NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
< i l l e g i b l e >
L i t h o . , S . I . O . , C a l c u t t a .
PLATE IIIa.
GELATINE TUBE-CULTURES OF CHOLERAIC COMMA-BACILLI
—
Series 1.
Heinrich's "gold label" gelatine; 10%; 72 hours,
Dec. 1890.
" 2 .
" " " "
"
Dec. 1891.
" 3 .
Nelson's "photographic" gelatine; "
7 days,
Jan. 1892.
" 4.
Heinrich's "gold label" gelatine; "
8 days,
Dec. 1892.
" 5.
" " " "
9 days,
Dec. 1892.
" 6&7* Nelson's "photographic" gelatine; "
48 hours;6 days, Nov. 1892.
" 8
" " " "
6 days,
Jan. 1893.
* The same cultures at different dates.
Litho.,S.I.o.,Calcutta.
PLATE IIIb.
GELATINE TUBE-CULTURES OF NINE CHOLERAIC COMMA-BACILLI—
Heinrich's "gold label" gelatine; 10%; 7 days, Dec. 1892.
Reg. No. 4 5 4 . Sa n Co m. , <i l l e g i b l e >—Oc t . 9 3 . —3 5 0 .
L i t h o . < i l l e g i b l e >
Description of Plate.
Fig. 1. Species a grown on neutralised
Aga agar medium.
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Fig. 8, a, b—Growth of form ι on potatoes.
Fig. 9, a, b—
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λ „
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Fig. 10, a, b— „
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Fig. 11, a, b— ,,
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CHARACTERS OF CERTAIN CHOLERAIC COMMA-BACILLI WHEN CULTIVATED IN NEUTIRALISED
AND ACID AGAR-AGAR MEDIA, AND ON POTATOES.
Reg. No. 511, San Comr. I—Sept. 93.—350.
Litho S. I. O., Calcutta.
Description of Two New Species of cinchona.
BY
GEORGE KING, M.B,, F.R.S, C.I.E.,
BRIGADE-SURGEON-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL; SUPERINTENDENT OF THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN,
CALCUTTA.
It is now thirty-three years since the cultivation of the medicinal species of
Cinchona was begun by the Government of Bengal in Sikkim. During these
years, seeds purporting to be those of C. officinalis, L., C. succirubra, Pay., C.
Calisaya, Wedd., C. micrantha, Ruiz and Pavon, and C. pahudiana, How., have
been received from various sources, and have been sown in the Government
plantation. Amongst the seedlings raised from these seeds, many forms have
appeared, which it has been impossible to refer to any of the five species just
mentioned, or indeed to any other described species. Most of these forms have,
however, proved about as inconstant and as perplexing as those of the European
species of Hieracium or Rubus. Early attempts to limit and arrange them
having proved eminently unsatisfactory, the habit (perhaps rather a lazy one)
arose of calling everything that did not manifestly belong to any described
species a " hybrid." Amongst these so-called hybrids there are two which,
from the constancy and individuality of their characters, appear to me to
deserve specific rank. Their characters do not fit the diagnosis of any described
species, and I now therefore venture to describe them as new. For the
drawings of the dissections of the flowers, I am indebted to Mr. R. Pantling, of
the Cinchona Plantation.
Cinchona Gammiana, nov. spec.—A slender tree from 25 to 30 feet high,
with very short drooping branches ; the young shoots slightly puberulous.
Leaves with rather long petioles, elliptic, entire, the apex acute, the base
slightly narrowed but never acute. Both surfaces glabrous except the mid-rib
and nerves which, on the lower, are minutely pubescent ; main nerves 7 or 8 pairs,
minutely scrobiculate at their junction with the mid-rib. .Panicles cymose,
compact, leafy, puberulous, from 10 to 12 inches in diameter. Ultimate cymes
3 to 5-flowered, minutely bracteolate. Calyx minutely adpressed-puberulous,
adherent to the ovary for four-fifths of its length, the upper fifth forming a cup
with five small irregular teeth embracing only the base of the corolla. Tube of
corolla narrowly cylindric, puberulous externally, glabrous internally ; the limb
with five linear, sub-acute, spreading, reflexed teeth ; their edges with rather
numerous sub-glandular white ciliæ Capsule narrowly oblong, sub-falcate, the
Medical Officers of the Army of India.
61
from seeds sent from South America as those of C. officinalis. I believe this to be a
t r u e s p e c i e s , a n d I h a v e n a me d i t a s s u c h . I t h a s h a i r i e r l e a v e s t h a n a n y o t h e r o f t h e
forms of Cinchona cultivated in British India except two, viz. C. Pahudiana, How., and
a form of which Mr. D. Morris sent seeds from Jamaica. Some of the varieties of C. succi-
rubra come next as regards the amount of hair. But nothing of the officinalis, Calisaya,
or micrantha type approaches it in this respect. The analysis of the stem bark of young
trees of this species is as follows :—
Cryst, sulph. quinine .
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
. 1.48
Do. do. cinchonidine .
.
. .
.
.
. .
. 2.85
Cinchonine alkaloid
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. 0.57
For a long time this was known on the plantation as " Hybrid No. 2." I now asso-
ciate it as a species with the name of the late distinguished Botanist, Dr. G. H. K.
Thwaites, F.R.S., for many years Director of the Royal Botanic Garden in Ceylon, who
introduced the plant into that colony, and from whom seeds of it were first received in
Sikkim.
PLATE II.—Cinchona Thwaitesii, King.—I, leaf twig; 2, part of a panicle; 3, bud and flower :
4, ripe capsule; 5, vertical section of ripe capsule : of natural size ; 6, corolla ; 7, vertical section of corolla ;
8, ovary, style and stigma; magnified three times ; 9 , s t i g ma ; 1 0 a n d 1 1 , f r o n t a n d b a c k v i e ws o f a n t h e r ;
magnified twelve times.
PLATE I.
D r a w n b y D . N . C h o w d h u r y ; t h e
analyses by
P a n t l i n g .
CINCHONA GAMMIANA, King.
Lith: by A. D. Molla.
PLATE
II.
Dr a wn b y A. L . S i n g h ; t h e
analyses by
<illegible> Pantling.
CINCHONA THWAITESII, King.
Lith. by A. D. Molla.
Remarks on the Morphology of the Lumbar, Sacral, and Caudal
Regions of the Panjabi.
BY
R. HAVELOCK CHARLES, M.D., M.CH., F.R.C.S.,I., F.Z.S.,
SURGEON-CAPTAIN, BENGAL MEDICAL SERVICE; PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY, MEDICAL COLLEGE, LAHORE;
SURGEON, MAYO HOSPITAL, LAHORE; FELLOW OF THE PANJAB UNIVERSITY.
The following remarks are founded on the examination of material received
in the Anatomical Department of the Lahore Medical College. The " subjects "
come, as in Europe, from the poor or friendless. Amongst these one meets
with very many different types. In fact they are flotsam and jetsam, consisting
of fragments derived from several races and castes, from the aboriginal or black
variety to the individual of so-called Aryan descent.
The Lumbar Vertebrae of the Panjabi.
The lumbar region presents certain characteristics distinguishing it from
the ordinary European type. For sake of convenience I shall note these
serially
(1) As to the relation of the anterior and posterior vertical diameters of the
vertebræ.
(2) As to the size and thickness of the intervertebral discs.
(3) As to the prevalence of a straight or very slightly convex lumbar curve.
(4) As to the large size of the accessory processes especially, in the 5th
vertebra.
(5) An imperfection in development.
1 .
T h e v e r t i c a l a n t e r i o r a n d p o s t e r i o r d i a m e t e r s .—
I n u p w a r d s o f 7 5 p e r
cent. of adult bones, the bodies are thicker behind than in front. In children
the diameters are almost equal. When there is any difference it is generally
in favour of the anterior measurement ; but, as age advances, the posterior
altitude increases more than the anterior, till, in the adult bone, it is ordinarily
greatest, and, in the aged, the disparity is very pronounced. The younger the
skeleton the less is the variance between the front and back measurements.
Why is this ? Most probably, as Sir William Turner has pointed out, it is
due to peculiarity in habits and customs. Here, in the East, where a great part
64
Scientific Memoirs by
of life is passed in the squatting or sartorial postures, the growing bones would
be acted on by pressure being greatest in front, as flexion of the lumbar region
is more commonly practised than extension, and amounts to a greater degree
than can with comfort be exercised by a European.
Power of flexion is increased by the vertebræ being thin in front, whilst
correlative changes occur in the cartilages, the discs being thick anteriorly.
These anatomical points are to be seen in the Panjabi skeleton.
Sir William Turner says (Report on Human Skeletons) :—" I measured the
lumbar vertebræ in twelve adult European spinal columns, the great majority of
which were males, and found that the vertical diameter of the anterior surface
of the bodies of the five vertebræ in each spine was collectively greater than
the vertical diameter of the posterior surface in the same spine. The maximum
difference between the collective depth of these surfaces in the series of five
vertebræ was 11 mm. in one skeleton, and the minimum difference was 1 mm.
in another."
In the tables, Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4, will be seen the results obtained by me
from observations on thirty-five sets of Panjabi lumbar vertebræ. Twenty-eight
sets were disarticulated. Seven sets had never been separated and six of
these were recent specimens—the intervertebral discs being quite fresh. In the
last series (Nos. XXIX-XXXV) having sawed through the pedicles, I was
enabled to measure the posterior surface of the bodies and cartilages with ease
and accuracy.
In only seven out of twenty-eight sets of adult vertebra were either the
anterior and posterior vertical diameters equal, or was the anterior in excess. (5
mm. was the greatest excess found). In twenty-one sets out of twenty-eight the
back measurements exceeded the front, by as much as, in one instance, 19 mm.,
but generally the difference was 8 mm. The mean collective depth of the
lumbar region in these twenty-eight adult spines was 113.8 mm. for the anterior
and 118.3 mm. for the posterior surface. The mean difference in favour of the
posterior surface was thus 4.5 mm. The results of Sir William Turner give, for
European bones, a variance of 5.6 mm. in favour of the anterior surface. Here
is a very considerable racial difference.
In all European skeletons the 5th lumbar vertebra is deeper in front than
behind. In the Panjabi skeletons, the subject of this paper, the 5th lumbar
was thicker posteriorly than anteriorly in seven, and the diameters were equal in
two. The anterior measurement in eighteen out of the twenty-eight exceeded
the posterior. Hence for a Panjabi bone the ordinary classical description that
the body of a 5th lumbar is thicker in front than behind does not always apply.
In the 1st lumbar without exception (save two where the diameters were
equal) the anterior measurement was less than the posterior.
In the 3rd lumbar, as a rule, the front diameter was less than the hind,
rarely was it equal (6 in 28) and most exceptionally (1 in 28) was it less. The
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Scientific Memoirs by
discs are in front, but one is led to conclude that the difference is inconsiderable
save in the last cartilage. What a contrast do the intervertebral cartilages of
the Panjabi lumbar region furnish ! The anterior diameter is almost 1.6 times
greater than the posterior and the lumbo-sacral disc may be as much as 3.4
times thicker in front than behind. In No. XXIX the total anterior diameter
was 60mm. , the posterior being 28mm.. Thus, there is a variance in favour of the
front measurement of 32mm.. Sir William Turner has pointed out that the
" discs may perhaps be so adjusted in the black races as to be collectively
thicker in front than behind in the lumbar region, and thus to compensate for the
want of development in depth of the anterior surface of the vertebral bodies." The
table just quoted makes what Sir William Turner stated was perhaps the case
a certainty, and shows the variance of the two diameters to be very considerable
indeed. Table No. 4 gives the relative and absolute measurements of the discs,
and these can be compared with the data furnished for the centra. The average
total anterior diameter of the discs is 56.4mm., of the posterior 33.7 mm. . There
is thus a difference in favour of the anterior diameter of 12.7 mm.. Of the centra
the mean total anterior diameter measured 113.8 mm. and the mean posterior
11 8.3mm., giving 4.5 mm in favour of the posterior observation. There is thus a
much greater difference in the measurements of the discs than of the centra, and
the lumbar curve will be hence more influenced by the thickness and form
of the cartilages than of the bodies. Looking at the lumbar region from the
front, the thin body and the thick cartilage will both be conducive to a power of
overflexion in this region, and, in the Panjabi, the squatting habits conduce to
the modification of the bones and intervertebral discs in the small of the back,
as well as to certain changes in the knee, hip and ankle joints which I have
demonstrated in another paper. A comparison of the data furnished will, I
think, show that the discs make up a greater portion relatively of the lumbar
region in the Panjabi than in the European, and that may be they are also abso-
lutely thicker, though the Panjabi is probably a shorter and a lighter man than
the average European, The nucleus pulposus of the disc is always large and
well marked.
3. As to the prevalence of a straight or very slightly convex lumbar
curve.— It is evident that the aforementioned peculiarities of the vertical
diameters of the centra and discs of the lumbar region in the Panjabi will cause
a difference in the lumbar curve from that of the European.
I have taken tracings of the curve from the vertebral columns of Nos.
XXIX-XXXV in Table No. 4, and these are represented by the diagrams
(Table A) accompanying this paper. The number above each curve tracing
corresponds to the serial number in Table No. 4.
The general lumbar indices of the centra were 114, io6, 106, 108, 115, 101,
96. These would place the first five into the Koilorachic category of Sir William
Turner, that is, the curve should be concave forwards. The last but one would
Medical Officers of the Army of India.
67
be Orthorachic or straight, and the last (a female) would be Kurtorachic or
convex anteriorly.
The average general lumbar index for the twenty-eight adult Panjabis is
103.8. By way of comparison I quote the following from Sir William Turner's
" Report on the Bones of the Human Skeleton," page 67 :—
12 Europeans. 5 Australians. 2 Andaman Islanders. 3 Negroes. 3 Sandwich
Islanders.
Mean general lumbar
index .
. .
96
106
99
9 9
104
The average general lumbar index of the seven vertebral columns (Table
No. 4) whose curves (delineated in Table A) were taken with the cartilages
in the recent condition, was 106.8, which is higher than that of the Australian
quoted above.
No. XXXV is interesting, as this Panjabi female has a more convex lumbar
region than any of her countrymen, just as European females have the lumbar
spine more convex forwards than European males. The gravid state is the
probable explanation of the convex condition of the lumbar curve in women,
whether of the light, or, as in this case, of the dark races. The man who carries
the big drum holds back his shoulders and curves the small of his back ;—a
woman with a pregnant uterus is also carrying a weight in front and accommo-
dates her spine so that the centre of gravity should fall in the most advantageous
position whilst in the upright posture. A glance at No. XXXV in Table 4 will
show that in this female alone are the anterior diameters of the vertebræ (2nd,
4th and 5th) equal or greater than the posterior.
The great comparative thickness of the anterior margin of the disc serves
to counterbalance the thinness of the front diameter of the centrum, and gives
a straight curve to a column which would possess a concave one in case this
depended solely on the configuration of the bodies of the lumbar vertebræ.
The influence exercised by the discs on the production of an orthorachic or a
kurtorachic curve from what would without them be a koilorachic one is consider-
able, as is also the degree in which they facilitate anterior flexion in this region.
4. As to the large size of the accessory processes of the 5th lumbar ver-
tebra. —A very common peculiarity of the lower lumbar vertebræ in the
Panjabi is the presence of large accessory processes. This is specially so in the
5th vertebra, where the mammillary processes, though marked, are not very large,
but the costal and accessory processes form a mass of considerable strength,
bifid at the extremity. This is well seen in photo. No. 10. The lower promi-
nences (accessory p's) may articulate with the trans. p. of the first sacral
vertebra—a peculiarity which can occur on one or both sides, or the lumbar
sacral ligaments may simply be enormously enlarged instead of being represent-
ed by capsules surrounding articular facets. To this I shall again refer in
speaking of the sacrum. The costal processes are well developed for the
attachment of the strong ilio-lumbar ligaments which bind the 5th lumbar to
the ilia.
K 2
68
Scientific Memoirs by
5. An imperfection in development. —Photo. No. 9 figures an interesting
abnormality in the development of the vertebra. I have several specimens
showing like departures from the ordinary accepted rules of growth. In the
bone figured the neural arch is interrupted by sutures at the points of junction
of the laminæ with the pedicles. The posterior portion consists of the spine, two
laminæ and inferior articular processes, and it is united to an anterior part,
consisting of the pedicles on either side with the superior articular processes.
This resembles the description given by Sir William Turner of the Lumbar
Vertebræ of the Esquimaux and Bushman on page 64 of his " Report on
Human Skeletons." He says it is "very probable that the 5th lumbar vertebra
may normally develop on a different plan from that of the other lumbars so as
to permit of such a separation of the laminar part of the arch " as I have noted
above.
The Panjabi Sacrum.
I have noted in Table No. 5 the measurements of forty-seven Panjabi sacra,
and have calculated therefrom the sacral indices. The table shows also the
number of vertebræ in each sacrum. Seven were female bones. In forty-one
sacra there were 5 vertebræ in each, In two there were 6 vertebræ (Photos. 7
and 8) and four specimens had only four vertebræ each. 34% of the total number
were dolichohieric. Of these none were female bones. The lowest index was
77.3 (No. 21) and the highest was 124 (No. 40). This bone, though, had only
four vertebræ ; excluding it, No. 38 (F) had an index of 121. The average for
forty male sacra is 99.8, and for the seven female sacra it is 108.4, that is, the
average Panjabi sacrum is dolichohieric.
Certain of them have low indices, whilst others are fairly high. The speci-
mens are from various castes as might be expected from the very considerable
differences shown. The great variety met with here in the proportion of the
breadth to the length of the sacrum, did I not know from other sources,
would lead me to suspect that the supply of subjects for the Anatomical Depart-
ment of this college comes from the several races inhabiting the Panjab, and
proves that the "submerged tenth" of the Land of the Five Rivers contains frag-
ments broken off from peoples very different in descent from the general mass of
the outcaste tribes that, as a rule, supply our material, and who, are, it may be,
more useful post mortem than during life !
The curve on the anterior surface, shown in the tracings (diagrams in
Table B) taken from typical sacra, varied considerably as it does amongst Euro-
pean bones. In some it is practically straight ; or straight down and then
abruptly forwards, or gradually forwards (45 and 46) ; very gradual throughout
(28) ; or gradual throughout but deep at the fundus of the curve (29). The
curve may begin at the disc between the 1st and 2nd vertibræ, or at the 2nd or
the 3rd, or even at the 4th.
Medical Officers of Me Army of India.
69
The margins of the bodies on the anterior surface were in some cases very
prominent, in others quite flat. In one instance (No. 11) the centrum of the
2nd sacral was larger than that of the 1st vertebra.
The ossification of the neural arches varied. In twenty-six sacra the canal
was bounded fully to the 4th centrum. In ten sacra the laminæ were only com-
plete as far as the 3rd body. In four specimens the sacral canal was completely
closed to the 5th vertebra, so that the laminæ of the 5th sacral vertebra were
fully and entirely developed, meeting in the middle line in a small tubercular
spinous process. In one sacrum (No. 9) the laminæ of the 1st vertebra were
incomplete, though below this level the posterior arches of the remaining verte-
bræ were normal.
The auricular surface is described (Professor Macalister, F.R.S., "Text
Book of Human Anatomy") as being formed in European bones by three verte-
brae ( Sacrum Nécessaire ). In the Panjabi there is a difference. In ten sacra
(Nos. 4, 8, 10, 11, 13, 27, 33, 37, 7, 42) the auricular surface is formed by three
vertebræ—1st, 2nd and 3rd, or two and a portion of a third. But in 37 sacra
(78.7 %) only two vertebr—1st and 2nd—entered into articulation with the auri-
cular surface of the ossa innominata! In these 37 sacra therefore according to
Professor Macalister it is only one (2nd) of the two "real" sacral vertebræ that
articulate with the ilium (the 1st being a 6th lumbar). M. Broca thinks that all
the vertebræ that articulate at the side with the innominate auricular surface are
true sacral vertebrae, but in the case of a lumbo-sacral vertebra (Photo. No. 7),
where it articulates by its costal and accessory processes of one side with the
ilium, and has these same processes free on the opposite side, this would not
hold. According to M. Broca the Punjabi sacrum (37 specimens) would con-
sist of two vertebræ, the pseudo-vertebrae being increased by one.
The elevations on the Alae—costal and transverse processes—are very
well marked, larger than in the European type. Different degrees are met with
in the relations between the accessory processes of the 5th lumbar and the
alae of the sacrum.
a. Ligaments very strong. Processes usual Panjabi size.
b. Ligaments very strong, but short accessory process prolonged down,
elevation on ala prolonged up.
c. Accessory process of 5th lumbar meets ala and articulates by a
small facet (this may be on one or both sides—Photographs 1, 2, 3
and 4).
d. Accessory processes of 5th lumbar meet alae and articulate by large
facets with strong capsular ligaments (Photos 5, 6). Ossification
of these joints with some other changes would turn the 5th lum-
bar vertebra into a 1st sacral. This process may really occur on
one side only (Quain's Anatomy, Vol. II, Part I, page 22, fig. II),
so that looking at the specimen (Photo. 7)from the right side the