NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
M. Y. MANGRULKAR 185
In domesticated animals the order of frequency of the incidence of em-
bryonal nephroma would appear to be pigs, fowl, rabbit and bovine although
the experience of individual observers may not be in harmony with this general
remark based mainly on statistics collected by Feldman [1932]. Thus in
the tumour collection at Onderstepoort no specimen of the growth in pigs is
present [Jackson, 1936]. Similarly at the Imperial Veterinary Research
Institute, Mukteswar (India), in a collection of about 400 tumours, there is
only one specimen from the fowl and one from the bovine, whereas, no embryo-
nal nephroma has been recorded from rabbits, hundreds of which are autopsied
annually.
Recently embryonal nephroma has been described for the first time from
the sheep (one case) and horse (two cases)—the only records of this tumour in
these animals so far—by Jackson [1936] who, along with others, realizes
that these tumours are apt to be wrongly interpreted if not carefully examined,
and suggests that the suspicion of embryonal nephroma " should always be
borne in mind when tumours of the kidney of the pig, bovine or ovine, or
equine are encountered; or when in the fowl a tumour in or attached to the
kidney, or depending from the lumbar region into the peritoneal cavity at a
considerable distance from the kidney is encountered. " Further, although in
embryonal nephroma no type-cell can be defined nor a constant diagnostic
pattern expected, Jackson [1936] is of opinion that the presence of glandular
structures with alternating sarcomatous tissue is, when considered along
with the site of the tumour, a feature which should lead one to decide in favour
of embryonal nephroma, especially if areas of transition between the epithelial
and sarcomatous moieties are demonstrable.
From the practical point of view, however, one must on embryological
grounds grant that in the formation of embryonal nephroma principally
bipotential cells take part forming—
(i) the connective tissue elements, including the sarcomatous moiety ;
and
(ii) the glandular tissue or the epithelial moiety.
The differentiation, enabling the formation of the epithelial moiety is
only acquired by the cells relatively later in embryonic development; so that
if, with. Jackson [1936], one eliminates the possibility of anaplasia, and agrees
on the embryonal rather than anaplastic nature of the tumour cells [Ewing,
1934] one would feel justified in imagining a more embryonal cell-rest for
many of these tumours of the fowl and the pig, and perhaps some also of
children, wherein the sarcomatous moiety predominates. On the other hand,
from the information available at present, it would appear that in most mamma-
lian embryonal nephromata, the epithelial structure tends to be more pre-
dominant, whereas, the sarcomatous moiety may not be easy to demonstrate
[Feldman 1932] ; a less embryonal or more differentiated cell-rest may, there-
fore, be presumed in such cases,
G
186
A Case of Equine Embryonal Nephroma
In the case under report four features of interest are observed. Firstly'
the presence of metastases on the peritoneum alone at once throws a sugges-
tion in favour of spread by contiguity and transplantation. Secondly, the
profuse formation of tubular glands is indicative of a more differentiated cell-
rest. In fact, had it not been for the presence of a mixed type of structure with
demonstrable sarcomatous areas, one would be inclined to label the growths
as metastasizing simple renal adenocarcinomata which, too, are known to arise
[Ewing, 1934] from well-differentiated renal blastema (also from tubules of
the adult kidney, in which case they are not embryonal).
The third notable feature, but one which should cause little surprise,
is the reported occurrence, following work, of haematuria which, however,
is regarded in human pathology as a clinical symptom suggesting a hyperne-
phroma, i.e., adrenal tissue tumour of the kidney (Boyd, 1934 ; Kettle, 1925).
Lastly, the involvement, apparently primarily, of the left kidney
may prove to be interesting, for in Mathews' [1929] twelve cases in chickens the
primary tumours were always present on the left side. No such information
is, however, available in connection with the tumours in other animals and,
therefore, it may be too early at present to attach any significance to the
phenomenon.
The author is greatly indebted to Capt. K. I. Barlow, Offg. Officer Com-
manding, Military Veterinary Hospital, Rawalpindi, for supplying the material
and information which have rendered possible the recording of this interesting
and rare condition.
REFERENCES
Beattie, J. M. and Dickson, W. E. C. (1926). A Text-book of Pathology,
London, p. 917.
Boyd, W. (1934). A Text-book of Pathology, London, pp. 652-653.
Bremer, J. L. (1936). Text-book of Histology, Philadelphia, pp. 366-375,
Ewing, J. (1934). Neoplastic Diseases, London, pp. 65, 105 and 794-798.
Feldman, W. H. (1932). Neopl. Dom. Animals, London, pp. 357-372.
Jackson, C. (1936). Onderst. J. Vet. Sc. Anim. Husb. 6, 1, 349-353.
Kettle, E. H. (1925). The Pathology of Tumours, London, pp. 199-200.
MacCallum, W. G. (1932). A Text-book of Pathology, London, pp. 1136-1137.
Mathews, F. P. (1929). Adenosarcomata of the Kidneys of Chickens, J. Amer.
Vet. Med. Ass. 74, 238-246.
Wollstein, M. (1927). Cited by Feldman.
A STUDY OF THE LIFE-HISTORY OF A COMMON
TAPEWORM, MESOCESTOIDES LINEATUS,
OF INDIAN DOGS AND CATS *
BY
HAR DAYAL SRIVASTAVA, D.Sc.
Helminthologist (On special duty)
Imperial Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar-Kumaun
(Received for publication on 26th May 1938)
THE aberrant family Mesocestoididae Benham, 1901, of Cyclophyllidean
cestodes is characterised by the presence of several peculiar features, such as
divided yolk glands, genital pore situated on the ventral surface of the seg-
ment, thick-shelled egg capsules and pleurocercoid type of larva. The family
contains only one genus—Mesocestoides Vaillant [1863] with two valid species
—Mesocestoides lineatus and M. perlatus (Goeze, 1782). The diagnosis of the
genus according to Witenberg [1934] is :
Scolex has no rostellum or homologous structure and has four unarmed
suckers. The genital atrium opens on the median line of the ventral surface
of the segments and includes male and vaginal openings ; there is no uterine
pore. One set of reproductive organs in each segment. Ovary and vitelline
glands double, situated in the posterior part of the segment. Testes nume-
rous, distributed laterally or medially to the excretory vessels. An oval
cirrus pouch lies almost on the middle line of the body ; there is no apparent
seminal vesicle. The uterus has the shape of a blind tube, winding along the
middle line of the segment. Ripe eggs contain hexacanth onchospheres and
are collected in the hindermost part of the uterus which becomes modified
into a capsule. The second stage larva, so called Tetrathyridium, parasitizes
various vertebrates, while the adult parasite is found only in birds and mam-
mals.
Type species : Mesocestoides ambiguus. Vaillant, 1863, sp. inq.
In spite of a volume of literature on the anatomy and life-history of the
cestodes of the genus Mesocestoides, considerable taxonomic confusion pre-
vailed till the publication of Witenberg's work in 1934. Out of the numerous
species, about two and a half dozens, described under the genus, the bulk
consists of synonyms or insufficiently described and indistinguishable species.
Witenberg regards the following 24 as species inquirende :
1. M. (Taenia) alaudai (Stossich, 1896), of Alauda arvensis from Trieste.
*Presented to the Section of Medical and Veterinary Research of the Indian
Science Congress, 1937, Hyderabad.
( 187 )
188
Life-history of Mesocestoides lineatus
2. M. ambiguus Vaillant, 1863, of Viverra genetta from North Africa.
3. M. (Taenia) augustatus (Rud., 1819) of Meles taxus from Europe.
4. M. bassarisci MacCallum, 1921, of Bassariscus austula from Mexico.
5. M. candelabrarius (Goeze, 1782).
6. M. (Ptychophysa, Taenia) canis lagopodis (Rud., 1810) of Vulpes lagopus
from Europe.
7. M. (Taenia) cateniformis vulpis (Gmelin, 1790) of foxes.
8. M. (Taenia) chrysœti (Viborgs, 1695) of Aquila chrysaetos.
9. M. corti, Hoeppli, 1925, of Mus. musculus from Colorado, U. S. A.
10. M. elongatus Meggitt, 1928, from wolf from Egypt.
11. M. (Taenia) imbuliformis (Polonio, 1860) of goose from Italy.
12. M. latus Mueller, 1927, of Mephitis minnesotae and Felis catus dom.
from North America.
13. M. longistriatus Setti, 1897, of wild cat from Erithrea.
14. M. macrocephalus (Creplin, 1825) from Anguilla vulgaris.
15. M. megallanicus (Monticelli, 1899).
16. M. (Taenia) margaritifera (Creplin, 1829), of birds of prey.
17. M. mesorchis Cameron, 1925, of Vulpes ferritatus from Nepal.
18. M. michaelseni (Loennberg, 1896) of Canis azarae from South America.
19. M. (Taenia) peudocucumerina (Railliet, 1863) of dog.
20. M. (Taenia) tenuis (Creplin, 1829) of birds of prey.
21. M. tenuis Meggitt, 1931, of a puppy from Burma.
22. M. (Monodoridium, Taenia) utricutiferus (Walter, 1866), of Vulpes
vulpes from Europe.
23. M. variabilis Mueller, 1927, of Urocyon cinereoargenteus californicus
and Spirogale phenax phenax from U. S. A.
24. M. variabilis var major Mueller, 1928, of Mephitis occidentalis occiden-
talis from U. S. A.
From a critical study of the numerous forms described under the genus,
it would appear that they can best be separated into species by the distribu-
tion of their testes in respect to the excretory vessels ; and each group may
be further divided into varieties according to the shape of the mature seg-
ments. Even these characters, though fairly stable from a taxonomic point
of view, are not absolute and at times are found to overlap in intermediate
forms. All those forms in which the testes are situated mainly mesially to
the excretory vessels and are parasitic in carnivores are assigned to M. lineatus
(Goeze, 1782), while forms in which the testes lie mostly externally to the
excretory vessels and are usually parasitic in birds are assigned to M. perlatus
(Goeze, 1782). The former has a large range of specific variability and in-
cludes forms which, though anatomically similar, vary considerably in their
190
Life-history of Mesocestoides lineatus
hills, showed that nearly all of them are heavily infested with Tetrathyridia.
The larvae are highly contractile and measure 1.5 to 4 mm. in length. The
broadly rounded anterior end bears an invaginated scolex with four unarmed
suckers. A large number of these larvae were fed to two clean, parasite-free
jackal pups, both of which died in sixteen to seventeen days. On post mortem
examination both were found to be heavily infested with a very large number
of adult specimens of M. lineatus. On an examination of over a dozen speci-
mens of the common Himalayan viper—Ancistrodon himalayanum—it was
found that these snakes are never infested with Tetrathyridia. It was, how-
ever, recognised that the chances of dogs, which are very commonly infested
with T. lineatus, eating even non-poisonous snakes are rather remote, and
hence a large number of local lizards and wild rats were examined for the
larvae. Both lizards and wild rats were found to harbour in fairly large num-
bers Tetrathyridia similar to those obtained from snakes. The larvae from
wild rats were considerably larger in size than those from reptiles, though
anatomically they were indistinguishable. Tetrathyridium is the second
larval stage of the tapeworm. An attempt was made to discover the primary
larval stage. A large number of mature eggs containing active onchospheres
were fed to white mice and cockroaches, but in neither of these the larvae
could develop. This failure confirms the view of Henry and Witenberg that
Tetrathyridia develop not direct from eggs but from a primary stage which
probably occurs in lower animals.
The author is grateful to the Director and the Pathologist of the Imperial
Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar-Kumaun, for their much kind
encouragement.
REFERENCES (SELECTED)
Cameron, T. W. M. (1925). J. Helm. 3, pp. 33-44, 16 figs.
Henry, A. (1927). Bull. Soc. Centr. Med. Vet. 103, pp. 147-152.
Hoeppli, R. J. C. (1925). J. Parasit. 12, pp. 91-97, 8 figs.
Joyeux, Ch. et Baer, J. G. (1932). Bull. Soc. Pathol, exotique 25, pp. 993-1010.
Leukart, K. (1874). Arch. Naturg., Abt. 2, p. 437.
MacCallum, G. A. (1921). Zoopathologica 1, pp. 136-284, 151 figs.
Meggitt, F. J. (1928). Parasitol. 20, pp. 315-328, 10 figs.
————— (1931). Parasitol. 23, pp. 250-268, 6 figs.
Mueller, J. (1927). Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc. 46, p. 294.
————— (1928). Zool. Jahrb., Syst., Bd. 55, pp. 403-418, 24 figs.
————— (1930). The Amer. Midlandland Natur. 12, pp. 81-90, 8 figs.
Schwartz, B. (1927). Science, 66, pp. 17-18.
Srivastava, H. D. (1937). Proc. Ind. Sci. Cong., Sect. VIII. Abst. No. 45.
Witenberg, G. (1934). Archivio. Zoologico Italiano, 20, pp. 467-508.
AN UNRECORDED NEMATODE PARASITE OF THE
INDIAN DOMESTIC PIGEON WITH REMARKS
ON ORNITHOSTRONGYLOSIS
BY
HAR DAYAL SRIVASTAVA, D.Sc.
Helminthologist (On special duty)
Imperial Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar-Kumaun.
(Received for publication on 26th May 1938)
(With three text-figures)
THE nematode genus Ornithostrongylus is referable to the subfamily
Trichostrongylinae [Leiper, 1908] of the family Trichostrongylidae [Leiper,
1912]. The genus was created by Travassos in 1914 with O. fariai, as the
type species. The genus is exclusively parasitic in the intestine, gizzard
and proventriculus of birds, and apparently has a cosmopolitan distribu-
tion. So far more than half a dozen species have been described under the
genus, some of doubtful validity, but the most important from the veterinary
point of view is Ornithostrongylus quadriradiatus [Stevenson, 1904] which
usually occurs in the small intestine of the domestic pigeon—Columba livia
domestica—and certain species of doves. The only previously recorded re-
presentative of the genus from an Indian host is O. travassossi which has been
described by Maplestone [ 1932 ] from the gizzard of the coral-billed pigeon—
Chalcophaps indica—from the Zoological Garden, Calcutta. The author does
not compare his new species with O. quadriradiatus, but according to Baylis
[ 1936 ] his form differs from the latter species in its smaller size, the greater
length of the externo-dorsal rays, the shape of the accessory piece and the
smaller size of the egg.
Stevenson [ 1904] attributed the destruction of the greater portion of
a flock of ' fancy' pigeons in Washington to the presence of a large number
of a nematode parasite which he described as Strongylus quadriradiatus.
Le Roux [1926 and 1930 ] reported similar losses in a flock of valuable im-
ported pigeons in South Africa due to the presence of these parasites.
Vigueras [ 1929 ] and Komarov and Beaudette [ 1931 ] described the patho-
logy and symptoms in cases of heavy infestations. The occurrence of this
parasite in pigeons has been reported from several places in the United States
of America, and in Australia by Roberts [ 1932 ] and in Brazil by Travassos
[ 1931 ]. Besides pigeons, certain species of doves in U. S. S. R. and Montana
have also been reported to harbour the parasite. During the year 1936-37
a number of domestic pigeons belonging to the Institute died in quick succes-
sion. On post mortem examination all of them were found to be heavily
infested with very slender nematodes which conformed in all their important-
features to the following diagnosis of 0. quadriradiatus :
( 191 )
H. D. SRIVASTAVA 193
FIG. 1.
FIG. 2.
FIG. 3.
Fig. 1. Head of O. quadriradiatus.
Fig. 2. Bursa.
Fig. 3. Telamon.
H
ACTIVE IMMUNISATION WITH GOAT TISSUE VIRUS IN
SHEEP AGAINST RINDERPEST
BY
H. S. BAWA, M. R., C. V. S.
Veterinary Investigation Officer, Sind and Ajmer-Merwara, Karachi
AND
C. S. G. HAJI, G.B.V.C.
Officer-in-charge, Goat Virus Producing Station, Karachi
(Received for publication on the 18th November 1938)
(With ten text-figures)
THE experiments were carried out at Karachi, under controlled conditions,
to study the nature of the reaction in sheep after goat tissue virus inocula-
tion and to ascertain whether they can be safely immunised against rinder-
pest with goat tissue virus alone or whether anti-rinderpest serum is necessary
with virus simultaneously. In the field at Kekri, Ajmer-Merwara where a
severe outbreak of rinderpest in sheep and goats occurred during the months
of March, April, May and June 1938, passive immunisation with varying doses
of serum was tried, but the results were not altogether satisfactory and further
this method of immunisation was found to be expensive.
Koch [1897] showed that the virus of rinderpest could be propagated in
sheep and goats by blood inoculations from an infected ox and the infection
once set up could be transmitted to other sheep as well as bovines.
Nicolle and Adilbey [1902] and Kolle and Turner proved infectivity
of the virus to sheep and goats. They also showed that after inoculation of
virulent blood in sheep, a temperature reaction only occurred and no other
symptoms were observed. Difficulty was some times experienced in sheep
in differentiating normal variation in temperature and those due to infec-
tion.
According to Walker [1922] when sheep were artificially inoculated with
bovine blood virus, thermal reaction was only noticed and with the exception
of slight discharge from the nostrils no animal died excepting one, in which
on post mortem examination no lesions of rinderpest were detected.
Srikantaiah [1934] inoculated a batch of six sheep with goat virus and got
very severe reaction. Out of the six sheep, three succumbed to the disease.
These results led him to the conclusion that a dose of anti-rinderpest serum
was indicated with goat virus, whenever sheep were to be immunised against
rinderpest, for, the use of goat virus alone was unsafe.
Viswanathan [1937] also points out that a dose of anti-rinderpest serum
ranging from 20 to 25 c.c., is essential for sheep simultaneously with 0.5
c.c. of virus, in order to immunise them with due safety.
( 195 )
196
Goat Tissue Virus in Sheep against Rinderpest
EXPERIMENTAL
Three batches of two sheep each were inoculated subcutaneously with
1 c.c. of goat tissue virus emulsion at different periods.
Batch No. 1 of Chapri breed sheep gave a very mild reaction, sheep
No. 1 showed highest temperature of 104° on 5th day and sheep No. 2 the
same temperature on 3rd day.
Batch No. 2 of Thari breed sheep, inoculated as above, registered severe
temperature reaction in sheep No. 3 and 4 which showed the peak of tempera-
ture curve at 106. 4° and 105° on 2nd day.
Batch No. 3 consisting of sheep No. 5 of Chapri breed and sheep No. 6
of Thari breed, showed highest temperature of 104.4° and 106° on 5th and
4th day respectively. From the above evidence it appeared that the Thari
breed of sheep in Sind was more susceptible to goat virus inoculation than the
Chapri breed.
No other symptoms were shown by the experimental sheep except that
they were slightly off feed for a couple of days or so. No sheep succumbed to
the disease.
IMMUNITY TEST
Sheep No. 2 from batch No. 1, sheep No. 3 from batch No. 2 and sheep
No. 5 and 6 from batch No. 3 were inoculated sub-cutaneously with 1 c.c. of
rinderpest hill bull blood virus, obtained from Muktesar, on 27th day, 19th
day and 27th day respectively with a view after goat tissue virus inoculations
to see if the sheep inoculated with, goat tissue virus were immune to rinder-
pest or not. None of the sheep so inoculated with hill bull virus showed any
temperature reaction or other symptoms, and appeared to have developed
solid immunity against rinderpest.
CONTROLS
Batch No. 4 consisting of sheep No. 7 and 8 were kept as controls and were
given 1 c.c. of hill bull virus sub-cutaneously. They showed temperature re-
action of 104.8° and 106.2° on 2nd and 3rd day respectively. No other symp-
toms were observed. The temperature reaction shows that the virus was
viable.
TRANSMISSION EXPERIMENTS
A black he-goat, 12 months old, was given sub-cutaneously 5 c.c. of blood
drawn directly from jugular vein of sheep No. 3 which had registered a tempe-
rature of 105.8° on 4th day after goat tissue virus inoculation. This animal
showed a typical reaction and on 3rd day the highest temperature of 105.2°
was recorded. A red calf, one year old, was also inoculated sub-cutaneously
with 5 c.c. of blood drawn from sheep No. 8 (control) showing a temperature
of 104° on 6th day after inoculation with 1 c.c. of hill bull virus. This calf
H. S. BAWA AND C. S. G. HAJI 197
showed a temperature of 104° on the 4th day of the inoculation. These ob-
servations show that the disease can be conveyed by blood inoculation from
sheep to goat and calf and that the virus is not exalted in any way by passage
through sheep.
Immunity test with hill bull virus was conducted on this goat on 15th
day after blood sub-inoculation from sheep. There was no reaction and the
goat proved solidly immune to rinderpest.
INOCULATIONS IN FACE OF OUTBREAKS
As rinderpest in sheep and goats was prevalent at Kekri, Ajmer-Merwara
during the months of August and September 1938, opportunity was taken to
try goat tissue virus alone inoculations in order to confirm the findings of
the experiments carried out at Karachi.
As a precautionary measure, a batch of only five sheep was given 1 c.c.
of goat tissue virus emulsion to see what kind of reaction was shown by Raj-
putana breed of sheep. Temperature of the five sheep so selected ranged
between 101° to 102° prior to inoculation with goat tissue virus. On 5th day
of the inoculation these animals showed very slight thermal reaction, the
temperature ranging between 102° to 103.5°. No other symptoms were ob-
served. Within ten days after the inoculation the temperature of all the five
sheep ranged between 101° to 102°. As the reaction in the above batch
of sheep was not severe, another batch of forty-five sheep was inoculated
with 1 c.c. of goat tissue virus emulsion. Animals showing temperature above
102.5° were not included, as there was danger that they might be in the
incubative stage of the disease. The temperatures of this batch of forty-five
sheep ranged between 102.5° to 103.5° on the 5th day of the inoculation.
Congestion of mucous membranes was noticed in two animals. Though none
of the inoculated animals died of the disease, ten out of twenty uninoculated
animals succumbed as a result of natural infection. After the vaccination
disease died out from the herd.
These experiments seem to show that goat virus method of inoculation
is quite safe for sheep.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Prophylactic vaccination against rinderpest with goat tissue virus
alone proved quite safe for sheep, both under controlled conditions as well
as in the face of a natural outbreak.
2. As a result of goat tissue virus inoculation sheep developed solid im-
munity against rinderpest.
3. Different breeds of sheep showed certain variations in susceptibility
to goat tissue virus inoculation.
4. Disease can be transmitted from sheep to goat and calf by blood sub-
inoculation.
5. Rinderpest virus passaged through sheep was not exalted in virulence
for goat and calf.
198
Goat Tissue Virus in Sheep against Rinderpest
REFERENCES
Koch, R. (1897). Zentralbl. f. Bakt. 1, 21, 526.
Kolle and Turner, cited by Hutyra and Marek (1926). Spec. Path and Therap. of
diseases of domestic animals. pp. 312.
Nicolle and Adilbey (1902). Cited from investigations on Rinderpest immunisa-
tion. Thesis presented by Hall, G. N. to the Vety., Faculty of the University of
Zurich.
Srikantaiah, G. N. (1934). Ind. Vet. J. 2, 104-108.
Viswanthan, G. R. (1937). Summary of work done by Veterinary Investigation
Officer, Madras 1933-34 to 1936-37.
Walker, J. (1922). Bulletin No. 4 Kenya Dept. Agri. Div. Vety. Res. 19-28,
H. S.
BAWA
199
FIG. 1.
Short-tailed ewe No. 1, Age 15 months, Breed Chapri.
200
Goat Tissue Virus in Sheep against Rinderpest.
FIG. 2.
Short-tailed ewe No. 2, Age 1½ years, Breed Chapri.
H. S.
BAWA
201
FIG. 3.
Short tailed ram No. 3, Age 16 months, Breed Thari.
202
Goat Tissue Virus in Sheep against Rinderpest.
FIG. 4.
Short-tailed ram No. 4, Age 1 year, Breed Thari.
H. S.
BAWA
203
FIG. 5.
Short-tailed ewe No. 5, Age 1½ years, Breed Chapri.
204
Goat Tissue Virus in Sheep against Rinderpest.
FIG. 6.
Short-tailed ewe No. 6. Age 1½ years, Breed Thari.