NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
No. 207—108 R. & A.
FROM
VETERINARY-COLONEL A. E. QUERIPEL,
INSPECTOR GENEEAL, CIVIL VETERINARY DEPARTMENT,To
THE SECRETARY TO THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA,
DEPARTMENT OP REVENUE AND AGRICULTURE,
SIMLA.
Dated Simla, the 23rd August 1897.
SIR,
I HAVE the honor to submit, for the information of the Government of
India, the Annual Administration Report of the Civil Veterinary Department
for the official year 1896-97.
I have the honor to be,
Sir,
Your most obedient Servant,
A. E. QUERIPEL, Vety. Col.,
Inspector General, Civil Veterinary Department.
ANNUAL ADMINISTRATION REPORT
OF THE
CIVIL VETERINARY DEPARTMENT IN INDIA
FOR THE OFFICIAL YEAR
1896-97.
CONTENTS.
PART I.—IMPERIAL REPORT.
A.—MILITARY SECTION.
I.—HORSE-BREEDING—
(1) Government horse stallions—
Number of stallions .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Received during the year .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Casualties
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Sales
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Number of stallions present . . . . . . . . . . .
Remarks on classes of stallions-
English stallions
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Thoroughbred Australian stallions
........
Arab stallions
........
Transit of horses from England, and donkeys from the Continent .
Proposed removal of the Punjab Stallion Depot to Rawalpindi . .
Proposed transfer of horse-breeding operations in Bombay, to Imperial
control
........
Number of stallions at stud work
........
Average number of mares covered per stallion employed
........
Maps
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Demand for stallions
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Stallions which produce the most suitable stock for the Army . .
(2) Remounts—Country bred—
Number purchased
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Purchase of young stock by Native Cavalry . . . . . . . .
The horse—commonly spoken of as "The Northern Horse"
Scheme for the collection of horses at convenient centres for purchase
as Native Cavalry remounts
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Purchase of young stock by Remount Department, direct from
breeders
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
II.—MULE-BEEEDING—
(1) Government donkey stallions-
Number of stallions
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Casualties and sales
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Number of donkey stallions at stud work . . . . . . . .
Average number of mares covered per donkey stallion employed
Demand for donkey stallions
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Class of donkey stallions
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
PAGES.
1
ib.
ib.
2
ib.
ib.
5
8
9
ib.
ib.
10
11
ib.
ib.
13
14.
15
18
19
20
23
ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.
24
ii
II.—MULE-BREEDING—continued.
(2) Number of mules purchased by Government . . . . . . . .
Supply of Ordnance mules
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Improvement of donkey stock generally, as a means of adding to
"Transport"
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
III.—TABLES (MILITARY SECTION)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
B.-REVENUE SECTION.
I.—HORSE-BREEDING—
(1) Government horse stallions-
Cost of feed and keep
(2) Branded mares—
Number present
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Popularity of the brand
Granting of certificates by District Officers to allow unbranded mares
being covered
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Number of mares covered by Government horse stallions . . . . . . . .
(3) Produce-
Number of produce foaled, showing averages to mares covered and
stallions employed
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Reliability of statistics
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Dariudah system in the North-Western Provinces
.
.
.
.
(4) Castration
.
.
.
.
.
II.—HORSE-BREEDING—
(1) Government donkey stallions-
Cost of feed and keep
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(2) Pony and donkey mares—
Number served by Government donkey stallions . . . . . . . .
(8) Produce—
Number of mule stock foaled
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
III.—HORSE FAIRS AND SHOWS—
Review on Horse Fairs and Shows during 1896-97 . . . . . . . .
Special Judging Committees
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Silver Medals
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Prizes awarded at Horse Fairs and Shows . . . . . . . .
Summary of Horse Fairs and Shows . . . . . . . .
Stallions whose produce won prizes
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
IV.—INSTRUCTION
FARM—
(1) Remarks on work done at the Farms
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
North-Western Provinces Farm
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(2) Balance sheet of cultivation operations . . . . . . . .
(3) Return of Farm animals
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(4) Casualties
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(5) Sales
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(6) North-Western Provinces Farm produce . . . . . . . .
(7) Punjab Farm, and Punjab Farm produce . . . . . . . .
V.—BACTERIOLOGICAL
LABORATORY—
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
V (A)—EQUINE DISEASE—
(1) Glanders and Farcy
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(2) Loodhianah disease
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(3) Surra . . . .
PAGES
27
ib.
ib.
iii to
xxxix
31
ib.
32
34
35
36
ib.
38
39
43
ib.
ib.
47
72
73
ib.
74
75
79
ib.
80
ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.
81
85
89
93
94
iii
VI.—GENERAL—
(1) Cost of Department
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(2) Tours of Imperial Officers
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(3) Personnel of the Department . . . .
(4) Employment of Civil Veterinary Department Officers on Military duties .
(5) Resignation of Clinical Assistant to the Imperial Bacteriologist . .
Successor to Mr. Bamber
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(6) Result of General Sir J. Watson's visit to India in 1895-96 . . .
(7) General remarks-
Horse-breeding in Ajmere-Merwara
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Horse and mule-breeding in Central Provinces . . . . . . . .
Horse-breeding in Central India
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Horse and mule-breeding beyond the Border—
Kurrum
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Tochi Valley
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Cleansing of horse boxes and railway trucks . . . . . . . .
Rules for guidance of Zilladars and Salutris . . . . . . . .
Advice to breeders, to be circulated by means of covering and produce
certificates
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Urdu edition of Manual on horse-breeding . . . . . . . .
Indian Quarterly Veterinary Journal in Urdu . . . . . . . .
Manual of cattle diseases by Syud Sardar Shah Gilani
.
.
Horse-breeding in Native States
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
VII.—TABLE (REVENUE SECTION)
.
.
.
.
.
PART II.-PROVINCIAL REPORT.
I.—HORSE-BBEEDING—
(1) Horse and pony stallions belonging to District Boards, etc.—
.
.
Casualties
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Sales
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Demand for District Board stallions
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Number of stallions at stud work, and number of mares covered
.
Cost of feed and keep and how defrayed . . . . . . . .
(2) Produce
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(3) Mares unbranded or branded for district horse-breeding . . .
(4) Stallions
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(5) Pony and mule-breeding in Burma
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(6) Pony-breeding in Madras
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(7) Pony and mule-breeding in Bengal
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
II.—MULE-BREEDING—
(1) Donkey stallions belonging to District Boards, etc.— . . . . . . . .
Number of pony mares covered
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Produce
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Cost of feed and keep of district donkey stallions . . . . . . . .
Demand for donkey stallions
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(2) Colts castrated
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
III.—CATTLE DISEASE—INVESTIGATION AND PREVENTION—
(1) Bacteriological Survey
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(2) Hydatid disease as affecting Transport bullocks in Quetta . . . . . . . .
(3) Oroxylum indicum, a cure for "Dumree" . . . . . . . .
(4) Jowar poisoning
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(5) Bill or Vill
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
PAGES.
101
ib.
104
105
ib.
106
ib.
108
ib.
110
111
ib.
ib.
ib.
112
ib.
113
ib.
ib.
xliii to
lxxvii
127
ib.
ib.
ib.
128
129
ib.
130
ib.
ib.
ib.
131
135
ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.
139
145
146
147
148
iv
III.—CATTLE DISEASE—INVESTIGATION AND PREVENTION—continued
(6) Tick plague or Texas fever
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(7) Information collected
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(8) Veterinary Dispensaries
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(9) Cases treated by Veterinary Assistants
....
IV.—CATTLE-BREEDING, ETC.—
(1) Cattle-breeding
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(2) Suitability of districts for cattle-breeding . . . . . . . .
Indigenous bulls
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Cattle-breeding—North-Western Provinces . . . . . . . .
„
Bengal
.
.
.
.
(3) Cattle Fairs and Shows
.
.
.
.
.
V.—VETERINARY INSTRUCTION—
(1) Veterinary Colleges and Schools
.
.
.
.
.
.
Bombay Veterinary College
.
.
.
.
.
Lahore Veterinary School
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Bengal Veterinary Institution
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Rajputana Veterinary School
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Burma Veterinary School
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
VI.—TOURS OF SUPERINTENDENTS—
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
VII.-GENERAL—
(1) Provincial cost of Department
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(2) General remarks—
Horse-breeding, etc. (Imperial)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Horse-breeding, etc. (Provincial) . . . . . . . .
(3) Conclusion
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
VIII.—TABLE—(PROVINCIAL)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
PAGES.
.
148
.
150
.
167
.
175
.
179
.
180
.
182
.
183
.
186
.
187
.
197
. ib.
.
199
.
202
.
204
.
205
.
209
.
213
.ib.
.
215
.
216
lxxxi to cxviii
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
ANNUAL ADMINISTRATION REPORT
OF THE
CIVIL VETERINARY DEPARTMENT IN INDIA
FOR THE OFFICIAL YEAR
1896-97.
PART I.-IMPERIAL REPORT.
A.—MILITARY SECTION.
I.—HORSE BREEDING.
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
ANNUAL ADMINISTRATION REPORT
OF THE
CIVIL VETERINARY DEPARTMENT IN INDIA
FOR THE OFFICIAL YEAR
1896-97.
PART I.-IMPERIAL REPORT.
A.—MILITARY SECTION.
I.-HORSE BREEDING.
Stallions.
Number of.
As will be seen by Table I (page iii), the number of stallions at the
commencement of the year was 361. Seventy-eight were added to the
Register, and 53 were struck off, leaving a balance of 386 on 31st March 1897.
Of this number:—
72 were employed in North-Western Provinces and Oudh.
175 „
42 „
5 „
2 „
47 „
„
„
„
„
„
„ Punjab.
„ Baluchistan.
„ Central India.
„ Rajputana.
„ Bombay.
43 new horses remained unallotted.
This year, the unacclimatized horses that remained unallotted, are
enumerated separately, so as to show the numbers that were actually available.
Received
during the year
2. Thirteen Australians and 20 Arabs were purchased by me in India, and
24 horses, including thoroughbred English, half and three-quarter breds, and
hackneys, were received from England.
Casualties.
3. As will be seen by reference to Table II (page iv), 15 stallions died
during the year, giving a percentage of 4.15. The death-rate shows an average
of about 5 per cent. in all Provinces except in South Punjab, where it was only
3.52 per cent. The highest death-rate, as usual, occurred in Baluchistan.
Were it not for abdominal disease, the death-rate would be but trifling,
but in Baluchistan, where all stallions are fed on bhoosa and lucerne, it is only
natural to expect that diseases of this nature will be very prevalent. Although
the general death-rate is higher than I could wish, still, I consider that the
Department has been fortunate in not losing more stallions, as, owing to the
great drought, the horses had to exist on the worst possible grass; in fact, at
one time it was thought that it would be necessary to remove many of the
horses from the stands to the depôts. The great heat which existed in July,
accounted for two deaths, whilst anthrax accounted for the same number. The
Department was unfortunate in losing the thoroughbred English stallion
"Millom," and thoroughbred Australian "Nulquine;" both of these suc-
cumbed to the excessive heat in July; they were good stockgetters. Also in
losing the thoroughbred English stallion "Ottoman" and the thoroughbred
Australian "Donation," both of which were stallions that promised exceeding
well; the latter being by "Martini Henry" by "Musket."
B
13
Stallions which
produce the
most suitable
stock for the
Army.
71. Table V (page xiii) furnished, as usual, by the Director, Army
Remount Department, shows that the following were the results obtained at
each of the Rearing Depôts:—
Hapur . . . . . . . .
Kurnal . . . . . . . .
Ahmednagar . . . . . . . .
TOTAL
Issued to
British
Services.
96
75
63
234
Issued to
Madras
Cavalry.
51
87
...
138
Sold as
unfit or
undersized.
21
18
11
50
Total.
168
180
74
422
72. Again, let us consider the above figures as affecting the class of stallion
by which they were got, and we find:—
Norfolk Trotters and Hackneys
.
.
.
.
.
Thoroughbred English
.
.
.
.
.
Arabs
.
.
.
.
.
Australians
.
.
.
.
.
Country-breds
.
.
.
.
.
Unknown.
.
.
.
.
TOTAL
Issued to
British
Services.
68
54
31
...
3
78
234
Issued to
Madras
Cavalry.
23
24
13
1
...
77
138
Sold as
unfit or
undersized.
7
5
12
1
...
25
50
Total.
98
83
56
2
3
180
422
The first thing which strikes one very forcibly is the fact that only 55.45 of
the young stock bought, ultimately turned out fit for the British Mounted
Branches, and that 11.84 proved either unfit or bad to be sold as being
undersized, whilst 32.70 per cent. were issued to Madras Cavalry.
Can this be attributed to any one class of stallion? I think not. The
percentage of issues to British Mounted Corps, the gets of Norfolk Trotters and
thoroughbreds, is very similar, being 69 and 65, respectively. The Arab does
not show such a good percentage, being only 55; but the great falling off is in
the class shown as "Unknown." Of these, we find that only 78 horses out of
180, or 40 per cent., proved fit for the British Services, and with reference to
this important point, I would note, as I did last year, that the number of
young stock by unknown sires is very large, and, in my opinion, must lead to bad
results.
Kurnal
Hapur
Ahmednagar
shows 50 per cent. by unknown sires.
„ 43 „ „
„ 20 „
„
It is only natural to suppose that the greatest proportion of these unknown
gets are purchased from dealers, as if bought from breeders, the sire by which
they were got would have been ascertained; this is further borne out by the fact
that the majority of these came from Lahore and Amritsar. If the deductions
drawn from Returns submitted by the Remount Department are correct, it will
bear out the opinion which I have so frequently expressed that the worst young
stock is purchased from the dealer class, and that strenuous efforts should be
made to buy more extensively from the actual breeder.
73. In making the above remarks I trust that I may not be thought to be
encroaching on the duties of the Army Remount Department, but, as Head of
the Department to which is entrusted the production of the young stock, I feel
compelled to try to ascertain the causes of the failures. Is it due to the fact
that we are producing bad material, is the question that so frequently occurs to
me, and if so, what steps should we take to remedy the defects? I have most
28
I was able to afford him the following information:—
That in the Punjab, the best donkeys are to be found in Gujrat and Jhelum
districts, and the Gujar Khan and Rawalpindi Tehsils in the Rawalpindi district,
also in Multan and Dera Ghazi Khan.
That the North-Western Provinces do not possess any breed of donkeys
bigger than that usually used by dhobies.
That Baluchistan, although not possessing any breed of its own, has many
good ones imported from Khorassan and Meshed.
That moderate donkeys are found throughout Sind, the best being in the
Moro Naushahro, and Kandiaro districts.
That Gujrat produces donkeys capable of carrying only small loads.
That Cutch and Kathiawar possess a small number of really good don-
keys; they are smaller than the Sind donkeys, but are capable of carrying large
loads.
That the Deccan and Kandesh have no donkeys worthy of consideration
as a means of Army Transport.
I further stated that if any general scheme was formulated for the improve-
ment of donkey stock generally, it would be better to confine the operations to
such tracts as one known to possess a good class of donkey. That the general
supervision of the operations might be entrusted to the various Super-
intendents, Civil Veterinary Department, but that the actual working of the
scheme should be left to Local Governments and through them to District
Boards, Municipalities, etc. That only indigenous donkey stallions should be
employed; these would be such that are not quite up to the standard now
selected for Imperial mule breeding. In time of course, the number and
quality of the Jacks will be improved by the cross with Italians.
164. I trust that this important subject will receive the attention it
deserves at the hands of Government, when the report submitted by the
Transport Committee is considered. The indigenous donkey, if gradually
improved, would be a most important addition to our transport supply.
Already the Punjabi donkey carries the load laid down for the pack mule on
service, but the great point to my mind is that he can exist on less food, and
that of a worse description.
The weights that these small animals will carry, both in this and other
countries, is incredible. We frequently see a donkey, not over 11 hands,
carrying a load and a man; the weight of the donkey is certainly not over 250
pounds and yet he carries about 160 pounds. There is no question that the
donkey will kill any pony and outstrip him in pace, and I am informed that
in the Mexican Mines, where large donkeys are used, they work all day and
carry an equivalent to their own weight in or out of the mine.
165. One difficulty will be the fact that, donkeys in this country are
generally the property of very poor men who put them to work at a very
early age, frequently as young as 6 months; the result must naturally be
that, when required for Transport purposes, say at 5 years of age, a large
number will be found with very crooked hind legs; still it will be found that,
notwithstanding this malformation, a fair-sized donkey will carry as much
as an ordinary Transport mule, provided the points of his hocks do not
actually rub when he is walking.
PART I.—IMPERIAL REPORT.
B.—REVENUE SECTION.
I.—HORSE-BREEDING.
31
PART I.—IMPERIAL REPORT.
B.—REVENUE SECTION.
I.—HORSE-BREEDING.
Cost of feed and
keep of
Government
horse stallions.
166. Table XI (page xliii) will show the cost of feed and keep of
Government horse stallions during the year. The following is a summary:—
North-Western Provinces and
Oudh.
.
Rajputana . . . . .
North Punjab . . . . .
South Punjab . . . . .
Baluchistan . . . . .
Central India . . . . .
Deccan
.
.
.
.
.
.
Guzerat . . .
and
Cutch}Bombay{
.
.
.
Average cost per stallion.
1895-96.
R
274
242
279
307
381
153
385
362
401
a.
4
14
12
6
5
0
0
0
0
p.
9
4
6
6
1
10
0
0
0
1896-97.
R
330
292
338
404
474
183
484
417
420
a.
10
2
15
15
6
15
0
0
0
p.
11
7
0
8
2
5
0
0
0
167. The increase in cost of feed and keep has been enormous this year,
still, it was only to be expected. Frequent circulars were issued to the
various Superintendents, enjoining upon them the necessity of most carefully
scrutinizing the expenditure in this direction, and I am bound to confess that
I was very ably seconded in my efforts to reduce the cost, still, when it is borne
in mind that gram averaged, in many instances, only 7 seers per rupee, it
will be recognised that it was impossible to avoid the high averages shown
above.
168. The above cost includes charges connected with construction and
repair of stabling and clothing; if we exclude these, we find that the total
cost for feed of horses in the four large spending Provinces, was as follows: this
includes the pay of syces and grasscutters, to whom compensation for dearness
of provisions had to be paid:—
North-Western Provinces and Oudh . . . . .
North Punjab . . . . .
South Puujab . . . . .
Baluchistan . . . . .
R
288
282
361
356
a.
10
10
10
8
p.
9
6
4
0
The high rate existing in the South Punjab is ascribed to the cost of
horses maintained in the Derajat and other districts.
In the North-Western Provinces and Punjab Depôts, which come more
entirely under the supervision of Officers of this Department, the cost was,
through the instrumentality of the Officers in charge, kept down to the very
lowest limits, and in each case were lower than any districts in either
Circles:—
North-Western Provinces Depôt
.
.
Punjab Depôt
.
.
.
.
.
1895-96.
R
255
246
a.
5
11
p.
5
2
1896-97.
R
274
268
a.
1
7
p.
0
5
When compared with the general increases noted in the various Provinces
the slight increase of cost, viz.:—
North-Western Provinces Depôt .. . . .
Punjab Depôt
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
R
18
21
a.
11
12
p.
7
3
must point to the care exercised by both Superintendents in charge.
Branded mares.
Number present.
169. Table XII (page xlvi) will show that the number of branded
or certificated mares at the commencement of the year, stood as follows:—
For Horse-breeding
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
„ Pony-breeding
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
23,250
5,689
35
only 28 are 14 hands and over, the remainder varying from 12 to 13 hands, and a great many too young to be
covered at present. The list, taken throughout, adds very little to the actual breeding wealth of the country.
This officer, however, has taken the greatest interest in the scheme, and has done all in his power to help the
Department and further the wishes of Government on this point."
189. A consideration of the above will show the following results:—
North-Western Provinces
.
.
.
North Punjab
.
.
.
.
.
South Punjab
.
.
.
.
.
Bombay
.
.
.
.
.
.
Certificated
mares on
1st April
1896.
...
119
135
...
Granted
during the
year.
2
63
19
313
Removed.
...
57
73
...
Remaining
on 31st
March 1897.
2
125
81
313
From the above, it will be seen that in Northern India, including the
whole of the North-Western Provinces and Punjab, only 208 certificated mares
remained on the registers at the end of the year, and although I do not
recognize the necessity for the continuance of this system, still, if it is thought
that it gives District Officers any interest in the work; and if my reference to
the Punjab Government has the desired effect of ensuring that all certificated
mares are brought up for the Superintendent's inspection on his first visit to
the district, I see no objection to the privilege being conceded, provided it is
not abused.
190. In Bombay, however, it is far different; for we find that in one year
and in one district alone, 313 certificates were granted. Although the same rules
as to age, height, soundness, etc., do not seem to have been issued to Bombay,
as was done in the case of the North-Western Provinces and Punjab, still, it
should, I think, have been understood that ponies of the height mentioned by
the Superintendent, should not have been granted certificates, and I regret to
find that even of these, many have been granted certificates that were too
young to be covered. The attention of the Bombay Government will be drawn
to this fact, through the Government of India, when reviewing this Provincial
Report.
Number of
mares covered
by Government
horse stallions.
191. The following will show the number of mares covered by Government
stallions during the past three years:—
North-Western Provinces and Oudh . . .
North Punjab
.
.
.
.
South Punjab
.
.
.
Rajputana .
.
.
.
.
Baluchistan
.
.
.
..
Central India
.
.
.
.
Deccan
.
.
.
.
.
Guzerat
.
.
.
.
.
Sind and Cutch . . . . . .
1894-95.
3,041
2,953
2,249
24
1,893
146
628
150
498
12,842
1895-96.
3,034
3,862
3,705
54
2,253
118
640
182
457
14,305
1896-97.
2,907
4,065
3,541
62
2,571
87
649
209
451
14,542
Last year, the returns showed an increase over the former year of 1,463,
and it is pleasing to be able to report that the improvement noticed last year
has been more than maintained.
192. But little improvement is noticeable in Bombay and Sind; the
numbers standing at 1,309 for this year against 1,279 last year; this refers to
mares covered by horse stallions, of which 47 are maintained.
F 2