NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
7
System No. 3.—A mule, aged 16 years, of good condition,
weight 369 lbs., was subjected to the following system of
treatment:—
1st day 100 c. c. of 10 per cent. solution of Tryparsamide, in-
travenously.
2nd day 18.53 c. c. of M-10 solution of Tartar Emetic, intra-
venously.
5th day 332 c. c. of 2.5 per cent. Bismuth Phosphoricum in 7.5
per cent. gum emulsion, intravenously.
9th day 10.5 c. c. of M-10 solution of Tartar Emetic, intra-
venously.
13th day 332 c. c. of 2.5 per cent. Bismuth Phosphoricum in 7.5
per cent. gum emulsion, intravenously.
18th day 100 c. c. of 10 per cent. solution of Tryparsamide, in-
travenously.
19th day 18.5 c. c. of M-10 solution of Tartar Emetic, intraven-
ously.
22nd day 332 c. c. of 2.5 per cent. Bismuth Phosphoricum in 7.5
per cent. gum emulsion, intravenously.
26th day 18.5 c c. c. of M-10 solution of Tartar Emetic, intraven-
ously.
30th day 332 c. c. of 2.5 per cent. Bismuth Phosphoricum in 7.5
per cent. gum emulsion, intravenously.
Result of system No. 3.—Although this mule did not show
trypanosomes in its peripheral circulation for 308 days (when
destroyed) after the treatment was finished, yet it lost con-
dition very badly, in spite of the fact that the animal was
given good feed and not worked.
General observations during the course of treatment in—
Group No. 1 :—
(1) The animal loses condition both during the treat-
ment as well as after.
(2) The animal does not feed well during the treat-
ment.
(3) The animal goes off feed for some days, after the
injection of Bismuth Salt in gum solution is
made.
Group No. 2.—It is regretted that only 2 ponies were
available for this group, one to each system of treatment
(approximate weight 480 lbs, and 640 lbs., respectively).
8
Results of systems Nos. 1 and 2.—
(1) Trypanosomes reappeared in the peripheral cir-
culation of the mare, submitted to No. 1 system
of treatment, on the 1st day of the 4th series
of the injections, i.e., on the 40th day of the
treatment.
(2) The animal submitted to No. 2 system of treatment,
died 30 days after the treatment was com-
menced.
General observations :—
(1) The first full dose of Tryparsamide, followed by
a dose of Tartar Emetic in system No. 2 of the
treatment, did not disperse trypanosomes from
the peripheral circulation of the surra-affected
animal for 6 days.
(2) The animal becomes off feed, dull, and shows
symptoms of conjestion of the lungs, after the
injections of Bismuth Phosphoricum.
VI.—Treatment of mange in camels.
The treatment of mange in camels, had again to be
postponed, as the Public Works Department, was still unable
to make the Laboratory dip ready for use. The treatment
had again to be carried out with the same drug this year,
i. e., by applying Taramira oil.
VII.—Incidence of Surra in private-owned animals.
One thousand three hundred and forty-seven animals
(cows, buffaloes and camels) belonging to private owners, were
examined for surra, in Gujranwala, Sialkot, Gurdaspur and
Amritsar Districts, of which 16 camels only showed trypano-
somes in their peripheral circulation. I have no doubt that
if the blood of such privately-owned animals is examined
regularly for several days, a large number would be found
infected, acting as reservoirs of the disease in these districts.
In addition 147 animals, including 8 camels and 139
ponies suspected surra cases, were also examined at Qilla
Sheikhupura, Muridke, Montgomery and Bhera ; all were
found positive for the disease.
9
VIII.—"Buffalo" as reservoir of the disease "Surra".
In order to find out the cause of the spread of "Surra"
in the Jhelum colony area, where surra prevails extensively
each year during the fly season, Lala Parja Ram, Veterinary
Assistant of this Laboratory, was deputed to the Chaks
near Bhalwal, in Shahpur District. He examined a large
percentage of the animals in these Chaks, but could not find
trypanosomes in the blood of a single animal. On inocula-
tion, however of the blood of 5 buffaloes, which were in an
emaciated condition, into 5 white rats for the purpose of
experiment, it was found that 2 out of the 5 rats, showed
trypanosomes in their blood, 6 days after they were inoculated,
during an observation period of 30 days. This shows that
buffaloes are undoubted reservoirs of this disease in these
Chaks.
IX.—Surra transmission experiments with flies.
All the surra transmission experiments, made with
Tabanidæ during the year under report, consisted of two
series of experiments—
Series 'A' being the experiments made with inter-
rupted feeds.
Series ' B ' with uninterrupted feeds.
Again each series of experiments was divided into two
groups. The flies which were allowed to feed on an animal,
with trypanosomes present in its peripheral circulation,
were put in group 1, while those who had their feeds on in-
fected animals, with trypanosomes absent from its peripheral
circulation, in group 2.
Series ' A ' of Experiments.—Following species of Taba¬
nidæ were used in this series of experiments :—
(1) T. hilaris.
(2) T. ditæniatus.
Experiments with T. hilaris.—As mentioned above,
this species of Tabanidæ, was divided into two groups, and
11 experiments- were made—7 in group 1, and 4 in group 2 :
none gave positive result.
It has been noted that this species of Tabanidæ becomes
sluggish and disinclined to bite, and so useless for the purpose
of experiment, after it has been captured and brought such
a long distance to the Laboratory. No satisfactory con¬
10
clusions therefore can be made, whether this species of
Tabanidæ plays any part in the spread of the disease. It
is intended to carry out, next year, as large number of ex-
periments as possible, within the district, where these flies
are commonly met with.
Experiments with T. ditæniatus.—This species of
Tabanidæ was also divided into two groups, and 13 experi-
ments were made. Out of the 11 experiments made with
this species of Tabanidæ in group 1, 2 only gave positive
result. In group 2, all were negative.
Series ' B' of Experiments.—Following species of Tabani-
dæ were used in this series of experiments :—
(1) T. virgo.
(2) T. bicallosus.
Experiments with T. virgo.—This species of Tabanidæ
was also divided into two groups, and 13 experiments were
made, with negative results in all cases.
Experiments with T. bicallosus.—This species of
Tabanidæ was also divided into two groups, and 14 experi-
ments were carried out, with negative results in all cases.
A detailed report on these experiments will shortly be
submitted for publication.
X.—Surra transmission experiments with ticks.
Surra transmission experiments with O. crossii and O.
lahorensis were continued during the year under report, to
ascertain :—
(1) how long the ticks remain capable of spreading
the disease, after it had fed on an infected
animal.
(2) the period for which the ticks can remain alive
without food, after they have been fed on an
infected animal.
Experiments with O. crossii.—It has already been recorded
in the Annual Report of this office for the last year, that this
species of tick is capable of transmitting the disease up to
205 days, after feeding on an infected animal. Forty-three
additional experiments made during this year have shown
that the tick is capable of transmitting the disease up to 212
days, after an infected meal. The experiments under reference
are still being continued.
11
Experiments with O. lahorensis.—Four experiments were
made with this species of tick, during the year under report,
but no positive result could be obtained.
A detailed report on these experiments will also be sub-
mitted shortly for publication.
XI.—New species of Gasterophilus discovered.
Specimens of this species of flies were sent to Major
W. S. Patton of Edinburgh University in 1922, for examina-
tion ; he states it is a new species and has named it Gastero-
philus crossii,—vide pages 961, 962 and 963 of The Indian
Journal of Medical Research, Volume II, No. 3. January
1924.
XII.—Publications.
The following bulletins were published during the year
under report :—
(1) Veterinary Bulletin No. 13 of 1924.
"A note on treatment of surra in ponies."
(2) Veterinary Bulletin No. 14 of 1924.
"A note on treatment of surra in donkeys."
XIII.—Buildings.
The attention of Government is particularly invited to
the shortage of accommodation, both for animals and staff
of this Laboratory. The present buildings, which were
erected in 1911, when the office was on a temporary basis,
are quite insufficient and in urgent need of repairs.
XIV.—General Remarks.
I have to thank Messrs. T. F. Quirke, Chief Superinten-
dent, Civil Veterinary Department, and R. Branford, Superin-
tendent, Government Cattle Farm, Hissar, for the assist-
ance given in making all arrangements for the carrying out
of these experiments.
My thanks are also due to Khan Bahadur Malik Zaman
Mehdi Khan, Deputy Commissioner of Sheikhupura District, for
the help and sympathy shown by him in sanctioning certain
funds for the feed and keep of animals undergoing treatment
at Sheikhupura.
I must also acknowledge with thanks the help given
by M. Inayat Ullah, Veterinary Assistant, Incharge, Veteri-
nary Hospital, Sheikhupura, Bhai Udham Singh, Veterinary
Assistant, Incharge, Veterinary Hospital, Muridke, District
12
Sheikhupura, and M. Sultan Mahmud, Veterinary Assistant,
on special duty at Bhera, for their work in the carrying out
of the surra treatment under very trying conditions, also to
the staff of this Laboratory, who have worked well during
the year under report. The names of Veterinary Inspector,
B. Abdulla Khan and Clerk Lala Gopal Dass, deserve special
mention.
XV.—Statement of expenditure, incurred by the officer
incharge of the Camel Specialist's Office, Sohawa,
during the year 1924-25.
Major Head of account
Minor Head
Sub-Head
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
34—Agriculture.
B.—Veterinary
Charges.
Camel Specialist.
Primary Units of Appropriation.
Pay of Officers ..
Pay of Establishment
Travelling Allowance
Contingencies
Supplies and Services
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Total ..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Amount.
Rs.
2,400
5,269
1,360
7,186
7,935
24,152
A.
0
11
6
15
12
13
P.
0
0
0
9
7
4
The 7th August, 1925.
KAHAN SINGH,
Officer-in-Charge of
The Camel Specialist's Of f i ce,
Sohawa (Jhelum).
34 DA—208—13-2-26-SGPP Lahore.
Printed by the Superintendent Govt. Printing, Punjab.
ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
CAMEL SPECIALIST
For the year 1920-21.
Lahore :
PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT
1921.
ICAR. 15. VIII.
650
Vol. VIII
1938
THE
Indian Journal of Veterinary Science
AND
Animal Husbandry
Issued under the authority
of
The Imperial Council of Agricultural Research
Annual subscription
Rs. 6 or 9s. 9d.
Price per part
Rs. 2 or 3s. 6d.
PUBLISHED BY THE MANAGER OF PUBLICATIONS, DELHI
PRINTED BY THE MANAGER, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PRESS, NEW DELHI.
1939.
Price annas 6 or 7d.
The Indian Journal of Veterinary Science
Editorial Committee
SIR BRYCE C. BURT, C.I.E., M.B.E., B.Sc., I.A.S., Vice-Chairman, Imperial
Council of Agricultural Research.
W. BURNS, C.I.E., D.Sc., I.A.S., Agricutural Expert, Imperial Council of Agri-
cultural Research.
F. WARE, C.I.E., F.R.C.V.S., F.N.I., I.V.S., Animal Husbandry Expert, Imperial
Council of Agricultural Research.
RAO BAHADUR B. VISWANATH, F.I.C., F.C.S., Director, Imperial Agricultural Re-
search Institute.
J. R. HADDOW, B.Sc., M.R.C.V.S., D.V.S.M., Director, Imperial Veterinary Research
Institute, Mukteswar.
J. C. GHOSH, D.Sc., Professor of Chemistry, University of Dacca, Dacca.
JAMES N. WARNER, M.Sc., Offg. Professor of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Allaha-
bad Agricultural Institute, Allahabad.
S. BASU, I.C.S., Secretary, Imperial Council of Agricultural Research.
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ORIGINAL ARTICLES
HEREDITY AND DISEASE RESISTANCE
BY
PROF. F. A. E. CREW, M.D., D. Sc., PH.D.
Director, Imperial Bureau of Animal Genetics, University of Edinburgh.
(Received for publication on 10th January, 1938)
OBSERVATION and experiment have shown clearly and conclusively that
constant and true-breeding differences in resistance to particular diseases
distinguish the species and that in all probability such differences are paralleled
by differences which distinguish individuals of one and the same species.
This is as would be expected by the geneticist. It is indeed safe to assert
that such resistance and susceptibility are genetic, in whole or in part, and
that natural selection would tend to eliminate the susceptible and produce
a population more resistant than one which had not been subjected to such
natural selection.
Granting this it follows that the genetic improvement of an animal popula-
tion is stopped by any measures that prevent selection. Prophylaxis and
therapy must necessarily prevent genetic improvement in respect of resistance
because the less resistant are saved to reproduce.
There can be little doubt that the resistance of an individual host to a
given infection is determined largely by genetic factors but the value and the
nature of these factors have not yet been disclosed. We do not know how
these factors produce their effects, whether they are specific or non-specific,
and we do not know whether such resistance is uni- or multi-factor in its origin.
Experiment has shown that between strains of the same species there are
differences in mortality from specific infections which are to be referred to
genetic differences between the strains. Selective breeding within the strain
on the other hand has yielded results which lack uniformity. If resistance
NOTE.—It should be explained that the above note by Prof. F. A. E. Crew was
not written for publication but for the purpose of taking part at a discussion
on "Heredity and Disease Resistance," held at the Jubilee Session of the Indian
Science Congress, Calcutta, 1938. In view of the importance of the subject his
permission has, however, been obtained to publish it as it stands. The feasibility
of breeding disease-resistant strains of domesticated animals is a matter regard-
ing which there has been considerable difference of opinion and the clear expres-
sion of opinion contained in this note, by such an authority as Professor Crew,
should help to clarify the position.—[ Ed. ]
( 1 )
B
2
Heredity and Disease Resistance
were purely genetic it would be expected that increasing and continued selec-
tion would yield an increasing uniformity in genetic constitution and in-
creasing uniformity in respect of resistance. But this is not always apparent
and it is as yet quite impossible to state that by such means a fixed degree of
resistance could be realised. It is not even clear that the manifestation of
these genetic qualities is regular and orderly ; resistance would seem in
general to be an irregular dominant.
The possibility of breeding strains of animals of economic importance
with fairly fixed high grades of resistance, at least to a particular agent, seems
to be an eminently reasonable proposition. But it has to be confessed that in
many of the experiments on the results of which this opinion is based the
possibility that environmental factors have been operating has not been de-
finitely excluded.
To design and to complete an experiment of this magnitude is indeed
most difficult; to satisfy the bacteriologist, the geneticist and all the rest
who have the right to comment and to criticise, is well-nigh impossible at
the present time because of the insufficiency of our knowledge. To the breed-
er of animals of economic importance the difficulties are almost overwhelm-
ing. He must work with animals known to be free from the particular in-
fection under consideration and he must keep them free at least until their
progeny have been weaned. To incorporate resistance into a group he must
either demonstrate that it is already possessed by certain of the individuals
or else introduce it by crossing. Selection of the kind required adds to the
number of characters already being selected for and therefore complicates
the breeding programme. And if and when he reaches his objective, muta-
tion of the pathogen can upset all his plans and force him to begin all over
again.
It seems probable that where adequate methods of prophylaxis or therapy
are known and readily applicable they will, in general, be preferable economic-
ally to any attempt to breed for resistance. From the nature of the case
the number of diseases to be selected against in any animal stock must neces-
sarily be limited and the genetic method should be reserved for those which
cannot readily be controlled by other means. It seems rather hopeless to
breed for resistance save only on a large scale with animals producing numer-
ous progeny rapidly. The plan demands large numbers and large scale elimi-
nation. This means, under most conditions, that the genetic method can be
employed only in the case of animals, individually of but little commercial
value.
A FORM OF VERMINOUS OPHTHALMIA IN EQUINES*
BY
P. R. KRISHNA IYER, G.M.V.C.
Assistant Veterinary Research Officer, Imperial Veterinary Research Institute,
Mukteswar
(Received for publication on 9th January, 1938)
(With plates I and II)
IN certain parts of India, an obscure disease affecting the eyes of horses
has been known under the name " Periodic Ophthalmia " for many years.
The disease occurs in the horse breeding establishments at Montgomery
and Probynabad in the Punjab and during recent years a good many cases
of eye affection have been met with. Work on the investigation of this
condition was undertaken at this Institute in the year 1934 and the follow-
ing information was elicited on enquiry.
Although the diagnosis " Periodic Ophthalmia" has been in common
use for many years in the affected farms and in Army Veterinary Service,
the disease is not by any means periodic, but is rather of a recurrent nature.
The disease has been established in the stud farms at Coleyana and
Probynabad for several years and probably considerably longer and one or
two animals are often becoming affected. The aetiology of this condition
has for many years been the cause of much controversy, trauma, dietetic
deficiency and bacteria being falsely incriminated.
SYMPTOMS
Initial stage.—An attack of this disease is ushered in more or less suddenly,
i.e., it may be discovered in the morning, though nothing was noticed on the
previous night. There is marked local irritation, photo-phobia and lachry-
mation ; there is acute pain present, the eyelids are closed and the animal
objects to manipulation of the eye. On examination there is marked general
conjunctivitis and redness associated with ciliary congestion. The cornea
may show slight opacity at its margin and this opacity may later spread
over the cornea. In some cases small blood vessels may be seen invading
the cornea. The pupil remains contracted. The iris may appear swollen
and rigid and loses its lustre, assuming a greyish or lighter colour than normal
owing to congestion and exudation. Sometimes the iris appears adherent
to the posterior surface of the cornea. In some cases the acqueous humour
becomes turbid and occasionally there is a blood-stained deposit in it. The
colour of the posterior chamber varies from greenish to yellowish green.
* Paper read at the Indian Science Congress, Calcutta, 1938.
( 3 )
4
Verminous Ophthalmia in Equines
The intraocular pressure is often increased. These symptoms last for ten
to fourteen days and then clear up rapidly. When these symptoms have
cleared up, it may be difficult to detect any difference between the affected
and unaffected eyes.
Intermediary stage.—When the disease recurs, the same eye or its fellow
may be affected. Relapse occurs at intervals varying from a week to six
months. The symptoms exhibited in later attacks may not be so acute as
those in the initial attack, the lens gradually becomes more and more opaque.
Between two attacks, at a stage when the opacity of the lens is not very
appreciable, certain characteristic lesions such as small streaks or spots may
be noticed on the lens-capsule and their lesions are indicative of chronic eye
trouble.
Last stage.—After two or three attacks, the affected eyeball becomes
shrunken and appears to be smaller than the unaffected one. There is marked
wrinkling of the upper eyelid and in most cases the membrana nictitans pro-
trudes across the eyeball. In such chronic cases, the pupil is widely dilated
and the lens is opaque. A few cases have been seen when the pupil was
contracted and the iris was apparently closely adherent to the lens.
As a rule apparent recoveries, followed by relapses, occur, and three or
four such recurrent attacks cause permanent and complete blindness in the
affected animals.
It is only in about 4 per cent of cases that both eyes are affected simul-
taneously. Usually one eye is affected at a time and relapses occur after
apparent recovery. The other eye may be affected either in the intervals
or after the first eye has become blind. It also happens at times that one
eye remains unaffected throughout the course of the disease. In one interest-
ing case, one particular eye was repeatedly affected, the duration of the
affection extending over a long period, culminating in blindness in the one
eye. This eyeball was then removed for experimental purposes. Ten months
after this removal, the remaining eye which had remained normal and un-
affected, became affected with exactly the same symptoms and relapses.
No fever or other systemic disturbances have been observed to occur
in these animals ; but in the acute stages, an affected animal may suffer
from such a severe pain that it may not feed so well as it normally does.
The duration of the disease varies considerably in different individuals.
The acute stage lasts usually from 14 to 21 days. Relapses occur in from
1 to 6 months. Blindness ensues in these affected animals in a period vary-
ing from 6 to 18 months depending on the number and frequency of the
attacks.
INVESTIGATIONS CONDUCTED
Cultural examination of the tears collected during the acute stages of
the affection revealed a Diplococcus and a coliform organism only. These
organisms and the tears when instilled on healthy eyes of experimental horses