NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
CONTROL OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE
125
TABLE VI.
Treated Animals.
Serial
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
No. of
Animal.
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1121
1122
1124
1125
1131
1133
13th November 1930
Temp.
A. M.
99.8°*
100°*
100°*
101.2°*
99.2°*
101.6°*
98.6°*
98.8°*
98.4°*
99.6°*
98°*
98 .8°*
P. M.
101.6°
103.2°
103.8°
103.8°
102.8°
104.4°
103.6°
103°
102.4°
102.6°
105.6°
102.8°
Lesions
F
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
M
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
+ +
—
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1111
1112
1119
1120
1123
1127
1128
1129
1130
1134
1126
98.6°
99.6°
98.6°
100.4°
99.6°
99.4°
98.4°
99.2°
98.6°
99.8°
105.6°
101.6°
102.2°
102.2°
102.6°
103.6°
102.2°
101.4°
102.6°
101.4°
101.6°
101.4°
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
+ +
—
+ +
—
—
—
14th November 1930
Temp.
A. M.
98.6°
100.6°
100.8°
100.8°
99.8°
101.4°
100.6°
100.4°
100.8°
l03.2°
103.8°
101.4°
P. M.
102°
102.2°
101.8°
105°
102.6°
103.4°
102.4°
103.2°
102.6°
105°
105.4°
102.8°
Lesions
F
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
M
—
—
—
+ +
—
—
—
—
—
+ +
+ +
—
Controls.
99.6°
100.6°
103.6°
100.6°
100.4°
103.6°
99.6°
101°
97.8°
99.4°
102.2°
101.8°
102.4°
105.2°
102.8°
102.2°
105.6°
102°
103.4°
103°
102.6°
104.6°
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
+ +
—
—
+ +
—
+ +
—
—
+ +
15th November 1930
Temp.
A. M.
98.4°
103.8°
100.8°
102.8°
100.6°
101.6°
101.2°
102.2°
101.4°
103.6°
100.6°
101.6°
P. M.
101.6°
105°
103°
105.4°
103.6°
103.4°
102.8°
102.4°
102.4°
103.8°
104.6°
103.2°
Lesions.
F
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
M
—
—
—
++
—
—
—
—
—
+ +
++
—
16th November 1930
Temp.
A. M.
99.4°*
105.6°*
103.2°*
101.2°*
106°*
102.6°*
100.6°*
100.6°*
100.8°*
104.8°*
100.6°*
103°*
P. M.
101.4°
102.2°
105.2°
104.6°
104°
104°
104°
104.8°
102.6°
104.6°
103°
104.6°
Lesions
F
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
M
—
+ +
—
+ +
—
—
—
—
—
+ +
+ +
+
100.4°
101.6°
99.2°
104°
101.2°
99.6°
101.4°
103.6°
100.6°
100°
101.6°
103.2°
103.8°
104.4°
103.2°
102.6°
104°
103.2°
104.4°
103°
104.6°
104.6°
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
+ +
+ +
—
+ +
—
+ +
—
—
+ +
100.6°
103.4°
99.6°
101.4°
100.6°
99.6°
100.6°
99.6°
101°
101.8°
98.6°
103.2°
105.2°
102.8°
103°
103°
105.4°
102.8°
103°
103.6°
103.2°
105.2°
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
+
+ +
+ +
—
+ +
—
+ +
—
—
+ +
126 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [ II, II
TABLE VI—contd.
Treated Animals.
Serial
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
No. of
Animal
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1121
1122
1124
1125
1131
1133
17th November 1930
Temp.
A.M.
99°
101.8°
100.4°
101.6°
100.8°
104.4°
101.2°
103.8°
100.6°
100.8°
99.8°
101.6°
P.M.
102°
103.6°
103.4°
103.8°
102.4°
102.6°
102°
104°
102.4°
103°
103°
104.4°
Lesions
F
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
M
—
+ +
+
+ +
+ +
—
—
+ +
—
++
+ +
+
18th November 1930
Temp.
A.M.
100.4°
102.8°
101.6°
102.2°
102.6°
102°
99°
99.2°
101.6°
100°
101.6°
101°
P.M.
101.8°
103.6°
102.6°
103.6°
104.2°
102.6°
102.2°
103°
102.6°
103.6°
102.6°
103.2°
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1111
1112
1119
1120
1123
1127
1128
1129
1130
1134
1126
100.4°
102.6°
99°
100.4°
100.8°
101.6°
102.4°
102.6°
300.6°
102.6°
100.8°
102°
104.6°
103°
101.8°
102.4°
104.8°
103°
102.8°
103°
104°
103.8°
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
+
+ +
+ +
—
+ +
—
+ +
—
—
++
100.6°
102°
100°
100.8°
101.4°
100°
100.6°
100.8°
101.6°
103°
101.4°
102.4°
103.4°
102.6°
102°
102.6°
103.6°
102.6°
102.6°
103°
105°
103.8°
Lesions
F
—
—
—
+ +
—
—
—
—
—
—
+ +
—
M
—
+ +
+ +
++
++
—
—
+ +
—
+ +
+ +
—
19th November 1930
Temp.
A.M.
*99.2°
*101.6°
*101.8°
*103.4°
*101.4°
*101.2°
*102.8°
*101.4°
*102°
*99.6°
*99.4°
*99°
P.M.
101.4°
102.4°
103.6°
104.6°
103.6°
102.4°
103.8°
102.8°
102.2°
102.8°
102.4°
102.6°
Controls.
—
—
+ +
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
+
+ +
+ +
—
+ +
—
+ +
—
+ +
+ +
99.4°
100.6°
99°
100°
100.8°
99.6°
101°
101°
101°
100.6°
99.4°
101.8°
103°
102.4°
102.4°
102.6°
103°
101°
102.4°
101.8°
103.6°
102.6°
Lesions
F
—
—
—
+ +
—
—
—
++
—
—
+ +
+ +
M
—
+ +
++
++
+ +
—
+ +
+ +
—
+ +
++
+
20th November 1930
Temp.
A.M.
99.8°
100.4°
100.8°
102.6°
99.8°
100.6°
100.8°
100.4°
101.8°
99°
98°
98.6°
P.M.
101.6°
102.8°
101.6°
103.6°
101.8°
101.6°
101.6°
101.6°
101.6°
102.4°
102.6°
104°
Lesions
F
—
—
—
+ +
—
—
—
+ +
—
+ +
+ +
+ +
M
—
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
—
++
++
—
++
+ +
+
—
—
+ +
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
+ +
—
+
+ +
+ +
—
+ +
—
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
100.4°
99.8°
99.6°
100.6°
100.6°
97.4°
100.6°
99.6°
100.6°
99.4°
100.2°
101°
100.6°
102.4°
101°
103°
101.8°
102.4°
101.6°
101.6°
102.4°
102.8°
—
—
+ +
—
—
+ +
—
—
—
—
+ +
—
+
+ +
+ +
—
+ +
—
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
CONTROL OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE
127
TABLE VI—contd.
Treated Animals.
Serial
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
No. of
Animal
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1121
1122
1124
1125
1131
1133
21st November 1930
Temp.
A.M.
100.6°
102.4°
101.6°
101.4°
100.6°
102.2°
101°
101.4°
101.6°
100.6°
99.6°
101.2°
P.M.
102.8°
101.6°
101.8°
102.6°
101.6°
101.6°
101.6°
101°
102.6°
101.6°
102.4°
102.6°
Lesions
F
—
—
—
+ +
—
—
—
+ +
—
++
++
+ +
M
—
++
++
+ +
++
—
++
+ +
—
++
++
+
22nd November 1930
Temp.
A.M.
100.6°*
100.4°*
100.4°*
101°*
100°*
100.8°*
101.2°*
100.8°*
102.6°*
99.6°*
99.8°*
99.8°*
P.M.
102.2°
102°
101.8°
101.6°
101.6°
102°
101.4°
100.8°
102.2°
102.4°
103°
103°
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1111
1112
1119
1120
1123
1127
1128
1129
1130
1134
1126
100.6°
100.4°
100.4°
100.6°
101.4°
99.4°
101°
100.6°
101°
99.6°
99.8°
101.6°
101.4°
102.6°
101.8°
102.4°
102°
101.6°
102.4°
102°
101.6°
102.4°
—
—
++
—
—
++
—
—
—
—
++
—
+
+ +
+ +
—
++
—
+ +
++
+ +
++
100.8°
100.4°
99.6°
100.6°
100.4°
99.6°
101°
101.4°
100.6°
100.4°
100.6°
100.8°
101°
101.6°
101.6°
101.8°
101.4°
102°
100.8°
101.8°
102°
101.6°
Lesions
F
—
++
—
+ +
—
—
—
++
—
+ +
+ +
+ +
M
—
+ +
++
++
+ +
—
++
+ +
—
++
+ +
+
23rd November 1930
Temp.
A.M.
100.2°
100.8°
99.4°
101.2°
100.2°
100.6°
100.4°
99.6°
100.6°
99.8°
99.6°
100.8°
P.M.
101.8°
102.2°
102°
102.2°
102.2°
101.6°
101.8°
101.6°
101.8°
101.4°
102.6°
103.6°
Controls.
—
—
+ +
—
—
+ +
—
—
—
—
+ +
—
+
++
+ +
—
+ +
—
++
++
+ +
+ +
99.4°
99.6°
98.8°
100°
99.2°
100.4°
99.6°
99.8°
99.4°
99.8°
98.6°
101.4°
101.6°
102°
10l.8°
102°
101.8°
102.4°
101.6°
102 2°
102.8°
102°
Lesions
F
—
+ +
—
+ +
—
—
—
+ +
—
++
+ +
++
M
—
++
++
++
+ +
—
+ +
+ +
—
+ +
++
+
24th November 1930
Temp.
A.M.
100.6°
101°
100.4°
101.8°
101°
100.8°
100.2°
101.6°
101.6°
99.8°
99.8°
100°
P.M.
102°
101.8°
101.8°
102.2°
101.2°
102°
101.2°
102°
102°
101.6°
102°
103.6°
Lesions
F
—
++
—
++
—
—
—
+ +
—
++
+ +
+ +
M
—
++
++
+ +
++
—
++
++
—
+ +
++
+
—
—
+ +
—
—
+ +
—
—
—
—
++
—
+
+ +
++
—
+ +
—
++
++
+ +
++
100.4°
99.6°
99.6°
100.6°
100.6°
99.4°
100.8°
101.2°
100.8°
100°
99.4°
100.4°
102.6°
101.8°
102°
102.2°
101.6°
102°
101.4°
102.4°
102.4°
101.6°
—
—
+ +
—
—
+ +
—
—
—
—
++
—
+
—
+ +
—
+ +
—
++
++
+ +
+ +
128 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [ II, II
TABLE VI—concld.
Treated Animals.
Serial
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
No. of
Animal
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1121
1122
1124
1125
1131
1133
25th November 1930
Temp.
A.M.
*100.8°
* 101°
*100.8°
*100.2°
* 99.6°
*100.6°
*100.4°
*100.8°
*100.8°
*100.8°
*100.2°
*101.6°
P.M.
102.4°
102.4°
102°
102.6°
101°
102.6°
102.4°
102.4°
102.4°
100.4°
102.6°
102.6°
Lesions
F
—
+ +
—
+ +
—
—
—
+ +
—
+ +
+ +
++
M
—
++
++
++
++
—
+ +
++
—
++
++
+
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1111
1112
1119
1120
1128
1127
1128
1129
1130
1134
1126
100.8°
100.6°
99.2°
101.6°
100.2°
99.6°
101.6°
100.4°
100.4°
100.6°
100.2°
101.6°
101.8°
101.6°
101.8°
102°
101.4°
102.2°
101.6°
102.2°
102.6°
102.4°
—
—
+ +
—
—
++
—
—
—
—
+ +
—
+
—
++
—
+ +
—
+ +
++
+ +
++
26th November 1930
Temp.
A.M.
101.2°
101.6°
100.8°
100.6°
100.6°
101.6°
100.8°
100.6°
101.4°
100.4°
100.6°
101.6°
P.M.
102°
102°
101.8°
102°
101.6°
102.4°
101.8°
102.4°
102.6°
101.8°
102°
102.2°
Lesions
F
—
+ +
—
+ +
—
—
—
+ +
—
+ +
++
++
M
—
++
++
+ +
++
+
+ +
—
+ +
+ +
+
Controls.
100.6°
100.6°
100.4°
100.4°
100.6°
100.2°
100.8°
100.4°
101.8°
100.6°
100.6°
101.4°
102.2°
101.8°
102.4°
101.8°
101.8°
102°
102.2°
102°
102.2°
102°
—
—
++
—
—
+ +
—
—
—
—
+ +
—
+
—
+ +
—
+ +
—
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
27th November 1930
Temp.
A.M.
99.8°
99.2°
99.6°
99.4°
99.6
100°
100.8°
98.8°
101.8°
99°
98.8°
98.8°
P.M.
101.6°
101.4°
102°
102°
100.8°
101.8°
100.2°
102°
99.8°
101.2°
100.8°
101.2°
Lesions
F
—
+ +
—
++
—
—
—
+ +
—
++
++
+ +
M
—
+ +
—
+ +
++
—
+
—
—
+ +
+ +
+
Remarks
99.6°
100.8°
98.8°
99.6°
99.8°
99.4°
99.6°
100.8°
99.6°
99.8°
99.6°
100.4°
101.4°
101.8°
101°
101.4°
100.4°
102°
100.8°
101.2°
101.6°
101.6°
—
++
—
—
++
—
—
—
—
++
—
—
+ +
—
+ +
—
+ +
++
+ +
+ +
CONTROL OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE
129
It will be observed that no mortality occurred in either lot and that 3 of those
treated, and 3 of the controls proved resistant to infection. Three of those treated
developed mouth lesions only and 6 developed both foot and mouth lesions, as
compared with 5 and 3 of the controls respectively. Mouth ulcers appeared in
treated animals on an average in 2.9 days after the first inoculation, and in controls
in 2.5 days. Counting from the 13th November 1930, foot lesions occurred in the
treated in an average of 6.3 days after the first injection and in the untreated in
3 days. Reckoning from the 13th November mouth ulcers in the case of treated
animals persisted on an average for 11.9 days and in the case of controls 12.75
days; foot ulcers, 12.5 days and 12 days respectively. Treated animals suffering
from mouth lesions only took an average of 11.7 days for complete recovery and
controls 12.3 days. Treated animals suffering from lesions both in the feet and in
the mouth took an average 18 days for complete recovery and controls 18.3 days.
It will, therefore, be seen that although each of the treated animals received 500
c. c. of the drug, the period required for the healing of the different types of lesions
was approximately the same in both lots.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS.
The method of controlling an outbreak of Foot-and-Mouth Disease by the in-
travenous injection of Iodine, which is described by the originators as never failing,
has been put to a field test under controlled conditions at the Muktesar Institute
on five occasions during the last few years, but the claims made for it have not been
substantiated.
In the case of two outbreaks there is some evidence to show that the symptoms
were rendered less severe by the use of Iodine, but the development of lesions was
not arrested.
It is considered that there is no justification for the use of Iodine in this
disease, other than for its general tonic effects, for it appears to have no specific
action on the virus of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, or at least not the type of virus
responsible for the natural outbreaks of this disease which occur in the Kumaon
hills.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
The authors wish to acknowledge the great help they received from
many members of the technical staff of the Institute during the course of these
tests, and in particular to mention the name of Mr. Balwant Singh, Veterinary
Inspector, who carried out many of the injections.
130 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [ II, II
REFERENCES.
Andrews, W. H. (1931), Fourth Progress Report of the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Research Committee,
His Majesty's Stationery Office, London, pp. 126-128.
Hunt, Col. F. W. (1927), Annual Administration Report of the Army Veterinary Service in India for
1926-27, Government of India Press, Simla, p. 5.
International Veterinary Congress (1930), Proceedings of the Eleventh, London, 1, p. 211.
Jones, R. P. (1931), Report of the Veterinary Division, Bangkok, Siam, for 1924-29, page 16.
Walker, Col. G. K., and Taylor, W. (1926), The Veterinary Record, 6, (New Series), pp. 611-613.
THE ETIOLOGY OF BOVINE NASAL GRANULOMA.
BY
CAPT. S. C. A. DATTA, B.Sc., M.R.C.V.S.,
Temporary Veterinary Research Officer, Imperial Institute of Veterinary Research,
Muktesar.
(Received for publication on 2nd April 1932.)
(With Plates IX-XII.)
INTRODUCTION.
There exists in India a peculiar chronic disease of the nostrils of cattle which in
certain areas affects large numbers of animals and causes considerable loss to culti-
vators. The disease is known to exist in Assam, Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, Bombay,
Central Provinces, Madras, Mysore and probably also in Sindh. It has existed in
certain places for decades but it shows no tendency to spread as an epizootic. The
condition would appear to be confined to India as no reports are available from
any other part of the world. The peculiar immunity of the buffalo against this
nasal affection has been particularly commented upon in every province of occur-
rence from time to time. Interesting information is available from a certain
enzootic area of the Bombay Presidency that although nearly all the animals in the
village are watered from a common watertrough, no horses or buffaloes have ever
been known to be affected with the disease.
Although there is little doubt that this condition has existed in India for a long
time, the earliest printed reference in English to this so-called " Snoring Disease "
would appear to be by Jeya Singh Raj [1910]. Krishnamurti [1922] was the first to
demonstrate certain eosinophile, rosette-form bodies in histological sections, and he
contended that the disease was a form of actinomycosis, since each of these bodies
was considered by him to be a characteristic " ray-fungus ". Cooper [1923] con-
firmed the above histological findings by studying tissues obtained from various
provinces and further he [1923 and 1931] recovered repeatedly in pure culture a
streptothrix organism from the lesions. Extensive experiments were carried out
by him [1925] to transmit the disease artificially to healthy cattle, by housing in
contact with naturally affected cases and by infection in various ways with a
streptothrix isolated culturally from the lesions but with negative results. Das
[1929] also carried out experiments in the field regarding the mode of infection and
obtained negative results. With regard to treatment, Das [1929] showed that
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132 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [ II, II
although Potassium Iodide exerted no beneficial effect, the curative value of Tartar
Emetic, as claimed by Parthasarathi Naidu [1921] when working at Saidapet in the
Madras Presidency, was undisputed.
In commenting on the failure of Potassium Iodide, Edwards [1929] stated :—
"It may be that the condition is not in reality a streptothricosis, in spite of the
fact that granules apparently indistinguishable from those of actinomycosis are
discoverable in the lesions ". Cooper [1931] investigated a large outbreak in Jub-
bulpore, a description of which has been recorded by Oxspring [1931], and summa-
rised the position, on that date, concerning the etiology of Bovine Nasal Granuloma
by saying that " since the disease is definitely amenable to treatment with Tartar
Emetic, and this drug is of great value in the treatment of some protozoan affec-
tions, such as Kala Azar and Surra, it is reasonable to suppose that Bovine Nasal
Granuloma may be due in reality to a protozoan organism. In 1927 Krishnamurti
detected cases of nasal granuloma in cattle which were definitely due to a Rhinos-
poridium, regarded by some as a member of Protozoa, and certain facts have
recently been collected by us indicating that it may yet be possible to correlate all
the lesions found in cattle, including those at present believed to be due to strepto-
thrix organisms, with Rhinosporidium as their cause " In passing, it may be
recalled with interest that Christopherson [1918] was the first to point out the
almost specific action of Tartar Emetic in human bilharziosis in the Sudan.
The object of the present article is to record certain definite finding of the
author in support of the view that Bovine Nasal Granuloma is a clinical manifesta-
tion of Schistosomiasis, where the worm seeks out the nose for the deposition of
its eggs and, as will be shown later, this view will readily explain all the known
facts about the disease. It must be made clear here that there exists in India
another separate and distinct affection of the nose of cattle and horses, namely,
Rhinosporidiosis as described by Krishnamurti [ 1927 and 1931 ] and confirmed
by Professor Ashworth, the eminent Zoologist of Edinburgh, in a private com-
munication. Nasal Granuloma proper can however be easily differentiated by
its naked eye appearances and the specific microscopic features. Lesions of Nasal
Granuloma are elevated nodular masses, intimately connected with the subjacent
tissues by a broad base. Lesions of Rhinosporidiosis, as pointed out by Krishna-
murti, are more fragile and pediculated being composed of softer and more spongy
tissues.
Confirmation of the diagnosis, initially made from the gross characters, can
easily be obtained by microscopic examination by finding the characteristic
rosette-shaped " actino " bodies in the former and the chitinous sporangium with
spores in the latter.
PLATE IX.
Fig. 1. Photograph showing growths on the mucosa of the lateral wall of the nasal chamber in its anterior third.
Fig. 2 (× 400). Microphotograph of the " Spindalis " type of egg,
found in the nasal discharge obtained from clinical cases at Muktesar.
Note that one end is pointed and the other blunt.
Fig. 3. Microphotograph of a pair of adults in copula in the fresh
state, removed from the growth from a clinical case at
Muktesar.
ETIOLOGY OF BOVINE NASAL GRANULOMA
133
CLINICAL DISEASE.
A constant running generally of both the nostrils, associated with noisy-
breathing and an occasional sneezing serves as the first indication of the disease.
Apart from the symptoms of snoring and respiratory distress, which are markedly
increased at work, there is no evidence of systemic ill health. The character of
the nasal discharge varies with the development of the disease, being either thin
serous, thick mucous, muco-purulent or sanguineous. The lesions of the disease
first make their appearance at the alar margin of the nose and gradually make
inroads posteriorly. Although the condition is a localised disease of the anterior
nares, which is extremely well-suited for the extrusion of the mature egg, in ad-
vanced cases the middle region or even the posterior region may be encroached
upon. At the Museum of this Institute, there are mounted specimens of Nasal
Granuloma showing growths (1) on the mucosa covering the septum nasi to about
the middle, (2) on the turbinated bones to near their posterior limit, and (3)
on the mucosa of the lateral walls of the nasal chamber in its anterior third.
Plate IX, fig. 1 shows the last mentioned specimen, which was obtained through
the courtesy of Mr. W. Harris, M.R.C.V.S., Superintendent, Civil Veterinary Depart-
ment, Assam. Initially the nasal mucosa shows patches of congestion and
exceedingly minute vesicular and papular elevations, which develop into rounded
granular patches of inflammatory thickening. Palpation of the abnormal surface
gives one the impression of roughened crocodile skin. On the " mulberry like"
processes of granulation, yellowish areas are seen, the surface epithelium of which
gives way producing minute shallow ulcers, through which the ova make their
exit. In the course of the present investigations, the writer had the opportunity of
examining at Muktesar six clinical cases of Nasal Granuloma, three of which were
obtained from Jubbulpore in 1930 and the other three from Bihar in 1931.
Examined under the microscope, a caustic potash preparation made from the
shreds of mucus contained in the nasal discharge of affected animals reveals vary-
ing forms of Schistosome eggs, and young forms of the parasite. In addition
to the above-mentioned six cases, nasal discharges from 3 clinically affected animals
at Jubbulpore have recently been received and examined and eggs of the
" Spindalis " type have been seen in each case.
Examination of the urine reveals certain rudimentary forms of the parasite but
the fæces have been found on the other hand to be negative. It is to be noted
that no mature ova have been discovered in the urine and no symptoms of bladder
affection have been observed. The urine from these animals has been negative to
the benzidine test for blood.
Roughly speaking, the varying ova found in the nasal discharge were (a) a non-
spined globular egg (b) a rounded or ovoid egg with a single terminal spine which
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134 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [ II, II
may be short or long, slender throughout the length or broad at the base (c) an
ovoid—elongated egg with double terminal spine (d) an egg of the " Spindalis "
type (Pl. IX, fig. 2.), as first described in India by Montgomery [1906] and also
found by Vriberg [1906] in Sumatra. The exact significance of so many types of
eggs is not clear.
Young, developing adult worms were also seen in the nasal discharge. The
young males are short and tuberculated with a prominent ventral sucker, which in
most cases being of yellow colour makes detection easy. The ventral sucker
approaches the anterior end of the worm, as it develops. The young females are
rather long and filiform.
Adult Schistosomes as seen in Pl. IX, fig. 3, have been removed at Muktesar
from the diseased tissue. This was removed surgically by slitting open the nose,
and deep sections were removed from the most posterior portion of the growths as
they were most likely to contain the healthy adults. An adult male was first isolat-
ed from the blood and other fluids collected during the surgical operation.
PATHOLOGICAL HISTOLOGY.
The material for histological study was obtained from specimens, which had
been collected at this Institute from about 12 cases of the disease from Assam,
Bombay, Mysore, Bihar and the Central Provinces from 1922 onwards.
Although other forms of bilharziosis, such as urinary and intestinal, are fre-
quently associated with a tendency towards malignancy and the formation of
polypoid growths, the essential histology of Bovine Nasal Granuloma is simply that
of granulation tissue, the exact character of which depends upon the degree and the
duration of the infection. An early growth is made up of very vascular young
connective tissue, fibroblasts in activity being in evidence. Old tumours are not so
highly vascular and contain a considerable amount of well formed fibrous tissue.
Eosinophilia, which is a notable feature of Nasal Granuloma, may be localised in the
periphery of the follicles, to be described later, or may even be diffusely scattered.
The epithelial covering of the growth is nearly completely intact excepting for
areas showing ulceration. The epithelium covering active lesions shows inflamma-
tory softening and may be actually thinned down due to the pressure exerted by the
ova attempting to work their way out. (Pl. ×, fig. 1.) Occasionally the apices of
the epithelial papillæ are found infected and may show degenerative changes. It is
primarily in the submucosa that the ova are deposited in quite appreciable numbers,
determining the nodular vascular masses of simple elevations of the mucosa which
characterise the disease. The submucous connective tissue is rather loosely dis-
posed and may show channel formations.
PLATE X.
Fig. 1 (× 200). Microphotograph of a section of the growth
showing the epithelium thinned down and raised due
to the pressure exerted by the subjacent ova, about
a score of which can be seen here.
Fig. 2(× 80). Microphotograph of a section of the growth
showing follicles with giant cells and " granules "