NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
BALWANT
SINGH
19
As a routine, cells and sera were collected from about 12 animals in one
day, each sample of serum being tested against each red cell suspension.
Usually, some samples of serum and cells previously found to be active were
also included. The details of these experiments are given in Table V.
TABLE V
Number of cattle and buffaloes brought under experiment at the Imperial Vete-
rinary Research Institute and their distribution
No. of
Experi-
ment
1
2
3
4
6
8
9
11
12
13
16
17
18
19
20
21
21/A
Date
11-12-40
13-2-41
22-2-41
24-2-41
26-3-41
1-4-41
3-4-41
11-4-41
7-5-41
8-5-41
16-5-41
30-5-41
2-6-41
5-6-41
9-6-41
11-6-41
11-8-41
Number of
animals tested
Cattle
10
10
10
5
6
13
13
4
7
11
17
7
7
7
7
3
22
Buffalo
—
—
—
—
1
5
5
5
1
1
2
5
5
5
5
8
—
Total .
Percentage
Total
10
10
10
5
7
18
18
9
8
12
19
12
12
12
12
11
22
207
Group 1
(Serum
agglu-
tinative,
cells not
agglu-
tinable)
—
—
—
—
1
4
5
2
1
2
3
2
3
2
1
—
—
26
12.6
Croup 2
(Serum
agglu-
tinative,
cells
agglu-
tinable)
—
—
—
—
—
—
4
2
2
1
5
5
—
1
4
9
16
49
23.7
Group 3
(Serum
not agglu-
tinative
cells
agglu-
tinable)
—
—
—
—
1
2
8
5
—
2
5
2
6
4
3
2
6
46
22.2
Group 4
(Serum
not agglu-
tinative,
nor cells
agglu-
tinable)
10
10
10
5
5
12
1
—
5
7
6
3
3
5
4
—
—
86
41.5
The blood-group distribution in the experiments with the Institute
animals was found to be : Group I, 12.6 per cent ; Group II, 23.7 per cent ;
Group III, 22.2 per cent and Group IV (negative), 41.5 per cent.
During July-August, 1941, investigations were continued at the Govern-
ment Cattle Farm, Hissar. The animals examined, viz. 97 cows and 35
bullocks, were of the Hariana breed, mostly bred at the farm, the remainder
having come from the Hariana tract. Most of the cattle were inbred, the
same father having fertilized several consecutive generations and so having
given his own predominance to the group. Eleven experiments, involving
20
The Blood Groups of Indian Cattle and Buffaloes
1,584 combinations of sera and cells were made. The details of these experi-
ments are given in Table VI.
TABLE VI
Number of cattle brought under experiment at the Government Cattle Farm
Hissar, and their distribution
No. of
Experi-
ment
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
Date
26-7-41
27-7-41
28-7-41
29-7-41
30-7-41
31-7-41
1-8-41
2-8-41
4-8-41
5-8-41
6-8-41
Total .
Number of
animals tested
Cows
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
2
2
1
8
97
Bullocks
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
10
10
11
4
35
Total
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
132
Percentage
Group 1
(Serum
agglu-
tinative,
cells not
agglu-
tinable)
—
1
—
3
2
—
2
2
2
1
3
16
12.1
Group 2
(Serum
agglu-
tinative,
cells
agglu-
tinable)
—
—
—
—
1
—
2
—
1
—
—
4
3
Group 3
(Serum
not agglu-
tinative,
cells
agglu-
tinable)
—
1
—
5
4
—
4
5
6
2
7
34
25.8
Group 4
(Serum
not agglu-
tinative,
nor cells
agglu-
tinable)
12
10
12
4
5
12
4
5
3
9
2
78
59.1
Out of 132 animals at Hissar, 16 (12.1 per cent) belonged to Group I,
4 (3 per cent) to Group II, 34 (25.8 per cent) to Group III, and the re-
maining 78 (59.1 per cent) to Group IV (negative).
The distribution of blood groupings in animals belonging to the herds
of this Institute and at Hissar is shown in Table VII.
TABLE VII
Percentage distribution of blood groupings in cattle and buffaloes at the two
Institutes
Place
Imperial Veterinary Research
Institute
Government Cattle Farm, Hissar
No. tested
207
(159 cattle and
48 buffaloes)
132
Inbreds
Group I
12.6
12.1
Group II
23.7
3.0
Group III
22.2
25.8
Group IV
41.5
59.1
From the experiments mentioned, it was evident, that among the cattle
and buffaloes first tested, there were few positive cases. In the latter part
of the investigation, the number of positives increased considerably. A
BALWANT
SINGH
21
detailed study of the facts indicated that fairly large number of cattle and
buffaloes possessed isohaemagglutinins or agglutinable corpuscles or both,
but that the demonstration of these active constituents depended upon the
inclusion in the test of animals possessing the opposite receiptors. It was
also noticed that, in a large proportion of animals possessing both antigen and
antibody, only one of the constituents was actively operating, while the other
rarely exhibited any reaction. A few examples of such cases are described.
(1) Buffalo 59.—The cells of this animal were frequently agglutinable
in tests with sera from 87 cattle and buffaloes on different
dates but its serum remained non-agglutinative. However,
when this serum was later placed in contact with cells from
seven other buffaloes and cattle, there was strong isoaggluti¬
nation.
(2) Dhanni bullock 5.—The serum of this animal was not aggluti-
native when tested against cells from 19 cattle and buffaloes,
while the corpuscles were agglutinable. But when this serum,
in another test, was placed in contact with the cells of Hariana
cattle 48 and 57, agglutination took place.
(3) Similarly sera from Hariana cattle 33, 42, 64, from hill bulls 79,
327 and from Dhanni bullock 15 were not agglutinative when
tested on various dates while the corpuscles were agglutinable.
But when sera of these animals were tested against the cells
from Dhanni bullock 15, hill bull 181 and Dhanni bullock 7
and buffalo 59 respectively, there was strong isoagglutination.
(4) Hill bull 84.—Both serum and cells failed to react at a certain
test but, later, when its cells were tested against the serum
of buffalo 344, the reaction was positive.
In studying such reactions as these and in dealing with systems of great
physical and chemical complexity about which we know relatively little, one
has to be cautious in ascribing any observed phenomenon to a particular
influence. Until such time as we are in possession of stock sera and corpuscles
—as is the case with similar work in man—, any attempt to introduce a
definite classification of blood groups in Indian breeds of cattle is possibly
rather futile. For this reason, a provisional classification, similar to that
of Little [1929] is proposed.
Group I (correspond-
ing to Jansky's O)
Group II (corres-
ponding to Jansky's
A and B) . .
Group III (corres-
ponding to Jansky's
AB) . . .
Group IV . .
Serum agglutinative, cells not agglutinable.
Serum agglutinative, cells agglutinable. (Animals in this
group possess antigen and antibodies acting freely with
blood constituents of other animals in this group. This
suggests the existence of further groups.)
Serum not agglutinative, cells agglutinable
Serum not agglutinative, cells not agglutinable.
22
The Blood Groups of Indian Cattle and Buffaloes
SUMMARY
1. The existence of blood groupings among Indian cattle and buffaloes
has been determined.
2. Among 159 cattle, mostly of Hariana, Dhanni and Kumauni hill
breeds, and 48 buffaloes, the percentage groupings were group I, 12.6 per
cent ; group II, 23.7 per cent ; group III, 22.2 per cent ; group IV (negative),
41.5 per cent. For reasons explained in the text, this classification is
tentative and needs to be extended and rendered more precise by the ex-
amination of a sufficient number of cattle belonging to different breeds.
3. Technical points ascertained were as follows, (a)Washed corpuscles
stored in the cold remain agglutinable for 21.28 days. (b) Serum kept in the
cold remains agglutinative for about 48 hours. (c) Serum, which has deterio-
rated during storage or by heating at 60°C., can sometimes be reactivated by
the addition of fresh ox or guinea-pig serum. There is no evidence, however,
that the reactivating agent is serum complement. (d) Owing to the usually
weak agglutinin titres of cattle blood, the slide test as ordinarily conducted
at room temperature with human blood cannot be used. To demonstrate
reactions, equal parts of serum and 2 per cent red cell suspension should be
mixed in tubes and kept at 37°C. for an hour or so.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The work described above was carried out at the suggestion of Dr F. C.
Minett and my thanks are due to him for his close supervision and for assist-
ance in the writing of this paper. My thanks are also due to Mr S. R. Hassan
for facilitating my research and to Mr P. N. Nanda, M.R.C.V.S., Superin-
tendent, Government Cattle Farm, Hissar, for placing animals and other
resources at my disposal.
REFERENCES
Anderson, J. (1932). Vet. Rec. 12, 691
Burghardt (1933). Z. Veterinark. 45, 33
Dungern, E. von and Hirszfeld, L. (1909). Z. Immunitatsforsch.
Orig. 4, 531
Fouric, P. J. J. (1935). Onderstepoort J. Vet. Sci, & Ani. Ind. 4, 7
Greval, S. D. S. (1940). Current Sci. No. 11
Herman, V. A. (1936). J. Immunol. 31, 347
Hirszfeld, L. (1926). Ergeb. Hyg. Bakt. 8, 367
Hofferber, O. and Winter, S. G. (1932). Archiv f. Tierheilk, 64, 510
Hopp, W. M. (1920). J. Exp. Med. 31, 313
Jansky, J. (1908). Folia Serol. 3, 316
Kaempffer, A. (1932). Z. Rassenphysiol.
5, 53 Seen in Biol. Abs. 6, 2306, 1932)
Karshner, W. M. (1928). J. Lab. and Clin. Med. 14, 225
Landsteiner, K. (1901). Wien. Klin. Wschr. 14, 1132
Lauer, A. (1930). Z. Immunitatsforsch. 68, 434
Little R. B. (1929). J. Immunol.
17, 377, 394, 401 and 411
Moss, W. L. (1910). Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull. 21, 63
Olver, A. (1938). Imp. Counc. Agric. Res. Misc. Bull. 17
Ottenberg, R., and Friedman, S. S. (1911). J. Exp. Med. 13, 531
BALWANT
SINGH
23
Reeser, H. E. (1938). Tijdschr. Diergeneesk. 65, 115 (Seen in Biol. Abs. 12, 1530, 1938)
Schermer, S., Hofferber, O. and Kaempffer, A. (1932). Archiv f. Tierheilk. 64, 518
Schermer, S. (1932). Tierarztl. Rdsch. 38, 859 (Abstract seen in Vet. Bull. 3, 1933)
—
(1934). Tivelfth Internat. Vet. Gong. 3, 546
Szymanowski, Z. (1934). Twelfth Internat. Vet. Cong. 3, 521
Thomoff, Z. (1930). Archiv f. Tierheilk. 61, 433
Usuelli, F. (1931). Boll. Ist. Sieroter. Milan. 10, 260 (Seen in Biol. Abs. 7, 121, 1933)
Walsh, L. S. N. (1924). J. Immunol., 9, 49
Ware, F. (1939). Imp. Counc. Agric. Res., Misc. Bulls. 24 & 27
—(1941).
Emp. J. Exp. Agric. 9, 33, 1
ON SOME TRICHOSTRONGYLES OF DOMESTIC RUMI-
NANTS IN INDIA*
BY
G. D. BHALERAO, PH.D. (LOND.), D.Sc., F.Z.S., F.R.M.S., F.A.Sc.,
Research Officer (Helminthology), Imperial Veterinary Research Institute,
Izatnagar
(Received for publication on 9 August 1941)
(With two text figures)
Trichostrongylus colubriformis (Giles, 1892) Ransom, 1911
T HIS species is known to occur in men, monkeys, squirrels and in
domestic and wild ruminants. It has been recorded from Europe, Egypt,
Armenia, the United States of America, Japan and India. Giles [1892] first
described this parasite and his description was based on the material obtained
from sheep in Assam and the Punjab. Recently some material containing
this parasite was obtained from the abomasum and intestines of goats and
sheep at Mukteswar and Poona and some material from the similar hosts from
the Punjab Veterinary College was also available for study.
The male measures 5.8—6.6 mm. in length and 1.08 mm. in maximum
thickness. The left spicule, the right spicule and the gubernaculum measure
respectively 0.147—0.173 mm., 0.136—0.164 mm. and 0.070—0.083 mm.
In a large majority of cases, the bifurcation and the digitations of the dorsal
ray of the bursa conform to the description and figures of Nagaty [1932], in
others, however, the digitations of the dorsal ray were as shown in the accom-
panying figure (Fig. 1). In the latter cases, the ray bifurcates at the posterior
two-fifths of its length into two limbs and each limb gives out a small inner and
slightly larger outer branch, at a small distance anterior to the middle of its
length. The pre-bursal and cervical papillæ are said to be absent in this
species but in one case a small pre-bursal and a cervical papilla on one side of
the body only were observed. This appears to be a case of atavism, indicating
that the species without these papillæ must have been derived from the forms
possessing these structures.
The female measures 7.67—7.85 mm. in length. The vulva is situated
1.5—1.63 mm. from the posterior end. The tail is 0.077—0.082 mm. long
The combined length of the ovijectors and sphincters is 0.58—0.048 mm
Fig. 1. Trichostrongylus colubriformis showing dorsal and externo-dorsal view of bursa.
Almost dorsal view.
* Paper read before the 28th session of the Indian Science Congress, Benares, held
in January, 1941.
24
G. D.
BHALERAO
25
Fig. 2. Trichostrongylus extenuatus showing dorsal rays. Lateral view.
Trichostrongylus extenuatus (Railliet, 1898) Ransom, 1907
This species has been recorded from ruminants in Europe, America and
Australia. Previously there have been no records of the existence of this
species in India. Recently, however, a few specimens were obtained from the
abomasum of goats at Mukteswar. These on examination proved to be typi-
cal Trichostrongylus extenuatus.
The male measures 3.65 mm. in length. The right spicule is 0.086 mm.
long and the left spicule 0.110 mm. The gubernaculum measures 0.053 mm.
in length.
The female measures 4.14 mm. in length and 0.072 mm. in maximum
thickness. The vulva is situated 0.72 mm. from the posterior end. The tail
is 0.08 mm. long. The combined ovijectors and sphincters measure 0.112 mm.
The eggs measure 0.077—0.0875 × 0.0365 mm.
In addition to the typical forms of T. extenuatus mentioned above, a few
males were obtained. These agreed with the typical forms, except in respect
of the point at which the dorsal ray of the bursa bifurcates posteriorly. In the
typical form, it bifurcates slightly behind its posterior end, while in the speci-
mens at the disposal of the writer it bifurcates at its posterior third. This is
evidently an atypical variety of T. extenuatus, the only difference, that is in
26
Trichostrongyles of Domestic Ruminants
the point of bifurcation of the dorsal ray, not being sufficient for the creation
of a new species. The writer does not consider it advisable even to propose a
new variety name, since, in his opinion, it is preferable to indicate the varia-
tions that occur within a species, rather than to propose separate names for
the numerous variations that occur.
The male measures 4.35 mm. in length and 0.056 mm. in maximum
thickness. The right spicule, the left spicule and the gubernaculum measure
0.088 mm., 0.112 mm. and 0.06 mm. respectively in length. The dorsal ray
of the bursa is 0.072 mm. long.
Trichostrongylus probolurus (Railliet, .1896) Looss, 1905
This species has been known to occur in Europe, in the United States and
in North and East Africa. It has been so far recorded from sheep, gazelles,
Arabian camels, Bactrian camels and men. Nagaty [1932] recorded a single
male from a sheep in the Punjab, the material being obtained by him from
Giles' original material of Trichostrongylus colubriformis, which was deposited
in the British Museum of Natural History, London. The writer was able to
examine a few worms of this species obtained from the Punjab Veterinary
College, Lahore from the abomasum and small intestine of sheep and goats.
The male measures 4. 8—5.2 mm. in length and 0.091 mm. in maximum
thickness. The right spicule is 0.132—0.187 mm. and the left spicule 0.15—
0.19 mm. long. The gubernaculum measures 0.78 mm. in length.
The female measures 7.6—7.65 mm. in length and 0.104—0.107 mm.
in maximum thickness. The vulva is situated 1.37—1.55 mm. behind the
posterior end. The combined length of the ovijectors and sphincters is 0.58
mm. The tail is 0.07—0.073 mm. long. The ova measure 0.068—0.077 ×
0.033—0.038 mm.
Cooperia pectinata Ransom, 1907
This species has been recorded from cattle in Kenya, Texas and Brazil,
Baylis [1929] assigned certain specimens collected from calves in Australia to
a new species Cooperia nicolli. Dikmans [1932] showed that C. nicolli is
synonymous with C. pectinata. Recentrly Rao [1940] recorded its occurrence
in cattle in Madras. The writer collected some time ago a few specimens from
the abomasum of cattle and the intestines of a goat at Mukteswar. These on
examination proved to be C. pectinata. It appears from the remarks of several
authors that members of the genus Cooperia are subject to a considerable
degree of variation. The material at the disposal of the writer, although
undoubtedly belonging to the species C. pectinata, shows some interesting
variations in the measurements of the organs which are regarded, by some
authors, as of considerable taxonomic importance.
The male measures 6.55—7.5 mm. in length. The spicules are 0.206—
0.217 mm. long. As observed by Daubney [1933], there is ' a slender, dorso
internal and easily overlooked spike springing from the main shaft near the
junction of the middle and distal thirds of the spicule '. Except in one case,
it was very difficult to see this spike but, on gently rolling the specimen under
a thin coverslip, it was observed to be present in all cases.
G. D.
BHALERAO
27
The female measures 7.35—7.8 mm. in length. The vulva is situated
1.4—1.60 mm. from the posterior end of the body, and is covered by a small
cuticular flap. The vagina is 0.022—0.023 mm. long. The combined length
of the muscular ovijector and the sphincter, on one side only, is 0.18—0.272
mm. The tail is 0.162—0.178 mm. long. The eggs measure 0.068—0.09 ×
0.028—0.046 mm.
Cooperia punctata (V. Linstow, 1907) Ransom, 1907
This species is known to occur in cattle in Europe, the United States
of America and Sumatra. Rao [1940] recorded it from cattle in Madras.
In March 1939, four tubes of this parasite were collected from the intestines of
cattle and another from the intestines of a goat at Mukteswar.
The male measures 9.65—11.9 mm. in length and 0.07—0.1 mm. in
maximum thickness. The spicules are 0.125—0.142 mm. long. The antero-
lateral ray of the bursa is shorter than the others.
The female measures 12.8—13.2 mm. in length and 0.083—0.088 mm.
in maximum thickness. The vulva is situated 1.28—1.3 mm. from the
posterior end. The tail is 0.113—0.15 mm. long. The combined length of
the ovijectors and sphincters is 0.297—0.438 mm. The eggs measure 0.062
—0.077 × 0.028—0.043 mm.
It may be seen from the above that, although the Indian representatives
of this species are considerably larger in size than those from other parts of the
world, the measurements of the spicules, vulva and the eggs fall within the
range of variations noted by previous workers.
Ostertagia ostertagi (Stiles, 1892) Ransom, 1907
This species is known to occur in Europe, N. America, Australia and
Newzealand. Recently some specimens of this species were obtained by the
author [1935] from the abomasum of cattle at Mukteswar. These on examina-
tion were found to differ in many respects from the descriptions of this species
published previously. It is, therefore, proposed to record here some observa-
tions on the anatomy of the worms from the material at the disposal of the
writer.
The male measures 8.05—10.25 mm. in length and 0.14—0.16 mm. in
maximum thickness. The cervical papillæ are situated at a distance of 0.27—
0.375 mm. from the anterior end. The nerve ring and the excretory opening-
are 0.212—0.24 mm. behind the anterior extremity. The œsophagus is
0.635—0.64 mm. long. The germ duct, in the largest specimen, passes
anteriorly to a distance of 0.173 mm. behind the œsophagus. The dorsal
ray of the bursa bifurcates at about the posterior two-fifths of its length.
The ventro-lateral ray of the bursa is shorter than the others. The pre-bursal
papillæ are situated 0.022 mm. in front of the caudal bursa. The spicules are
0.272—0.285 mm. long. The gubernaculum, including the handle, measures
0.077 mm. in length.
The female measures 12.6—14.5 mm. in length and 0.160—0.167 mm.
in maximum thickness. The cervical papillæ are situated 0.362—0.38 mm.
from the anterior end. The œsophagus is 0.67 mm. long. The nerve ring
28
Trichostrongyles of Domestic Ruminants
and the excretory pore are situated 0.255—0.28 mm. behind the anterior
extremity. The vulva is situated 2.4—2.77 mm. from the posterior end
and is covered by a prominent cuticular flap. The vagina is 0.069—0.077
mm. long. The muscular ovijector, with the sphincter, measures 0.23 mm.
in length. The non-muscular part of the ovijector is 0.176 mm. long. The
tail is 0.170—0.172 mm. long and has a few transverse muscular striations at
a very small distance from its extremity. The eggs measure 0.078—0.102
× 0.043—0.048 mm.
The specimens described here differ from those described previously by
other workers in the dimensions of the body and of the various organs, inclu-
sive of the spicules and the gubernaculum. The main anatomical difference
is found in the point at which the dorsal ray of the bursa bifurcates, but
neither this point nor the difference in the measurements of the various organs
appear to justify the creation of a new species.
Marshallagia orientalis (Bhalerao, 1932) Travassos, 1937
The author [1932] described this species from the abomasum and cæcum
of the hill goat, Capra sibirica, in Mukteswar, under the name Ostertagia
orientalis. Baylis [1936] regarded this species as synonymous with O. marshalli
Ransom, 1907. Travassos [1937] is, however, of the opinion that O. orientalis
is a species distinct from O. marshalli on account of the character of its spicules.
Travassos (loc. cit) raised the sub-genus Marshallagia Orloff, 1933, to the
status of a genus, assigning to it the species marshalli Ransom, 1907 and
orientalis Bhalerao, 1932. The author supports Travassos in this procedure
Camelostronglyus mentulata (Railliet and Henry, 1909) Orloss, 1933
This species was originally recorded from the abomasum of a camel
(Camelus dromedarius) in India. It was also found in the abomasum of a
dromedary which died in the Zoological Gardens, Washington. It has been
recorded from sheep in Europe and from goats in Turkestan. The author
was given an opportunity to examine this species which was obtained from
the abomasum of sheep and goats at the Punjab Veterinary College, Lahore.
The male measures 7.35—8.3 mm. in length and 0.106 mm. in maximum
thickness. The spicules are 0.52—0.61 mm. long. The gubernaculum
measures 0.068—0.082 mm. in length.
The female measures 9.6—11.35 mm. in length and 0.133—0.142 mm.
in maximum thickness. The vulva is situated 1.86—2.02 mm. from the
posterior end. The length of the ovijectors, including the sphincters, is
0.389—0.422 mm. The tail is 0.136—0.186 mm. long. The ova measure
0.070—0.073 × 0.035—0.040 mm.
Hæmonchus longistipes Railliet and Henry, 1909
This species has been recorded from dromedaries in Africa and India.
In India, it was originally obtained by Leese and was subsequently recorded
by Boulenger [1921] and Baylis and Daubney [1923]. The author was given
an opportunity of examining a few males of this species obtained from sheep
in Lahore. This appears to be the first record of this parasite from a ovine.