NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
44
Preventive
inoculations,
vide Table III.
Nine hundred and forty-six inoculations were
performed in 12 outbreaks, against 1,386 inoculations
performed last year in the course of 12 outbreaks.
Foot and Mouth Disease.—The disease broke out in the Karáchi, Hyder-
abad, Lárkána, Sukkur and Nawábsháh Districts ; of the 683 animals affected
by the disease 4 died against 2 animals said to have died in the preceding year.
Hæmorrhagic Septicæmia was reported from Karáchi, Hyderabad and
Lárkána Districts ; 237 animals died out of 248 attacked by the disease against
721 deaths reported last year.
Preventive inoculations,
vide Table III.
Ninety-three inoculations were performed against
this disease in the Nawábsháh District against 261
inoculations performed last year in the Karáchi
District.
Black Quarter.—During the year 32 deaths were reported from this dis-
ease against 4 in the previous year.
Anthrax.—Six deaths were reported out of 14 animals said to have been
attacked by the disease.
Other Contagious Diseases.—Three hundred and thirteen deaths were
reported to have occurred from other contagious diseases during 1912-13 against
10,384 deaths reported last year.
Other animals.
Rabies.—Twenty-two deaths from rabies (18 in Karáchi, 3 in Hyderabad
and 1 in Sukkur) were reported during the year 1912-13 against 10 deaths
reported last year.
Surra.—Two deaths occurred from surra in other animals, against 29
deaths reported last year.
Anthrax.—Two deaths from this disease were reported by the Veterinary
Graduate, Karáchi. His diagnosis was confirmed by the Imperial Bacterio-
logist, Muktesar.
Pleuro-Pneumonia.—This disease affected 273 animals and was the cause
of 190 deaths during the year under report, against 73 deaths reported in the
previous year.
Hydræmia.—One hundred and fifty-four deaths were reported out of 184
attacked in Hyderabad District, against 1,480 last year.
Distemper.—Ten deaths were reported.
Tetanus.—This disease was reported.
Other Contagious Diseases.—Twenty-eight deaths have been reported from
other contagious diseases amongst other animals during the year under report.
(2) Other diseases.
Table IV.
During the year 237 villages were visited by Veterinary Assistants on tour
and 1,362 animals were treated and castrated. Last
year 283 villages were visited and 3,052 animals
treated.
(3) Veterinary Hospitals and Dispensaries.
There were 7 veterinary hospitals working at the beginning of the year.
Seth Goverdhandas of Tatta has generously presented the District. Local
Board, Karáchi, with a sum of Rs. 7,000 for the construction of a second class
dispensary at Tatta and the foundation stone of the new buildings was laid by
the Collector of Karachi on 31st March 1913. The dispensary was opened in
temporary quarters on the 20tb March 1913.
46
It was impossible to secure competent Veterinary Assistants for the
dispensaries at Sujával and Tatta in the Karachi District on the sanctioned
pay of Rs. 30 plus a special allowance of Rs. 15 per mensem and Government
sanctioned an additional special allowance of Rs. 25 per mensem, from the
resources of the District Local Board, for each post.
As reported last year the present method of reporting epidemic disease and
collecting statistics is very unsatisfactory and proposals for an improved system
of reporting disease have been submitted to the Commissioner in Sind.
The Superintendent regrets to have to report that interest in the working
of veterinary dispensaries is lacking in some cases on the part of members of the
dispensary committee.
J. G. CATTELL, I. C. V. D.,
Superintendent,
Civil Veterinary Department,
Sind, Baluchistán and Rájputána.
48
TABLE V.
Showing Number of Animals treated at Veterinary Hospitals and Dispensaries
during the year 1912-1913.
Province.
1
Sind.
Karáchi ...
Tatta
(Dis-
trict Kará-
chi).
Hyderabad
(Sind).
Hala
(Dis-
trict
Hy-
derabad).
Nausháhro
Feroz (Dis-
trict Nawáb-
sháh).
Lárkána ...
Jacohabad ...
Shikrárpur
(Distict
Sukkur).
Total ...
Number of Veterinary Dispensaries
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
8
Number of Veterinary Assistants
employed at Dispensaries.
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
8
In-patients
Remaining on
1st April.
Equines.
4
4
...
...
...
2
1
1
3
11
Bovines.
5
1
...
...
...
...
...
1
2
Other animals.
6
...
...
2
...
...
...
...
...
2
Admitted during
the year.
Equines.
7
188
...
97
49
38
98
26
149
645
Bovines.
5
148
...
11
12
10
30
1
16
208
Other animals.
9
96
...
52
21
16
5
1
17
211
Total.
Equines.
10
122
...
97
49
40
09
27
152
G5G
Bovines.
11
149
...
11
12
10
10
1
17
210
Other animals.
12
96
...
54
24
16
5
1
17
213
Discharged during
the year.
Equines.
13
181
...
92
49
40
96
27
148
633
Bovines.
14
149
...
10
12
10
10
1
17
209
Other animals.
15
94
...
54
24
16
5
1
17
211
Balance on 31st
March.
Equines.
16
11
...
5
...
...
3
...
4
23
Bovines.
17
...
...
1
...
...
...
...
...
1
Other animals.
18
2
...
...
...
...
......
...
...
2
Province.
1
Sind.
Karáchi ...
Tatta
(Dis-
trict Kará-
chi).
Hyderabad
(Sind).
Hala
(Dis-
trict Hy-
derabad).
Nausháhro
Feroz (Dis-
trict Nawáb-
sháh).
Lárkána ...
Jacobabad ...
Shikárpur
(District
Sukkur).
Total
...
OUT-PATIENTS.
Number treated during
the year.
Equines.
19
1,166
4
769
505
718
475
574
874
5,085
Bovines.
20
826
6
839
93
215
587
218
977
3,791
Other animals.
21
709
...
1,170
457
377
196
228
528
3,665
Average daily
attendance.
Equines.
22
42.9
1.5
9.2
8
6.17
12.1
17
24
...
Bovines.
23
25.8
2.0
10.1
1.72
2.41
12.5
6
26
...
Other animals.
24
22.5
...
9.8
6
3.57
3.9
4½
15
...
Total number of in and out-patients
treated during the year.
Equines.
25
1,358
4
866
554
758
574
601
1,026
5,741
Bovines.
26
975
6
850
105
255
597
219
994
4,001
Other animals.
27
805
...
1,224
481
393
201
229
545
3,878
Total.
28
3,138
10
2,940
1,140
1,406
1,372
1,049
2,565
13,620
Receipts.
29
Rs.
8,915
..
5,339
2,152
2,850
4,983
1,995
5,869
32,106
a.
6
..
15
0
9
15
7
4
9
p.
1
..
5
0
4
7
4
1
3 0
Expenditure.
30
Rs.
8,190
..
4,788
1,546
2,145
2,641
1,525
5,662
26,500
a.
9
..
9
1
3
15
6
15
13
p.
11
..
8
2
1
3
7
11
7
49
TABLE VII.
Showing total strength of Subordinate Veterinary Staff employed during the year 1912-1913.
Province.
1
Sind
...
...
How occupied.
2
In Schools and
Colleges.
In Dispensaries...
Do.
...
On other work ...
Total ...
Whether paid
from Provincial or
Local Funds.
3
......
Provincial ...
Local Funds ...
Provincial ...
......
Deputy
Superin-
tendent.
4
No.
...
...
...
1
1
Veterinary
Assistants.
5
No.
...
6
2
...
8
Subordinate
teaching Staff.
6
......
......
......
......
Remarks.
7
TABLE XIV-A.
Statement showing Cost of the Civil Veterinary Department in the Province of Sind
during the financial year 1912-1913.
Major Heads.
1
1. Superintendence
...
... ...
2. Veterinary Instruction
... ...
3. Subordinate Establishment
...
...
4. Hospitals and Dispensaries
... ...
5. Breeding operations
... ...
6. Prizes ...
...
... ...
7. Fairs and Shows
...
... ...
Total ...
AMOUNT.
Imperial.
2
Rs.
16,967
..
..
..
..
..
..
16,987
a.
1
..
..
..
..
..
..
1
p.
7
..
..
..
..
..
..
7
Provincial.
3
Rs.
..
..
9,545
17,411
..
..
..
26,957
a.
..
..
12
12
..
..
..
8
p.
..
..
3
0
..
..
..
3
Local.
4
Rs.
..
..
..
26,612
..
..
..
26,612
a.
..
..
..
0
..
..
..
0
p.
..
..
..
4
..
..
..
4
Total.
5
Rs.
16,987
..
9,545
44,023
..
..
..
70,556
a.
1
..
12
12
..
..
..
10
p.
7
..
3
4
..
..
..
2
Remarks.
6
Imperial and Provincial figures
have been compiled in the
Office of the Superintendent,
Civil Veterinary Department,
Sind, Baluchistan and Ráj-
putána, and those shown
under "Local" were sup-
plied by Collector and De-
puty Commissioner in Sind.
N 9—13
51
Below letter No. 505/G IV-3,dated the 28th June 1913, from the Superinten-
dent, Civil Verterinary Department, Sind, Baluchistán and Rájputána,
to Government, Revenue Department, Bombay.
No. G.-367 of 1913.
GENERAL DEPARTMENT :
Office of the Commissioner in Sind,
Government House, Karáchi, 22nd July 1913.
Forwarded.
2. Two students were selected for training at the Bombay Veterinary
College and awarded scholarships, but as neither of them joined the College,
the scholarships were granted to two students already studying at the College—
the stipendiary students at the College at the end of the year being thus four
in number. As desired by Government in their Resolution on last year's
report (No. 11798, dated the 28th December 1912), the necessity of encourag-
ing candidates from Sind to enter the Veterinary College at Bombay, so that
duly qualified local men may be available when required, is being constantly
kept in view by the district officers. There is, however, a general feeling
that the prospects of the department at present are not very good.
3. During the year Seth Govardhandas of Tatta presented the District
Local Board, Karachi, with a sum of Rs. 7,000 for the construction of a second
class dispensary at Tatta, and the foundation stone of the buildings was laid
by the Collector (Mr. Lawrence) on 31st March 1913. The dispensary was
opened in temporary quarters on the 20th March 1913.
4. The Deputy Superintendent did a considerable amount of touring
both with the Superintendent and by himself, and inspected all the dispensaries
in the Province. He attended the several outbreaks of disease in the
Province and also checked the results of preventive inoculations performed
by the Veterinary Graduates.
5. The Commissioner has before him proposals for an improved system
of reporting epidemic diseases and collecting statistics which are receiving
his attention.
6. The Commissioner regrets that the Superintendent has to complain
that interest in the working of dispensaries is lacking in some cases on the
part of members of the dispensary committees. He is impressing on all
Collectors and Sub-divisional Officers the necessity of their visiting these
dispensaries regularly and of thereby stimulating an interest in their working
amongst the members of the local bodies which, in part, control them.
P. R. CADELL,
Acting Commissioner in Sind.
To
THE CHIEF SECRETARY TO GOVERNMENT,
Revenue Department, Bombay.
BOMBAY: PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT CENTRAL PRESS.
2
4. During the year the administration of the Glanders and Farcy
Department continued to be satisfactory.
C. W. A. TURNER,
Under Secretary to Government.
To
The Commissioner in Sind and the Commissioners of Divisions,
All Collectors, including the Collectors in Sind and the
Deputy Commissioner, Upper Sind Frontier,
The Director of Agriculture,
The Superintendent, Civil Veterinary Department, Bombay
Presidency,
The Superintendent, Civil Veterinary Department, Sind,
Baluchistán and Rajputána,
The Principal, Bombay Veterinary College,
The Principal, Agricultural College, Poona,
The Sanitary Commissioner for the Government of Bombay,
The Municipal Commissioner for the City of Bombay,
The Accountant General,
The General Officer Commanding 4th (Quetta) Division,
The General Officer Commanding 5th (Mhow) Division,
The General Officer Commanding 6th (Poona) Division,
The Political Resident, Aden,
The Agent to the Governor, Káthiáwár,
The Resident, Kolhápur, and Political Agent, Southern
Marátha Country States,
All other Political Agents,
The Compiler, General Administration Report for 1912-13,
The Political, Judicial, General, Public Works and Financial
Departments of the Secretariat,
The Editors' Tables and Editors of Newspapers,
All Registered Libraries,
The Non-official Members of the Legislative Council.
The Agricultural Adviser to the Government of India,
The President, Municipal Corporation, Bombay,
The Secretary to the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to
Animals,
The Government of India,
The Under Secretary of State for India.
With copies of
the Report.
By letter.
IP/QB, 10
No. 26
( NEW SERIES. )
SCIENTIFIC MEMOIRS
BY
OFFICERS OF THE MEDICAL AND SANITARY DEPARTMENTS
OF THE
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
LEUCOCYTOZOON CANIS.
BY
CAPTAIN S. R. CHRISTOPHERS, M.B., I.M.S.
ISSUED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
BY THE SANITARY COMMISSIONER WITH THE GOVERNMENT
OF INDIA, SIMLA.
CALCUTTA:
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING INDIA.
1906.
Price annas 12 or 1s. 2d.
* ADVOCATES LI BRARY
3942885
No. 26.
(NEW SERIES.)
SCIENTIFIC MEMOIRS
BY
OFFICERS OF THE MEDICAL AND SANITARY DEPARTMENTS
OF THE
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
LEUCOCYTOZOON CANIS.
BY
CAPTAIN S. R. CHRISTOPHERS, M.B., I.M.S.
ISSUED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
BY THE SANITARY COMMISSIONER WITH THE GOVERNMENT
OF INDIA, SIMLA.
CALCUTTA:
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.
1906.
Agents for the Sale of Books published by the Superintendent of Government
Printing, India, Calcutta.
IN ENGLAND.
IN INDIA.
H. S. KING & CO., 65, Cornhill, & 9, Pall Mall,
London.
THACKER, SPINK & CO., Calcutta and Simla.
NEWMAN & CO., Calcutta.
E. A. ARNOLD, 41 & 43, Maddox Street, Bond
Street, London, W.
S. K. LAHIRI & CO., Calcutta.
CONSTABLE & CO., 16, James Street, Hay Market,
London, W.
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HIGGINBOTHAM & CO., Madras.
P. S. KING & SON, 2 & 4, Great Smith Street,
Westminster, London, S.W.
V. KALYANARAMA IVER & CO., Madras.
G. A. NATESAN & CO., Madras.
KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER & CO., 43, Gerrard
Street, Soho, London, W.
S. MURTHY & CO., Madras.
BERNARD QUARITCH, 15, Piccadilly, London, W.
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ON THE CONTINENT.
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R. FRIEDLÄNDER & SOHN, 11, Carlstrasse, Berlin,
N.W.
N. B. MATHUR, Superintendent, Nazair Kanun
Hind Press, Allahabad.
OTTO HARRASSOWITZ, Leipzig.
RAI SAHIB M. GULAB SINGH & SONS, Mufid-i-Am
Press, Lahore.
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Superintendent, American Baptist Mission Press,
Rangoon.
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RUDOLF HAUPT, Halle A. S., Germany.
A. M. & J. FERGUSON, Ceylon.
LEUCOCYTOZOON CANIS.
SEVERAL examples of parasites resembling the hæmogregarine forms
so common in the cold-blooded vertebrates have recently been found
in the blood of mammals. One of these parasites occurring in the white blood
corpuscles of the dog, is the subject of the present memoir. As seen in
the peripheral blood, it has already been described by James (1) and by
Bentley (2) ; but neither of these authors has investigated the parasite in the
organs, and since this parasite of the dog was the first of the series to be
described, neither was in a position to compare it with other mammalian
hæmogregarines. These omissions, as far as possible, have been made good in
the present memoir which, describing among other matters the free motile
vermicule, and the formation in the red marrow of reproductive, cysts, adds
many new facts to what was previously known regarding the parasite.
James, who found the parasite in six out of 45 dogs, examined by him in
various parts of Assam, has given a very complete description of it as seen in
the peripheral blood. He does not state whether the dogs were pariah dogs
or dogs of European extraction, though the context strongly suggests that they
were adult dogs of the latter kind. He describes the parasite as occurring in
the polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and as consisting of a very characteristic
oblong, nucleated, unpigmented body contained in a definite capsule or cytocyst,
formed from the body substance of the leucocyte in which the parasite is
situated. He notes the difficulty with which the parasite stains, drawing atten-
tion to the fact that the parasite itself is often not seen, the area occupied be
its capsule then appearing as a clear space. In well and deeply stained speci-
mens he was able to display the parasite, which lay, as a rule loosely, in its
oval cytocyst.
James observes that the leucocytes are but little affected by the presence
of the parasite and that their amœboid movement is not interfered with.
Besides the common forms, James mentions others of rarer occurrence,
which are more circular in shape, and in which the contour of the parasite is
only very indistinctly marked off from the general body protoplasm of the
leucocyte. These forms he conjectures may be a less mature stage of the
ordinary encapsuled parasite.
He describes in the parasite a round or oval nucleus, which is generally
situated close to one extremity. Bodies containing an elongated chromatin
mass centrally situated are also noted, and the nucleus, according to James,
frequently seems to be made uo of a number of small round chromatin granules.
B
2
The escape of a parasite from a cell was observed once by James. After
eaving the cell it was worm-like, more pointed at one end than the other. It
showed slow vermicular movements, but did not travel from the spot at which it
was liberated James concluded that the parasite had affinities with the hæmo-
gregarines and represented an entirely new form of mammalian blood infection.
He thought it should be recognised as the type of a new genus and gave to it
the name Leucocytozoon Canis.
According to James, Bentley, though his account is of later date, was the
first actually to see the parasite. It is interesting to note, with reference to
what comes later, that Bentley describes parasites as found also in transitional
and mononuclear leucocytes.
Shortly after the discovery of this hæmogregarine-like parasite in the dog,
similar parasites were described by Balfour (3) and myself (4) as occurring in
the Gerboa (Jaculus gordoni), and in the Indian field rat (Gerbillus indicus),
respectively. The former has been named by Laveran (5), Hæmogregarina
balfouri, and the latter I have called H. gerbilli. Both these forms occur in
the red blood corpuscles of their host and do not differ, in any recognisable way,
from the hæmogregarines of cold-blooded animals. In the red cell they are
partly bent upon themselves so as to form a 'tail,' and like hæmogregarines they
have an active vermicule stage in which they are free in the plasma.
Patton (6) shortly after described another hæmogregarine H. funambuli
found by him in the Kathiawar squirrel ( F. pennantii), and Balfour (3) one
almost identical in appearance in the rat (M. decumanus). Both these parasites
invade the leucocytes but differ from L. canis in choosing mononuclear elements.
They lie in spaces in the cell but have no definite capsule. The chromatin
mass of L. funambuli, and apparently also of the rat parasite, stains with the
same ease as the nuclei of the leucocytes. A characteristic hæmogregarine-like
'tail' is often present in L. funambuli, and free vermicules occur.
Another distinct species described by Patton (1) is L. felis domestici. It
occurs in the polymorphonuclear leucocytes of bazaar cats about Madras. It
is more closely related to L. canis than to the other species. It lacks, however,
the capsule of L. canis and resembles the naked oval form of this species men-
tioned later more than the encapsuled one.
Leucocytozoon canis, which had hitherto been reported only from Assam,
I have found to be quite common in the pariah dog about Madras. Though
very common in pariah puppies it is rare in the adult dogs. Added to the fact
that James seems to have found the parasite in adult European dogs, this
recalls the conditions relative to European and indigenous child malaria.
It is difficult to say exactly what percentage of the puppies of Madras are
infected. One reason is that extremely scanty infections are rather common
3
and prolonged search often results in the finding of a few or even a single
parasite in the blood of a dog which the result of a less thorough examination
would have led one to suppose was free from infection. Again, neglected dogs
are especially liable to harbour the parasite, whereas well conditioned puppies
are much less frequently infected. The figures one arrives at, it is obvious, will
depend very much on the proportion of dogs belonging to the former or latter
class respectively which one deals with. In the case of neglected puppies
picked up from the bazaar, and taking into consideration scanty infections,
the number infected is nearly 100 per cent. and at least 25 per cent. of such
dogs show heavy infections. Material being so readily obtained, it was thought
desirable to supplement such work as had already been done on this parasite by
some further research.
No special methods were employed. Nochts Romanowski, Giemsa's stain
and Novy's modification of Romanowski's stain have all at times been used.
The last stains the forms more intensely than either of the former, but requires to
be used with great care since it has so great a tendency to deposit. Giemsa's
stain readily colours the ordinary encapsuled parasite, but it often will not
touch the young reproductive cysts. The action of Nocht's Romanowski stain
depends entirely upon the particular brew of stain that is used. Some brews
give the most beautiful results, other quite fail to stain the encapsuled parasite
in spite of the fact that they colour the nuclei of the leucocytes deeply.
For the detection of developmental forms in the bone marrow, smears
stained with Giemsa's or Nocht's stains are searched with a ⅓-inch dry objective.
This enables one to pick out the large mature cysts, and even to detect the
small unstained refractile forms.
The mature cysts are beautifully displayed in fresh squash preparations of
the bone marrow.
Vermicules are difficult to obtain except from the gut of ticks (R. San-
guineus ) fed on infected dogs.
They are studied quite readily in the gut, especially in that of the nymph.
In the case of nymphs removed from heavily infected dogs, the number of ver-
micules is very great. Fresh preparations are best made by adding a little o
the gut contents to a drop of normal saline and, after mixing the two, covering.
Dry smears are best made by dragging a portion of the gut over the slide, or by
breaking up a piece of the gut in normal saline, before spreading with the
needle. Smears made by spreading the undiluted blood from the gut are apt to
be unsatisfactory, as blood in the tick is generally of a tarry consistence.
It would be superfluous after James' very thorough account to describe
again the characters of the parasite as it is seen in the peripheral blood. All
the mammalian hæmogregarines are totally unlike any other form of blood parasite
B 2