NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
V. R. RAJAGOPALAN
35
TABLE I
Phenol-agar heated
antigens
S. paratyphi-A .
S. paralyphi-B .
S. abortus-equi .
S. paratyphi-C .
S. Stanley . .
S. reading . .
S. derby . . .
S. typhi . . .
S. enteritidis† . .
S. pullorum . .
S. gallinarum . .
S. anatum . .
S. newport . .
Shirlaw's organism .
Source
Nat. Inst. Type
Culture
No.
13 . .
15 . .
766 . .
90 . .
92 . .
72 . .
1,729 . .
786 . .
410 . .
969 . .
416 . .
Local Strain .
129 . .
Isolated from
calves at
Lahore.
Heat-stabile
Somatic Factors
I, II . . .
IV, V (7, 8) . .
IV (7, 8) . .
VI, VII . .
IV, V (7, 8) . .
IV (7, 8) . .
IV (7, 8) . .
IX (8) . . .
IX (8) . . .
IX . . .
IX . . .
X, III . . .
VI, VIII (7) . .
?
Titre
4 hours
Nil
Nil
400
Nil
50
Nil
200
*800
Nil
*800
*800
Nil
Nil
400
24 hours
Nil
200
800
Nil
200
100
400
*800
100
*800
*800
Nil
100
*800
* End titre not determined.
† This culture which has been in subculture in this laboratory for the last fifteen
years has since been found, by appropriate tests, to be in the " O " and " R " form.
(The Roman figures represent the somatic antigenic structures suggested by the
Salmonella Sub-Committee of the International Society for Microbiology, and the Arabic
figures within brackets represent additional somatic factors recognised by Bruce-
White during 1926.)
The tests were repeated with some of the organisms in which the end
titre had not been reached with a view to find out the end titre. The results
were as follows :—
S. abortus-equi . . . . . . . .
S. typhi . . . . . . . . .
S. gallinarum . . . . . . . .
End titre
„
„
6,400
6,400
6,400
The above tests show that the somatic antigen of the organism under
study is remarkably related to that of S. pullorum, S. typhi, S. gallinarum
and S. abortus-equi and to a lesser extent to S. Stanley, S. derby, S. reading,
S. paratyphi-B, S. newport and S. enteritidis " 410 "
The strong relationship to pullorum and gallinarum, organisms which
possess each a single somatic factor namely IX of the Kauffmann-White
schema, strongly suggests that factor IX is at least one of the components
of the somatic antigen of the Shirlaw's organism. It is also remarkably
related to S. abortus-equi. The only somatic antigenic factor that it con-
tains, according to the Kauffmann-White schema, is factor IV. The follow-
ing absorption test was, therefore, conducted to verify if factor IV was also
concerned in this organism.
36
Pyosepticaemia of Calves in India
Whole serum prepared against Shirlaw's organism was put to agglutina-
tion test against phenol-agar-heated emulsions of certain strains containing
factor IX and other strains containing factor IV. Portions of this serum
were then absorbed with O-antigens of these several strains, and the absorbed
sera again put to test against the same set of organisms as in the first instance.
The result is tabulated in Table II below.
TABLE II
Agglutination conducted
against phenol-agar-
heated emulsions.
Shirlaw's organism . .
S. pullorum . . .
S. abortus-equi .
S. typhi . . .
S. derby . . .
S. Stanley . . .
S. reading . . .
S. paratyphi-B . .
Serum made against Shirlaw's organism homologous
titre 12,800
Titre
of un¬
absorbed
serum
6,400
6,400
6,400
6,400
100
50
50
100
Titre after absorption with phenol-agar-heated
emulsions of
S. pullorum.
< 100
< 100
< 100
< 100
0
0
0
0
S. typhi.
< 100
< 100
< 100
< 100
0
0
0
0
S. abortus-equi
400
800
100
800
< 100
0
0
0
S. Stanley.
200
1,600
100
1,600
100
< 100
0
0
S. derby.
200
800
< 100
800
< 100
0
0
0
S. paratyphi-B.
400
1,600
< 100
1,600
100
0
0
< 100
S. reading.
200
800
<100
800
0
0
< 100
0
NOTE.—
0 =Test not conducted.
The lowest titre tested after absorption was 100.
V. R. RAJAGOPALAN
37
A second absorption test was done in a modified way to verify the above
results with the result shown in Table III.
TABLE III
Antigen
Shirlaw's organism whole .
Shirlaw's organism " O " .
S. pullorum . . .
S. abortus-equi . . .
S. derby, whole . . .
S. derby, " O " . . .
Shirlaw's whole serum
Before absorp-
tion
4 hrs.
6,400
400
1,600
400
1,600
50
18 hrs.
12,800
1,600
1,600
1,600
3,200
200
After absorption with
S.pullorum
4 hrs.
3,200
< 50
< 50
50
800
< 50
18 hrs.
6,400
< 50
< 50
< 50
1,600
< 50
S. Stanley
4 hrs.
3,200
< 50
< 50
< 50
800
< 50
18 hrs.
3,200
< 50
< 50
< 50
1,600
< 50
NOTE.—The lowest titre tested was 50.
It will be seen that S. pullorum and S. typhi divest Shirlaw's serum of
all the somatic agglutinins for Shirlaw's organism as well as for S. abortus-
equi and related organisms. S. abortus-equi, S. Stanley, S. derby, S. paratyphi-
B and S. reading, on the other hand, could not divest Shirlaw's serum of
agglutinins for S. pullorum, S. typhi, and. the Shirlaw's organism, although
titres for them are much reduced (in the case of Shirlaw's organism to a re-
markable extent).
This shows that the somatic antigen of Shirlaw's organism is identical
with that of S. pullorum and S. typhi, and that Shirlaw's organism in com-
mon with S. pullorum and S. typhi, possess an additional factor that is also
common to S. abortus-equi and the other antigenically related organisms enu-
merated above. The Kauffmann-White schema does not, however, show
any common factor between pullorum and typhi on the one hand and abortus-
equi on the other. This test seems to substantiate the existence of the com-
mon factor " 8 " described by Bruce-White [1926]. But as the Salmonella
Sub-Committee has since accepted the Kauffmann scheme which gives no
place for this factor " 8 ", having made the above remarks, one remains
content by stressing the fact that the somatic antigen of Shirlaw's organism
is identical with that of S. pullorum (i.e., that its somatic antigen is " IX ").
Examination for Flagellar Factors.—Having ascertained, adopting
Andrew's technique [1922], that the Shirlaw's organism does not occur in the
group phase, one proceeded to analyse, systematically, the specific flagellar
factors of the organism under study.
For these tests, serum containing only flagellar agglutinins, to the exclu-
sion of all somatic ones, was obtained in the following manner :—Fifteen
Roux flasks containing phenol-agar were sown with the Shirlaw's organism.
38
Pyosepticaemia of Calves in India
After an incubation of 48 hours, the growth was washed with formal-saline.
The emulsion was centrifuged at top speed for one hour and the supernatent
fluid discarded. To the deposit was added 25 c.c. of a 1 in 12.5 dilution
of whole Shirlaw's serum. Absorption took place in the water-bath at 55° C.
for 24 hours. The emulsion was centrifuged, and the supernatent serum
recovered. This fluid was submitted to two more absorptions in the same
manner.
The antigens for the agglutination tests with the absorbed serum were
made as follows : The selected organisms (see table below) were grown on
plain agar slants for 24 hours, at the end of which they were washed in formal-
saline. Each of the emulsions was then adjusted, by addition of formal-
saline to contain about 300 million organisms per c.c.
The result of this agglutination test is tabulated in Table IV.
TABLE IV
Serum Shirlaw " H " devoid of all " O " agglutinins prepared as described above
Serial
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Whole antigen made as
described above
S. paratyphi-A .
S. paratyphi-B . .
S.
abortus-ovis,
S. Stanley
S. abortus-equi
S. derby
S. seftenberg
S. reading,
S. typhi-murium
S. thompson,
S. panama . .
S. dar-es-salaam
.
S. oranienberg
.
.
S. enteritidis, var.
danys .
S. enteritidis, var.
dubline .
S. enteritidis,
var.
moscow .
S. virchow . .
S. enteritidis
var .
rostock .
S. bareilly . .
Shirlaw's
ornanism
" O " emulsion as con-
trol for completeness of
absorption of
"O"
agglutinins .
Nat.
Collection
Type
Cultures
13 .
156 .
3,293 .
92 .
766 .
1,729 .
4,165 .
72 .
74 .
2,253 .
4,221 .
2,206 .
3,746 .
205 .
126 .
3,205 .
3,748 .
3,747 .
3,213-A
—
Flagellar factors concerned
Specific
a. .
b .
c .
d .
e, n, x .
f, g .
g, s .
h, e .
i .
k .
l,v .
e, n, l, v .
m, t .
o, g, m .
P, g .
q, g, o .
r .
g, p, w .
y .
—
Group
—
1, 2 . .
1, 4, 6 .
1, 2 . .
—
—
—
1, 4, 5 .
1, 2, 3 .
1, 3, 4, 5
.
1, 3, 4, 5 .
—
—
—
—
—
1, 2, 3 .
—
—
—
Titre
< 25
< 26
< 25
< 25
< 25
1,600
100
<25
<25
<25
< 25
< 25
< 25
3,200
6,400
1,600
< 25
6,400
< 25
25
NOTE.—The lowest titre tested was 25.
V. R. RAJAGOPALAN
39
It will be seen from the above that the flagellar factors involved in Shir-
law's organism must be one or more of the factors occurring in items 6, 7, 14,
16 and 18. That is, one or more of the factors f, g, s, o, p, q and w may be
concerned. It is clear that a, b, c, d, e, h, i, k, l, m, n, r, t, v, x and y are
not concerned. With a view to determine which of the seven factors enu-
merated above are involved in Shirlaw's organism, the following absorption
test was performed.
TABLE V
Antigens 24 hours' agar
cultures in formal-saline
S. darby . . .
S. sefenberg . . .
S. entertidis var. danys .
S. enteritidis var. moscow
S. enteritidis var. dublin .
S. enterilidis var. rostock .
Shirlaw's organism .
Shirlaw's whole serum
Titre
before
absorp-
tion
800
400
6,400
6,400
12,800
6,400
* 12,800
Titre after absorption with
S. derby IV : f,g.
50
50
*800
*800
*800
*800
*800
S. seftenberg I, II : g,s.
50
50
800
*800
*800
*800
*800
S. enteritidis var danys
IX : g,o,m.
50
<50
50
50
*800
*800
*800
S. enteritidis, var moscow
IX : g,o,q.
50
50
<50
50
*800
*800
*800
S. enteritidis var dublin
IX :g,p.
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
S. enteritidis var rostock
IX : g.p.w.
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
Shirlaw's
organism
IX : ?
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
* End titre not determined.
In addition, the following absorption tests were done with the results
shown :—
(1) Shirlaw-serum absorbed by derby leaves no agglutinins for derby
and seftenberg.
(2) Shirlaw-serum absorbed by seftenberg leaves no agglutinins for
derby and seftenberg.
(3) Shirlaw-serum absorbed with enteritidis var. danys leaves no
agglutinins for derby, seftenberg, enteritidis var. danys and
enteritidis var. moscow, but leaves agglutinins for enteritidis
var. dublin, enteritidis var rostock and Shirlaw-organism.
This serum when further absorbed with enteritidis var. dublin,
loses its residual titre for Dublin, Rostock and Shirlaw.
40
Pyosepticaemia of Calves in India
These tests conclusively show that g and p are the only flagellar factors
that are contained in the Shirlaw-organism. By reference to the Kauffmann-
White schema, the only organism with " IX " somatic antigen and " g "
and " p " specific flagellar antigen is S. enteritidis var. dublin. A cross absorp-
tion test was conducted to prove the identity of Shirlaw's organism with this
organism.
TABLE VI
Serum Shirlaw
Antigen
Shirlaw-organism . . . .
S. enteritidis var. dublin . . .
Titre before
absorption
12,000
12,000
Serum S. enleritidis var. dublin
Shirlaw-organism . . . .
S. enteritidis var. dublin
. . .
12,000
12,000
Titre after
absorption with
Shirlaw-
organism
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
S. enteritidis
var. dublin
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
The organism is, therefore, serologically identical with S. enteritidis var
dublin, its antigenic constitution being IX : g, p : -.
SUMMARY
An organism isolated from cases of pyosepticaemia in calves by Mr.
Shirlaw at Lahore, has been typed as Salmonella enteritidis var. dublin, after
a detailed study of its morphological, cultural and biochemical properties,
as also of its antigenic constituents. Its antigenic structure has been found
to be IX : g, p : -. by a series of serological analysis. This is the first time
the incidence of this organism is recorded in India.
REFERENCES
The genus Salmonella. Lignieres, 1900. (1934). J. Hyg. 34, 333.
Shirlaw, J. F. (1935). Ind. J. Vet. Sc . & Anim. Husb. 5, 232.
Shirlaw, J. F. (1936). Ind. J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb. 6, 211.
White, P. B. (1926). Medical Research Council, Spl. Rep. Series, No. 103.
DETERMINATION OF SEX FROM THE EXTERNAL
FEATURES OF LABEO ROHITA, GÜNTHER AND
CIRRHINA MRIGALA CUV. AND VAL.
BY
HIMADRI KUMAR MOOKERJEE, D. Sc. (LOND.), D.I.C.
University Professor and Head of the Department of Zoology, University of
Calcutta
(Received for publication on 31st December 1937)
IN connection with the scheme of fresh-water fishes of Bengal which we
are tackling in the Zoology Department of the University of Calcutta, and
partly financed by the Imperial Council of Agricultural Research, India, we
were in great difficulty in determining the sex of two best food-fishes of Bengal,
viz., Labeo rohita and Cirrhina mrigala. On consulting the literature we
could not find any record regarding this point on these fishes of India.
We made a considerable study on the subject and found the following
points which will not only be of immense use to people trained in scientific
line, but also will be of equal use to the lay public which is the main idea of
the scheme itself.
Regarding Labeo rohita it can be said that when the pectoral fin is greater
than or equal to anal, it will be a male specimen. When the pectoral fin is
less than the anal, it will be a female. In breeding season the area surrounding
the vent of the female becomes reddish and swollen. Regarding Cirrhina
mrigala, it can be said that when the pectoral fin is greater than the anal, it
will be a male specimen like Labeo rohita, but when the pectoral fin is equal
to anal, it will be female.
The utility of the problem is obvious as one ought to know the sex of the
specimens in breeding, rearing and particularly for artificial fecundation.
In conclusion the writer wishes to acknowledge the help that he has
received from his Research Assistants.
( 41 )
A STUDY OF THE MINERAL ASSIMILATION OF
GROWING CALVES
BY
A. VISWANATHA IYER
AND
N. KRISHNA AYYAR
Animal Nutrition Section, Imperial Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar
(Received for publication on 2nd September, 1937)
IT is well known that, in feeding cattle, in addition to an adequate supply
of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, minerals have to be provided in sufficient
quantities and in suitable proportions. Of these phosphorus and lime play
a very important part. The deficiency of these in the diet is known to cause
many diseases. Orr [1929] in his monograph on " Minerals in Pastures, "
Crichton [1930] on " Mineral requirements of Dairy Cattle " and Theiler
and Green [1931] in their paper on " Aphosphorosis in ruminants " have given
copious references to literature on this subject and have recorded many cases
where beneficial results have accrued by feeding suitable mineral supple-
ments.
Work of this nature in India is of recent growth and indications are not
wanting that the feeds in many parts of India are definitely deficient in one
or more mineral ingredients which may be one of the causes of stunted growth
and emaciated appearance of the animals in those areas. Chaudhari [1933]
has reported that calves which were stunted in growth, improved consider-
ably in weight and condition after being fed a mineral supplement.
The present paper is a study of the mineral assimilation of growing calves,
especially of calcium and phosphorus under normal conditions of feeding
obtained at the Bangalore Dairy Farm.
EXPERIMENTAL
Eight bull calves, 14 to 17 months old, were selected and divided into two
groups of four each in such a way that the average weight and age of the ani-
mals in each group remained approximately the same. Group I received the
basal ration which consisted of hay, Guinea grass (green), wheat bran and
groundnut cake. The quantities of concentrates provided were so adjusted
as to admit of a liberal amount of protein for maintenance and growth. This
hay was particularly selected as it was known to be poor in phosphoric acid,
where the average percentage was only 0.052. Group II received the same
(43 )
44
Mineral Assimilation of Growing Calves
basal ration supplemented by 30 grm. of calcium phosphate, which raised
both the calcium and phosphorus content of the ration. The hay was fed
ad lib and the daily consumption of each animal was determined accurately.
Guinea grass, which was added to meet the vitamin requirements, was given
at the rate of one kg. per head per day irrespective of age or weight. The
animals were weighed every day and according to the average weight at the
end of the week were given increased quantities of concentrate to meet the
increased demands of protein due to growth. Before the mineral feeding was
commenced, a digestion and mineral balance experiment with all the animals
was carried out. (Experiment I). After seventeen weeks, another
digestion and mineral balance experiment was carried out (Experiment II)
and then the animals were reversed, that is to say, Group I which was getting
no mineral now received the mineral supplement and Group II which original-
ly received the mineral supplement was deprived of it. The experiment
was continued for a further twelve weeks, at the end of which a third digestion
and mineral balance experiment was conducted (Experiment III).
TABLE I
Analysis of foodstuffs
(Percentage on dry basis)
Foodstuff
Experi-
ment I
Experi-
ment II
Exper i
-
ment III
Hay . .
Guinea Grass
Groundnut
cake.
Wheat bran .
Hay . .
Guinea Grass
Groundnut
cake.
Wheat bran .
Hay . .
Guinea grass
Groundnut
cake.
Wheat bran .
Total
N
0.367
1.163
8.598
2.154
0.271
1.083
8.508
2.134
0.379
1.502
7.973
2.090
Alb.
N
0.266
0.857
8.152
1.963
0.212
0.752
8.136
1.864
0.289
1.091
7.912
1.801
Ash
14.62
12.15
5.92
5.24
11.04
10.90
5.18
10.98
11.77
13.02
4.77
8.82
Silica
11.78
4.73
1.16
0.98
8.81
4.46
1.20
6.37
9.56
5.40
1.04
4.29
Ash
Sol. in
HCl.
2.84
7.42
4.76
4.26
2.23
6.44
3.98
4.61
2.21
7.62
3.73
4.53
Ether
extract
1.489
2.198
9.728
2.326
1.854
1.723
8.895
3.417
2.088
2.396
8.009
2.940
Crude
fibre
36.96
40.06
5.732
11.11
37.23
42.85
6.089
13.78
37.05
36.53
7.120
14.65
A. VISWANATHA IYER AND N. KRISHNA AYYAR 45
TABLE II
Mineral composition of the foodstuffs
(Percentage on dry basis)
Experi-
ment I
Experi-
ment II
Experi¬
ment III
Hay . . .
Guinea grass . .
Wheat bran . .
Groundnut cake .
Hay . . .
Guinea grass . .
Wheat bran . .
Groundnut cake .
Hay . . .
Guinea grass . .
Wheat bran . .
Groundnut cake .
Hay-Average .
P 2 O 5
0.060
0.519
1.577
1.281
0.048
0.493
1.791
1.188
0.048
0.529
1.482
1.174
0 052
CaO
0.845
0.765
0.075
0.418
0.677
0.586
0.219
0.273
0.646
0.842
0.265
0.199
0.723
MgO
0.360
0.482
0.553
0.579
0.405
0.379
0.554
0.485
0.344
0.567
0.605
0.516
0.370
Na 2 O
0.322
0.348
0.641
0.366
0.284
0.429
0.355
0.476
0.241
0.229
0.222
0.327
0.282
K 2 O
0.507
3.215
1.298
1.446
0.528
2.771
1.243
1.402
0.523
3.565
1.329
1.409
0.519
RESULTS
The chemical composition of the foodstuffs is given in Table I. It will
be noticed that the hay during experiment II is of poorer quality, as judged
from the figure for total nitrogen. The other figures do not call for any special
remarks. The mineral composition of the foodstuffs is given in Table II and
it may be mentioned here that the hay is deficient in phosphoric acid, and the
actual average quantity of lime and phosphoric acid obtained from the hay
consumed by each animal per day during experiment I is 24.27 grm. and
1.71 grm. respectively.
THE DIGESTIBILITY OF THE RATION
The digestibility coefficients of the different constituents during the
experiments are shown in Table III.
46
Mineral Assimilation of Growing Calves
TABLE III
Digestibility coefficients of experiments I, II and III.
Calf
No.
Experiment I
Without Minerals
Experiment II
Expe r
ime nt III
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Average
Gr oup I
No-mine-
rals
1
2
3
4
Average
Gr oup II
Minerals
5
6
7
8
Average
Mi ner al s
1
2
3
4
Average
No- mine -
rals
5
6
7
8
Average
Dry
matter
51.12
49.98
49.55
51.50
51.50
49.84
51.77
49.77
50.63
49.74
49.33
47.02
45.51
47.90
45.84
46.44
47.64
43.84
45.94
48.04
53.66
52.81
51.83
51.59
49.36
50.85
52.51
49.91
50.66
Organic
matter
56.26
55.14
54.78
57.48
57.33
55.24
56.70
54.53
55.93
54.87
54.14
51.96
50.51
52.87
51.31
52.26
52.54
48.98
51.27
53.90
58.53
58.48
56.82
56.93
54.01
56.23
56.91
58.99
56.54
Crude
Protein
73.89
74.92
70.83
71.23
74.40
74.90
74.01
69.81
73.00
69.86
67.20
65.81
65.52
67.10
68.10
69.92
69.12
61.51
67.16
71.00
74.24
73.65
72.31
72.80
72.15
74.01
74.12
71.63
72.98
Ether
extract
71.00
72.77
63.61
58.46
66.82
72.35
69.35
60.31
66.83
62.91
63.70
57.48
58.39
60.62
59.83
61.92
64.29
53.88
59.98
59.34
64.91
59.32
62.55
61.53
60.63
61.11
60.20
62.69
61.16
Crude
fibre
51.39
48.03
50.20
54.43
51.56
47.74
49.11
48.83
50.16
54.02
51.78
50.10
48.48
51.10
48.22
47.51
48.96
46.41
47.78
52.03
56.19
56.43
54.82
54.87
51.03
54.04
55.88
57.73
54.67
Nitrogen
free
extract
54.86
54.19
53.53
55.80
56.07
54.15
57.13
54.72
55.06
51.95
51.73
49.77
48.45
50.48
49.39
50.88
50.75
47.99
49.75
51.38
56.38
56.33
54.60
54.67
52.00
53.32
53.75
56.89
53.99
Total
carbohy-
drates
53.45
51.72
52.19
55.26
54.29
51.61
53.89
52.32
53.09
52.91
51.75
49.90
48.46
50.76
48.92
49.54
50.03
47.35
48.96
51.64
56.31
56.37
54.69
54.75
51.61
53.61
54.60
57.23
54.26
A summary of these is given in Table IV.
A. VISWANATHA IYER AND N. KRISHNA AYYAR 47
From these figures it may be observed that the digestibility during
experiment II is, as compared with experiments I & III, slightly lower. This
is due to the poor quality of the hay fed during this experiment. Between
the two groups, during experiments II & III, the digestibility of the several
ingredients remain practically the same. The digestibility of the crude pro-
tein of the mineral and no-mineral groups is 67.10 and 67.16 in experiment
II and 72.80 and 72.98 in experiment III and this agreement is remarkable,
in spite of the fact, that one set of animals in each experiment received an
increased quantity of phosphoric acid in the ration.
TABLE IV
Summary of the average digestion coefficients of experiments I, II and III
Experiment I
Experiment II
Group I, No.
minerals
Group
II,
Minerals
Experiment III
Minerals
No-minerals
Dry
matter
50.63
47.90
45.94
51.59
50.66
Organic
matter
55.93
52.87
51.27
56.93
56.54
Crude
Protein
73.00
67.10
67.16
72.80
72.98
Ether
extract
66.83
60.62
59.98
61.53
61.16
Crude
fibre
50.16
51.10
47.78
54.87
54.67
Nitrogen
free
extract
55.06
50.48
49.75
54.67
53.99
Total
carbohy-
drates
53.09
50.76
48.96
54.75
54.26
FOOD CONSUMPTION AND LIVE-WEIGHT INCREASE
The food consumption of the calves was considered satisfactory and it
steadily increased week by week with the growth of the animals. The initial
live-weight and the increase in weight in lb. of each animal on a thousand lb.
basis for every week during the course of the experiment are given in Table V.
48
Mineral Assimilation of Growing Calves
TABLE V
Live-weight increase of calves per week on 1,000 lb. basis
Weeks
4th May 1935 .
11th May 1935 . .
18th May 1935 . .
25th May 1935 . .
1st June 1935 . .
8th June 1935 . .
15th June 1935 . .
22nd June 1935 . .
29th June 1935 . .
6th July 1935 . .
13th July 1935 . .
20th July 1935 . .
27th July 1935 . .
3rd August 1935 . .
10th August 1935 . .
17th August 1935 . .
24th August 1935 . .
7th September 1935 .
Average for group
Group A. No-Minerals
Calf No.
1
418
45.5
13.9
15.9
20.0
17.5
...
15.0
25.4
16.3
16.2
17.9
...
...
13.8
...
19.4
28.5
2
368
32.0
15.9
11.4
15.5
20.2
10.2
9.0
...
19.5
19.0
11.8
18.6
25.0
13.3
21.9
17.1
37.8
3
261
42.0
7.2
14.7
45.4
5.7
10.4
15.9
13.6
20.0
16.4
16.1
22.1
21.7
18.2
9.0
17.8
40.0
26.6
4
247
24.0
4.0
4.0
23.6
34.5
22.3
21.9
25.2
27.8
37.0
22.8
6.4
44.3
21.1
17.7
29.0
39.0
Average
1st Period
323.5
35.9
10.2
11.5
26.1
19.5
14.3
15.4
21.4
20.9
22.1
17.1
15.7
30.3
16.6
16.2
20.8
36.5
Group B. with Minerals
Calf No.
5
380
7.0
54.4
7.8
12.3
10.0
5.0
17.3
19.5
26.2
20.9
27.3
9.0
19.8
13.0
10.9
14.6
16.5
6
333
39.0
...
...
23.1
20.2
13.9
21.9
13.4
21.2
20.8
30.3
17.3
17.0
19.0
...
14.0
29.9
18.5
7
345
40.7
11.2
2.0
24.7
10.8
13.3
13.1
18.1
7.7
12.6
17.4
12.3
17.0
14.4
9.3
11.6
23.0
8
209
28.8
14.0
9.2
22.9
31.2
...
4.4
17.2
16.9
20.8
28.5
19.8
20.7
19.1
18.6
25.7
42.9
Average
316.8
28.9
26.5
6.3
20.7
18.0
10.7
14.2
17.0
18.0
18.8
25.9
14.6
18.6
16.4
14.9
16.5
28.1
Remarks
Initial
weight.