NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
ON A SPECIES OF JOYEUXIA, LOPEZ-NEYRA, 1927,
FROM A CAT (FELIS CATUS DOMESTICA)
BY
M. ANANT NARAYAN RAO, G.M.V.C.
Lecturer in Parasitology, Madras Veterinary College
(Received for publication on 25th March 1939)
(With Plate XXIX and one text-figure)
THE genus Joyeuxia has been created to contain certain tapeworms which
differ from Dipylidium in having a larger number of crowns of hooks, a smaller
number of testes and egg capsules containing each a single egg. The shape of
the hooks, however, is the same as in Dipylidium. Baylis [1929] notes two
species of Joyeuxia, viz. J. chyzeri (V. Ratz, 1897) and J. pasqualei (Diamare,
1893). Hall [1920] has described the former basing his description on the dia-
gram made by Von Ratz. Southwell [1922] has recorded Dipylidium gervaisi
Setti, 1895, in the collection of the Calcutta Museum and he [1930] gives a brief
description of the parasite in the Fauna of British India. From his description
it is seen that the worm has a rostellum which bears 8 to 12 rows of
rose-thorn-shaped hooks and the egg capsules contain each a single egg. It
seems therefore reasonable to include it in the genus Joyeuxia.
The author collected sometime ago two specimens of Joyeuxia along with
about eight specimens of D.caninum from an old and sickly cat that strayed
into the college laboratory. It is proposed to give here a brief description
of the former.
The length of the strobila of the worms is about 4 cm. and the maximum
width is about 1 . 4 mm. The head is about 0 . 300 × 0.400 mm. and each sucker
is about 0.140 mm. in diameter. The retractile rostellum is 0.125 mm. long
and has on it about 13 rows of rose-thorn-shaped hooks. The hooks in
the anterior row are comparatively large and they diminish in size gradually
in the succeeding rows posteriorly (Plate XXIX figs. 1 and 2). Each mature
segment is broader than long. The genital atrium is in the anterior third of
the margin of each segment. The average dimension of each is about
1.2 × 0.275 mm. The male genitalia consists of about 50 testes in each
segment and the cirrus sac almost reaching the excretory canal.
The female genitalia consists of two ovaries, one on either side of the seg-
ment, situated at a small distance inside the excretory canals. Each ovary
appears to be a bunch of follicles, from which arises the vaginal tube which is
a little longer than the cirrus sac, and opens posterior to it, in the genital
atrium (fig. 1). The vitellaria and the shell gland could not be clearly seen.
In the gravid segments, the uterine capsules have relatively thin walls and each
contains a single egg.
( 377 )
378
On a species of Joyeuxia, from a Cat
FIG. 1. Mature segment showing genitalia
It is interesting to note that this is the first record of finding, in South
India, a member of the genus Joyeuxia, but it seems difficult to determine
the specific identity of the worm described, because in Joyeuxia, as in Dipy-
lidium, it is possible for different observers to obtain varying results regarding
the number of rows of hooks on the rostellum. The number of crowns of hooks
on the rostellum in J. gervaisi is from 8 to 12, in J. chyzeri it is 13 to 14 and in
J. pasqualei it is 16, whereas in the worm described above, it is 13. Under
the circumstances, the author is inclined to think that the worm under consi-
deration is J. chyzeri (V. Ratz, 1897).
REFERENCES
Baylis, H. A. (1929). A manual of Helminthology. B. T. & Cox. London
Hayl, M. C. (1920). Proc. V. S. Nat. Mus. 55, 68-72
Southwell. T. (1922). Annals of Trop. Med. 16, 127
—(1930).
Fauna of Br. Ind. Cestodes. 2 Taylor and Francis, London
PARALYSIS IN A PIGEON DUE TO DOYLE'S (RANIKHET)
DISEASE VIRUS*
BY
S. GANAPATHY IYER, G.M.V.C.
Imperial Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar
(Received for publication on 10th February 1939)
(With Plate XXX)
INTRODUCTION
SINCE the first discovery of ' New Castle disease' now known as Doyle's
disease in India among poultry by Doyle [1927], various workers on the same
disease of birds in other parts of the world including this country believed
that this condition was a new addition to veterinary medicine. The identity
of the differently named diseases, New Castle disease [Doyle, 1927], Pseudo-
fowl-pest [Picard, 1928], Avian-pest [Farinas, 1930], and Ranikhet disease
[Cooper, 1931], has been determined by cross immunity tests by exchanging
virus from one country to another.
The study of paralysis in relation to any specific disease among birds
has received great attention during recent years. Doyle's disease of birds,
especially fowls, is one in which the paralysis of the wings, legs and neck is
not an uncommon symptom in cases which tend to run through a subacute
or chronic syndrome when the virus affects the cerebrospinal system. In
this neurotropic form, the bird lives for a longer period than in the acute
generalized disease and as such it remains a carrier of the infection and thus
it is a menace to the control of the disease under field conditions. If des-
truction, as is generally carried out in western countries in particular with
fowls, were possible in India, the dissemination of the virus, it is apparent,
would seldom occur. Achievement in this direction is a thing to aspire to
only after years of extensive propaganda in rural areas. It has very
frequently been observed among experimentally infected pigeons, that para-
lysis of wings and legs is one of the characteristic features of Doyle's disease.
In the past, paralysis was considered to be a proof of dietary deficiency.
Vitamin deficiency has been shown to cause symptoms of paralysis and suffi-
cient data have been put forward by various workers that the depletion or
exclusion of vitamin-B from the food invariably results in nervous symptoms.
Pigeons are known to suffer from polyneuritis resulting from vitamin-B
deficiency and it is possible to reproduce the condition by feeding pigeons on
polished rice.
In India the existence of true cases of paralysis in birds due to deficiency
and independent of Doyle's disease infection needs confirmation. Biological
tests conducted at this Institute from time to time with emulsions of organs
from birds suffering from paralysis have mostly been demonstrated to be the
* Paper read at the Indian Science Congress, 1939.
( 379 )
G
380 Paralysis in a Pigeon due to Doyle's (Ranikhet) Disease virus
result of Doyle's disease as the primary etiological factor. The most suscepti-
ble birds die of acute condition too quickly to exhibit any symptoms of para-
lysis, but less acute and lingering cases suffer from paralysis of wings and legs
either alone or with an accompanying involvement of the head and neck in
some.
Experimental Doyle's disease in pigeons.—Paralysis in pigeons, which
were experimentally inoculated with fowl virus in large numbers, was a usual
symptom. The wings were invariably affected. Until very recently, it was
believed not only in India but elsewhere as well that pigeons seldom contract
Doyle's disease under natural conditions. The pigeons mixing with poultry
(infected) seldom contract virus disease. So far there has not appeared any
authentic report on this subject in India.
Doyle [1927] in his first noteworthy paper on ' New Castle disease' has
referred to pigeons in particular. He observed that young pigeons are very
susceptible to artificial infection and adults can easily be infected although
they are more resistant. All his attempts to set up the disease by contact
were unsuccessful in either young or adult pigeons. Drooping of the wings
and paralysis of the legs were the prominent symptoms in the experimental
disease in pigeons.
Picard [1928], who independently investigated this disease when it first
appeared, stated that there was reported evidence of the fact that pigeons
along with other species of birds died and experimentally the disease has been
reproduced in young pigeons. But when adult and young pigeons were put
together with four diseased fowls, only one young pigeon contracted the infec-
tion on the sixth day and died on the ninth day. However the author con-
sidered that the ' natural contamination of pigeons seemed to be impossi-
ble'.
Farinas [1930] stated that the virus attacks various species of birds
including pigeons but there appears no mention of any specific investigation of
the natural affection in the pigeon as was carried out by Doyle (loc. cit.).
A perusal of the literature on the subject gives no definite information
on the experimental transmission of Doyle's disease (naturally occurring) from
pigeons to fowls with evidence of cross tests and immunological identity.
During the last few years of work on this disease and the maintenance of
a large number of pigeons for various experiments it is curious to note that
only one natural case of Doyle's disease virus infection in pigeon has been
encountered and the details of investigation on the above pigeon are presented
in this paper.
Experimental subinoculations with material from a natural case of Doyle's
disease in a pigeon
The pigeon (No. 102), referred to in this paper and later proved to be a
natural case of Doyle's disease, was used for the preparation of fowl-pox
vaccine. In order to prevent the contamination of pigeon-pox crusts which
are used in the manufacture of fowl-pox vaccine, these pigeons are kept in
iron cages in a separate shed which is far away from such sheds as are used
S.
GANAPATHY
IYER
381
for other bird infections and separate attendants are provided. Thus, there
was practically no possibility of accidental Doyle's disease infection in this
shed. Drooping of wings with marked paralysis of the legs was the symptom
in the pigeon which attracted attention, while harvesting pox virus crusts,
and led to a suspicion that Doyle's disease might be the cause. There was
a whitish diarrhoea soiling the tail feathers. In order to determine the speci-
fic cause of the paralysis, the bird was destroyed the same day that the ner-
vous symptoms were observed.
The post-mortem examination revealed intestinal congestion and slight
spleenic enlargement. From the heart blood a pure culture of Escherichiacoli
was isolated. In addition, the films showed Haemoproteus, a frequent
finding in the experimental birds at this Institute. The autopsy revealed
nothing unusual otherwise. The whole spleen was removed with aseptic
precautions, emulsified in 10 c. c. of normal saline solution, and filtered
through a Seitz filter. A healthy fowl was injected subcutaneously with the
whole filtrate. This fowl reacted (Doyle's disease) and died.
Details of experimental
Date of inoculation .
8th August 1938 . .
19th August 1938 . .
1st September 1938 .
TABLE I
subinoculations with reference to the natural case of
Doyle's disease in a pigeon
Pigeon No. 102 showed drooping of wings and paralysis of
legs and destroyed on 8th August 1938.
Seitz filtrate of spleen emulsion injected into
Healthy fowl No. 92.
Reacted, died 10th day.
Lesions suggestive of Doyle's disease. Seitz filtrate of spleen
and liver emulsion injected into
Healthy fowl No. 106.
Immune fowl No. 366
(to fowl strain
virus).
Reacted, died 11th day, lesion positive for Doyle's disease,
organ emulsion injected into
Healthy fowl (No. 127)
reacted, died of
Doyle's disease on
6th day.
Healthy pigeons.
No. 200 reacted, died
10th day, lesions
positive for Doyle's
disease.
No. 201 reacted, died
11th day, lesions
positive for Doyle's
disease.
No. 202 reacted, sur-
vived.
No. 203 reacted, sur-
vived.
382 Paralysis in a Pigeon due to Doyle's (Ranikhet) Disease virus
INOCULATION IN SERIES
When the first subinoculated fowl (No. 92), Table I, died of an infection
which simulated Doyle's disease (Plate XXX, fig. 1), further passages by
subinoculation with the spleen emulsion from the above fowl were carried out in
more healthy fowls all of which died and the syndrome was exactly like that of
Doyle's disease (Plate XXX, fig. 3). During the second passage, in addition to
a healthy fowl, another fowl No. 366 which had recovered from an inoculation
with Doyle's disease virus of fowls had proved immune to a number of subse-
quent immunity tests. Thus the cross immunity was tested and it suggested
that there was complete immunological identity between the pigeon and the
fowl strain of virus.
In addition, four pigeons were injected with the organ emulsion from
fowl No. 106 (2nd passage). Two pigeons reacted with the characteristic
drooping of wings and paralysis of legs and died of the infection, while the
remaining two reacted and survived (Plate XXX, figs. 2 and 4). In this con-
nexion the observation of Doyle [1927] may be cited. The pigeons used
were adult and the failure to infect all of them is thus explained by their age.
DISCUSSION
It is curious to note that the natural infection with Doyle's disease virus
in the pigeon was confined to one bird and that the infection did not spread
to other pigeons which were in close proximity. The timely "segregation of
the pigeon, complete disinfection of the premises and the cages, and the resis-
tance of pigeons to contact infection with fowl virus are presumably the
factors concerned.
It may be borne in mind that in the preparation of fowl-pox vaccine
from pigeons in large numbers, after the method of Doyle [1927], there is the
potential danger of incorporating Doyle's disease virus along with bird-pox
virus. The possibility of bacteria or protozoon parasite in association with
the virus in the pigeon as factors in the causation of the paralytic symptoms
of Doyle's disease was completely eliminated by filtration experiments.
Since the experimental disease and the pathological anatomy of the dead
fowls suggested no difference in the infectivity of the two strains, viz. fowl
and pigeon, the early hope entertained that the discovery of an altered anti-
genic strain from pigeons proved futile. Petechiae in the proventiculum and
acute inflammation of the rectum were the characteristic lesions in the sub-
inoculated fowls.
REFERENCES
Cooper, H. (1931). Ind. J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Husb. 1, 107-23
Doyle, T. M. (1927). J. Comp. Path. Ther. 40, 144-69
Farin as, E. C. (1930). Philli. J. Agric. 1, 311-64
Picard, W. K. (1928). Dept. Agric. Industr. Commer. D. East. Ind. Vet. Bull. 65
Ind. Jour. Vety. Sci. & Anim.Husb., Vol. IX, Part IV]
PLATE XXX
Fowl No. 92
FIG. 1. Thermal reaction in Doyle's disease
Pigeon No. 200
FIG. 2. Thermal reaction in Doyle's disease
Fowl No. 127
FIG. 3. Thermal reaction in Doyle's disease
FIG. 4. Paralysis of the wing and legs in a pigeon infected
with Doyle's disease virus (experimental)
ON THE SUCCESSFUL TRANSMISSION OF VARIOLA IN
GOATS IN A GENERALIZED FORM*
BY
S. GANAPATHY IYER, G.M.V.C.
Imperial Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar
(Received for publication on 10th February 1939)
(With Plate XXXI)
IN Variola, the reproduction of the disease artificially for either diag-
nostic work or for conferring active immunity in animals threatened with
contact infection, is mostly achieved by localizing the infection on the skin
in some part of the body. It is seldom that generalized eruptions occur
following intracutaneous inoculation. Under field conditions, Variola in
goats is characterized by different forms. When kids are the victims, the
classical lesions of pox are not always observed, and the skin lesions in a
desiccated form or suspended in 50 per cent glycerinated saline solution are
the usual biological materials needed for a satisfactory diagnosis. Two
forms of goat-pox are likely to occur. One form is the mild and localized
one believed to be the result of infection with cow-pox. The natural trans-
mission of sheep-pox to goats is alleged to cause a very severe form of pox in
goats.
At the Imperial Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, from an
examination of various specimens of goat-pox materials, there is some indi-
cation that there may exist several strains of goat-pox virus. Hutyra and
Marek [1926] state that the identity of the goat-pox virus is still an unsettled
problem.
Records of having transmitted pox in goats in a generalized form ex-
perimentally using such biological materials as blood and other internal
organs are not many and in India similar attempts have seldom been made.
This paper records the successful reproduction of experimental goat-pox
lesions in goats in a generalized form following the subcutaneous injection of
materials such as blood taken at the height of thermal reaction and spleen
after death.
TRANSMISSION EXPERIMENTS
In the first instance a specimen of defibrinated blood from the jugular
vein of a goat, referred to as one of an outbreak of disease in goats in the
Bombay Province, was subinoculated into two healthy goats and kept in
an isolated chupper, for observation. The true syndrome of Variola was
reproduced. The vesiculo-pustular lesions were in abundance on the under
surface of the abdomen and the inner side of the thighs.
* Paper read at the Indian Science Congress, 1939
( 383 )
384
Successful Transmission of Variola in Goats
Confirmation of this finding was considered necessary and accordingly
goat-pox virus isolated from one of our stock strains which originated in the
North-West Frontier Province two years earlier was tried. In one of the
recent subinoculations with this virus a sample of blood was drawn from a
reacting goat (No. 136) at the first thermal rise, and was directly injected
under the skin of two healthy goats (Nos. 139 and 141) on the 19th of July
1938. These goats were kept in segregation. Lesions of pox more marked
on the external and internal parts of the buccal cavity were observed in both
these animals which eventually recovered (Plate XXXI, fig. 1). The same
virus in the form of crusts when inoculated by scarification of the skin of the
abdomen of goat No. 130 (Plate XXXI, fig. 2), produced localized lesions
confined to the seat of scarification. It is therefore evident that the virus
of pox (goat) is present in the circulation during the initial febrile stage,
sufficient in concentration to reproduce the disease in susceptible goats.
While the results obtained in these cases were identical, a third specimen
of spleen tissue and crustaceous lesions from a goat, suspected to have died
of natural pox, became available for further work on the 7th of June 1938.
Nodular lesions in the lung were predominant in the above goat.
The subinoculation of the spleen emulsion in normal saline solution
under the skin of two healthy goats resulted in the transmission of a genera-
lized form of Variola and when the goat died of the infection, autopsy revealed
in addition to the cutaneous and buccal pox lesions, nodular lung lesions as
well.
The crusts received with the specimen of spleen from the same goat
were also submitted to biological test by scarification in two goats. Only
local lesions were observed in this case.
DISCUSSION
The facts presented in this paper indicate that under certain conditions
blood and spleen from goat-pox suspected cases may be used for diagnostic
work when the more usual cutaneous crusts or pustular material are not avail-
able. It is well known that in true and typical outbreaks of goat-pox, diffi-
culty is seldom experienced in diagnosing the condition. But in a typical
outbreak, especially in kids, where skin lesions are not available, internal
organs such as spleen may with advantage be sent in 50 per cent glycerinated
saline for animal inoculation work.
REFERENCE
Hutyra, F. and Marek, J. (1926). Special Pathology and Therapeutics of the Diseases of
Domestic Animals, 1, 377-400
Ind. Jour. Vety. Sci. & Anim. Husb., Vol. IX, Part IV ]
PLATE XXXI
FIG. 1. Goat No. 139—Goat-pox lesions in the mouth
and lips experimentally reproduced after sub-
cutaneous injection with blood from goat-pox
infected goats
FIG. 2. Goat No. 130—Goat-pox lesions
confined to the scarified areas
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DEGREE OF
REACTION AND IMMUNITY IN SERUM
SIMULTANEOUS INOCULATION IN
RINDERPEST
BY
K. S. NAIR, G.B.V.C., M.R.C.V.S., D.T.V.M.
Superintendent, Serum Institute, Madras
D. NILAKANTA AYYAR, G.M.V.C.
AND
A. R. MADHUSUDAN, G.M.V.C.
Veterinary Assistant Surgeons, Serum Institute, Madras
(Received for publication on 10th July 1939)
A ' BLOCKED-OUT ' reaction, which is brought about by giving massive
doses of serum in animals inoculated by the serum simultaneous method
against Rinderpest, has been suggested as a possible cause for the breakdown
of immunity.
Apart from the question of cost, this blocked-out reaction would be an
ideal method of immunization provided the production of immunity is not
interfered with, since the temporary inconvenience and the risk of a severe
reaction could be obviated.
In order to find out if it is at all possible to block out the reaction and at
the same time confer immunity to the inoculated, the following experiment was
undertaken.
At the outset, it was necessary to find out the required dose of serum that
would bring about a blocked-out reaction to a fixed dose of virus. Susceptible
young buffalo-calves were selected and were injected with 1 c.c. of virulent
Rinderpest virus simultaneously with serum at rates of 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 and
50 c.c. per 100 lb. body-weight. The results are summarized in Table I.
It is observed that the reactions are not blocked out with doses up to 35
c.c. per 100 lb. body-weight. Higher doses do block out the reaction but with-
out in any way interfering with the production of immunity. All the animals
under experiment were tested with a 5 c.c. dose of virulent bull virus at varying
intervals ranging from 13 to 44 days and they have been found to possess a
solid immunity as judged from the absence of any Rinderpest reactions after
the test dose of virus.
( 385 )
386
Serum Simultaneous Inoculation in Rinderpest
TABLE I
Institute
No. of the
calf
59
60
121
122
61
62
123
124
155
171
156
172
157
173
158
174
Weight
of calf in
lb.
234
266
245
231
280
244
231
239
247
285
203
287
198
242
217
260
Date of
inocula-
tion by
serum
simulta-
neous
method
7-9-38
7-9-38
8-12-38
8-12-38
7-9-38
7-9-38
8-12-38
8-12-38
0-1-39
31-1-39
6-1-39
31-1-39
6-1-39
31-1-39
6-1-39
31-1-39
Kind of
virus
used
Bull .
Do .
Goat .
Do. .
Bull .
Do. .
Goat .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Rate of
serum per
100 lb.
body-
weight
25 c.c.
25 c.c.
25 c.c.
25 c.c.
30 c.c.
30 c.c.
30 c.c.
30 c.c.
35 c.c.
35 c.c.
40 c.c.
40 c.c.
45 c.c.
45 c.c.
50 c.c.
50 c.c.
Total
quantity
of scrum
given
59 c.c.
67 c.c.
61 c.c.
58 c.c.
84 c.c.
73 c.c.
69 c.c.
72 c.c.
56 c.c.
100 c.c.
81 c.c.
115 c.c.
89 c.c.
109 c.c.
108 c.c.
130 c.c.
Reactions
Thermal and Diarrhoea
No reactions
Thermal only
Thermal and Diarrhoea .
No reactions.
Thermal and soft faeces
Thermal only
Slight thermal
Do. .
No reactions
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Date of
retest
with
bull
virus
10-10-38
10-10-38
28-12-38
28-12-38
10-10-38
10-10-38
28-12-38
28-12-38
23-1-39
16-3-39
23-1-39
16-3-39
21-1-39
16-3-39
20-1-39
16-3-39
Interval
between
primary
inocula-
tion and
retest
Days
32
32
19
19
32
32
19
19
16
43
16
43
14
43
13
44
Reactions after
retest
No reactions.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do. .
Do.
Do.
Do.
Slight
thermal
from 13th to 15th
days.
No reactions.
Slight
thermal
from 9th to 10th
days.
No reactions.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Remarks
Perhaps an im-
mune calf.
1m
Immune Calf.?