NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
234 Two New Trematodes of the Family Manorchidae Odhner
The single testis measures 0. 22—0. 24 in diameter and is situated mostly
to the right of the median line, a little behind the middle of the body. The cirrus
sac consists of a swollen part, containing an oval vesicula seminalis of 0. 11—
0. 12 × 0.04—0.06 size, which opens through a narrow duct of 0.08 length
into an oval pars prostatica, 0.05 × 0. 03 in size, surrounded by prostate
glands and a narrow neck containing a small ductus ejaculatorius and a fairly
long cirrus, 0.15 × 0.04, with prominent recurved hooks of 0.02 × 0.008
size. The genital atrium lies to the right of the anterior margin of the ace-
tabulum.
The ovary measures 0.14—0.16 × 0.12—0.14 in size and lies to the left
of the median line obliquely in front of the testis and overlapping its anterior
border. The vitellaria are composed of large, oval follicles arranged asym-
metrically on the lateral sides between the levels of the acetabulum and middle
of testis. Receptaculum seminis is absent. The shell gland complex lies
between testis, ovary and the cirrus sac. Laurer's canal is present. The
uterus contains a very large number of eggs of 0.02—0.023 × 0.015 size
and occupies practically the whole of the post-acetabular space. Terminally
the uterus continues into an inverted U-shaped metraterm of 0.14—0.18
diameter. The metraterm is surrounded by prominent gland cells. The
excretory bladder is as in other species of the genus.
Odhner in 1911 created the genus Proctotrema for P. bacilliovatum which is
parasitic in Mullus barbatus. Subsequently three more species—P. lintoni
Manter [1931] P. plectorhynchi and P. macrorchis Yamaguti[1934]—have been
added. P. odhneri, n. sp. differs from the type species in the shape and size
of its suckers, unlobed character of ovary, shape and position of cirrus sac
and metraterm and the shape of eggs. From P. lintoni it can be distinguished
by the shape and size of suckers, position of genital pore, position of cirrus
sac and metraterm and the absence of receptaculum seminis. From the last
two Japanese species—P. plectorhynchi and P. macrorchis—it can be easily
separated by the shape of the oral sucker, length of the intestinal caeca, charac-
ter of ovary, shape of cirrus sac and metraterm and differences in the measure-
ments of the various structures.
Genus—Hurleytrema Gen. nov.
Hurleytrema ovocaudatum Gen. et. sp., nov.
Host—Teuthis margaritifera Cuv. and Val.
Habitat—Intestine.
Locality—Karachi, Arabian Sea.
It is a very rare parasite occurring in the intestine of Teuthis maragaritifera
found in the Arabian Sea. The parasite is light brown in colour and possesses
considerable power of contraction and expansion. It has an elongated, narrow,
spinose body which in the type specimen measures 3.0 in length and 0.42
in maximum breadth. The oral sucker is of 0.11 × 0.13 size and is slightly
subterminal. It opens posteriorly into a narrow, 0.12 long, prepharnyx which
is followed by a small pharnyx of 0.09 × 0.012 size. The oesophagus is fairly
Ind. Jour. Vety. Sci. & Anim. Husb., Vol. IX, Part II ]
PLATE XX
Ventral view of Proctotrema odhneri, n. sp.
Key to lettering
Mt
C.s
..
..
Metraterm
Cirrus sac
Ind. Jour. Vety. Sci.& Anim. Husb. Vol. IX, Part II ]
PLATE XXI
FIG. a. Hurleytrema ovocaudatum gen. ct. sp. nov.
FIG. b. An egg highly magnified showing polar filament
Key to lellering
Mt
O
..
..
Metraterm
Ovary
H. D.
SRIVASTAVA
235
long and narrow and bifurcates into two long, slender, straight caeca, which
end blindly at the hinder end. The acetabulum has a diameter of 0.076—0.08
and is situated slightly to the left of the median line at the end of the first
third of the body length. The size ratio between the oral sucker and the
acetabulum is as 3 : 2.
The single, pear-shaped, median testis is of 0.34 × 0.22 size. It is situated
in the intercaecal space just behind the middle third of the body length. The
cirrus sac is club-shaped. It measures 0.6 × 0.1 in size and extends from the
genital atrium to the last third of the middle third of the body length. It
encloses an elongated, oval vesicula seminalis, 0.3 × 0.08, a tubular pars
prostatica, 0.2 × 0.03, and a 0.04 long, armed cirrus. The genital atrium
lies close to the left of the anterior margin of the acetabulum.
The ovary, 0.12 × 0.22 in size, consists of three ovoid lobes, all joined
together in the median line. It is situated close in front of the testis. The
receptaculum seminis is absent. A small Laurer's canal is given off from the
oviduct just before the latter enters the shell gland complex, lying in front of
the ovary. The vitellaria consist of elongated, pear-shaped, small follicles
extending laterally from the level of the acetabulum to the last fifteenth part,
of the body length. The uterus is well developed and occupies the whole of
the intercaecal space between the metraterm and the blind ends of the caeca.
Anteriorly it continues into a well-developed metraterm of 0.3 × 0.1 size, which
is armed internally with minute spines. The eggs are operculate and roughly
triangular in shape and possess a polar filament at the aopercular end. They
measure 0.019—0.03 × 0.011—0.015 in size, excluding the filament of 0.015
—0.025 length.
The excretory bladder is Y-shaped.
The new genus Hurleytrema though definitely a representative of the sub-
family Proctotreminae Odhner 1911, differs remarkably from all the genera
of the sub-family in the extent of vitellaria, which extend from the level of the
acetabulum to almost the hinder end, and in the presence of a polar filament
in the egg. In its latter character the new genus differs from the genera of the
sub-family Monorchiinae also. The new genus is named in honour of
Mr. T. J. Hurley, M.R.C.V.S., D.V.S.M., I.V.S., to whom the author is deeply
indebted for his much kind encouragement.
GENERIC DIAGNOSIS.
Body medium sized, narrow, spinose. Oral sucker larger than aceta-
bulum which is situated at the junction of the first and middle third of body
length. Prepharnyx, pharnyx and oesophagus present; caeca narrow,
reaching the hinder end. Testis single, compact, just behind middle third
of body length. Cirrus sac well-developed, elongated, extending from the
genital atrium to last third of middle third of the body length; it encloses
an oval vesicula seminalis, pars prostatica with prostate glands and an armed
cirrus. Genital atrium is close to the acetabulum. Ovary trilobed, pre-
testicular. Receptaculum seminis absent; Laurer's canal present. Vitellaria
236 Two New Trematodes of the Family Manorchidae Odhner
follicular, lateral, extending from the level of the acetabulum to a little in
front of the hinder end. Uterus occupies the whole of the space between
metraterm and blind ends of caeca. Eggs are roughly triangular, with a polar
filament at the aoperculate end; metraterm well-developed. Excretory
bladder is narrow and tubular and bifurcates just behind testis. Parasites
of marine fishes.
Type species.—H. ovocaudatum.
REFERENCES
Lloyd, L. C. and Guberlet, J. E. (1932). J. Parasit. 18, No. 4, 232-239.
Manter, H. W. (1931). Parasit. 23, 396-411.
––––––––––––– (1934). Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. No. 435, Papers from Tor-
tugas. Lab. 28, 257-345.
Odhner, T. (1911). Zool. Anz. 37, 237-253.
Srivastava, H. D. (1935). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. London, Ser. 10, 17, 319-324.
–––––––––––––
(1938). Proc. Ind. Sci. Cong., Sect. Vety. Res.
Yamaguti, S. (1934). Jap. J. Zool. 5, No. 3, 249-541.
SELECTED ARTICLE
A DEVICE ADOPTED FOR THE FORCED FEEDING OF
SUSPECTED POISON PLANTS AT THE VETERINARY
RESEARCH STATION, GLENFIELD
BY
R.O.C.KING, B.V.Sc.
R. M. Kinross Veterinary Research Officer, Veterinary Research Station,
Glenfield
(Reprinted from Veterinary Research Report No. 7, 1937 of the Department of
Agriculture, New South Wales)
A CONSIDERABLE amount of investigational work has been carried out
at the Veterinary Research Station, Glenfield, with plants which have been
suspected of being harmful to domesticated animals. In these investiga-
tions the initial difficulty has been to entice the animal to consume the
green plant either whole, chaffed, or chaffed and mixed with other fodders,
such as wheaten chaff, pollard or bran. Whereas pigs will usually eat chaffed
plant quite readily when it is mixed with a pollard mash, it has been found
that sheep, and to a lesser extent cattle, at the Research Station refuse to each
such plants, notwithstanding the fact that, in the field, animals have been
noted to eat the plant in quantity.
If the animals will not eat the plant as offered in sufficient quantity to
permit of a reasonable test, it is necessary to resort to some method of forced
feeding.
Up till the year 1930 the methods used at Glenfield for administering
plant forcibly to sheep and cattle were (a) hand-feeding, and (b) drenching
the finely-minced plant, suspended in water, either from a bottle or by the
stomach tube. The former was very tedious, and the latter required a re-
latively large, and at times, excessive amount of water to be used to wash the
finely-minced plant out of the bottle or down the tube. The stomach tube
frequently became blocked with plant particles and required clearing, while
when using the bottle there was always risk of breakage with consequent
injury either to the animal, or operator, or at least loss of prepared plant.
Risk of killing animals from bloating through using too much water was not
infrequently experienced, necessitating cessation of administration of plant to
sheep before the required dose had been given, even when such dose did not
exceed one pound of plant.
This effect has not been observed with cattle, probably because of the
greater capacity of the rumen in these animals.
( 237 )
238 Devise for Forced Feeding of Suspected Poison Plants
It was consequently considered that some device was required whereby
plant in its natural state could be administered, at least to sheep, without
the use of water. In literature dealing with poison plants mention has been
made occasionally of a " plant gun " but none of the authors described the
device used by them. Consequently, it was thought that a description of
the " gun " finally adopted at Glenfield may be of interest to those workers
employed in investigating poison plant problems.
Longitudinal Section of Device for Forced Feeding of Sheep.
The gun consists essentially of a metal barrel 25.5 cm. long, with an
outside diameter of 1.86 cm., which, in the " home-made" instrument des-
cribed, is made from a piece of heavy electrical conduit, the metal being 0.15
cm. thick. About 4 cm. from one end of the conduit a transverse cut is made
in the metal extending almost to the centre of the barrel; 10 cm. from the
same end another similar cut is made in the same aspect of the tube, and the
metal between the two transverse cuts is removed to form a breech, the cut
edges of the metal being filed smooth. Upon this breech is mounted a hopper
of galvanised sheet iron about 6 cm. long, 4.5 cm. deep, and diverging in width
from 2 cm. where it sits on the barrel to 4 cm. at the top, which is open. The
hopper is soldered to the barrel over the opening or breech and the gun is
completed by a metal plunger about 40 cm. in length which fits the barrel
snugly. A collar is attached to the plunger to prevent it projecting from the
muzzle and causing injury to the pharynx of the subject animal while in use.
It will be found that the length of barrel in front of the hopper will suffice
for all adult sheep. If it is desired to use the gun on half-grown sheep or lambs
a large cork, with a hole bored in the centre to accommodate the barrel can
be slipped down over the muzzle to reduce the barrel to any desired length.
This gun has been shown to have many advantages over the older method
and little practice is required to become adept with it.
To use the gun the plant under test is minced finely in an ordinary hand,
meat mincing machine and the quantity to be administered placed in a tray..
The sheep is caught by an assistant, backed into a corner of the pen and
straddled in the standing position. The neck or shoulders of the sheep are
held firmly by the assistant's knees and the head held lightly under the lower
jaw. The hopper of the gun is filled with plant and the barrel is inserted into
the animal's mouth until the muzzle has passed over the base of the tongue
and is held in position by the left hand, which grasps the gun at the hopper.
The right hand then withdraws the plunger and some plant is forced down into
R. O. C.
KING
239
the open breech by the thumb of the left hand. The plunger is pushed
forwards, forcing the plant from the breech into the animal's pharynx and again
withdrawn, the breech being immediately re-charged by forcing plant down
from the hopper with the thumb. This procedure is repeated until the hopper
is empty, when the gun is withdrawn from the animal's mouth, the hopper
replenished and the procedure repeated as long as is necessary to administer
the required quantity of plant.
The gun has been used to administer air-dried plant as well as fresh green
plant to sheep but in the case of the former the plant was ground to a coarse
powder in a hand cornmill and moistened with just enough water to thoroughly
wet it. This permitted the easy administration of such material in quantity
without any irritation of the larynx by plant dust.
It has been found that all sheep tolerate the presence of the gun in the
mouth with reasonable equanimity and generally little struggling occurs.
Usually a sheep will swallow that amount of plant delivered by one or two
strokes of the plunger while the gun is still in the mouth. If an animal holds
the plant in the pharynx it has been found advisable to pause for a short
period after about four strokes have been made with the plunger and give the
animal time to swallow, after which the forced feeding can be continued.
Only one sheep has been encountered which would not swallow the plant
while the gun was held in its mouth. In this case three or four strokes were
made with the plunger and the gun removed from the mouth, whereupon
the animal swallowed regularly and did not attempt to discard any of the plant
so administered.
Before the elaboration of this gun the maximum dose which one could
reasonably expect to administer to a sheep, without danger of bloating the
animal, within one day (eight hours), was one pound of fresh green plant.
By means of the gun, however, a dose of six pounds of similar plant has been
administered within one day and doses of two to four pounds have commonly
been given. In view of the fact that tests at this station have shown that
an adult Merino sheep of about 100 lb. live weight will eat two pounds of fresh
green trefoil (Trifolium sp.) within one hour if starved for twenty-four hours
previously, the amount of plant which can be administered within one day
to one animal is important. This is also shown by the experiments with
Chenopodium atriplicinum.*
*See page 95 of Veterinary Research Report, No. 7, 1937 of the Department of Agricul-
ture, New South Wales—"Chenopodium atriplicinum" (Lamb's Tongue). A plant Toxic
for Sheep in the Immature Stages of Growth.
ABSTRACTS
A Preliminary note on the experimental reproduction of bovine pleuro-
pneumonia ; II. Contagious bovine pleuro pneumonia : A report on the use of new
antigens for the complement-fixation and agglutination tests; III. Contagious
bovine pleuro-pneumonia : A preliminary note on immunity. A. D. CAMPBELL,
J. Council. Sci. Indus. Res. 11, 2, 103-126.
I. THE author cites the attempts of previous workers to reproduce the disease
experimentally, and in this connection the work of Nocard and Roux [1901] is mention-
ed wherein the attempt took the form of introducing atomized cultures of the associated
organism into a sack applied to the head of five experimental bovines whereby four
were apparently immunized after a transient pyrexia and the fifth was said to have
shown first-stage lesions of pleuro-pneumonia at death which took place a month after
the experiment began.
The present paper is an account of the success achieved with the use of a modernised
and perfected technique on the lines of the experiment of Nocard and Roux. In the
absence of sufficient quantity of pleuritic exudate, 600 c.c. of B. V. F.O. S. medium
culture, in which the organism retains its virulence for a long time, was atomized into
a closed loose box, twelve feet square and ten feet high and housing eight cattle.
Atomization was accomplished by means of a paint-spray gun and air at a pressure of
40 lbs. per square inch, the nozzle being so adjusted that atomization was complete in
fifteen minutes. The animals were then removed to open stalls and observed clinical-
ly. As a result of serological examination of these animals it was found that comple-
ment-fixing antibodies were developed as early as the sixth or seventh day (some-
times tenth or twelfth day) after exposure to the infective spray, the titre rising rapidly
thereafter until death or slaughter.
Of eighty animals so infected, thirty-three (41%) developed pleuro-pneumonia of an
acute type which became clinically noticeable usually between the 12th and 18th day.
The animals either died or had to be destroyed in the third or fourth week. Autopsy
revealed severe typical lesions of the disease. A three months old calf, born to a vac-
cinated cow but negative to the complement-fixation test, on exposure to culture spray,
died within forty-eight hours and showed lesions of a hyper-acute type of the disease.
From each of the thirty-three cases the casual organism was recovered.
Forty-one animals (52%) developed a subacute type of the disease but showed
a rising complement-fixation titre which remained at its peak for several weeks, and
subsequently dropped to about one-eighth at which it persisted for a long time. Autopsy
at the end of a sub-clinical protracted illness revealed lesions which were undergoing
resolution and sequestration but in which the specific organism was still demonstrable
culturally.
( 241 )
O
ABSTRACTS
245
It is pointed out that a suitable ration should fulfil certain more general criteria.
For instance, it should be suitable for the particular species in question; it should be
made up from good quality fresh ingredients ; it should be palatable ; it should be
adequate to satisfy the animals' normal appetite ; it should contain enough bulk to
effect optimal visceral distention and provide a stimulus for peristalsis, secretion, and
blood and lymph circulation; it should be neither unduly laxative nor binding ; it
should have a good digestibility and it should be supplied in adequate but not massive
quantities. [N. D. K.]
Vitamin A in relation to domestic animals. Symptomatology of vitamin A deficiency
in domestic animals. G. H. HART AND H. R. GUILBERT, 1937. J. A. V. M.
Ass. 91, 193-200.
THIS report is based on the observations of several workers besides the author.
Vitamin A deficiency may cause a wide variety of alterations in body tissues
and symptomatology, which has often caused confusion in diagnosis. Epithelial
cells throughout the body as well as nerve cells may become involved in the
syndrome.
The first symptom in domestic animals involves vision and consists in the
development of night-blindness. The nerve tissue, including that of the optic nerve,
degenerates resulting, in some cases, in ultimate blindness. Vitamin A deficiency
early in pregnancy has been found to produce permanently blind calves at birth.
Blindness has been experimentally induced in pigs in this way. The progressive
impairment of vision can be corrected occasionally if vitamin A therapy is started in
time. Stenosis of the optic canal which is observed in some cases, is secondary.
Ulceration of the cornea is common and is associated with bacterial invasion, which
is secondary.
Nervous symptoms may result from alterations within the central nervous system
or in the peripheral nerves, and the symptoms depend on the nerves affected. These
lesions once developed are usually permanent and probably often progressive. In hogs,
one form of posterior paralysis is due to this cause, the development of which is
usually secondary to night blindness. Early administration of vitamin A results in
considerable improvement, but complete recovery is rare. Leg paralysis occurs in cattle
but is not common. In the development of paralysis, incoordination of voluntary move-
ments, increased excitability and convulsions are observed. In the more advanced
stage convulsive seizures may occur spontaneously; this may result in death.
Involvement of other epithelial structures shows the greatest variety of manifesta-
tions which may cause much confusion. In poultry the mouth and throat are
affected while in cattle, sheep and hogs the gastro-intestinal involvement is associated
with diarrhoea; excessively loose bowels occur in new-born calves. In growing
calves lung involvement, which is not uncommon, progresses pneumonia. Changes in
the genital tract seem temporary in the male. Kidneys are also affected ; ' large white
kidney ' in adult animals and white spotted kidney in calves are examples. [R.M.]
NOTE
UNDULANT FEVER IN FRANCE*
IN a recent Bulletin of the Health Organization of the League of Nations
(7, Extract No. 9), R. M. Taylor, M. Lisbonne, L. F. Bidal and R. H. Hazemann,
who made a study of 869 Brucella strains isolated from man and animals
in France, came to the following conclusions. All the classified strains of
Brucella fall into one of two types, namely, Br. melitensis and Br. abortus.
Of 507 strains isolated from man, 477 (94 per cent) were Br. melitensis. While
the melitensis type was definitely dangerous to man, Br. abortus was a relative-
ly unimportant cause of undulant fever, and was essentially an economic and
veterinary problem. Cases of undulant fever of the melitensis type were usual-
ly multiple and tended to occur in localized epidemics, while those of the
abortus variety were almost invariably sporadic. The incidence of undulant
fever in France reached a peak in the early spring, which is the period of
parturition and abortion among domestic animals such as sheep and goats.
As regards age and sex clinical undulant fever was found to be rare below the
ages of fifteen years and was two or three times more frequent in males than
in females. Infections in goat and sheep were almost always of the melitensis
type, whereas cows were the principal hosts of the abortus variety. The
disease was found to occur chiefly among the rural population and in those
who were brought in contact with the animals or their carcasses. The writers'
studies indicated that the risk of infection through contact with animals was
decidedly greater than through consumption of raw milk or fresh cheese. Sani-
tary conditions were of little importance in the transmission of the disease.
*Reprinted from ' Nature ', Vol. 142, No. 3598, pp. 722, Oct. 15.
( 247 )
The Indian Journal of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry,
Vol. IX, Part III, September 1939.
ERRATA.
Page 260, line 3 from bottom—
For " experiment " read " Experiment".
Page 272, line 3—
For "fn" read "in".
Page 297, Appendix G—Concld., line 4 under Remarks column—
For " Pnenmonia " read " Pneumonia ".
Page 310, line 14—
Put a comma (,) after " worms ".
Page 337, lines 11 and 12 from bottom—
For " proprtion " read " proportion ".