NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
vi
TABLE VIII.
Return of Stud Bulls for the year 1911-12.
PROVINCE.
1
Darjeeling ... …
Bengal veterinary Col-
lege, Belgatchia.
Dacca
Mymensiugh …
Faridpur ... …
Bakarganj ... …
Chittagong ... …
Tippera … …
Noakhali ... …
Rajshahi … …
Dinajpur … …
Jalpaiguri ... …
Rangpur … …
Bogra… …
Pabna … …
Malda … …
Total
PROPERTY OF GOVERNMENT.
Number
on 1st
April.
2
7
3
...
...
...
...
...
...
…
...
…
... ...
...
...
…
10
Obtained during
the year.
Number-
3
1
…
...
...
...
...
…
...
...
...
...
... ...
...
...
...
1
Average
price
paid.
4
Rs.
78
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
... ...
...
...
...
...
Casual-
ties
during
the
year.
5
1
...
...
...
…
...
...
...
...
...
...
... ...
...
...
...
1
Balance
remain-
ing
on 31st
March.
6
7
3
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
... ...
...
...
…
10
PROPERTY OF LOCAL BODIES.
Number
on 1st
April.
7
...
…
4
3
4
12
1
2
2
… 2
4
7
2
4
1
48
Obtained during
the year.
Number.
8
...
...
…
3
…
2
... 1
2
…
... 2
… …
…
10
Average
price
paid.
Rs.
…
...
… 80
...
...
... …
20
...
…
... 80
… …
…
…
Casual-
ties
during
the
year.
10
...
...
1
1
... 8
.. ...
...
...
...
...
2
… 2
...
9
Balance
remain-
ing
on 31st
March.
11
...
...
3
6
4
9†
3†
2
3
2§
2
4
7
2
2
1
49
* 2 Jail bulls 1 D. B. bulls
† 6 D. B. bulls, 3 Jail bulls.
‡ Jail bulls
§ Ditto.
TABLE IX.
Showing main results of the working of Prorincial Cattle Farms during the year 1911-12.
PROVINCE.
1
BENGAL
...
Name of farm.
2
St. Andrew Colo-
nial Homes Farm.
Kalimpong.
RECEIPTS.
Sale of animals
3
74 4
Sal e of produce.
4
Rs.
1,023
A.
8
P.
3
Other heads.
5
...
EXPESDUTURE.
Tot al .
6
Rs.
1,097
A.
12
P.
3
Salaries of estab
lishment.
7
Rs.
255
A.
10 3
P.
Feed and keep
of animals.
8
Rs.
745
A.
13
Cultivation ex-
penses.
a
...
Purchase of ani-
10
Rs.
263
i
other heads.
1
1
Rs.
66
A.
1
P.
9
Total.
12
Rs.
1,330
A.
9
VALUATION OK STOCK, RAIN
AND FODDER REMAININ. AT
LOSE OF YEAH AS DETAILED
ON REVERSE.
Cattle.
18
Rs.
1,444
A.
8
Grain.
14
Rs.
329
A.
12
Fodder.
15
Rs.
50
Total.
16
Rs.
1.824
A
4
vii
Valuation statement of cattle, grain and fodder in hand at close of the year.
NUMBER OR QUANTITY.
No.
1
29
1
3
4
1
3
3
45
Quantity.
Mds.
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
73
28
21
4
100
DESCRIPTION.
Cattle.
Bulls
Cows ... ...
Male stock, 2 years old ...
Ditto
1 year „ ...
Ditto calves
...
Female stock, 2 years old
Ditto
1 year „ ...
Ditto
calves
...
Total
...
Grain and Fodder.
Maize ... ...
Rice ... ...
Kodo ... ...
Buck wheat ... ...
Straw ... ...
Total ...
GRAND TOTAL ...
Rate.
Rs.
52
43
16
9
6
18
8
6
......
2
2
2
2
0
... ...
......
A.
8
8
0
0
8
0
0
8
12
3
12
4
8
Value.
Rs.
52
1,261
16
27
26
18
24
19
1,444
200
61
57
10
50
379
1,824
A.
8
8
0
0
0
0
0
8
8
12
4
12
0
0
12
4
TABLES X, XI, AND XII.
Blank.
TABLE XIII.
Abstract of particulars regarding Horse Fairs and Shows held in
non-selected districts during the year 1911-12.
PROVINCE.
1
Kal'mpoug ...
Bagdogra
...
Total
...
Number of horse fairs and shows held.
2
1
1
2
TOTAL NUM-
BER OF ANI-
MALS
PRE-
SENT.
Year under report.
3
110
65
175
Previous year.
4
105
50
155
TOTAL NUM-
BER COM-
PETING FOR
PRIZES.
Year under report.
5
110
5
115
Previous year.
6
105
3
108
TOTAL NUM-
BER OF
HORSES
STICK
(NOT
INCLUDING
BRANDED
MARES)
PRESENT.
Belonging
to breeders.
7
...
...
...
Belonging
to dealers.
8
...
65
65
Total number of animals sold.
9
...
19
10
RIZES PROVIDED.
From Imperial Funds.
10
...
...
...
From Provincial Funds.
11
...
From Local Funds.
12
...
34
34
From other sources.
13
...
10
10
Total.
14
184
44
228
Amount actually awarded.
15
184
27
211
Number of metals awarded.
16
...
...
...
Amount sanctioned by Government of India.
17
...
...
...
viii
TABLE XIV.
Abstract of Particulars
regarding Cattle Fairs and Shows held during the year 1911-1912.
PROVINCE.
1
Suri ... ...
Kalimpong
...
Bapdogra ...
Mymensiugh ...
Dinajpur ...
Rungpur ...
Bogra ...
Total ...
Number of Cattle Fairs and
Shows held.
2
1
1
1
1
24
30
4
62
NUMBER OF STOCK PRESENT.
Bulls.
3
13
46
58
41
2,821
15
1.200
4,194
Bullocks.
4
191
21
440
5,664
98,700
62,496
7,125
174,637
Cows.
5
49
39
160
7,775
4,448
396
425
13,292
Young stock.
6
63
39
...
...
22,713
4 1
......
22,859
Buffaloes.
7
2
3
900
...
26,753
1,705
250
29,613
Camels.
8
2
...
...
... 436
850
...
1,288
Others.
9
136
...
1,212
1
3,336
1,598
...
6,283
AVERAGE PRICE OF ANIMAL
SOLD.
Bulls.
10
Rs.
...
...
...
25
20
20
30
...
Bullocks.
11
Rs.
...
...
...
43
52
46
55
...
Cows.
12
Rs.
...
...
...
17
23
23
35
...
Buffaloes.
13
Rs.
...
...
...
... 32
16
60
...
Camels.
14
Rs.
...
...
...
...... 52
46
...
98
Amount realised in fees.
15
Rs.
...
...
205
10,111
98,156
44,957
3,212
156.641
Total number of animals that
competed or prizes.
16
454
148
9
4,490
...
...
5,101
PRIZES
PROVIDED.
From Imperial Funds.
17
Rs.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
From Provincial Funds.
18
Rs.
300
...
3
...
...
...
...
300
From Local Funds.
19
Rs.
300
...
5
...
...
...
...
335
From other sources.
20
Rs.
1,803
...
...
118
708
...
...
2,629
Total.
21
Rs.
2,403
253
35
118
708
...
...
3,512
Prizes actually awarded.
22
Rs.
2,403
253
35
118
708
...
...
3,517
Number of medals awarded
23
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
TABLE XIV(a).
Statement
showing the expenditure
of the Civil Veterinary
Department
during the year 1911-12 in Bengal as it stands after the
separation
on 1st April 1912.
HEADS OF ACCOUNTS.
1
Superintendence
...
...
Veterinary instruction
...
...
Subordinate establishment
...
Hospitals and Dispensaries
...
Prizes
...
...
...
Fairs and Shows
...
...
Breeding operations
...
...
Cattle Survey ...
Bonus
...
...
...
Total
...
AMOUNT.
Imperial.
2
Rs.
22,291
28,100
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
50,391
Provincial.
Rs.
33,980
1,14,624
27,196
14,828
...
...
2.098
7,879
1,355
2,01,960
TOTAL.
4
Rs.
56,271
1,42,724
27,196
14,828
...
...
2,098
7,879
1,355
2,52,351
B. S. Press—1-11-1912—1310J—510—S. C. R.
( 2 )
and out-patients treated was 17,289 as against 20,293 in the previous year.
This falling off in number was very largely due to a large decrease in the
number of out-patients treated in the Dacca Dispensary. It is explained
that this large decrease is due to the fact that a much smaller number of
animals were seized under the Cruelty Act. This result cannot be regarded
as satisfactory, and steps will be taken to bring the matter to the notice of
trying courts in Dacca.
8. Breeding operations.—As
in previous years, many applications were
received for bulls. The departmental report states that these applications
could not be complied with as suitable animals could not be found. Many
suitable bulls are sold at cattle fairs and hats in the Garo Hills from Novem-
ber to April, and there is no reason why the requisitions made by the public
should not be complied with in future.
9. Cattle surcey.—Measures
were adopted during the year to carry out
a survey and census of cattle in the province. A separate report on the
result of the enquiries will be published in due course.
10. General.—The strength of the subordinate staff under the control of
the Superintendent. Civil Veterinary Department, is now .5 inspectors and 59
veterinary assistants. For want of funds many District Boards are unable
to employ more men than they now have, though additional assistants are
urgently needed in some cases to cope with outbreaks. The conditions of
pay and travelling allowance of veterinary assistants in West Bengal and
East Bengal are not the same and the Superintendent of the Veterinary
Department is at present working at a scheme under which conditions
throughout the province will he uniform.
11. Colonel Raymond.—He held the office as Principal of the Bengal
Veterinary College for more than 15 years. His services have already been
recognized by Government in a Resolution published in the Calcutta
Gazette.
B. S. Press—5-11-1912—3832C—645—J. L. C.
( 3 )
seems probable that the owners of disabled animals pay the fines and imme-
diately put the animals in use again without first placing them under proper
treatment. The attention of the trying Magistrates will be drawn to the
desirability of sending all disabled and diseased animals to hospital. The
Corporation of Calcutta have now appointed their own veterinary officer and
have not sent many cases to the Veterinary College. It is, however, gratify-
ing to notice that the decrease in the Corporation cases has not prevented a
steady increase in the number of cases treated by the college staff.
11. It is reported that many veterinary dispensaries, such as those at
Bakarganj, Noakhali, Bogra and Pabna, have no accommodation for in-
patients, while at Dacca only municipal bullocks are provided for. Great
importance is attached to this branch of veterinary work, and if the Depart-
ment is to become as successful as the value of its work demands, steps
should be taken to remedy this defect. There was a decrease of 3,004 in the
number of cases treated at the veterinary dispensaries. There was a falling
off in the number of patients at the Dacca Dispensary owing to fewer seizures
under the Cruelty Act, but the general health of the year has been good, and
the decrease in epizootic diseases is sufficient to explain the general diminution
in the number of patients.
12. Colonel Raymond, C.I.E., retired from the service of Government
after the close of the year, and the Governor in Council in a valedictory notice
placed on record his high appreciation of the value of the services rendered by
him to the cause of veterinary science and to the cultivators of Bengal during
a period of more than 15 years. The reports reviewed above form a fresh
testimony to the ability and experience with which Colonel Raymond carried
out the duties entrusted to him.
By order of the Governor in Council,
J. H. KERR.
Secretary to the Govt. of Bengal.
No. 2301 T.— R.
Copy forwarded to the Director of Agriculture. Bengal, for information,
with reference to his letter No. 7124. dated the 6th September 1912.
By order of the Governor in Council.
R. N. REID.
Under-Secretary to the Govt. of Bengal.
DARJEELING:
REV. DEFT.—Agri..
The 22nd October 1912.
B. S Press—5-11-1912—3526C—665—J. L. C.
ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
BENGAL VETERINARY COLLEGE
AND OF THE
CIVIL VETERINARY DEPARTMENT, BENGAL,
FOR THE YEAR
1911-1912.
CALCUTTA:
THE BENGAL SECRETARIAT BOOK DEPOT
1912.
[Price—Indian,
9 annas ; English,
10d.]
IP/QB, 10
No. II.
(NEW SERIES.)
SCIENTIFIC MEMOIRS
BY
OFFICERS OF THE MEDICAL AND SANITARY DEPARTMENTS
OF THE
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
ON A PARASITE FOUND IN PERSONS SUFFERING FROM ENLARGEMENT
OF THE SPLEEN IN INDIA, SECOND REPORT.
BY
LIEUT. S. R. CHRISTOPHERS, M.B., I.M.S.
(On special duty.)
ISSUED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
BY THE SANITARY COMMISSIONER WITH THE GOVERNMENT
OF INDIA, SIMLA.
CALCUTTA:
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.
1904.
Price Rupe s 2, or 3 Shillings.
No. II.
(NEW SERIES.)
SCIENTIFIC MEMOIRS
BY
OFFICERS OF THE MEDICAL AND SANITARY DEPARTMENTS
OF THE
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
ON A PARASITE FOUND IN PERSONS SUFFERING FROM ENLARGEMENT
OF THE SPLEEN IN INDIA, SECOND REPORT.
BY
LIEUT. S. R. CHRISTOPHERS, M.B., I.M.S.
( On special duty.)
ISSUED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
BY THE SANITARY COMMISSIONER WITH THE GOVERNMENT
OF INDIA, SIMLA.
CALCUTTA :
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.
1904.
Agents for the Sale of Books published by the Superintendent of Government
Printing, India, Calcutta.
IN ENGLAND.
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MARTINUS NIJHOFF, The Hague, Holland.
E. A. ARNOLD, 37, Bedford Street, Strand, Lon-
don, W.C.
IN INDIA.
CONSTABLE & CO., 2, Whitehall Gardens, London,
S.W.
THACKER, SPINK & CO., Calcutta and Simla.
P. S. KING & SON, 2 & 4, Great Smith Street,
Westminster, London, S.W.
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KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER & CO., Charing
Cross Road, London, W.C.
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THACKER & CO., LD., Bombay.
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WILLIAMS and NORGATE, Oxford.
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ON THE CONTINENT.
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Press, Lahore.
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N.W.
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Hind Press, Allahabad.
OTTO HARRASSOWITZ, Leipzig.
Superintendent, American Baptist Mission Press
Rangoon.
KARL W. HIERSEMANN, Leipzig.
ON A PARASITE FOUND IN PERSONS SUFFERING FROM ENLARGEMENT
OF THE SPLEEN IN INDIA, SECOND REPORT.
IN my first report I recorded briefly the result of the researches of different
observers on the parasite recently discovered by Leishman and Donovan in
cases of tropical splenomegaly. Such investigations, in many cases of enlarged
spleen, have shewn in blood drawn during life from the spleen and liver or in films
of these organs post-mortem the presence of certain very definite bodies of peculiar
nature and uniform morphology. In the case of preparations made during life
a matrix-like substance is conspicuous in which many of the bodies lie embedded.
The actual nature of the matrix has given rise to much discussion. It is con-
sidered by Laveran and Mesnil to be altered red corpuscle, by Ross a parent
mass producing the bodies, by Manson and Low it is termed a " zooglea mass."
In my last report I gave many reasons for considering the matrix to be largely,
if not entirely, the fragmented, budded and vacuolated cytoplasm of cells in which,
in sections, the bodies are seen lying.
In all the researches mentioned the attention of the observer had been entirely
occupied with the presence of the parasite in the blood.
Wright's announcement that similar or very closely related bodies occurred
in large numbers in the tissues of tropical ulcer gave rise therefore to considerable
surprise.
The microscopical appearances of tropical ulcer were described by Cunningham
in 1885.1 He notes extensive infiltration of the corium and subcutaneous tissues
by granulation tissue containing bodies which he considered to be parasitic in
nature. From Cunningham's drawings it would appear that these were macro-
phages or other cells containing the bodies described by Wright, though
Cunningham figures no structure in these latter and terms them nucleoid bodies.
Wright 2 defines tropical ulcer as a single or multiple focal lesion of the skin
characterised by the formation of elevated and indurated areas which ulcerate and
eventually cicatrise. He draws attention to the resemblance to certain forms
of cutaneous tuberculosis and syphilis. He describes, and gives photographs.
shewing an extensive infiltration of the corium and subcutaneous tissue with
cells. In addition to plasma cells and various kinds of lymphoid cells, he notes
large cells with vesicular nuclei, the cytoplasm of which contains numerous
peculiar bodies having a very constant morphology and structure. An examina-
tion of the excellent photographs of these bodies leaves no doubt as to their
B
2
morphological identity with the forms seen in cases of enlarged spleen in
Madras. Wright describes the bodies as largely occurring in the cytoplasm of
cells, especially of the large cells with vesicular nuclei. His photographs shew
that the great majority of the bodies are situated in the cytoplasm of these cells
which appear identical with those I have already described in the spleen, liver,
and bone-marrow and which I have termed macrophages.
Wright's discovery would appear to modify considerably existing views as to
the nature of the parasite, since the presence of the bodies in immense numbers
in the cytoplasm of infiltrating cells in a focal skin lesion seems opposed to their
supposed rôle as parasites of the red cell or even as solely parasites of the
blood. Laveran and Mesnil, 3 however, still maintain the relation of the parasite
to piroplasma. Examining slides sent to them by Donovan, they describe very
small and rare forms in the peripheral circulation which may be free or may be
situated in an unaltered red cell. The small size, the evident great rarity and
especially the absence of the characteristic double chromatin masses make the
relation of these forms to the parasite very doubtful. I have examined both peri-
pheral and splenic blood for appearances which would seem to point to the origin
of the bodies in the red cells, but without result.
In my first paper I drew attention to certain very definite clinical features of
this disease which is, as a rule, readily diagnosed. I also described three autopsies
and gave the result of an examination of some of the organs and tissues. In the
present report I shall consider the results arrived at under the following heads.
(1) A description of four further autopsies.
(2) The salient and pathological nature of the disease.
(3) The relation of the parasite to the tissues of the host, especially
demonstrating a type of infection in which the vascular endothe-
lium is principally implicated.
(4) Certain points in the morphology of the parasite and in the nature of
the " matrix" or " zooglea mass."
(5) A comparison of the conditions found post-mortem in infection with
the new parasite with those found in trypanosomiasis.
Autopsies in fatal cases of the disease.
AUTOPSY 4.—Child aged about 12. Emaciation marked. Death from
cancrum oris.
Spleen much enlarged, of firm consistence and dark red in colour, but not
pigmented.
Liver considerably enlarged; very pale and mottled in appearance. On sec-
tion the mottling was seen to be due to the presence of new tissue of pale hue
replacing the centre of the lobule and extending about half way to the periphery.
3
The line of demarcation between the pale tissue and the darker liver tissue was
very distinct. Microscopical examination shewed that the above appearances
were due to the fact that in the centre of the lobule the liver cells were markedly
atrophied, and the liver substance almost replaced by the large cells described in
the last report.
Intestines. —The mucous membrane was pale, but otherwise quite normal in
appearance.
The lymphatic glands behind the mesentery were about the size of beans
and of normal appearance.
A large hæmorrhage was present under the peritoneum of the under
surface of the diaphragm extending over several square inches. Several smaller
hæmorrhages were present in the neighbourhood. Prior to death the spleen had
not been punctured.
The œsophagus was examined closely with a lens but no unusual appear-
ances were seen in the muscular coats.
The muscles were examined in several situations with a lens but shewed no
unusual appearances.
The heart, kidneys, pancreas, suprezrenals and bladder were normal in
appearance.
The lungs shewed areas of congestion and there were small subpleural
hæmorrhages over the bases.
Distribution of the bodies. —Bodies were present in large numbers in the
spleen, liver and bone-marrow. Sections of the liver and spleen shewed, as in the
tissues of the first three autopsies, many large cells crowded with the bodies lying
in the capillaries. In the spleen large branched cells which appeared to assist in
forming the splenic reticulum also contained many bodies in their cytoplasm. In
blood from the hepatic veins bodies were seen in cells of mononuclear and endo-
thelial type as well as in polymorphonuclear cells. In blood taken from a small
vessel in the muscles of the thigh a fair number of bodies were present in large
mononuclear cells.
Various connective tissues were closely examined for the parasites but with-
out result.
Muscle spread upon the slide by the " half-drying method " and stained by the
modification of Romanowski described in the first report did not reveal any bodies.
AUTOPSY 5.—Man aged about 40. Fairly well nourished. Death from
peritonitis.
Abdomen contained about two pints of purulent fluid which was collected
especially in the neighbourhood of the cæcum.
Spleen somewhat enlarged. There were two large infarcts and many smaller
ones visible.
B 2
4
Liver.—Nearly one half of the liver was light yellow in colour and necrotic
in appearance. The condition appeared to be an enormous infarct. The remain-
ing liver substance shewed, to a less degree, the lobular changes described in
case 4. An abscess cavity containing necrotic tissue and about the size of a
small orange was situated in the non-infarcted liver tissue.
Small intestine normal in the greater portion of its length. Peyer's
patches in the lower few feet were prominent.
Large intestine except the cæcum shewed no marked changes. The cæcum
over an area of several square inches was gangrenous and perforation at one
point had taken place. The appendix was normal.
Stomach.—There were several extensive areas over which the mucous mem-
brane was infiltrated with blood, and of a gelatinous consistence. Small areas of
congestion were present in the neighbourhood of these areas.
Œsophagus .—The lower two inches of the œsophagus was occupied by a
large sloughing ulcer which had completely destroyed the mucous membrane.
Kidneys were pale and shewed fatty degeneration of the convoluted tubules.
Pancreas was soft and flabby.
Heart.—The valves were normal. The endocardium was stained red.
Lungs.—There was marked congestion of both bases.
Brain .—Normal.
Skin .—On the skin of the front of the right thigh there was a mark resem-
bling the cicatrix of a healed ulcer. On incision a deeply situated caseous mass,
the size of a large pea, was disclosed surrounded by red granulation tissue and
dense fibrosis. The skin over the caseous mass was thin and on the point of
absorption, the appearance of a cicatrix being deceptive.
On the skin of the thighs numerous small pale areas could be detected appa-
rently of the nature of cicatrices after superficial ulceration.
Distribution of the bodies. —Large numbers of the bodies were present in the
spleen, liver and bone-marrow. Many single bodies were seen lying in cells in the
granulation tissue around the caseous nodule in the skin. In the small vessels in
the immediate neighbourhood of this tissue many large cells crowded with the para-
sites were seen. Sections of the normal skin of the thigh shewed no bodies, nor
were the characteristic large cells seen in the vessels. A lymphatic gland in the
right groin shewed numerous bodies in large cells in the lymph sinuses and in the
stroma cells of the lymphoid tissue. In certain areas of the testis many single
bodies were seen and large cells containing many bodies were seen in some of the
small vessels. A few cells containing a number of bodies were found in films from
the kidney substance and from the lung. Sections of the kidney did not reveal any
parasites. In blood from the femoral vein bodies were found included in leucocytes
and endothelial cells. In the films of different organs and in the blood many large