NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
TRANSMISSION OF RINDERPEST BY EXPIRED AIR
By J. A. IDNANI, Imperial Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar
(Received for publication on 8 March 1944)
(With one text-figure)
SEVERAL hypotheses have been put forward
from time to time to explain the mode of trans-
mission of rinderpest under natural conditions,
but none accounts satisfactorily for all or most
of the observed experimental data.
Artificially, the disease is readily inoculable
with infected materials by all recognized routes,
but it is still doubtful what particular route or
whether some combination of routes is respon-
sible for the entry of virus into the system under
field conditions in natural outbreaks. The highly
infectious nature of the disease suggests that
rinderpest spreads by contact, but experimental
evidence perhaps points to the fact that under
natural conditions dissemination may take
place through more than one route. Cooper
[1932] remarks that "rinderpest spread by
direct contact from artificially infected to
healthy susceptible cattle at a surprisingly low
rate".
The role of arthropods as possible transmitting
agents in disseminating this disease has been
extensively
investigated.
Curasson
[1922]
experimented with Ixodes ricinus and with a
species of Tabanus. He proved the presence of
virus in a tick engorged on an infected animal on
the second day of fever by inoculating the
macerated tick suspension into a susceptible
animal, but when the tick was ground up an hour
after removal the virus was inert.
With
Tabanids the results were negative. Sen [1925]
carried out transmission experiments through
the agency of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopicta,
Musca domestica and Linognathus vituli but
the results were entirely negative. Bhatia [1935]
employed Tabanus orientes and
Stomoxys
calcitrans and in one instance he obtained posi-
tive results with the former. With the latter
species, however, the results were negative.
Hornby [1926] made a series of controlled
experiments to study the paths of infection. He
showed that (a) intact skin is impermeable to
virus, while broken skin readily admits it; (b)
infection can be set up with virulent blood in-
oculated intradermally, subcutaneously intra-
venously, or intraperitoneally; (c) the disease is
experimentally transmitted through the agency
of Glossina morsitans; (d) infection can take
place occasionally by ingestion when large quan-
tities of infected blood are fed, and (e) infection
can be produced by the respiratory tract, viz.,
by drenching through the nostrils, by intratra-
cheal injection or by swabbing the nasal mucous
FIG. 1. Transmission of rinderpest by expired air
216
218
Transmission of Rinderpest by Expired Air
TABLE I
Transmission experiments by the breath
Expt.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
Date
1941
August 8 . . .
August 22, 23 . .
August 29, 30 . .
November 12 . .
November 27 . .
November 28 . .
November 29 . .
November 30 . .
1942
June 6 . . . .
June 7 . . . .
June 24 . . .
June 25
.
.
.
July 4 . . . .
July 5 . . . .
1943
March 30 . . .
April 1 . . . .
April 2 . . . .
May 7 . . . .
May 25 . . . .
June 18
.
.
.
July 4 . . . .
1942
October 30 . . .
November 17 . .
1943
March 6
.
.
.
March 7 . . .
August 28 . . .
1943
July 13 . . .
September 15 . .
October 21 . . .
No. of
healthy bulls
exposed
Day
on which
infected
bull was
exposed
High virulent virus
1
2
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
4
4 and 5
4 and 5
4
3
4
5
6
5
6
5
6
5
6
3
5
6
7
8
9
10
Low virulent virus
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
5
6
6th to 9th
Goat-adapted virus
1
2
3
6th to 9th
6th to 9th
6th to 9th
Distance
(feet)
10
10
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
8
8
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
Period of
exposure
(hours)
3
4 and 6, resp.
4 and 6, resp.
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
3
3
3
3
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
Result
Neg.
Neg.
Pos.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Pos.
Pos.
Pos.
Pos.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Pos. (late reaction)
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Pos.
Pos.
Pos.
Pos.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
It would appear from Table I that an expo-
sure of six hours at a distance of six feet is
effective for the transmission of rinderpest by
the breath on the fifth and sixth days after
artificial infection (Expts. 4—10).
The next point was the minimum exposure
at which transmission
would be
effective.
Hence, the period was reduced to three hours,
keeping the distance between the sick and
susceptible animals at six feet. Expts. 11 to 14
show that in one case out of four infection took
place from the sixth day animal after an exposure
of three hours. Expts. 15 to 17 suggest that
infection is unlikely to take place (a) after six
hours exposure on the third day after infection
at a distance of six feet or (b) on the fifth or
sixth days at eight feet with a maximum expo-
sure of six hours.
Concluding experiments were then designed to
furnish information as to the stage at which
an animal with rinderpest ceases to be infective
through its expired air. It would appear from
expts. 16 to 21 that under the conditions des-
cribed in this paper the expired air from a
rinderpest animal can be infective from 5 to at
least 10 days after artificial inoculation. The
end-point of the experiment could not be
226
Milk produced under Different Conditions in Bangalore
TABLE I
Results of the examination of the samples taken at production end
Source
(1) *I. D. I. Farm
(a) Individual cows . . .
(b) Individual buffaloes . .
(c) Herd milk (cow) . . .
(d) Herd milk (buffalo) .
(2) Domestic cows . . . .
(3) Town milk stables . . .
(4) Village milk
.
.
.
.
Total bacterial counts per ml.
of milk
Below 25,000
25,001 to 50,000
50,001 to 100,000
100,001 to 200,000
Total .
Below 25,000
25,001 to 50,000
50,001 to 100,000
100,001 to 500,000
Total .
Below 25,000
25,001 to 50,000
50,001 to 100,000
100,001, to 200,000
200,001, to 500,000
Total .
25,000 to 50,000
50,001 to 100,000
100,001 to 200,000
200,001 to 500,000
Total .
Below 25,000
25,001 to 50,000
50,001 to 100,000
100,001 to 200,000
Total .
100,000 to 200.000
200,001 to 500,000
500,001 to 1 million
1 to 5, millions
Total .
200,000 to 500,000
500,001 to 1 million
1 to 5 millions
5 to 10 millions
Total .
Methylene blue reduct on time in minutes
420 and
over
59
13
9
4
85
(49.13%)
25
4
3
1
33
(39.76%)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
...
...
1
(0.88%)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
419 to
330
24
39
9
...
72
(41.61%)
13
16
6
2
37
(44.57%)
2
63
49
5
1
120
(44.61%)
13
21
6
3
43
(38.05%)
2
3
4
...
9
(37 5%)
1
1
...
...
2
(2.32%)
...
...
...
...
...
...
329 to
240
13
3
...
16
(9.24%)
7
6
...
...
13
(15.66%)
38
92
17
...
147
(54.64%)
17
43
9
...
69
(61.06%)
...
5
6
4
15
62.5%)
2
27
5
4
38
(44.18%)
4
9 5
1
19
(10.73%)
239 to
180
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
... 1
...
2
71%)
...
... ...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
16
13
3
33
(38.37%)
12
32
9
2
55
(31.73%)
179 to
120
...
...
... ...
...
...
...
... ...
...
...
...
...
... ...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
2
10
13
(15.11%)
10
31
17
...
58
(32.76%)
119 to
60
...
...
... ...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
... ...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
... ...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
9
19
8
37
(20.9%)
Below
60
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
... ...
...
...
...
...
...
... ...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
... 2
6
8
(4.52%)
Total
No. of
Samples
96
55
18
4
173
...
45
26
9
3
83
...
2
102
141
23
1
269
...
30
65
15
3
113
...
2
8
10
4
24
...
4
45
20
17
86
...
27
81
52
17
177
...
Per cent
of each
source
55.49
31.79
10.39
2.31
54.21
31.32
10.84
3.61
0.74
37.9
52.41
8.55
0.37
26.54
57.51
13.27
2.65
8.33
33 33
41.66
16.66
4.65
52.32
23.25
20.76
15.25
45.76
29.37
9.6
...
* Imperial Dairy Institute, Bangalore.
H. C. VERMA, ZAL R. KOTHAVALLA AND E. V. SESHACHARYULU 227
TABLE
II
Results of the examination of the samples taken at supply end
Source
(1) I. D. I. Dairy
(a) Cow milk
(b) Buffalo mlik
(2) Travelling milch cows
(3) Milk hawkers
(4) Town dairies
Total bacterial counts
per ml. of
milk range
50,000 to 100,000
100,001 to 200,000
200,001 to 500,000
Total
75,000 to 100,000
100,001 to 200,000
200,001 to 500,000
Total
Below 25,000
25,001 to 50,000
50,001 to 100,000
100,001 to 200,000
200,001 to 500,000
500,001 to 1 million
Total
200,000 to 500,000
500,001 to 1 million
1 to 5 millions
Total
1 to 5 millions
5 to 10 millions
10 to 20 millions
Over 20 millions
Total
Methylene blue reduction time in minutes
420 and
over
...
...
...
...
...
1
...
1
(1.66%)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
419 to
330
3
2
...
5
(6.66%)
4
20
8
32
(53.33%)
4
6
6
3
2
...
21
(24.70%)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
329 to
240
8
28
33
69
(920%)
...
10
17
27
(45.0%)
2
... 21
21
15
3
62
(72.94%)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
239 to
180
...
... 1
1
(1.33%)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
... 2
...
2
(2.35%)
4
10
1
15
(18.75%)
...
...
...
...
...
179 to
120
...
....
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
21
12
33
(41.25%)
3
2
1
...
6
(5.21%)
119 to
60
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
15
16
31
(38.75%)
30
12
...
...
42
(36.52%)
Below
60
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
...
1
(1.25%)
16
19
13
19
67
(58.26%)
Total
No of
Samples
11
30
34
75
4
31
25
60
6
6
27
24
19
3
85
4
46
30
80
49
33
14
19
115
Per cent of
each source
14.66
40.0
45.33
6.66
51.66
41.66
7.05
7.05
31.75
28.23
22.35
3.53
5.0
57.5
37.50
42.60
28.69
12.17
16.52
234
Composition of Pre milk and Colostrum of Dairy Cows
The fat percentage is definitely low in pre-
milk. It increases gradually at first rising
abruptly on the day of calving or the following
day. Afterwards there is sometimes a sudden
rise but usually a somewhat lower value is
obtained after about two to three days; it then
remains almost constant. In two or three cases,
the fat percentage of premilk is somewhat
high, but it gradually falls as premilking pro-
ceeds until the day of calving when it rises
again.
Generally a high value for the acidity of colo-
strum and premilk was observed, which gra-
dually diminished to the low value of normal
milk. The maximum acidity of premilk was
0.63 and minimum 0.20, but the normal value
was about 0.25.
Lactose content of premilk is very low and in
certain cases it was too low to estimate. The
gradual increase in the lactose content probably
indicates that the animals, as they advance in
pregnancy, synthesize this product for the pro-
geny. The final value is almost the same in
all cases.
Proteins comprise the most important item in
the whole analysis. It has been observed that
protein content decreases as secretions are
drawn starting from premilk or colostrum to
TABLE III
Heifer
No.
763
771
772
773
763
771
772
773
763
771
772
773
763
771
772
773
763
771
772
773
763
771
772
773
No. of
days
pre-
milked
14
3
5
1
14
3
5
1
14
3
5
1
14
3
5
1
14
3
5
1
14
3
5
1
Before calving
Initial
analysis
Just
before
calving
After calving
Just
after
calving
Normal
milk
Variation in total solids
24.2
18.6
13.5
24.3
14.0
16.4
16.6
. .
18.4
20.1
21.3
34.8
15.3
15.9
18.5
13.1
Fat
0.9
2.8
3.2
2.4
3.5
1.6
4.2
. .
9.5
9.1
5.6
7.1
5.2
7.3
7.1
6.8
Acidity
0.33
0.43
0.28
0.52
0.32
0.43
0.28
. .
0.29
0.43
0.41
0.63
0.28
0.27
0.27
0.26
Total protein
16.0
10.3
3.7
13.5
4.7
8.1
3.9
. .
4.4
8.8
3.5
8.9
4.0
3.6
3.5
3.6
Albumin
. .
1.6
0.23
1.8
. .
1.1
0.49
. .
. .
1.4
0.24
1.2
0.28
0.13
Nil.
Albumin and globulin
13.6
6.0
0.23
8.5
1.4
4.2
1.41
. .
1.3
4.4
1.07
4.7
1.0
0.67
0.75
0.04
Before calving
Initial
analysis
Just
before
calving
After calving
Just
after
calving
Normal
milk
Variation in sp. gravity
. .
. .
1.031
1.063
. .
1.047
1.032
. .
. .
1.038
1.029
1.044
. .
1.028
. .
1.037
Lactose
2.6
2.9
3.8
3.0
4.2
3.2
3.0
. .
3.8
3.1
3.2
3.4
4.4
4.1
4.1
3.6
Ash
. .
0.82
0.66
0.93
. .
0.83
0.76
. .
. .
0.76
0.69
0.82
. .
0.78
0.75
0.74
Casein
2.4
4.3
3.5
5.0
3.3
2.9
2.5
. .
3.1
4.5
2.4
4.2
3.0
3.0
2.7
3.5
Globulin
. .
4.4
Nil.
6.7
. .
3.1
0.92
. .
. .
2.9
0.83
3.5
. .
0.39
0.62
0.04
Coagulation test
. .
. .
30
20
80
35
60
. .
80
45
50
40
no
no
no
no
S. K. MUKHERJEE, K. SWAMINATHAN AND B. VISWANATH
235
TABLE IV
Cow 2nd
calver.
No.
736
740
742
736
740
742
736
740
742
736
740
742
736
740
742
736
740
742
No. of
days of
pre¬
milking
2
9
9
2
9
9
2
9
9
2
9
9
2
9
9
2
9
9
Before calving
Initial
analysis
Just
before
calving
After calving
Just
after
calving
Normal
milk
Variation in total solids
15.8
16.5
18.7
14.8
14.3
20.7
16.4
22.1
25.7
15.2
17.8
16.8
Fat
5.4
1.1
0.3
3.9
1.6
11.0
5.8
5.9
13.0
5.0
8.1
7.1
Acidity
0.29
0.39
0.23
0.28
0.38
0.22
0.28
0.43
0.22
0.27
0.35
0.23
Total protein
4.0
11.0
13.1
5.3
6.4
3.8
4.2
9.6
3.9
3.8
3.9
3.9
Albumin
0.56
. .
3.3
. .
. .
0.70
0.64
. .
0.90
0.14
. .
0.62
Albumin and globulin
1.2
8.1
9.9
. .
3.9
0.71
1.5
3.9
0.93
0.49
0.80
0.76
Before calving
Initial
analysis
Just
before
calving
After calving
Just
before
calving
Normal
milk
Variation in sp. gravity
1.033
. .
. .
1.031
. .
. .
1.032
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
Lactose
2.8
2.6
1.7
4.1
3.1
3.8
3.5
3.4
3.3
4.3
4.1
3.8
Ash
0.72
. .
0.72
0.67
. .
0.81
0.74
. .
0.82
0.67
. .
0.76
Casein
2.8
2.9
3.3
2.8
2.5
3.0
2.7
3.7
3.0
3.3
3.1
3.2
Globulin
0.68
. .
6.6
0.56
. .
0.01
0.86
. .
0.03
0.35
. .
0.14
Coagulation teat
no
. .
. .
no
30
90
50
10
80
no
no
no
236
Composition of Pre-milk and Colostrum of Dairy Cows
TABLE V
Cow 3rd
calver
No.
674
706
710
716
674
706
710
716
674
706
710
716
674
706
710
716
674
706
710
716
674
706
710
716
No. of
days of
pre¬
milking
4
3
3
2
4
3
3
2
4
3
3
2
4
3
3
2
4
3
3
2
4
3
3
2
Before calving
Initial
analysis
Just
before
calving
After calving
Just
after
calving
Normal
milk
Variation in total solids
17.4
15.3
14.0
17.0
17.9
18.9
21.0
26.0
24.0
13.3
15.0
17.2
15.7
15.0
17.2
Fat
1.4
0.5
0.8
3.2
1.7
0.4
4.3
3.2
7.8
7.2
11.0
11.7
7.1
3.8
3.3
6.6
Acidity
0.30
0.27
0.28
0.34
0.28
0.27
0.24
0.39
0.42
0.33
0.23
0.42
0.26
0.26
0.16
0.30
Total protein
10.2
9.7
7.4
7.7
6.4
7.2
4.3
6.9
11.1
8.1
4.3
6.9
3.5
3.7
3.8
4.6
Albumin
1.6
. .
1.0
1.3
0.72
. .
0.41
0.63
4.2
. .
0.33
0.63
0.78
. .
0.28
0.62
Albumin and globulin
6.7
6.8
4.3
3.0
3.4
4.3
1.4
2.3
7.6
4.6
1.3
2.7
7.78
0.80
0.80
0.89
Before calving
Initial
analysis
Just
before
oalving
After oalving
Just
after
calving
Normal
milk
Variation in sp. gravity
1.046
. .
1.038
1.039
1.040
. .
1.029
1.043
1.050
. .
1.023
1.031
. .
. .
1.023
1.030
Lactose
2.3
2.5
2.3
2.0
3.5
3.1
3.3
3.3
2.8
3.2
3.3
3.7
3.9
4.3
3.4
3.8
Ash
0.74
. .
0.87
0.70
0.79
. .
0.78
0.89
0.77
. .
0.70
0.73
0.68
. .
0.83
0.74
Casein
3.4
2.9
3.1
4.8
3.0
2.9
2.9
4.6
3.5
3.5
2.9
4.2
2.7
2.9
3.0
3.7
Globulin
5.1
. .
3.3
1.7
2.7
. .
0.99
1.7
3.4
. .
0.99
2.2
Nil
. .
0.52
0.27
Coagulation test
10
20
10
10
20
30
60
20
10
20
60
20
no
no
no
no
S. K. MUKHERJEE, K. SWAMINATHAN AND B. VISWANATH
237
TABLE VI
Cow 4th
calver
No.
644
653
644
653
644
653
644
653
644
653
644
653
No. of
days of
pre¬
milking
. .
. .
..
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
Before calving
Initial
analysis
Just
before
calving
After calving
Just
after
calving
Normal
milk
Variation in total solids
20.0
17.7
22.0
. .
21.4
18.7
21.3
17.5
Fat
0.2
0.5
9.7
. .
11.4
4.6
8.8
7.4
Acidity
0.41
0.25
0.33
. .
0.35
0.33
0.32
0.23
Total protein
15.0
12.7
5.0
. .
4.8
7.9
4.2
3.9
Albumin
. .
2.4
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
0.58
Albumin and globulin
11.8
9.6
2.3
. .
1.6
. .
0.60
0.65
Before calving
Initial
analysis
Just
before
calving
After calving
Just
after
calving
Normal
milk
Variation in sp. gravity
. .
1.050
. .
1.040
. .
1.040
. .
1.030
Lactose
. .
1.8
3.5
. .
3.2
3.5
3.9
3.9
Ash
. .
1.0
0.85
. .
0.63
0.52
0.85
0.67
Casein
3.2
3.1
3.7
. .
3.2
3.5
3.6
3.3
Globulin
. .
7.2
. .
. .
. .
4.3
. .
0.7
Coagulation test
10
20
40
. .
40
30
no
no
normal milk. This decrease is due to the re-
duction of two of the proteins, viz., albumin
and globulin, and especially of the latter. Only
in some cases the protein content shows an
abrupt rise immediately after calving, but this
is far from a general occurrence. In cases
where premilking has been done the protein
content scarcely shows increase but where pre-
milking has not been done at all, or only two or
three days before parturition, the protein con-
tent is usually high but shows no further rise
(see below).
Casein content does not vary much for the
different animals and shows no transitional
change. Even when the total protein is high
the casein content remains almost unaltered.
Globulin content remains at a high level in
premilk; it then gradually diminishes. Occa-
sionally, a rise in the globulin content may be
observed in the colostrum, but if premilking is
done for a long time the chance of such a rise
is negligible. When no secretion is drawn
before calving the globulin content of colostrum
is considerably high, and abruptly drops to a
low value on the day following calving. In
such cases the total solids, fat, specific gravity
and acidity may also be high. Two such cases
are enumerated below in Table VII.
TABLE VII.
Total solids .
Fat . . .
Acidity . .
Lactose . .
T. Protein .
Casein . .
Albumin . .
Globulin . .
Coagulation test.
Ash . .
Sp. gravity .
5th Calver No. 6048th Calver No. 569
Imme¬
diately
after
calving
15.7
10.2
0.58
1.8
19.3
4.3
2.0
13.0
10
0.95
1.08
Normal
milk
16.2
10.5
0.28
4.3
4.3
3.6
0.10
0.58
no
0.79
. .
Imme¬
diately
after
calving
31.5
3.5
0.45
2.4
9.8
3.5
2.2
4.0
30
0.76
1.06
Normal
milk
18.4
9.1
0.26
4.1
3.9
3.2
0.63
0.03
no
0.66
. .
Indian J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb., Vol. XIV, Part IV.]
PLATE
XXII
FIG. 1. An affected calf showing exostosis of the left fetlock
and the knee joints. Rough coat also seen with
atrophy of the intercostals beginning.
FIG. 2. An affected bullock showing the callus formation on
the rib and also intercostal muscles atrophy.
251
FIG. 2.—Showing method of packing semen for storage and
transport.
good quality will retain its motility with little
loss of fertilizing capacity for at least 48 hours.
For transportation, the thermos flask is placed
in a wooden box with hay or straw as packing.
When the stored semen is required for use,
the tubes are removed from the refrigerator or
thermos and allowed to stand for 30 minutes at
room temperature [20° to 21° C. (68° to 70° F.)].
It should be noted that at this stage the tube
containing the semen is still insulated by its
cotton wool wrapping. This prevents too rapid
a rise in the temperature of the semen. A
pipette or the inseminator is inserted through
the liquid paraffin and the semen withdrawn.
7. NOTE ON THE VIABILITY OF SPERMATOZOA IN
STORAGE
There is great variation in the viability of
sperm samples in storage from different bulls and
also from the same bull at different times.
The best indication of high quality semen and
its suitability for storage is good motility imme-
diately after collection.
(See section dealing
with the examination of semen.)
Various workers have reported successful in-
semination with semen which has been stored
for a considerable period. Recently, fertiliza-
tion has been reported with a sample stored for
198 hours. It is emphasized, however, that the
INDEX TO AUTHORS
iii
SLOANE, J. E. N. (see GRAHAME, T.) . . .
SREENIVASAN,
M. K. and CHAUDHURY, S. K., 'A Small
Outbreak of Strangles in Adult Ponies'
STACEY, M., 'Enzymatic Production of Bacterial
Polysaccharides' (Abstract) .
.
.
.
.
STARR, M. P., 'Spirit Blue Agar—A Medium for the
Detection of Lipolytic Organism' (Abstract) .
STERNE, M., NICOL, J. and LAMBRECHTS, M. C., 'The
Effect of Large-scale Active Immunization against
Anthrax' (Abstract)
STEWART, G. F., LOWE, B. and MOOR, M., 'Post-
mortem Changes in New Dressed Poultry at 35ºF.'
(Abstract)
STOVER, D. E., 'A Filterable Virus, the Cause of a
Respiratory Nervous Disorder of Chickens'
(Abstract) STURKIE, P. D., 'A New Type of Autosomal Nakedness
in the Domestic Fowl' (Abstract)
SUKHATME, P. V., 'Note on the Method for cal-
culating Sire Index for Milk Production in Cattle'
——,
'Statistical Study of a Breeding
Experiment with Goats'
.
.
.
.
.
SWAMINATHAN, K. (see MUKHERJEE,S. K.)
T
TRACY, P. H. (see MENEFEE, S. G.) .
TROUT, G. M., 'The Composition and Properties of
Goats Milk' (Abstract)
PAGE
66
230
200
204
201
203
74
266
114
167
232
73
199
V
VERMA, H. C., KOTHAVALLA, Z. R. and SESHA-
CHARYULU, E. V., 'Studies in the Bacteriological
Quality of Milk produced and handled under different
Conditions in an Indian City (Bangalore)' .
VISWANATHAN, B. (see MUKHERJEE, S. K.)
VISWANATHAN, G. R., 'Fluorosis of Cattle in the
Madras Presidency'
W
WARE, F. 'A Plea for Broader System of Veterinary
Education with special reference to Indian Condi-
tions'
WATSON, E. T., 'Genetics of Viruses Pathogenio to
Animals'
WEBB, B. H. and BELL, R. W., 'The Effect of High-
temperature Short-time Forewarming of Milk upon
the Heat Stability of its Evaporated Product'
(Abstract)
WILLIAMSON, G., 'The Exploitation of Straw for
Food'
WOOLEY, 'Studies on the Nutritive Requirements of
Bacteria' (Abstract)
PAGE
223
232
239
145
253
203
62
262
To accompany Dr. Carter's Memorandum on the Pathology of Leprosy.
No. 1. BACILLUS LEPRÆ.
x 500 diam.
a. Clusters of bacilli (tinted red) amidst cells of tissue (stained blue).
b. A cluster giving rise to free granules, and formation of fresh bacilli.
c. An isolated cell with bacilli.
d. Varied forms of tissue cells and nuclei .
No. 2. BACILLUS TUBERCULOSUS.
x 500 diam.
At * * Collection of free granules, some with bacilli.
Bombay June 1883.
H.
V.
Carter, M. D. del.
Government Photozinco: Office abona 1884.
1
STATEMENT showing the Number of Persons affected with Blade or True Leprosy in the Districts of
this Presidency (including Sind) with Particulars as to their Residence, Age, &c.
affected.
1
1
2
3.
4
• 5
5
14
25
27
58
74
75
273
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Name of Leper.
2
I— NORTHERN DIVISION.
1. — AhMEDABAD COLLECTORATE.
Táluka Parántij.
Dalu Mastu.
Motiram Narsing . . .
Hira Bechar
...
...
Abhechand Khimchand ...
Gordhan Ravchand
2. — KAIRA COLLECTORATE.
3. — PANCH MAHA'LS COLLECTOBATE.
Táluka Godhra.
Hira Jahala, Koli
Mansnkh Bapuji : Brahmin
Narsai Hira, Kachia
Ganjkhan Dilavarkhan,Mahomedan.
Nasratkhan Aliarkhan
" ..
Jiwa Jamal
„ ...
Sardar Amir
„ ...
Táluka Kálol.
Jibhai Baji, Koli
A traveller, Talavia
Bhuri, wife of Puna Vakta
Jiwa Sanvar, Mahomedan
Alundi, wife of Gambhir Bhikha,
Baria.
Khnma Lebara, Koli
Hamir Bapu
„
Dira Vasan
"
Raiji
Umed
"
Ana Khuma
„
Táluca Dohad,
Bhikha Gopal, Bania
Sardar Martuza, Mahomedan
Navli, wife of Kahana Bhagu,
Dhobi.
Rupa Hunkar, Dhobi
Kahna Lala
„
Dhana Keshia, Dher
Kalia Nahanji „
Mania Nahanji „
Nathi, widow of Nathia Sukia . . .
Residence,
3
Parántij
"
...
"
"
"
Mehmadabad Táluka.
Thásra
„
Kapadvanj
„
Nadiad
„
Borsad
"
A'nand
„
Godhra
"
•••
"
..
Shehra
"
99
••
"
Kálol
"
"
Khádki
Dehrol
Nesda
Sámaldevi
Sanaa
"
Dohad
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Age.
4
40
45
30
52
50
50
42
35
50
25
20
22
25
35
30
20
30
30
35
30
25
25
40
50
30
50
40
35
36
40
42
Whether the Disease
is hereditary or
has been acquired
by contagion.
5
The disease has
been
acquired
by contagion.
Not hereditary.
Hereditary.
1
Not hereditary.
I
-Not hereditary.
Not hereditary.
i
REMARKS.
6
* N.B.-When the names of individuals are given, the numbers in this column represent the Serial number of each leper Other
wise the numbers represent the total number of
lepers.
B 1084—1