NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
( 12 )
TABLE XI.
Services and produce of each class of horse and pony stallions,
under local Bodies during 1904-1905.
HORSE OR
PONY.
1
Horse
...
...
...
Pony
...
...
PROVINCE.
2
......
Bengal Hatwa
Raj
(Saran
Court
of
Wards.
Total
Stallions on register on 31st
March.
3
1
1
Stallions
actually
employed
at stud.
Year under report.
-
4
...
...
Previous year.
5
Nil.
1
1
Number
of mares
covered.
Year under report.
6
...
...
Previous year.
7
1
1
Average number of
mares covered per
stallion employed
at stud.
Year under report.
8
...
...
Previous year.
9
1
1
TABLE XII
Showing average cost of feed, keep, attendance, etc., of Horse and Pony stallions
during the year 1904-1905.
Province.
1
Bengal ... ...
Raj Hathwa (Saran Court of
Wards).
HORSE.
Year under
report.
2
...
Previous
year.
3
...
PONY.
Year under
report.
4
Rs. A.
238 8
Previous
year.
5
Rs. A.
241 8
REMARKS.
6
TABLE XIII.
Abstract of particulars regarding Horse Fairs and Shows held in non-selected districts during the year 1904-1905.
PROVINCE.
1
Sonepore
...
Barrahpore ...
Bihta ...
Kalimpong ...
Khagra ...
Total ...
Number
of Horse Fairs and Shows held
2
1
1
1
1
1
5
TOTAL
NUMBER
OF
ANIMALS
PRESENT.
Year under report.
3
3,855
559
17
250
320
5,001
Previous year.
4
3,500
300
300
404
311
4,816
TOTAL NUMBRR
COMPETING
FOR PRIZES.
Year unde report.
5
Previous year.
6
TOTAL NUMBER
OF
HORSES
STOCK (NOT
INCLUDING
BRANDED
MARES)
PRESENT.
Belonging to breeders.
7
Prizes are not award-
ed
to horses in
Bengal to improve
Thier
breed.
Belonging to dealers.
8
NUMBER OF
REMOUNTS
PURCHASED.
For Remount; Depart-
ment.
9
For native cavalry.
10
For police.
11
Total.
12
PRICE PAID
FOR
REMOUNTS.
Highest price.
13
Lowest price.
14
Average price.
15
NUMBER OF
MULES
PURCHASED.
By Government.
16
By others.
17
Total.
18
PRICE PAID
FOR MULES
BY GOVERN-
MENT.
Highest price.
19
Information not available.
Lowest price.
20
Average price.
21
Total number of animals sold.
22
From imperial funds.
23
PRIZES AWARDED.
From provincial funds.
24
Prom local funds.
25
From other sources.
26
Total.
27
Amount
actually
awarded.
28
Number of medals
awarded.
29
Prizes are not awarded to
horses in Bengal.
Amount sanctioned by Government of
India for next year's Fair or Show.
30
REMARKS.
31
(
15
)
Serial number.
1
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
DISEASE.
2
Sesamoiditis ... ...
Sprains
...
...
...
Seedy-toe
...
...
Synovitis
...
...
...
Strangles
...
...
...
Teeth irregular
...
...
Tetanus
...
...
...
Thrush ... ... ...
Tumours
...
...
...
Tympanites
...
...
Tuberculosis ... ...
Urethritis ... ... ...
Uræmia ... ... ...
Vaginitis
...
...
...
Volvulus
...
...
...
Wounds
...
...
...
Total ...
Remaining on
1st
April
1904.
3
...
9
...
...
...
...
...
...
31
...
...
...
...
...
...
26
127
Admitted
since.
4
2
52
1
...
11 1
5
2
86
2
1
...
1
6
1
183
1,278
Cured.
5
2
50
1
...
10 1
1
2
101
2
...
...
...
4
...
182
1,028
IN-PATIENTS.
Relieved.
6
...
3
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
...
1
...
...
...
...
5
43
Died.
7
...
...
...
...
1
...
4
...
5
...
...
...
1
...
1
6
147
Destroyed.
8
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
103
Remaining.
9
...
8
...
...
...
...
...
...
10
...
...
...
...
2
...
16
84
Total.
10
2
61
1
...
11 1
5
2
117
2
1
...
1
6
1
209
1,405
Remaining on
1st
April
1904.
11
1
6
...
...
...
...
...
...
10
16
...
...
...
...
...
...
114
Brought for
treatment
since.
12
7
44
3
1
...
...
...
1
50
23
...
1
...
8
...
213
1,463
OUT-PATIENTS.
Cured,
13
7
43
3
...
...
...
...
...
...
38
...
...
...
8
...
203
1,353
Relieved.
14
...
1
...
1
...
...
...
1
59
...
...
1
...
...
...
...
92
Died.
15
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
...
...
...
...
...
...
2
30
Destroyed.
16
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
...
...
...
...
...
...
4
Remaining.
17
1
6
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
..
...
...
...
...
...
3
98
Total.
18
8
50
3
1
...
...
...
1
60
39
...
1
...
8
...
213
1,577
GRAND TOTAL.
19
10
111
4
1
11
1
5
3
177
41
1
1
1
14
1
422
2,982
REMARKS.
20
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The Morphology and Life History of Herpetomonas culicis, Novy, MacNeal
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Studies on the Flagellates of the Genera Herpetomonas,
Crithidia and Rhynchoidomonas.
No. I.
The Morphology and Life History of Herpetomonas culicis, Novy,
MacNeal and Torrey.
N several earlier papers I have described in detail certain flagellates of the
I genera Herpetomonas, Crithidia, and Rhynchoidomonas, and it was then
pointed out that the knowledge of the life histories of these important protozoa
would not only help in solving the problems connected with the methods of
transmission of the herpetomonads of Kala Azar and Oriental Sore, but would.
also lead to a better understanding of the morphology and life histories of
the pathogenic and non-pathogenic trypanosomes.
In a recent paper on the life history of Herpetomonas muscœ domesticœ
in Musca nebulo, bred and infected in the laboratory, it was shewn that in
nature this fly becomes infected with this flagellate in one of three ways : (1) By
ingesting the long flagellates which are passed out in large numbers in the fluid.
excreta of heavily infected flies. (2) By ingesting the pre-encysting forms, also
discharged in the fæces of Musca nebulo, and (3) by ingesting the ripe cysts.
The study of these flagellates, outlined in my paper on H e r p e t o m o n a s
muscœ domesticœ, opens up an entirely new field of research in connection with
these parasites, and it may well be compared with Novy's ingenious devices for
studying the trypanosomes of vertebrates in pure cultures. It differs however
from cultural methods in that the observer has the advantage of following in
the insect host, on each successive day, those vital and important changes
which culminate in the preparation of the parasites for their brief stay outside
the alimentary tracts of their hosts ; these changes cannot be studied. in the
test tube.
All previous observations on Herpetomonas muscœ domesticœ have been
made on caught flies, and. in them it is quite impossible to form any idea, either
of the method by which the fly becomes infected, or the stage in which. the
parasites were at the time of examination. It is therefore easy to understand.
why my views regarding the structure of Herpetomonas muscœ domesticœ differ
so considerably from those of other observers, who have only studied. this herpe-
tomonas in flies caught at large ; this is a point which is frequently overlooked.
2
In my laboratory experiments with Herpetomonas muscœ domesticœ in.
.Musca nebulo, the flies were first bred, and hereditary transmission was never
found. Next, the bred flies were infected and then placed in glass jars which
were further surrounded by a fly proof cage, and in this way it was quite
impossible for the flies to have become infected with any other flagellate. It
was then found that Herpetomonas muscæ domesticæ, having passed through
its stage of longitudinal division (the stage in which it is said to be a bi-flagel-
late), ceased to divide, and then it exhibited all the characters of a typical herpe-
tomonas, with a single flagellum, the so-called Leptomonas. Strange to say, it
has been suggested that my flies had at this time become infected with a second
flagellate, a Leptomonas, and thus the finding of the uniflagellate. Those who
believe that this actually happened cannot have read my paper describing the
experiments in question, for it was physically impossible for any other insect
to have come in contact with the flies. I am therefore at a loss to understand
the object for such statements. There could be no doubt whatever that the
flagellates, which appeared in the flies towards the end of the experiment, were
none other than those which had resulted from the division of the earlier forms.
These experiments conclusively proved that Herpetomonas muscæ domesticæ is
a uniflagellate protozoon and the generic name Leptomonas can therefore only
be a synonym. The methods which have been adopted in studying the
flagellates of insects have undoubtedly led to the present confusion, and the
introduction of numerous generic names such as Leptomonas, Leptotrypanosoma,
etc., has now been carried to such an extent, that the main points at issue,
namely, the true morphology, life histories, and phylogeny of these parasites,
have been overlooked.
Apart from these considerations, it is very necessary to study the flagellates-
of insects, for, as they are so little understood, they have in the past been
confused with pathogenic forms which the insects may have ingested. Many
erroneous conclusions have been drawn regarding the true origin of these
flagellates, especially those which are parasitic in blood sucking insects. The
methods by which insects become infected are so diverse, that even with first
hand knowledge, it is often difficult to distinguish them from pathogenic ones
For these reasons I propose in the present paper (the first of a series), taking
up the study of the flagellates of the genera Herpetomonas, Crithidia and
Rhynchoidomonas parasitic in several species of Diptera, Siphonaptera,
Rhynchota and Ixodidæ, which I have had the opportunity of studying during
the last seven years.
I do not however intend entering into any further controversy with those
who believe that the genus Herpetomonas, Kent, should be split into two, re
-taining the genus Herpetomonas, sensu stricto for those flagellates which are-
3
supposed to possess two flagella, and erecting the genus Leptomonas for those
which have only a single flagellum ; nor do I intend discussing any further as.
to whether the flagellates of blood sucking insects are merely developmental
stages of known or unknown vertebrate trypanosomes. Nothing further can
be gained by continuing such controversies ; those who hold these views have
either never studied these parasites, or they have never attempted to work out
their life histories in insects bred and infected in the laboratory.
The Flagellates of Mosquitoes.
It is now well known that mosquitoes in different parts of the world are
infected with flagellates of the genera Herpetomonas and Crithidia. In 1898
Ross encountered them while conducting his researches into the etiology of
malaria, and in 1906, he again called attention to these early studies. Ross
correctly states that these flagellates had originated from earlier stages present
in the larvæ, and that they are therefore present in the adult insects before they
have fed on blood. In 1900 Durham found flagellates in a specimen of
Stegomyia fasciata which had fed on a small bat ; and notes that they were
quite different in structure from the trypanosomes found in the blood of verte
brates. In 1901 Chatterjee found a flagellate in an anopheles in Calcutta,
which he assumes was related to Trypanosoma evansi ; there can be little doubt
however that this was one of the harmless flagellates of mosquitoes. In the
same year Christophers records the presence of swarms of flagellates in the
rectum and hind gut, in a large proportion of anophelines and culicines he had
occasion to examine. In their book on Malaria, Stephens and Christophers
draw attention to these flagellates and clearly depict them.
Léger, in 1902, is the next observer who has studied the flagellates of
mosquitoes, and he describes one from the alimentary tract of Anopheles
maculipennis, which he considered to belong to a new genus, Crithidia, and
which on account of certain morphological characteristics, he rightly believed
to be intermediate between Herpetomonas and Trypanosoma. In the same
year, Léger, in collaboration with Duboscq, found this flagellate in the
alimentary tracts of anopheles larvæ, as well as in those of the hibernating
insects; this is an observation of the utmost importance, and if it had been fully
realised by subsequent observers, there would to-day have been fewer erroneous
statements regarding the nature of these parasites. Still later, the brothers
Sergent record the presence of a herpetomonas in Culex pipiens and in Stego-
myia fasciata both in the larvæ, pupæ, and adult insects. In 1907, Novy,
MacNeal, and Torrey recorded the presence of Herpetomonas culicis and
Crithidia fasciculata in Culex pungens, Culex sylvestris, and Culex triseriatus ;