NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
360
Diseases Transmitted by the Indian Species of Ticks
has been recorded from the United States of America, Mexico, Cuba, France,
Southern India [ Cooley, 1929, 2], Indo-China, Portuguese East Africa and
South Africa. Africa has been considered the original home of this parasite.
According to Bequarter [ 1930 ] in France, it parasitises the nymphs of
I. ricinus and larvae and nymphs of the genera of Haemaphysails, Rhipice-
phalus and Dermacentor.
This parasite was introduced for the purposes of biological control of
ticks in 1926 [ Cooley, 1927, 1929, 1 ], in Naushan, a small island near Woods
Hole under the supervision of Dr. F. Larrousse from the laboratory of Prof.
E. Brumpt of Paris. The control of ticks by this parasite was seriously taken
up in 1927 by the Montana State Board of Entomology. In 1928 Cooley
[ 1934 ] undertook a tour in South Africa in search of parasites of ticks and he
found that this parasite attacks readily the nymphs of Hyalomma (Hyalomma)
aegyptium subsp. impressum in Transvaal and Haemaphysalis leachi. The
work of control through this parasite is still in progress with promising results
in Montana.
Hunter and Hooker [ 1907 ] have bred a species of Phoridae from the
eggs of B. annulatus in Texas. The present author has also reared a species
of Phoridae in 1925 from the parasitised ticks belonging to the species A.
persicus from Pusa. The specific identity of this could not be made.
CONCLUSION
It is a well-known fact that the work of extermination of ticks must
be preceded by and be based upon a knowledge of life-histories of ticks, their
habits and the manner in which they are affected by the climatic conditions
and destroyed by their natural enemies. Such work has been done extensively
in the United States of America and some other countries. According to
Nuttall [1913], wherever this type of work has been carried out intelligently,
highly beneficial results have been obtained and " large tracts of country
in the United States, Australia and. Africa have been rendered almost
tick-free by these measures ".
In the same way, it is possible to control ticks in India. A list of tick-
eating birds and other animals may be prepared and a correct estimate of their
efficiency in control of ticks may be made. The common crow and maina
Acridotheres tristis tristis (Linnaeus) have been observed by the author to
feed on ticks on cattle. The Indian Cattle Egret, Bubulcus ibis coromandus
(Boddart) also feeds on ticks. The natural enemies of ticks should be encour-
aged in every possible way and domestic fowls should be kept in cattle pens.
The possibility of tick control through the agency of parasitic enemies
has proved promising. An organised effort for the search of parasites of
ticks may be made. H. hookeri which as mentioned above is found
in India and it may be utilised for the control of ticks on proper lines.
M.
SHARIF
361
Appendix A.
LIST OF SPECIES OF TICKS WHICH ARE OF CONSIDERABLE ECONOMIC IMPORTA
IN INDIA AND ATTACK DOMESTIC ANIMALS IN LARGE NUMBERS, WITH
THEIR USUAL HOSTS.
1. Argas persicus (Oken), on poultry all over India.
2. Argas reflexus var. indicus Warburton, on pigeon all over India.
3. Haemaphysalis bispinosa Neumann, on cattle, goat and dog (occa-
sionally attacks sheep, horse and cat), practically all over India
excluding North-Western Provinces.
4. Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille), on dog (occasionally attacks
cattle, horse, donkey and goat) all over India.
5. Boophilus australis (Fuller), on cattle (occasionally on sheep, goat,
horse and rarely on camel); the commonest cattle tick in Burma,
Assam, Bengal and the Andamans, but very common along with
Hyalomma (Hyalomma) aegyptium in Bihar, Orissa, the Central
Provinces, Madras Presidency, the southern districts of the
Bombay Presidency, and all along the southern slopes of the
Himalayas.
6. Hyalomma (Hyalomma) aegyptium (Linnaeus), on cattle, horse,
camel, donkey and sheep (occasionally on dog); the commonest
cattle tick in the Punjab, Sind, Rajputana and the United
Provinces, but in Bihar, Orissa, the Central Provinces and in
the Madras and Bombay Presidencies very common along with
B. australis.
7. Hyalomma (Hyalomma) aegyptium subsp. isaaci Sharif, on cattle,
goat, sheep and dog (occasionally on horse and camel) practically
all over India excluding Bengal, Assam and Burma.
8. Hyalomma (Hyalommina) hussaini Sharif, on cattle, (occasionally
on dog, horse and goat) in Bihar, Central and Peninsular India.
9. Hyalomma (Hyalommina) kumari Sharif, on goat, (occasionally on
horse, cattle and sheep) in the Northern and Central India.
362
Diseases Transmitted by the Indian Species of Ticks
Appendix B.
LIST OF INDIAN SPECIES WHICH ARE FOUND ON DOMESTIC ANIMALS, BUT AR
OF COMPARATIVELY LESS ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE, WITH THEIR USUAL
HOSTS.
1. Ornithodoros savignyi (Audouin), on camel and sheep in the Penin-
sular India.
2. Ornithodoros lahorensis Neumann, on sheep of hilly regions of the
North-Western India.
3. Ornithodoros papillipes (Birula), on sheep, camel and poultry in the
hilly regions of the North-Western India (occasionally attacks
man).
4. Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus), on dog and sheep in the Western Hima-
layas.
5. Ixodes acutitarsus (Karsch), on ox in the Eastern
Himalayas
(occasionally attacks man).
6. Ixodes japonensis Neumann, on cattle in the Upper Burma.
7. Haemaphysalis cinnabarina var. punctata, (Canestrini and Fanzago),
on goat in Chitral.
8. Haemaphysalis sewelli Sharif, on goat in the Hazara District,
Western Himalayas.
9. Haemaphysalis sundrai Sharif, on sheep in Kumaon Hills.
10. Haemaphysalis montgomeryi Nuttall, on pony, dog, cattle and sheep
in Kumaon Hills and hills of the Central India.
11. Haemaphysalis flava Neumann, on dog, cattle (occasionally attacks
man) in Kumaon Hills.
12. Haemaphysalis bispinosa var. intermedia Warburton and Nuttall,
on cattle and dog practically all over India excluding North-
-estern Provinces.
13. Haemaphysalis turturis Nuttall and Warburton, rarely on cattle
in Kumaon Hills.
14. Haemaphysalis parva Neumann, rarely on cattle in the Mysore State.
15. Haemaphysalis leachi var. indica Warburton, on dog, cattle and
goat in India excluding the North-Western Provinces.
16. Haemaphysalis howletti Warburton, on pony in the Rawalpindi
District.
17. Haemaphysalis spinigera Neumann, on cattle in the Peninsular
India.
18. Haemaphysalis cornigera var. anomala Warburton, on cattle and
dog in Bihar.
M.
SHARIF
363
19. Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides Supino, on goat, sheep, cattle, dog
and horse all over India.
20. Boophilus annulatus subsp. calcaratus (Birula), on cattle and horse
in Coorg and Mysore States.
21. Nosomma monstrosum (Nuttall and Warburton), on cattle, dog and
horse in Orissa, Bihar, and the Bengal and Bombay Presidencies.
22. Hyalomma (Hyalomma) aegyptium subsp. dromedarii Koch,
on camel in the North-Western India.
23. Hyalomma (Hyalomma) aegyptium subsp. ferozedini Sharif, on
cattle and horse in Bihar.
24. Hyalomma (Hyalommina) hussaini var. brevipunctata Sharif, on
cattle, dog and goat in Bengal, Bihar and Peninsular India.
25. Amblyomma integrum Karsch, on cattle (occasionally attacks man)
in the Peninsular India.
26. Amblyomma testudinarium Koch, on cattle in the Eastern and
Peninsular India.
364
Diseases Transmitted by the Indian Species of Ticks
Appendix C.
LIST OF THE INDIAN SPECIES THAT HAVE BEEN INVOLVED IN THE TRANSMIS
OF DISEASES NOTED AGAINST THEIR NAMES IN INDIA OR IN OTHER COUN¬
TRIES.
1. Argas persicus, vector of spirochaetosis in fowl due to Spirochaeta
anserina all over the world (very common in India); piroplasmosis
in fowl due to Egyptianella pullorum in Egypt, proved poor vector
under experimental conditions of chicken cholera due to
Pasteurella avicida in poultry and plague in rodents.
2. Ornithodoros savignyi, vector of human relapsing fever due to
Spirochaeta duttoni in Somaliland and Abyssinia.
3. Ornithodoros papillipes, vector of Central Asiatic relapsing fever
due to Spirochaeta persica in Central Asia and Persia.
4. Ornithodoros lahorensis, vector of Theileria ovis in sheep and goats
of Azerbaijan and suspected vector of Anaplasma ovis and
Central Asiatic relapsing fever in Central Asia.
5. Ixodes ricinus, vector of European. Red-water fever due to Babesia
bovis all over Europe, of louping ill and tick-borne fever of sheep
in Scotland, England and Wales, and Anaplasma marginale.
6. Ixodes holocyclus causes tick paralysis in dogs, cats, calves, lambs
and children in Australia.
7. Haemaphysalis bispinosa, suspected vector of Babesia bigemina
in Australia, and B. motasi in Mysore.
8. Haemaphysalis cinnabarina var. punctata, vector of B. bovis in
some European countries.
9. Haemaphysalis leachi, vector of canine piroplasmosis due to B. canis
in Africa.
10. Rhipicephalus sanguineus, vector of B. canis in India and Marseilles
fever due to Rickettsia conori in the Mediterranean region and
Kenya Colony ; suspected vector of Tick typhus fever and B.
gibsoni in India ; vector under experimental conditions of Ana-
plasma marginale, Pasteurella tularense and Spirochaeta hispanica
(Spanish relapsing fever).
11. Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides, vector suspected and under ex-
perimental conditions of Tick typhus fever in India and Sumatra.
12. Dermacentor auratus, vector suspected and under experimental
conditions of Tick typhus fever in India and Sumatra.
13. Boophilus australis, vector of tropical Red-water fever due to B.
bigemina and Theileria mutans in India and Australia, and Ana-
plasma marginale in the Philippines and Queensland, and vector
under experimental conditions of Spirochaeta theileri.
M.
SHARIF
365
14. Boophilus annulatus subsp. calcaratus, vector of B. bigemina
in Southern Europe and Caucasus, B. berbera in Algeria, Ana-
plasma rossicum and Spirochaeta theileri in the Northern Cauca-
sus.
15. Hyalomma (Hyalomma) aegyptium, vector of B. bigemina, equine
piroplasmosis due to B. caballi and B. equi, and T. mutans in
India.
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9, 114 pp.
Gahan, A. B. (1934). Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 36, 89.
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Entom. Bull. No. 106, 239 pp.
Hunter, W. D. and Hooker, W. A. (1907). Ibid., No. 72, 87 pp.
Khodukin, N. I. and Sofiev, M. S. (1932). Za sotz. Zdrarookhran. Uzbek (Social
H'lth Prot. Uzbek.) 11, 63.
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—and
Jennings, E. (1904). Ind. Med. Gaz. 39, 161.
MacLeod, J. and Gordon, W. S. (1932). J. Comp. Path. Ther. 45, 240.
—(1933).
Parasitology 25, 273.
O
366
Diseases Transmitted by the Indian Species of Ticks
Megaw, J. W. D. (1921). Ind. Med. Gaz. 56, 361.
Mlinac, F. and Oswald, B. (1936). Jugosl. Vet. Glasnik No. 8, 7 pp.
Moreau, R. E. (1933). Bull. Ent. Res. 24, 325.
Mulhearn, C. R. (1936). Queens. Agric. J. 45, 36.
Newstead, R. (1909). Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 3, 421.
Nuttall, G. H. F. (1908). The Harben Lectures, 1908. The Ixodoidea or Ticks,
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Parker, R. R. (1934). Proc. Pan-Pacif. Sci. Congr. 5, 3367.
—,
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341.
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Roberts, J. I. (1935). J. Hyg. 35, 1.
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—and
Srinivasan, M. K. (1937). ibid. 7, 15.
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Valladares, J. F. (1914). Parasitology 7, 88.
Vollmer, O. (1931). Z. Angew. Ent. 18, 161.
Wenyon, G. M. (1926). Protozoology 2 Vols., 1563 pp.
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Ind. Jour. Vety. Sci. & Anim. Husb., Vol. VIII, Part IV ]
PLATE XXIX
FIG. 1.
FIG 1. Nicollodiscus gangeticus, gen. et. sp., nov.
FIG. 1—A. Cirrus sac of N. gangeticus (enlarged view)
Key to lettering
Act. p. .. ..
C. s. .. ..
D.
cj. .. ..
G. p. .. ..
G. su. .. ..
O. .. ..
P. gl. .. ..
P. p. .. ..
S.gl. .. ..
T. .. ..
Ut. .. ..
V. s. .. ..
V. s. c. .. ..
Vt. .. ..
Vt. r. .. ..
Acetabular papillae
Cirrus sac
Ductus ejaculatorius
Genital pore
Genital sucker
Ovary
Prostate glands
Pars prostatica
Shell gland complex
Testis
Uterus
Vesicula seminalis
Vesicula seminalis externa
Vitellaria
Vitelline reservoir
STUDIES ON THE AMPHISTOMATOUS PARASITES OF
INDIAN FOOD-FISHES
PART I—TWO NEW GENERA OF AMPHISTOMES FROM AN INDIAN
FRESH-WATER FISH, SILUNDIA GANGETICA CUV. AND VAL.
BY
HAR DAYAL SRIVASTAVA, D.Sc.
Helminthologist (On special duty),
Imperial Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar-Kumaun.
(Received for publication on 8th April 1938.)
(With Plates XXIX and XXX and three text-figures.)
THE group of digenetic trematodes with a sucker at each end has received
considerable attention at the hands of Fischoeder [1901 and 1903], Stiles and
Goldberger [1910], Nicoll [1915], Stunkard [1917 and 1925], Poche [1925],
Fukui [1929], and Travassos [1934]. Recently, in July 1937, Southwell and
Kirshner have described Chiorchis purvisi which was collected from
a Malayan tortoise, Heosemys grandis, by Purvis. The joint authors, after
giving a detailed history of the classification of the group, have described the
principal characters used by various workers as the basis of classification of
this group from time to time. Finally they have proposed a scheme of classifi-
cation of amphistomes which has been adopted by the author in this paper.
In the following pages are described three new trematodes, referable to two
new genera, obtained from a common fresh-water fish in the rivers Ganges
and Jumna.
Superfamily—Paramphistomoidea Stiles and Goldberger, 1910.
Family—Cladorchidae Stiles and Goldberger, 1910.
Subfamily—Cladorchinae Fischoeder, 1901.
NICOLLODISCUS GANGETICUS, Gen. et Sp., Nov.
A number of specimens of this parasite was obtained from the large in-
testine of a fresh-water fish during the months of July to December 1934.
It is a rather rare parasite infesting on an average about five per cent of its
host. The number of specimens in a single fish varies from two to twenty.
The amphistomes are large in size and are highly muscular. The body is coni-
cal in shape with a wide, circular base formed by the posterior sucker. It is
completely devoid of spines or scales of any kind, but has well-developed
gland cells all over. In permanent mounts the body measures 9.0 to 13.4* in
length and 7.0 to 8.2 in maximum breadth which occurs across the posterior
sucker and is nearly equal to its diameter. (Plate XXIX, fig. 1).
*All measurements are in mm.
( 367 )
368
Amphistomatous Parasites of Indian Food-Fishes
The anteriorly directed, cup-shaped oral sucker of 0.76—0.88 × 0.76—
0.98 in size opens to the outside through a small vestibule. Posteriorly it bears
two small laterally directed pouches, measuring 0.16—0.5×0.16—0.24 in
size, which open dorsally into it. The posterior sucker is a large, circular struc-
ture of 6.2 to 7.5 in diameter, and is studded on its inner surface with a large
number of prominent papillae. It is situated at the posterior end of the conical
body forming its base. The oesophagus is a narrow tube, 1.3—1.4 long,
and has an oval oesophageal bulb, 0.52—0.84 × 0.26—0.4 in size, at its
posterior end. The oesophagus and its bulb are both surrounded by numerous
deeply staining cells. The caeca follow a typical course and end blindly at
the base of the conical body. Their blind ends are slightly swollen. (Plate
XXIX, fig. 2.)
The testes are deeply lobed structures situated at about the middle of the
body length, one on either side between the caeca and the body wall. The
left testis, measuring 1. 54—1.84 × 0.76—1.02 in size, is situated a little in
front of the right testis of 1.8—1.9 × 0.88—1.08 in size. From each testis is
given off a vas efference which runs transversely towards the median line where
the two meet to form a common swollen sac. The latter continues anteriorly
into a coiled vas deferens which swells up to form the vesicula seminalis on
entering the cirrus sac. The cirrus sac is a well-developed, bulb-shaped
structure of 0.34—0.46 × 0.24—0.28 in size. It encloses the vesicula seminalis,
a small tubular pars prostatica surrounded by prostate gland cells and an
elongated, tumbler-shaped ductus ejaculatorius. The male and female pores
lie close together in a shallow depression of the ventral body surface, surround-
ed by a huge but feebly muscular genital sucker, 1.0 to 1.4 in diameter. The
genital pore is slightly sinistral, lying in level with the oesophageal bulb.
The ovary is a small, ovoid body of 0.46—-0.64× 0.38—0.52 in size,
situated close to the blind end of the left caecum at the circular base of the body.
The elongated sac-shaped shell gland complex lies immediately behind the
ovary and measures 0.5—0.6 × 0.24—0.36 in size. The oviduct gives off a
narrow fairly long and conspicuous Laurer's canal just before entering the shell
gland complex. The vitellaria consist of numerous small follicles of irregular
shape and varying sizes, arranged in the form of an U. They begin from the
hinder end of testes and extend laterally to the caeca and in the space at the
base between the blind intestinal ends. The yolk reservoir lies in the centre
of the base. The uterus consists of a single, long, transversely coiled ascending
tube containing a large number of eggs, 0.114—0.152 × 0.053—0.072 in
size. The uterine coils are confined to the intercaecal space. The excretory
system is H-shaped. The lymphatic system consists of three pairs of longi-
tudinal canals. The details of the two systems could not be studied.
The new genus, Nicollodiscus, is named in honour of Dr. W. Nicoll the
well-known English parasitologist. It is assigned to the family Cladorchidae on
H. D.
SRIVASTAVA
369
account of the presence of oral diverticula. Within the family the genus falls
under the subfamily Cladorchinae Fischoeder, 1901, and in its affinity stands
nearest to Cladorchis Fischoeder, 1901. It resembles the latter genus in the
presence of a genital sucker but differs in the conical shape of its body, size,
position and character of the acetabulum, size of the genital sucker and the
position of the gonads.
GENERIC DIAGNOSIS
Fairly large sized amphistomes with smooth, conical body. Oral sucker
with paired pouches; acetabulum very large, circular, posteriorly directed,
papillose and forming the base of the conical body. Oesophagus and oeso-
phageal bulb present; caeca extend to hinder end. Testes, two-lobed, extra¬
caecal and slightly symmetrical, placed one on either side about the middle of
the body. Cirrus sac enclosing vesicula seminalis, pars prostatica surrounded
by prostate gland cells, and ductus ejaculatorius present. Genital pore
slightly sinistral and in level with the oesophageal bulb. Genital sucker very
large but feebly muscular. Ovary compact, situated near the blind end of the
left caecum. Laurer's canal present. Vitellaria follicular, arranged in the
form of an U, beginning from the hinder end of the testes and meeting pos-
teriorly in the intercaecal space. Uterus pre-ovarian, intercaecal; eggs
numerous, operculate and large sized. Excretory system H-shaped; lym-
phatic system consists of three longitudinal canals. Parasites of fresh-water
fishes.
TYPE-SPECIES.—NICOLLUDISCUS GANGETICUS
ORIENTODISCUS LOBATUM, GEN. ET. SP., NOV.
Four specimens of this species were collected from the rectum of one out
of a number of specimens of the host examined in 1934. The smooth elongated,
fusiform body measures 5.0 to 7.0 in length and 1.12 to 1.82 in maximum
breadth across the level of the testes. The anteriorly directed oral sucker is
ovoid in outline and opens to the outside through a small vestibule. It measures
0.22—0.24 × 0.26—0.3 in size and has two postero-lateral pouches of 0.1—
0.12 in diameter. The acetabulum is a strongly muscular, cup-shaped structure
of 0.68—0.76 in diameter and is situated sub-terminally at the posterior end
of the body. The narrow oesophagus, 0.44—0.54 long, is continued poster-
iorly into a spindle-shaped oesophageal
bulb, 0.3—0.5×0.14—0.22
in size. The intestinal caeca are long, narrow tubes with crenated outer
margins. They extend in a somewhat wavy course up to the posterior level
of the ovary. Both the oesophagus and its bulb are surrounded by a large
number of deeply staining cells,
370
Amphistomatous Parasites of Indian Food-Fishes
Fig. 1. Orientodiscus lobatum, Gen. et. Sp., Nov.