 5
Native Medical pupils . . .
4,288 4 5
Hakim students . . .
1,394 2 8
Hakim students . . .
1,394 2 8
Feeding bullocks . . .
264 0 0
Feeding bullocks . . .
264 0 0
Amount of contingent bills paid . . .
1,245 10 11
Contingent charges . . .
1,145 10 11
Students' Book Fund . . .
1,792 5 7
Students' books . . .
1,737 14 3
L i b r a r y F u n d . . .
824 0 6
L i b r a r y b o o k s . . .
807 12 6
Museumand Laboratory . . .
960 14 7
Museum specimens, &c. . . .
960 14 7
All from the Local
Funds of districts
named.
Gurdaspur students . . .
90 3 4
Gurdaspur students' pay . . .
90 3 4
Lahore ditto . . .
225 15 6
Lahore ditto . . .
132 3 0
Jullundur ditto . . .
1,314 4 5
Jullundur ditto . . .
732 10 0
Hoshiarpur ditto . . .
670 1 4
Hoshiarpur ditto . . .
356 10 0
Gurgaon ditto . . .
170 15 1
Gurgaon ditto . . .
79 11 10
Amritsar ditto . . .
154 0 0
Amritsar ditto . . .
104 10 0
Grey-Bahawalpur students . . .
446 0 0
Grey-Bahawalpur students' pay . . .
133 10 0
Kangra students . . .
441 12
0
Kangra students' pay . . .
171 0 0
R o h t a k d i t t o . . .
277 0 0
Rohtak ditto . . .
145 4 0
Faridkot ditto . . .
236 6 0
Faridkot ditto . . .
75 0 0
Shahpur ditto . . .
238 15 4
Shahpur ditto . . .
92 0 6
Delhi ditto . . .
137 4 0
Delhi ditto . . .
88 14 0
Mission ditto . . .
217 4 0
Mission ditto . . .
79 0 0
Chamba ditto . . .
122 6 0
Chamba ditto . . .
1 2 2 6 0
Patiala ditto . . .
350 0 0
Patiala ditto . . .
248 7 0
Bannu ditto . . .
214 6 4
Bannu ditto . . .
214 6 4
Lending Library account . . .
51 6 0
Lending Library charges . . .
7 5 6
English Class local students . . .
1,977 2 8
English Class local students' pay . . .
756 12 0
Hospital Charitable Fund . . .
232 12 5
Hospital Charitable Fund . . .
24 1 0
General Profit account . . .
2,474 12 4
73,316 13 2
General Profit account . . .
1,591 9 5
68,348 15 0
GRAND TOTAL . . .
. . .
73,316 13 2
Balance . . .
. . .
4,967 14 2
RAND TOTAL . . .
. . .
73,316 13 2
T.E.B. B ROWN,
Principal, Lahore Medical School.
General Statement of Educational Institutions in the Province of the Punjab for 1879-80.
GOVERNMENT I NS TI TUTI ONS .
PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS, AIDED AND UNAIDED.
G r a n d t o t a l s c h o o l s .
G r a n d t o t o a l a v e r a g e a t t e n d a n c e .
P r o p o r t i o n o f a t t n e d a n c e t o p o p u l a t i o n .
N u m b e r .
A v e r a g e n u m b e r o f s t u d e n t s o n r o l l .
A v e r a g e a t t e n d a n c e d a i l y .
A v e r a g e a g e .
Teachers.
Income.
No. of persons
instructed.
Class.
T o t a l .
A v e r a g e a t t e n d a n c e d a i l y .
Income.
No of persons
instructed
F r o m e n d o w m e n t s .
F r o m f e e s .
F r o m G o v e r n m e n t g r a n t .
E n g l i s h
V e r n a c u l a r .
G e n e r a l .
C h r i s t
i a n s .
O t h e r s .
P u b l i c F u n d .
L o c a l F u n d s .
T o t a l .
E n g l i s h .
V e r n a c u l a r .
G e n e r a l .
G e n e r a l .
H i n d u s .
M u h a m m a d a n s .
C h r i s t i a n s .
R s .
Rs.
Rs.
Medical
School.
53 90
Professorial . . . 1
160 148 20
4
3 63,274 10,043 73,317
(28)
T. E. B. BRONW,
Principal, Lahore Medical School.
( 29 )
Proceedings of the Hon'ble the Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab, in the Home Department,—No. 3867,
dated 21st September 1880.
READ—
Report of the Lahore Medical School for 1879-80, furnished by Surgeon-Major
T. E. B. BROWN, Principal.
OBSERVATIONS.—An important addition to the School was made by the
institution of a class for training Civil Hospital Assistants for service under
Government, and it was decided that the pupils admitted to this class should
possess sufficient knowledge of English to admit of their being taught in that
language. It appears that 8 students were admitted into this class in
May 1879, 5 receiving stipends from Government and 3 being self-sup
-porting or free students. In the course of the first three months 3 out
of the 8 left, leaving 5 for the remainder of the year, all of whom are paid
by Government. It will probably be eventually necessary to increase the number
of students in this class, but the exact number that will be required to complete
the provincial establishment of Hospital Assistants and maintain it at its proper
strength cannot be determined at present ; for, although the establishment is
now very short-handed, it is probable that when the Kabul war is over a large
number of supernumeraries of the Military Class of Hospital Assistants will
become available for Civil employ.
2. It is somewhat difficult to follow the description given of the numerous
changes that occurred in the composition of the several classes in the course
of the year, and it is scarcely necessary to enter into the matter so minutely.
The following abstract exhibits the number attending the English Class
for training Assistant Surgeons :—
NORTH- WESTERN
PROVINCES STUDENTS.
PUNJAB STUDENTS.
GRAND TOTAL.
G o v e r n m e n t .
F r e e .
T o t a l .
G o v e r n m e n t .
F r e e .
L o c a l .
U n i v e r s i t y .
T o t a l .
Present on 1st April 1879
. . . 23
7
30
13
4
6
. . .
23
53
Increase during the year by fresh entries
and transfers
. . .
4
2
6
5 ...
3
1
9
15
Total
. . . 27
9
36
18
4
9
1
32
68
Passed out, transferred and resigned
...
2
3
5
9
4
2
. . .
15
20
Remaining on 31st March 1880
...
25
6
31
9
...
7
1
17
4 8
Eleven students of this class, 9 of whom belonged to the Punjab and 2 to
the North-Western Provinces, having completed their five years of study and
passed the final examination, have entered the service of Government as
Assistant Surgeons.
3. It is observed that the number of students of the Assistant Surgeon
Class now in the School is much smaller compared with the number
present at the close of the previous year. This diminution has occurred altogether
in the number of the Punjab students, of whom only 17 are now in training
for employment in this Province, and they will be the only recruits available
for the provincial establishment of Assistant Surgeons during the next five
years ; but, as the strength of the establishment, owing to the large numbers
passed out in former years, is now somewhat in excess of what is necessary in
ordinary times, the above number of students will be sufficient to meet all
requirements.
(31)
9. Fifteen of the recently-passed Assistant Surgeons on the Punjab
establishment volunteered for military duty with the Kabul forces, and have
done good service in base hospitals and on the several lines of com-
munications.
10. His Honor the Lieutenant-Governor is glad to observe that the class
of practising midwives or dhaies continues successful, and that four women,
who have regularly attended the course of lectures for three years, have this
year passed with credit the final examination in midwifery.
11. One of the most important events in the history of the School during
the year under review was the foundation by His Highness the Nawab of
Bahawalpur, at a cost of Rs. 10,000, of a set of scholarships called the Grey
Scholarships, in honor of Major Leopold John Herbert Grey, C. S. I., late
Political Agent of Bahawalpur.
12. The loss that the Medical School sustained in the death of Dr. Neil
was alluded to in the orders passed on the Report of the preceding year. The
vacancy in the staff of Professors thus created has been filled by Dr. Lawrie,
who entered upon his duties as Professor of Anatomy and Surgery at the com-
mencement of the winter session.
13. The Lieutenant-Governor desires to acknowledge the good service
done during the past year by the Principal and the several Professors attached
to the School.
ORDER.—Ordered that the foregoing remarks be printed, and that
copy be forwarded to the Principal of the Lahore Medical School for infor-
mation.
By order of the Hon'ble the Lieutenant-Governor,
W. M. YOUNG,
Secretary to Government, Punjab .
ANNUAL REPORT
LAHORE MEDICAL SCHOOL
For the year 1870-71:
By
T. E. B. BROWN, ESQ., M.D., LOND. , F. C. S. ,
Principal, Lahore Medical School.
LAHORE:
PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT CIVIL SECRETARIAT PRESS.
1871.
ANNUAL REPORT
ON THE
LAHORE MEDICAL SCHOOL
For the year 1870-71:
BY- T. E. B. BROWN, ESQ., M.D., LOND., F.C.S.,
Principal, Lahore Medical School.
P u b l i s h e d b y A u t h o r i t y
.
LAHORE:
PRI NTED AT THE GOVERNMENT CI VI L SECRETARI AT PRESS
1871.
( 2 )
I am desirous also of mentioning that the benefits which the school confers on the pro-
vince are thoroughly appreciated by the people, and that this is shown by the number of
candidates who now come forward for the entrance examinations.
At the examination in 1870 for the Hindustani Class there were 99 candidates for 25
vacancies in the Military Division, and 10 candidates in the Local Division.
The candidates were carefully examined in reading and explaining the meaning of terms
in the Urdu language ; also in writing the same from dictation, and in working out sums in
simple arithmetic.
Also those who possessed a knowledge of the English, Pushtu or Punjabee language were
separately examined in reading and speaking each of these. The best students were selected,
and were further examined as to their physical capacity. The Principal and Sub-Assistant
Surgeons Raheem Khan, Mahomed Hoossain Khan, and Brij Lall Ghose, acted as examiners.
It is evident that much of the success of the school must depend on the carefulness of
this selection, which has the advantage of being made from so large a number in open com-
petition from all parts of the country, and which must have proved a great stimulus to
education in the province. At the subsequent examination in 1871, there were no less than
190 candidates for 20 vacancies ; but this will be referred to in the report of next year.
It must be remembered that all the above candidates paid their own travelling expenses
from their homes to the school, and the cost of their maintenance while being examined, and
that those who were unsuccessful had to defray their expenses on their return.
At the examination for the English Class, 26 students competed for nine scholarships. The
examination was conducted in the same way, but the English language was employed instead
of the Hindustani. In future, it is intended that undergraduates of the Calcutta University
or Lahore University College should be admitted to study in the school without further
examination ; but this innovation has not yet been put into practice, though one undergraduate
of the Calcutta University was placed first at the examination held for the English Class in
last October.
The hospital annual returns* and the statement of income and expenditure are, as usual,
appended hereto
. * Not printed.
STATEMENT SHOWING THE INCOME AND EXPENDITURE OF THE LAHORE
MEDICAL SCHOOL FOR THE YEAR ENDING ON 31ST MARCH 1871.
( 4 )
Statement showing the Income and Expenditure of the Lahore
Income.
Amount.
Total.
All this is from
the Imperial Trea-
sury, except the
students’ bookfund,
which originally re-
ceived a grant from
Government, but is
helped by the pro-
ceeds of books sold
to the students and
by the profits on
the education of the
local students.
Rs.
A. P.
Rs.
A. P.
Principal
... 11,538 6 0
3 Professors
... 17,033 12 4
Teacher of Anatomy to the English class
3,000 0 0
2 Teachers of the Hindustani class
...
4,800 0 0
Native establishment
...
1,618 15
6
Military students
...
4,186 15 10
Scholarships
...
4,965 12 6
Feeding of bullocks
...
264 0 0
Amount of contingent bills paid
...
1,235 2 9
Students’ book fund ...
569 8 5
Library fund
...
1,441 13 1
Museum fund
...
912 3 3
Hospital clothing fund
...
436 8 0
Hospital furniture fund
...
114 3 9
From the Local
Funds of the dis-
tricts named.
Sealkote students’ fund ...
1,371 0 0
Lahore ditto
...
2 2 8 3 4
Goordaspore ditto
...
2 1 2 10 8
Hooshiarpore ditto
...
238 0 0
Rawul Pindee ditto
...
183 0 0
Jullundhur ditto
...
326 0 0
Loodiana ditto
...
492 0 0
Sháhpore ditto
...
480 0 0
Chumba ditto
...
240 0
0
Ferozpore ditto ...
240 0 0
Jhelum ditto
...
120 0 0
English class, local students’ fund ...
1,085 14 0
General profit fund
...
3,281
1 6
Hospital charitable fund
...
40 5
6
60,655 8 5
H o s p i t a l .
All from the Im-
perial Treasury.
Resident House Surgeon
...
1,800 0
0
Native establishment
...
1,173 0
6
Dieting, bazar medicines, &c.
...
2,620 15 11 5,594 0 5
Grand Total
...
...
66,249 8 10
Besides the above, the sum of Rs. 30 per mensem is drawn for expenses in the chemical
The expenditure under the heads of contingent expenses, library, museum, students’
students’ pay, and hospital charitable fund, has been examined and approved by the Medical
For all other items, receipts and expenditure balance each other, and are passed by the
( 5 )
Medical School for the year ending on 31st March 1871.
Expenditure.
Amount.
Total.
Rs. A. P. Rs. A. P.
P r i n c i p a l . . .
11,538 6 0
3 Professors
. . . 17,033 12 4
Teacher of Anatomy to the English class . . .
3,000 0 0
2 Teachers of the Hindustani class . . .
4,800 0 0
Native establishment . . .
1,618 15 6
Military students . . .
4,186 15 10
Scholarships . . .
4,965 12 6
Feeding of bullocks . . .
264 0 0
Contingent expenses . . .
1,135 2 9
Students' books . . .
157 14 0
Library books . . .
119 15 0
Museum specimens, &c. . . .
351 10 4
Hospital clothing for patients . . .
248 0 0
Hospital furniture . . .
46 5 1
Sealkote students' pay, &c. . . .
981 0 0
Lahore
ditto . . .
169 0 0
Goordaspore
ditto . . .
157 0 0
Hooshiarpore
ditto . . .
238 0 0
Rawul Pindee ditto . . .
117 0 0
Jullundhur
ditto . . .
224 0 0
Loodiana
ditto . . .
368 0 0
Shahpore
ditto. . .
316 0 0
Chumba
ditto. . .
2 1 8 0 0
Ferozepore
ditto . . .
136 0 0
Jhelum
ditto . . .
62 0 0
English class, local students' pay, &c. . . .
774 12 0
General profit fund . . .
1,669 6 5
Balance . . .
5,758 8 8
Hospital.
60,655 8 5
Resident House Surgeon . . .
1,800 0 0
Native establishment . . .
1,173 0 6
Dieting, bazar medicines, &c. . . .
2,620 15 11 5,594 0 5
Grand Total . . .
. . .
66,249 8 10
laboratory.
books, hospital clothing, laboratory allowance, hospital furniture, general profit fund, local
School Committee.
Accountant-General, Punjab.
T. E. B. BROWN,
Principal, Lahore Medical School.
( 6 )
No 347, dated 20th May 1871
From—LEPEL H. GRIFFIN, Esq., Offg. Secretary to Government, Punjab
To—The Principal, Lahore Medical School
I AM desired to acknowledge the receipt, under docket No. 138, dated 6th current, of
your Report on the Lahore Medical School and Hospital for the past year 1870-71, and to
state that the Hon'ble the Lieutenant-Governor is satisfied with the manner in which these
institutions have been conducted during the year. Their increasing popularity, I am to
observe, is shown in the greatly increased number of candidates who attend the examinations
from all parts of the Punjab ; and it may be fairly expected that the success of the Medical
School will be still greater in the future, now that the teaching staff has been reorganised and
increased.
2. I am to add that the services of Dr. Scriven, who has lately given up the post of
Principal of the School, have been very valuable, and have often been acknowledged by this
Government.
SCIENTIFIC MEMOIRS
BY
MEDICAL OFFICERS OF THE ARMY OF INDIA.
EDITED BY
Wt. R. RICE ESQ., M.D.
SURGEON-GENERAL WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
PART VI.
1891.
1.— On some Species, of Choleraic Comma-Bacilli occurring in Calcutta:—
S uigeon-Major D. D. Cunningham, F. R.S. (Page I)
2—The Morbid Anatomy of Form of BIliary Cirrhosis in children in India.—
3.— On the Habits of Certain "Harvesting" Ants—Surgeon J. H. T. Walsh.
(Page 59.)
4.—On two Autœeous Cæomata in Simla.—Surgeon-Major A. Barclay, M. B.
(Page 65.)
5.—Rhododendron Uredineæ.—Surgeon-Major A. Barclay, M. B. (Page 71.)
CALCUTTA:
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING,
Price Three Rupees.
SCIENTIFIC MEMOIRS
BY
MEDICAL OFFICERS OF THE ARMY OF INDIA,
EDITED BY
W. R. RICE, ESQ., M.D.
SURGEON-GENERAL WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA .
PART VI.
1891.
1.—On some Species of Choleraic Comma-Bacilli occurring in Calcutta.—
Surgeon-Major D. D. Cunningham, F.R.S. (Page 1.)
2.—The Morbid Anatomy of a Form of Biliary Cirrhosis in children in
India.—Surgeon F. B. Gibbons. (Page 51.)
3.—On the Habits of Certain " Harvesting" Ants.—surgeon F. H. T.
Walsh. (Page 59.)
4.—On two Autœcious Cæomata in Simla.—Surgeon-Major A. Barclay,
M.B. (Page 65.)
5.—Rhododendron Uredineae.—Surgeon-Major A. Barclay, M.B. (Page 71.)
CALCUTTA:
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.
1891.
On some Species of Choleraic Comma-Bacilli occurring
in Calcutta.
BY
SURGEON-MAJOR D. D. CUNNINGHAM, F.R.S.
BENGAL MEDICAL SERVICE.
In the early part of the past year I submitted a brief report to the Sanitary
Commissioner with the Government of India embodying the result of a series of
observations demonstrating the fact that several distinct species of Comma-Bacilli
occurred in association with cholera in Calcutta and that therefore no indi-
vidual species could reasonably be any longer regarded as specifically related to
the disease causally. Since that time I have been continuously occupied in fur-
ther investigations on the subject and in the present paper I propose to give
a detailed account of the results which have now been arrived at.
It may at first sight appear strange that whilst for the past seven years so
much attention has been devoted both in Europe and India to the question of the
association of Comma-Bacilli with cholera it should only now be demonstrated
that not one but a number of distinct species of such organisms are related to
the disease but in reality it is not hard to find an explanation for the delay in the
recognition of the fact especially by observers in Europe. Attention was natu-
rally directed in the first place to an endeavour to ascertain whether Koch's
statements in regard to the association of Comma-Bacilli with the disease were
well founded—whether choleraic materials were specially distinguished by con-
taining such organisms—and in those cases where they were present it was not
unnaturally assumed without any special enquiry that they necessarily belonged
to the species described by Koch as characteristic of choleraic media. This hap–
pened the more readily because in many points at all events the other species
of commonest occurrence show many features of resemblance to one another and
to Koch's species in respect to the phenomena which they present during
cultivation so that unless attention had been specially directed to the subject it
was very easy to come to the conclusion that one species alone was being dealt
with. The facilities for arriving at a discrimination of the different species
are of course very much greater in a locality like Calcutta where the disease is
always present and occurs more or less throughout the entire course of the year
than in European areas in which it only occurs at wide intervals in the form of