NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
322 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [II, III
There seems to be no doubt that the maximum infectivity occurs immediately after the rupture
of the vesicles.
The Decline of Natural Infectivity.—" Receptor" animals were placed in contact with
"donor" animals at varying periods after the rupture of lesions in the donors. On no occasion
was the donor or the contaminated box proved to be infective longer than four days after the
rupture of the vesicles.
The Duration of Immunity in Cattle.—Immune cattle have been tested over periods lasting
as long as 32 months, without demonstrating any loss of humoral immunity. " Tissue" immunity
has been tested by intradermal inoculation into the tongue. Animals tested a few weeks after
recovery have not shown any kind of reaction except the local one. In one group, four cattle
were tested 15 to 20 months after the original inoculation and responded with generalisation.
CHEMOTHERAPY.
Iodine.—The claim made by Walker and Taylor that iodine exercises a useful therapeutic
action on foot-and-mouth disease infection in cattle has not been confirmed.
Colloidul Metals.—Colloidal preparations of hydrargyrum, sulphur, iodine, arsenicum, cuprum,
and ferrum, have been tested, but the observations do not suggest that these preparations have
any real value as viricidal agents. [NORMAL DOBSON.]
REVIEW
Special Sheep Diseases Number of the " Veterinary Journal ", April, 1932.—
It has been the policy for some time past of the editors of this widely circulated journal to produce
from time to time special numbers dealing almost exclusively with the disease problems of some
particular class of animal. This departure from the ordinary procedure of professional periodicals
is of particular value in that a number of articles by specialists, giving the latest accepted views
regarding the special problems of the class of animal dealt with, are assembled in the same number
and are thus convenient for future reference.
Following out this policy an excellent number has recently been published on poultry diseases,
while the April 1932 Number is also a special number dealing with the diseases of sheep. The
following list of articles appearing in this number gives an idea of the variety of problems
discussed, viz. :—
1. A Consideration of the Difficulties in Connection with the Eradication of Sheep Scab in
Great Britain. By R. Simpson, F.R.C.V.S., D.V.S.M.
2. Swingback (Ataxia) in Lambs.
By W. Lyle Stewart.
3. The Sheep Maggot Fly.
By W. Jackson Young, F.R.C.V.S., D.V.S.M.
4. The Internal Parasites of Sheep : A Survey.
By Thomas W. M. Cameron, M.A., D.Sc., M. R. C.V.S.
5. Ovine Ante and Post-Partum Paralysis.
By L. C. Maguire, F.R.C.V.S.
6. Vaccination of Ewes for Contagious Dysentery in Lambs.
By Kenneth A. Miles, M.R.C.V.S.
7. An Outbreak of Fluke Disease in Sheep.
By H. M. Holland, F.R.C.V.S.
8. Note on a Trichomonas Sp. Cultivated from the Gut of a Sheep. Ditrichomonas Ovis
(Nov. Sp.).
By Andrew Robertson, M.B., Ch.B.
9. Some Ailments of Sheep in New Zealand.
By H. A. Reid, F.R.C.V.S., D.V.H., F.R.S.E.
10. A Concise Account of the Important Diseases met with among Egyptian Sheep,
By Zaki Morcos, M.V.Sc., F.R.C.V.S., D.V.H.
11. The Use of Electricity for Slaughtering Sheep Painlessly.
By D. J. Anthony, M.R.C.V.S., D.V.S.M.
12. Some Observations on " Sheep-Sick " Land.
By Wm. C. Miller, M.R.C.V.S., F.R.S.E.
13. Lambs All the Year Round.
From the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, March 18th, 1932.
The articles are largely in the form of short résumés of recent research upon the subject and
it will be seen that the field covered is a wide one. Though of particular interest to sheep husbandry-
men, much of the information given is of more general interest, and these special numbers should
therefore have a wide appeal, and should further popularize this already popular journal. [A. O.]
( 323 )
MGIPC—S3—III-1-26—14-9-32—900.
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
AN EXPERIMENT ON MINERAL ASSIMILATION FROM TWO
TYPICAL FODDERS
BY
F. J. WARTH, M.Sc.,
A. VISWANATHA IYER, B.A.,
AND
N. KRISHNA AYYAR, B.A.
(From the Animal Nutrition Section, Bangalore.)
(Received for publication on 6th June 1932.)
The great importance of the mineral constituents of the food has been emphasised
in recent years by the work of the Rowett Institute [1929], by the researches of
Theiler in South Africa [1920, 1924], and by various workers in other parts of the
world. There is a feeling that the mineral problem is of particular significance in
India, more especially in areas which have been cultivated for a long time and in
regions where the soil is exposed to excessive leaching. Many important practical
questions await study.
The present paper deals with a preliminary enquiry. Two typical fodders,
namely, ragi straw and mature hay, have been selected for a comparative test.
Before describing the experiment, it is of interest to examine the mineral composition
of these two fodders and to compare them with fodders studied elsewhere.
( 325 )
326 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [II, IV
TABLE I.
Showing the average composition of the herbages.
—
Great Britain .
South Africa .
India . .
. 1. Good cultivated pasture . . .
2. Romney Marsh " fatting " field . .
3. Average Scotch lowland pastures . .
4. Average poor Scotch hill pastures . .
. 1. Pasture (average of six samples of hay) .
2. Green fodder (% on dry matter) Tall
Fescue.
3. Sheep's Parsley . . . . .
4. Average for whole season for herbage at
Armoedsvlakte.
5. Theiler found P 2 O 5 so low as. . .
. 1. Bolarum hay
.
.
.
.
.
2. Ragi straw . . . . . .
C a O
Per cent.
1.004
0.878
0.821
0.152
0.135
0.310
0.500
0.510
..
0.834
1.136
P 2 O 3
Per cent.
0.735
1.227
0.875
0.420
0.278
0.120
0.160
0.175
0.040
0.078
0.193
N.
Per cent.
2.825
4.38
3.30
2.27
..
..
..
..
in certain
samples.
0.459
0.511
It is evident that the sample of ragi straw may be considered rich in lime, while
the hay contains a satisfactory amount. In phosphoric acid ragi straw is poor,
while the hay must be classed as seriously deficient, approaching, as it does, the
values of hays which bring about osteophagia in South Africa [Theiler, Green and
du Toit, 1924]. A long period feeding test was carried out with these two fodders,
four bullocks being maintained on each, a small defined amount of concentrate being
fed to all animals alike to maintain the nitrogen balance. The feeding test was
divided into the three following main periods :—
1st Period.—The fodder without mineral supplement.
2nd Period.—Fodder with supplement of calcium phosphate.
3rd Period.—Fodder with calcium phosphate and green food.
The last test was intended to determine whether green food with its accompany-
ing vitamins ledto further assimilation. During each period numerous determina¬
EXPERIMENT ON MINERAL ASSIMILATION
327
tions of the mineral balance were made. Variations in the quality of the fodders
during the course of the experiment are shown in Table II.
TABLE II.
Expt. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Total
Average
Bolarum hay
CaO %
0.854
0.693
0.910
0.799
0.867
0.785
0.758
0.884
0.909
0.895
8.344
0.834
P 2 O 3 %
0.063
0.054
0.065
0.061
0.059
0.093
0.090
0.103
0.094
0.096
0.778
0.078
N%
0.435
0.289
0.389
0.339
0.359
0.496
0.549
0.579
0.565
0.593
4.593
0.459
Ragi straw
C a O %
1.206
1.151
1.401
1.202
1.129
1.114
1.013
1.007
1.012
1.127
11.362
1.136
P 2 O 5 %
0.267
0.331
0.179
0.159
0.125
0.182
0.185
0.169
0.188
0.146
1.931
0.193
N %
0.580
0.572
0.646
0.618
0.531
0.391
0.459
0.402
0.425
0.485
5.109
0.511
It will be noticed that the Bolarum hay was distinctly better during the latter
half of the period. The ragi straw was somewhat richer in phosphoric acid during
the earlier stages. Thereafter it remained remarkably constant in composition.
EXPERIMENT ON MINERAL ASSIMILATION.
329
present in the food. This seems to be an important point. In the case of ragi
straw a steady deterioration of the fodder in respect of its phosphoric acid is evident
from the intake figures. An increasing body loss of phosphoric acid is seen to run
parallel with this deterioration in the fodder. It appears that the body supply was
falling to conform with the reduced supply. The lime assimilation on the ragi
straw ration does not fluctuate regularly with the intake as it did on the hay ration.
It appears that the phosphoric acid in this fodder is on the border line of sufficiency.
There is a distinct indication that some of the lime loss was associated with and
in some way brought about by the loss of phosphoric acid. In the same connection
it is noteworthy too that the highest recorded lime assimilation occurred when the
ration contained most phosphoric acid.
The averages for the entire period show that on the hay ration there was a
slight loss of phosphoric acid. On the ragi straw ration there was gain of lime
and a practical equilibrium of phosphoric acid. The mineral balances during the
second period in which the ration was supplemented with calcium phosphate are
shown in Table IV.
TABLE IV.
Expt.
No.
1 {
2 {
Bolarum hay
In gms. per
day
Intake . .
Excretion .
Balance . .
Intake . .
Excretion .
Balance . .
Average . .
C a O
52.49
41.55
+10.94
49.57
48.72
+0.85
+5.90
P 2 O 5
18.08
11.01
+7.07
18.13
12.91
+5.22
+6.30
Ragi straw
In gms. per
day
Intake . .
Excretion .
Balance . .
Intake . .
Excretion .
Balance . .
Average . .
C a O
59.80
40.79
+19.01
52.96
48.83
+4.13
+11.57
P 2 O 5
19.90
13.84
+6.06
19.92
17.36
+2.56
+4.31
In these experiments all the animals received 20 gms. calcium phosphate.
The results are remarkable and unexpected. On both rations there has been
a large and immediate assimilation of lime. It has to be noted that this assimila-
tion occurred.in the absence of green fodder vitamins and when the previous ration-
ing had not caused excessive losses of lime. The result seems to have considerable
significance. It appears to us that this assimilation of lime must be attributed
to some influence by the increased phosphoric acid in the ration. It is interesting
330 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [II, IV
to notice too that the observed effect is temporary, the assimilation falling off to
much lower values in the second test. The assimilation of phosphoric acid, on
the other hand, which, from the records of the first period, might have been
expected to jump to a very high level, is but moderate. There can be no doubt
about the need for phosphoric acid by these animals at this stage, more especially,
by the animals on the hay ration. There must be, therefore, some factor at work
limiting the rate of phosphoric acid assimilation in the second part.
An examination of Table III shows that even under extreme shortage of
phosphoric acid the faecal losses amounted to 10 gms. a day. This is evidently
the limiting factor. It appears that a certain amount of phosphoric acid is in-
evitably lost in the faeces and only quantities in excess of this amount are avail-
able for assimilation. The figures of this Table show that the animals on the hay
ration continued to absorb considerable amounts of phosphoric acid throughout
the second period, while with the animals on the ragi straw ration there is a
perceptible slowing down, indicating that the deficiency in this group was
less acute.
The mineral balances during the third period in which the supplement con-
sisted of calcium phosphate and green fodder are given in Table V.
TABLE V.
Expt.
No.
1 {
2 {
3 {
In gms.
per day
Intake
Excretion
Balance .
Intake
Excretion
Balance .
Intake
Excretion
Balance .
Average .
Bolarum hay
CaO
55.25
47.79
+7.46
58.11
50.75
+7.36
57.40
49.95
+7.45
+7.42
P 2 O 5
20.64
13.44
+7.20
20.36
14.47
+5.89
20.97
15.43
+5.54
+6.21
In gms.
per day
Intake
Excretion
Balance .
Intake
Excretion
Balance .
Intake
Excretion
Balance .
Ragi straw
CaO
52.53
50.15
+2.38
53.53
52.27
+1.26
61.17
54.74
+6.43
+3.42
P 2 O 5
20.95
20.18
+0.77
21.75
19.41
+2.34
21.09
20.95
+0.14
+1.08
In these experiments all the animals received 20 gms. of calcium phosphate and green fodder.
EXPERIMENT ON MINERAL ASSIMILATION
331
With regard to phosphoric acid the Bolarum hay group is seen to be assimilat-
ing steadily. As noted above, there was a considerable deficiency of this element
in this group and only a limited excess was provided during the second period.
Hence the assimilation found during this third period was to be expected. In the
ragi straw group it is evident that assimilation has almost ceased, the deficiency
having been made good during the second period and green grass has evidently
not induced further assimilation. With regard to lime the Bolarum hay group
has continued to assimilate lime steadily. It is not clear whether this is due to the
effect of grass. With the ragi straw group there is distinct increased assimilation
towards the end of the grass feeding. This may be due to the green grass although
it has to be noted that there was a considerable increase in the amount of lime
intake at this stage. On the whole the evidence is not conclusive regarding the
effect of green grass vitamins. Hart [1921, 1924], Hunt [1923, 1 & 2] and Miller,
Brandt and Jones [1924] have shown that the green grass vitamins improve lime
and phosphoric acid assimilation. Our results are inconclusive on this point, but
we have found that considerable assimilation occurs without the addition of
green grass.
The results obtained in these experiments appear to have considerable
practical significance. It has to be noted that mature bullocks on a ration pro-
viding sufficient protein and starch equivalents for maintenance may suffer ap-
preciable losses of phosphoric acid with some of our fodders. This raises the
question of mineral supplements for working cattle. Probably during the working
season when more concentrate is fed, such a shortage would not arise, but in the
slack season there is considerable risk of a shortage with consequent loss of condi-
tion. The point deserves notice in connection with the preparation of animals
for the working season.
SUMMARY.
The experiment was a comparative test with two fodders, ragi straw and
mature hay. The feeding test was divided into the three following main periods.
1st period. The fodder without mineral supplement.
-nd period. Fodder with supplement of calcium phosphate.
3rd period. Fodder with supplement of calcium phosphate and green food.
The last test was intended to determine whether green food with its accom-
panying vitamins led to further assimilation.
During each period numerous determinations of the mineral balance were
made. With regard to ragi straw, it may be concluded that this fodder is well
332 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [II, IV
provided with lime as appreciable assimilation took place in the 1st period. The
phosphoric acid seems to be on the border line of sufficiency. The animals on
this ration were evidently not suffering from lime shortage, yet in the 2nd period,
there is a further very large assimilation of lime. This is an important result
probably indicating the influence of phosphoric acid on lime assimilation.
With regard to the hay ration the experiments show that this fodder is un-
doubtedly deficient in phosphoric acid. It is interesting to note that lime assimila-
tion with this ration continues throughout the 2nd and 3rd periods. Again there
is an indication that phosphoric acid influences lime assimilation.
REFERENCES.
Hart, E. B., Steenbock, H. and Hoopert, C. A. (1921). Jour. Biol. Chem. 48, 33-50.
—,
Steenbock, H., Humphrey, G. C. and Hulsce, R. S. (1924). Jour. Biol. Chem. 62,
315-322.
Hunt, C. H., Winter, A. R., Schulz, J. A., and Miller, R. C. (1923,1). Jour. Biol. Chem. 55,
739-742.
Hunt, C. H., Winter, A. R., Schulz, J. A., and Miller, R. C. (1923, 2). Am. Jour. Physiol, 66,
349-362.
Miller, H. G., Brandt, P. M., and Jones, R. C. (1924). Am. Jour. Physiol., 69, 169-176.
Orr, Dr. J. B. (1929), Rowett Research Institute, Aberdeen, " Minerals in Pastures ".
Theiler, A. (1920) Jour. Dept. Agri. (Union of S. Africa) 1, 221-247.
—,
Green, H. H. and du Toit, P. J. (1924). Jour. Dept. Agri. (Union of S. Africa)
Reprint No. 18.
A PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENT ON THE DIGESTION OF
FATS BY BULLOCKS
BY
P. A. SESHAN, B.A.,
(From the Animal Nutrition Section, Bangalore.)
(Received for publication on 6th June 1932.)
The work being of a preliminary nature it is not proposed to review the
subject at this stage. Simple experiments have been carried out to study the
nature of the fat ingested and the corresponding fat excreted. The samples were
obtained in the course of digestion trials with bullocks. In the present paper
results obtained with two rations have been studied, namely, ragi straw and
groundnut cake and mature hay and groundnut cake.
The digestion of the total ether extractives is given in Table I. The figures
show that the digestibility of the insoluble fatty acids is considerable, while the
digestibility of the unsaponifiable matter is low. With regard to the digestibility
of the unsaponifiable matter, the figures given do not represent the true diges-
tibility but only the apparent digestibility. That is to say, some of the unsaponi-
fiable matter found in the faeces is derived from the body and is not an undigested
fraction of the ingested substance. This explains the negative values when the
amount ingested is low. The figures do show, however, the balance of unsaponi-
fiable matter.
With regard to the character of the insoluble fatty acids, the iodine value
may be taken as the first criterion.
In Table II, the iodine values of the ingested and. digested insoluble fatty acids
are shown. The statement indicates very clearly that the unsaturated acids are
more completely digested than the saturated fatty acids.
Using the usual convention for expressing the insoluble fatty acids as stearic
and oleic according to the iodine value obtained, the results contained in Table II
may be restated as in Table III.
( 333 )
334 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [II, IV
TABLE I.
Showing the digestion percentages of total ether extractives.
Fodder given.
Ragi s t r a w and Gr oundnut cake
No. of tests.
1
2
3
Particulars.
Ragi straw . .
Groundnut cake .
Total ingested . .
Excretion in faeces .
Total digested . .
Digestion co-efficient.
Ragi straw . .
Groundnut cake .
Total ingested .
Excretion in faeces .
Total digested .
Digestion co-efficient.
Ragi straw
Groundnut cake
Total ingested .
Excretion in faeces .
Total digested .
Digestion co-efficient.
Total
ether
extractives
in grms.
40.20
18.41
58.61
22.75
35.86
62.23%
44.47
19.30
63.77
27.06
36.71
57.55%
34.99
21.60
56.59
20.55
36.04
63.69%
Total
unsaponi¬
fiable
matter in
grms.
13.84
0.36
14.20
15.50
—1.30
—9.15%
15.31
0.38
15.69
16.25
0.56
—3.57%
12.99
0.26
13.25
14.21
—0.96
—7.25%
Total
insoluble
fatty
acids in
grms.
20.61
14.60
35.21
6.35
28.86
81.20%
22.54
15.30
37.84
6.34
31.50
83.25%
14.31
18.00
32.31
5.03
27.28
84.43%
Fodder given.
Ma t
ur a Hay and Gr oundnut cake
No. of tests.
4
5
6
Particulars.
Bolarum hay . .
Groundnut cake .
Total ingested . .
Excretion in faeces .
Total digested . .
Digestion co-efficient.
Bolarum hay . .
Groundnut cake . .
Total ingested . .
Excretion in faeces .
Total digested . .
Digestion co-efficient.
Bolarum hay . .
Groundnut cake . .
Total ingested . .
Excretion in faeces .
Total digested . .
Digestion co-efficient.
Total
ether
extractives
in grms.
53.46
30.25
83.71
28.05
55.66
66.49%
75.26
72.77
148.03
49.99
98.04
66.23%
74.54
72.77
147.31
42.19
105.12
71.36%
Total
unsaponi¬
fiable
matter in
grms.
21.50
0.36
21.86
16.05
5.81
26.58%
35.91
1.62
37.53
19.98
17.55
46.76%
35.57
1.62
37.19
19.61
17.58
47.27%
Total
insoluble
fatty
acids in
grms.
21.80
25.20
47.00
7.77
39.23
83.47%
19.51
50.05
69.56
19.21
50.35
72.38%
19.32
50.05
69.37
14.93
54.44
78.48%
DIGESTION OF FATS BY BULLOOKS.
335
TABLE II.
Showing insoluble fatty acids and corresponding iodine absorption.
Fodder given.
Ragi straw and Gr oundnut cake.
No. of tests.
1
2
3
Particulars.
Ragi straw
.
.
.
Groundnut cake . .
Total ingested . . .
Excretion in faeces . .
Total digested . . .
Digestion co-efficient .
Ragi straw . . .
Groundnut cake . .
Total ingested . . .
Excretion in faeces . .
Total digested . . .
Digestion co-efficient .
Ragi straw . . .
Groundnut cake . .
Total ingested . . .
Excretion in faeces . .
Total digested . . .
Digestion co-efficient .
Total
insoluble
fatty
acids in
grms.
20.61
14.60
35.21
6.35
28.86
81.20%
22.54
15.30
37.84
6.34
31.50
83.25%
14.31
18.00
32.31
5.03
27.28
84.43%
Unsaturated
acids
expressed
as total
iodine
absorption
in grms.
9.628
6.425
16.053
2.865
13.188
82.15%
10.650
6.736
17.390
1.551
15.840
91.09%
5.729
5.552
11.281
1.531
9.750
86.44%
Fodder given.
Ma t
ur e Hay and Groundnut cake
No. of t est s.
4
5
6
Particulars.
Bolarum Lay . . .
Groundnut cake . .
Total ingested . .
Excretion in faeces . .
Total digested . .
Digestion co-efficient .
Bolarum hay . . .
Groundnut cake . .
Total ingested . .
Excretion in faeces . .
Total digested . .
Digestion co-efficient .
Bolarum hay . . .
Groundnut cake . .
Total ingested . .
Excretion in faeces . .
Total digested . .
Digestion co-efficient .
Total
insoluble
fatty
acids in
grms.
21.80
25.20
47.00
7.77
39.23
83.47%
19.51
50.05
69.56
19.21
50.35
72.38%
19.32
50.05
69.37
14.93
54.44
78.48%
Unsaturated
acids
expressed
as total
iodine
absorption
in grms.
7.773
7.773
15.546
2.029
13.517
86.95%
11.680
23.870
35.550
6.328
29.220
82.19%
11.560
23.870
35.430
3.873
31.560
89.08%
B
336 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [II, IV
TABLE III.
Showing insoluble fatty acids expressed as stearic and oleic acids.
Fodder given.
Regi
straw and Groundnut cake.
No. of tests.
1
2
3
Particulars.
Ragi straw . .
Groundnut cake .
Total ingested .
Excretion in faeces .
Total digested .
Digestion co-efficient
Ragi straw . .
Groundnut cake .
Total ingested .
Excretion in faeces .
Total digested .
Digestion co-efficient
Ragi straw . .
Groundnut cake .
Total ingested .
Excretion in faeces .
Total digested .
Digestion co-efficient
Total
insoluble
fatty
acids in
grms.
20.61
14.60
35.21
6.35
28.86
81.20%
22.54
15.30
37.84
6.34
31.50
83.25%
14.31
18.00
32.31
5.03
27.28
84.43%
Amount
as stearic
in grms.
15.14
8.94
24.08
5.66
18.42
76.50%
16.56
9.37
25.93
5.90
19.97
77.02%
11.71
12.87
24.58
4.61
19.97
81.25%
Amount
as oleic
in grms.
5.47
5.66
11.13
0.69
10.44
93.80%
5.98
5.93
11.91
0.44
11.47
96.31%
2.60
5.13
7.73
0.42
7.31
94.57%
Fodder given.
Mature Hay and Groundnut cake
No. of tests.
4
5
6
Particulars.
Bolarum hay .
Groundnut cake .
Total ingested .
Excretion in faeces .
Total digested
.
Digestion co-efficient
Bolarum hay . .
Groundnut cake .
Total ingested .
Excretion in faeces .
Total digested . .
Digestion co-efficient
Bolarum hay . .
Groundnut cake .
Total ingested. .
Excretion in faeces .
Total digested. .
Digestion co-efficient
Total
insoluble
fatty
acids in
grms.
21.80
25.20
47.00
7.77
39.23
83.47%
19.51
50.05
69.56
19.21
50.35
72.38%
19.32
50.05
69.37
14.93
54.44
78.48%
Amount
as stearic
in grms.
18.29
18.02
36.31
7.15
29.16
80.31%
16.16
31.88
48.04
16.52
31.52
65.61%
16.01
31.88
47.89
14.78
33.11
69.14%
Amount
as oleic
in grms.
3.51
7.18
10.69
0.62
10.07
94.20%
3.35
18.17
21.52
2.69
18.83
87.50%
3.31
18.17
21.48
1.52
19.96
92.92%
DIGESTION OF FATS BY BULLOCKS.
337
It should be remarked here that the quantity of groundnut cake fed was
greatly increased for the last two tests. This alteration in the conditions has not
yielded any further information.
The author is greatly indebted to Mr. F. J. Warth for suggesting the problem
and for valuable guidance throughout.
B 2