NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
ABSTRACTS
73
By addition of moderate amounts of mineral acids with or without
molasses.—The
average pH of this product is 4.32 and the silage had no apparent advantage over the
molasses process.
By the A. I. V. Process.—This results in a silage of excellent quality in which the
breakdown of protein, the formation of organic acids including butyric, and the produc-
tion of volatile bases are reduced to a minimum.
2. This paper dealing with experiments extending over a period of five years is an
attempt to assess the losses involved in the various processes of ensilage from a practical
point of view.
Practical details are given of the process of making the different types of silage. The
technique adopted for correctly estimating the losses of dry matter is discussed and it is
concluded that only figures obtained from silos where 8 to 10 tons are filled would apply
under field conditions.
Loss of Dry matter.—There was no appreciable difference in dry matter losses between
the various types of silage.
Loss of Starch equivalent.—The ordinary silage shows the largest losses, all the others
having about 5—10 per cent less. But these values, when corrected for the products of
protein breakdown, show less differences between the different types. The A. I. V.
Silage and that made by the addition of whey show the lowest losses being 21.7 and 17.6
respectively.
Loss of Protein equivalent.—The A. I. V. Product and the whey product have the
minimum losses of this constituent being 21 per cent and 21.1 per cent respectively.
The molasses silage shows a high loss and the ordinary product the highest loss. It has,
however, been shown that the breakdown products of true protein are of as high a nutri¬
tive value as the true protein itself, if the process has not proceeded beyond the amino¬
acid stage. If this fact is conceded the differences between the various types disappear.
Loss of Digestible crude protein.—The losses of digestible crude protein are very low
and agree well with the losses of protein equivalent. There is no appreciable difference
between the various types.
These results are discussed in relation to those of other workers.
It is concluded that although the A. I. V. Process gives the lowest losses, the molasses
process is not significantly deficient in meeting practical requirements. With material
of advanced maturity the ordinary process of ensilage is quite satisfactory.
3. The process of making ordinary, molasses and A. I. V. Silages are briefly des-
cribed. The technique employed in sampling and analysis is also given.
With the exception of an increase in the ether extract, all other fractions showed
losses on ensilage.
Ordinary Process.—This resulted in a dry matter loss of 25.1 per cent crude and 32.5
per cent digestible and a loss of 36.2 per cent starch equivalent. The digestibility of
this silage is 60.3 per cent.
L
74
ABSTRACTS
Molasses Process.—This gives a loss of dry matter of 12.5 per cent crude and 17.1
per cent of digestible and a loss of starch equivalent of 24.0 per cent. The digestibility
of this silage is 64.3 per cent.
A. I. V. Process.—This shows a loss of dry matter of 18.1 per cent crude and 13.3
per cent digestible and a loss of starch equivalent of 12.8 per cent. The digestibility of
this silage is 71.8 per cent.
The molasses process is preferred on account of the simplicity of the process and
the comparatively good quality of the product obtained. [P. A. S.]
Télégonie (Telegony). LETARD, E. (Rec. Méd. Vét. cxii, 513-527, 1936).
THIS article is in the nature of a semi-popular note in which the author tries to
combat the popular belief of the stock-breeders in the existence of telegony.
Telegony is defined as the supposed influence of a sire previously mated with a female,
on offspring subsequently borne by that female to a different sire. A female is " impreg-
nated " by the first male to which she is bred, with the result that all subsequent
offspring, regardless of their actual father, show resemblances to the first male.
The belief is based, not on carefully controlled experiments, but on facts of obser-
vation. From a number of these observations which are typical of those advanced in
favour of telegony, a few examples, selected at random, are described :
(i) A white swine, served by a wild boar for the first time, brought forth young ones
which were brown like the father. This swine was subsequently mated to males of her
own race, and always some of the little ones born of these services presented on certain
regions the dark pigmentation of the wild boar.
(ii) A black cow of the Angus race, a race characterised by hornlessness, was served
for the first time by a horned Durham bull. It was subsequently served by a bull of the
Angus race. But of their coupling was born a horned roan-coloured calf.
(iii) A black and hairless bitch was accidentally covered by a cross-bred spaniel
with long brown hair. It brought forth five pups three of which were without hair and
two covered with brown short hair. Mated later to a Turkish dog, black and hairless
like itself, half the pups of this second litter resembled the mother, but the other half
resembled those born of the coupling with the first sire.
(iv) A bitch with bald skin and of black colour, served by a brown spaniel, gave birth
to five pups three of which were hairless while the other two were covered with short
brown hair. Covered subsequently by a black and hairless dog of its own breed, it gave
birth to pups, some of which had coats resembling that of the spaniel which covered her
for the first time.
These and similar authentic observations, combined with the support given to the
theory by naturalists, biologists, and evolutionary philosophers, and publicity given by
novelists, historians and jurisprudence have left a strong belief among breeders in the
reality of telegony.
ABSTRACTS
77
" (b) That the Committee be asked to express their opinion upon the methods at
present in use—in addition to the other methods which the Committee
might feel disposed to test—with particular regard to the question whether
one or more of them can be described as ' cruel ' or ' painful ':—
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
HYDROCYANIC ACID . .
CHLOROFORM . . . .
MAGNESIUM SULPHATE,
STRYCHNINE.
LETHAL CHAMBERS . . .
SHOOTING . . . .
Oral, intrathoracic, intracardiac, intrave-
nous.
Inhalation, nasal injection, intrathoracic
intracardiac, intravenous. Pre-narcotisa-
tion with Morphine, Chloral Hydrate,
Chloretone, Nembutal, Avertin.
Intravenous and intracardiac injection.
Chloroform, Coal Gas, Carbon Monoxide,
motor-car exhaust fumes.
Including captive bolt pistols.
ELECTRIC SHOCK
ANY METHOD that might be recommended for destruction ' en masse.'
" (c) That it should be left to the Committee to decide if their observations should
be applied to apparently healthy animals and/or to aged, diseased or unhealthy
animals."
The laborious work, entailed in covering such wide terms of reference, was carried
out simultaneously yet independently at five centres where there is a Veterinary College
and extensive tests were carried out with large number of cats, dogs and often birds.
The subject matter in the text of the report is dealt with lucidly under the following
headings :—
(1) Agents in common use.
(2) Pre-narcotization by the use of non-volatile anaesthetics and narcotics.
(3) Chloroform as lethal agent.
(4) Lethal chambers.
(5) Destruction by shooting.
(6) Euthanasia by electric means.
(7) The mass destruction of dogs and cats, and
(8) Commentary and conclusions.
Investigations into the use of strychnine was not included in the programme as the
members of the Committee were firmly convinced in regard to its painful and distress
ful character.
Hydrocyanic acid without pre-narcotisation was not recommended because of the
resultant distress and pain that preceded death. The certainty of its action, however,
prompted the investigation on suitable narcotics whose prior administration might re-
duce or even eliminate altogether the objectionable features of this product. As a result
morphine and chloral hydrate were definitely rejected. Nembutal (Abbot) though
costly for large dogs, yielded the most consistent and satisfactory results. Intrathoracic,
intraperitoneal and intravenous routes have been recommended but the last method
ABSTRACTS
79
Raw vs. Pasteurised Milk. DR. C. CROWTHER. Journal of the Ministry of
Agriculture, 14, 4, July 1937, p. 391).
EXPERIMENTS in feeding rats on a diet of milk and white flour at the National Insti-
tute for Research in Dairying, have shown that both raw and pasteurised milks could
sustain life whereas sterilized milk could not do so. No difference could be detected
between raw milk and commercially pasteurised milk by the holding method, either in
the digestibility and biological value of the protein or in the availability of the calcium
and phosphorus and the former did not prove inferior to the latter when used as an ex-
clusive diet supplemented by iron, copper and. manganese. The conclusions arrived at
by the Milk Production Department of the West of Scotland Agricultural College, after
feeding trials with 35 dairy calves, are of much importance in calf rearing. The calves
were divided into different groups of winter heifers and winter bulls to be tried for 150
days and summer heifers and summer bulls to be tried for 120 days. Colostrum of the
dam was fed to 4 groups for 5 days and to the rest for 10 days after which raw or milk
pasteurised by heating at 145-150°F for 30 minutes were fed at the rate of 1 lb. per 10 lb.
live-weight until a maximum daily allowance of 15 lb. was reached. After the third
week the calves had free access to good hay and an allowance of concentrates. The
winter bull calves on raw milk and those on pasteurised milk after 5 days colostrum
feeding showed an increase of 364 and 330 per cent respectively of their live-weight at
birth in 150 days. The spring bull calves fed on raw milk and pasteurised milk after 5
days of colostrum feeding showed an increase of 272 and 244 per cent respectively of
their live-weight at birth in 120 days. The heifer calves fed on pasteurised milk after 10
days of colostrum feeding and those after 5 days of colostrum feeding, took 2 months
and 4 months respectively to overtake the heifer calves fed on raw milk and at the end
of the first year the heifers on raw milk had made a live-weight gain of 590 per cent while
those on pasteurised milk after 10 days colostrum had gained 554 per cent. Thus very,
small superiority of raw milk over pasteurised milk is observed. But the calves on raw
milk were observed to have better coats and incidence of diseases also seemed to be
less for the group, it being the heavier the shorter the initial period on colostrum.
More extensive experiments on a larger number of calves are necessary before
definite conclusions are arrived at. [H. L.]
NOTES
CHANGES IN TITLES OF SOME OF THE IMPERIAL AGRICULTURAL
BUREAUX
IN pursuance of the recommendations of the British Commonwealth Scientific
Conference 1936, the Executive Council of the Imperial Agricultural Bureaux have
decided to adopt the following revised titles for certain bureaux with effect from the
first January 1938 :—
(a) The Imperial Bureau of Plant Breeding and Genetics (at Cambridge).
(b) The Imperial Bureau of Pastures and Forage Crops (at Aberystwyth).
(c) The Imperial Bureau of Horticulture and Plantation Crops (at East
Malling).
(d) The Imperial Bureau of Animal Breeding and Genetics (at Edinburgh).
(e) The Imperial Bureau of Agricultural Parasitology (Helminthology) (at
St. Albans).
THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS FOR MICROBIOLOGY
THE Third International Congress for Microbiology will be held at the Waldorf-
Astoria Hotel, New York City, September 2-9, 1939, under the auspices of the
International Association of Microbiologists.
T. M. RIVERS, M. D., President, Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research,
York Avenue and. 66th Street, New York City.
M. H. DAWSON, M. D., General Secretary, College of Physicians and Surgeons,
620, West 168th Street, New York City.
KENNETH GOODNER, Ph.D., General Treasurer, Rockefeller Institute for
Medical Research, York Avenue and 66th Street, New York City.
The Congress will be composed of the following nine sections :
1. General Biology: Variation and Taxonomy. Convener: C. E. A.
WINSLOW.
2. General Biology : Microbiological Chemistry, and Physiology. Convener
STUART MUDD.
( 81 )
M
82
NOTES
3. Viruses and Viral Diseases. Convener : W. A. SAWYER.
4. Rickettsiae and Rickettsial Diseases. Convener : HANS ZINSSER.
5. Protozoology and parasitology. Convener : H. W. STUNKARD.
6. Fungi and Fungous Diseases. Convener : B. O. DODGE.
7. Medical and Veterinary Bacteriology. Convener : F. P. GAY.
8. Agricultural and Industrial Microbiology. Convener : S. A. WAKSMAN.
9. Immunology. Convener : M. HEIDELBERGER.
Registration fee will be $5.00, which will not include the cost of a banquet ticket
or a copy of the Proceedings of the Congress.
A World's Fair will be held in New York City during the summer of 1939.
Consequently, those who wish to attend the Congress for Microbiology should make
plans promptly. The American Express Co., the Official Travel Agency for the
Congress, will be glad to assist in such plans.
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( 83 )
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