NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
128
(d) Contagious abortion : infor-
mation regarding its inci-
dence among imported and
indigenous stock ; proposals
for control.
(e) Tuberculosis :
prevalence
of tuberculosis among live-
stock in India, and the
danger of infection to human
beings from this source.
present legislative measures dealing
with surra should be reconsidered in
the light of better information that
may be procured on further research
directed with the object of elucidating
these peculiar conditions.
(d) Recent evidence shows that contagious
abortion is an important disease of
live-stock in certain parts of India,
and further investigations should be
prosecuted in regard to its origin,
regional distribution, susceptibility
of the various classes of live-stock to
infection, and the institution of proper
measures of control.
(e) The evidence available shows that
tuberculosis is present in cattle in
India but is insufficient to indicate to
what extent it prevails.
In view of the experience gained in other
countries with regard to the spread of
infection in susceptible animals, it is
clearly indicated that steps should be
taken to ascertain accurately the
prevalence of infection.
Research into the nature of the organisms
responsible for the disease and the
relative susceptibility of the different
breeds of cattle in the country should
be prosecuted forthwith. If this re-
search should indicate that tuberculosis
is at present rare among Indian cattle
measures should be taken to eradicate
it and to limit, as far as practicable,
the introduction of the disease from
outside sources.
The Conference is of opinion that these
measures are urgently demanded by
reason of the grave dangers to the
live-stock of the country, the purity
of the milk supply, and the catas-
trophes of bovine tuberculosis in
children.
129
(f) Parasitology (helminthology
and
entomology) : neces-
sity for instituting a survey
of the incidence of the
grosser parasites of live-
stock in India and for the
formation of Central depart-
ments to control work in
this connection.
(g) Infectious lymphangitis in
cattle : causation
and
treatment.
(h) Nasal granuloma in cattle :
causation.
(i) Rabies : measure of control.
(f) (1) Entomology : On account of the
great importance of insects in the
transmission of animal diseases, as
causes of direct injury to live-stock
in India, and the high degree of
specialization necessary for a proper
appreciation of the various aspects of
entomology, the staff of the Imperial
Entomologist should be strengthened
to the degree requisite for rendering
assistance to investigators into the
insect problems connected with animal
diseases.
Similarly, facilities should be rendered for
the establishment of a staff attached
either to the Imperial Entomologist or
to the Zoological Survey of India for
the study of ticks and mites concerned
with animal diseases.
(2) Helminthology: In view of the enor-
mous economic loss caused by, and our
present inadequate knowledge concern-
ing the prevalence and the nature of
the species of, parasitic worms present
in animals in this country, the appoint-
ment of a whole-time helminthologist
to investigate the subject from the
standpoint of animal disease is urgent-
ly required in the interests of owners
of live-stock in India. This officer
should work under the direction of the
Imperial Bacteriological (Veterinary)
Laboratory.
(g) Mr. Krishna Murthi's original paper
on "Infectious Lymphangitis amongst.
Cattle in the Madras Presidency"
should be published in extenso in a
professional periodical.
(h) Mr. Krishna Murthi's original paper
on "Nasal Granuloma in Cattle occur-
ring in the Madras Presidency" should
be published in extenso in a professional
periodical.
(i) Any proposed measures of control based
on prophylactic vaccination of dogs
against rabies should be referred to the
Central Standing Advisory Committee
on Epizootic Diseases and Research
(see resolution under Subject III f)
K
130
(j) Diseases of sheep : nature,
incidence and control of the
more important disease con-
ditions among sheep in
India.
with a view to advising Government
upon the desirability of enforcing
measures of widespread preventive
inoculation of dogs against the disease.
(j) On account of the economic importance
of sheep diseases in India, further steps
should be taken to render assistance
to sheep owners by means of propa-
ganda and by the better education of
the veterinary personnel in the pecu-
liar problems connected with the main
classes of diseases affecting sheep.
III. General.
(a) Legislation : the desirability
of introducing further legis-
lative measures for the
control of animal disease.
(b) Statistical :
methods of
obtaining and recording
statistical
information re-
garding the incidence of
epizootic diseases in India ;
suggestions for improve-
ment.
(c) Animal husbandry : what is
the role of the Civil Veteri-
nary Department in dealing
with problems directly con-
cerning live-stock industries
in India.
(d) Methods for facilitating and
improving the supply of sera
and other laboratory pro-
ducts, particularly in regard
to the needs of remote dis-
tricts.
(a) This Conference considers that the
time has arrived when a Diseases of
Animals Act should be introduced
to give permissive powers to Local
Governments to frame rules for the
enforcement
of
sanitary police
measures for the control of contagious
disease in animals.
(6) In view of the administrative and
professional importance of obtaining
reliable statistics in regard to the
mortality incidence in animal disease
a more thorough system of notification
than the present very unsatisfactory
system of reporting should be investi-
gated immediately and introduced.
The system approved should- as far as
possible, be uniform in its application
throughout India.
(c) This Conference strongly favours the
establishment of Cattle Boards, Central
and Provincial, and considers essential
that the veterinary profession should
be adequately represented on these
bodies.
(d) (1) Adequate cool storage facilities
should be provided in all provinces
where such facilities do not already
exist for the preservation of serum.
(2) Experiments regarding the possibility
of manufacturing a satisfactory dried
anti-rinderpest serum should be pro-
secuted as speedily as possible, and,
131
(e) Meat Inspection : is it within
tie present competence of
the Department to deal with
this question ; what further
arrangements' for training
personnel for the special
duties entailed are required ?
(f) Methods to be adopted to
correlate technical informa-
tion and render authorita-
tive advice on professional
problems.
in the event of failure to obtain
satisfactory results from these experi-
ments, some convenient method of
transporting serum should be devised.
(e) Training in meat inspection is now
provided in certain Veterinary Colleges
in India and can be extended in scope
as the demand for efficient meat
inspectors increases.
(f) In order to correlate technical informa-
tion and render authoritative advice
on professional problems the Confer-
ence is of opinion that :—
(1) a journal of veterinary science in
India should be established as
early as practicable.
(2) Central Standing Advisory Com-
mittee should be established
dealing with—
(i) Veterinary Education.
(ii) Civil Veterinary Administra-
tion.
(iii) Epizootic
Diseases
and
Research.
(3) The Conference invites attention
to the Report of the Advisory
Committee on Research into
Diseases of Animals presented
in February 1922 to the
Development
Commissioners,
and to the statement contained
therein : " In India immense
opportunities are almost wholly
neglected." The Conference
strongly advocates the alloca-
tion of funds for research,
which, while removing
this
stigma, will be of great eco-
nomic benefit to the country. It
is now generally recognized that
the problem of disease and
health, whether in man, animals,
or plants, is in reality one pro-
K 2
132
(g) The advisability of amalga-
mating certain Veterinary
Services in India.
blem; hence, no real advance
in the study of disease is
possible without co-ordination of
all workers in this field.
(g) The system of control of equine conta-
gious diseases in certain districts of the
Punjab and United Provinces indicates
an unsatisfactory duplication in veteri-
nary endeavour. The suggestions of
Mr. Quirke (Appendix IV) are com-
mended to the notice of the authori-
ties concerned.
133
APPENDIX I.
Report of the Meeting of Principals of the Indian Veterinary Colleges
held at Bombay Veterinary College on the 8th to 10th February
1922.
In accordance with the instructions received from the Agricultural Adviser to the Govern-
ment of India (D. O.'s 353-2 and 351-2 of 21st January 1922), the above meeting of Principals
commenced its proceedings at the Bombay Veterinary College, Parel, at 10 A.M. on the 8th
February 1922.
There were present the following members who had been requested to attend the meeting:—
Colonel A. Smith (Principal, Bengal Veterinary College). Chairman.
Lieut.-Colonel G. K. Walker, C.I.E., O.B.E. (Principal, Pubjab Veterinary College,
Lahore).
Major K. Hewlett, O.B.E. (Principal, Bombay Veterinary College).
D. A. D. Aitchison, Esq. (Principal, Madras Veterinary College).
Major E. W. Oliver, Veterinary Adviser to the Government of the United Provinces.
J. T. Edwards, Esq., Director, Imperial Bacteriological (Veterinary) Laboratory, Muktesar.
Secretary.
On the motion of Colonel Smith, seconded by Mr. Edwards, it was resolved to invite M. H.
Sowerby, Esq., Professor, Bombay Veterinary College, to assist in the deliberations of the
meeting.
In opening the meeting the Chairman read extracts from the Government of India letter
in which the scope and nature of its deliberations laid down Government of India, Department of
Revenue and Agriculture (C. V. A.), No. 2073, dated 20th October 1921, paragraphs 2 (c) and 4.
Uniformity of the curricula in the Veterinary Colleges and standard of the entrance examination.
The Meeting recommended that the course be extended in all Veterinary Colleges to four
years, in English, and that a higher standard of preliminary education be demanded of
recruits.
It was further of the opinion that the standard of the Matriculation examination of the local
university concerned be insisted upon prior to entrance to the Veterinary Colleges.
Revision of the curriculum in the Veterinary Colleges.
After a lengthy discussion the Meeting decided that the principles underlying Mr. Edwards'
remarks on veterinary education (previously circulated among the members) which in its opinion
represented with still further regard to modern developments in veterinary science the objects
aimed at in the recently revised curriculum of the Punjab Veterinary College, should be approved
and accepted, and that a system of veterinary education embodying these principles appeared
to be applicable to Indian conditions.
The general plan of the curriculum recommended by the Meeting was as follows:—
First Year's Study—Preliminary Science.
(a) Biology;
(b) Chemistry (Inorganic and Organic);
(c) Elementary Physics; and
134
(d) Animal Management. (Prior to examination all candidates should produce a certi.
ficate from the Principal of the College showing that they have satisfactorily
passed a test in riding.)
Second Year's Study—Intermediate Veterinary Science.
(a) Anatomy;
(b) Histology;
(c) Physiology; and
(d) Pharmacology (including materia medica and pharmacy).
FINAL VETERINARY COURSE (TWO YEARS), COVERING THE TH
STUDY.
Part I.—State Veterinary Medicine.
(a) Elementary Pathology—general pathology, morbid anatomy and histology, and post-
mortem technique.
(b) Parasitology, including an elementary study of the bacteria, fungi, filtrable viruses,.
protozoa, helminths, and arthropods parasitic on the domesticated animals.
(c) General hygiene (including a study of air, water, soils, foods, pastures, and building
construction, in their relation to the health of the domesticated animals); toxi-
cology (poisonous plants, etc.); disinfection.
(d) Principles of breeding.
(e) Meat and milk hygiene.
(f) Preventive medicine including an elementary study of the causation, modes of infec-
tion, methods of spread, immunity, phenomena and prophylaxis involved in connec-
tion with the more common epizootics and enzootics of the domesticated animals,
having special regard to those diseases prevalent in India.
(g) Sanitary law and administration.
Part II.—Clinical Veterinary Practice.
(a) Surgery, comprising surgical anatomy and pathology, surgical diagnosis (including
examinations for soundness and estimations of age), and operative methods (in-
cluding the principles of shoeing).
(b) Semiology and diagnosis of internal diseases.
(c) Therapeutics.
(d) Obstetrics.
The Meeting considered that a permanent Central Advisory Board of Studies ought to be-
constituted to consider and report upon any important questions connected with veterinary
education in India.
The system of examination recommended was as follows:—
First professional examination—Preliminary Science.
This examination shall be held at the end of the first year's course of study.
No student shall be eligible for examination who has attended less than three-fourths of the
lectures and practical work in the prescribed subjects and has failed to pass his class examination
tin riding. All students shall produce at the oral and practical examinations their note books
hshowing a record of the work they have performed in the practical classes, duly initialled by
the te c cher concerned.
135
The subjects for examination, method of examination and number of marks allotted to each
subject shall be as follows:—
Each student shall obtain the minimum pass marks indicated before he is deemed to have
passed the examination.
—
(a) Biology (Botany and Zoology)—
Written, two papers of 3 hours each
.
.
.
.
Practical .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(b) Chemistry (Inorganic and Organic)—
Written, two papers of 3 hours each
.
.
.
.
Practical
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(c) Elementary Physics—
Written, one paper of 3 hours
.
.
.
.
.
Practical
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(d) Animal Management—
Practical and oral
.
.
.
.
.
Total marks
200
100
200
100
100
100
200
Pass
Per cent.
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
A student who fails in one subject only shall be allowed to appear for a supplementary ex-
amination in that subject after a subsequent period of 3 months' study, provided that he had
attained 60 per cent. of the total number of marks in the examination and is certified by the
Principal to have pursued his study of that subject satisfactorily.
Second professional examination—Intermediate Veterinary Science.
The examination shall take place at the end of the second year's course of study.
No student shall be eligible for examination who has attended less than three-fourths of the
lectures and practical work in the prescribed subjects after he has passed the first professional,
or preliminary science, examination, or the intermediate examination in Science in the same
subjects or the preliminary science examination in Medicine of the local university, and, in
addition, passes the examination in animal management and the test in riding prescribed for
in the first year's study.
Each student shall have dissected the body of the horse at least once and such other domesti -
cated animals or parts thereof as may have been directed to him by his professors.
All students shall produce at the oral and practical examinations their note books showing
a record of the work they have performed, duly initialled by the teacher concerned.
The subjects for examination, method of examination, marks allotted, and proportion or
marks required in each subject to attain the pass standard shall be as follows:—
Anatomy—
Written, two papers of 3 hours each
.
.
.
.
Practical and oral
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Histology—
Written, one paper of 3 hours
.
.
.
.
Practical and oral
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Physiology—
Written, two papers of 3 hours each
.
.
.
.
Practical and oral
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Pharmacology—
Written, one paper of 3 hours
.
.
.
.
.
Practical and oral
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Marks
200
200
100
100
200
100
100
100
Pass require-
ments
Per cent.
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
136
A student who fails in one subject only shall be allowed to appear for a supplementary
examination in that subject after a subsequent period of 3 months' study, provided that he had
attained 60 per cent. of the total number of marks in the examination and is certified by the
Principal to have pursued his study of that subject satisfactorily.
Final Examination in Veterinary Science.
This examination shall take place once a year only, at the end of the fourth year of study,
i.e., two academic years after the student has passed the intermediate examination in veterinary
science.
No student shall be eligible for examination who has attended less than three-fourths of the
lectures, practical work and demonstrations, and hospital practice prescribed in the curriculum.
All students shall produce at the practical and oral examinations their note books containing
a description of the practical work they have executed in the course of their studies, and case
records, duly initialled by the teacher concerned.
A student may present himself for examination in both or only one of the two groups of
subjects (Part I, State Veterinary Medicine, and Part II, Clinical Veterinary Practice) at one
time, but before he can be granted the diploma of the college or allowed the right to practise
as a veterinarian or enter the State Veterinary service he must produce evidence of having passed
in both groups.
Failure to pass in any of the subjects of a group will necessitate the student presenting him -
self again for an examination in all the subjects of the group after a further period of one year's
study; but, on the other hand, if a student fails to satisfy the examiners in one Part only and
passes in the other Part he may be entitled to present himself again for examination in only
that Part in which he had failed and receive the diploma if he then passes in that Part.
The subjects for examination, method of examination, marks allotted, and proportion of
marks required in each subject to attain the pass standard shall be as follows:—
Part I.—State Veterinary Medicine. Three papers of three hours each, with practical and
oral examination, to be allocated in the following general manner:—
—
One paper for subjects (a) and (b)
.
.
.
.
.
.
Practical and oral examination in above .
.
.
.
.
One paper for subjects (c), (d) and (e)
.
.
.
.
.
Practical and oral examination in above .
.
.
.
.
One paper for subjects (f) and (g)
.
.
.
.
.
.
Practical and oral examination in above .
.
.
.
.
Marks
100
100
100
100
100
100
Pass
standard
Per cent.
50
50
50
50
50
50
Part II.—Clinical Veterinary Practice. Four papers of 3 hours each, with practical and oral
examinations, to be allocated in following general manner:—
—
Two papers for subjects (a) and (d) combined .
.
.
.
Practical and oral examination in above .
.
.
.
.
One paper for subject (b)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Practical and oral examination in above .
.
.
.
.
One paper for subject (c)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Practical and oral examination in above . . . . . .
Marks
200
200
100
100
100
100
Pass
standard
Per cent.
50
50
50
50
50
50
137
The Meeting considered that the scheme of study and method of examination outlined by
them was of a sufficiently comprehensive and advanced character to justify recognition by the
local Universities as an approved degree course in science and the conference by these bodies of
a special degree in science, entitled B. Sc. (Vet.) on students who graduate in this course.
SYLLABUS.
GENERAL OUTLINES.
First Year's Study.—Preliminary Science.
In the subjects of biology, chemistry and elementary physics the scope and nature of the
studies in each subject and the number of hours allotted to lectures, demonstrations and practical
work shall be on the lines prescribed in the curricula in these subjects of the respective medical
faculties of the local Universities (Type, Bombay University Calendar, 1920-21, Vol. I, pages
195-97, 1920, Bombay Government Central Press).
Animal Management.—The general plan of work in this subject laid down in the syllabus
of the Punjab Veterinary College, Lahore, 1921, page 4 shall be adopted, having regard to the
domesticated animals of the locality. The course of study in this subject shall cover at least
100 hours of practical work and demonstrations.
2nd Year's Study.—Intermediate Veterinary Science.
The time given to instruction in various subjects for study shall be as follows:—
1. Anatomy, lectures 100 hours; practical work and demonstrations 200 hours.
2. Histology, lectures 20 hours; practical work and demonstrations 50 hours.
3. Physiology, lectures 80 hours; practical work and demonstrations 50 hours.
4. Pharmacology, lectures 50 hours; practical work and demonstrations 50 hours.
The general scope and nature of the work in each of these subjects shall be as follows:—
1. Anatomy.
(a) The special anatomy of the horse.
(b) The structure of the domesticated mammals as compared with that of the horse.
The structure of the fowl.
(c) The body of the horse must be dissected completely at least once by each student,
together with such parts of the bodies of the other domesticated animals as may be
directed.
2. Histology.
The microscope, its construction and uses. The preparation for microscopical examina-
tion of the various tissues and organs of the animal body.
The minute structure of healthy tissues.
3. Physiology.
A. Outlines of general physiology.
B. Comparative physiology of the domesticated animals.
C. Laboratory work and demonstrations to illustrate the fundamental principles of
(i) biochemistry and (ii) the properties of living tissues.
4. Pharmacology (including materia medica and pharmacy).
A. Drugs, their general pharmacological action, classification, sources from which they
are obtained, methods of preparation, and doses in which they are administered,
having special regard to the common preparations used in veterinary therapeutics.
Toxic action of drugs; antidotes.
B. Prescribing and prescription writing.
C. Practical pharmacy, the dispensing of pharmaceutical preparations, including recog-
nition of various drugs.