NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
6
Conclusion.—T. bicallosus is capable of spreading the
disease by direct transmission.
Surra transmission experiments with uninterrupted
feeds by this species will be carried out next year, if time
will permit.
2. Transmission of surra by T. virgo.—Some transmis-
sion experiments with this species of tabanus which is com-
monly met with throughout the province, have also been
carried out by uninterrupted feeds at this laboratory during
the year 1921, vide Bulletin No. 5 of 1921, Department of
Agriculture, Punjab.
Nineteen experiments, out of which three gave positive
results, were carried out with this species of Tabanidæ
during the year by interrupted feeds.
Conclusion.—This fly is also capable of spreading the
disease by direct transmission.
More experiments are required to be made with this
species of Tabanidæ by uninterrupted feeds.
3. Transmission of surra by T. hilaris.—As this
species of Tabanidæ is not obtainable from the neighbour-
hood of Sohawa in large number, seven experiments only
could be carried out with this species by interrupted feeds
and the results obtained were all negative.
More experiments are required to be made by this
species of Tabanidæ at the place where these flies are
numerous, as lot of the flies either die or become incapable
from heat of feeding on the infected animals during the
period of conveyance from one place to another.
4. Transmission experiments with T. ditaeniatus.—
This species being scarce in the vicinity of Sohawa, only three
transmission experiments by interrupted feeds could be
carried out this year, all with negative results.
5. Transmission experiments with Ctenophalus felís.—
Ten transmission experiments were carried out with this
species to confirm the seven experiments carried out by this
species at this laboratory in 1921, -vide Veterinary Bulletin
No. 5 of 1921, Department of Agriculture, Punjab, and
one positive result was obtained.
7
6. Transmission experiments with tick O. crossii.—
This species of tick is commonly met with in Murree Hills,
where it is called "Utrun ". It attacks cattle as well as
human beings, when hungry. During the cold weather it
hides itself into the cravices of the walls, and roofs of
houses, and can easily be collected in large numbers near
fire places. They are very active in summer.
It has already been recorded in Veterinary Bulletin
No. 12 of 1923, Department of Agriculture, Punjab, that
there is probably a cyclic development of the trypanosomes
within the body of this tick ; for it was infective 101 days
after feeding on infected animals, but further experiments
made so far by this tick have proved that the tick is capable
of transmitting the disease up to 205 days after the tick
has been allowed to feed on a surra-infected animal.
Further more experiments are being carried out to
ascertain :—
(a) how long the tick remains capable of spreading
the disease after it had fed on an infected animal,
and
(b) the period for which the tick can remain alive
without any food after it had been fed on an in-
fected animal.
7. Transmission experiments with tick O. lahorensis.—
This species is commonly met with in the neighbourhood of
Sohawa. Out of 19 experiments carried out this year with
this species, only one has given positive result, the interval
between infected and healthy feeds being 20 days.
Fly Survey of the Punjab.
The following areas were surveyed in connection with
fly survey of the Punjab during the fly season :—
1. Parts of Gurdaspur, Kangra and Hoshiarpore dis-
tricts.
2. Parts of Jhelum and Rawalpindi districts (north
of railway line only).
3. The whole area between the rivers Chenab and
Jhelum.
8
1. During the tour made in the parts of Gurdaspore,
Kangra and Hoshiarpore Districts, the following species of
Tabanidæ were met with :—
T. hilaris.
T. fulvimedius.
T. bicallosus.
T. virgo.
T. orientis.
T. persis.
T. albimedius.
T. striatus.
Hæmatopota sp. (?)
Lippopetena caprina.
Chrysops sp. (?)
Out of the abovementioned species of flies, only a few
experiments with three species, i.e., T. virgo, T. bicallosus,
and T. albimedius, have so far been carried out,
2. During the tour made in the Rawalpindi and
Jhelum Districts, the following species of Tabanidæ were met
with :—
T. bicallosus.
T. albimedius.
T. persis.
T. virgo.
T. orientis.
Hæmatopota sp. (?).
3. During the tour made in the area lying between the
two rivers Chenab and Jhelum the following species of
Tabanidæ were commonly met with : —
T. albimedius.
T. hilaris.
T. bicallosus.
T. virgo.
Transmission experiments with other species of Tabanidæ
are required to be made in order to find out whether they
are capable of transmitting the disease.
Several new species of Tabanidæ, and one of Chrysops,
have been obtained from the abovementioned places and
forwarded to Major W. S. Patton, for identification, whose
description will be submitted in due course after they have
been named by him.
9
General Remarks.
1. The abolition of the fly survey staff, leaving nearly
the whole province unsurveyed, is waste of money, as no
definite conclusion can be derived on this most important
subject, unless the whole province has been thoroughly sur-
veyed.
2. My thanks are due to M. Inayat Ullah, Veterinary
Assistant, Incharge Veterinary Hospital, Qilla Sheikhu-
pura, for using his personal influence in collection of surra-
infected ponies for treatment, and assistance given through-
out.
3. I must acknowledge, as well, gratefully the help
given by the Deputy Commissioner and District Board of
Qilla Sheikhupura, in collection of surra-infected ponies,
and sanctioning of two grass cutters to fetch grass for the
ponies.
4. My thanks are also due to Mr. T. F. Quirke, I.V.S.,
Chief Superintendent, Civil Veterinary Department, Punjab,
for making all these arrangements for carrying out treat-
ment of surra-infected ponies at Sheikhupura.
5. The whole staff has worked well during the year
under report. The work of Veterinary Inspector Abdulla
Khan and Laboratory Assistant Muhammad Zaman, de-
serves special mention.
6. Clerk Lala Gopal Dass has carried out his duties
very creditably and with alacrity.
Statement of expenditure incurred by the office of the
Camel Specialist, during the year 1926-24.
Sub-Head of the Budget.
Salaries and local allowances of officers
Pay of establishment
Travelling allowances of Officers
Ditto
..
Establishment
Supplies, etc. (chemical and apparatus)
Contingencies
...
Purchase and stable feed and keep of animals
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Total
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Amount.
Rs.
4,143
9,634
153
1,289
1,187
6,255
4,100
26,765
A.
5
13
9
0
13
9
14
0
P.
0
0
0
0
6
1
6
1
KAHAN SINGH, DEPUTY SUPDT., C.V.D.,
Officer Incharge of the Camel Specialist's Office.
PRINTED BY
THE SUPERINTENDET, GOVERNMENT PRINTING, PUNJAB
26 DA—200—13-9-24—SGPP Lahore.
ANNUAL REPORT
OF
CAMEL SPECIALIST,
SOHAWA.
For the year 1924-25.
Lahore:
PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRINTING, PUNJAB.
1926.
Price : Re. 0-8-0 or 8d.
ANNUAL REPORT
OF
CAMEL SPECIALIST,
SOHAWA.
For the year 1924-25.
Lahore :
PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRINTING, PUNJAB.
1926.
Revised List of Agents for the Sale of Punjab Government
Publications.
ON THE CONTINENT AND UNITED KINGDOM.
Publications obtainable either direct from the High Commissioner for
India, 42, Grosvenor Gardens, London, S. W. 1, or through any book-
seller.
IN INDIA.
MANAGER, Civil and Military Gazette Press, Lahore.
RAI SAHIB M. GULAB SINGH & SONS, Mufid-i-'Am Press, Lahore.
RAMA KRISHNA & SONS, Booksellers and News Agents, Anarkali Street,
Lahore.
MANAGER, Punjab Law Book Depôt, Anarkali Street, Lahore.
SECRETARY, Punjab Religious Book Society, Anarkali Street, Lahore.
MANAGER, Roze Bazar Steam Press, Amritsar.
The MANAGER, Imperial Book Depôt, Delhi.
THACKER, SPINK & Co., Simla.
THACKER, SPINK & Co., Calcutta.
W. NEWMAN & Co., Limited, Calcutta.
MESSRS. S. K. LAHIRI & Co., Book-sellers, Publishers and Printers,
Calcutta.
D. B. TARAPOREWALA, SONS & Co., Bombay.
HIGGINBOTHAMS, Limited, Madras.
No. 900-D.
FROM
R. H. CRUMP, ESQ., I.C.S.,
Junior Secretary to the Financial Commis¬
sioners and Deputy Secretary to Government,
Punjab, Development Department,
To
THE DIRECTOR OF AGR
PUNJAB.
Dated Lahore, the 2nd March 1926.
(Ministry of Agriculture.)
SIR,
I AM directed to acknowledge the receipt of 5 advance
copies of the Annual Report of the Camel Specialist for
the year 1924-25 forwarded with your letter No. 37/45-82,
without date.
I have the honour to be,
SIR,
Your most obedient servant,
R. H. CRUMP,
Junior Secretary to the Financial Commis-
sioners and Deputy Secretary to Government
Punjab, Development Department.
113 FC—208—3-6-26 SGFP Lahore.
No. 11—45-82.
FROM
D. MILNE, ESQ., B.SC. (AGRI.), I.A.S.,
Director of Agriculture, Punjab,
To
THE FINANCIAL COMMISSIONER AND
SECRETARY TO GOVERNMENT,
PUNJAB, DEVELOPMENT
DEPARTMENT.
Dated Simla, the 15th September 1925.
SUBJECT :—Annual Report of the Camel Specialist, Sohawa,
for the year ending 31st March 1925.
SIR,
I HAVE the honour to forward herewith the Annual
Report of the Officer in charge of the Camel Specialist's
Laboratory for the year ending 31st March 1925.
2. I regret to state that Mr. Cross, Camel Specialist,
formerly in charge of the Laboratory, has finally retired on
proportionate pension. He had the true scientific attitude
of mind, and the training and ability to discover nature's
secrets. Such men are rare and are of great value to the
country. As stated last year, he has conferred a benefit of
great magnitude on the province by his discovery of the Tartar
Emetic cure for surra ; by his discoveries that the parasite is
transmitted by ticks ; that buffaloes and goats are immune
reservoirs, etc., etc., and by the wide field of work which he
has opened up on surra and many other diseases of farm
animals in this province. Our difficulty now is to find a
suitable man to continue his work. At any time this would
have been extremely difficult, and with the conditions of
services for new comers in the melting pot the task is very
much harder. Meantime S. Kahan Singh, Veterinary In-
spector, is in charge of the Laboratory and has been carrying
on the work.
2
3. The experiments carried out with the intravenous
Tartar Emetic treatment on surra in camels at Sohawa con-
firm the results obtained heretofore. Seventy-five camels
belonging to the Military Department were submitted to the
treatment, and of these 6 died during the experiment, 2 had to
be destroyed for other causes, and 6 were reported to have re-
lapsed after their return to the Military Department. This
leaves 61 recoveries and is a very striking achievement in com-
bating a disease quite incurable before the Tartar Emetic
treatment was discovered by Mr. Cross.
4. Ninety-six natural cases of surra among equines were
also treated by Tartar Emetic given intravenously. The
results obtained give hopes of success, but losses were heavy
where owners did not provide sufficient rations for the patients
while under treatment, and the housing was unsuitable. There
was difficulty also in securing early cases.
5. Two ponies and four camels were experimented on
with Bayer 205, as a cure for surra.
Both ponies and two
camels are reported to be cured ; the other two camels are
reported to have relapsed, i.e., of the 6 animals treated 67
per cent. were cured. This is encouraging.
Experiments with other drugs are also being made.
6. Some investigations into the incidence of surra on
cows, buffaloes and camels were made. A total of 1,347
animals were examined in Gujranwala, Sialkot, Gurdaspur
and Amritsar districts, and 16 camels only showed in their
peripheral blood system the Trypanosome which causes the
disease. The Trypanosome only come into the peripheral
blood system of infected animals periodically however, and
S. Kahan Singh considers that if the blood of these animals
had been examined regularly for several days, a large number
would have been found infected and acting as reservoirs of
the disease.
7. At Qilla Sheikhupura 139 ponies and 8 camels, sus-
pected of the disease, were examined and found to be
infected.
An examination was made of a large number of animals
in Chaks near Bhalwal in Shahpur District, where surra is bad
each year in the fly season, but Trypanosomes were not found
in the blood of a single animal. On inoculation however of
3
the blood of five buffaloes which were in an emaciated con-
dition, into white rats, 2 of the rats showed Trypanosomes in
their blood six days after inoculation.
8. Experiments on the transmission of the disease by
ticks and tabanidæ flies were also carried out. Detailed
reports of the results are promised by the Officer in charge for
publication.
9. Funds have been placed at the disposal of the Public
Works Department to remove defects in the camel dispensary
at Sohawa. When this is done the treatment of Mange in
camels, and other diseases will be greatly facilitated.
10. Proposals have been sent up to Government for the
revival of the fly survey which was started in April 1921,
and had to be closed down in November 1923, for want of
funds. The fly survey as explained in my last year's report
has thrown a great deal of light on the incidence of surra and
other diseases of domestic animals and it is earnestly hoped
that funds for this important work will be granted.
11. Special thanks are due to Khan Bahadur Malik
Zaman Mehdi Khan, Deputy Commissioner, Sheikhupura, for
the assistance he has so kindly given to the Department in
carrying on the surra work. Thanks are also due to S. Kahan
Singh, Deputy Superintendent, and to the other staff there for
the carrying on the work of the Laboratory.
I have the honour to be,
SIR,
Your most obedient servant,
D. MILNE,
Director of Agriculture, Punjab.
Annual Report of Camel Specialist,
Sohawa, for the year 1924-25.
I HELD charge as officer-in-charge of the office of
the Camel Specialist, Sohawa, throughout the year.
I regret to report the death of Laboratory Assistant
M. Muhammad Zaman on the 6th February 1925.
Lala Sita Ram was appointed as temporary Laboratory
Assistant in the vacancy caused by the death of M. Muham-
mad Zaman.
Four hundred and eighty-six animals, belonging to private
owners, were treated for various diseases, during the year
under report.
I travelled 5,686 miles by rail.
I.—Course of Training.
The following veterinary assistants of the Civil Veterinary
Department, Punjab, and the Army Remount Department,
were deputed for training in the diagnosis and treatment of
surra during the year under report:—
(1) M. Sultan Mahmud.
(2) Bh. Lal Singh.
(3) Lala Hari Chand.
(4) Lala Uttam Chand.
(5) M.Abdul Aziz.
The last named—M. Abdul Aziz—came from the Army
Remount Department.
II.—Treatment of Surra in Camels.
Eighty camels (75 of the Military Department, and 5 be-
longing to private owners), were submitted to the treatment
for surra by Cross' Method, during the year under report as
follows—
at Sohawa ..
75
belonging to Military Depart-
ment.
at Qilla Shoikhupura 3
at Montgomery
2
belonging to private owners.
2
Out of the 75 camels, treated for surra at Sohawa, 6
died during the treatment, 2 destroyed for other causes,
and 6 were reported to have relapsed after their return to
the Military Department.
III.—Experiments on the treatment of Surra in Equines.
As noted in the last year's report, Tartar Emetic,
given intravenously, on alternate days for a period of 6
weeks, gave hopes of success in the treatment of surra in
equines, 96, again this year, cases of natural surra were sub-
jected to this treatment—all belonging to private owners,
details of which are as follows :—
Name of centre.
Qilla Sheikhupura
Bhera (Shahpore)
Muridke (Sheikhupura)
Sohawa (Jhelum)
Total
Ponies.
32
30
21
3
86
Donkeys.
8
..
..
..
8
Mules.
2
..
..
..
2
Total.
42
30
21
3
96
Summary of Results :—
(1) Out of the 42 cases, which underwent treatment
at the Veterinary Hospital, Qilla Sheikhupura,
27 (ponies 19, donkeys 7 and mule 1) are still
alive and in good condition.
(2) Out of the 30 ponies, which underwent treatment
at Bhera, 15 are still alive and in good condi-
tion.
(3) Out of the 21 ponies, which underwent treatment
at the Veterinary Hospital, Muridke, District
Sheikhupura, 5 are still alive—4 in good condition
and 1 fair.
(4) Out of the 3 ponies of the Military Department,
subjected to treatment at Sohawa Laboratory,
2 are still alive—1 in good condition and the other
fair.
3
Like last year the staff had to face considerable diffi-
culties in the carrying out of the treatment. The conditions
for the carrying out of the treatment were on the whole
satisfactory at the Sheikhupura and Bhera centres. At
Muridke, however, the lack of suitable housing accommodation
and the insufficient rations, provided by the owners to their
animals, whilst under treatment, militated against the success
of the treatment. In all three centres very great difficulty
was experienced in securing early cases for treatment, and
owners were generally careless in providing suitable feeding
for their animals.
In order to secure decisive results as to the efficacy of
this treatment in future, the following conditions must be
secured:—
(1) Funds must be made available to enable full
rations to be provided for animals whilst under
treatment.
(2) Suitable housing accommodation to be provided.
(3) As far as possible early cases should be subjected
to treatment.
(4) Sufficient staff to supervise the feeding, watering,
and general comfort of the animals, whilst under
treatment.
A detailed report on the experiments made in this line
of treatment will be submitted in due course.
IV.—Experiments on the treatment of Surra in Camels
and Equines by Bayer 205.
With a view to finding a treatment of surra simpler
as well as shorter, than that already discovered by this
Laboratory, namely, for Camel Surra, repeated injections
of Tartar Emetic—(vide Veterinary Bulletin No. 2 of 1920,
Department of Agriculture, Punjab), the drug Bayer 205,
was selected for trial.
As the drug could not be purchased in the open market,
the Manufacturers "Messrs. Frieder Bayer and Co," kindly
supplied a small quantity of the drug for trial, with which 6
experiments were made, summary of which is noted here-
with.
4
Summary of the experiments made by intravenous injection of Bayer 205, on Surra-affected animals.
No. of experiments.
1
2
3
4
5
6
ANIMAL USED IN
THE EXPERIMENTS
Kind.
Camel ..
Camel ..
Camel ..
Camel ..
Pony ..
Pony ...
Age.
Years.
5
11
10
11
7
4
CONDITION OF ANI-
MAL USED IN THE
EXPERIMENT.
Before
treatment.
Poor ..
Poor ..
Poor ..
Poor ..
Poor ...
Poor ..
After
treatment.
Good ..
Good ..
Good ..
Fair ..
Good ..
Good ..
Total amount of
Bayer 205 given.
Grammes.
14
20
12
12
12
12
No. of injections
made.
4
4
4
4
6
6
No. of days the ani-
mal remained un-
der treatment.
31
31
31
22
36
36
Small animal, in-
oculated from the
blood of a Surra¬
treated
animal
after the treat-
ment was finished.
...
Dog ..
White rat ..
Dog ..
White rat ..
Dog ..
G. Pig ..
Dog ..
White rat ..
...
White rat ..
Dog ..
White rat ..
White rat ..
No. of days the
small animal re-
mained
under
daily blood exa-
mination.
...
30
30
30
30
37
37
30
30
...
31
30
31
30
RESULT.
+ Positive. Relapsed on
44th day.
— Negative.
— „
— „
— „
— „
— „
— „
+ Positive. Relapsed on
22nd day.
— Negative.
—— „
—— „
Number of experiments made
Number of animal cured
Number of animals relapsed
Percentage cured
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
(N.B.).—All the animals, used in the above-mentioned experi¬
ment, were suffering from natural surra.
...
...
...
...
= 6
= 4
= 2
= 67
5
It will be noted that the results obtained from the six
experiments made with this drug in the treatment of surra,
are decidedly encouraging. For more decisive results, it is
intended to make further experiments with this drug on
natural surra cases, next year, if the drug is procurable.
Conclusions : —
(1) From these experiments, one may fairly conclude,
that camels Nos. 2 and 3, and ponies Nos. 5 and 6,
were cured.
(2) The animals improved rapidly in condition, both
during as well after treatment, during the period
of observation.
V.—Experiments on treatment of Surra with tryparsa¬
mide Tartar Emetic and Bismuth Salt in Gum
Solution.
These drugs were supplied by the Director, Imperial
Institute of Veterinary Research, Muktesar, for trial on as
large a number of surra cases as possible, in accordance with
his instructions.
The treatment was divided into two groups :—
(1) In artificial cases of surra.
(2) In natural cases of surra.
Group No. 1.—Three mules of this laboratory, inoculated
with the blood of a surra-infected camel, were included in this
group—one mule to each of the 3 following systems of treat-
ment suggested :—
System No. 1.—A mule, aged 16 years, condition fair,
and weight 430 lbs. was subjected to the following system of
treatment:—
1st day 100 c. c. of 10 per cent. solution of Tryparsamide,
intravenously.
2nd day 22 c. c. of M-10 solution of Tartar Emetic, intravenously.
3rd day 387 c. c. of 2.5 per cent. Bismuth Phosphoricum in 7.5
per cent. gum emulsion, intravenously.
14th day 100 c. c. of 10 per cent. solution of Tryparsamide,
intravenously.
15th day 22 c. c. of M-10 solution of Tartar Emetic, intraven-
ously.
16th day 387 c. c. of 2.5 per cent. Bismuth Phosphoricum in
7.5 per cent. gum emulsion, intravenously.
6
27th day 100 c. c. of 10 per cent. solution of Tryparsamide,
intravenously.
28th day 22 c. c. of M-10 solution of Tartar Emetic, intraven-
ously.
29th day 387 c. c. of 2.5 per cent. Bismuth Phosphoricum in 7.5
per cent. gum emulsion, intravenously.
Result of system No. 1.—The mule relapsed 23 days
after the course of the treatment was finished.
System No. 2.—A mule, aged 15 years, condition good,
weight 410 lbs., was selected for the following system of
treatment:—
1st day 100 c. c. of 10 per cent. solution of Tryparsamide, in-
travenously.
2nd day 20.5 c. c. of M-10 solution of Tartar Emetic, intra-
venously.
7th day 100 c. c. of 10 per cent. solution of Tryparsamide, intra-
venously.
9th day 369 c. c. of 2.5 per cent. Bismuth Phosphoricum in 7.5
per cent. gum emulsion, intravenously.
16th day 20.5 c. c. of M-10 solution of Tartar Emetic, intraven-
ously.
17th day 369 c. c. of 2.5 per cent. Bismuth Phosphoricum in
7.5 per cent. gum emulsion, intravenously.
22nd day 100 c. c. of 10 per cent. solution of Tryparsamide, in-
travenously.
23rd day 20. 5 c. c. of M-10 solution of Tartar Emetic, intraven-
ously.
29th day 100 c. c. of 10 percent. solution of Tryparsamide, in-
travenously.
31st day 369 c. c. of 2.5 per cent. Bismuth Phosphoricum in 7.5
per cent. gum emulsion, intravenously.
37th day 20.5 c. c. of M-10 solution of Tartar Emetic, intraven-
ously.
39th day 369 c. c. of 2.5 per cent. Bismuth Phosphoricum in
7.5 per cent. gum emulsion, intravenously.
Result of system No. 2 :—
(1) The mule did not show trypanosomes in its peri-
pheral circulation for 105 days after its treat-
ment was finished, when the mule was destroyed
for debility.
(2) The mule lost condition, and was very debilitated
at the conclusion of the experiment.