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administered with food. The dose for sheep is
25-30 gm. and that for cattle 30-80 gm.
in
some cases the doze may be repeated after a
fortnight. It has been claimed that it is 100
per cent effective against Hæmonchus and
Ostertagia, 90 per cent against Bunostomum,
84 per cent against Oesophagostomum, 76-80
per cent against Trichostrongylus and only 15
per cent against Cooperia.
The anthelmintic action of Phenothiazine is
due to thinol secreted into the intestine by way
of the biliary tract. Bile facilitates its action.
It first becomes leucothinol and then thinol. It is
suggested that, since all individuals may not be
equally capable of converting it into thinol, the.
administration of the drug with or without bile
will be the next step in the line of treatment.
Apart from its therapeutic value, it also acts
as a prophylactic. Phenothiazine-salt mixture
offered to sheep for daily consumption in the
proportion of 1:9 to 1:14 is effective in pre-
venting the development of parasitic larvæ in
the fæces. Their development is arrested 48
hours after the administration of 0.5 .gm. or
more. It thus prevents pasture contamination.
In therapeutic doses it is not toxic, but in
doses of 70 to 200 gm. it may cause inflamma-
tion of the alimentary canal, tympanites, loss
of appetite, weakness of the muscles, sweating,
a friable yellowish liver, enlarged kidneys,
incoordination of the hind quarters, severe
diarrhœa, fever, shock, discharge from the eyes,
and death.
A mixture of nicotine sulphate and copper
sulphate has proved to be more efficacious than
copper sulphate alone, as the combination is
effective not only against large stomach worms
but also against Trichostrongylus and tape-
worms. Against the latter it is specific. The
mixture is prepared by mixing 1 oz. of 40 per
cent nicotine sulphate, 1 oz. of copper sulphate
and 3 pints of water. The dose of the mixture
is ¾—2 oz. for sheep and for cattle 1 oz. for
each 50 lb. of body-weight, with a maximum
dose of 3 oz. In this combination the safety
factor is lower than in copper sulphate alone,
and for this reason the dose recommended
should not be exceeded.
Carlson [1939] recommends stabilizing the
above mixture, at a dilution twelve times
stronger than the therapeutic dose, in gum
arabic. This greatly facilitates its transfer and
storage for the treatment of large numbers of
animals.
Experiments in the Punjab indicate that a
mixture of copper sulphate and kamala is the
best treatment for hæmonchosis.
The use of unstandardized tobacco infusion,
common in this country, is to be deprecated.
Until the nicotine contents of crude tobacco is
ascertained, the dose may prove either exces-
sive or insufficient.
This fact requires em-
phasis, as nicotine is. very toxic to animals.
Tetrachlorethylene is similar in action to
carbon tetrachloride and, although not so effec-
tive as the latter drug, its safety factor is rela-
tively high. The dose is up to 10 c.c. Three
such doses should be given at 10 to 14 days'
interval. A mixture
of carbon tetrachloride
and tetrachlorethylene has been claimed by
some workers to be safer and more efficacious,
but Rose and Gordon [1935] do not find it to
be of special value.
The toxicity of tetra-
chlorethylene can be overcome by using a soap
emulsion of the drug.
Mönning [1935] has recently developed for
œsophagostomiasis an excellent remedy which
has been used extensively in South Africa. It
consists of copper arsenate one part, copper
tartrate one part and calcium hydroxide two
parts by weight. The dose ranges from 0.25 to
2.5 gm., depending upon age. The animals
are dosed on a full stomach. Repetition of the
dose, once in three weeks, has proved to be
effective for Oesophagostomes and Hæmonchus.
Lead arsenate in doses of 0.5 gm. to lambs
against Moniezia is both effective and cheap.
Gordon [1935] has found arsenic trisulphide
and arsenious sulphide 100 per cent effective
against Moniezia in sheep. The dose is 0.5 gm.
The addition of 2.5 to 3 kilograms of anhyd-
rous sulphuric acid to 1,000 litres of drinking
water is claimed to be both curative and prophy-
lactic for parasitic gastritis.
Three drachms of deodar oil with 2 dr. of
spiritus ætheris nitrosi in 4-6 oz. of linseed oil
is said to be effective against ascariasis of
buffalo calves.
Swales [1941] recommends the following
seasons for treatment of sheep in Canada: for
Hæmonchosis, summer; for trichostrongylosis,
late autumn; and for œsophagostomiasis,
autumn and winter.
The anthelmintic treatment of ruminants has
been much simplified in recent years in that the
troublesome process of previous starvation has
been discouraged, since it has been found that
withholding food, even for as long as 48 hours,
does not empty the rumen; food still continues
to pass into the abomasum, so that the effi-
ciency of the drug is not at all altered.
Another great advance made is the discovery
by Ross [1936] and by Mönnig [1935] of the