NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
•
70
Scientific Memoirs by
24th vertebra has all the characters of a 1st sacral, as it enters into
the formation of the right ala and right auricular surface, where-
as, on the left side, the junction has not occurred between .the 24th
and 25th vertebræ, and they have the characters of a 5th lumbar
and 1st sacral respectively. When the ossification has been com-
pleted on both sides, it is impossible to differentiate by mere inspec-
tion the 24th and 25th vertebræ from each other, and then there is
a sacrum with six vertebræ (Photo. 8).
The costal and transverse processes of the 1st sacral vertebra as well as
the costal and accessory processes (transverse processes) of the 5th lumbar
are, as I have said, of considerable magnitude, and between the latter mentioned
prominences of the 24th and 25th vertebræ pass the lumbo-sacral ligaments.
These ligaments (in Europeans often variable) are homologous to the superior
costo transverse ligaments of the dorsal region, and pass down from the trans-
verse (accessory) process of the 5th lumbar to the transverse and costal pro-
cesses of the 1st sacral blending with the anterior sacro-iliac ligament, that is,
the ligament passes from a transverse process to a rib. The excess in size and
strength of these ligaments, and of the accessory processes from which they
arise over western types shows that a considerably greater strain is thrown on
the articulations in the neighbourhood than the same European joints are sub-
ject to. Increase of growth may occur to such an extent that the processes, as
before stated, are frequently articular (20%) for mutual coaptation. (Photos.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10).
In none of my specimens when the 5th lumbar is free do the accessory
processes articulate by their tips with the ilia but when (Photos. 7 and 8)
the 5th is a lumbo-sacral wholly or partially, it happens that the auricular sur-
face of the sacrum is supported by three vertebræ (5th lumbar, 1st sacral, 2nd
sacral), and there is a tendency for this surface to move further forward, as is
also seen in Nos. 42, 43, 44, 46, 47.
The average Panjabi at the sacro-vertebral articulation has got a centrum to
his 5th lumbar differing from the European in being less wedge-shaped. His 5th
lumbar has abnormally large accessory and costal processes either for articula-
tion with 1st sacral and ilia, or for attachment of strong lumbo-sacral and ilio-
lumbar ligaments, and, lastly, he has a lumbo-sacral disc larger comparatively
than that of the European. These facts point to the likelihood of there
being an excess of movement in this region of the spine, and, at the same time,
show that nature has, as usual, taken precautionary measures against injury by
causing an increase in the size and strength of the ligaments and of their bony
attachments—changes evolved by the great variability of all complex organic
structures which furnish material for endless modifications according to the
various needs due to divers customs and habits. Earlier in this paper I have
alluded to the condition of the lumbar curve in the Panjabi and of its being so
4
Medical Officers of the Army of India.
71
disposed that the line of gravity falls exactly on the centre of the base of the
sacrum. From this the weight of the trunk and head, etc., is transmitted through
the sacro-iliac joints to the heads of the thigh bones in the upright attitude.
In the squatting and sartorial postures the weight will also fall on the lumbo-
sacral articulation, and, owing to the position, there is a tendency for the 5th
lumbar to be disarticulated forward from off the base of the sacrum. This is
precluded by the arrangements aforementioned. The peculiarities of this region
in the Panjabi are explained by their habits when at work or at rest.
Panjabi Coccyx.
The observations embodied in Table No. 6 have been made with the object
of determining the number of vertebræ most frequently present in the Panjabi
coccyx, and the condition of these vertebra at different ages. There are thirty
specimens, and of these 27 are of males and 3 of females. The castes are
various. The ages are approximate.
Twenty-three out of thirty-one coccyx had four vertebræ. Five were present
in three instances (Photo. 11), and three in five of the coccyx. In one case
(æt. 40) the 1st vertebra was joined on to the sacrum, but the remaining were
free. There was complete ankylosis of the four vertebra in two coccyx
(æt. 60 and 36 years). In neither was there union with the sacrum. The
first vertebra was free, whilst the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th were fused in eight speci-
mens (ages varied from 30—60). The 1st and 2nd were free, whilst the 3rd and
4th were fused in ten coccyx (ages varying from 28—60 years). In no instance
was the 2nd fused to the 1st, and the others free ! All the vertebræ were separate
in three coccyx—æt. 35 years. In the three female bones the vertebræ were
also free, although the ages varied from 20—50 years.
Only in the 1st vertebra was there ever any trace of transverse or articular
processes.
The last vertebra was frequently merely a nodule. In two cases there was
a lateral deflexion of the bone.
Amongst European coccyx one authority (Professor Macalister) lays down
that the 2nd and 3rd vertebræ fuse at the 25th year, then the 4th ankyloses
with the 3rd at the 30th year. At this time the coccyx has the 1st vertebra
free, and the 2nd, 3rd and 4th fused. At 40 years there is ankylosis of the four
vertebræ.
Another authority (Gray's Anatomy) states that the 1st and 2nd vertebræ
first fuse, then the 3rd and 4th, and finally the 2nd ankyloses with the 3rd.
The order of fusion found by me to hold in Panjabi coccyx is that the 3rd
and 4th join, then the 2nd joins the 3rd, giving a coccyx with a 1st vertebra free,
and a lower mass consisting of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th vertebræ. This is the same
as stated by Macalister, save that his rule of age does not hold, there being great
irregularity—in fact, as much as, if not more than, exists in the fusion of the sutures
72
Scientific Memoirs by
of the skull, to which I have drawn attention in another paper (Page 10, Vol.
XXVII, Journal of Anatomy and Physiology). Gray's description is fallacious
as far as Panjabi bones are concerned.
One very interesting peculiarity (shown in Photo. 12) is of an arch of bone
on the anterior surface of the 1st coccygeal vertebra of the nature of a hæma
- p o p h y s i s . I t h a d p a s s i n g u n d e r i t t h e e n d o f t h e m i d d l e s a c r a l a r t e r y , a n d
seems to be a hypapophysis similar to the chevron bones of the lower animals.
I am not aware of any such specimen being before obtained from a human
body.
I have to thank my friend Dr. W. P. Dickson of the Central Jail, Lahore,
for kindly photographing the specimens for me.
Medical Officers of the Army in India.
73
Table No. 1.
Measurements of Lumbar Vertebræ.
[The diameters are the vertical, anterior, and posterior. The special and general Lumbar Indices
are calculated therefrom.]
Serial number
of sets or
Lumbar
Vertebræ.
Se r i a l n u mb e r
of Var t ebr æ. DIAMETERS. S p e c i a l L u m b a r
I n d e x . Serial number
of sets of
Lumbar
Vertebræ.
Se r i a l n u mb e r
of Var t ebr æ. DIAMETERS.
S p e c i a l L u mb a r
Index.
Serial number
of sets of
Lumbar
Vertebræ.
S e r i a l n u mb e r
o f Va r t e b r æ. DIAMETERS,
S p e c i a l L u mb a r
Index.
A n t e r t o r . P o s t e r i o r .
A n t e r t o r . P o s t e r i o r .
A n t e r t o r . Po s t e r i o r .
I. 1st 20 23 115.
VI. 1st 20 20 100.
XI. 1st 20 22
1 1 0 .
2nd 23 25 108.7
2nd 22 21 95.4
2nd 25 24 96.
3rd 24 20 108.3
3rd 21 21
1 0 0 .
3rd 24 24 100.
4th 25 24 96.
4th 20 20 100.
4th 24 23 95 8
5th 24 20 83.3
5th 20 22 110.
5th 23 19 76.
116 118
1 0 1 .
103 104 100.9
118 112 94.9
II. 1st
20 23 115.
VII. 1st 21 22 104.7
XII. 1st 22 24 109.
2nd 22 24 109.
2nd 22 23 104.5
2nd 22 23 104.
3rd 21 21 100.
3rd 24 23 ...
3rd 23 23 100.
4th
21 21 100.
4th 25 23 92.
4th 23 22 104.3
5th 24 19 79.1
5th 25 21 84.
5th 20 24 120.
108 108 100.
117* 112 95.7
110 116 105.4
III.* 1st
22 24 109.
VIII. 1st 21 23 109. 5
XIII. 1st
2 1
22 104.7
2nd 22 22 100.
2nd 24 24 100.
2nd 20 23 115.3
3rd 24 25 104.
3rd 23 24 104.3
3rd 23 24 104.
4th 25 22 88.
4th 22 22 100.
4th 22 22 100.
5th 24 20 83.3
5th 22 22 100.
5th 19 22 115.7
117* 113 96.5
112 115 102.6
105 113 107.6
IV. 1st 21 24 114.2
IX. 1st 24 25 104.
2nd 23 25 108.7
2nd 20 23 115.
3rd 125 26 104.
3rd 21 21 100.
4th 23 23 100.
4th 24 24 100.
5th 24 24
1 0 0 .
5th 25 20
8 0 .
116 122 105.2
1 1 4 *
113 99.1
V. 1st
1 8 21 116.6
X. 1st 20 24 120.
2nd 22 24 109'
2nd 23 25 108.7
3rd 24 23 95.8
3rd 22 26 118.1
4th 21 24 114.2
4th 22 24 109.
5th 19 18 94.6
5th 23 22 95.6
104 110 105.7
1 1 0 121 110.
74 Scientific Memoirs by
Table No. 2.
Measurements of Lumbar Vertebræ—continued.
Serial number
of sets of
Vertebræ.
S e r i a l n u mb e r
o f Ve r t e b r æ. DIAMETERS.
S p e c i a l L u m b a r
I nde x.
Ser i al number
of sets of
Lumbar
Vertebræ. S e r i a l n u m b e r o f V e r t e b r æ .
DIAMETERS. S p e c i a l L u m b a r
I nde x.
Ser i al number
of sets of
Lumbar
Vertebræ. S e r i a l n umb e r
of Ve r t e br æ.
DIAMETERS.
S p e c i a l L u m b a r
I nde x.
A n t e r i o r .
A n t e r i o r . P o s t e r i o r .
A n t e r i o r . P o s t e r i o r .
Posteri or.
XIV. 1st 22 24 109
XVII. 1st 21 22 104.7
XX. 1st
17 22 129.4
2nd 24 25 104.1
2nd 22 23 104.5
2nd 20 21 105
3rd 23 24 104.3
3rd 21 22 104.7
3rd 21 21 100
4th 24 23 ...
4th 25 22 88.
4th 22 20 90.9
5th 23 25 108.7
5th 18 24 133.3
5th 22 17 77.2
116 121 104 3
107 113 103.8
102 101 99
XV. 1st 17 20 117.6 XVIII. 1st 21 23 109.5
XXI. 1st 20 22 110
2nd 23 24 104.3
2nd 21 23 109.5
2nd 22 23 104.5
3rd 23 24 104.3
3rd 21 23 109.5
3rd 20 22 110
4th 21 20 95.2
4th 21 22 104.7
4th 20 17 85
5th 20 24 120.
5th 20 23 115
5th 25 20
8 0
104 112 107.6
104 114 109.5
107 104 97
XVI. 1st 24 28 116
XIX. 1st 24 27 112.5
2nd 21 24 114.2
2nd 24 27 112.5
3rd 25 27 108
3rd 24 26 108.3
4th 24 25 104
4th 26 25 961
5th 23 25 108.7
5th 23 21 91.3
117 129 110.2
122 126 104.1
Medical Officers of the Army in India.
Table No. 3.
Measurements of Lumbar Vertebræ—continued.
Serial number
of sets of
Lumbar
Vertebræ.
S e r i a l n u m b e r
o f V e r t e b r æ . DIAMETERS.
S p e c i a l L u m b e r
I n d e x .
Serial number
of sets of
Lumbar
Vertebræ.
S e r i a l n u m b e r
o f V e r t e b r æ . DIAMETERS.
S p e c i a l L u m b e r
I n d e x .
Serial number
of sets of
Lumbar
Vertebræ.
S e r i a l n u m b e r
o f V e r t e b r æ . DIAMETERS.
S p e i c a l L u m b e r
I n d e x .
A n t e r t o r . P o s t e r i o r .
A n t e r i o r . P o s t e r i o r .
A n t e r i o r .
P o s t e r i o r .
XXII. 1st 17 17
1 0 0
XXV. 1st
18 21 116.6 XXVIII. 1st
17 19 111.7
Æ t . 1 2 y r s .
2nd 16 16 100
Æ . 2 1 y r s .
2nd 20 21 105
Æ . t 1 9 y r s . 2nd 18 19 105.5
3rd 17 17
1 0 0
3rd 19 20 105.2
3rd
1 8 19 105.5
4th 19 17 89.4
4th 19 13 94.7
4th 19 19 100
5th
1 8 18
1 0 0
5th 19 18 94.7
5th 19 16 84.2
81 85 97.7
95 98 103
91 92 101
XXIII. 1st
1 8 18
1 0 0
XXVI. 1st 14 12 85.7
Æ t . 2 1 y r s .
2nd 19 19 100
Æ t . 1 2 y r s .
2nd 14 13 92'8
3rd 19 19 100
3rd 14 13 92'3
4th 19 19 100
4th 14 13 92'8
5th 19 19 100
5th 15
1 0 66.6
94 94
1 0 0
71 61 85.9
XXIV. 1st 14 15
1 0 7 . 1 XXVII. 1st
15 15
1 0 0
Æ t . 1 4 y r s .
2nd 17 17
1 0 0
Æ t . 1 6 y r s .
2nd 16 17 106.
3rd 17 18 105.8
3rd 15 16 106.6
4th
1 8 16 88.8
4th 15 16 I06.6
5th 19 14 73.6
5th 17 15 88.2
85 80 94.5
78 79 101.2
L2
75
76
Scientific Memoirs by
Table No. 4.
Measurements of Lumbar Vertebræ—concluded.
[Showing the diameters of the Inter-vertebral Cartilages as well as of the Vetebræ. The measurements are
taken from recent specimens with the exception of No. XXXIV in which the Cartilages were dry. In all
the foregoing (I—XXVIII) the Vertebræ were articulated.]
Serial number
of sets of
Lumbar
Vertebræ.
S e r i a l n u m b e r
o f V e r t e b r æ .
DIAMETER.
S p e c i a l L u m b a r
I ndex.
DIAMETERS OF
CARTILAGE.
Serial
number of
sets of Lum-
bar Vertebræ.
S e r i a l n u m b e r
o f V e r t e b r æ . DIAMETERS.
S p e i c a l L u m b a r
I n d e x . DIAMETERS OF
ARTILAGE
.
A n t e r i o r . P o s t e r i o r .
A n t e r i o r .
P o s t e r i o r .
A n t e r i o r .
P o s t e r i o r .
A n t e r i o r .
P o s t e r i o r .
XXIX. 1st 23
25 108.6 7
3 XXXIII. 1st 24
29 120.8 10
6
H i n d o o - S i k h
m a l e M i a n S i n g h ,
æ t . 5 0 y e a r s .
2nd 23
26 113.4 10
4
Musul man mal e,
Nutha, æt.
35 years. 2nd 25
31 124. 12
8
3rd 24
27 112.5 12
5
3rd 26
31 119.2 13
9
4th 21
27 128.5 14
9
4th 27
28 103.7 15
12
5th 21
23 109.5 17
7
5th 24
26 108.3 20
10
112 128 114.2 60
28
126 145 115. 73
45
XXX. 1st 19
24 126.3 9
5 XXXIV. 1st 23
26 113.
5
3
M u s u l m a n m a l e
B o o t a , æ . 3 2
y e a r s . 2nd 23
25 108.6 12
7
2nd 24
25 104.1
7
4
3rd 22
24 109. 13
8
3rd 23
24 104.3
8
5
4th 22
24 10.9 14
9
4th 24
23
95.8 12
7
5th 24
20 83.3 17
5
5th 23
21
91.3 14
8
110 117 106.3 65 34
117 119 101.7 46
27
XXXI. 1st 25
29 116.
9
6 XXXV. 1st 25
28 112.
8
6
M u s u l m a n m a l e ,
J a n i , æ t . 6 0
y e a r s . 2nd 28
29 103.5 9
6
M u s u l m a n f e m a l e ,
A m e r u , æ . 3 0
y e a r s .
2nd 26
26
1 0 0 .
7
8
3rd 25
29 116.
7
8
3rd 27
28 103 . 7
7 6
4th 25
27 108. 12
10
4th 29
25
86.2 9
9
5th 27
24
88.8 13
5
5th 29
24
82.7 10
7
130 138 106.1 35
35
136
131 96.3 41
36
XXXII. 1st 24
28 116.6 8
4
M u s u l m a n m a l e ,
F a k i r M a h o m e d ,
æ t . 4 0 y e a r s .
2nd 25
29 116. 10
5
3rd 26
30 115. 12
9
4th 27
29 107.4 14
7
5th 27
24
88.8 16
6
129 540 108.5 60
31
Medical Officers of the Army of India.
77
Table No. 5.
Measurements of forty-seven Panjabi Sacra (eight females, thirty-nine males) with
Sacral Index computed for each. Table also shows number of Vertebræ present in
every individual Sacrum.
Serial No.
and Sex.
Number of
Vertebræ.
SACRAL DIAMETERS,
Index.
Serial No.
and Sex.
Number
of
Vertebræ.
SACRAL DIAMETERS.
Index.
Br.
L.
Br.
L.
1 M. 5
1 1 7 113 103.5 P.
25 M. 5
105
99 106.
P.
2 F.
"
110
105 104.7 P.
26 M. „
105
1 1 1 94.5 D.
3 M. ,,
100
98 102.
P.
27 M. „
117
123
95.
D.
4 F.
,,
112
1 0 0 112.
P.
28 M. „
119
114 104.3 P.
5 F.
„
115
100 115.
P.
29 M. ,,
115
112 102.6 P.
6 M.
7 M.
,,
,,
1 1 0
110
120
105
91.6
104.7
D.
P.
30 M.
31 M.
,,+C.
„
112
116
110
120
1 0 1 .
96.6
P.
D.
8 M.
9 F
,,
,,
120
115
119
112
100.8
102.6
P.
P.
32 M.
33 M.
,,
„
1 1 1
130
1 1 1
122
1 0 0 .
106.5
P.
P.
10 M. „
115
115
1 0 0 .
P.
34 M.
„
128
115 111.3 P.
11 M. ,,
120
145
82.7
D.
35 M. „
110 110
1 0 0 .
P.
12 F.
„
114
1 1 0 103.6
P.
36 M.
„
120
113
1 0 6 .
P.
13 M. ,,
1 1 7 132
87.8 D.
37 M. ,,
110
104 105.7 P.
14 F.
„
100
120
83.3
D.
38 F.
4
115
95 121.
P.
15 M.
„
92
105
97.
D.
39 M. ,,
100
90 111.
P.
16 M
„
120
122
98.3 D.
40 M. ,,
97
78
1 2 4 . * P.
17 M. ,,
118
1 1 8 100 .
P.
41 M. „+C.
107
92 116.2 P.
18 F.
„
102
102
1 0 0 .
P.
42 M. 5
102
100
1 0 2 .
P.
19 M. „
118
102 115.6
P.
43 M. ,,
98
103
95.
D.
20 M.
„
122
118 103.3
P.
44 M. ,,
112
112
1 0 0 .
P.
21 M.
„
112
115
77.3
D.
45 M. 6
122
143
85.3 D.
22 M.
„
112
116
96.5
D.
46 M. „
114
139
82.
D.
23 M.
„
112
127 88.
D.
47 M. 5
114
96
1 1 8 . 7 F.
24 M. „
1 1 0
1 1 3 97.3 D.
78 scientific Memoirs by
Table No. 6.
Condition of the Panjabi Coccyx at various ages and the usual number of Vertebræ
present.
S e r i a l N o .
Age and Sex.
Caste.
Number
of
Vertebræ.
Those ankylosed.
1
28, Male
Mahomedan
4
3rd and 4th.
2
30 ,, ,,
3
2nd and 3rd.
3
30 „
,,
4
2nd, 3rd, and 4th.
4
34 ,,
,,
4
3rd and 4th.
5
34
,,
Hindoo
4
2nd, 3rd, and 4th.
6
35 ,,
,,
4
3rd and 4th.
7
35 ,,
Mahomedan
5
3rd, 4th, and 5th.
8
35 ,,
Hindoo (Sikh)
5
2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th.
9
35 ,,
Mahomedan
4
Free.
10
35 ,,
,,
4
Free.
1 1
36 ,,
,,
4
1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th.
12
36 „
,,
4
3rd and 4th.
13
37 ,,
,,
4
2nd, 3rd, and 4th.
14
38 33
,,
3
Free.
15
40 ,,
Hindoo
3
First joined to Sacrum, others
16
41 ,,
Mahomedan
4
3rd and 4th.
17
42 ,,
,,
4
3rd and 4th.
1 8
42
,,
,,
3
2nd and 3rd.
19
44
,, ,,
4
3rd and 4th.
20
46 ,,
,
,
4
2nd, 3rd, and 4th.
21
51 ,,
Hindoo
4
2nd, 3rd, and 4th.
22
54 ,,
Mahomedan
4
3rd and 4th.
23
54 ,,
,,
4
2nd, 3rd, and 4th.
24
55 ,,
Hindoo
4
3rd and 4th.
25
60
,,
Mahomedan
4
1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th.
26
60 „
,,
4
2nd, 3rd, and 4th.
27
60 „
Hindoo
4
3rd and 4th.
28
20, Female
Mahomedan
3
Free.
29
45
,,
Chuhra
4
Free.
30
50 „
Hindoo
4
Free.
Medical Officers of the Army of India.
79
Résumé.
1. As a rule, the body of a Panjabi lumbar vertebra is thicker behind than in front ;
but there are exceptions.
2. As the type matures with age, the excess of the posterior diameter over the anterior
becomes more pronounced.
3. In the female only is the anterior measurement greater than the posterior.
4. The total posterior diameter of the five lumbar vertebræ in one instance exceeded
the anterior by 19 mm. Generally the difference is 8 mm. , in favour of the posterior.
5. The 5th lumbar vertebra in the Panjabi is only exceptionally wedge-shaped as in
the European.
6. Up to the age of 12 years none of the changes typical of the Panjabi lumbar
region have taken place in the bodies of the vertebræ.
7. It is probable that the growth giving a lumbar vertebra its wedge-shaped form
occurs in the epiphysary area, and that it progresses between puberty and 25 years of age.
The deepest part of the centrum in the Panjabi is behind, and the changes eventuate as the
racial type matures.
8. The inter-vertebral cartilages in the lumbar region of the Panjabi are thick. The
anterior diameter is almost 1.6 times greater than the posterior.
9. The lumbo-sacral disc may be as much as 3.4 times thicker in front than behind.
10. The discs are collectively thicker in front (56.4 mm.) than behind (33.7 mm. )
and " compensate for the want of development in depth of the anterior surface of the
vertebral bodies." ( Sir Wm. Turner. )
11. The morphology of the Panjabi lumbar centra and discs is conducive to a power
of overflexion in this region, and the anatomical characters are modifications in structure
due to function, exaggerated by the squatting habits of the people.
12. The Panjabi skeleton furnishes examples of changes in structure brought on by
habit in the lumbar region, tibia, the hip, knee, and ankle joints.
13. The lumbar curve in the Panjabi is straight or very slightly convex. The mean
general lumbar index of seven recent vertebral columns was
106.8.
14. The Panjabi female has a more convex lumbar curve than the male Panjabi.
15. The accessory processes of the 5th lumbar vertebra are frequently very largely
developed and often articulate with the alæ of the sacrum.
16. The lumbo-sacral and ilio lumbar ligaments are of considerable size.
17. It is probable that the "5th lumbar vertebra may normally develop on a different
plan from that of the other lumbars." ( Sir Wm. Turner. )
18. The usual number of vertebræ in the sacrum is five : sometimes there are six,
but oftener only four.
19. 34% of Panjabi sacra are dolichohieric.
20. There is great variation in the curve of the anterior surface.
21. The hiatus sacralis may be altogether absent owing to the laminæ of the 5th
sacra vertebræ being perfect and meeting in a median ridge.
22. The auricular surface in 78.7% is formed of only two vertebræ—the 1st and 2nd.
23. The costal and transverse processes on the alæ are well marked and prominent,
and are articular for the accessory processes of the 5th lumbar vertebra in 20 %.
24. The coccyx most frequently has four vertebræ : five occasionally. Three only may
be found.
80
Scientific Memoirs by Medical Officers of the Army in India.
25. As to order of fusion of the coccygeal vertebræ. The 3rd and 4th first join.
Then the 2nd ankyloses to the 3rd, and finally the 1st fuses to the 2nd.
26. No deductions as to the age of the skeleton can be safely based on the state
of the coccyx alone. The fusion of the bones is very irregular as to time, but not as to
order.
27. In one specimen on the anterior surface of the first vertebra there was a hæmal
arch.
G. I. C. P. O.—No. 5 S. C.— 10-11-43.—350.
PLATE 1.
Photo-etching.
Survey of India Offices, Calcutta, October 1893.
PLATE II.
<illegible>oto-etching.
Survey of india Offices, Calcutta, October 1893.
PLATE III.
Photo-etching.
Survey of India. Offices, Calcutta, October 1898.
Photo-etching.
Survey of India Offices, Calcutta, October 1893.
PLATE V.
Photo-etching.
Survey of India Offices, Calcutta, October 1893.
TABLE A.
Tracings of Lumbar Curves.
(The Number over each is for reference to Table No. 4 "Measurements of Lumbar Vertebr œ.")
Reg: No. 493, San. Comr., I.—Au ģ. 93.—350.
Litho., S. I. O. , Calcutta.
TABLE B.
Diagrams showing the Curvature of Typical Punjabi Sacra.
(The Number over each is for reference to the Table of Sacral Measurements).
Reg. No. 476. San. Comr., I.—Aug. 93.—350.
Litho., S. I. O., Calcutta.
TABLE B.—(contd.)
Reg. No. 476, San. Comr., I.—Aug. 93.—350.
Litho., S. I. O., Calcutta.
Reg. No. 476,San. Comr., I.—Aug. 93.—350.
Litho., S. I. O., Calcutta.
SCIENTIFIC MEMOIRS
BY
MEDICAL OFFICERS OF THE ARMY OF INDIA.
EDITED BY
SURGEON MAJOR-GENERAL W. R. RICE, M.D., C.S.I.,
SURGEON-GENERAL WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
PART V
III.
1894
.
1.—The Results of continued Study of Various Forms of Comma-Bacilli
occurring in Calcutta— Brigade-Surgeon Lieutenant-Colonel D. D.
Cunningham, F.R.S., C.I.E. ( Page 1. )
2.—Description of Two New Species of Cinchona—Brigade-Surgeon
Lieutenant-Colonel George King, M.B., F.R.S., C.I.E. (Page
59. )
3.—Remarks on the Morphology of the Lumbar, Sacral, and Caudal Regions
of the Panjabi— Surgeon-captain R. Havelock Charles, M.D.,
M. Ch., F.R.C.S.I., F.Z.S. (Page 63. )
CALCUTTA :
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.
1894
.
Price Three Rupees.
SCIENTIFIC MEMOIRS
BY
MEDICAL OFFICERS OF THE ARMY OF INDIA.
EDITED BY
SURGEON MAJOR-GENERAL W. RICE, M.D., C.S.I.,
S U R G E O N - G E N E R A L W I T H T H E G O V E R N M E N T O F I N D I A .
PART VIII.
1894. 1
.—The Results of continued Study of Various Forms of Comma-Bacilli
occurring in Calcutta.—Brigade-Surgeon Lieutenant-Colonel D. D.
Cunningham, F.R.S., C.I.E. (Page 1.)
2.—Description of Two New Species of Cinchona.— Brigade-Surgeon
Lieutenant-Colonel George King, M.B., F.R.S., C.I.E. (Page 59.)
3.—Remarks on the Morphology of the Lumbar, Sacral, and Caudal
Regions of the Panjabi.—Surgeon-Captain R. Havelock Charles,
M.D., M.Ch., F.R.C.S.I., F.Z.S. (Page 63. )
CALCUTTA :
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.
1894.
ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
CAMEL SPECIALIST
For the year
1919-20
Lahore :
PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRINTING, PUNJAB.
1920.
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Annual Report of the Camel Specialist
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Revised List of Agents for the Sale of Punjab Govern-
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