ABSTRACTS
337
evidence of tuberculosis, although the granulation tissue at the operation site in the abo-
masum showed numerous acid-fast bacilli and a few lesions of productive type were found
in the mediastinal lymph node.
Two calves were given 80.0 mg. of culture. One was killed 23 days after the opera-
tion and showed caseous Peyer's patches and mesenteric nodes and the mediastinal and
hepatic lymph nodes were positive for tuberculosis on guinea-pig inoculation. The other
calf was killed after 54 days and showed tuberculous lesions in Peyer's patches and the
mesenteric nodes. Other nodes were normal.
In view of the common use of the teat bucket in commercial calf-rearing three calves
were given 1.0, 0.01 and 0.0001 mg. of culture in a pint of milk by this method. They
were killed after 23, 59 and 58 days respectively. The first two showed lesions only
limited to the intestinal tract and the mesenteric nodes. The third showed no tuber-
culosis of the intestinal tract, but the right bronchial node was caseous and epithelioid
cell foci were present in the mediastinal node. The lungs were free from tuberculosis.
Three calves received 0.1, 0.01 and 0.0001 mg. of a culture in 1.0 c.c. saline intra-
tracheally, the inoculation being made in the mid-ventral line in the lower third of the
neck. The first was killed after 24 days, while the other -two died 41 and 31 days after
inoculation respectively. Post-mortem examination revealed a local lesion in the trachea
in the first two calves and tuberculosis of the middle cervical node in all the three. On
histological examination and guinea-pig inoculation evidence of tuberculosis was found
in the bronchial, mediastinal and pharyngeal nodes of the first calf, and in the mediastinal
and bronchial nodes of the second, while all these nodes were negative in the case of the
third.
The authors discussing their results review in detail the literature on tuberculosis
in bovines published since 1910 and come to the conclusion that their own results as well
as those of other workers lend no support to Calmette's view that tubercle bacilli can
pass through the intestine, remain latent in the mesenteric nodes, and then produce lung
lesions without leaving any sign of passage through the mesenteric nodes. On the con-
trary, they prove that when infected material is given by the mouth, the throat and lungs
are most readily infected, while the intestines and mesenteric nodes are involved only
with large doses or not at all, due in part to the bactericidal effect of the stomach con-
tents. Primary infection of the lungs in such cases is due to., inhalation or aspiration
of the contaminated material.
Attempts to set up infection of the lungs by the intratracheal inoculation of culture
were unsuccessful, an experience in accord with that of other workers. The use of a
spray through a tracheotomy wound is a more effective way of setting up primary lung
tuberculosis, as this ensures the passage of the bacilli directly into the alveoli. [L. S.].
Single versus multiple doses of phenothiazine in lambs. B. G. PETERS and
J. W. G. LEIPER. (1941). Journal of Helminthology 19, 63—70
IN their earlier experiments on phenothiazine on lambs, the authors used egg
counts, worm counts and lamb weights as criteria for anthelmintic efficacy with very
conflicting results. In their experiment to which this article relates, they took special
precaution to obviate the repetition of their previous results.
Twelve lambs were divided into three groups of four ; A, controls, B, given multiple
doses of drug totalling 40 gm. per lamb and C, given each a single dose of 40 gm.
The marked fall in the egg count immediately after dosing was not temporary but
was maintained for 5 weeks. There was evidence that phenothiazine at 40 gm. per
lamb leads to a temporary loss of weight during the week after dosing, but the loss in
weight is made good during the following month. Phenothiazine was noticed to be
definitely effective against the genera Chabertia, Trichostrongylus, Haemonchus and
male T. axei. A real, if less marked, effect against Ostertagia, Nematodirus, Strongy-
loides and male T. colubriformis and T. vitrinus was observed. This result is interest-
ing in that both Nematodirus and Strongyloides have been generally considered as
unaffected by phenothiazine. Oesophagostomum and Bunostomum remained un-
affected. There was, however, no significant difference between the multiple.and