NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
8
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE IMPERIAL BACTERIOLOGICAL LABORATORY,
Black Quarter vaccine. During the year under
report as well as during the previous year, no necessity
arose to manufacture more black quarter vaccine as the
demands were complied with from the stock in hand.
Seventeen thousand three hundred and twenty-four (17,324)
doses were issued as against 3,350 doses during the preced-
ing year.
The following table furnishes the details of inoculations
in the field with black quarter vaccine together with the
results of such inoculations : —
Province
Punjab
United Provinces.
Bihar and Orissa .
Bombay
Madras
Hissar Cattle Farm
Mysore State
TOTAL
Number of outbreaks in
which inoculation was
undertaken
47
17
14
1
...
...
16
95
NUMBER OF
ANIMALS
WHICH DIED
UNINOCULATED
IN COURSE OF
DISEASE
Equines
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Borines
...
...105
53
...
....
8
...
166
Others
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
NUMBER OF
ANIMALS
INOCULATED
Equines
...
...
...
...
...
...
....
...
Bovines
2,987
1,259
1,131
78
23
1,579
2,378
9,435
Others
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
NUMBER OF
ANIMALS
WHICH
DIED AFTER
INOCU-
LATION
Equines
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Bovines
3
...
...
...
...
37*
...
40
Others
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Percentage of deaths in
inoculated bovines
...
...
...
...
0.42
Mallein. In all 191,747 doses were prepared and
193,147 were issued as against 30,000 doses manufactured
and 35,972 issued in the previous year. It will be seen from
the table at the end of this report that 185,097 doses were
supplied to the Military Department alone.
Strangles serum and vaccine. During the year
1917-18, 8,252 doses of strangles serum were prepared and
10,085 issued as against 4,195 doses prepared and 9,063
issued during 1916-17.
* Enquiry into the deaths of these animals showed that in ten instances only was the
period that elapsed between vaccination and death less than six months. The intervals in
the cases of the remaining 27 ranged from 6 months to 3 years and 8 months. As the
immunity conferred by the black quarter vaccine is valuable for a period which varies
between 6 months and one year, it is probable that a very considerable proportion of the
animals reported to have died after vaccination had actually ceased to possess any
immunity.
MUKTESAR, FOR THE YEAR ENDING THE 31ST MARCH, 1918
9
In addition to this 2,655 doses of mixed anti-strepto-
coccic and staphylococcic vaccine and 550 doses of anti-
streptococcic vaccine were prepared and issued. The
demand for these serums and vaccines was chiefly from the
Army Department.
Tuberculin. One thousand one hundred and eighty
(1,180) doses of tuberculin were prepared and 381 issued as
against 82 doses prepared and 377 issued during the year
1916-17.
Miscellaneous vaccines. As in the previous year,
material from infective conditions, chiefly from horses, was
received in the laboratory for the preparation of autogenous
vaccines. In all 150 doses were prepared and issued.
The following table compares the amounts of the various
products of the laboratory prepared and issued during the
year 1917-18 with the average amounts of the preceding 5
years.
Name of product
Rinderpest serum
....
Anthrax serum
.....
Hæmorrhagic Septicæmia serum .
Hæmorrhagic Septicæmia vaccine .
Black Quarter vaccine .
.
..
Mallein
.
.
DOSES PREPARED
1917-18
2,146,421
14,175*
216,457
117,124
...*
191,747
Average
of
previous
5 years
1,069,030
21,623
85,287
127,890
10,000
25,672
DOSES ISSUED
1917-18
2,069,961
19,727
189,428
117,124
17,324
193,147
Average
of
previous
5 years
1,127,540
25,020
84,311
127,890
16,700
26,323
Note.—The apparent discrepancies in the average doses issued and prepared during the
previous five years are due to the fact that the opening balances of the first year of the
period were unusually large.
Sale of laboratory products. The total amount of
bills for sale of anti-rinderpest serum issued during the
year and also for other products issued from 1st September,
1917, as sanctioned by the Government of India, amounts to
Rs. 2,89,261.† By adding to this Rs. 33,927-8-0, the cost of
*Prepared according to demand.
† Bills amounting to Rs. 36,287 are still awaiting payment and have to be carried
over to next year's account.
10 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE IMPERIAL BACTERIOLOGICAL LABORATORY,
271,420 doses anti-rinderpest serum supplied free of
charge to the Military Department during the year, and
Rs. 56,693-8-0 for cost of other products supplied to the
same Department from 1st September, 1917, the total revenue
from sale of the laboratory products would amount to
Rs. 3,79,882 as against Rs. 1,79,364 during the previous year.
III. EXAMINATION OF SPECIMENS AND INOCULATION WORK.
Specimens examined. During the past year 513
specimens were received for examination and report as
against 230 in the preceding year.
The following table shows the nature of the specimens:—
Epizootic Lymphangitis
Piroplasmosis
.
.
Glanders
.
Black Quarter
.......
Tuberculosis
........
Anthrax. ......
.
Dourine
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Abortion
........
Surra
.
Pleuro-pneumonia.
......
Necrosis
.......
Flies
.........
Johne's Disease
.......
Rinderpest
.....
Hæmorrhagic Septicæmia
.....
Mange
........
Ringworm
......
Miscellaneous
.......
TOTAL
NUMBER OF SPECIMENS
Positive
2
4
35
1
16
1
11
1
4
...
4
1
1
...
1
3
1
17
103
Negative
8
7
25
...
3
8
201
2
25
...
6
...
1
1
1
8
...
27
323
Doubtful
...
...
26
1
7
...
11
14
...
4
1
...
...
...
...
...
...
23
87
MUKTESAR, FOR THE YEAR ENDING THE 31ST MARCH, 1918
11
Serum test for diagnosis of Dourine. Owing to
the deputation of the Second Bacteriologist to Mesopotamia
and the difficulties connected with the preparation and
standardization of the necessary reagents, the progress of
this investigation was greatly interrupted. In addition to
experimental tests, reports were furnished on 284 specimens
of serum received from Civil and Army Remount Depart-
ment Veterinary Officers, as follows : —
Positive
Doubtful
Negative
11
11
201
Sixty-one specimens were received in a condition unsuit¬
able for testing or gave results on which no opinion could be
expressed.
Military Dairy inoculations. Mr. Vacha, the Second
Veterinary Deputy Superintendent appointed for this
work, accompanied Mr. V. R. Phadke during the early part
of the season in order to become familiar with the procedure
followed ; together they treated the bulls, young, and dry
stock at the Peshawar, Sialkot, Malakwal, and Ferozepore
farms during November and December, 1917.
Mr. Phadke then proceeded to the Southern Circle and
inoculated the cattle at the Poona, Belgaum and Bangalore
farms during January, February and March, 1918. Three
newly imported Ayrshire bulls were immunized at Bangalore
after the young stock had been treated, and later one bull at
Poona was protected.
The inoculations of the stock at the Mhow farm were
concluded after the close of the year under report, but the
details are included in the table given below so that the
particulars of the season's work may be complete.
During January and February, 1918, Mr. Vacha treated
the stock at the Karnal, Lahore, and Jubbulpore farms.
The outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease at Sitapur prevented
the inoculation of the stock there, and the same cause
necessitated an alteration in the arrangements for treating
the animals at the Mhow farm. At the end of March
Mr. Vacha went to Bagarji, where the cattle from the Ruk
and Quetta farms had been collected. Unfortunately foot-
and-mouth disease broke out while the inoculations were in
progress, with the result that some animals suffered severely
from both this disease and rinderpest simultaneously and
eight half-breds died. A number of the animals that had
not been protected developed foot-and mouth disease so that
42 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE IMPERIAL BACTERIOLOGICAL LABORATORY,
they could not be given immunity except by the injection
of serum only.
Twenty-four Ayrshire bulls were inoculated by the
simultaneous method; twenty gave marked reactions and re-
covered, and two failed to react after two injections of virulent
blood. The remaining two bulls treated at Bagarji developed
foot-and-mouth disease after failing to react to their first
injection of virulent blood and so could not be re-inoculated;
their immunity being due only to the serum given was there-
fore temporary.
Ten of the bulls developed piroplasmosis, nine getting the
infection from the blood inoculation and one developing it
naturally. All were given Trypan-blue and recovered. One
bull, however, at Bagarji, which contracted the disease by
tick infection, died suddenly a few days after recovery, the
cause of death not being ascertained.
A few cases of piroplasmosis occurred among half-bred
stock but all recovered under treatment; no trouble was ex-
perienced with the country stock.
In the great majority of cases good reactions were
obtained without a single death except those mentioned as
being due to the additional infection of foot-and-mouth
disease at Bagarji.
A total of 1,498 animals were inoculated by the simul-
taneous method.
The following table shows the numbers of animals treated
at the different farms :-
Farms
Northern Circle
Peshawar
Malakwal
Sialkot
Lahore
Ferozepore .
Karnal
Southern Circle
Bangalore
Belgaum
Poona .
Bagarji
.
.
Mhow
.
.
Jubbulpore .
TOTAL.
Ayrshire
bulls
3
4
...
...
...
4
3
...
5
2
2
1
24
Half-bred
stock
18
16
...
13
3
46
57
...
28
88
35
43
347
Country¬
cattle
55
21
54
56
49
44
51
45
71
155
140
20
761
Buffaloes
9
8
25
30
20
41
55
...
51
111
...
16
366
Total
85
49
79
99
72
135
166
45
155
356
177
80
1,498
Deaths
...
...
...
...
...
....
...
...
...
8
...
...
8
MUKTESAR, FOR THE YEAR ENDING THE 31ST MARCH, 1918
13
IV. RESEARCH.
Shortness of staff and increase in routine and adminis-
tration duties have again seriously limited the time that
could be given to research work.
Rinderpest. The question of the vitality of the virus
of rinderpest under varying conditions is still under inves-
tigation, and a special series of experiments is being carried
out with the object of ascertaining the length of time for
which hides removed from animals dead of rinderpest remain
infective.
Anthrax and Hæmorrhagic Septicæmia. The
modifications in the manufacture of these sera foreshadowed
in last year's report have been effected and have resulted in
a very distinct reduction in the mortality among the serum-
making animals, and also in a saving of labour.
The question as to the length of time hides from animals
dead of hæmorrhagic septicæmia remain infective is also
under investigation.
Contagious Abortion in cattle. A number of
attempts were made to isolate the organism responsible for
this disease from pathological materials sent to the labora-
tory, but all failed owing to the presence of numerous
contaminating organisms. A culture of the bacillus
responsible for the disease in Europe was obtained through
the courtesy of Sir John McFadyean of the Royal Veterinary
College. This strain is now kept running in the laboratory.
Up to the present the number of tests carried out is too
small to warrant any definite opinion, but the results of these
tests appear to indicate that the same bacillus is responsible
for the disease in India.
Johne's Disease. Reference was made last year to the
occurrence of this disease in India and it was stated that two
suspected animals were under observation. One of these
(a cross-bred cow) was killed when in extremis a month
after arrival at Muktesar. Post-mortem examination
confirmed the diagnosis, and microscopic examinations
showed that bacilli were present throughout the length of the
intestine, and that they were especially numerous in the
terminal part of the small intestine and in the anterior
portion of the large intestine. Attempts to obtain cultures
of the bacillus failed.
14 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE IMPERIAL BACTERIOLOGICAL LABORATORY,
The other * animal under observation (an aged Delhi
buffalo) was alive on March 31st, but has since died of
peritonitis due to injuries to the stomach and intestines
following on the ingestion of some fragments of wire and
stones. This animal also proved to be infected with the
disease. The lesions were not very conspicuous, and
microscopic examination showed that at no place in the
intestine were the bacilli at all numerous.
From the time these two animals arrived at Muktesar,
they were housed in a temporary wooden shed with a
buffalo and a hill bull as contacts. The buffalo contracted
rinderpest after having been eight months in contact.
Post-mortem and microscopic examinations failed to reveal
any evidence that it had contracted Johne's Disease.
A fresh buffalo was placed in contact, and it and the
hill bull have remained in the shed ever since. Neither has
shown any clinical evidence of infection.
It appears to be advisable to refer to two further cases
in which a positive diagnosis has been arrived at although
the materials upon which the diagnosis was based were
received after the close of the year under report.
The materials in question were portions of the intestines
and mesenteric glands from two animals at Poona,and they
were sent for confirmatory examination by the Superinten-
dent, C. V. D., Bombay.
As the specimens had been placed in preserving fluid,
nothing beyond microscopic examination was possible.
Tuberculosis. Investigations in connection with this
disease of necessity make slow progress, as the bacillus grows
very slowly in artificial culture, and in animal inoculations
periods of weeks or months have to elapse before experi-
ments come to maturity.
A number of strains of tubercle bacilli have been isolated
from bovine lesions and these are being studied.
Pleuro-pneumonia of goats. Provision of susceptible
animals for experimental work in connection with this
disease was made, and a quantity of material from a natural
case of the disease was received. Unfortunately pneumonia
of a different type broke out among the animals selected for
* Although this animal was alive at the end of the year under report, it has been
thought advisable to refer to it here instead of delaying the report of its death until next
year.
MUKTESAR, FOR THE YEAR ENDING THE 31ST MARCH, 1918 15
experiment, and it was found impossible to use the material
available with any hope of getting reliable results.
When the outbreak of pneumonia was over efforts to
obtain further infective material were unsuccessful.
Publications. No papers recording original work were
published during the course of the year.
In view of the detection of cases of Johne's Disease in
India it was considered advisable to publish a short account
of the disease. This was accordingly done in the Agricul-
tural Journal of India (Vol. XIII, Part 1.)
16
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE IMPERIAL BACTERIOLOGICAL LABORATORY
Table showing the doses of different products issued from the
Products
Rinderpest serum
Anthrax serum .
Hæmorrhagic
Septi-
cæmia serum
Hæmorrhagic
Septi-
cæmia vaccine
Charbon
Symptoma-
tique vaccine
Mallein
.
.
.
Ophthalmic Mallein .
Tuberculin
,
Anti-Streptococcic se-
rum
Anti-Streptococcic vac-
cine
Special vaccine .
.
Streptococcic and Sta-
phylococcic vaccine
(mixed)
TOTAL
Punjab
45,100
3,012
13,374
24,443
1,674
247
..
24
..
..
..
..
87,874
N.W. F. P. & N.
Punjab
14,300
..
6,000
15,050
1,150
20
..
..
..
..
..
..
50
36,570
South Punjab
105,000
..
14,900
27,081
6,500
180
..
10
..
..
..
..
..
153,671
United Provinces
73,500
..
30,600
..
500
30
..
..
..
10
..
..
..
104,640
Bengal
175,000
..
24,000
...
...
250
...
75
..
..
...
...
199,325
QUANTITY OF SERA
Assam
121,000
4,000
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
...
..
125,000
Bihar and Orissa
165,900
3,000
35,000
41,000
1,000
..
..
..
..
...
..
..
245,900
Central Provinces
120,000
2,200
11,500
..
..
4
..
100
50
..
..
..
133,854
MUKTESAR, FOR THE YEAR ENDING THE 31ST MARCH, 1918
17
Imperial Bacteriological Laboratory during the year 1917-18.
(IN DOSES) ISSUED
Bombay
96,900
2,500
28,000
9,000
..
4,350
..
..
..
..
..
..
140,750
Madras
243,750
..
10,000
..
...
760
...
...
...
...
..
..
254,510
Sind,
Baluchistan
and Rajputana
3,000
200
4,700
100
..
140
..
2
..
8,142
Burma
61,500
...
..
..
..
420
..
..
..
..
..
...
61,920
Coorg
4,500
200
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
4,700
Military Department
271,420
347
1,647
50
100
176,747
8,350
152
9,670
490
150
2,605
471,728
Native States
73,000
3,400
4,200
200
6,200
291
1,310
12
..
50
..
..
88,663
Foreign Countries
477,780
..
4,000
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
481,780
Imperial Bacteriolo-
gical Laboratory
18,311
868
1,507
200
200
23
25
6
365
..
..
..
21,505
TOTAL.
2,069,961
19,727
189,428
117,124
17,324
183,462
9,685
381
10,085
550
150
2,655
2,620,532
18
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE IMPERIAL BACTERIOLOGICAL LABORATORY,
Table showing main results of the working of the
QUANTITY IN DOSES OF SERA OF ANTI-TOXIN PREPARED AND ISSUED
1
Name of sera
or anti-toxin
2
Rinderpest
serum (dose
=5 c.c.)
Anthrax serum
(dose=15 c.c.)
Hæmorrhagic
Septicæmia
serum (dose=
15 c.c.)
Hæmorrhagic
Septicæmia
vaccine (dose
=5 c.c.)
Black Quarter
vaccine (dose
= 1 pill)
Mallein (dose=
1 c.c.)
Ophthalmic
Mallein (dose
=1/6 c.c.)
Tuberculin
(dose =2 c.c.)
Anti-Strepto-
coccic serum
(dose=15 c.c.)
Anti-Strepto-
coccic vaccine
(dose=5 c.c.)
Special vaccine
(dose=1 c.c.)
Streptococcic
and Staphylo-
coccic (mixed)
vaccine (dose
=1 c.c.)
TOTAL .
Opening balance
3
123,200
5,650
16,600
31,050
3,620
5,935
1
2,932
188,988
Prepared during the year
4
2,146,421
14,175
216,457
117,124
187,997
3,750
1,180
8,252
550
150
2,655
2,698,711
Returned serum
5
28,350
2,000
516
1,000
}
...
...
31,866
TOTAL
6
2,297,971
21,825
233,573
117,124
31,050
192,617
9,685
1,181
11,184
550
150
2,655
2,919,565
Issued during the year
7
2,069,961
19,727
189,428
117,124
17,324
183,462
9,685
381
10,085
550
150
2,655
2,620,532
Stock in hand
8
228,010
2,098
44,145
...
13,726
9,155
800
1,099
299,033
INSRUCTION IM¬
PARTED
Department or Province
9
State.
Kashmir
European Officers attending
class
10
...
Number passed
11
...
Indian Veterinary Gradu-
ates
12
1
1
Nu mb e r passed
13
1
1
* This amount includes Rs. 16,228 realized
† Inclusive of Rs. 7,591-15-3, charges of inoculation
ANNUAL REPORT
OF
The Imperial Bacteriological Laboratory,
Muktesar
FOR THE YEAR ENDING THE 31ST MARCH, 1919.
CALCUTTA
SUPERINTENDENT GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA
1919
Price, As. 4 or 5d
ANNUAL REPORT
OF
The Imperial Bacteriological Laboratory,
Muktesar
FOR THE YEAR ENDING THE 31ST MARCH, 1919.
CALCUTTA
SUPERINTENDENT GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA
1919
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ANNUAL REPORT
OF
The Imperial Bacteriological Laboratory,
Muktesar
FOR THE YEAR ENDING THE 31ST MARCH, 1919.
(A. LESLIE SHEATHER, B.Sc., M.R.C.V.S.)
I. ADMINISTRATION.
Staff. I held charge of the office of Director and First
Bacteriologist throughout the year, and Mr. Shilston remained
in charge of the office of Second Bacteriologist.
The posts of Pathologist and Physiological Chemist
remained vacant during the year under report, as during
the previous year.
Mr. Andrews held charge of the post of Engineer till
14th May, 1918, the date on which he resigned his appoint-
ment, and Mr. P. R. Ganguly, Assistant Engineer, acted as
Engineer in addition to his own duties from that date
onwards.
A third post of Veterinary Deputy Superintendent for
inoculation of cattle in the military dairies was sanctioned
by Government.
The designations of the European and the Indian
Laboratory Assistants were changed to " Laboratory Assist-
ants, Upper grade" and "Laboratory Assistants, Lower
grade ", respectively.
Tours. During April, I visited the Branch Laboratory
at Kurgaina in connection with the cessation of work there
(1st to 5th), and Amritsar to attend a Surra Conference
(10th to 17th). Between the 14th and 19th September, 1918,
I visited Simla to attend a meeting on veterinary education
and also to see the Agricultural Adviser to the Government
of India. On my way back to Muktesar, between the 20th
and 24th September, I saw the Conservator of Forests and