NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
CAMEL SPECIALIST
For the year 1919-20.
Lahore:
PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRINTING, PUNJAB.
1920.
No. 4007-S. (Rev. & Agri.-Agri.).
FROM
THE HON'BLE MR. E. JOSEPH, I.C.S.,
Revenue Secretary to Government, Punjab,
To
THE SECRETARY TO THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA-
(1) DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE AND AGRICUL-
TURE. (2) ARMY DEPARTMENT.
Dated Simla, the 12th August 1920.
Revenue & Agriculture.
Agriculture.
SIR,
I AM directed to forward, for the information of the
Government of India, the Annual Report of the Camel
Specialist for the year 1919-1920.
I have the honour to be,
SIR,
Your most obedient servant,
E. JOSEPH,
Revenue Secretary to Government, Punjab
17 D A—139—25-10-20-SGPP Lahore
No. 5/45-72.
FROM
S. M. JACOB, ESQUIRE, I.C.S.,
Offg. Director of Agriculture, Punjab,
To
THE REVENUE SECRETARY TO GOVERN-
MENT, PUNJAB.
Dated Lahore, the 26th July 1920.
SIR,
I HAVE the honour to forward the report of the Camel
Specialist, Sohawa, for the year 1919-20, the Laboratory
having been restored to this Department on 1st September
1919. Captain Meadows was in charge of the Laboratory at
the time, but unfortunately met his death by drowning a
few weeks later. Captain Cross took over charge on his
return from leave.
2. Captain Cross' report is of great interest. His
remarks on the treatment of surra seem to suggest that the
efficacy of tartar emetic in curing camel surra, in a
majority of cases, has yet to be established. The experi-
ments reported in Pusa Bulletin 95 are being followed up
by Captain Cross.
The virulence of the surra trypanosome is shown by
the experiments on ponies, dogs, sheep, rabbits and guinea
pigs all of which succumb to the disease on artificial
inoculation. Buffaloes and goats are shown to be immune
carriers.
3. The equilibrium of host and parasite is most danger-
ous, as it necessarily involves the survival of the parasite,
whereas the annihilation of the host does not. When data
have been collected showing what the rates of sickness,
infectedness, and exchange between the various hosts are, an
2
analysis by Major McKendricks' methods, would be invalu-
able to show the utility of any particular preventive
measures, such, for example, as the killing of tabanidæ.
4. The Military authorities will doubtless be aware
of the possible shortage of camels referred to by Captain
Cross under the head " Breeding."
5. Captain Cross is an enthusiastic and able officer,
and under his control the Laboratory is of great value both
to the Civil and Military authorities.
I have the honour to be,
SIR,
Your most obedient servant,
S. M. JACOB,
Offg. Director of Agriculture, Punjab.
Annual Report of the Camel Specialist
for the year 1919-20.
THE Laboratory was retransferred from Military Depart-
ment to the Civil authorities on the 1st September 1919.
2. Captain W. A. Pool held charge of the office from
the 1st April 1919 till the 22nd July 1919, on which date
he was relieved by Captain D. Meadows, who held charge
till the 11th October 1919, on which date his death, which
was much regretted by all who knew him, occurred.
Captain H. E. Cross held charge from 27th October
1919 to the end of the financial year.
3 Bahadur Khan was appointed Laboratory Attendent
on the 1st May 1919 ; with the exception of this addition to
the staff there were no changes in the subordinate staff
during the year under report.
4. Captain Pool travelled 1,314 miles by rail and 285
miles by road. The late Captain Meadows travelled 218
miles by rail and 100 miles by road.
Captain Cross travelled 1,217 miles by rail and 692
miles by road.
Courses of Training.
5. Forty-nine sarwans from various Camel Corps
underwent a course of training as veterinary dressers; of
these 30 passed the examination at the end of the course and
19 failed to do so.
Two Veterinary Assistants from Alwar State underwent
a course of training in microscopical work and in the treat-
ment of surra by large doses of tartar emetic.
6. Eighty animals belonging to private owners were
treated during the year for various diseases.
Treatment of surra by Tartar Emetic.
7. In the early part of 1917 experiments with tartar
emetic in connection with the treatment of surra in camels
2
were carried out by me on different lines of dosage. A
detailed report of the experiments has been published in
Pusa Bulletin No. 95.
Further experiments carried out on a large number of
camels during the cold weather of the year under report show
that—
(1) Ten cases of 60 c. c. of a 1 per cent. solution of
tartar emetic given intravenously to full grown
camels of average size does not effect a cure in
the majority of cases.
(2) One large dose of 600 c. c. of a 1 per cent.
solution of tartar emetic (given intravenously in
3 injections of 200 c. c. each with 2-3 hours
interval between the injections) does not effect
a cure.
(3) Ten to twelve doses of tartar emetic given on
alternate days, commencing with 150 c. c. of a
1 per cent. solution and increasing to 300 c. c.
gives considerable promise of effecting a cure,
but before it can be stated that the camels that
have submitted to this method of treatment are
cured, they must be kept for at least a year under
observation; and inoculations of blood from
these camels into guinea pigs and rabbits, etc.,
carried out.
(4) Fainting is not so liable to occur if the first
injection of tartar emetic is given when trypano-
somes are absent from the peripheral circulation,
i.e., when the temperature is not high.
The treatment of surra by other drugs.
8. The action of antimony trioxide and other drugs in
connection with the treatment of surra is being investigated.
The course that surra runs in camels.
A. When naturally contracted.
B. When artificially inoculated.
A.—Naturally contracted surra.
9. Many Punjabi camelmen maintain that camels once
infected with surra never recover ; on the other hand many
3
camelmen are of the opinion that if a camel, infected with
surra, lasts over 3 years the camel finally recovers, improves
in condition and becomes immune to the disease.
To ascertain the course that surra runs in camels when
naturally contracted, 11 camels suffering from surra and in
fair condition were obtained from Silladar Camel Corps,
some in the latter part of 1914 and some in the early part
of 1915. From their condition and history it is probable
that these 11 camels contracted surra during the 1914 fly
season. These camels were kept under the most favourable
conditions, they were given no work and in addition to
browsing were given a ration of grain and bhoosa. The
blood of each camel was daily examined and a record kept
of the presence or absence of trypanosomes. Up to the end
of the year under report (31st March 1920) 10 out of the
11 camels have died ; the time that each camel lived since
he was first detected to be suffering from surra is given
below. The one camel that is still alive is in poor
condition and will probably die during the next cold
weather :—
Camel No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Age when
diagnosed.
6 years
6 years
7 years
8 years
8 years
9 years
9 years
9 years
10 years
10 years
11 years
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Time under
observation
Y.
4
5
5
2
2
2
4
1
2
2
1
M.
11
4
5
0
9
0
6
11
6
3
8
D.
20
9
5
28
1
16
11
5
3
21
12
Result.
Died.
Died.
Alive.
Died.
Died.
Died.
Died.
Died.
Died.
Died.
Died.
condition very poor.
In addition to these 11 camels, seven camels belonging
to a villager who lived near Sohawa were diagnosed on 29th
4
September 1913 to be suffering from surra. During the
cold weather these 7 camels were worked by the owner in
Ambala and Amritsar Districts, but during the hot weather
they were not worked but were kept at his home ; periodical
visits were paid by me to ascertain how these camels were
"doing."
It was ascertained that—within 1½ years 2 males had
died and the dachi had
aborted.
within 2½ years 5 out of
had died.
in less than 3 years all 7 had
died.
B.—When Artificially inoculated.
To ascertain whether there is any difference in the
course that surra runs in camels when naturally acquired
and when artificially inoculated 4 young camels aged from
2½ months to 1 year and one camel, aged 18 years, were
inoculated with 1 c. c. of blood from a camel suffering
from surra. These camels were kept under the same condi-
tions as the 11 camels that had naturally contracted surra.
The blood was daily examined and a record of each camel
kept. The 18 years old camel died 18 days after being
inoculated, but the four young camels are all alive and the
time they have been under observation (up to 31st March
1920) is as follows: —
Camel No.
12
13
14
15
16
Age when
inoculated.
18 years
2½ months
1 year
1 year
1 year
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Time under
observation
Y.
0
2
4
4
4
M.
0
10
5
5
5
D.
18
4
11
11
11
Result.
Died 18 days after inoculation.
Alive, condition fair.
Alive, condition fair.
Alive, condition fair.
Alive, condition fair.
5
As a result of the observations on these camels the-
following conclusions may be drawn :—
(1) Out of 11 camels that had been naturally infected
with surra only one camel is still alive and he
is losing condition.
The time a surra-infected camel lives, probably depends-
to a great extent upon the age of the camel
when he became infected.
In the case of the camels artificially inoculated with
surra the 18 years old camel showed very little
resistance to the disease compared to the four
very young camels which showed very great
resistance and may recover.
(2) It is unlikely that camels, that become infected
with surra after 6 years of age and are worked
ever recover from the disease ; whether those
that become infected when very young, recover,
remains to be ascertained.
(3) In the early stages of surra the paroxysms, in
the majority of cases, are far more frequent than
in the later stages.
(4) Diarrhœa is a frequent symptom in the later
stages of the disease.
(5) Mange produces very rapid loss of condition in
surra infected camels.
(6) Swelling and suppuration of the inguinal glands
is frequently seen in surra infected camels.
(7) Surra infected camels when stall fed, often feed
well even during the paroxysms, but if out
browsing during the paroxysms they do not
browse well, they " hang about " and do not go
from tree to tree like a camel in normal health
and they can at once be seen to be sick.
(8) Oedema of the belly and legs is sometimes seen in
camels suffering from surra.
A detailed report on the course that surra runs in the
camel is being published as a Pusa Bulletin.
The course that surra runs in ponies, buffaloes and
other animals.
10. During the investigations into surra amongst
the Silladar Camel Corps and other military camels, it had
6
often been noticed that although a large number of camels
were found to be suffering from surra, amongst ponies and
mules which were kept in close proximity to the camels
during the fly season, practically no cases of surra had been
observed. It appeared possible that ponies did become
infected but that they did not develop the same symptoms
from camel surra as from horse surra and consequently the
disease had escaped detection.
It was decided therefore to ascertain the course that
camel surra runs in ponies and other animals and with this
object in view ponies, buffaloes, goats, sheep, dogs, rabbits
and guinea pigs were inoculated with blood from camels
suffering from surra.
The results obtained from these experiments are as
follows :-
PONIES.
No. of pony.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Age.
8 months ...
1 year ...
6 months ...
3½ years ...
4½ years ...
5 years ...
5½ years ...
10 years
...
13 years ...
18 years ...
Time under obser-
vation.
Y.
2
3
3
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
M.
8
4
10
4
4
6
0
4
3
2
D.
28
19
10
26
16
28
43
28
20
13
Result.
Died ...
Alive
Alive ...
Died ...
Died
Died ...
Died ...
Died
...
Died ...
Died ...
REMARKS
Paraly is of hind legs.
Showed no brain symptoms.
Showed no brain symptoms.
1. Partial paralysis of hind
legs.
2. Cerebral symptoms.
3. Constipation.
1. Partial paralysis of
hind legs.
2. Constipation.
3. Brain symptoms.
1. Colic.
2. Cerebral symptoms.
3. Partial paralysis of
hind legs.
1. Lost condition rapidly.
2. Got gradually weaker.
3. Showed no other symp-
toms.
1. Lost condition.
2. Got gradually weaker.
3. Showed no other symp-
toms.
1. Cerebral symptoms.
2. Constipation.
1. Colic.
2. Paralysis of hind legs.
7
From these experiments it would appear that—
(1) Ponies inoculated with camel surra often do not
lose condition and do not always die from
gradual emaciation ; on the contrary, they fre-
quently, when not worked, put on condition and
live for several years.
(2) In some cases in the later stages of the disease the
intervals between the paroxysms may be very
long extending to more than a year.
(3) Constipation colic—partial paralysis of the hind
legs— and brain symptoms are frequently met
with.
(4) The fact that paralysis of the hind legs occurred
in several of these cases is of interest owing to
the fact that there have been cases of ponies at
tached to Camel Corps that have been reported
to have died of paralysis. It is not impossible
that these ponies died from camel surra.
BUFFALOES
Buffalo No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Age.
About 6 years ...
About 5 years ...
About 6 years
...
About 5 years ...
About 5 years ...
About 6 years ...
Time under observa-
tion.
328 days ...
841 days ...
803 days ...
841 days ...
130 days ...
130 days ...
Result.
Died of haemorrhagic septicæ-
mia.
Lived (discontinued).
Died from rapture of the dia-
phragm.
A1ive (discontinued)
Alive
Alive.
1. Buffaloes do not die from inoculated camel surra.
2. Trypanosomes do not frequently occur in the blood.
3. Though no trypanosomes may be found in the
blood, the blood is nevertheless infective as is demonstrated
in the case of buffaloes Nos. 2 and 3, although no trypano-
somes were fonnd in their blood, the blood 163 and 172 days
8
after inoculation was infective for rabbits and guinea pigs.
This distinctly proves that buffaloes can act as dangerous
reservoirs of surra; and as tabnidæ are frequently seen
sucking the blood of these animals, buffaloes must not be
forgotten as a probable reservoir of the disease.
4 Buffaloes do not lose condition when inoculated
with camel surra.
DOGS.
Dog No.
1
2
3
4
5
Age.
About 2 years ...
About 2 years ...
About 2 years ...
About 2 years ...
About 3 years ...
Time under observa-
tion.
61 days ...
55 days ...
37 days ...
56 days ...
54 days ...
Died.
Died.
Died.
Died.
Died.
Result.
From these experiments it would appear that—
(1) Dogs inoculated with camel surra show very little
resistance to the disease and die within two
months.
(2) They become greatly emaciated and frequently
show eye lesions
GOATS.
Goat No.
1
2
Age.
1½ years ... ...
1½ years ... ...
Time kept under
observation.
999 days ...
999 days ...
Result.
lived (discontinued).
lived (discontinued).
1. Goats when inoculated with camel surra do not die
(in the case of goat No. 2, the goat was inoculated with
blood from a pony which probably had contracted surra from
amels)
9
2. They do not lose condition.
3. Trypanosomes are seldom found in the blood of
goats inoculated with surra.
Trypanosomes were only found in one, once, 107 days-
after inoculation.
4. Though the trypanosomes may not be found in the
blood of the goats, the blood is nevertheless infective, in the
case of one goat it was proved to be infective, 309 days after
the goat had been inoculated and in the case of one other
goat 321 days after inoculation.
SHEEP.
Sheep No.
1
2
3
4
5
Age.
About 2 years ... ...
About 2 years
...
...
About 2 years ... ...
About 2 years ... ...
About 2 years ... ...
Time under observation.
192 days ...
384 days ...
569 days ...
88 days ...
632 days ...
Result.
Died.
Died.
Died.
Died.
Died.
1. Sheep are susceptible to inoculated camel surra.
2. The trypanosomes are very infrequently found in
the peripheral circulation, but the blood is infective.
3. Sheep become gradually emaciated as the result of
the disease and finally die.
4. Sheep and goats are not so dangerous as buffaloes
from the point of view of acting as reservoirs as they are
seldom attacked by tabanidæ.
10
RABBITS AND GUINEA PIGS.
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
No.
Rabbit ... ...
Do. ... ...
Guinea pig ... ...
Ditto ... ...
Ditto ... ...
Time under observation.
180 days ...
84 days
...
17 days ...
75 days ...
68 days ...
...
...
...
...
...
Result.
Died.
Died.
Died.
Died.
Died.
Guinea pigs and rabbits are susceptible to inoculated
camel surra.
A detailed report on the course that camel surra runs
in ponies and other animals is being published as Pusa
Bulletin.
Surra amongst private owned camels.
11. To determine the number of surra infected camels
belonging to private owners an examination of all private
owned camels throughout the Punjab has been commenced,
the result of this examination should give some idea of the
percentage of camels infected with surra in the province,
and also the areas where surra is most prevalent.
The result of the examination will be forwarded in due
course.
Breeding.
12. Forest legislation by closing large areas of rakhs
to camel owners, and reclamation by the Canal Department
of extensive tracts which were previously available for the
breeding of camels, have caused the number of camels bred
to have become greatly reduced ; unless steps are taken for
the encouragement of camel breeding it will be very diffi-
cult in the future for the military authorities to obtain
sufficient remounts for the camel corps. The Punjab
" pahari " camel, the most suitable for frontier work is
becoming very scarce ; steps should be taken to prevent this
type of camel from becoming extinct.
13. The subordinate staff have worked extremely well
throughout the year : for his services in obtaining camelmen
11
and camels during the year 1915-16 for the Military Depart-
ment, Veterinary Inspector Kahan Singh has been presented
with a Sanad by Government.
14. Statement of expenditure incurred by the office
of the Camel Specialist from the 1st September 1919 to 31st
March 1920 :—
Sub-Heads of the Budget.
Salaries of officers
Pay of establishment
Travelling allowances of officers
Do.
do.
of establishment
Supplies, etc. (chemical and apparatus
Contingencies
...
...
...
...
...
...
Purchase and stable feed and keep of animals
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Total
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Amount.
Rs.
5,136
2,083
348
325
775
3,498
7,655
19,822
A.
12
10
3
0
1
13
2
11
P.
4
10
0
3
6
5
1
5
H. E. CROSS, CAPTAIN,
I.C.V.D., M.R.C.V.S., D.V.H., A. Sc.,
Camel Specialist.
47 DI 430—2-8-20-SGPP Lahore.
ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
CAMEL SPECIALIST
For the year 1920-21.
Lahore :
PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRINTING, PUNJAB.
1921.
Price: 0-2-0 or 2d.
Annual Report of the Camel Specialist
for the year 1920-21.
Revised List of Agents for the sale of Punjab Government
Publications.
IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.
CONSTABLE & Co., 10, Orange
Street, Leicester Square, London,
W.C.
KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER
& Co., Limited, 68-74, Carter
Lane, E.C., and 39, New Oxford
Street, London, W.C.
BERNARD QUARTCH, 11, Grafton
Street, New Bond Street, London,
W.
T. FISHER UNWIN, Limited, No. 1,
Adelphi Terrace, London, W.C.
P. S. KING & SON, 2 & 4, Great
Smith Street, Westminster, Lon-
don, S.W.
H. S. KING & Co., 65, Cornhill,
and 9, Pall Mall, London.
GRINDLAY & Co., 54, Parliament
Street, London, S.W.
W. THACKER & Co., 2, Creed Lane,
London, E.C.
LUZAC & Co., 46, Great Russell
Street, London, W.C.
B. H. BLACKWELL, 50 and 51, Broad
Street, Oxford.
DEIGHTON BELL & Co., Limited,
Cambridge.
OLIVER & BOYD, Tweeddale Court,
Edinburgh.
E. PONSONBY, Limited, 116, Grafton
Street, Dublin.
Messrs. WHELDON & WESLEY,
Limited, 28, Essex Street, Strand,
London.
ON THE CONTINENT.
ERNEST LEROUX, 28, Rue Bonaparte,
Paris, France.
MARTINUS NIJHOFF, The Hague,
Holland.
IN INDIA.
The Manager, Imperial Book Depôt,
Delhi.
GULAB SINGH & SONS, Mufid-i-'Am
Press, Lahore.
MANAGER, Punjab Law Book Depot,
Anarkali Bazar, Lahore.
RAMA KRISHNA & SONS, Book-sellers
and News Agents, Anarkali Street,
Lahore.
HONORARY SECRETARY, Punjab
Religious Book Society, Anarkali,
Lahore.
M. ABDUL AZIZ, Manager, The
Vakil and Roze Bazar Electric
Press, Amritsar.
L. LABHU RAM, Book-seller,
Ludhiana.
N. B. MATHUR, Superintendent and
Proprietor, Nazir Kanun Hind
Press, Allahabad.
D. B. TARAPOREVALA, SONS & Co.,
Bombay.
THACKER SPINK & Co., Calcutta and
Simla.
NEWMAN & Co., Calcutta.
R. CAMBRAY & Co., Calcutta.
THACKER & Co., Bombay.
HIGGINBOTHAMS, Limited, Madras.
T. FISHER, Union, Calcutta.
V. KALYANARAM IYER & Co., 189,
Esplanade Row, Madras.
G. A. NATESAN & Co., Madras.
SUPERINTENDENT, American Bap-
tist Mission Press, Rangoon.
A. H. WHEELER & Co., Allahabad.
No. 718-17-½.
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE :
Dated Lahore, 29th October 1921.
FROM
E. R. ABBOTT, ESQ., C.I.E., I.C.S.,
Financial Commissioner (Development),
Secretary to Government, Punjab,
To
THE SECRETARY TO THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA,
(1) REVENUE AND AGRICULTURE DEPART-
MENT.
(2) ARMY DEPARTMENT.
SIR,
I AM directed by the Punjab Government (Ministry of
Agriculture) to forward for the information of the Govern-
ment of India the annual report of the Camel Specialist for
the year 1920-21 with its enclosures.
I have the honour to be,
SIR,
Your most obedient servant,
E. R. ABBOTT,
Financial Commissioner (Development),
Secretary to Government, Punjab.
258 FC—401-9-1-22-SGPP Lahore.
No. 2543.
FROM
C. A. H. TOWNSEND, ESQUIRE, I.C.S.,
Director of Agriculture, Punjab,
To
THE SECRETARY TO GOVERNMENT,
PUNJAB, TRANSFERRED DEPARTMENTS,
LAHORE.
Dated Lahore, the 2nd July 1921.
SIR,
I HAVE the honour to forward the report of the Camel
Specialist, Sohawa, for 1920-21. It shows the valuable
work done by Mr. Cross during the year.
2. The treatment of Surra camels with Tartar Emetic
promises to be successful.
A copy of Veterinary Bulletin No. 2, referred to in the
portion of the report dealing with it, is enclosed.
3. It is hoped that the camel dip, Mr. Cross refers
to, will be completed this year. It will greatly facilitate
the treatment of camels affected with mange.
4. The fly survey referred to will continue for three
years : it is hoped by collecting flies both in Surra free area
and in well known Surra areas to ascertain which blood-
sucking fly is the transmitting agent of that disease.
5. The bulletins Mr. Cross has written on " Hypo-
derma larvæ in goats " and " Spirochaetosis of fowls "
should prove very useful: arrangements are being made
for the issue of very short leaflets on these diseases in simple
Urdu and Punjabi.
I have the honour to be,
SIR,
Your most obedient servant,
C. A. H. TOWNSEND,
Director of Agriculture, Punjab.
Annual Report of the Camel Specialist
for the year 1920-21.
I HELD charge of the office of the Camel Specialist
throughout the year.
2. Veterinary Assistant Kishen Singh was appointed
as a 2nd grade Veterinary Assistant on the 3rd July 1920;
with the exception of this addition to the staff there were
no changes in the subordinate staff during the year under
report.
3. Sanction has been accorded by Government to the
employment of five additional Veterinary Assistants, an
Artist, a clerk, and ten extra menial staff to carry out a fly
survey of the Punjab in connection with surra. The
services of Mr. Patel, Assistant Pathological Entomologist,
have been lent by the Imperial Pathological Entomologist,
Pusa to assist in this fly survey, which commenced on
1st April 1921.
4. Mr. P. G. Patel was deputed from the Imperial
Pathological Entomologist's Office, Pusa, from 6th June-
1920 to 20th September 1920, to assist in surra trans-
mission experiments and other entomological work.
5. One hundred and eighty-five animals belonging
to private owners were treated for different diseases.
6. I attended the examination of the Punjab Veteri-
nary College as a Member of the Board of Examiners.
7. I travelled 3,662 miles by rail and 1,841 miles by
road.
The treatment of surra in camels by intravenous injections
of Tartar Emetic.
A large number of experiments were carried out with
Tartar Emetic. The method of dosage that gave the best
results were as follows :—
Method No. 1.
1st day 150 c. c. of Tartar Emetic 1 per cent. solution intravenously.
3rd „ 150 c. c. „
5th „ 175 c. c. „
7th „ 175 c. c. „
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