NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
2
9th day 200 c. c. of Tartar Emetic 1 per cent. solution intravenously.
11th „
13th „
15th „
17th „
19th „
21st „
23rd „
25th „
27th „
150 c. c. „
175 c. c. „
200 c. c. „
200 c. c. „
200 c. c. „
225 c. c. „
225 c. c. „
250 c. c. „
250 c. c. „
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The result obtained by this method is given in the
following summary :—
Camel No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Total amount of Tartar
Emetic injected.
27.25 grammes ...
„ ...
„ ...
„
...
„ ...
„
...
„
...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„
...
„ ...
„ ...
Time under observation.
183 days ...
„ ...
„ ...
187 „ ...
185 „ ...
183 „ ...
187 „ ...
182 „ ...
183 „ ...
...
...
...
...
187 days ...
REMARKS.
Cured.
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Relapsed after 90 days.
„
„
98
„
Died 13 days after treat-
ment as result of fall in
Rakh.
Relapsed after 46 days.
Cured.
No. of camels treated.
14
No. cured.
10
No. relapsed or died.
4
Percentage cured.
71.4
3
Method No. 2.
1st day 150 c. c. of Tartar Emetic 1 per cent. solution intravenously.
3rd „
5th „
7th .,
9th „
11th „
13th „
15th „
17th „
19th „
21st „
23rd „
25th „
27th „
29th „
150 c. c.
175 c. c.
200 c. c.
200 c. c.
200 c. c.
200 c. c.
200 c. c.
200 c. c.
200 c. c.
200 c. c.
200 c. c.
200 c. c.
200 c. c.
200 c. c.
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The result obtained by this method is given in the
following summary :—
Camel No.
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Total amount of
Tartar Emetic
injected.
28.75 grammes
„
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
Time under
observation.
180 days ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
„ ...
36 days ...
...
...
180 days ...
„ ...
„ ...
REMARKS.
Cured.
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Died from fall in Rakh 36 days after the
treatment finished.
Relapsed after 86 days.
Died 4 days after treatment finished.
Cured.
„
„
No. of camels
treated.
14
No. cured.
11
No. relapsed or died.
3
Percentage cured.
78.5
4
Method No. 3.
1st day
3rd „
5th „
7th „
9th „
11th „
13th „
15th „
200 c.c.
200 c. c.
200 c. c.
200 c. c.
200 c. c.
250 c. c.
250 c. c.
250 c. c.
of Tartar Emetic 1 per
„ „ „
„ „ „
„ „ „
„ „ „
„ „ „
„ „ „
„ „ „
cent. solution intravenously.
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„
Some of the camels submitted to this treatment did
not tolerate the full number of injections.
The results obtained by this method are given in the
following summary:—
Camel No.
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Total amount of Tartar
Emetic injected.
15 grammes ...
17.5 „ ...
12.5 „ ...
12.5 „ ...
17.5 „ ...
17.5 „ ...
15
„ ...
17.5 „ ...
17.5 „ ...
15
„ ...
17.5 „ ...
Time under observa-
tion.
324 days ...
323 „ ...
323 „ ...
307 „ ...
243 „ ...
...
...
...
...
...
...
REMARKS.
Cured.
„
„
„
Destroyed after 243 days after
treatment finished. Trypano-
somes never reappeared in his
blood ; as he never improved in
condition, he was destroyed.
Relapsed after 73 days.
Relapsed after 80 days.
Died 2 days after treatment
finished.
Relapsed 36 days after treatment
finished.
Relapsed 43 days after treatment
finished.
Relapsed 47 days after treatment
finished.
No. of camels treated.
11
Number
cured.
4
Number relapsed or
died.
7
Percentage eured.
36.3.
5
Method No. 4.
1st day 200 c. c. of Tartar Emetic 1 per cent. solution intravenously.
3rd „
5th „
7th „
9th „
11th „
13th „
15th „
17th „
19th „
200 c. c.
200 c. c.
200 c. c.
200 c. c.
200 c. c.
200 c. c.
200 c. c.
200 c. c.
200 c. c.
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Only seven out of the twelve camels submitted to this
method tolerated the full number of injections. The
results obtained by this method are given in the follow-
ing summary:—
Camel No.
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
Total
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
14
14
14
14
18
amount of Tartar
Emetic injected.
grammes
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Time under Observa-
tion.
270 days
270
272
263
265
304
„
„
„
„
„
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
REMARKS.
Cured.
„
„
„
„
„
Relapsed after 38 days after
treatment finished.
Died without trypanosomes reap¬
pearing in the blood 64 days after
treatment finished, from kapali.
(pus in the sinuses.)
Relapsed after 49 days.
„
„
„
„
„
„
51
50
46
„
„
„
No. of camels treated.
12
Number
cured.
6
Number relapsed or
died.
6
Percentage cured.
50
The best results were obtained by methods 1 and 2
which gave a percentage of cures of 71.4 and 78.5, re-
spectively.
6
A detailed report of these experiments is being printed
in Veterinary Bulletin, No. 2 of 1920, Department of
Agriculture, Punjab.
The method of treatment is very simple and inexpen-
sive.
Treatment should not be commenced when trypano-
somes are present in the peripheral circulation and the
temperature is high; if the drug is injected under these
conditions fainting is likely to occur, and in some cases
even death may result from comparatively small doses
e.g., 50 c. c. of 1 per cent. solution. On the other hand if
trypanosomes are absent from the peripheral circulation,
and the temperature is normal, doses of 150 to 200 c. c.
of 1 per cent. solution are usually well tolerated. Full
details regarding the method of injecting the drug are
given in Veterinary Bulletin No. 2 of 1920 referred to
above.
Fifty-two Military camels suffering from surra were
treated with Tartar Emetic and returned to duty. Before
despatch they were inspected in compliance with the
order of the Director of Veterinary Services by Major
Beatty, R.A.V.C , who reported upon them as being in
excellent condition and fit for duty.
Some months after these camels had been returned to
duty, General Sir John Moore, Director of Veterinary
Services, informed me that he had inspected these camels
and found them in excellent condition.
When these camels were returned to duty they would
have fetched at least Rs. 300 apiece in the open market, so
that the treatment resulted in a saving to Government of
Rs. (52×300)=Rs. 15,600.
The treatment of surra infected camels by Tartar Emetic
gives considerable promise of success, and in the coming
year it is hoped to submit a very large number to treatment,
so that absolutely definite conclusions regarding the efficacy
of Tartar Emetic as a cure for surra can be arrived at.
Mange.
Experiments regarding the best treatment of mange
were carried out; these experiments are not yet complete.
7
The efficacy of calcium sulphide could not be compared with
that of other dressings, owing to the Public Works Depart-
ment not having yet erected the camel dip. In experiments
so far carried out, the best results have been obtained by
the application of Taramira oil.
Surra Transmission Experiments.
About 90 experiments were carried out with different
species of Tabanidæ during the year under report to as-
certain:
1. The transmitting agent of surra.
2. Whether surra is spread by direct transmission or
whether there is a cyclical development in the transmitting
agent.
The following resutls were obtained.
Tabanus albimedius and bicallosus were used for the-
direct transmission experiments. They were allowed to bite
a surra infected rabbit, in the middle of their feed they were
removed, and after 30 minutes interval transferred to a
healthy rabbit on which to finish their feed.
Only one positive result was obtained by direct trans-
mission with Tabanus albimedius; all attempts with Tabanus
bicallosus were negative.
Four species of Tabandiæ (T. Altimedius ; T. virgo ;
T. persis ; and a new species of Tabanidæ) were caught,
when biting a surra infected animal (in which Trypanosomes
were swarming in the peripheral circulation) and transferred
to a healthy dog. Twenty flies were used during a period of
6 days. The minimum and maximum intervals between the
infected and healthy feeds was ten minutes and twenty-four
hours respectively.
Fourteen days after the last feed trypanosomes were
observed in the dog's blood.
All experiments made to determine a cyclical develop-
ment in Tabanidæ proved negative.
Twenty-nine days was the longest interval between the
infected and healthy feeds.
Surra organisms were found in the gut of Tabanus
albimedius 8 hours after feeding on a surra infected
animal.
8
Emulsions of flies, which had fed on surra infected
animals 24 hours to 18 days previously, were injected into
healthy animals with negative results.
An emulsion of Tabanus albimedius, which had fed 8
hours previously on a surra-infected animal, when injected
into a healthy animal gave positive results.
Eggs from a fly that had fed on a surra-infected animal
when injected into a healthy animal gave negative results.
Nine experiments with ctenocephalus to ascertain
whether fleas can transmit surra by direct transmission gave
negative results. These fleas were removed from surra
infected dogs to healthy white rats, but in no case was a
positive result obtained.
Further investigations are necessary before any definite
conclusion can be drawn.
Inspections and other Work.
1. At the request of General Sir John Moore, I ac-
companied him on his inspection of the camels of the
Waziristan Force.
2. Results of examination of specimens sent for exami-
nation were communicated to those concerned.
3. An examination was made in October and Novem-
ber of a large number of goats in this district, to determine
the number infected with Hypoderma larvæ The result of
the examination showed that the percentage varied from
48.3 per cent. in some flocks to 91.8 in others. The damage
to hides from these larvæ is very great and results in great
financial loss to the country. The skins are depreciated in
value from 50 to 70 per cent. as the result of the damage
caused by these larvæ.
A report on hypoderma larvæ, in goats and the means
by which the loss caused by these larvæ can be reduced, is
being printed as Veterinary Bulletin No. 3 of 1921.
4. An investigation into Spirochætosis of fowls
(Zeharbad) was carried out and a report is in the Press. The
losses amongst poultry in this country from this disease
must be enormous : the results of the investigations show
that this loss could be avoided if the poultry were treated
in the early stages of the disease by injections of soamin.
9
A fly survey of various main roads and other areas of
the Province was made. Results will be published when
survey is completed. The work of the staff has been satis-
factory throughout the year. I desire to specially bring to
notice the excellent work done by Veterinary Inspector
Kahan Singh and Veterinary Assistant Abdulla Khan. I
also wish to mention the great assistance given me by Mr.
Patel who worked very hard, often under very trying
conditions, while he was attached to this office. The clerical
work was satisfactorily carried out by Babu Sham Shanker.
Statement of expenditure incurred by the office of the
Camel Specialist, during the year 1920-21.
Sub-Head of the Budget.
Salaries and local allowances of officers ...
Pay of Establishment
...
Travelling allowances of Officers
...
Do.
do. of Establishment ...
Supplies, etc. (chemical and apparatus) ...
Contingencies ... ..
Purchase, and stable feed and keep of animals
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Total
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Amount.
Rs.
15,680
4,300
1,320
2,604
2,047
6,673
20,687
53,314
A.
5
6
0
14
13
11
0
4
P.
4
4
0
9
9
10
10
10
H. E. CROSS, CAPTAIN,
M.R.C.V.S., D.V.H., A. Sc., I.C.V.D.,
Camel Specialist.
PRINTED BY
THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRINTING, PUNJAB.
34 DA—401—25-8-21-SGPP Lahore.
ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
CAMEL SPECIALIST
For the year 1921-22.
Lahore :
PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRINT
1922.
Price : Re. 0-3-0 or 3d.
Annual Report of the Camel Specialist
for the year 1921-22.
Revised List of Agents for the Sale of Punjab Government Publications.
IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.
CONSTABLE & Co., 10, Orange Street,
Leicester Square, London, W. C.
KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER & CO.,
Limited, 68-74, Carter Lane, E. C., and
39, New Oxford Street, London, W. C.
BERNARD QUARITCH, 11, Grafton Street,
New Bond Street, London, W.
T. FISHER UNWIN, Limited, No. 1, Adelphi
Terrace, London, W. C.
P. S. KING & SON, 2 & 4, Great Smith
Street, Westminster, London, S. W.
H. S. KING & Co., 65, Cornhill, and 9,
Pall Mall, London.
GRINDLAY & Co., 54, Parliament Street,
London, S. W.
W. THACKER & Co., 2, Creed Lane,
London, E. C.
LUZAC & Co., 46, Great Russell Street,
London, W. C.
B. H. BLACKWELL, 50 and 51, Broad
Street, Oxford.
DEIGHTON BELL & Co., Limited, Cam-
bridge.
OLIVER & BOYD, Tweeddale Court, Edin-
burgh.
E. PONSONBY, Limited, 116, Grafton
Street, Dublin.
Messrs. WHELDON & WESLEY, Limited,
28, Essex Street, Strand, London.
ON THE CONTINENT.
ERNEST LEROUX,
28, Rue Bonaparte,
Paris, France.
MARTINUS NIJHOFF, The Hague, Hol-
land.
OTTO HARRASSOWITZ, Leipzig.
FRIEDLANDER & SOHAN, Berlin
IN INDIA.
THE MANAGER, Imperial Book Depôt,
Delhi.
GULAB SINGH & SONS, Mufid-i-'Am Press,
Lahore.
MANAGER, Punjab Law Book Depot,
Anarkali Bazar, Lahore.
RAMA KRISHNA & SONS, Book-sellers and
News Agents, Anarkali Street, Lahore.
HONORARY SECRETARY, Punjab Religious
Book Society, Anarkali, Lahore.
M. ABDUL AZIZ, Manager, The Vakil
and Roze Bazar Electric Press, Am-
ritsar.
L. LABHU RAM. Book-seller, Ludhiana
N. B. MATHUR, Superintendent and Pro-
prietor, Nazir Kanun Hind Press,
Allahabad.
D. B. TARAPOREVALA, SONS & Co.,
Bombay.
THACKER, SPINK & Co., Calcutta and
Simla.
NEWMAN & Co., Calcutta.
R. CAMBRAY & Co., Calcutta.
THACKER & Co., Bombay.
HIGGINBOTHAMS, Limited, Madras.
T. FISHER UNWIN, Calcutta.
V. KALYANARAM IYER & Co., 189, Espla-
nade Row, Madras.
G. A. NATHSAN & Co., Madras.
SUPERINTENDENT, American Baptist Mis-
sion Press, Rangoon.
A. H. WHEELER & Co., Allahabad.
THE MANAGER, "Hitavada," Nagpur
Central Provinces.
ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
CAMEL SPECIALIST
For the year 1921-22.
Lahore:
PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRINTING, PUNJAB.
1922.
No. 718—17-923-S.
FINL. COMR. DEVELOPMENT'S OFFICE,
Dated Lahore, the 19th Septr. 1922.
FROM
E. R. ABBOTT, ESQ., C.I.E., I.C.S.,
Financial Commissioner (Development),
Secretary to Government, Punjab,
To
THE SECRETARY TO THE GOVERNMENT
OF INDIA—
(1) REVENUE AND AGRICULTURAL
DEPARTMENT.
(2) ARMY DEPARTMENT.
(Ministry of Agriculture.)
SIR,
I AM directed to forward, for the information of the
Government of India, the Annual Report of the Camel
Specialist for the year 1921-22.
I have the honour to be,
SIR,
Your most obedient servant,
E. R. ABBOTT,
Financial Commissioner (Development),
Secretary to Government, Punjab.
161FC—396—28-9-22—SCPP Lahore.
No. 7/45-77.
FROM
S. M. JACOB, ESQ., I.C.S.,
Offg. Director of Agriculture, Punjab,
To
THE FINANCIAL COMMISSIONER (DEVELOP-
MENT) SECRETARY TO GOVERNMENT,
PUNJAB.
Dated Lahore, the 31st July 1922.
SUBJECT :—Annual report of Camel Specialist for 1921-22.
SIR,
I HAVE the honour to forward the report of the Camel
Specialist, Sohawa, for the year 1921-22. It bears testi-
mony to the excellent work done by Mr. Cross during the
year under report.
2. The results obtained by the new treatment of surra-
infected camels by Tartar Emetic seem to be very striking
indeed. The Director of Veterinary Services has stated to
me that he considers Mr. Cross' treatment of surra to be of
the greatest value in restoring camels to health, and with this
testimony to support the evidence produced by Mr. Cross
himself, it becomes clear that a striking advance has been
made, for which Mr. Cross, deserves a substantial reward.
3. Having regard to the mortality of stock from surra
the fourth meeting of the Standing Committee, appointed
by the Government of India in April last to examine the
whole question in connection with the future investigation of
surra, proposed that a special whole-time staff consisting of
a Pathologist, Protozoologist and Dipterist should be employed
for a period of five years to carry out further investigations
regarding the disease and the appointment of Mr. Cross not
only as Pathologist, but also the senior officer in general
2
charge of the operations, was suggested. The orders of the
Government of India now received on the scheme are that
a whole-time staff will not be employed on 'surra' investiga-
tions : but I must confess to some scepticism that all the
necessary investigations into the life history of the surra try-
panosome can be conducted in a single mountain laboratory.
4. The fly survey which is being conducted since
April 1st, 1921, to ascertain what blood sucking fly is the
transmitting agent of surra is sanctioned up to March
1924.
5. Mr. Cross is one of the very few Veterinary officers
I have met who has a true scientific attitude of mind and
an ability to discover the secrets of Nature. This is such a
rare and valuable quality that Government should cherish
men of this type, and sacrifice to it half a dozen men of modal
ability. If I may hazard an analogy, the obscurity of the
future will be dispelled more effectively by a single good
telescope than by a hundred pairs of ordinary eyes.
Mr. Cross' ardour is well shown in his list of published
papers, and the results obtained by him are of great econo-
mic importance, as for example, his surra investigations,
and those on the larvæ which work their way out from
beneath through the skins of goats and cattle. He is to be
congratulated on the discovery of a new species of fly respon-
sible for the maggot in goats, which has been appropriately
designated Hypoderma crossii.
I have the honour to be,
SIR,
Your most obedient servant,
S. M. JACOB,
Director of Agriculture, Punjab.
Annual Report of the Camel Specialist
for the year 1921-22.
I HELD charge of the office of the Camel Specialist
throughout the year.
2. In connection with the Fly Survey, which com-
menced on 1st April 1921, the following appointments were
made :—
Udham Singh, 1st grade Veterinary Assistant.
Ali Haider Khan,
Himat Singh,
Ghulam Muhammad,
2nd grade Veterinary Assistants,
Munawar-ud-din, Artist.
Gopal Das, Clerk.
3. Mr. P. G. Patel was deputed from the Imperial Pa-
thological Entomologist's office, Pusa, to assist in the fly sur-
vey. He reported his arrival for duty in this office on the
29th April 1921.
4. One hundred and twenty-one animals belonging to
private owners were treated for various diseases.
5. I attended the examination of the Punjab Veterinary
College as a member of the Board of Examiners.
6. I travelled 1,657 miles by rail and 1,758 miles by
road.
Courses of Training.
(a) Captain W. B. I. Howe of the Royal Army Veter-
inary Corps underwent a course of training in the treatment
of surra by the intravenous injection of tartar emetic.
(b) Captain K. J. S. Dowland, I.C.V.D., Professor of
Sanitary Science, Punjab Veterinary College, Lahore was
deputed for training to this laboratory from 4th July 1921 to
29th September 1921.
2
(c) The following Veterinary Assistants of the Royal
Army Veterinary Corps underwent a course of training in
the treatment of surra :—
Risaldar Ghazanfar Ali.
Bilawal Khan.
Ali Gauhar Khan.
(d) Veterinary Assistant Abdulla Khan of this labor-
atory was deputed to Dera Ismail Khan for 2½ months to
demonstrate the method of surra treatment and to assist in
training Veterinary Assistants of the Royal Army Veteri-
nary Corps at Dera Ismail Khan in the treatment of surra.
Colonel Aitken R.A.V.C., wrote as follows regarding his
work there :—"Veterinary Assistant Abdulla Khan has
done most excellent work."
Treatment of Surra.
As the results obtained last year in the treatment of
surra by tartar emetic gave considerable promise of its being
an effective and practical method of treatment, a number of
camels were submitted to treatment during the year under
report and excellent results were obtained.
Twenty-nine camels were returned to the Military Depart-
ment, twenty four on the 23rd September 1921, and five on
10th December 1922. They were kept several months under
observation before being returned to duty, but in no case did
any relapse occur; before being returned to the Military De-
partment they were inspected by Major Bartlett, R. A. V. C.
who reported on them as follows :—
" I inspected 24 surra cured camels at Sohawa, with
Mr. Cross on 2nd September 1921, these animals are all
suitable for transfer to a camel corps for duty, 18 are in
good condition and 6 in fair condition."
" I inspected 5 surra cured camels at Sohawa on 6th
December 1921, in accordance with wire from D. V. S. in
India. I found two of the above in very good condition
and three in sufficiently good condition to take their place
for duty in a camel corps."
3
Another batch of forty-eight camels were submitted to
treat ment and will be returned to the Military Department
on the 1st June 1922, by which date they will have been
several months under observation.
I understand that four hundred camels were submitted to
treatment at Dera Ismail Khan by the Royal Army Veteri-
nary Corps. With reference to the treatment Colonel Aitken,
R.A.V.C., wrote "I have been agreeably surprised to find the
low rate of mortality under treatment—practically nil—and
the rapid improvement of condition afterwards."
Colonel Sawyer, Director of Veterinary Services in
India, informs me that as far as the Royal Army Veterinary
Corps have gone in regard to the treatment he considers it
a great success and it has saved Government a great deal of
money.
Seventy-seven camels have been successfully treated
during the year in this laboratory and have already been re-
turned or will shortly be returned to the Military Department
for duty. In the open market these camels would have fetched
on an average at least Rs. 300 each, so that the saving to
Government has been Rs. 23,100, and if the value of the
camels treated at Dera Ismail Khan is taken into considera-
tion the saving to Government, during the year, resulting
from treatment, must be very large.
As the results of further experiments it has been found
that the best results are obtained with the following doses
for average sized camels :—
1st day 50 c. c. of a 1 per cent. solution of tartar emetic
3rd day 100 c.c.
5th day 150 c.c.
7th day 150 c.c.
9th day 175 c.c.
11th day 175 c.c.
13th day 175 c.c.
15th day 175 c.c.
17th day 175 c.c.
19th day 175 c.c.
21st day 175 c.c.
23rd day 175 c.c.
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
4
25th day 175 c.c. of a 1 per cent. solution of tartar emetic.
27th day 175 c.c.
29th day 175 c.c.
31st day 175 c.c.
33rd day 200 c.c.
35th day 200 c.c.
37th day 200 c.c.
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
If the camels are very large, the last few doses may be
increased to 250 c.c.
It has been found that at least a total of 28 grammes
must be injected to effect a cure ; but it is advisable to inject
a few grammes more, if the animal is tolerating the drug
well.
The tartar emetic must be pure and freshly made solu-
tions only should be used.
The cost of the drug per camel for treatment is four to
five annas and as Ehrlich's injection flask can be replaced
by an ordinary glass funnel, the apparatus required is easily
obtainable and very inexpensive.
Experiments are being carried out in connection with—
(1) reduction of the number of doses of tartar emetic.
(2) the preparation of an emulsion of tartar emetic
which can be injected intramuscularly without
producing suppuration.
Experiments will be carried out with Bayer 205 during
the coming year, but it is probable that even if this should
prove efficacious, the cost will be too great for this drug
to be of any practical value in the treatment of surra in
camels.
Surra transmission experiments.
Transmission experiments were carried out during the
year with—
(1) tabanus nemocallosus.
(2) a new species of Ornithodorus.
From experiments so far carried out it would appear
that in tabanidæ there is no cycle of the trypanosome;