NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON THE AMPHISTOMATOUS PARASITES OF
INDIAN FOOD-FISHES
PART II—A NEW TREMATODE OF THE GENUS GYLIAUCHEN NICOLL
FROM AN INDIAN MARINE FISH
BY
HAR DAYAL SRIVASTAVA, D.Sc.
Helminthologist (On special duty)
Imperial Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar-Kumaun.
(Received for publication on 11th May 1938)
(With Plate XXXVII)
NICOLL, in 1915, created the genus Gyliauchen for an interesting trematode
infesting the intestine of an Australian pilot fish. Goto and Matsudaira in
1918 described Dissotrema papillatum, gen. et. sp. nov., from a Japanese fish.
But in the following year Goto pointed out the synonymy between his genus
and Nicoll's Gyliauchen. In 1929, Fukui created the subfamily Gyliaucheni-
nae containing two species of the type genus, G. terachodes and G. papillatus.
Ozaki [1933] raised the subfamily Gyliaucheninae to the status of a family.
Southwell and Kirshner [1937] placed the genera Gyliauchen and Opistholebes
[Nicoll, 1915], in the subfamily Opistholebetinae [Fukui, 1929], along with
the genera Telotrema [Ozaki, 1933], Paragyliauchen and Cephaloporus
[Yamaguti, 1934]. In this paper the author adds a new species to the genus
Gyliauchen.
Family.—Paramphistomidae Fischoeder, 1901.
Subfamily.—Opistholebetinae Fukui, 1929.
Genus.—Gyliauchen Nicoll, 1915.
Gyliauchen ozakii, n. sp.*
Host.—Harpodon nehereus Ham.
Habitat.—Intestine.
Locality.—Karachi, (Arabian Sea).
This is a very common parasite in the intestine of a marine fish in the Ara-
bian Sea, the frequency of infestation being nearly sixty per cent. The
number of specimens in a single host was never found to be more than six.
* The new species is named in honour of Dr. Y. Ozaki.
( 399 )
Ind. Jour. Vety. Sci. & Anim. Husb. Vol. VIII, Part IV ]
PLATE XXXVII
Gyliauchen ozukii, n. sp.
Key to Lettering
G.
P.
V.
si.
..
..
Genital
sinus
p.
..
..
Pars prostatica
s.
..
..
Vesicula seminalis
H. D.
SRIVASTAVA
401
and size of eggs. But it differs in the course of the oesophagus, posterior ex-
tent of the ceaca, extent of the vitellaria, absence of the cirrus sac, presence of
a peculiar genital sinus and differences in measurements.
The author is deeply grateful to the Director and the Pathologist of the
Imperial Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar-Kumaun for their kind
encouragement.
REFERENCES
Fukui, T. (1929). Jap. J. Zool. 2, 219.
Goto, S. (1919). J. Parasitol. 6, 44.
—and
Matsudaira, Y. (1918). J. Coll. Sci. Tokyo. 39, art. 8, ].
Nicoll, W. (1915). Parasitol. 8, 22.
Ozaki, Y. (1933). Zool. Anz. 103, 329.
Srivastava, H. D. (1937). Proc. Ind. Sci. Cong. Sect. V, Abst., No. 26.
Southwell, T. and Kirshner, A. (1937). Ann. Trop. Med. and Parasitol. 31, 2, 215.
Yamaguti, S. (1934). Jap. J. Zool. 5, 249.
NEW ALLOCREADIIDS (TREMATODA) FROM INDIAN
MARINE FOOD-FISHES
PART III-PEDUNCULACETABULUM
PEDICELLATA
N. SP.
FROM THE GUT OF CHILOSCYLLIUM INDICUM
BY
HAR DAYAL SRIVASTAVA, D. Sc.
Helminthologist (On special duty),
Imperial Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar-Kumaun.
(Received for publication on 25th March 1938).
(With one text-figure.)
PEDUNCULACETABULUM PEDICELLATA, N. SP.
Host—Chiloscyllium indicum.
Habitat—Intestine.
Locality—Puri, Bay of Bengal.
DURING an extensive parasitological examination of marine food-fishes
at Puri, the author came across two mature specimens of this parasite. The
worm has an elongated narrow body with a nearly uniform breadth. In
permanent mount the type specimen measures 3.9* in length and 0.24 in maxi-
mum breadth. The cuticle is studded with extremely minute spines. Minute,
deeply staining gland cells are present all over the body. The terminal oral
sucker measures 0.16 by 0.18 in size. It is nearly three times the size of the
acetabulum which is 0.06 in diameter and is situated on a pedicel 0' 48 long.
The oral sucker is followed by a small prepharynx, a pharynx and an oeso-
phagus, 0.24 long, which bifurcates into two simple caeca extending to the
hinder end.
The two, oval testes are situated one behind the other in the median line
at about the middle of body length. The anterior testis of 0.18 by 0.14 in size
is slightly smaller than the posterior testis which measures 0.26 by 0.14 in
size. The narrow and elongated cirrus sac is enlarged posteriorly and markedly
attenuated anteriorly. It extends in a serpentine course from the genital
atrium to the beginning of the vitellaria. The genital atrium is situated on the
left body margin in level with the pharynx. The cirrus sac encloses an
elongated vesicula seminalis, 0.14 by 0.04 in size, pars prostatica, ductus
ejaculatorius and a small protrusible cirrus.
*All measurements are in mm.
( 403 )
404
Pedunculacetabulum pedicellata
Pedunculacelabulum pediccllata, n. sp.
Key to Lettering
Act .
G.p. .
O. .
R. s. .
V. s. .
. . . . . . . Acetabulum.
. . . . . . . Genital pore.
. . . . . . . Ovary.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Receptaculum seminis.
. . . . . . . Vesicula seminalis.
The small, spherical ovary of 0.1 in diameter lies close in front of the anter-
for testis. A small receptaculum seminis of 0.14 by 0.1 in size is situated
just in front of the ovary. A small Laurer's canal is given off from the duct
of the receptaculum seminis. The shell gland complex is diffuse. The vitell-
aria are composed of numerous, small, oval or pear-shaped follicles, occupying
the whole of the post-testicular space and extending laterally almost up to the
level of the first quarter of the body length. The uterus is pre-ovarian and
intercaecal and contains small, operculate eggs of 0.06—0.07 by 0.04—0.05
in size.
H. D.
SRIVASTAVA
405
The genus Pedunculacetabulum was created by Yamaguti in 1934 and so
far contains only the type species—P. opisthorchis. The new species differs
from the type species in the presence of cuticular spines, position of the gonads
and the genital pore and the arrangement of the vitellaria in front of the testes.
The author is grateful to the Director and the Pathologist of the Imperial
Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar-Kumaun for their kind encourage-
ment.
REFERENCES
Srivastava, H. D. (1936). Nat. Acad. Sci. India, 6, 2, 179-185; 3,187-195.
—(1937).
Proc. Ind. Sci. Cong. Sect. V, Abst. No. 23.
Yamaguti, S. (1934). Jap. J. Zool. 5, No. 3, 249-541.
ABSTRACTS
The minimum vitamin-A and carotene requirements of cattle, sheep and
swine. H. R. GUILBERT, R. F. MILLER and E. H. HUGHES (1937), J. of
Nutrition, 13, 543.
THE authors report in this article the results of their investigations on the mini-
mum vitamin-A and carotene requirements of cattle, sheep and swine. Their obser-
vations indicate that night blindness is the first detectable symptom of deficiency
to appear on the carotene deficient ration, and the last to disappear as the amount of
carotene is increased from sub-minimum to minimum levels. The night blindness
test supplemented by a check on liver storage either by depletion or by the antimony
trichloride test on extracts of the liver tissue was, therefore, used as a criterion of suffi-
ciency.
Evidence has been presented that the daily dose of vitamin-A or carotene that
just prevents night blindness, represents a physiological minimum. The minimum
carotene requirement for cattle, sheep and swine was found to be 25 to 30 micrograms
daily per kg. body weight, an amount in agreement with similar data on the rat. The
minimum vitamin-A requirement on the basis of the analysis and the criteria used by
these authors, was found to be 6 to 8 micrograms daily per kg. body weight. These
figures also appear to agree well with data on rats. Excellent growth occurred at these
levels, but liver storage after extended periods was meagre. From the point of view of
storage of vitamin-A in the liver, five to ten times the minimal intake has been found
adequate. Significant storage accumulates within a few months at such a rate of in-
take, but in order that the milk should be richer in vitamin-A the intake should be more
liberal.
The observations of these authors confirm the view that vitamin-A requirement
is directly related to body weight rather than to energy requirement and that the re-
quirements of other species of mammals may be predicted on this basis. Calculations
from clinical data indicate that the human requirement cannot be far different from that
of the other species studied. A possible limitation of this may, however, exist in the
case of carnivores as they receive this factor in their diet partly as preformed vitamin-
A. The authors have also pointed out that although the minimum requirement per
unit of body weight is the same both for young and old animals, the former are more
susceptible to pathological manifestations during vitamin-A privation. Whether
or not the apparently greater resistance of older animals to pathological changes in the
tissue is due to inherent differences in the tissues or to slow withdrawal of the last
vestiges of reserves from adipose tissues is left open for future experimental observa-
tions. [N.D.K.]
( 407 )
410
ABSTRACTS
A herbivorous animal under natural conditions should carry a reserve in the liver
of not less than 1,000 " blue units " or " Moore's units " per grm. In seventy-eight
horses examined it was found that the livers of 37 per cent contained less than 100 B. U.
per grm.—in some cases merely a trace ; 13 per cent less than 200 ; 28 per cent less than
500, while only 6 per cent contained 1,000 or more. Furthermore the nerve lesions
described are somewhat similar to those described in dogs and rabbits fed on a known
vitamin-A deficient diet, i.e., myeline degeneration followed by sclerotic changes in
the nervous system especially the afferent (sensory) side. These changes in the peri-
pheral nerves were found to occur in patches, the fibres above and below these patches
appearing normal. Young animals, particularly showed a wider distribution of these
changes in the body. In detailed post mortem examination of horses suffering from
shivering, partial paraplegia and various other localized conditions, the pathological
findings were the same—widespread bone and joint lesions and disseminated local
degeneration of peripheral nerves.
In view of the high proportion of very low reserves of vitamin-A which may be
completely depleted during pregnancy or lactation or infectious diseases like influenza
and strangles, the very low carotene content of the usual rations fed to horses, e.g.,
oats, bran and hay, especially if the hay has been badly cured, and the similarity of
nerve lesions and clinical symptoms to those produced by vitamin-A deficient diet
in pigs and other animals, e.g., impaired vision, extreme neuro-muscular incoordination,
spasms (stringhalt action), partial paraplegia, irregularity in the oestrus cycle, abor-
tions, etc., the hypothesis that vitamin-A deficiency is the cause of some of the common
unsoundnesses, collectively termed as " Rheumatic disease ", in horses is entirely
tenable. Symptoms of shivering could be concealed and the horse enabled to pass a
veterinary examination if it was placed in a loose-box or a paddock for three weeks or
a month and fed well.
The vitamin-A requirement of animals is related to body weight rather than to
energy requirement but the requirement of birds is considerably higher than that of
mammals. The daily ration of a horse of 1,000 lb. average weight, ought to contain
well above 15 mg. of carotene. An adequate supply would be obtained by grazing
10 to 16 ounces of pasture grass daily. The vitamin-A potency of hay is associated
with the degree of green colour (chlorophyll). By means of rapid artificial drying
in the dark the potency of the fresh grass remained almost unchanged, but on the con-
trary if exposed to sun and rain for about a week the loss reached 96 per cent. [R. L. K.]
Histoire de la Me'decine Ve'terinaire. E. LE' CLAINCHE. (Membre de L'
Institut Francais) Published by Office Du Livre, Toulouse, 1936.
Part I.
PREFACE
VETERINARY medicine was born with primitive civilization and was long insepar-
able from that of humans. Honoured in the Greek, Roman and Byzantine Empires,
thereafter it vegetated miserably, forgotten and misrepresented for fourteen centuries.
ABSTRACTS
419
A further contribution to the proposal of a new classification of Trypanosomes.
I. JOCONO. (The J. of Trop. Med. and Hyg. (1938), 41, 53-57, with 14 figs.)
IN this article the author has brought forward further evidence in support of his
previous publication [Jocono, 1935. Annali di Med. Nav. e Coloniale, i, fasc. 1-11 ]
in which it was proposed that the genus Trypanosoma should, provisionally, be repre-
sented by Trypanosoma rotatorium of frog, while the other haemoflagellates of man and
animal should be regrouped under the genus Castellanella. Development of T. rota-
torium has been observed in vitro and a new medium has been suggested which consists
of the following ingredients:—
Distilled water
.
.
.
Peptone
.......
Glucose
......
Sodium chloride
.....
Potassium chloride
.....
Monopotassium chloride
....
Brilliant cresyl blue (1: 100,000)
. 150 c.c.
0.65 grm.
0.30 „
.
0.10 „
0.03 „
0.30 „
10 drops.
Under aseptic conditions 0.01 c.c. of blood from the ascellar vein of frog was
aspirated by means of Pasteur pipette and mixed with 0.1 c.c. of the culture medium
placed previously on a clean slide and covered with a coverslip. Both the slide and
coverslip should be sterilized with dry heat at 180°C. Edges of the cover glass are
then sealed with melted hard paraffin. In this medium phenomenon of lysis occurred
after three days and the process of development showed no further modification in
shape or size, contrary to what occurred in vivo [Jocono, 1935, ibid]. Dividing
forms were seen by the author at frequent intervals and it was found a parasite divided
into two or, at most into four elements. Daughter individuals thus formed gradually
elongate and ultimately develop flagellum and rudimentary undulating membrane.
The author has also dealt somewhat in detail, with the difference in regard to the
protoplasm, nucleus, and kinetonucleus and basal body as observed in the genera
Trypanosoma and Castellanella, respectively. On the basis of these observations two
genera are defined as follows :—
"(1) Genus Trypanosoma Gruby, 1843, Haemoflagellates belonging to the family
Trypanosomidae and characterised in the mature form by an oval or globular shape.
(The transverse diameter being only slightly smaller than the longitudinal diameter),
a centrally placed nucleus which is small in proportion to the diameter of the parasite
and with diffuse chromatin; the parasite with few vacuoles and lacking a basal
granule, characterised principally by the location of the kinetonucleus near and behind
the nucleus. "
"(2) Genus Castellanella Chalmers, 1918, emend. Jocono, 1935. Haemoflagella-
tes of the family Trypanosomidae and in the mature form are typically elongate (the
length being considerably greater than the width) with granular or homogenous cyto-
plasm and with a granular nucleus which is large in proportion to the diameter of the
parasite and located centrally or placed at the aflagellar extremity ". [H. N. R.]
420
ABSTRACTS
Nine years' clinical experience of the Laidlaw-Dunkin method of immunisation
against Canine Distemper. WILKENSON, D. E. (1937), Vety. J. 93. 256-
261.
THE author has successfully immunised during a period of nine years about one
thousand dogs by the reputed Laidlaw-Dunkin method against canine distemper
and has thus given his closest co-operation to Laidlaw, Dunkin and Dalling.
The historic development of the original vaccine—virus method of immunisation
into the present day virus-serum inoculation is extensively reviewed. A dose of ferret
passaged virus followed within a few hours, by an adequate injection of the specific
protective serum constitutes the Laidlaw-Dunkin method.
The confirmatory evidence of active immunity resulting from the inoculations
together with its durability has been assessed by authentic and intensive kennel ex-
periments which had involved deliberate and prolonged exposure to the disease by close
contact-infection. An instance of satisfactory immunity lasting for even nine years
following the immunisation in a bull terrier bitch is cited and has been evidenced by
her constant contact with a distemper patient.
Most of the cases where failure of protection was reported, are alleged to be due to
faulty technique or mistaken diagnosis ; distemper in the dog is seldom easy to diag-
nose even by experts. The period of incubation which is four days is the first criterion
in diagnosis. The author suggests the application of curative value of specific serum
to the so-called cases of breakdown of immunity or experimental contact infectivity
test of susceptible puppies as aids in the differential diagnosis. A mucoid diarrhoea
in the early stages of distemper and not the catarrhal discharges indicative of other
infections is a valuable diagnostic aid.
Occasional formation of cysts following the injection of ferret virus, the protein
of which is foreign to the dog, is preventable by injecting the virus intradermally. The
author discourages the use of cheap substitutes in place of the virus and serum elabo-
rated in Laidlaw-Dunkin method.
His experience in canine practice with particular reference to Laidlaw-Dunkin
method of immunisation against distemper warrants its extensive application as a safe,
efficacious and reliable measure. [S. G.]
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