NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
APPENDIX
Instructions to Authors of Publications of the Imperial Council of
Agricultural Research*
1. All manuscripts should be clean, clear and carefully revised. Only one
side of the paper should be used, and as far as practicable the original type-
written copy and not a carbon copy should be sent. Capitals should be sparingly
used, and all the necessary punctuations should be done in the MS. and not left
for introduction in proofs.
2. The title of a paper should not be lengthy.
3. It is desirable that MS. should have suitable heads and sub-heads. In
numbering the principal divisions of a paper Roman numerals should be used.
The use of Arabic figures and (a), (b), (c), etc., is generally reserved for number-
ing the sub-divisions coming under each head.
4. Articles submitted for publication either in the Indian Journal of Agricul-
tural Science or in the Indian Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Hus-
bandry should be accompanied by abstracts for publication in Agriculture and
Live-stock in India. Abstracts should be concise, but should be long enough to
explain the matter dealt with ; ordinarily no abstract should exceed 200 words.
5. When a word or line is intended to be printed in italics it should be under-
lined with a single line, in SM. CAP. with two lines, in CAPITALS with three lines,
and when in Antique (heavy type) with a wavy line (-----------------------).
6. In descriptive matter, numbers under 100 and all numbers occurring at the
beginning of a sentence should be in words.
7. Local names for crops, technical operations, etc., should be defined
where they first occur in the text, e.g., rabi (spring crop). The use of local
weights and measures should be avoided as far as possible. Vernacular names,
such as jowar, bajri, should be in italics without a capital letter, and each such
name where it first occurs should be followed by its scientific equivalent in
brackets, e.g., jowar (Andropogon Sorghum). It is usual to write the initial
letters of varietal names in capitals, e.g., Striped Mauritius, Dharwar-American
cotton and Broach cotton.
8. Botanical and zoological names are printed in italics and should be under-
lined in the MS., e.g., Triticum vulgare L.; Diplodia Corchori Syd.; Pyrilla aberrans
*Spare copies of these Instructions can be had on application to the Secretary
Imperial Council of Agricultural Research (Publication Section), New Delhi.
(
87 )
88
Instructions to Authors
Kirby. The International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature and the International
Rules of Zoological Nomenclature should be followed. The names of chemical
substances should not be written with a capital letter ; they are printed in roman
type (e.g., calcium carbonate, prussic acid).
9. The following and similar abbreviations may be used freely —viz., e.g.,
i.e., mm. (millimetre), cm. (centimetre), grm. (gramme), mg. (milligramme),
c.c. (cubic centimetre), sp. gr. (specific gravity), lb. (pound), cwt. (hundred-
weight), in. (inch), ft. (foot), oz. (ounce), md. (maund), sr. (seer), ch. (chattack).
Other abbreviations should be used sparingly, if at all.
10. References to plates should be given within brackets, without prefixing
the word " see " or " cf. ", in the MS. itself, and should not be left over for intro-
duction in proofs. For example, " The parasite (Plate X, fig. 4) was present
late in 1906 ".
11. The word " Table " is preferable to " Statement ", and tables should be
numbered consecutively in roman figures. Each table should have an explana-
tion as a sub-head. It is more convenient for reference if tables can be printed
horizontally ; for this purpose they should not exceed in width the printing
measure of the page (5 in.). Example—
TABLE IV
Results of water-saving experiments on wheat (Pusa 12) at Gungapur, Haripur and
Sargodha, 1916-17
Station
Gungapur . . .
Haripur . . .
Sargodha . . .
No. of irri-
gations in-
cluding the
preliminary
watering
One
„
„
Yield per acre in
maunds and seers
Grain
Mds. Srs.
12 19½
8 31
8 12½
Straw
Mds. Srs.
20 10
19 14
25 27½
Average yield per
acre
Grain
Mds. Srs.
} 9 34
Straw
Mds. Srs.
21 17
12. References to literature, arranged alphabetically according to authors'
names, should be placed at the end of the article, the various references to
each author being arranged chronologically. Each reference should contain the
name of the author (with initials), the year of publication, the abbreviated title
of the publication, volume and page. In the text the reference should be
Instructions to Authors
89
indicated by the author's name followed by the year of publication enclosed in
brackets; when the author's name occurs in the text, the year of publication
only need be given in brackets. If reference is made to several articles pub
lished by one author in a single year, these should be numbered in sequence and
the number quoted after the year both in the text and in the collected references.
This system of referencing is the same as is used in the Biochemical Journal with
slight modification and will be clear from the following illustration :—
The work of Osborne and Mendel [1919, 1, 2] and Steenbock and Boutwell [1919]
had indicated an association of the fat-soluble vitamin with the green parts of plants.
This view was examined by Coward and Drummond [1921] who reported that vitamin A
was not synthesised by etiolated shoots but that green leaves were active in its forma
tion. Another worker [Wilson, 1922], on the other hand, found that etiolated shoots if
given in sufficient quantity could supply the fat-soluble vitamin and that this factor
was therefore formed in the absence of light.
REFERENCES
Coward, K. H. and Drummond, J. C. (1921). Biochem. J. 15, 530.
Osborne, T. B. and Mendel, L. B. (1919, 1). J. Biol. Chem. 37, 187.
—————————————
(1919, 2). J. Biol. Chem. 41, 549.
Steenbock, H. and Boutwel, R. (1919). J. Biol. Chem. 41, 149.
Wilson, J. (1922). J. Biol. Chem. 51, 455.
Abbreviations, as far as possible, should follow the system adopted in " A
World List of Scientific Periodicals " published by the Oxford University Press.
13. Papers should be complete when submitted for publication. As altera
tions and additions at the proof stage cause both additional expense and delay,
they should be resorted to as little as possible. In making corrections in proofs
the recognized symbols which will be found in the " Standard Dictionary " should
be used. Second (page) proofs will be submitted to authors who should return
them promptly.
Illustrations
14. As the format of the journals has been standardized, the size adopted
being crown quarto (about 7⅛ in. × 9⅝ in. cut), no text-figure, when printed, should
exceed 4½ × 5 inches. Figures for plates should be so planned as to fill a crown
quarto plate—the maximum space available for figures being 5¾ x8 inches ex
clusive of that for letterpress printing.
15. Photos or drawings for illustration should accompany the manuscript
and each should bear on the reverse side the name of the paper to which it
relates together with the title or legend, figure or plate number, and the size
to be reproduced. When giving instructions for reduction linear measurements
are understood ; thus, " half-size " means reduce to half the length and breadth,
not half the area. A photograph should not be rolled up, nor pinned, and should
90
Instructions to Authors
always be packed flat. A complete list of plates and figures should always accom-
pany the paper.
16. Line drawings should be made with clear black lines on smooth white
paper, preferably Bristol board. Rough paper should be avoided. Care should
be taken that all the lines are drawn firmly ; scratchy or grey lines, produced by
the ink being thinned down, are not permissible. Drawings should be larger
than the required size. All lettering should be neatly and clearly put in, care
being taken to make all lettering sufficiently large to stand reduction.
17. For half-tone work, copy should be made on glossy silver paper and of
the same size or larger than the size required.
18. For three-colour work, copy may be oil-painting, water-colour, coloured
photograph or coloured transparency, and larger than the size required. In pre-
paring copy, one should use only the primary colours, in any combination, as
only inks of primary colours are used in printing. Originals can be enlarged,
if necessary, but this should be avoided if possible.
19. For detailed instructions regarding preparation of illustrations, it would
be of advantage to refer to Mr. C. M. Hutchinson's article on " Photographic
illustrations " in the Agricultural Journal of India, Vol. XI, Pt. 3, July 1916, and
Mr. A. W. Slater's paper on " The Preparation and Reproduction of Scientific
Illustrations " in the Proceedings of the Third Entomological Meeting, 1919, which
has been reprinted as Bulletin No. 114 of the Agricultural Research Institute,
Pusa.
GIPD—765 IC of AR—19-3-38—650.
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
THE INTER-RELATIVITY OF THE DISEASES OF
ANIMALS AND MAN*
BY
PROF. SIR FREDERICK HOBDAY, C.M.G., F.R.C.V.S., F.R.S.E.,
DR. MED. VET. (H. C.) ZURICH.
Honorary Veterinary Surgeon to H. M. the King Emperor and Lecturer on
Comparative Medicine at St. George's Hospital Medical School.
Editor of the Veterinary Journal.
(Received for publication on 2nd February, 1938)
IN India as well as in England there are certain diseases of animals and
man which are of mutual interest to the medical man and the veterinarian,
either on account of their analogies or their differences; or by reason of the
fact that they are contagious from animals to man or vice versa, and it is not
wise for either branch of medicine, nor yet for our mutual patients, to
work in watertight compartments. It is better from every point of view
that we work in collaboration. Some diseases, such as cancer, tuberculosis,
anthrax, and tetanus we attack respectively in somewhat different ways ;
whilst others, such as glanders, rabies, foot-and-mouth disease, mange, and
ringworm can only be effectively dealt with by definite collaboration between
medical men and veterinarians. There are others in which as yet there has
been no effectual attempt at collaboration. Such ailments as common
catarrh and the influenzas can be dealt with to mutual advantage from a com-
parative aspect, as can more complicated ailments such as Hodgkin's disease,
and such common ailments as rheumatism and fibrositis. An exchange of
ideas as to the symptoms, methods of spread, etc., in our various patients
is of undoubted help towards elucidation. In veterinary medicine, equally
with the human side, the study of collateral branches of science, such as
entomology or parasitology, is of material help, and in teaching colleges, as
in hospitals, a knowledge of the life-histories of the various flies and insects
which act as carriers or transmitters of parasites is as essential to the vete-
rinary student as to his medical confrére. In the clinical world, too, we have
many points in common, for our animal patients suffer from gastritis, indiges-
tion, colic, internal parasites, colitis, swallowing of foreign bodies, and various
forms of pneumonia and heart disease, to the same extent as human patients
do, and our veterinary treatments are similar in principle to those in human
practice. The veterinarian has, however, a greater variety of internal arrange-
ments to deal with, having to take into account whether his patient is
* Paper presented to the Indian Science Congress, Calcutta, January, 1938.
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Inter-relativity of the Diseases of Animals and Man
herbivorous or carnivorous ; or whether, as is the case in man, it will eat
anything and everything which it has an opportunity of eating. Some of our
patients have only one stomach, whereas others have four—while the camel
stands by itself in having three—so that their respective digestive processes
vary very much in detail.
I feel sure that when a number of these diseases, both epidemic and other-
wise, are studied from this point of view, we shall be able to advance more
quickly and find many new ideas and theories, which up to the present have
not been thought of. It is not only in Great Britain that diseases may be
studied in this way, for those who live in the tropics have also plenty of oppor-
tunity for following up comparative medicine. The different effects which
various foods have on man and animals also form a good illustration. For
example, the flour of certain forms of Indian pea has a nerve-paralysing
effect not only on the natives continually fed on it but also on horses, produc-
ing laryngeal paralysis which causes dyspnoea on the slightest exertion.
Again in entomology in the study of the life-histories of the various flies and
insects which act as carriers and transmitters of disease-germs or blood-
parasites, the knowledge acquired by collaboration is of mutual benefit in
epidemiology, not only in the diseases transmitted from animal to animal
but in those transmitted from animal to man. In the short time now at my
disposal I shall confine myself to a selection of a few diseases concerned
with Public Health, which are communicable from animals to man, in the
treatment of which the practitioner of human medicine can obtain material
help from collaboration with his veterinary confrére.
GLANDERS
This is primarily a disease of the horse tribe, and affects horses, asses,
and mules. Its cause—the Bacillus mallei—is an extremely dangerous
organism to work with in the laboratory. The disease is one which is most
commonly met with amongst stable-workers and those who come in contact
with horses, and a man can be readily infected by the discharge from the
nostrils of an infected horse, or even by handling the brushes, sponges, or
stable-cloths, which have been in contact with a glandered horse. In the
South African war it accounted for the deaths of many thousands of our Army
horses, and indeed in all wars it has been the bugbear for which the army
veterinary officer must always be on the look-out.
It is so insidious that, until it has been present in the system for a certain
length of time, its presence may remain unsuspected. Modern veterinary
science has now, however, at its command a method by which the presence
of glanders can be ascertained, for by the introduction of a, few drops of
mallein (a special preparation made from the Bacillus mallei itself) the skilled
veterinarian can make a diagnosis with certainty within forty-eight hours,
even if the animal is infected only in the slightest degree. During the Great
War, by means of this test, applied by the officers of the Royal Army Vete-
rinary Corps, glanders was entirely eradicated from the horses and mules
F.
HOBDAY
93
of the British Army, and it has been applied so successfully in Great Britain
that at the present time the disease has absolutely ceased to exist. This means
that not only has it been eliminated from the list of ailments which the veteri-
nary surgeon is called upon to diagnose, but it has also been eliminated from
the list of diseases in man ; and in an island country like Great Britain, so long
as the present regulations of the Veterinary Department of the Ministry of
Agriculture and Fisheries are kept in operation, the country will be free from
this terrible affection. In India I understand that it is still a problem to be
dealt with, but of this I hope to hear something in the discussion.
RABIES
This disease has not been met with in man in England for more than
thirty years, and it can never appear again as an epidemic in this country
so long as control is kept upon the importation of animals of the dog and cat
tribe. The primary cause of rabies in man is the contact of an abraded sur-
face of the body with the saliva of a rabid animal, and whether the infected
animal is a horse, a sheep, or any other animal, it has always had its primary
origin in a rabid dog and cat. The Muzzling Order succeeded in eradicating
the disease from Great Britain, and it then remained for the Veterinary
Advisers to the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries to take steps to see
that it was not re-introduced into the country. This explains the present
quarantine regulations imposed on all dogs and cats admitted from countries
where rabies exists. The absence of the disease is further proof of the value
of the collaboration between the forces of the veterinarian and the medical
man in the cause of Public Health. In India you are much more heavily
handicapped than we are in. England, especially on account of the numbers
of pariah dogs, over which, I understand, it is difficult to obtain control.
ANTHRAX
This condition is much more prevalent in India than in England, and is
particularly met with in cattle, horses, sheep and pigs; the dog, cat and fowl
possessing a comparatively high power of resistance to the infection. It is
a disease which is always serious and, in animals, invariably results in death.
In cattle, especially, death is very sudden, and in Great Britain the Government
has imposed laws and regulations which provide that the body must be cre-
mated as near as possible to the place where the animal died. It is forbidden,
too, in any way to cut the carcase, for on many occasions these making,. or
assisting at, the post mortem have become infected and have died in conse-
quence. In cities and towns in England where wool from foreign countries
is handled, disinfection is compulsorily adopted, with satisfactory results.
If this practice could also be efficiently adopted in the case of hides, bone
manure and other animal products, before they are imported into this country,
the number of deaths from anthrax in man and animal would diminish con-
siderably. Cotton, linseed, and other cattle-food cakes come into the same
94
Inter-relativity of the Diseases of Animals and Man
category. Once eradicate anthrax from the animal and animal products
and eradication from man would automatically follow. Anthrax is primarily
a disease for the Veterinary Surgeon, as it always originates from some pro-
ducts obtained—or used—by an animal.
FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE
This disease has at times, in our English Press, provoked a good deal of
unwarranted criticism directed against the Veterinary Advisers to the Minis-
try of Agriculture and Fisheries, yet there is no doubt that, in England, they
have adhered to the correct policy (that of " Stamping out "). We have
much upon which to congratulate ourselves when we compare our position
with that of other European countries. The cost to Holland, France, Belgium,
Denmark and Germany, amounts to tremendous sums each year, and these
countries never get any further forward in the matter—having the disease
always endemic. The fact that we are an island is of incalculable value to
our Ministry of Agriculture, whose responsibility it is to frame the laws which
control the importation of animals from any country from which infection
may be brought.
The following statistical table, showing the respective numbers of out-
breaks in other European countries during 1934, is convincing evidence of
the value of the " Stamping out" method in an island country like Great
Britain :—
Month
January
.
.
.
.
February . . . .
March . . . .
April . . . .
May . . . . .
June . . . . .
July . . . . .
August . . . .
September . . . .
October . . . .
November . . . .
December . . . .
Great
Britain
1
..
..
..
1
..
..
3
4
24
28
18
France
1,074
652
613
287
135
146
98
92
21
15
3
28
Germany
113
80
73
110
48
56
27
40
19
14
16
32
Holland
579
214
105
59
51
132
459
1,391
3,120
2,880
48
230
Belgium
329
168
102
81
40
36
19
15
20
9
1,173
20
The public should think what a terrible disaster it would mean to a small con-
fined country like England if the disease were allowed to spread with the fact
before it that milk from cattle affected with foot-and-mouth disease must
not on any account be consumed by children or invalids, or be given to goats,
pigs, or any other animal.
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Inter-relativity of the Diseases of Animals and Man
In connection with milk, too, as a food product one must not forget to draw
attention to its danger as a carrier of disease in such diseases as scarlet fever
and diphtheria of man.
In conclusion, I hope that you will agree that I have introduced suffi-
cient framework in the brief time at my disposal to illustrate the importance
of consideration of the important relationship existing between the diseases
of animals and man.
BABESIA BOVIS STARCOVICI, 1893, AS THE CAUSE OF
RED-WATER IN AN INDIAN BUFFALO*
BY
J. A. IDNANI, G.B.V.C.
Imperial Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar.
(Received for publication on 13th December 1937)
(With Plate III)
THE purpose of this article is to record, for the first time in India, the
occurrence of Babesia bovis Starcovici, 1893, in the blood of a buffalo.
Bovine red-water in this country implies the invasion of red cells of the
blood with Babesia bigemina [Smith and Kilbourne, 1893] which is so wide-
spread that indigenous cattle, being in a state of ' Carrier' immunity,
generally bear the effects caused by this parasite with impunity.
Babesia bigemina, as it occurs in India, has always been observed to
conform with the usual morphological picture ascribed to it in literature from
other parts of the world. It is fairly large in size, the dimensions generally
conforming with those described originally by Smith and Kilbourne [1893]
and subsequently by other systematists [Wenyon, 1926], viz., 2 µ to 4 µ
in length and 1.5 µ to 2 µ in width at the broadest part. It usually occurs
in double pear-shaped forms which converge at their pointed ends forming a
very acute angle, with the result that the bulbous ends lie fairly closely to-
gether. The parasite almost always occupies the centre of the red cell and
consists of a cytoplasm easily stained with basic dyes, and of a fairly big
chromatin mass staining deeply with acid dyes. It is not quite uncommon
for one, specially in those cases where an active multiplication of the para-
site is going on, to come across a number of red blood cells invaded by a variety
of forms resulting from the amoeboid activities of the parasite. In such
cases the form most commonly met with is that where the parasite is observed
to be almost circular, the cytoplasm appearing to be condensed towards the
periphery with quite a big clear central area. The clinical manifestations
(fever, haemoglobinuria) caused by the acute effects of the parasite can usually
be relieved by one or two injections of a suitable dose of the dye, trypanblue,
which is extensively employed against infection with B. bigemina.
Cattle in this country commonly harbour another variety of piroplasm,
viz., Theileria mutans, which is of an even more widespread occurrence than
B. bigemina. The morphological features of this parasite, however, are too
familiar to give rise to any confusion between these two different families
of Piroplasmidea.
* Paper read at the Indian Science Congress held at Calcutta, January, 1938.
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