NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
( 2 )
4. The expenditure on Lunatic Asylums was Rs. 88,794, of
which Rs. 5,402 were recouped by receipts from patients and
value of articles sold. The net cost was, therefore, Rs. 83,392, or
about Rs. 150 per head per annum, the average daily strength be-
ing 554. This is moderate. The figures for the two preceding
years, omitting value of labour for which cash was not received,
were Rs. 96,523-7-6 and Rs. 86,208-9-10, while the average
strength was only 503 and 527 respectively. The acknowledg-
ments of Government are, therefore, due to the Surgeon-General
and his Deputies for the attention paid to finance. It is to be no-
ticed that the pay of the Superintendent of the Colaba Asylum was
reduced during the year, owing to a change of officers. The cost
of each lunatic varied from Rs. 84 at Ahmedabad to Rs. 199 at
Colaba, where the presence of European patients and other causes,
which Dr. Thom explains, makes the average unusually high.
5. The average daily number of lunatics employed was 238.6
against 182.6 in 1873-74. This is a good sign. The increase is
especially marked at Poona and Hyderabad, where the failure to
provide employment was previously noticed by Government. No
improvement is as yet noticed at Dharwar. Dr. Bell's attention
should be drawn to the Surgeon-General's remarks on this sub-
ject. Government will be glad to sanction machines for washing
clothes for the Colaba Asylum, on an estimate being prepared.
It will probably be best to apply for only wringing machines and
mangles at first ; the other appliances of an English laundry would
probably not be suited to, or be appreciated by, the Natives.
6. Government observe that in nearly 50 per cent. of cases
the causes of insanity are unknown. Out of a total Asylum popu-
lation of 849, insanity is attributed in 146 cases to ganja, in 30 to
alcohol, and in 10 to opium.
7. It is satisfactory to notice that the increase from the
Colaba workshop was Rs. 170 more than in the previous year.
Dr. Murphy's special attention should be given to developing the
workshop, as want of space at Colaba prevents much out-door
occupation being given.
8. The improvements carried out at the Poona Asylum, and
the laying on of Kharakwádsla water, will, as remarked in the
Report, afford healthy and abundant employment to the insanes in
future.
9. Under the circumstances now represented, Government
approve of the proposal to place a wall of sun-dried bricks around
( 3 )
the Cowasjì Jehangier Asylum, but all the bricks must be made
by the lunatics. It is probable that if this be done, and lunatic
labour be available for building the wall, the Superintending
Engineer in Sind might be able to carry the work out for a small
sum.
10. Government entirely dissent from the opinion that all
the annual repairs of the Asylum just mentioned would be executed
more cheaply and efficiently by the Superintendent than by the
Public Works Department. The Public Works Officers will, no
doubt, be glad to leave to the Superintendent such petty repairs as
he can carry out with the aid of the patients, as this will lessen the
expense to Public Works Funds.
11. His Excellency in Council would wish to hear what steps
the Superintendent of the Cowasji Jehangier Asylum proposes
taking in regard to the defects mentioned in paragraph 116 of this
report. It is useless building plunge-baths if they are not filled.
12. The report, as a whole, shows clearly that with improved
management the attractions of Asylums are increasing. The Sur-
geon-General observes:—"It is very probable many of the harmless
insanes in one Asylum might be left in charge of their relations.
* * * * As a matter of fact there must be thousands of lunatics
among our population, and yet it is comparatively a rare thing to
hear of violence done by them." It is quite impossible that Go-
vernment could undertake the management of all imbeciles and
slightly insane patients in the country. Magistrates should not,
therefore, send patients to Asylums unless convinced of their dan-
ger to society, or because their condition or treatment by relations
is such that humanity positively calls on the State to intervene for
their protection. In addition, it should be understood that Go-
vernment are not anxious that paying patients should be encouraged.
The more they are admitted to Government Asylums the less likely
are the rising Native medical practitioners to found private Asy-
lums; so, when such patients can be looked after by their friends,
their friends should undertake the responsibility. Even though
current expenses of such patients be paid for, still they take up
room in Asylums, necessitating costly extensions of buildings and
increase to establishments for which the payments are no recom-
pense.
13. Government have no objection to allowing the Super-
intendents' reports to be embodied in extenso in the Surgeon-Gene-
ral's report in future, as Dr. Thom recommends, provided that
these reports are made as concise and pithy as possible.
( 4 )
14. In conclusion, Government have pleasure in noticing the
favourable account given of Dr. Johnson's management
Dr.
Holmestead and Dr. Murphy also appear to be doing much good.
W. G. PEDDER,
Acting Secretary to Government.
To
The SURGEON-GENERAL, INDIAN MEDICAL DEPARTMENT,
The SANITARY COMMISSIONER,
The ACCOUNTANT GENERAL,
All COLLECTORS, including COLLECTORS and POLITICAL SUPERINTEN-
DENTS in SIND, and the EXTRA FIRST ASSISTANT COLLECTOR
in charge PANCH MA'HA'LS,
The REVENUE COMMISSIONER, N. D.,
The REVENUE COMMISSIONER, S. D.,
The COMMISSIONER in SIND,
The JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT of the SECRETARIAT,
The PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT of the SECRETARIAT.
BOMBAY: PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT CENTRAL PRESS.
ANNUAL ADMINISTRATION
AND
PROGRESS REPORT
ON THE
INSANE ASYLUMS IN THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY
FOR THE YEAR 1875.
BY
WM. THOM. ESQ., F.R.C.S.,
SURGEON-GENERAL, INDIAN MEDICAL DEPARTMENT.
Bombay:
PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT CENTRAL PRESS,
1876.
ANNUAL ADMINISTRATION
AND
PROGRESS REPORT
ON THE
INSANE ASYLUMS IN THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY
FOR THE YEAR 1875.
BY
WM. THOM. ESQ., F.R.C.S.,
SURGEON-GENERAL, INDIAN MEDICAL DEPARTMENT.
Bombay:
PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT CENTRAL PRESS.
1876.
INDEX.
Asylums, buildings of ... ... ...
..
cash accounts of ... ... ...
..
population of ... ... ...
„
ventilation in ... ... ...
Change of the year for Report ... ... ...
Colaba Asylum over-crowded ... ... ...
Conservancy ... ... ... ...
Cures
...
...
...
...
...
Drainage ... ... ... ... ...
Escapes ... ... ... ... ...
Establishments ... ... ... ...
..
conduct of ... ... ...
Employment ... ... ... ...
Figures, comparisons of ... ... ...
Lunatics, admissions and re-admissions of ... ...
„
„
percentages of cured
and died to
...
..
ages of ... ... ... ...
..
castes of ... ... ... ...
„
criminal, crimes of ... ... ...
„
„
separate Asylum to cured,
transferred, &c.
...
„
daily average sick of ... ... ... ...
„
„
strength of ... ...
„
„
„
percentages of cured
and died to
...
„
deaths among ... ... ...
„
discharged ... ... ... ...
„
diseases of ... ... ... ...
„
general health of ... ... ...
„
religion of ... ... ... ...
„
remained from previous year ... ...
„
remaining at the close of the year ... ...
„
residency of ... ... ...
„
previous employment of ... ...
„
sex
of
...
...
...
...
„
state of, as regards marriage ... ...
Insanity, types of ... ... ... ...
„
causes of ... ... ... ...
„ „ ... ... ... ...
B 667—A.
Para.
22
15
2
26
1
8
26
25
26
30
16
31
28
33
2
5
11
9
6
7
4
3
5
2
ib.
14
23
9
2
ib.
9
10
9
19
12
13
24
Page.
6
3
1
7
1
2
7
7
7
8
5
8
7
8
1
2
3
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
3
7
2
1
1
2
2
2
6
3
3
7
ii
INDEX.
Manufactures
...
...
...
...
Officers, services of ... ... ...
Profits
...
...
...
...
Reports of Superintendents given in extenso ...
Restraint ... ... ... ...
Visitors ... ... ... ...
Water-supply ... ... ... ...
Colaba Asylum—
Accounts ... ... ... ...
Average cost of each patient ... ... ...
Buildings ... ... ... ...
Conservancy ... ... ... ...
Drainage ... ... ... ...
Establishment, conduct of ... ... ...
Insanity, causes of ... ... ...
„
types of ... ... ... ...
Lunatics, admissions and re-admissions of ...
„
„
percentages of cured
and died to
...
..
ages
...
...
...
...
„
„ of died ... ... ...
„
„
of recovered ... ...
„
criminal ... ... ... ...
„
„ crimes of ... ... ...
„
daily average strength of ... ...
„
„
..
percentages of cured
and died to
...
„
employment of ... ... ...
„
general health of ... ... ...
„
length of residence of ... ...
„
religion of ... ... ...
„
residency of ... ... ...
Receipts and expenditure ... ... ...
Water-supply ... ... ... ...
Poona Asylum—
Accounts ... ... ... ...
Average cost of each patient ... ... ...
Buildings
...
...
...
...
„
capacity of ... ... ...
Conservancy
...
...
...
...
Cures, percentages of ... ... ...
Drainage ... ... ... ...
Diseases cured of admissions ... ...
Female lunatics ... ... ... ...
Garden and labour ... ... ...
Insanity, causes of ... ... ...
„
types of ... ... ...
Lunatics, ages of ... ... ...
„
average daily strength ... ...
„
ailments of ... ... ...
„
deaths among ... ... ...
„
employment of ... ... ...
Para.
17
34
18
21
29
32
27
20
22
1
4
5
23
17
10
6
9
16
19
ib.
11
ib.
7
8
15
18
19
14
ib.
21
3
25
24
2
3
5
9
6
10
27
25
18
17
16
8
22
23
26
Page.
5
8
6
ib.
8
ib.
7
12
13
9
ib.
ib.
13
11
10
9
10
11
12
ib.
10
ib.
ib.
ib.
11
12
ib.
11
ib.
13
9
17
ib.
13
ib.
14
15
14
15
17
ib.
16
ib.
ib.
14
16
ib.
17
INDEX.
iii
Poona Asylum—continued.
Lunatics, escapes of ... ... ...
„
general health of ... ... ...
„
occupation of ... ... ...
„
religion of ... ... ... ...
„
remained from previous year ... ...
„
residence of ... ... ...
„
sex
of
...
...
...
...
„
state of as regards marriage ... ...
„
water-supply ... ... ...
Dharwar Asylum —
Accounts ... ... ... ...
Average cost of each patient ... ... ...
Buildings ... ... ... ...
„
capacity of ... ... ...
Garden supplies ... ... ... ...
Insanity, causes of ... ... ...
Lunatics, criminal ... ... ...
„
details of ... ... ...
„
employment of ... ... ...
„
general health of ... ... ...
paying patients ... ... ...
Ahmedabad Asylum—
Accounts ... ... ... ...
Annual income ... ... ... ...
Average cost of each patient ... ... ...
Buildings ... ... ... ...
Conservancy ... ... ... ...
Drainage
...
...
Establishment, conduct of ... ... ...
Female lunatic, teaching of ... ... ...
Insanity, causes of ... ... ...
„
types of
...
...
...
...
Lunatics, admissions and re-admissions of ...
„
„
„
decrease in ...
„
„
„
percentages of cured
and died to
...
„
ages of ... ... ... ...
„
average number employed of ... ...
„
castes of ... ... ... ...
„
criminal ... ... ... ...
„
„
crimes of ... ... ...
„
„
employment of ...
„
cured and transferred, &c. ... ...
„
daily average sick ... ... ...
„
„
strength ... ...
„
„
„
percentages of cured
and died to
...
„
deaths among ... ... ...
„
employment of ... ... ...
„
escapes of ... ... ...
Para.
19
21
14
13
7
12
13
28
4
10
7
1
2
10
4
5
3
8
6
9
22
29
26
1
2
ib.
36
12
19
17
3
5
8
16
28
32
9
10
11
3
7
6
8
3
15
35
Page.
16
ib.
15
ib.
14
15
ib.
17
14
19
18
17
18
19
18
ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.
19
22
23
ib.
19
ib.
ib.
24
21
22
21
19
20
ib.
21
23
ib.
20
ib.
21
19
20
ib.
ib.
19
21
24
iv
INDEX.
Ahmedabad Asylum—continued.
Lunatics, percentages of sickness and mortality of ...
„
religion of ... ... ...
„
residence of ... ... ...
„
sex
of
...
...
...
...
„
sickness of ... ... ...
„
state of as regards marriage ... ...
Receipts and expenditure ... ... ...
Ventilation ... ... ... ...
Visitors ... ... ... ...
Water-supply ... ... ... ...
Year, an epidemic ... ... ...
Sir C. Jehangier Asylum—Hyderabad
Accommodation
...
...
...
...
Accounts ... ... ... ...
Average cost of each patient ... ... ...
Clothing ... ... ... ...
Conservancy ... ... ... ...
Drainage ... ... ... ...
Food ... ... ... ... ...
Garden ... ... ... ...
Insanity, causes of ... ... ...
Lunatics, admissions of ... ... ...
„
average daily strength of ... ...
„
criminal ... ... ...
„
deaths among ... ... ...
„
employment of ... ... ...
„
escapes of ... ... ...
„
remaining at the close of the year ...
„
restraint to ... ... ...
„
treatment of ... ... ...
Vaccination ... ... ... ...
Water-supply ... ... ... ...
Para.
21
13
14
13
20
31
27
2
37
2
38
8
19
ib.
7
9
6
7
3
15
10
20
10
11
18
14
12
16
17
13
5
Page.
22
21
ib.
ib.
22
23
ib.
19
24
19
24
25
27
ib.
25
ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.
26
25
27
25
ib.
26
ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.
25
No. S.B./115 OF 1876.
FROM
THE SURGEON-GENERAL,
Indian Medical Department,
To
THE SECRETARY TO GOVERNMENT,
General Department.
Bombay, 5th April 1876.
SIR,
Change of the Year for
report.
I have the honour to submit the annual report on lunatic asylums in this
Presidency and Sind for the year 1875. It is drawn
up for the calendar year, agreeably to the orders of
the Government of India. This change of the year
from the official to the calendar rendered it necessary to include the last three
months of the official year 1874-75, notwithstanding they had already been
reported on in my last report ; by so doing a complete year can be compared
with the preceding one to some extent.
Particulars of Population.
Remaining from previous
year.
Re-admitted.
Discharged, &c.
Deaths.
Remained at end of 1875.
2. Proceeding with the Statements, No. 1 shows that during the past
year the total population of the asylums was 874,
as compared with 849 of the preceding year. Of these
734 were males and 140 females. On 1st January 1875, there were remaining
546—449 males and 97 females ; the new admissions
were 264 males and 39 females, a total of 303. Twenty-
one males and 4 females were re-admitted. The total
number of discharged was 228—205 males and 23
females. Of these 91 were cured—77 males and 14
females, 127 were transferred to friends, 26 males and 3 females being improved,
while 92 males and 6 females had undergone no improvement. Ten males are
reported as " otherwise " discharged, i.e., transferred
and escaped. There were 78 deaths, 65 males and
13 females. On December 31st 1875, there remained
464 males and 104 females, a total of 568.
Daily Average Strength.
3. The daily average strength was 449.7 males
and 97.8 females, a total of 547.5, to 553.9 in the
preceding year.
Daily Sick.
4. Of sick the daily average number was
57.6—50.9 males and 6.7 females, to 46.6 in the
previous report.
B 667—a
2
Percentages.
5. The percentages on the daily average strength
were—
Cared
...
Died ...
Males
Females
Males
Females
17.1
14.3
14.5
13.3
...
...
...
...
Total
Total
16.6
14.2
Percentage to admissions—
Cured
...
Died
...
Males
Females
Males
Females
27.0
32.6
22.8
30.2
...
...
...
...
Total
Total
27.7
23.8
Criminal Lunatics—num-
ber, &c.
6. Statements No. 2 show some of the particulars regarding criminal
lunatics. There remained on the 1st January 1875,
74 males and 2 females ; there were admitted during
the year 37 males and 2 females, and 2 males re-ad-
mitted, making a total of 117—113 males and 4 females. Of these 11 males
were discharged cured, 2 improved and were removed by friends, 4 escaped, 3
ceased to be criminal, 5 died, leaving a total of 88 males and 4 females at
the end of the year. The daily average strength was 77.61 males and 2.97
females,—a total of 80.58. This shows an increase in the total number of males
as also in the daily average of the same over last year, but a decrease in the
latter as regard females.
A Criminal Lunatic Asy-
lum.
7. A representation to Government regarding a separate asylum for
criminal lunatics was made in paragraph 12 of my re-
port for 1874-75; and, though Government concurred
in the desirability of this, unfortunately the funds
necessary for its construction could not be provided.
Colába Asylum over-
crowded.
8. I have already brought to the notice of Government the over-crowded
state of the Colába Asylum, for which measures of re-
lief are most urgently required, as special danger is at
all times to be apprehended from the over-crowding
of insanes, more particularly so in such an asylum as Colába, which does not
permit of the proper separation of convalescents from those still suffering
from the malady in a more severe degree.
Religion, Sex and Resi-
dence.
9. Statements No. 3 show that of the 328 admissions, 89 were English,
being 11 less than last year ; 3 were Eurasians, the
others were from all parts of the East,—from Africa
and Jeddah to Kashmir and China. One hundred and two males and 20 females
were Hindus ; 65 males and 10 females were Mahomedans; of Parsis there were
14 males and 1 female ; 7 males belonged to other castes ; the total number
of Christians was 97 males and 12 females—a total of all castes and classes of
285 and 43 respectively.
Previous employment.
10. Statements No. 4 give particulars of the occupation prior to admis-
sion. Of the total mentioned in the previous para-
graph, 84 were soldiers and 3 wives of soldiers ;
44 were paupers and mendicants, 27 were cultivators, and the same number
domestic servants, while the occupations of 23 were unknown.
3
The large number of paupers and mendicants gives rise to the question
as to how far privation and want are to be considered causes of insanity.
Mendicity is, no doubt, very frequently a consequence.
Ages.
11. Statements No. 5 show that by far the largest number are between
the ages of 20 and 40—240 males and 33 females.
Next in order, but at a long distance, there are
between 40 and 60 years of age, 38 males and 6 females, there being
only one of each sex over 60, while 6 males and 3 females are under 20 years
of age.
Types of Insanity.
12. Statements No. 6 show the types of insanity. Acute mania
accounts for 348 cases, and chronic for 180, making
a total of 528, an increase of 20 cases over that of
last year. There remained from the former year 181 cases of acute, and 169
of chronic mania ; the admissions in the former were 167, in the latter 11.
Of acute mania 62 recovered, 17 improved and 24 died, while of chronic 5
recovered, one improved, and 19 died. Of melancholia there were 73 cases
treated ; of these 29 remained and 44 were admitted, 4 of these recovered, 5
improved and 2 died. Acute dementia gives a total of 130, 48 of whom
remained and 82 were admitted, 17 recovered, 3 improved and 15 died. Of
the chronic form 74 cases remained, and 12 were admitted, making a total
of 86. Of these one recovered, one improved, and 11 died. Twenty-seven
idiots remained and 2 were admitted, a total of 29, of whom 5 died. In other
forms of insanity, not requiring particular remark, there were 28 cases, 2 of
whom died.
Causes of Insanity.
13. Statements No. 7 show the alleged causes of insanity. The causes
are returned as unknown in 420, nearly 50 per cent.
of the total asylum population. Physical are to moral
causes as 381 to 73. As before reported, " ganja " accounts for the largest
number, 154; next in order comes "hereditary," 37 cases ; then " alcohol,"
35 ; " epilepsy," 33 ; and " opium " 9. Of the moral causes " grief " accounts
for 36, " religion" 8, and " fear " 6 cases.
Diseases of the Inmates.
14. Statements No. 8 show that the chief form of disease was ague,
of which 195 cases occurred in the Colába Asylum.
Tinea tonsurans gives 108 and scabies 48 cases, all in
the same asylum. The cause of this prevalence of skin diseases at Colába was
brought to notice in last year's report. Dysentery and diarrhœa gave 110
cases, more than one-half of which were at Colába. Of the total sick—
723,—58 remained from the previous year, and 655 were admitted ; 604 were
discharged cured, 3 otherwise, 78 died, and 38 remained at the close of the
year under report. The deaths in the previous year numbered 65. The in-
crease in that under report is accounted for partly by the cholera at Colába
and Ahmedabad, and also by the floods at the latter place.
Cash Accounts.
15. Statements No. 9 show the cash accounts of the asylums. The par-
ticulars for the whole are shown in the following
table:—
4
No. 9.
CASH ACCOUNT of the Lunatic Asylums of the Bombay Presidency for the Year 1875.
RECEIPT.
Items.
Received from Treasury
...
...
Received from paying patients ...
Value of articles received from
Manufacture Department ...
Do.
do. Garden Produce.
Total ...
Amount.
Rs.
88,193
4,806
967
941
94,909
a.
11
7
9
10
6
p.
0
3
8
11
10
EXPENDITURE.
Items.
Establishment
...
...
...
Diet ... ... ... ...
Clothing ... ... ... ...
Bazaar medicines ... ...
Contingencies ... ... ...
Remitted to Treasury on account
of paying patients ... ...
Remitted to Treasury on account
of manufactures ... ...
Total ...
Cash expended
Rs.
42,674
30,172
4,662
587
10,142
4,806
1,863
94,909
a.
3
12
8
2
13
7
6
6
p.
9
0
11
7
11
3
5
10
Value of Arti-
cles received
from Manu-
facture De-
partment.
Rs. a. p.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Total.
Rs.
42,674
30,172
4,662
587
10,142
4,806
1,863
94,909
a.
3
12
8
2
13
7
6
6
p.
9
0
11
7
11
3
5
10
Annual Cost
per Head.
Rs.
77
55
8
1
18
a.
15
1
8
1
8
p.
1
8
2
2
4
...
...
*148 13 1
* The actual cost of each insane per annum to the State, after deducting realizations.
5
Average cost per head.
The money received from the treasury was Rs. 88,193-11-0, from which the
sum paid into the treasury, amounting to Rs. 6,669-13-8, must be de-
ducted, leaving the cost to the State Rs. 82,523-13-4, which is a little less
than that of last year. The average daily strength was 547.5, and the net
cost per head, inclusive of Europeans, was Rs. 148-13-1, less than that of
last year by Rs. 1-12-10. The chief item of increase
has been contingencies, at Colába and Poona; the
next, in establishment, at Ahmedabad ; and in clothing at Poona. A decrease
has taken place in the cost of diet, and to a small extent in bazaar medicines.
The sum remitted to the treasury exceeded that of last year by Rs. 480 on
account of paying patients, and Rs. 786 for manufactures. The actual cost
to the State per head in each asylum is :—
Colába ... ... ... ... ...
Poona
...
...
...
...
...
Dharwar ... ... ... ... ...
Ahmedabad ... ... ... ...
Hyderabad ... ... ... ...
Rs.
„
„
„
„
178
164
172
118
92
6
12
0
3
0
8
4
0
4
4
The increased rate at Ahmedabad is explained in paragraph 28 of the Super-
intendent's report. The reason of the higher cost at Colába, as compared
with other asylums, is explained at page 7 of my last year's report.
Establishments.
16. Statements No. 10 show the sanctioned establishment of each
asylum. The total cost of these has been Rs. 40 less
than last year.
Manufactures.
17. Statements No. 11 show the receipts and expenditure on account of
manufactures. Colába exhibits an increase of 8
insanes employed, Poona 14, Ahmedabad 6, and
Hyderabad 12, Dharwar showing a decrease of one, a total increase of
39.1. The particulars are given in the following table :—
Asylums.
Colába...
...
...
Poona ...
...
...
Dharwar
...
...
Ahmedabad ...
...
Hyderabad
...
...
Total...
1874-75 ...
1875
1874-75 ...
1875
1874-75 ...
1875
1874-75 ...
1875
1874-75 ...
1875
1874-75 ...
1875
Average Strength.
Males.
215.5
212.7
47.0
43.1
17.4
16.3
90.4
91.6
84.0
86.0
454.3
449.7
Females
51.4
48.3
10.6
11.8
4.1
4.7
18.5
18.0
15.0
15.0
99.6
97.8
Total.
266.9
261.0
57.6
54.9
21.5
21.0
108.9
109.6
99.0
101.0
553.9
547.5
Employed.
Males.
60
67.1
25
37
7
6
63.6
68.9
51
62
206.6
241.0
Females
6
6.9
6
8
...
...
8
8.8
12
13
32
36.7
Total.
66
74.0
31
45
7
6
71.6
77.7
63
75
238.6
277.7