G. D.
BHALERAO
131
The drugs recommended for stephanofilariasis
are Cooper's 'Lavene' or Cooper's 'Dip' and
intravenous injections of tartar emetic.
Against habronemiasis,- intravenous injections
of Antimosan or tartar emetic are given. The
following powder is applied until the wound is
healed: Plaster of Paris 100 parts, naphtha-
line 10 parts, alum 20 parts and quinine or
bitter powder 10 parts.
NASAL SCHISTOSOMIASIS
Intravenous injections of 1.5 grains of anti-
mony tartrate for every 100 lb. of body-weight
of the animal are repeated daily for six days or
2.5 grains every alternate day.
GENERAL
One notable discovery that has been made
during recent years is the addition of char-
coal to santonin, oil of chenopodium or carbon
tetrachloride reduces the toxicity of these drugs,
without interfering with their anthelmintic
efficacy.
An automatic drenching gun has been intro-
duced for administering fluids to sheep. The
apparatus consists of a gun with knapsack con-
tainer. It is adapted to give doses of 1-2 oz.
Mention may be made of the methods adopt-
ed by Moskey and Harwood [1941] to evaluate
the efficacy of anthelmintics. The tests may be
grouped under vitro and vivo tests. The latter
may be sub-divided into (1) dilution egg-count
test, (2) the critical test and (3) the controlled
test.
In vitro tests: they cannot be accepted until
adequate in vivo tests have been performed.
For example, pineapple juice dissolves ascarids
in vitro but the juice has no effect on ascarids
in vivo.
In vivo teste: the drug which is useful for one
kind of worms in one animal may not have the
same efficacy in other hosts.
Dilution egg-count test. Stoll's method can-
not be used as a true indication of the anthel-
mintic efficacy of a drug, since the drug may
reduce the reproductive capacity of the worms
without eliminating them. This method can-
not be used in testing the effectiveness of a
tæniacide or of indication aimed at parasites
whose eggs do not appear regularly in the
fæces.
Critical test. This was first advocated by
Hall. It consists in counting the number of
worms in the total amount of fæces passed on
three or more days and then adding to the re-
sult the total number of worms obtained at
necropsy. This test must be repeated on a
sufficiently large numbers of animals. Flaws:
(1) Worms may be eliminated by other cause
than anthelmintics, (2) the killed worms may
be digested by their hosts, and (3) these tests
are not useful in the case of tæniacides. The
scolex may not be eliminated. The animals'
should therefore be retained for two or three
weeks to allow the worms to grow. Occasion-
ally, the scolex may be destroyed, presumably
by digestion after it is killed.
Controlled tests. These are done in cases of
artificial infection. In the case of fowls, 10
birds should be used for artificial infection and
10 as controls.
Safety. No drug should be advocated unless
its therapeutic index is known.
Finally mention should be made what Hagena
[*1936] considers to be the ideal anthelmintic.
It contains paracymene, thymol, castor oil and
kamala. It has been claimed that it has effi-
cacy against all species of worms and is of low
toxicity.
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*Original reference not accessible