NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
102
DISPENSARIES IN RAJPUTANA.
STATEMENT G.—Showing the Surgical Operations performed in the State, Public
Class of operation.
1
OPERATIONS ON THE FEMALE
GENERATIVE ORGANS.
OBSTETRIC OPERATIONS
Nature of operation.
2
Brought forward .
Paracentesis of ovarian cyst
.
.
.
.
.
Ovariotomy
........
Hysterectomy
.......
Removal of polypus uteri
.
.
.
.
.
Replacement of inverted uterus
.
.
.
.
„
of prolapsed uterus
.
.
.
.
Curetting of uterus
.
.
.
.
Retro flexio utteri staightened
.
.
.
.
.
Salpingectomy
.......
Dilatation of cervical canal
.
.
.
.
Others on female generative organs
.
.
.
.
Application of forceps
......
Version
........
Cresarean Section
.......
Procedentia
.......
Podalic extinction
.......
Craniotomy
........
Removal of dead fœtus
.
.
.
.
.
Extraction of placenta and membranes after delivery .
Suture of ruptured perineum
.
.
.
.
.
Other obstetric operations
.
.
.
.
.
GRAND TOTAL
BRITISH
Number of patients remaining from
last year.
3
34
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
34
NUMBER OF OPERATIONS
PERFORMED DURING THE
YEAR.
Principal.
4
4,641
...
8
3
...
...
...
9
1
1
...
1
3
3
1
1
...
...
2
3
2
...
4,679
Secondary.
5
2
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2
Total.
6
4,643
...
8
3
...
...
...
9
1
1
...
1
3
3
1
1
...
...
2
3
2
...
4,681
Number of patients operated on in
columns 4 to 6.
7
4,641
...
8
3
...
...
...
9
1
1
...
1
3
3
1
1
...
...
3
3
2
...
4,679
DISPENSARIES IN RAJPUTANA.
103
Local Fund and Private non-aided Dispensaries in Rajputana during the year 1916—concld.
PROVINCE.
RESULT OF OPERATIONS
ON PATIENTS.
Cured.
8
4,606
...
7
2
...
...
... 9
1
...
...
1
2
2
1
1
...
...
2
2
2
...
4,633
Relieved.
9
26
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
1
...
...
...
...
...
1
...
...
29
Discharged otherwise.
10
3
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
3
Died.
11
12
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
12
Number of patients remaining
at close of the year.
12
28
...
1
1
...
...
...
...
...
1
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
31
NATIVE STATES.
Number of patients remaining from
last year.
3
304
...
1
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
306
NUMBER OF OPERATIONS
PERFORMED DURING THE
YEAR.
Principal.
4
75,201
2
1
...
4
... 6
14
...
...
4
16
15
9
2
1
8
3
12
15
6
10
75,329
Secondary.
5
74
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
74
Total.
6
75,275
9
1
...
4
... 6
14
...
...
4
16
15
9
2
1
8
3
12
15
6
10
75,403
Number of patients operated on in
columns 4 to 6.
7
74,636
...
...
...
...
...
...
14
...
...
...
16
15
...
...
...
8
3
12
15
6
10
74,764
RESULT OF OPERATIONS
ON PATIENTS.
Cured.
8
73,799
1
1
...
4
... 5
14
...
...
4
12
13
7
2
1
7
2
12
15
4
8
73,911
Relieved.
9
616
...
...
...
...
...
1
...
...
...
...
4
...
1
...
...
...
...
...
...
... 2
624
Discharged otherwise.
10
225
1
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
...
...
1
...
...
...
1
...
229
Died.
11
98
...
1
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2
...
...
...
...
1
...
...
...
...
102
Number of patients remaining
at close of the year.
12
202
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
...
....
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
...
204
REMARKS.
13
108
DISPENSARIES IN RAJPUTANA.
STATEMENT H.—Showing the Income and Expenditure of State, Public, Local
District.
1
1
ALWAR
..
DHOLPUR
.
KARAULI
.
TONK ..
SHAHPURA .
BUNDI
..
KOTAH
. .
JHALAWAR
.
Name of Dispensary.
2
NATIVE STATES—continued.
Alexandra Hospital, Alwar .
Tijara
.....
Rajgarh
....
Luchmangarh
...
Behror
.
.
.
.
Thana Ghazi
.
.
.
.
Ramgarh
.
.
.
.
Nimrana
.
.
.
.
Bansur
....
TOTAL .
Dholpur
.
.
.
.
Bari
.
.
.
.
.
Rajakhera
.
.
.
.
TOTAL .
Karauli
.
.
.
.
Mandrail
.
.
.
.
Sapotra
.
.
.
Machilpur
.
.
.
.
TOTAL .
Tonk
.
.
.
.
.
Shahpura
.
.
.
.
Bundi
.
.
.
.
.
Kotah Hospital
.
.
.
Baran
.
.
.
.
.
Khanpur
.
.
.
.
Etawah
.
.
.
.
Sangode
.
.
.
.
Mandana
.
.
.
.
Attru
.
.
.
.
Indergarh
.
.
.
.
Mangrol
.
.
.
.
Sultanpur
.
.
.
.
Chipabarode
.
.
.
Iklera
.
.
.
.
.
Manoher Thana
.
.
.
Shahbad
.
.
.
.
Local Regimental Hospital .
Bakani
.
.
.
.
Kishenganj
.
.
.
.
Chechat
.
.
.
.
Antah
....
TOTAL .
Chaoni Hospital
.
.
.
Jhalrapatan
....
Pachpahar
....
Dug
.....
Gangdhar
....
TOTAL
INCOME.
Cash
balance.
3
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
GOVERNMENT
CONTRIBUTION.
As
salary.
4
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Other-
wise.
5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Local Fund con-
tributions.
6
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Municipal Fund
contributions.
7
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Interest on in¬
vestments.
8
...
...
...
...
... ...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
SUBSCRIPTIONS.
Euro¬
pean.
9
...
...
...
...
... ...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Native.
10
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
DISPENSARIES IN RAJPUTANA.
109
Fund and Private non-aided Dispensaries of Rajputana for the year 1916—contd.
Miscellaneous
receipts
(to
include sale of
securities).
11
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Total
.
receipts.
12
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
EXPENDITURE.
SALARIES.
Medical
officers.
13
2,800
930
950
950
540
540
810
600
540
8,660
1,794
720
720
3,234
1,554
729
795
420
3,498
4,125
2,240
840
3,445
1,962
720
736
1,088
325
635
936
575
456
660
756
952
480
416
756
825
600
827
18,150
3,646
908
706
219
720
6,259
Nurses.
14
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Inferior
servants.
15
2,946
300
495
264
360
293
300
234
300
5,492
1,531
348
411
2,290
766
192
192
192
1,342
1,811
578
936
2,197
658
334
306 330
351
366
360
358
319
366
338
359
309
313
282
278
339
323
8,481
870
427
167
331
156
1,951
MEDICINES.
European.
16
4,526
324
361
363
492
286
339
191
281
7,163
3,606
764
285
4,655
290
187
162
62
701
1,200
970
1,399
8,827
1,027
449
206
282
226
370
258
201
354
346
259
289
293
1,566
229
240
213
237
11,074
1,704
495
190
239
214
2,842
Bazaar.
17
158
12
28
40
22
22
12
29
7
330
229
39
21
289
55
19
22
22
118
113
85
144
119
27
33
29
20
28
38
22
31
40
24
39
18
27
55
21
10
9
30
620
19
40
...
14
22
75
Diet.
18
3,869
147
281
215
144
112
192
10
101
5,071
669
94
...
763
236
23
15
16
290
188
62
199
1,205
160
129
87
46
123
73
62
28
59
76
42
41
117
65
51
28
38
50
2,480
355
27
2
...
...
384
Miscel-
laneous
charges.
19
922
138
218
190
184
171
143
96
128
2,190
1,296
87
54
1,437
224
108
83
64
479
209
50
159
541
140
34
47
53
61
46
44
44
35
39
51
51
46
99
52
57
77
59
1,576
234
70
49
44
26
423
Buildings
or
Repaire.
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
25
...
25
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Invest¬
ments.
21
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Total Ex-
penditure.
22
15,221
1,851
2,333
2,022
1,742
1,424
1,796
1,185
1,357
28,931
9,125
2,052
1,491
12,668
3,125
1,258
1,269
776
6,428
7,646
3,985
3,677
11,334
3,974
1,699
1,413
1,819
1,114
1,528
1,682
1,237
1,203
1,511
1,485
1,710
1,272
3,514
1,391
1,433
1,376
1,626
42,381
6,828
2,007
1,114
847
1,138
11,934
Closing
Balance.
23
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
P
110
DISPENSARIES IN RAJPUTANA.
STATEMENT H.—Showing the Income and Expenditure of State, Public, Local
DISTRICT.
1
MEWAR
..
PARTABGARH
.
BANSWARA
.
KUSHALGARH .
DUNGARPUR
.
Name of Dispensary.
2
NATIVE STATES—concluded.
Lansdowne Hospital
..
Chitorgarh
....
Rashmi
....
Sarara
.....
Saran
.....
Nathdwara
....
Jehazpur
....
Bhilwara
....
Kapasin
....
Sadrikhurd
....
Mandalgarh
....
Udaipur Railway Dispensary .
Rajnagar
....
Untala
.....
TOTAL .
Partabgarh
....
Banswava
....
Garhi
....
TOTAL .
Kushalgarh
...
Dungarpur
....
Sagwara
....
TOTAL .
Adams Memorial Hospital, Abu
Abu Road
....
TOTAL .
Deoli
.....
Kherwara
....
TOTAL NATIVE STATES .
PROVINCIAL
TOTAL,
CLASS
A (GENERAL DISPENSARIES) .
B.—HOSPITALS AND DIS-
PENSARIES FOR FEMALES.
NATIVE STATES.
Jaswant Female Hospital, Jodh-
pur .....
Bharatpur Female Hospital .
Lady Dufferin Hospital, Alwar .
Walter Zenana Hospital, Tonk .
Victoria Hospital, Kotah .
Walter-Female Hospital, Udaipur
PROVINCIAL TOTAL, CLASS B
(FEMALE DISPENSARIES) .
COMBINBD PROVINCIAL
TOTAL ...
INCOME.
Cash
balance.
3
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
721
721
136
...
857
3,997
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
3,997
BOVERNMENT
CONTRIBUTION.
As
salary.
4
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2,248
660
2,908
...
...
2,908
10,965
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
10,965
Other-
wise.
5
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
887
523
1,410
...
...
1,410
8,854
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
8,854
Local Fund con-
tributions.
6
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Municipal Fund
contributions.
7
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
96
...
96
...
...
96
1,879
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1,879
Interest on in-
vestments.
8
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
175
175
...
...
175
917
...
...
...
...
...
SUBSCRIPTIONS.
Euro-
pean.
9
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
597
5
602
...
...
602
1,123
...
...
...
...
...
Native.
10
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
472
40
512
1,916
...
2,428
6,293
...
...
...
...
...
This Hospital remained
...
917
...
1,123
...
6,293
DISPENSARIES IN RAJPUTANA.
111
Fund and Private non-aided Dispensaries of Rajputana for the year 1916—concld.
Miscellaneous
receipts
(to
include sale of
securities).
11
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
......
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Total
receipts.
12
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
6,424
6,424
2,052
...
8,476
34,028
...
...
...
...
...
EXPENDITURE.
SALARIES.
Medical
officers.
13
5,175
1,006
732
566
608
660
909
1,572
609
455
459
553
780
795
14,879
1,495
1,330
900
2,230
480
1,219
785
2,004
1,500
660
2,160
180
221
1,69,613
1,87,958
7,795
689
1,440
1,200
5,040
closed during the year 1916.
...
...
...
34,028
16,154
2,04,112
Nurses.
14
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
240
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1,253
1,253
...
240
...
...
...
...
240
1,493
Inferior
servants.
15
2,452
537
262
198
183
420
389
540
309
232
295
318
241
323
6,699
627
519
264
783
120
528
324
852
1,176
216
1,392
432
284
73,740
80,053
1,746
972
1,617
1,765
1,584
...
7,684
87,737
MEDICINES.
European.
16
3,495
501
77
72
304
480
252
166
127
50
99
561
74
77
6,335
714
1,053
223
1,276
300
1,088
1,035
2,123
887
523
1,410
603
255
109,791
119,180
784
911
1,152
300
391
...
3,038
1,22,218
Bazaar.
17
424
73
56
50
34
36
62
52
32
18
45
10
41
29
962
197
125
27
152
30
23
49
72
118
50
168
34
69
7,185
8,489
35
18
63
13
36
...
465
8,954
Diet.
18
2,668
370
28
9
59
...
383
356
126
...
26
...
11
96
3,782
41
75
11
86
...
12
3
15
230
4
234
64
2
38,956
40,824
159
673
500
127
348
...
1,807
42,631
Miscel-
laneous
charges.
19
1,852
248
97
109
130
45
175
189
163
28
47
63
62
154
3,362
16
128
61
189
18
135
84
219
316
131
447
307
165
33,037
38,186
273
347
384
77
115
...
1,226
39,412
Buildings
or
Repairs.
20
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
57
57
...
...
...
...
...
8,611
9,146
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
9,146
Invest-
ments.
21
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Total Ex-
penditure.
22
16,066
2,735
1,252
1,004
1,318
1,641
1,820
2,875
1,366
783
971
1,505
1,209
1,474
36,019
3,330
3,230
1,486
4,716
954
3,005
2,337
5,342
4,227
1,584
5,811
1,620
986
442,186
485,039
10,782
3,650
6,156
3,482
7,544
...
30,614
515,703
Closing
Balance.
23
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
613
613
432
...
1,045
2,772
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2,772
P 2
112
DISPENSARIES IN RAJPUTANA
STATEMENT J.—Showing the Account of Invested Capital of the Dispensaries in Rajputana
during the year 1916.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Names of Dispensaries.
Ajmer
....
Kekri
....
Pisangan
.....
Ramsar
....
Deolia
....
Beawar
....
Todgarh
....
TOTAL .
Abu and Abu Road ..
GRAND TOTAL
Balance on
1st January
1916.
Rs.
5,500
...
...
2,500
500
...
...
8,500
5,000
13,500
Invested
during the
year.
Rs.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
TOTAL.
Rs.
5,500
...
...
2,500
500
...
...
8,500
5,000
13,500
Securities
sold.
Rs.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Deposits
withdrawn.
Rs.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Balance on
31st Decem-
ber 1916.
Rs.
5,500
...
...
2,500
500
...
...
8,500
5,000
13,500
Statement No. XIV (Vital).—Showing the Sickness
and Mortality among Prisoners of all classes in the
Jails and Subsidiary Jails of Rajputana during the
year 1916.
THE CAUSATION AND PREVENTION
OF
MALARIAL FEVERS;
A STATEMENT OF THE RESULTS OF RESEARCHES.
DRAWN UP FOR THE USE OF ASSISTANT SURGEONS,
HOSPITAL ASSISTANTS, AND STUDENTS.
BY
CAPTAIN S. P. JAMES, M.B. (LOND.), I.M.S.
Issued under the authority of the Directors General, Indian Medical Service.
SECOND EDITION.
CALCUTTA:
OFFICE OF THE SUPEE1NTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.
1903.
Agents for the Sale of Books published by the
Superintendent of Government
Printingt India, Calcutta.
IN ENGLAND.
E. A. ARNOLD, 37, Bedford Street, Strand,
London , W.C.
CONSTABLE & Co., 2, Whitehall Gardens,
London, S.W.
SAMPSON Low, MABSTON & Co., St. Dan-
stan's House, Fetter Lane, London, E.G.
P. S. KING & SON, 2 & 4, Great Smith
Street, Westminster, London, S. W.
LUZAO & Co., 46, Great Russell Street,
London, W. C.
KEGAN PAUL, TBENCH, TEüBNEE & Co.,
Charing Cross Road, London, W. C.
B. A. QUAEITCH, 15, Piccadilly, London,
W.
WILLIAMS and NOBGATE, Oxford.
DEIGHTON BELL & Co., Cambridge.
ON THE CONTINENT.
R. FBIEDLANDEB & SOHN, 11, Carlstrasse,
Berlin, N. W.
OTTO HARBASSO WITZ, Leipzig.
KABL W. HIEBESMANN, Leipzig.
BSNEST LEBOUX, 28, Rue Bonaparte,
Paris.
MABTINUS NIJHOFF, The Hague.
IN INDIA.
THACKEr, SPINE & Co., Calcutta and
Simla.
NEWMAN & Co., Calcutta.
R. CAMBBAY & Co., Calcutta.
S. K. LAHIRI & Co., Calcutta.
THACKEE & Co., LD., Bombay.
D. B. TABAPOre VALA, SONS & Co.,
Bombay.
A. J. COMBBIDge & Co., Bombay.
MrS. RADHABAI ATMABAM SAgOON,
BOMBAY.
HIGGINBOTHAM & Co., Madras.
V. KALTANAEAMA IYEE & Co., Madras.
G. A. NATES AN & Co., Madias.
N. B. MATHUR, SuPErINTENTDeNT,
KANUN HIND PRESS, Allahabad.
rAI SAHIB M. GuLAB SINGH AND
SONS, Mufid-I-AM Press, Lahore.
StTPEBINTENDENT, AMEBICAN BAPTIST
MISSION PEESS, Rangoon.
PREFATORY NOTE.
THE first edition of 5,000 copies of this pamphlet
was soon exhausted. In preparing a second
edition Captain James has enlarged the scope of the work
so as to make it an easy introduction to the study of
malaria.
B. FRANKLIN, Surgn.-Genl.,
Director-General, Indian Medical /Service.
SIMLA.
October 1903.
THE
CAUSATION AND PREVENTION
OF
MALARIAL FEVERS.
I N the following statement I shall endeavour to describe as
clearly as possible the cause of malarial fevers, the method
by which they are contracted, the main characteristics of the
malarial fevers met with in India, their treatment, and the means
by which they may be prevented,
The cause of Malarial Fevers.
In the year 1880, Laveran, a French army surgeon, discovered
that malarial fevers are caused by the presence of a large number
of micro-organisms in the blood of patients suffering from the
disease. These micro-organisms, which live inside the red blood
corpuscles, are not bacteria; they are small animals belonging
to a grade of the animal kingdom called the protozoa.
Protozoa is the name applied to the lowest grade of the animal
kingdom. The animals in this grade are sharply distinguished
from all the rest of the animal kingdom (known collectively
under the name metazoa) by the fact that they are structurally
single cells of protoplasm—they are essentially unicellular
animals. A number of such cells may, as the result of the
process of fission (cell-divison), be grouped together in contact
with each other, but each cell thus formed is quite independent
of every other cell and pursues its own life apart. In con-
trast to this even the simplest of all other animals consist in the
first instance of two layers of cells (which are structurally and
functionally distinct from each other) arranged around a central
cavity, the common digestive cavity, which is in open communication
with the exterior by a mouth.
( 2 )
All protozoa are provided with a nucleus, and the substance of
which their bodies is composed has the same general properties as
the protoplasm of the cells which build up the tissues of the higher
animals; it is irritable, it moves, it assimilates food, it grows and
divides, and it produces, by chemical processes which take place in
its body, a variety of chemical compounds.
The malaria parasite,—for this is the name given to the parti-
cular protozoan which causes malarial fevers—is only one among
a very large number of parasitic animals included among the
protozoa. The animals in which a parasite passes its life and
at whose expense it lives are called its hosts, and the hosts of the
malaria parasite are man and mosquitoes. In man the organism
is found in the red blood corpuscles, and in the mosquito in
the tissues of the stomach wall and in the salivary glands.
The group of protozoa to which the malaria parasite belongs
multiply themselves by two methods. Firstly by an asexual
method, consisting of the simple division of a parasite after it
has grown to a certain size, into a number of small parts, each of
which can enter a new corpuscle and become a young parasite
exactly similar to the original one; and secondly by a sexual
method, consisting of the union of two cells which have acquired
different properties (male and female), followed by the growth
of the resulting fertilized cell and its division into a number of
parts which are capable of becoming young parasites exactly
similar to the original ones. It may be said that, as a general
rule, all protozoa, at the commencement of their life, multiply
themselves only by the asexual method, and that after a certain
number of generations have been thus produced, sexual forms
appear, which are capable, under suitable conditions, of carrying
on multiplication by the sexual method. Without sexual repro-
duction the organism would, after a certain number of asexual
generations, become worn out and die. It is impossible here to
give the reasons why, when the energy with which a protozoon
started life is almost all used up in multiplying itself by simple
division, sexual forms appear. The answer to such a question
would involve a consideration of the whole question of the origin of
the sexes. It is sufficient with regard to the malaria parasite to say
that after a certain number of asexual generations have been formed,
sexual forms appear, which, if transferred to the body of another host
( 3 )
(the mosquito), can, by a process of fertilization and subsequent
growth and division, produce forms which, when retransferred
to the original host, develop into entirely rejuvenated young
parasites with as much energy for asexual reproduction as had the
•original organism.
Man is only the intermediate host of the malaria parasite because
in his blood only asexual multiplication by cell division of the
parasite occurs, and if the organism had no other method of multi-
plying itself than this, it would die out with the death of the man.
The mosquito is the definitive host because in its body sexual
multiplication, by which the parasite is rejuvenated and enabled to
start its life afresh, whatever may afterwards happen to the
mosquito, takes place.
With this preliminary explanation we are in a position to
•describe the complete life history of the malaria parasite.* For the
sake of simplicity we may commence with the young form of the
parasite [schizont]† as it is found inside one of the red corpuscles of a
man's blood. It will be seen under the microscope as a small unicellu-
lar mass of protoplasm, undergoing amœboid movement and occupy-
ing but a small portion of the whole corpuscle (Pl. I, 2). It gradually
-grows larger, feeding upon the substance of the red blood corpuscle
and converting the hœmoglobin into dark granules of pigment
(melanin), which may be plainly seen in the parasite (PI. I, 3). When
it has grown to its full size, so that it nearly or quite fills the corpus-
cle, the grains of pigment collect together into a mass and the para-
site begins to divide up into a number of small parts, (Pl. I, 4, 5),
•each of which is capable of becoming a new parasite identical in all
respects with the original one. These parts or segments (" spores ".)
[merozoites] remain in contact with each other for a short time, and
then burst through the red blood corpuscle—which forms at
this time little more than a thin shell round the parasite—and
become free in the blood (PI. I, 6.). Each of them now seeks
out and enters a fresh red blood corpuscle, in which it begins
to grow in the same way as the original one did, ultimately reaching
its full size and dividing up into a fresh number of embryo parasites
* A careful study of Plate I will render the following description easily
understood. The diagrammatic figures in this plate should also he carefully
compared with the photographs of actual parasites in Plates VII and VIII.
† The correct names of the different stages of the parasite are inserted
between square brackets. It is not necessary for the beginner to remember
these names.