NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
86
Incidence of Equine Strangles in India
TABLE II—concld.
Year
Totals 1935-42
Number of deaths expressed
as the percentage of total
number of deaths
1931 . . .
1932 . . .
1933 . . .
1934 . . .
1935 . . .
1936 . . .
1937 . . .
Totals 1931-37 . .
Number of deaths expressed
as the percentage of total
number of deaths
(1)
(2)
(1**)
(2**)
Months
Septem-
ber
October
Novem-
ber
Decem-
ber
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
Total
RENALA (HORSES)*—contd.
47 (6.9)
4
34 (7.6)
2
(9.1)
(9.5)
42 (6.1)
35 (7.8)
..
..
..
64 (9.3)
2
50 (11.2)
2
(4.6)
(9.5)
93 (13.6)
2
68 (15.2)
1
(4.6)
(4.8)
50 (7.3)
2
49 (11.0)
2
(4.6)
(9.5)
42 (6.1)
40 (8.9)
..
..
..
41 (6.0)
4
30 (6.7)
2
(9.1)
(9.5)
75 (10.9)
4
27 (6.0)
..
(9.1)
..
99 (14.4)
9
35 (7.8)
2
(20.4)
(9.5)
53 (7.7)
7
33 (7.5)
4
(15.8)
(19.1)
56 (8.2)
8
24 (5.4)
5
(18.1)
(23.8)
24 (3.5)
2
22 (4.9)
1
(4.6)
(4.8)
686
44
447
21
..
..
AHMEDNAGAR (HORSES)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
1 (4.8)
..
4 (8.0)
1
11 (50.0)
..
..
..
2 (6.9)
..
..
..
1 (33.3)
..
19 (10.6)
1
(7.7)
2 (9.5)
..
10 (29.0)
1
3 (13.6)
1
1 (1.9)
..
7 (24.1)
..
..
..
..
..
23 (12.7)
2
(15.4)
2 (9.5)
..
10 (20.0)
1
3 (13.6)
..
21 (40.4)
..
1 (3.5)
..
2 (66.7)
..
..
..
39 (21.7)
1
(7.7)
..
..
5 (10.0)
..
4 (18.2)
..
2 (3.9)
1
1 (3.5)
..
..
..
..
..
12 (6.7)
1
(7.7)
2 (9.4)
..
..
1
1 (4.6)
..
5 (9.6)
1
..
..
..
..
..
..
8 (4.5)
2
(15.4)
..
..
3 (6.0)
..
..
..
4 (7.7)
1
1 (3.5)
..
..
..
..
..
8 (4.5)
1
(7.7)
3 (14.3)
..
..
..
..
..
10 (19.2)
2
4 (13.7)
1
..
..
..
..
17 (9.4)
3
(23.0)
..
..
1 (2.0)
..
..
..
1 (1.9)
..
..
..
1 (33.3)
..
..
..
3 (1.7)
..
..
1 (4.8)
..
1 (2.0)
..
..
..
3 (5.8)
..
5 (17.2)
..
..
..
1 (33.3)
..
11 (6.1)
..
..
1 (4.8)
..
11 (22.0)
2
..
..
1 (1.9)
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
13 (7.2)
2
(15.4)
8 (38.1)
..
3 (6.0)
..
..
..
3 (5.8)
..
8 (27.6)
..
..
1 (33.3)
..
23 (12.7)
..
..
1 (4.8)
..
2 (4.0)
..
..
..
1 (1.9)
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
4 (2.2)
..
..
21
..
50
..
22
..
52
5
29
1
3
..
3
..
180
13
..
* Excludes animals over 3 years old
** These columns exclude 1938 which was a phenomenal year.
Seven of the 23 animals dying in 1938 were 2 years old.
Column (1) Number of cases of strangles admitted
Column (2) Number died
Figures bracketed indicate percentage
F. C. MINETT
87
TABLE
III
Case incidence of strangles in horses at depots and stud farms by months
Month
July . .
August . .
September .
December .
January .
February .
April . .
May
. .
June . .
Remount Depots
Mona
111
67
74
726
850
963
1,043
558
223
252
2,539
1,819
Sargodha
36
11
27
371
477
546
501
183
102
74
1,394
786
Total
326
(4.7)
3,933 (57.3)
2,605 (38.0)
6,864
Punjab—Montgomery
Probynabad
47
26
63
52
33
113
24
93
106
136
98
223
Coleyana
40
22
37
29
64
67
32
31
57
99
160
120
Renala*
24
22
34
68
49
40
27
35
33
80
157
95
Total
315 (24.8)
515 (40.6)
438 (34.6)
1,268
Bombay—Ahmednagar
Month
June . . . . .
July . . . . .
August . . . . .
September . . . . .
October . . . . .
December .
.
.
.
January
.
.
.
.
February .
.
.
.
March
.
.
.
.
April .
.
.
.
.
Ahmednagar
8
17
3 52
11
13
4
19
23
39
12
(34.9)
97(65.1)
149
*Excluding 1938 which was a phenomenal year.
Figures in brackets indicatepercentages.
F.
C.
MINETT
89
FIG. 7. Mona, 1940-41
FIG. 8. Sargodha, 1936-37
FIG. 9. Coleyana, 1931-32
90
Incidence of Equine Strangles in India
FIG. 10. Coleyana, 1933-34
FIG. 11. Coleyana, 1934-35
FIG. 12. Coleyana, 1935-36
Plan for Figs. 7-12
Sargodha—0.157* Coleyana—0.059, and were based
on 263, 282 and 203 pairs of observations respec-
tively. Each paired observation consisted of the
number of cases admitted on the particular day in
relation to the minimum temperature noted on
that day).
NOSHIR N. DASTUR, K. G. BHIDE AND ZAL R. KOTHAVALLA 95
TABLE I
Effect of varying the strength of HCl on the Villavecchia reaction
—
Colour reading 30 min.
after starting the re-
action
After keeping overnight in
Sp. gr. of HCl used
1.19
R 13.9
Y 1.0
R 13.2
Y 1.3
1.17
13.1
1.0
12.6
1.3
1.16
9.2
1.0
8.3
1.3
1.15
6.5
1.0
5.7
1.0
1.14
4.4
1.0
3.7
1.0
1.13
3.2
1.0
2.3
1.0
1.12
1.9
0.3
1.0
0.3
1.11
0.9
0.3
0.3
0.4
1.10
0.3
0.3
0.0
0.4
It can be seen from the result that the higher
the strength of the acid the stronger was the
colour reaction. Further, it was also necessary
to match the colours as soon as possible, as
there was a considerable diminution of the in-
tensity even when the solutions were kept at
low temperatures.
(ii) Effect of heat on Villavecchia reaction
(a) In this part of the experiment, 10 gm.
of oil and 0.1 ml. of furfurol solution were
mixed and heated for three minutes to different
temperatures shown in Table II. Ten ml. of
HCl were then added, shaken and the colours
matched.
TABLE II
Effect of heating seasame oil and Furfurol
mixture
Room
temp.
R 9.6
Y 1.0
40°
9.8
10
50°
10.3
1.1
60°
11.3
1.1
80°
9.2
1.2
100°C.
8.5
1.4
It was seen that heating to 50° = 60° C. in
creased the intensity of the colour developed.
Higher temperatures had the reverse effect.
(b) Similar experiments as described in (a)
were carried out, this time first mixing the
HCl and oil and heating for three minutes,
followed by the addition of furfurol reagent.
TABLE III
Effect of heating sesame oil and HCl mixtures
Room
temp.
9.6
1.0
40°
10.3
1.0
50°
12.0
1.1
60°
9.9
1.1
80°
6.8
1.3
100°C.
4.3
2.0
It can be seen from the above that heating up
to 50°C intensified the sensitivity of the test.
(c) Experiments were next carried out, apply-
ing similar heat treatments to the whole of the
reaction mixture consisting of oil, furfurol re-
agent and HCl. The results are shown in
Table IV.
TABLE IV
Effect of heating Villavecchia reaction mixture
Room
temp.
R 9.7
Y 1.1
40°
11.8
2.1
50°
14.1
2.2
60°
14.3
2.4
80°
14.2
2.3
100° C.
9.9
2.9
It can be seen from the above that heating
up to 50°- 80°C. considerably enhanced the in-
tensity of colour. At higher temperatures than
the above the colour intensity decreased.
In subsequent studies reaction mixtures were
heated to 50°C. for three minutes. The blank
did not develop any colour when heated to
50°C. under similar conditions.
(iii) Effect of using different quantities of
sesame oil
These trials were carried out to see if the
colour produced in the reaction mixture was
proportional to the quantity of sesame oil pre-
sent. Samples of 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 7.0 and 10.0
gm. of the oil mixture containing 5 per cent
sesame oil and 95 per cent groundnut oil were
taken and the total weight of oil made up to 10
gm. by adding 9.5, 9.0, 7.0, 5.0, 3.0 and 0.0
gm. of groundnut oil respectively. The results
are given in Table V.
96
Villavecchia Reaction of Sesame Oil
TABLE V
Effect of using different quantities of sesame oil
on the Villavecchia reaction
Tem-
erature
used
Room
temp.
50° C.
Quantities of 5% sesame oil taken in gm.
0.5
R 1.9
Y 0.3
R 2.7
V 1.1
1.0
4.4
0.3
61
2.0
3.0
9.9
1.3
11.9
2.2
5.0
132
1.3
167
2.2
70
14.8
1.4
20.0
2.2
10.0
18.7
1.4
26.4
2.3
The results showed that the colour intensity
depended on the amount of oil used, but was
not in exact proportion to it. For all subse-
quent work, the quantity of oil to be used was
arbitrarily fixed at 10 gm. as in the general
practice.
(iv) Effect of using different sugars
In the Baudouin test a 1 per cent solution
of cane sugar in HCl is employed. Villavecchia
replaced cane sugar by furfurol. The following
experiments were carried out using 1 per cent
solution of different sugars in HCl. Results are
shown in Table VI.
It can be seen that the colour intensity when
manose, glucose and dextrin were used was
TABLE VI
Effect of different sugars on Villavecchia reaction
Reaction temperature
Room temp.
.
.
.
50°
C.
.
.
.
.
Sugars used
Furfurol
reagent
R 15.6
Y 2.0
R 27.3
Y 3.0
Lactose
16.4
2.0
27.0
2.8
Invert
sugar
22.9
8.0
26.2
9.7
Dextrin
15.4
1.9
26.1
3.1
Manose
15.8
2.0
26.7
2.8
Galactose
14.9
2.0
25.0
2.7
Glucose
15.4
2.0
26.9
2.9
Sucrose
21.2
8.3
24.2
8.7
Fructose
29.6
8.6
23.7
98
almost similar to that given by furfurol reagent.
With galactose, it was slightly lower, and with
lactose higher. All the above named sugars
did not give any blank. With fructose, invert
sugar and cane sugar, the readings were much
higher when compared to furfurol standard, the
intensity increasing in the order mentioned.
It was also interesting to note that, in case of
the three last named sugars, the raising of the
reaction temperature did not produce very
marked intensity in colour. Further, fructose,
invert sugar and cane sugar gave high blanks
as indicated below:
R.
Y.
Fructose
4.3
19.9
Invert sugar
30
10.2
Sucrose
2.3
8.0
As there was a considerable proportion of
yellow colour, the quantitative reading suffered.
Again, with these three sugars, the reading did
not remain constant, but the colour rapidly
changed from red to dark brown. For all these
reasons, it was felt that the replacement of any
sugar for furfurol was not of any great benefit
under practical condition.
To minimize this defect when different sugars
are used, instead of using pure HCl, acid con-
taining 0.5 per cent and 1.0 per cent stannous
chloride (Soltsein Reagent) was employed.
The results are given in Table VII.
It can be seen from Table VII that by the
use of stannous chloride, the colour intensity
TABLE VII
Effect of using sucrose in the presence of stannous chloride
Temperature of reaction
mixture
Room temperature
.
.
Furfurol
reagent
R
15.7
Y
2.0
Using 0.5% stannous chloride
Blank
1.8
9.8
Sesame oil
12.6
8.0
Using 1.0% stannous chloride
Blank
1.6
10.8
Sesame oil
14.9
9.8
104
Tuberculosis in Buffaloes
TABLE II—contd.
Strain
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Animal
Rabbit .
„ .
„ .
„ .
„ .
G. pig. .
„ .
Rabbit
.
„ .
„ .
G. pig .
„ .
Rabbit .
„ .
„ .
G. pig .
„ .
Rabbit
.
„ .
„ .
„ .
„ .
G. Pig
.
„ .
Rabbit .
„ .
„ .
G. pig .
„ .
Rabbit .
„ .
„ .
„ .
„ .
G. pig .
„ .
Rabbit
.
„ .
„ .
G. pig .
„ .
Rabbit .
„ .
„ .
G. pig .
„ .
Fowl .
„ .
Rabbit .
„ .
„ .
G. pig .
„ .
Fowl .
„ .
Inoculum
5.0 mg. 2nd gen. cult. S/c .
0.1 mg. „
„ I/v .
001 mg. „
„
„
0.1 mg. 4th gen. „ I/v .
0.01 mg. „
„
„ .
1.0 mg. 2nd gen. „ S/c .
0.1 mg. „
„
„ .
5.0 mg. 2nd gen. cult. S/c .
0.1 mg.
„
„ I/v .
0.01 mg. „
„
„ .
1.0 mg.
„
„
S/c .
0.1 mg. „
„ „ .
5.0 mg. 2nd gen. cult. S/c .
0.1 mg. „
„
I/v .
0.01 mg. „
„
„ .
1.0 mg„ „
„ S/c .
0.1 mg. „
„
„ .
5.0 mg. 2nd gen. cult. S/c .
0.1 m.. „
„
I/v .
0.01 mg. „
„
„ .
0.1 mg. 4th gen „
„ .
0.01 mg. „
„ „ .
1.0 mg. 2nd gen. „ S/c .
0.1 mg. „
„
„ .
5.0 mg. 2nd gen. cult. S/c .
0.1 mg. „
„
I/v .
0.01 mg. „
„
„
.
1.0 mg. „
„
S/c .
0.1 mg, „
„
„ .
5.0 mg. 2nd gen. cult. S/c .
0.1 mg. „
„
I/v
.
0.01 mg. „
„
„ .
0.1 mg. 4th gen. „ „ .
0.01 mg. „
„
„ .
1.0 mg. 2nd gen.
„
S/c .
0.1 mg. „
„
„ .
5.0 mg. 2nd gen. cult. S/c .
0.1 mg. „
„
I/v .
0.01 mg. „
„
„ .
1.0 mg. „
„
S/c .
0.1 mg. „
„
„ .
0.1 mg. 2nd gen. cult. I/v .
0.01 mg. „
„
„ .
5.0 mg. „
„
S/c .
1.0 mg. „
„
„ .
0.1 mg. „
„
„ .
1.0 mg. „
„
I/v .
0.01 mg. „
„
„ .
0.1 mg. 2nd gen. cult
I/v .
0.01 mg. „
„
„ .
5.0 mg. „
„
S/c .
1.0 mg. „
„
„ .
0.1 mg. „
„
„
1.0 mg.
„
„
I/v
.
0.01 mg. „
„
„
.
Result
(days)
D. 31 .
D. 16 .
D. 19 .
D. 27 .
D. 35 .
D. 39 .
D. 52 .
D. 82 .
D. 27 .
D. 22 .
D. 35 .
D. 51 .
D. 20 .
D. 21 .
D. 33 .
D. 37 .
D. 46 .
D. 125
.
D. 28 .
D. 10 .
D. 8 .
D. 42 .
D. 71 .
D. 32 .
D. 100
.
D. 25 .
D. 30 .
D. 51 .
D. 52 .
D. 81 .
D. 26 .
D. 7 .
D. 33 .
D. 33 .
D. 67 .
D. 61 .
D. 57 .
D. 41 .
D. 44 .
D. 49 .
D. 61 .
D. 35 .
D. 54 .
D. 73 .
D. 57 .
D. 60 .
K. 180
.
K. 180
.
D. 42 .
D. 56 .
D. 74 .
D. 53 .
D. 58 .
K. 160
.
K. 160 .
Post-mortem
T. B. ?
T. B. ?
T. B.
G. T.
G. T.
G. T.
G. T.
G. T.
G. T.
G. T.
G. T.
G. T.
T. B. ?
T. B. ?
G. T.
G. T.
G. T.
G. T.
G. T.
No T. B.
No T. B.
G. T.
G. T.
G. T.
G. T.
G. T.
G. T.
G. T.
G. T.
G. T.
T. B. ?
No T. B.
G. T.
G. T.
G. T.
G. T.
G. T.
G. T.
G.T.
G. T.
G. T.
G. T.
G. T.
G. T.
G. T.
G. T.
No T. B.
No T. B.
G. T.
G. T.
G. T.
G. T.
G. T.
No T. B.
No T. B.
S/c = Subcutaneously
I/v = Intravenously
D = Died
K = Killed
G. T. = Generalized tuberculosis.
Indian J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb. Vol. XIV, Part II ]
PLATE X
FIG. 1. Lung. Caseating tubercles of
various sizes
FIG. 2. Lung. An extensive caseating
tubercle with numerous smaller
tubercles.
The lesions are
breaking down to show cavity
formation.
PLATE XI
[ Indian J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb. Vol. XIV, Part II
Showing swelling of hock, knee or fetlock joints
H. S. BAWA 107
and Brucella melitensis with negative results.
Numerous samples of blood sera were examined
and found to be negative on agglutination test for
Brucella infection.
TRANSMISSION EXPERIMENTS
These experiments were conducted with a view
to finding out the infectious nature of the
disease. For these experiments, naturally affected
goats were brought to Karachi in order to have
a fresh supply of material at hand.
Experiment No. 1
Four healthy goats were used, and the material
was obtained from the donor goat, No. DI,
brought from Jamesabad.
TABLE I
Material obtained from donor goat No. D1
Expt.
goat
No.
1
2
3
4
Date
27-4-39
Do.
Do.
Do.
Route
Intrav.
Subcut. & orally
for 7 days
Drenched for 8
days
Subcut.
Material
Blood
Milk
Faeces
and
urine
Knee-joint fluid.
Dose
5 c.c.
10 c.c.
15 c.c.
2 c.c.
Remarks
Showed rise of temp. to 103.8°F. on 7th day
and again to 104°F. on 14th day. Kept
under observation for two months but
showed no signs of disease
Kept under observation for two months, but
showed no signs of the disease
Ditto
Ditto
The results of these experiments (Table I)
suggest that the disease is not transmissible by
the above routes with the material used.
Experiment No. 2
Since in experiment No. 1 intravenous inocula-
tion of blood in goat No. 1 showed some reac-
tion, it was decided to repeat blood inoculation.
Three healthy goats were used for this experiment.
No definite conclusions could be drawn from the
experiments (Table II), as the animals did
not develop the disease while under observation
for two months and a half.
TABLE II
Material obtained from donor goat No. D2
Expt.
goat
No.
5
6
7
Date
6-5-41
Do.
Do.
Route
Intrav.
Intrav.
Subcut.
Material
Blood
Do.
Do.
Dose
10 c.c.
10 c.c.
10 c.c.
Remarks
Showed thermal reaction to 104°F. on 23rd
day after injection, which returned to
normal after two days. Goat aborted
on 21st June.
Same as above, except that goat did not
abort.
On 2nd day of inoculation temp. rose to
105.8°F. due to abscess formation. Abs-
cess burst on 4th day, and temp. then
returned to normal.
Experiment No. 3
This experiment was designed to explore the
possibility of milk being the carrier of an infective
agent ; also to see if the teat canal would serve as
the route of infection, since milk given subcutane-
ously and orally to goat No. 2 in Experiment No. 1
failed to produce the disease. The goats used
for this experiment, and experiments to follow
were in lactation.
Preparation of inocula. Milk in all the experi-
ments when given viá the teat canal was diluted
with boiled distilled water, in ratio of 3 : 1, after
the milk had been filtered through sterilized gauze
to free it from blood and fibrin clots.
108
'Wah'
of Goats and Sheep in Sind
TABLE III
Material obtained from donor goat No, D3
Expt.
goat
No.
8
Date
April 4,
42.
Route
Left teat canal
Material
Milk
Dose
15 c.c.
Remarks
Acute changes seen in left teat. Rt. teat
remained normal. Changes in milk in
both the udders resembled those seen
natural cases. Died on 23rd April 1943
Thus a disease confined to the udder was pro-
duced in goat No. 8 (Table III).
Experiment No. 4
This experiment was designed to see if milk from
exptl. goat No. 8 was infective. One healthy goat
No. 9 was injected via the teat canal, the left and
right teat canals receiving respectively 20 c.c.
and 10 c.c. of milk from the left and right side of
the udder of goat No. 8. Acute changes were
seen in the left side of the udder, and the milk
was greatly reduced in quantity. Eight days
after the inoculation, acute lameness and swelling
of the right knee joint were observed such as are
seen in natural cases.
Thus the disease was successfully passaged from
one experimental animal to another, and typical
symptoms of the disease were produced.
Experiment No. 5
One healthy goat No. 10 was housed and fed
with donor goat No. D3 received from Jamesabad
(from the 4th April to 23rd May 1942 when donor
goat died) in order to see if the disease could be
conveyed by contact. The receptor, however,
showed no inflammatory lesions of the udder or
joints, and the temperature remained normal.
The animal, however, showed changes in the milk
and udder, became emaciated, and died on the
11th June 1942.
Thus the disease appears to be transmissible by
contact, when the diseased and healthy goats are
housed and fed together.
Experiment No. 6
Experiments No. 3 and 4 proved that the infec-
tive agent is present in the milk and that the disease
could be conveyed via the teat canal. This
experiment was designed to see if the disease could
be produced in healthy lactating animals by
injecting milk subcutaneously or intra muscu-
larly. Inocula consisted of three collective samples
of mammary exudate taken from three batches of
four, three and three goats suffering from Wah
received from Laso Mahomed village, Khipro and
Mirpurkhas on 23rd October 1942, 22nd October
1942 and 1st February 1943, respectively.
TABLE IV
Expt.
goat
No.
11
12
13
Date
29-10-42
Do.
9-2-43
Route
Subcut.
Intra-muscular
Do.
Material
Mammary
exudate
Do.
Do.
Dose
10 c.c.
8 c.c.
10 c.c.
Remarks
Only local reaction was produced at the
site of injection. Goat was kept under
observation for 1½ months, but showed
changes in milk only
Changes in milk were noticed on 9th day
and inflammation of knee joint and
lameness on 13th day after inoculation.
Died on 26 November 1942. Typical
disease was produced
Acute inflammation at site of injection,
goat went dead-lame and off-feed. In
course of three days inflammation com-
pletely subsided. On 10th and 11th
day after injection, changes in milk and
the inflammation of knee were noticed.
Typical disease was produced
112
Poisoning
of Livestock by (Datura Stramonium L.)
rature, on the other hand the non-parasitic
periods appear to be inversely proportional to an
increase or decrease in temperature.
REFERENCES
Christophers, S. R. (1907). Sexual cycle of Leu-
cocytozoon canis in the tick. Scient. Mem. by
officers of Med. & Sanit. Dept. of Govt. of India
(New Series) No. 28
Christophers, S. R. (1907). Pirplasma canis and its
life-cycle in the tick Sci. Mem. Med. & Sanit. Dep.
India (New series) No. 29, 40—43
Nuttall, G.H.F.
(1913-14).
Observations on the
biology of Ixodoidae. Parasit. 7, 448-56
POISONING OF LIVESTOCK BY DATURA STRAMONIUM L.
By NARAIN DAS KEHAR and K. GOVINDA RAU, Animal Nutrition Section, Imperial Veterinary
Research Institute, Izatnagar
(Received for publication on 6 September 1943)
SUDDEN illness and death occurring among
draught animals at pastures on the Institute
land, Mukteswar, led us to suspect the inges-
tion of some poisonous plants. Consequently,
a survey of the toxic plants of that area was
initiated and feeding experiments with some of
the plants were carried out. This article in-
cludes observations on the feeding of Datura
stramonium to farm animals.
The tender parts of the plant, consisting of
the leaves, flowers, fruit and the soft stalk, such
as are ordinarily eaten by stock in grazing, were
chopped and fed to two bulls, two sheep and
two goats (Table I) after a preliminary fast
of 24 hours.
TABLE I
Mukteswar variety
Dates
22-7-38
to
30-7-38
24-10-38
to
2810-38
29-10-38
to
2-11-38
3-11-38
to
11-11-38
22-7-38
to
30-7-38
24-10-38
to
28-10-38
29-10-38
to
2-11-38.
3-11-38
to
11-11-38
Species of
animals
Kumauni bulls
Do. .
Do. .
..
Goats . .
Sheep . .
Goats
. .
Sheep . .
Goats
. .
Sheep . .
Goats . .
Sheep . .
No.
2
..
..
..
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Material fed
Whole
plant
chopped
Whole chopped
plant
with
greens
Crushed plant
suspension in
water
Ripe and unripe
seeds crushed
in water as
suspension
Whole
plant
chopped
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Crushed whole
plant suspen-
sion Do. .
Ripe and unripe
crushed.
Seed suspension
in water.
Method of
feeding
Voluntarily.
In
green
grass or con-
centrate mix-
ture
Voluntarily .
Drenched
Do.
Voluntarily.
In
green
grass or con-
centrate mix-
ture Do. .
Voluntarily .
Do. .
Drenched
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Quantity
fed during
experi-
mental
period
(lb.)
16-17
8-9
10
2
9-10
8-9
4-4½
4
2½
2½
1
1
Symptoms
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Remarks
Datura, whole
plant in the
unripe cap-
sule stage
Datura,
in
the ripe and
unripe stage
Do.
Do.
Datura, whole
plant in the
unripe cap-
sule stage
Do.
Datura,
in
the ripe and
unripe stage
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
NARAIN DAS KEHAR AND K. GOVINDA RAU 113
The chopped plant was mixed with concen-
trates or green fodder. For the first eight days
the animals took the chopped plant voluntarily.
Subsequently, as no ill effect was observed, the
feeding was continued by drenching the plant
suspension in water. Even then, however, the
animals showed no symptoms of toxicity.
In view of the numerous cases of accidental
and homicidal poisoning with the plant, reviewed
by Van Itallie and Bylsma [1928] and Steyn
[1934], it was considered that the soil and the
climatic conditions in the hills at a height of
7,500 ft. might have affected the alkaloidal
content of the plant.
A feeding experiment similar to the above
was, therefore, undertaken at Izatnagar (Table
II) in the plains. The few symptoms that the
bulls showed on feeding at the rate of about
1-2 lb. per day were constipation, bulging of
the eye-balls with reddish discolouration of the
lens, dilation of the pupils, slight drowsiness
and an accelerated pulse.
TABLE II
Izatnagar variety
Dates
22-10-42
Do.
23-10-42
24-10-42
25-10-42
to
28-10-42
24-10-42
to
27-10-42
24-10-42
25-10-42
26-10-42
to
27-10-42
Species of
animals
Kumauni bull
Wt. 152 lb.
Kumauni bull
Wt. 224 lb.
Do. .
Do. .
...
Goat .
Sheep .
Do. .
Do.
No.
1
1
..
..
..
2
2
..
Do.
Material fed
Whole chopped
plant with con-
centrate 9 a.m.
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Whole ground
plant
Whole chopped
plant in con-
centrate
Do. .
Whole ground
plant
Do.
Method of
feeding
Voluntarily
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
As bolus by
hand
Voluntarily .
Do. .
As bolus by
hand
Do.
Quantity
fed
(lb.)
3
Do.
2 each
..
9 each
3-3½ each
2½ each
2½ each
Do.
Symptoms
12-30 Droopy
falling head.
2-30 eyes dis-
coloured, bul-
ged. Quick
pulse. 23/10
faeces consti-
pated
Nil
Faeces consti-
pated in both
at 2-30; in
one eyes dis-
coloured and
reddish, bul-
ged. 24/10.
In the other
bull, drowsi-
ness at 3
P.M.
..
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Do.
Remarks
Datura,
in
ripe and un-
ripe capsule
stage