NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
Indian J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb., Vol. XII, Part II
]
PLATE
XVI
FIG. 1. Pieces of small intestine showing annular
arrangement of the corrugations
FIG. 2. Showing infiltration of epithelioid cells in the interglandular
connective tissue × 265
PLATE XVII
[ Indian J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb., Vol. XII, Part II
FIG. 1. Section from mesenteric lymph, gland showing patches of symplasmatons
degeneration and a partially formed giant cell ×249
FIG. 2. Section from mesenteric lymph, gland showing a fully
formed giant cell × 138
164
Paratuberculosis (Johne's Disease) in Goats
Lange, W. and Berge, R. (1915) Quoted by McEwen.
McEwen, A. D. (1939). J. Comp. Path. & Ther. 52, 69
McFadyean, J. and Sheather, A. L. (1916). J. Comp. Path. & Ther. 29, 62
Nanda, P. N. and Singl Gurbax (1940). Indian J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb. 10, 3, 276
Noel-Pillers, A. W. (1924). Vet. J. 80, 170
Pande, P. G. (1940). Indian J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb. 10, 1, 40
Rahimuddin, M. (1940). I.C.A. R. Misc. Bull. No. 33
Stockman, S. (1911). J. Comp. Path. 24, 66
PARASITES AND PARASITOSIS OF SHEEP
BY
T. VINAYAKA MUDALIAR, G.M.V.C.
Superintendent
AND
S. VAITHYANATHA MUDALIAR, G.M.V.C
Veterinary Assistant Surgeon, Hosur Cattle Farm
(Received for publication on 16 June 1941)
A N attempt is made in this article to bring together the facts and experi-
ences connected with helminth parasites infesting the sheep of the Hosur
Cattle Farm and the disease conditions produced by them. Sheep breeding
has been going on at this farm for quite a long time now, and the present flock
has been built up under a sheep breeding scheme financed by the Imperial
Council of Agricultural Research. One of the items in the programme of the
scheme is to conduct investigation into diseases.
A careful post-mortem examination of a large number of affected animals
reveals the following parasites as occurring among sheep more or less com-
monly.
A. Trematodes :—Paramphistomum cervi.
B. Cestodes :—Moniezia expansa.
Moniezia benedeni.
Stilesia vittata.
Avitellina lahorea,
C. Nematodes :— Haemonchus contortus.
Trichostrongylus colubriformis.
Oesophagostomum columbianum.
Trichuris ovis.
Strongyloides papillosus.
The worms most commonly met with are the following :—
Haemonchus contortus and Oesophagostomum columbianum among the
round worms and the Moniezias among the tape worms.
The parasitism caused by these is described below :—
Symptoms and lesions of parasitism
The clinical symptoms produced by the above parasites are almost alike
but the lesions set up by individual group of worms are specific and are dealt
with, under each parasite.
165
T. V. MUDALIAR AND S. V. MUDALIAR 167
set up by the worms causes secretion of increased stomach juices, inducing
the animal to consume more food, but all this is probably not digested or only
partially so. The chief loss is of blood resulting in anaemia, insufficient nutri-
tion of organs and muscles, with consequent wasting. The fluid part of the
blood oozes through the ill-nourished vessel-wall and produces oedema. The
toxins liberated by-the parasites, particularly when in large numbers, get
into the circulation and the various excretory organs are unduly taxed. The
heart and lungs share the brunt of the attack and become weakened and
diseased. The liver shares the same fate resulting in fatty infiltration and
degeneration. In this exhausted state of health, when the whole animal
economy is surcharged with toxins and the blood rendered thin and deficient
in haemoglobin, the hosts become an easy prey to any slight infection with
bacterial diseases.
2. Oesophagostomum columbianum (Nodular worm)
This worm inhabits the large intestines, particularly the caecum and colon.
When a successful infestation is established the symptoms exhibited by the
host are almost the same as those mentioned under Haemonchus contortus.
The lesions are, in the early cases, an acute enteritis, being set up by the
presence of a large number of larvae of the worm penetrating to the submucosa
with consequent irritation and inflammation, resulting in the formation of
small little nodules. These nudules are soft, greyish in the beginning later
becoming filled with pus. due to bacterial contamination and finally become
calcified due to deposition of calcium salts in them. The inflammation set up
in the intestines, in course of time with the continued irritation and formation
of a large number of nodules, becomes chronic and the mucous membrane is
very much thickened along with a thick covering of mucous in the lumen.
In these circumstances, digestion and absorption are interfered with, resulting
in the same sequelae as those mentioned under Haemonchus contortus. Locked
up in the thick mucous, are found a large number of worms. This nodular
enteritis (pimply gut) is the cause of so many deaths in sheep, with great loss
of vitality, flesh and weight. The absorption of toxins liberated by the worms
and the secondary invasion of bacteria from the intestines may result in
complications such as peritonitis, pneumonia, pleuritis and pericarditis.
3. Moniezias
Infestation with these worms is noticed mostly in lambs from three to
five or six months of age. Lambs harbouring these worms show symptoms
of rough coat, falling off of wool, a greatly pendulous abdomen, wasting and
greenish thin diarrhoea. Examination of faeces by Sheather's floatation
method reveals plenty of ova. It is very rare to find infestation with tape-
worms alone and in the majority of cases observed, there is co-existent hae-
monchosis and oesophagostomiasis.
Instances in which nothing but worms were found tightly packed in the
intestines, from beginning to end, were many. The emaciation caused to the
lambs is enormous, especially when the other worms (Haemonchus contortus
168
Parasites and Parasitosis of Sheep
and Oesophagostomum columbianum) are also present. In infestation with
tape-worms, not much enteritis is noticed, but a great pallor of the intestinal
mucosa is visible, as if the animal has been bled to death. Apart from the loss
of nutriment to the host, the amount of calcium depleted from the animal must
be enormous considering the quantity required for the tape-worms to grow in
such large numbers. The harm done to the host in the case of infestation with
the tape-worms is primarily the loss of blood calcium. With a rapid fall in
the blood calcium content, the animal's resistance goes down leading to other
complications, if not in death.
SUMMARY
The commoner helminth parasites met with in the sheep on the Hosur
Cattle Farm, viz. Haemonchus contortus, Oesophagostomum columbianum and
the Moniezias, the clinical symptoms and lesions produced by them and the
histopathology have been dealt with in this article.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are indebted to Mr T. J. Hurley, the Director of Veterinary
Services for his useful suggestions and discussions on sheep diseases during his
visits to the farm. To Mr. R. W. Littlewood, the Livestock Development
Officer, is due the authors' gratitude for encouragement and facilities afforded
for the study of sheep diseases.
ON TWO NEW MALLOPHAGA FROM THE KITE, MILVUS
MIGRANS GOVINDA SYKES
BY
PURNENDU SEN, M.Sc. (CAL.), PH.D. (LOND.), D.I.O.
Entomologist, Bengal Public Health Department, Calcutta
(Received for publication on 11 August 1941)
(With two text-figures)
Læmobothrion indica n.sp. (Fig. 1)
T HIS is a large insect, measuring about 8.5 mm. in length with a dis-
tinct trapezoidal head, a glabrous prothorax and a metathorax continuous
FIG. 1. Læmobothrion indica n. sp. (x 13).
169
PURNENDU SEN 171
Measurements of female
Head
Thorax
.........
Abdomen
........
Third
femur........
Third
tibia........
Length
mm.
1.4
1.7
5.3
1.6
1.1
Breadth
mm.
1 .6
1 .5
2.1
. .
. .
swelling of the head and more than five in the temple, in the absence of a
median furrow in the first two abdominal segments and in the general
chætotaxy of the body, as also in proportional measurements of the different
parts of the body.
Only two female specimens of the species were obtained for description
through the courtesy of Mr K. N. Das, M.Sc., of the Zoological Survey of
India, who collected the insects from a kite, Milvus migrans govinda Sykes, in
Calcutta. The type specimen is deposited in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
Philopterus milvi var. tropica n. var. (Fig. 2)
Only one male specimen was available for the present description. The
specimen is dark-brown to chestnut in colour and measures about 1.9 mm. in
length. The head is sub-triangular with the posterior end broadest. The
head bulges out in front into a fleshy transparent outgrowth which also cov ers
a portion of the lateral face towards the tip ; anteriorly this outgrowth has a
median depression. From the anterior corners of this region two curved lon-
gish bristles having their seat of origin on the ventral surface, arise on either
side. There is another bristle just below the junction of the transparent out-
growth with the dark chitinous margin. The frontal plate is highly chitinous
and dark. The trabeculæ, one on each side, are prominent and of light yellow
colour. A pair of long bristles are present latero-ventrally in front of the trabe-
culæ on either side. The eyes appear as shining protuberances. Behind the
eye there are four long bristles. The occiput is slightly rounded in the middle,
the corners are almost straight. It bears a pair of small setæ, one on each
172
On two New Mallophaga from the Kite
side, almost half-way between the outer boundary of the occiput and its junc-
tion with the thorax. The antennæ are brownish and five-segmented, of which
the second segment is the longest being almost equal in length to the next two
segments in front. The thorax is broader than its length.
FIG. 2. Philopterus milvi var. tropica n. var. (x 45).
The prothorax is small and widened posteriorly and shows a median
suture. In the hinder corner there is a long bristle on either side. The
metathorax is much broader and also exhibits a median suture. The dark
chitinous plates on each side are irregularly dentate posteriorly. In the
metathorax there are three long bristles on each side, one laterally situated
and the other two closely apposed and placed on the hinder corner of the
thorax. The legs are short and stout and of dark brown colour, and terminate
in fine claws.
There are nine visible abdominal segments, the last being rounded and
small. The first eight segments bear on each side, a dark chitinous plate which
is narrowed inwardly. The mid-region of the abdomen not covered by the
PURNENDU SEN 173
chitinous plates is whitish. There is a number of long bristles arising from
near the posterior margin of each segment, and the bristles are also present in
the lateral margins.
Measurements of male
Head
Thorax
.........
Abdomen........
Third
femur........
Third
tibia
Length
mm.
0.73
0.41
0.73
0.28
0.34
Breadth
mm.
0.71
0.61
0.85 (3rd seg.)
0.47 (7th seg.)
. .
. .
The new variety described here is closely related to Philopterus milvi
(Mjöberg) but the two short setæ present in front of the eye of the forma typica
are absent in the present variety, and there are only four long bristles on the
margin of the head behind the eye against five in the forma typica [Mjöberg,
1910]. In the present variety, there are three long bristles on the metathorax
on either side, there being only one in the P. milvi (forma typica). The
proportional measurements of certain parts of the body also somewhat differ.
The thorax is slightly longer and the abdomen shorter than in the forma
typica ; the tibia is longer than femur in the present variety.
The specimen was collected from the common pariah kite, Milvus migrans
govinda Sykes, in Calcutta along with the Læmobothrion described above by
Mr K. N. Das, M.Sc., who kindly handed over the specimen to me for study.
The varietal form is deposited in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
REFERENCES
Mjöberg, E. (1910). Ark.f. Zool. 6, 109-11
Piaget, E. (1880). Les Pediculines, 578-81
178
ABSTRACT
The accepted explanation of linkage is that linked factors reside on the same chro-
mosome. That is why they do not assort independently. When linked factors do part
company it is because, as we now know from very pretty and intricate evidence, there has
been an exchange of material between the two members of a pair of chromosomes. In
animals and plants in which many genes have been recognized it is found that they fall
into groups of factors, the members of each group, we are well justified in believing, being
carried on the same chromosome. Strong but simple evidence for this conclusion is that
in a few animals and plants that have been very intensively studied and possess a com-
paratively small number of pairs of chromosomes—four in the vinegar-fly and ten in maize
—the number of linkate groups is the same as the number of pairs of chromosomes.
Linkage is to be remembered as one explanation of correlation between characters.
If two factors reside very close together on the chromosome—as happens in some Russian
sheep with a factor for horns, and a factor for failure of the testis to descend—the two
characters may remain in almost unbroken association in the stock, and it may not be easy
to discover that they are not different expressions of the same genetic factor. As inti-
mated earlier, however, linkage does not yet claim much attention from the livestock
breeder, for the reason that few linked factors are known in our large domesticated mam-
mals. Linkage is of more significance for the background of our thinking in animal
husbandry, because it affords such important evidence for the belief that genetic factors
are carried by the chromosomes. [R. L. K.].
(To be continued.)
GIPD—S1—777 IC of AR—17-7-42—500.
ERRATA
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
Volume XII, Part I, 1942
Page 61, line 7, for Plate I read Plate II
Page 72, line 10, for lives stock read livestock
Page 73, 3rd line from bottom, for Stapesdon read Stapledon
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
THE VITAMIN-A POTENCY OF COW'S MILK AT
DIFFERENT LEVELS OF CAROTENE INGESTION
BY
K. C. SEN, D.Sc.
Officer-in-charge
AND
B. C. RAI SARKAR, M.Sc.
Research Assistant
Animal Nutrition Section
Imperial Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar
(Received for publication on 21 July 1941)
I N a recent review Woodman [1939] has drawn attention to the investiga-
tion carried out by Atkeson et al. [1937], in which they have shown that,
when cows are kept on abundant green pasture with a carotene intake of about
one to six million International Units daily, only 0 . 24 per cent of the total
ingested carotene appears in the butterfat in the form of carotene and vitamin-
A and that thus there is a great wastage of the ingested substance. Four
years previously, Baumann and Steenbock [1933] had found that in the case
of a mixed herd, the carotene content of the summer butter did not consti-
tute more than 15 per cent of the total vitamin-A potency. These authors
considered that, although a large amount of carotene could be given to animals
by including excessive amounts of carotene as green fodders in the ration,
there was some factor in the body which controlled the conversion of carotene
into vitamin-A. In later experiments, Baumann et al. [1934] observed definite
breed differences, when carotene and vitamin-A contents of butterfat from
cows of various breeds on high and low carotene diet were examined. On a
low carotene ration, about 3.3 per cent of the ingested vitamin-A was secreted
in the milk, while on a high carotene ration only 1.3 per cent was secreted.
The effect of seasonal variation (which includes different levels of carotene
intake in winter and summer) on the vitamin-A potency of cow's butter has
been summarized by Davies [1939] who has referred to the works of Crawford
et al. [1932], Fraps and Treichler [1932], Booth et al. [1933], Watson et al.
[1933] and Gillam et al. [1933].
Although in the earlier work of Baumann and Steenbock [1933], the caro-
tene in butter constituted, on an average, 15 per cent of the total vitamin-A
potency, later work by Baumann et al. [1934] revealed that, on typical pastur-
age conditions, carotene constituted about 32 per cent of the total potency.
Atkeson et al. (1937) found, with two Ayrshire cows and one Holstein, which
were kept on an excessive amount of green pasture, an average value of
35 per cent as the potency of carotene in butter. Neither this proportion
179
B
182
Vitamin-A Potency of Cow's Milk
TABLE I
Vitamin-A potency in International Units per pound of morning and evening milk of stall-fed cows on low or
on high carotene rations
Cow No.
46 . .
123 . .
145 . .
180 . .
Average .
Daily carotene intake = 20,797 I. U.
Potency per pound of milk
Carotene
content
*M.
milk
45. 40
20.43
27.24
45. 40
34. 62
†E
milk
56.50
22.70
27.24
45. 40
37.96
Vitamin-A
content
M.
milk
177.06
177.06
177.06
177.06
177.06
E.
milk
247.88
247.88
265.59
177.06
234.60
Total
potency
M.
milk
222.46
197.49
204.30
222.46
211.68
E.
milk
304.38
270.58
292.83
222.46
272.56
Daily carotene intake = 361,980 I. U.
Potency per pound of milk
Carotene
content
M.
milk
63. 28
51.98
45.40
50. 48
52.79
E.
milk
80. 63
63.28
60.29
51.98
64. 05
Vitamin-A
content
M.
milk
212.47
262.00
262.00
318.70
263.79
E.
milk
422.22
478.06
424.94
329.33
413.64
Total
potency
M.
milk
275.75
313.98
307.40
369. 18
316.58
E.
milk
502.85
541.34
485.23
381.31
477.68
* M. milk—denotes morning milk
† E. milk—denotes evening milk
K. C. SEN AND B. C. RAI SARKAR 183
TABLE II
Vitamin-A potency in International Units per pound of morning and evening milk of cows kept in the dairy
on high or on low carotene rations
Cow No.
42 . .
83 . .
84 . .
Average .
Daily carotene intake = 869,128 I. U.
Potency per pound of milk
Carotene
content
M.
milk
147. 1
103.9
67.6
106.2
E.
milk
180.6
207.9
139.8
176. 1
Vitamin-A
content
M.
milk
358.2
310. 1
354. 1
340. 8
E.
milk
378.2
446. 3
439.0
421.2
Total
potency
M.
milk
505.3
414.0
421.7
447.0
E.
milk
558.8
654. 2
578.8
597.3
Daily carotene intake = 88,175 I. U.
Potency per pound of milk
Carotene
content
M.
milk
12.0
33.9
52.0
32. 6
E.
milk
13. 1
61.8
63. 3
46. 1
Vitamin-A
content
M.
milk
247.9
247.9
247.9
247.9
E.
milk
255.0
309.8
368.3
311.0
Total
potency
M.
milk
259.9
281.8
299.9
280.5
E.
milk
268.1
371.6
431.6
357.1
184
Vitamin-A Potency of Cow's Milk
TABLE III
The effect of different levels of carotene ingestion on the total vitamin-A potency
of mixed milk per pound of butterfat
Animals
Group I
(Stall-fed)
Group II
(Dairy animals)
Daily caro-
tene intake
I.U.
20,797
361,980
869,128
88,175
Average
carotene con-
tent per
pound of
butterfat
I.U.
645.8
967.2
2,542.4
821.7
Average
vitamin-A
content per
pound of
butterfat
I.U.
3,711.4
5,630.7
7,203.5
5,856.6
Total
vitamin-
A potency
per pound
of butter-
fat I.U.
4,357.2
6,597.9
9,745.9
6,678.3
Per cent
variation
of
carotene
} + 49.8
}—67.7
Per cent
variation
of
vitamin-A
+ 51.7
—18.7
Per cent
variation
in total
potency
+ 51.4
—31 5
TABLE IV
The effect of different levels of carotene ingestion on the plasma carotene and
vitamin-A
Cow No.
42
83 }
84
Average
42
83 }
84
Average
Daily caro-
tene intake
(gm.)
0.521
0.521
0.0529
0.0529
Carotene per
100 c.c.
plasma (mg.)
1.85
1.55
1.60
1.67
0.427
0.530
0.945
0.634
Vitamin-A
per 100 c.c.
plasma (mg.)
0.202
0.390
0.530
0.374
..
..
..
..
Percentage
decrease in
carotene per
100 c.c.
plasma
77.0
65.8
41.0
61.3
K. C. SEN AND B. C. RAI SARKAR 185
TABLE V
Recovery of carotene and vitamin-A in the butterfat of stall-fed cows on carotene low or on carotene rich rations
Cow No.
46 .
123 .
145 .
180 .
Average
Daily carotene intake = 20,797 I. U.
Daily total
recovery
Caro-
tene
389
164
354
299
301.5
Vita-
min-
A
1,268
1,686
2,946
1,296
1,799
Total
1,657
1,850
3,300
1.595
2,100.5
Per cent recovered
daily
Caro-
tene
1.87
0.79
1.70
1.44
1.45
Vita-
min-A
6. 10
8.11
14.17
6.23
8.65
Total
7.97
8.90
15.87
7.67
10.10
Potency
per lb.
of
butter-
fat
4,508. 2
4,585.4
4,390.1
3,945.3
4,357.3
Daily carotene intake = 361,980 I. U.
Daily total
recovery
Caro-
tene
300
539
609
360
452
Vita.
min-A
1,406
3,115
3,998
2,003
2,630. 5
Total
1,706
3,654
4,607
2,363
3,082. 5
Per cent recovered
daily
Caro-
tene
0.08
0.15
0.17
0. 10
0.12
Vita-
min-
A
0.39
0.86
1. 10
0.55
0.73
Total
0.47
1.01
1.27
0.65
0.85
Potency
per lb.
of
butter-
fat
9,157.1
6,338.9
5,438. 9
5,457. 1
6,598. 0
186
Vitamin-A Potency of Cow's Milk
TABLE VI
Recovery of carotene and vitamin-A in the butterfat of cows kept in the dairy on carotene rich or on carotene low
rations
Cow No.
42 . .
83 . .
84 . .
Average .
Daily carotene intake = 869,128 I. U.
Daily total
recovery
Caro-
tene
2,828
3,020
2,137
2,662
Vita-
min-
A
6,507
7,326
8,407
7,413
Total
9,335
10,346
10,544
10,075
Per cent recovered
daily
Caro-
tene
0.32
0.35
0.25
0.31
Vita-
min-A
0. 75
0. 84
0. 96
0. 85
Total
1.07
1.19
1.21
1. 16
Potency
per lb.
of
butter-
fat
10,578.2
10,033.4
8,626.0
9,745.9
Daily carotene intake = 88,175 I. U.
Daily total
recovery
Caro-
tene
115
473
804
464
Vita-
min.A
2,326
3,159
4,039
3,175
Total
2,441
3,632
4,843
3,639
Per cent recovered
daily
Caro-
tene
0.13
0.54
0.91
0.53
Vita-
min-
A
2.64
3.58
4.58
3.60
Total
2.77
4.12
5.49
4.13
Potency
per lb.
of
butter-
fat
5,343.6
7,886.0
6,805.4
6,678.3
K. C. SEN AND B. C. RAI SARKAR 187
TABLE VII
Percentage activity due to carotene in butterfat at different levels of intake
Animal
46
123
145}
180
Average
42
83}
84
Average
Carotene
intake
I.U.
20,797
88,175
Activity
20.0
9.0
{
11.0
20.0
15.0
5
{
13
16
11.3
Carotene
intake
I.U.
361,980
869,128
Activity
16.0
13.0
{
13.0
14.0
14.0
33
{
28
20
27.0
vitamin-A potency by 31.5 per cent. It will thus be observed that, although
raising the carotene intake from a very low level to a moderately high level
gives practically proportionate increase in both carotene and vitamin-A, a
sudden lowering of the carotene ingestion from a very high level to a low level
affects the carotene content more markedly than the vitamin-A content. In
other words, a lower ingestion of carotene reduces the carotene secretion in
milk immediately but the effect on vitamin-A secretion is slower.
In this connection some estimations of the carotene and vitamin-A content
of the blood plasma of the second group of animals under these two different
levels of carotene feeding were carried out according to the method of Gillam
and ElRidi [1935] and the results are given in Table IV. It will be observed
that the blood plasma of the animals on a high carotene diet contained on
an average 1.67 mg. of carotene and 0.374 mg. of vitamin-A per 100 c.c.
plasma. But, when these animals were on a low carotene diet, the plasma
carotene level fell to 0.634 mg. per 100 c.c., showing a decrease of 61.3
per cent, while the plasma vitamin-A was so low that these values could not
be determined. The plasma vitamin-A (total) potency could thus be correlat-
ed with the potency of the milk.
The next interesting question, to which attention may now be drawn,
is the percentage recovery of the ingested carotene in butterfat. For this
purpose, data have been calculated on the basis of the total butterfat pro-
duction of each animal (see Tables V and VI). It may be observed from Table
V that in the case of stall-fed animals, the percentage of carotene recovered
as carotene and vitamin-A is 10.10 in the case of carotene-low rations but
only 0 . 85 in that of carotene-high rations. In the case of the second group
of animals (Table VI) the percentage recovery is 4.13 in the case of carotene-
low ration and 1.16 in the case of carotene-high ration. These figures thus
show an enormous wastage of the ingested carotene in the animal body and
the results are more or less similar to those obtained by Atkeson et al.