NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
10
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE IMPERIAL BACTERIOLOGIST
22. The following are the results of inoculations in the
field with hæmorrhagic septicæmia serum and vaccine.
Province
Punjab
N.-W. F. P. and
Punjab.
United Provinces
Bengal
Assam
Bihar and Orissa
Madras
Central Provinces
Sind, Baluchistan
and Rajputana
Bombay
Mysore State
Total
Nu mb e r of o u t b r e a k s in
which i
nocul at i
on was under¬
taken
229
38
62
16
33
76
3
29
18
14
*
518
NUMBER OF
ANIMALS WHICH
DIED UNINOCU¬
LATED IN
COURSE OF
DISEASE
Equines
...
...
...
...
1
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
Bovines
885
126
282
136
363
486
33
117
200
141
*
2,769
Others
....
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
NUMBER OF
ANIMALS IN-
--------
Equines
...
...
...
...
7
...
...
...
...
...
...
7
Bovines
51,800
10,965
4,095
2,029
4,617
7,508
396
2,928
2,268
2,760
275
89,641
Others
...
...
...
...
2
...
...
12
...
...
...
...
14
NUMBER OF
ANIMALS WHICH
DIED AFTER
INOCULATION
Equines
...
...
...
...
...
...
....
...
...
...
...
...
...
Bovines
15
...
...
1
28
25
...
1
5
1
...
76
Others
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
REMARKS
*. Figures not supplied in the statement of the Superintendent.
23. The following extracts refer to the use of hæmorr-
hagic septicæmia serum and vaccine in the field.
(1) Annual Report of the Punjab Veterinary College,
1914-15.
In referring to an outbreak of hæmorrhagic septicæmia,
Colonel Pease states:—
"The usually effective measures of segregation proving
ineffective, serum was telegraphed for, and 297 animals were
inoculated. The serum had the effect of at once stopping
the outbreak, but in the meantime the disease had become
epidemic and deaths occurred daily in numbers till all incon-
tacts had been inoculated."
FOR THE YEAR ENDING THE 31ST MARCH 1916.
11
(2) Annual Report of the Superintendent, Civil Veteri-
nary Department, North-West Frontier Province, 1914-15:—
" Two thousand seven hundred and fifty-eight vaccina-
tions against hæmorrhagic septicæmia were made in 28
villages and the results were satisfactory.
"Five thousand five hundred and twenty-nine animals
were inoculated with hæmorrhagic septicæmia serum in 6
outbreaks. The results have been checked and appear satis-
factory.
" In two outbreaks in which inoculations were carried out
indecisive results were obtained, i. e., after inoculation was
carried out neither inoculated nor uninoculated animals
developed the disease.
"In four outbreaks positive results were obtained, i.e., un-
inoculated animals developed the disease while no inoculated
animals developed the disease."
24. Charbon Symptomatique Vaccine. The outstanding
balance of vaccine from last year, having been manufactured
over three years previously, was discarded and a fresh brew
of 50,000 doses was prepared and thoroughly tested at the
Bareilly Laboratory. As the vaccine, to be of any protective
value, must contain living, though weakened, organisms of
the disease, great care is necessary to ensure that attenuation
has been carried sufficiently far to render the inoculation
safe but at the same time effective in producing immunity.
To confirm the laboratory tests, reports were asked for from
those officers to whom the new vaccine was sent and in all
cases the replies received were satisfactory; the following
extracts may be given as examples:—
The Superintendent, Civil Veterinary Department,
Mysore, reports :—
" That the results of inoculation with the latest supply
of black quarter vaccine have been successful and no com-
plaints were received from any places where cattle were
inoculated."
12
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE IMPERIAL BACTERIOLOGIST
The Superintendent, Civil Veterinary Department, Pun¬
jab, countersigns a report submitted by his Deputy Super-
intendent on black-leg vaccination.
" The above three villages were visited by me on 5th
April, i.e., 10 days after the vaccination for ascertaining the
results. The results are very satisfactory. One animal in
village Lehga Bhanda indicated symptoms of slight swelling
at the seat of inoculation and lameness on the 3rd day of
inoculation and these disappeared on the 5th day of inocu-
lation.
" The age of the animal which showed the above symp-
toms was 2 years.
" Animals of from 6 months to 3 years of age were
vaccinated."
25. The total number of doses issued amounted to 20,257
as against 6,333 doses during the preceding year.
26. The subjoined table shows the results of inoculations
in the field with Charbon Symptomatique Vaccine.
Province
Punjab
N.-W. F. P. and
N. Punjab
United Provinces
Sind, Baluchistan
and Rajputana
Bihar and Orissa
Mysore State
Hissar
Cattle
Farm
TOTAL
Number of outbreaks in
which inoculation was under-
taken
52
21
6
6
9
*
*
94
NUMBER OF
ANIMALS WHICH
DIED UNINOCU¬
LATED IN
COURSE OF
DISEASE
Equines
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Bovines
*
7
22
212
33
*
*
274
Others
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
NUMBER
OF
ANIMALS IN-
--------
Equines
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Bovines
3,107
3,359
183
450
919
536
614
9,168
Others
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
NUMBER OF
ANIMALS WHICH
DIED AFTER
INOCULATION
Equines
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Bovines
2
...
...
4
7
...
1
14
Others
...
...
...
...
...
..
..
REMARKS
* Figures not supplied in the statements of Superintendents.
FOR THE YEAR ENDING THE 31ST MARCH 1916.
13
27. Strangles Serum and Vaccine. During the year
1915-16, 11,242 doses of this serum were manufactured and
17,132 issued against 16,118 doses prepared and 3,988 doses
issued in 1914-15. The largest previous issue of this serum
in one year was 12,192 doses in 1913-14.
In addition, 656 doses of anti-streptococcic and 1,350
doses of mixed anti-streptococcic and staphylococcic vaccines
were prepared and issued.
The above serum and vaccines were supplied mainly to
the Army Remount Depôts for the treatment and experi-
mental immunization of horses against strangles.
28. Mallein. The demand for mallein was fully main¬
tained; 30,332 doses being issued as against 31,104 doses in
1914-15, which was double the issue of any previous year.
28,009 doses were prepared as against 37,766 doses in
1914-15.
In addition 7,127 doses of ophthalmic mallein were
prepared and 112 doses issued; this form of mallein had not
previously been issued from the Muktesar Laboratory.
29. Tuberculin. Out of 730 doses, the outstanding
balance of the preceding year, 430 doses were issued during
the year 1915-16 against 140 doses issued in 1914-15.
30. Miscellaneous Vaccines. During the year under
report several specimens of material from various infective
conditions, chiefly in horses, were received at the Laboratory
and from these autogenous bacterial vaccines were prepared
for use in the treatment of the infections.
In all 95 doses of staphylococcic vaccine and 205 doses
of bacterial vaccines of different kinds were supplied, the
reports received of their value in practice have been very
satisfactory. The following is an extract from one of these
reports sent by the Veterinary Officer, Army Remount
Depôt, Sargodha.
14
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE IMPERIAL BACTERIOLOGIST
" The autogenous vaccine used on a case of 'Fistulous
Withers' had a very excellent effect. Following each injec-
tion there was a gradual diminution of the discharge and at
the present time the fistulous openings are almost completely
cicatrised."
31. Specimens examined. During the year under report,
125 specimens were received at the Laboratory for examina-
tion and report, against 132 during the previous year.
In the following statement the details of the specimens
examined are shown :—
NAME OF DISEASE
Surra
Anthrax
Piroplasmosis
Tuberculosis
Strangles
Fowl Cholera
Kumri
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Lymphangitis Epizootica
Dourine
Anæmia
Filaria
Tumours
Pneumonia
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Miscellaneous Diseases
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
TOTAL
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
NUMBER OF SPECIMENS
Positive
Nos.
4
1
6
25
4
1
9
...
1
5
2
9
2
33
102
Negative
Nos.
9
2
6
4
...
...
...
2
...
...
...
...
...
...
23
TOTAL
Nos.
13
3
12
29
4
1
9
2
1
5
2
9
2
33
125
FOR THE YEAR ENDING THE 31ST MARCH 1916.
15
32. Training. During the past year one Veterinary
Graduate and one Dairy Manager underwent a course of
training in inoculation methods.
Mr. W. A. Pool, Professor, Punjab Veterinary College,
reported his arrival at this Laboratory on 3rd July 1915 for 3
months' experimental study and left on 28th September 1915.
Mr. P. G. Patel, Assistant to the Imperial Pathological
Entomologist, conducted a series of experiments with flies
in the transmission of surra, at Muktesar as well as at
Bareilly, for a period of about 3 months.
III. RESEARCH WORK.
33. Rinderpest. Up to the present no drug or combi-
nation of drugs has been found to exert any markedly
beneficial effect on the course of an attack of rinderpest.
Experiments in this direction have therefore been discon-
tinued.
Observations on the preservation of rinderpest virus
have been continued and extended to include a study of the
duration of vitality of the virus under natural conditions.
The importance of obtaining accurate information on this
latter point was brought to the notice of the Board of
Scientific Advice and the request was made that the investi-
gation might be conducted at Muktesar.
A report of the experiments is being prepared and will
be submitted for publication shortly.
With the object of increasing the output of serum and
effecting economies in the cost of its production, without any
decrease of its potency, comparative tests were carried out of
various methods of bleeding the hyperimmune animals for
serum. A revised procedure was found to give superior
results to the existing routine method and this has now been
adopted. An account of the experiments is ready for
publication. At the same time the yield of serum obtained
16
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE IMPERIAL BACTERIOLOGIST
from the blood by a new method of clotting was compared
with that given by centrifugalisation alone and found to give
superior results. A report of the method has been submitted
for publication by Dr. Norris.
A number of serological observations were also made by
Dr. Macalister with the view of ascertaining whether the
potency of anti-rinderpest serum could be determined by this
means instead of having to employ numbers of hill bulls for
the purpose, as at present, but so far the results have been
negative.
34. Anthrax and Hæmorrhagic Septicœmia. The long
series of tests, carried out with a variety of drugs, to ascer-
tain their effect on the course of these diseases, have been
discontinued for the present as the results were not sufficiently
pronounced in any case to justify further experiments.
The immunizing effect of dead vaccines, prepared in various
ways from cultures of the organisms, was tested, both in the
case of anthrax and hæmorrhagic septicæmia, with the
object of finding a safe method of giving protection against
these diseases for a longer period than is possible with anti-
sera or the present hæmorrhagic septicæmia vaccine. The
results in certain cases were encouraging and it is proposed
to continue the experiments along these lines.
Dr. Macalister has commenced a series of observations on
the standardization of the anti-sera of these diseases, but the
investigation of certain biochemical questions in this connec-
tion has been interrupted by the transfer of Dr. Norris
to military duty.
35. Kumri. The investigation into the etiology and
pathology of this disease has been continued by Dr. Macalis-
ter; a preliminary report of the results arrived at up to the
present time will be submitted shortly.
36. Strangles. A large number of inoculation experi-
ments were carried out at the Army Remount Depôts at
Mona and Sargodha, but as the disease did not make its
FOR THE YEAR ENDING THE 31ST MARCH 1916.
17
appearance until late in the winter, it is not yet possible to
arrive at any conclusions as to the results of the experiments.
The value of both anti-serum and vaccines in the treatment
of the disease was frequently demonstrated and the increased
issues of these agents indicate the extent to which Veterinary
Officers are appreciating this fact.
37. Contagious abortion. No further outbreak of this
disease has been reported from the Government Farm at
Hissar, but its appearance amongst the mares of the donkey
stud at the Army Remount Depôt at Mona, towards the
close of the year under report, gave an opportunity for
making a bacteriological examination of the condition.
An organism has been isolated from an aborted fœtus
which produces abortion constantly in guinea-pigs and in
other respects closely resembles the bacillus abortivo-equinus
(Good & Smith) of infectious equine abortion in America; its
further study is being pursued.
38. Surra. Arrangements were made with Mr. Howlett,
Imperial Pathological Entomologist, to carry out an investiga-
tion on the transmission of surra by biting flies, but owing to
his departure on leave the original programme could not be
followed. However, he kindly placed the services of his
assistant, Mr. Patel, at my disposal and with the help of this
officer a number of interesting experiments were carried out
at the Bareilly Laboratory. An account of these will be
submitted for publication shortly.
39. Miscellaneous. The study of several minor subjects
was also taken up during the year.
The stock of tuberculin in hand becoming low, steps
were taken for the preparation of a fresh amount, but since
the agent is intended for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in
Indian stock, it was decided to obtain original cultures of
the tubercle bacillus from cases of the disease in this country
instead of relying on cultures from British sources, as had
been done previously. The material for this purpose was
18
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE IMPERIAL BACTERIOLOGIST
kindly sent to the Laboratory by Mr. G. Taylor, Superin-
tendent, Civil Veterinary Department, South Punjab, and
three different strains of the organism have been culti-
vated.
In addition to utilizing these for the preparation of
tuberculin, a study will be made of their cultural and other
characters for the purpose of determining to which variety
of the organism they belong.
A form of paralysis in sheep occurring in the Aligarh
district was also investigated, but neither the presence of
a causal organism nor of any very pronounced lesions could
be demonstrated in the cases submitted for examination.
40. The following papers were forwarded from the
Laboratory for publication during the year under report:—
(a) A comparison of the defibrination and oxalate
methods of serum preparation as applied to hæ-
morrhagic septicæmia and anthrax sera together
with some analyses of buffalo and hill bull blood
by Dr. R. V. Norris, Physiological Chemist,
Imperial Bacteriological Laboratory. Pusa Agri.
Res. Inst. Bull., No. 60.
(b) A note on the diagnosis of glanders by A. W.
Shilston, M.R.C.V.S., Assistant Bacteriologist
in charge of the office of the Imperial Bacteriolo-
gist. Agri. Jour. Ind., Vol. XI, Part I
(c) Protective inoculation of stock in India, by A. W.
Shilston, M.R.C.V.S., Assistant Bacteriolo-
gist in charge of the office of the Imperial
Bacteriologist. Agri. Jour., Ind. Vol. XI,
Part II.
41. General remarks. Although the issues of anti-rinder-
pest serum for the year under report did not reach the record
established in 1914-15, those of anthrax, hæmorrhagic
septicæmia and strangles anti-sera each largely exceeded
any previous yearly issue and since the issued dose of these
FOR THE YEAR ENDING THE 31ST MARCH 1916.
19
sera is three times as large as that of anti-rinderpest serum,
the total quantity of serum prepared was actually 482,315
cc. more than the total for 1914-15, itself a record year.
In addition, the issue of hæmorrhagic septicæmia and
black quarter vaccine showed a large increase over 1914-
15; special vaccines and ophthalmic mallein were issued for
the first time and the output of ordinary mallein was but
little short of that for the preceding year.
On account of the numerous changes in the staff and the
difficulties connected with the water and fodder supplies,
defective centrifuges, and delays in the delivery of glass-
ware, etc., from England, the maintenance of the large out-
put from the Laboratory imposed a considerable strain upon
all members of the staff concerned.
During my absence from Muktesar in the winter, the
routine serum and vaccine preparation was under the direct
charge of Dr. Macalister, and I am greatly indebted to him
for his willing co-operation at all times.
The three European Laboratory Assistants have discharged
their responsible duties with care and thoroughness and their
services are fully appreciated.
Mr. Goffi while acting as Farm Manager has displayed
energy and tact in carrying out the duties of the post; as
a result a welcome change has been produced in the work
of the farm staff and the condition of the estate.
I also wish to record my appreciation of the services of
Rai Sahib Pandit Krishna Nand, Office Superintendent,
whose long experience and knowledge of the office work
and local conditions, have been of the greatest assistance
to me in dealing with the many difficulties of administra-
tion encountered during the past year.
A. W. SHILSTON,
Assistant Bacteriologist,
In charge of the office of the Imperial Bacteriologist.
20
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE IMPERIAL BACTERIOLOGIST
Table showing the doses of different products issued from the
Name of Sera
Rinderpest serum
Anthrax serum
Hæmorrhagic Septi-
cæmia serum.
Hæmorrhagic Septi-
cæmia vaccine.
Charbon Symptoma¬
tique vaccine.
Mallein
Ophthalmic Mallein
Tuberculin
Anti-Streptococcic
serum.
Anti-Streptococcic
vaccine.
Staphylococcic vaccine
Special vaccine
Streptococcic and
staphylococcic
(mixed) vaccine.
TOTAL
Punjab
16,000
...
5,000
50
1,010
474
...
† 45
...
60
...
...
...
22,639
North-West Frontier
Province
29,200
...
5,000
8,400
3,500
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
46,100
South Punjab
35,000
...
18,117
33,340
4,000
200
...
20
...
...
...
...
...
90,677
United Provinces
15,000
...
8,800
700
...
57
...
12
...
...
...
...
...
24,569
Bengal
70,500
2,500
3,000
...
...
200
12
...
...
...
...
...
...
76,212
QUANTITY ISSUED
Assam
114,000
19,000
6,000
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
139,000
Bihar and Orissa
124,000
6,000
12,500
78,800
200
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
221,500
Central Provinces
95,000
11,000
10,500
...
...
20
...
...
12
6
...
...
...
116,538
* Inclusive of 960 doses issued to Hissar Cattle Farm.
†
„
1 dose
„
„
„
FOR THE YEAR ENDING THE 31ST MARCH 1916.
21
Imperial Bacteriological Laboratory, Muktesar, during the year 1915-16.
IN DOSES
Bombay
152,100‡
...
5,500
2,260
50
...
100
...
...
...
...
...
...
160,010
Madras
160,000
2,500
...
...
...
260
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
162,760
Sind,
Baluchistan and
Rajputana
3,000
489
3,633
...
650
210
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
7,982
Burma
15,000
...
...
...
...
1,100
...
250
...
...
...
...
...
16,350
Coorg
...
1,300
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1,300
Military Department
92,422
100
766
...
60
27,364
...
106
7,393
590
95
205
1,350
130,451
Native States
36,100
5,415
1,033
600
500
439
...
...
340
...
...
...
...
44,427
Foreign countries
5,600
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
5,600
Imperial Bacteriologi-
cal Laboratory
6,538
33
116
...
10,287
8
...
1
9,387§
...
...
...
...
26,370
TOTAL
969,460
48,337
79,965
124,150
20,257
30,332
112
434
17,132
656
95
205
1,350
1,292,485
‡ Inclusive of 700 doses issued to Bombay Municipality.
§
„
7,950 „ discarded.
22
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE IMPERIAL BACTERIOLOGIST
Table showing main results of the working of the Imperial
QUANTITY IN DOSES OF SERA OR ANTI-TOXIN PREPARED
AND ISSUED
1
Muktesar Laboratory.
Names of sera
or
anti-toxin
2
Rinderpest serum .
Anthrax serum
Hæmorrhagic Septi-
cæmia serum
Hæmorrhagic Septi-
cæmia vaccine
Charbon Symptoma¬
tique vaccine
Mallein .
.
.
Ophthalmic Mallein
Tuberculin
.
.
Anti-Streptococcic
serum
Anti-Streptococcic
vaccine
Staphylococcic
vaccine
Special vaccine
Streptococcic
and
Staphylococcic
(mixed) vaccine
TOTAL
Opening balance
3
Doses
69,760
157
100
...
18,257
9,415
...
730
13,690
...
112,109
Prepared during the year
4
Doses
1,186,550
71,870
127,365
124,150
50,000
28,009
7,127
...
11,242
656
95
205
1,350
1,608,619
Returned serum
5
Doses
400
...
1,400
500
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2,300
Total
6
Doses
1,256,710
72,027
127,465
124,150
69,657
37,924
7,127
730
24,932
656
95
205
1,350
1,723,028
Issued during the year
7
Doses
969,460
48,337
79,965
124,150
20,257
30,332
112
434
17,132
656
95
205
1,350
1,292,485
Stock in hand
8
Doses
287,250
23,690
47,500
49,400
7,592
7,015
296
7,800
...
...
430,543
INSTRUCTION
IMPARTED
Department
or
Province
9
Deputy
Superin-
tendent, C. V. D.,
United Provinces.
Military Dairy Farm
Manager.
Veterinary College,
Lahore.
European Officers attending class
10
...
1
1
2
Number passed
11
...
1
1
2
Indian Veterinary Graduates
12
1
...
...
1
Number passed
13
1
...
1
FOR THE YEAR ENDING THE 31ST MARCH 1916.
23
Bacteriological Laboratory, Muktesar, during the year 1915-16.
FINANCIAL RESULTS
RECEIPTS
Sale of sera
14
RS.
}133,103
133,103
A.
13
13
P.
5
5
Sal e of animals
15
RS.
200
200
A.
0
0
P.
0
0
Sale of garden products and
Reserved forests
16
RS.
879
879
A.
5
5
P.
0
0
Other miscellaneous receipts
17
RS.
164
164
A.
1
1
P.
0
0
TOTAL
18
RS.
134,347
134,347
A.
3
3
P.
5
5
EXPENDITURE
Salaries and Travelling
allowances of officers and
establishments
19
RS.
88,166
88,166
A.
7
7
P.
2
2
Feed and keep of animals
20
RS.
89,514
89,514
A.
8
8
P.
9
9
Cos t of chemicals and
apparatus
21
RS.
11,983
11,983
A.
7
7
P.
0
0
Other miscellaneous expendi-
ture
22
RS.
32,042
32,042
A.
1
1
P.
0
0
Purchase of animals
23
RS.
19,557
19,557
A.
2
2
P.
6
6
TOTAL
24
RS.
2,41,263 10 5
2,41,263 10 5
CALCUTTA
SUPERINTENDENT GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA
1916
ANNUAL REPORT
THE IMPERIAL BACTERIOLOGIST
FOR THE YEAR ENDING THE 31ST MARCH, 1917
Muktesar Laboratories.
CALCUTTA
SUPERINTENDENT GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA
1918
Price annas 5 or 6 d.
ANNUAL REPORT
OF
THE IMPERIAL BACTERIOLOGIST
FOR THE YEAR ENDING THE 31ST MARCH, 1917
Muktesar Laboratories.
CALCUTTA
SUPERINTENDENT GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA
1918
Price annas 5 or 6 d.
ANNUAL REPORT
OF
THE IMPERIAL BACTERIOLOGIST
FOR THE YEAR ENDING THE 31ST MARCH, 1917.
(A. LESLIE SHEATHER, B.Sc., M.R.C.V.S.)
I. ADMINISTRATION.
Mr. A. W. Shilston, M.R.C.V.S., held charge of the
current duties of the Imperial Bacteriologist up to the 10th
October, 1916, in addition to his own as Assistant Bacterio-
logist.
On the 11th October, 1916,I relieved him and held the
post of Imperial Bacteriologist till the end of the year under
report.
Dr. G. H. K. Macalister, M.A., M.D., D.P.H., held the
office of Pathologist up to the 12th November, 1916, after
which his services were placed at the disposal of the Army
Department for employment in the Central Laboratory at
Basra.
The post of Physiological Chemist remained vacant
throughout the year owing to the services of Dr. R. V.
Norris, M.Sc., A.I.C., D.Sc., having been temporarily trans-
ferred to the Military Department in October, 1915.
Mr. S. E. Andrews held the post of Engineer throughout
the year.
Mr. A. J. Hearsey was appointed Farm Manager on
probation for one year with effect from 14th July, 1916.
Mr. V. R. Phadke, a graduate of the Bombay Veterinary
College, who underwent a course of training in Bacteriology
and Pathology in England, was appointed to the new post
of Veterinary Deputy Superintendent for the inoculation of
cattle in the Military Dairies.