NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
Ind. Jour. Vety. Sci. & Anim. Husb., Vol. VIII, Pt. III ]
PLATE X
FIG. 1.
Pigeon-pox lesions reproduced with the Indian strain of pigeon-pox virus on the leg of Pigeon
No. 345, previously immunized with the English strain of the same virus on the other leg.
FIG. 2.
Pigeon-pox lesions reproduced with the Indian strain of pigeon-pox virus on the leg of Pigeon
No. 348, previously immunized with the English strain of the same virus on the other leg.
R. L. KAURA and S. GANAPATHY IYER 205
strain of the same virus on 20th April 1936 (Table IV). Pigeon No. 344 re-
sisted both the strains and was, therefore, naturally immune to this infection,
whereas, the other four pigeons reacted typically to the Indian strain of the
virus which suggested that there was some immunological difference between
the two strains (Plate X, Figs. 1 and 2).
Four more pigeons, after recovery from experimental infection with the
English strain of pigeon-pox virus were submitted to immunity test against
the Indian strain of the same virus on 12th May 1936 (Table IV). Of these,
three pigeons showed no reaction but the fourth one, No. 35, reacted mildly.
Since the results of the above two experiments were not similar, a fresh
lot of four pigeons which were previously infected with the English strain
of pigeon-pox virus were tested with the Indian strain of the same virus on
23rd May 1936 (Table IV). Pigeon No. 12 died three days after the cross
inoculations due to other causes and the other three proved refractory.
In continuation of this work seventeen more pigeons, actively immune to
the English strain of pigeon-pox, were inoculated with the Indian strain
of the same virus on 13th July 1936. Of these, fifteen pigeons reacted and the
remaining two showed no reaction.
From the results of the above experiments it appears that cross immunity
does not always exist between the English and the Indian strains of pigeon-
pox virus and there seems to exist some difference in the antigenic complex
of the two strains.
TABLE IV
Cross immunity test on pigeons, immune to the English strain of pigeon-pox
virus against the Indian strain of the same virus
Pigeon
No.
344
345
346
348
642
32
33
Date of inocu-
lation with the
English strain
of pigeon-pox
virus
6th March 1936
6th March 1936
6th March 1936
6th March 1936
6th March 1936
20th April 1936
20th April 1936
Result of the
inoculation
No reaction .
Reacted
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Date of cross
immunity test
with the Indian
strain of
pigeon-pox virus
20th April 1936
20th April 1936
20th April 1936
20th April 1936
20th April 1936
12th May 1936
12th May 1936
Result of the
cross immunity
test
No reaction .
Reacted
Do.
Do.
Do.
No reaction .
Do.
Remarks
206
Studies on a Natural Outbreak of Pigeon-Pox
TABLE IV—contd.
Cross immunity test on pigeons, immune to the English strain of pigeon-pox
virus against the Indian strain of the same virus
Pigeon
No.
34
35
9
10
11
12
58
59
60
61
62
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
Date of inocu-
lation with the
English strain
of pigeon-pox
virus
20th April 1936
20th April 1936
20th April 1936
20th April 1936
20th April 1936
20th April 1936
13th June 1936
13th June 1936
13th June 1936
13th June 1936
13th June 1936
13th June 1936
13th June 1936
13th June 1936
13th June 1936
13th June 1936
13th June 1936
13th June 1936
13th June 1936
13th June 1936
Result of the
inoculation
Reacted
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
.
Do.
.
Do.
.
Do.
.
Do.
.
Do.
.
Do. .
Do.
.
Do.
.
Do.
.
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Date of cross
immunity test
with the Indian
strain of
pigeon-pox virus
12th May 1936
12th May 1936
23rd May 1936
23rd May 1936
23rd May 1936
23rd May 1936
13th July 1936
13th July 1936
13th July 1936
13th July 1936
13th July 1936
13th July 1936
13th July 1936
13th July 1936
13th July 1936
13th July 1936
13th July 1936
13th July 1936
13th July 1936
13th July 1936
Result of the
cross immunity
test
No reaction .
Mild reaction
No reaction .
Do. .
Do. .
Died
after
three days
due to other
causes.
Reacted
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
No reaction .
Reacted .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
No reaction .
Reacted .
Remarks
R. L.KAURA and S. GANAPATHY IYER 207
TABLE IV—concld.
Cross immunity test on pigeons, immune to the English strain of pigeon-pox
virus, against the Indian strain of the same virus
Pigeon
No.
73
75
76
81
80
79
78
Date of inocu-
lation with the
English strain
of pigeon-pox
virus
13th June 1936
13th June 1936
13th June 1936
..
..
..
..
Result of the
inoculation
Reacted
Do. .
Do. .
..
..
..
..
Date of cross
immunity test
with the Indian
strain of
pigeon-pox virus
13th July 1936
13th July 1936
13th July 1936
13th July 1936
13th July 1936
13th July 1936
13th July 1936
Result of the
cross immunity
test
Reacted
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Remarks
(Control)
Do.
Do.
Do.
(b) Testing the immunity of pigeons, immunized with the Indian strain
of pigeon-pox virus, against the English strain of the same virus.—Five pigeons
immune to the Indian strain of pigeon-pox virus were tested with the English
strain of the same virus on 6th May 1936. Pigeon No. 3 which reacted to
the Indian strain resisted the English strain. Pigeon No. 2 did not react
to either of the two strains. Pigeons Nos. 1, 4 and 5 reacted typically to
the English strain although they were immune to the Indian strain (Table V).
In order to confirm the immunological differences between the two strains,
ten more pigeons, that were previously inoculated with the Indian strain
(five with filtered and the other five with unfiltered virus emulsion) were
submitted to cross immunity test with the English strain of pigeon-pox virus
on 26th May 1936. Of these, four pigeons showed evidence of cross immunity
while the remaining six pigeons reacted to the cross immunity test
which suggeste some immunological difference between the two strains,
although clinically both were indistinguishable (Table V).
Nine more pigeons after experimental infection with the Indian strain
were tested for immunity against the English strain on 13th July 1936
(Table V). Of these, five pigeons showed no evidence of cross immunity
while three pigeons had developed protection against the English strain.
Pigeon No. 54 was naturally immune as it did not react to either of
the two strains.
Although there was evidence of cross immunity between the two strains
of pigeon-pox in some cases, yet the instances were not many, as compared
with those cases where there was no evidence of cross immunity, to confirm the
immunological identity of the English and the Indian strains of pigeon-pox.
208
Studies on a Natural Outbreak of Pigeon-Pox
TABLE V
Cross immunity test of pigeons, immune to the Indian strain pigeon-pox virus,
against the English strain of the same virus
Pigeon
No.
1
2
3
4
5
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
Date of inocu-
lation with the
Indian strain of
pigeon-pox virus
20th April 1936
(with unfiltered
material).
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
12th May 1936
(with Berkefeld
' V ' filtrate).
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
12th May 1936
(with unfiltered
material).
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Result of
inoculation
No reaction .
Do. .
Reacted .
No reaction .
Do. .
Reacted .
Do. .
No reaction .
Reacted
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
No reaction .
Date of cross
immunity test
with the English
strain of pigeon-
pox virus
6th May 1936 .
6th May 1936 .
6th May 1936 .
6th May 1936 .
6th May 1936 .
26th May 1936
26th May 1936
26th May 1936
26th May 1936
26th May 1936
26th May 1936
26th May 1936
26th May 1936
26th May 1936
26th May 1936
Result of the
cross immunity
test
Reacted .
No reaction .
Do. .
Reacted .
Do. .
No reaction .
Reacted .
Do. .
Do. .
No reaction .
Reacted .
Do. .
No reaction .
Do. .
Reacted .
Remarks
Died due
to other
causes.
Died due
to other
causes.
R. L. KAURA and S. GANAPATHY IYER 209
TABLE V—contd.
Cross immunity test on pigeons, immune to the Indian strain pigeon-pox virus,
against the English strain of the same virus
Pigeon
No.
47
48
49
50
51
52
54
55
56
86
85
84
83
82
Date of inocu-
lation with the
Indian strain
of pigeon-pox
virus
13th June 1936
(with unfiltered
material).
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
..
..
..
..
..
Result of
inoculation
Reacted
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
No reaction .
Do. .
Reacted
..
..
..
..
..
Date of cross
immunity test
with the English
strain of
pigeon-pox virus
13th July 1936
13th July 1936
13th July 1936
13th July 1936
13th July 1936
13th July 1936
13th July 1936
13th July 1936
13th July 1936
13th July 1936
13th July 1936
13th July 1936
13th July 1936
13th July 1936
Result of the
cross immunity
test
No reaction .
Reacted
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
No reaction .
Do. .
Reacted
No reaction .
Do. .
Reacted
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Remarks
Died.
Died due
to other
causes.
(Control).
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
210
Studies on a Natural Outbreak of Pigeon-Pox
COMPLEMENT FIXATION TESTS
Sera from natural cases of pigeon-pox and pigeons after artificial infection
with the English strain were tested for the presence of complement fixing
bodies. The tests were controlled by healthy sera. Kolmer's [1931] technique
of the " Wassermann test" was employed with slight modifications as required.
The results are tabulated in Table VI.
TABLE VI
Complement fixation tests
Kind of serum
Anti-pigeon pox (Indian) . . .
Anti-pigeon pox (English) . .
Healthy pigeon
....
Healthy fowl
.....
Quantity of
serum
0.1
0.05
0.01
0.005
0.1
0.05
0.01
0.005
0.1
0.05
0.01
0.005
0.1
0.05
0.01
0.005
Result with antigens
Indian strain
+
+
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
English strain
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
N.B. + = Fixation of complement (no haemolysis).
— = No fixation of complement (haemolysis).
From the above table it appears that the complement fixing bodies are
not, as a rule, demonstrable in the serum of pigeons recovered from pigeon-
pox. Hence this test cannot be applied with advantage in this disease
caused by either the English or the Indian strain of the virus.
R. L. KAURA and S. GANAPATHY IYER 211
SUMMARY
A natural outbreak of pigeon-pox occurred in a stock of healthy pigeons
at the Imperial Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar and the source of
infection was not traceable. The causative agent was demonstrated to be a
filterable virus and has been maintained by passage through pigeons. This
appears to be the first recorded outbreak in India.
Immunological tests of the virus isolated, indicate certain degree of anti-
genic variation from the English strain of pigeon-pox virus although both are
similar on grounds of pathogenicity and their capability to protect fowls against
fowl-pox.
Preliminary complement fixation tests showed that complement fixing
bodies were rarely demonstrable in the sera of healthy as well as pigeon-pox
immune birds.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to thank Mr. D. A. Munro, G.B.V.C, Head Laboratory
Assistant, who drew their attention to the outbreak and to Mr. J. R. Haddow,
B.Sc, M.R.C.V.S., D.V.S.M., Serologist,
Imperial Veterinary Research
Institute, Mukteswar, for his valuable criticism and helpful guidance. Our
thanks are also due to Mr. J. S. Rao, Artist, for the photographs.
REFERENCES
Brandly, C. A. and Bushnell, L. D. (1932). J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. 80, 782.
Burnet, F. M. (1933). J. Path. & Bact. 37, 107.
Canham, A. S. (1932.) U. S. Afr. 18th Rep. Dir. Vet. Ser. & Anim. Ind. 111.
Dean, G. and Marshall, W.E. (1909). J. Path. & Bact. 13, 29,
Doyle, T. M. and Minett, F. C. (1927). J. Comp. Path. & Therap. 40, 247.
Doyle, T. M. (1930). J. Comp. Path. & Therap. 43, 40.
Findlay, G. M. (1930). Referred to in System of Bact. 7, 259.
Haring, C. M. and Kofoid, C. A. (1911-12). Amer. Vet. Rev. 40, 717.
Hutyra, F. and Marek, J. (1926). Spec. Path, & Ther. 1, 520.
Irons, V. (1934). Amer. J. Hyg. 20, 329.
Johnson, W. T. (1935). Referred to in System of Bact. 7, 264.
Jowett, W. (1909). J. Comp. Path. & Therap. 22, 22.
Kaura, R. L. and Ganapathy Iyer, S. (1936). Ind. J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb. 6, 4,
313.
Kolmer, J. A. and Boerner, F. (1931). Approved Lab. Tech. 453.
Ledingham, J. C. G. (1926). J. State Med. 34, 125.
Marx, E. and Sticker, A. (1902). Deut. Med. Woch. 50, 11, 893.
M'Fadyean, J. (1908). J. Comp. Path. & Therap. 21, 171.
Michael, S. T. (1932). J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. 81, 319.
Ward, A. R. and Gallagher, B. A. (1923). Diseases of Domesticated Birds, 98.
PLATE XI
[Ind. Jour. Vety. Sci. & Anim. Husb., Vol. VIII, Pt. III.
Ventral view of Prosthogonimus indicus, n. sp.
KEY TO LETTERING.
Act. ..
C.s. ..
Ex. bl. ..
G.p. ..
I.c. ..
Oes. ..
Ov. ..
O.s. ..
Ph. ..
T. ..
Ut. ..
Vt. ..
.. Acetabulum or ventral sucker.
.. Cirrus sac.
.. Excretory bladder.
.. Genital pore.
.. Intestinal caecum.
.. Oesophagus.
.. Ovary.
.. Oral sucker.
.. Pharynx.
.. Testis.
.. Uterus.
.. Vitellaria.
A NEW
TREMATODE—PROSTHOGONIMUS
INDICUS, N. SP.—
OCCURRING IN THE OVIDUCT OF INDIAN FOWLS,
WITH REMARKS ON 'PROSTHOGONIMIASIS'
BY
HAR DAYAL SRIVASTAVA, D. Sc.,
Helminthologist (On special duty)
Imperial Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar-Kumaun.
(Received for publication on 7th March 1938)
(With Plates XI and XII)
THE members of the genus Prosthogonimus are considered to be the most
pathogenic trematodes of poultry. The genus was created by Luhe in 1899
with Rudolphi's ovatus as the type species. Two specimens of this species
were first recovered by Hanow in 1753 from a freshly laid hen's egg. According
to de Blieck and van Heelsbergen [1923] the earliest record of the occurrence
of this species is by Hanow in 1749. Subsequently a number of species has
been described under the genus. At present representatives of the genus are
known to occur in Europe, Asia, Africa and North and South America. The
genus is now definitely assigned to the sub-family Prosthogoniminae Luhe
[1909], and has been reviewed by Braun [1901] and [1902], Skrjabin [1913],
Shen [1931] and Macy [1934].
Through the courtesy of Mr. S. Ganapathy Iyer, the author received
a number of fowls which had succumbed to Doyle's disease and Fowl-pox for
parasitological examination. From the oviducts of two fowls three speci-
mens of a new species of the genus were recovered. One of the birds was
heavily infested with Amoebotaenia sphenoides also.
PROSTHOGONIMUS INDICUS, N.SP.
Host—Gallus gallus domesticus.
Habitat—Oviduct.
Locality—Mukteswar-Kumaun. (The birds were received from the
plains).
In the living state the trematodes are light brown in colour and possess
considerable power of contraction and expansion. The body is pear-shaped
with a broadly rounded hinder end and a comparatively attenuated anterior
end. The cuticle is studded with minute, somewhat backwardly directed
spines of 0.015 × 0.004* size. They are closely set in the pre-testi¬
cular part but become sparse towards the hinder end. In permanent
*All measurements are in mm.
( 213 )
214
Prosthogonimus indicus in Indian Fowls
mounts the parasite measures 4.84—8.0 in length and 2.0—2.8 in maxi-
mum breadth which occurs across the testicular region. The cup-shaped
oral sucker is slightly subterminal and measures 0.18—0.32 × 0.24—0.42
in size. It is followed by a very small prepharynx, a well-developed
ovoid pharynx of 0.12—0.2 × 0.18—0.26 size and a moderately long,
0.32—0.38 and narrow oesophagus. The oesophagus bifurcates into two,
fairly long intestinal caeca which end blindly just in front of the pos-
terior fifth of body length. The acetabulum measures 0.66—1.2 in diame-
ter and is situated at the junction of the first and middle-thirds of body length.
The greater part of the acetabulum lies behind the anterior third of body.
The testes, two in number, are situated almost symmetrically, one on
either side of the median line, in the intercaecal space close behind the ante-
rior half of body length. The left testis of 0.38—0.7 × 0.38—0.74
size is situated slightly cephalad to the right testis which measures 0.6—0.64
× 0.4—0.6 in size. The cirrus sac is a narrow, elongated, somewhat
sinuous tube extending from the genital atrium to a little beyond the intesti-
nal bifurcation upto the end of the anterior fifth of body length. It lies on
the left side of the oesophagus and encloses an elongated, narrow, coiled vesi-
cula seminalis which communicates anteriorly through a narrow duct with
a feebly developed cirrus. The small and shallow genital atrium enclosing
the male and female openings is situated on the left side in level with the an-
terior margin of the oral sucker.
The ovarian mass, 0.4—0.74 × 0.58 —1.0 in size, consists of a
large number of closely aggregated, elongated oval follicles situated almost
in the median line at the middle of the body length. The greater part of the
ovarian mass is pre-equatorial and slightly overlaps the acetabulum anteriorly.
An inconspicuous elongated and narrow receptaculum seminis, 0.13 — 0.26
× 0.06 — 0.08 in size, lies behind the ovarian mass, a little to the left
of the median line. The receptaculum seminis after giving off a small Laurer's
canal opens into the oviduct. The shell gland complex is rather diffuse and
is post-ovarian. The vitellaria consist of a large number of elongated oval
follicles arranged laterally in seven to nine bunches. They begin from a little
in front of the acetabulum and end slightly in front of the blind ends of the
intestinal caeca. The vitellaria are mostly confined to the space between the
intestinal caeca and the body wall. The uterus consists of coiled ascending
and descending arms and occupies nearly the whole of the post-testicular space.
In front of the ovary the ascending arm of the uterus runs in a more or less
straight course and lies terminally to the left of the cirrus sac. It opens
distally into the genital atrium independent of the male opening. The uterus
is full of yellowish brown, small oval eggs of 0.019 — 0.021 × 0.011 —
0.015 size.
The excretory bladder is Y shaped, with the main stem bifurcating into
lateral cornua in the testicular region. The excretory pore lies terminally
at the hinder end.
Ind. Jour. Vety. Sci. & Anim. Husb., Vol. VIII, Part III
]
PLATE XII
FIG.
1. Internal organs
of chicken infested with Prosthogonimus
species.
(after Kotlan and Chandler. 1925). a. albuminous
clots in oviduct ; b. albuminous clot in peritoneal cavity ;
I.
intestines ; H. heart.
FIG.
2.
Life cycle of P. macrorchis (after Macy, 1934)
H. D.
SRIVASTAVA
219
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220
Prosthogonimus indicus in Indian Fowls
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PLATE XIII
[ Ind. Jour. Vety. Sci. & Anim. Husb., Vol. VIII, Pt. III
FIG. 1.
Section of growth showing large numbers
of sporangia underlying the epithelium
FIG. 2.
Sporangia in various stages of development
as seen under low power
FIG. 3.
An immature sporangium with a thick
capsule as seen under high power
FIG. 4.
A mature sporangium with fully-developed
spores as seen under high power
RHINOSPORIDIOSIS IN EQUINES
BY
LAKSHMI SAHAI, M.Sc., M.R.C.V.S.
(Veterinary) Disease Investigation Officer, Bihar
(Received for publication on 9th April, 1938)
(With Plates XIII and XIV)
THE first published reference to the occurrence of Rhinosporidiosis in
animals in this country is to be found in a paper entitled " Rhinosporidiosis
in Cattle " read by the late Krishnamurti Ayyar at the seventh Congress
of the Far Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine held in Calcutta in 1927,
wherein after reviewing the literature on the subject, he recorded the discovery
of the parasite in growths from the nasal cavities of two bullocks and one cow
in the Tanjore district of Madras. Up till now this has been the only record of
the occurrence of the disease in bullocks either in this country or outside.
Later, in 1932, Ayyar described Rhinosporidial growths in a mare which
also came from the Tanjore district. Though this was the first case of its kind
to be recorded in a horse in India, the parasite had been described earlier in a
horse, by Zschokke [1913] in growths sent to him from South Africa. The
growth from the nasal cavity in which the parasite was found was of the size
of an egg, reddish in colour and hard with a rough outer surface and inside it
were found cysts which were filled with a parasite which was very closely allied
to Rhinosporidium seeberi, the parasite found in man and which Zschokke
termed Rhinosporidium equi.
In 1926, two further cases were recorded in the same country in mules by
Quinlan and de Koch, and in 1928 another in a horse in Mentevedeo by Cordero
and Vogeslang, the lesions in all these cases being more or less alike and in the
nature of irregular tumour-like masses situated on the nasal mucous membrane.
Including the case recorded by Krishnamurti Ayyar, there are on record
only five cases of Rhinosporidiosis in equines. The object of this small note
is to place on record another case of equine Rhinosporidiosis in a country-
bred pony at Bargarh in the Sambalpur district of Orissa.
During the author's visit to Bargarh in February, 1937, Veterinary Assist-
ant Surgeon Y. K. Viswanathan, in-charge of the local Veterinary Dispensary,
showed him a small growth which he had removed from the nasal cavity of a
horse. Suspecting that it might be a Rhinosporidial growth, the writer
brought it to Patna where the diagnosis was confirmed by histological examina-
tion.
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