NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
14
Statement No. V—Showing particulars of Vaccination verified by Inspecting Officers for the
year 1926-27.
District.
1
Cachar
... ...
Sylhet ... ...
Khasi and Jaintia Hills ...
Naga Hills ... ...
Lnshai „
...
Goalpara
...
...
Kamrup
...
...
Darrang
... ...
Nowgong ... ...
Sibsagar
... ...
Lakhimpur
...
Garo Hills ... ...
Manipur State ...
...
Sadiya Frontier Tract ...
Total ... ...
Total number
of persons
vaccinated.
Primary.
2
20,585
131,052
14,157
13,150
4,933
27,528
38,813
17,120
20,451
33,257
14,353
6,708
17,097
2,031
361,247
Re-vaccination.
3
6,939
49,118
7,615
3,874
3,041
22,331
26,003
7,429
4,310
58,135
14,978
23,301
1,047
433
223,604
Total number inspected.
By Assistant Director
of Public Health or
Civil Surgeons.
Primary.
4
2,814
7,016
...
2,258
163
2,461
1,166
828
4,206
1,467
194
1,205
2,093
39
25,410
Re-vaccination.
5
566
4,500
...
...
268
1,727
1,456
221
359
1,638
52
2,622
...
12
13,421
By Native Superin-
tendents or other
Inspecting Officers.
Primary.
6
11,896
51,812
11,299
2,871
1,119
7,173
8,131
8,919
16,452
5,658
9,187
1,518
10,207
1,654
147,896
Re-vaccination.
7
8,893
21,021
5,807
1,606
674
5,796
11,746
2,455
1,993
8,449
7,503
5,856
941
222
77,961
Percentage of inspection
to total number
vaccinated.
By Assistant Director
of Public Health or
Civil Surgeons.
Primary.
8
11.24
5.28
...
17.17
3.30
8.94
3.00
4.83
20.56
4.41
1.35
17.96
12.24
1.92
7.03
Re-vaccination.
9
8.16
9.16
...
...
8.81
7.73
5.60
2.07
8.33
3.08
.35
11.25
...
2.48
6.00
By Native Superin¬
tendents or other
Inspecting Officers.
Primary.
10
57.79
39.53
79.81
21.83
22.68
26.06
20.96
52.07
80.44
17.01
64.01
22.63
59.70
81.32
40.94
Re-vaccination.
11
56.10
42.79
76.26
41.46
22.15
25.95
45.17
33.05
46.24
16.90
50.09
25.13
89.88
46.96
34.86
Percentage of successful
cases to total
number inspected.
By Assistant Director
of Public Health or
Civil Surgeons.
Primary.
12
98.93
97.72
...
70.90
98.77
93.21
95.81
96.79
96.16
90.00
97.93
96.19
97.13
100.
94.50
Re-vaccination.
13
86.04
66.93
...
...
72.02
78.11
78.49
85.31
46.56
68.98
73.07
81.92
...
76.60
73.46
By Native Superin¬
tendents or other
Inspecting Officers.
Primary.
14
96.20
95.55
79.80
89.93
83.47
89.39
64.79
93.75
94.35
90.86
98.41
93.02
97.49
93.95
90.03
Re-vaccination.
15
66.34
60.73
64.71
71.42
72.40
78.26
43.75
50.20
49.45
61.95
66.56
88.35
86.29
70.27
66.48
Percentage of successes reported
by vaccinators.
Primary.
16
97.03
98.16
99.89
58.34
98.68
92.96
97.01
95.58
97.78
95.69
97.14
94.17
97.89
97.18
95.46
Re-vaccination.
17
71.13
65.60
67.21
71.27
77.71
82.40
79.75
73.54
72.09
70.22
74.87
87.59
86.34
68.47
73.61
15
Statement No. VI—Showing the number of vaccinations performed in Municipal towns on children
under one year of age during the year 1926-27.
District.
1
Cachar
...
Sylhet ...
Khasi & Jaintia Hills
Goalpara
...
Kamrup
...
Darrang
...
Nowgong ...
Sibsagar
...
Lakhimpur
...
Town.
2
Silchar ...
Hailakandi ...
Sylhet ...
Habiganj ...
Sunamganj ...
Karimganj ...
Maulvi Bazar ...
Shillong ...
Total of Surma Val-
ley and Hill Di-
vision.
Dhubri ...
Goalpara
...
Gauripur ...
Gauhati ...
Barpeta ...
Tezpur ...
Mangaldai
Nowgong ...
Sibsagar
...
Jorhat ...
Golaghat
...
Nazira ...
Dibrugarh ...
Doom Dooma ...
Tinsukia ...
Total of Assam
Valley Division.
Total for the Pro-
vince.
Number of births during the
year.
3
209
47
501
181
151
111
49
494
1,743
237
186
165
396
778
215
33
237
176
163
66
107
333
23
27
3,142
4,885
Number of deaths amongst
children under one year
during the year.
4
13
5
111
48
37
19
5
44
282
45
34
34
69
97
32
9
26
17
35
20
16
30
2
3
469
751
Number of successful vacci-
nation on children under
one year during the year
ending 31st March 1927.
5
76
2
14
62
27
62
9
369
621
120
149
79
52
347
198
13
168
12
46
35
30
160
7
14
1,430
2,051
Date of extension of Vaccination Act to town.
6
21st January 1892.
10th November 1922.
1st October 1882.
11th December 1913.
28th June 1915.
27th July 1915.
16th April 1916.
21st June 1895.
13th February 1891.
12th November 1890.
15th September 1922.
August 1882.
29th October 1915.
22nd May 1907.
12th October 1906.
7th April 1897.
21st January 1892.
12th April 1892.
24th March 1892.
1st December 1916.
September 1883.
21st October 1918.
31st August 1922.
16
STATEMENT
Showing, side by side, the ratio (per 1,000 of population) of death
Districts.
1
Cachar
...
...
...
Sylhet ... ... ...
Khasi and Jaintia Hills ...
Naga Hills ... ...
Lushai „ ... ...
Goalpara ... ... ...
Kamrup ... ... ...
Darrang ... ... ...
Nowgong ...
... ...
Sibsagar ... ... ...
Lakhimpur ... ... ...
Garo Hills ... ... ...
Manipur State ... ...
Sadiya Frontier Tract ...
Total ...
1916-17.
Ratio of deaths from
small-pox.
2
2.24
.52
.03
...
...
.79
.74
.08
.04
.96
.16
.98
...
...
.59
Number of successful
vaccinations.
3
17,561
93,549
7,902
4,663
4,031
19,822
44,802
11,582
13,225
23,404
15,905
5,023
18,159
707
280,335
1917-18.
Ratio of deaths from
small-pox.
4
.49
.11
.11
...
...
.27
1.65
.08
.05
.81
.14
...
...
...
.34
Number of successful
vaccinations.
5
14,244
104,435
5,395
7,766
2,380
14,007
27,727
3,163
11,722
15,182
10,536
5,198
17,699
471
239,925
1918-19.
Ratio of deaths from
small-pox.
6
.03
.16
...
...
...
.66
.13
.19
.02
.58
.09
.06
...
...
.20
Number of successful
vaccinations.
7
22,736
127,816
10,824
4,569
7,098
23,579
32,386
11,162
12,845
28,601
16,915
5,138
50,439
1,351
355,459
1919-20.
Ratio of deaths from
small-pox.
8
.02
.46
.20
...
...
.09
.08
.49
.07
.28
.05
.08
...
...
.24
Number of successful
vaccinations.
9
21,459
142,767
10,627
9,539
6,294
25,300
28,613
13,670
13,141
24,258
17,555
7,121
18,154
1,803
340,301
17
No. VII.
from small-pox and the number of successful vaccinations during the ten years ending 1926-27.
1920-21.
Ratio of deaths from
small-pox.
10
.003
.29
.12
...
...
.48
.27
2.38
.40
.10
.07
.02
...
...
.35
Number of successful
vaccinations.
11
20,263
127,139
14,508
4,748
5,249
22,434
17,383
13,036
14,522
17,028
15,608
6,312
16,214
1,182
295,626
1921-22.
Ratio of deaths from
small-pox.
12
.04
.009
.008
...
.01
1.05
1.13
.05
3.12
.01
.09
.04
...
...
.38
Number of successful
vaccinations.
13
21,557
116,561
9,885
5,682
3,247
23,724
29,711
15,951
14,907
21,816
16,052
9,351
15,714
1,056
305,214
1922-23.
Ratio of deaths from
small-pox.
14
.02
.02
...
...
...
.29
1.33
.62
2.72
.06
.04
.02
...
...
.40
Number of successful
vaccinations.
15
19,225
118,735
11,772
5,626
2,811
26,738
34,481
17,013
15,205
27,826
15,030
7,183
12,540
1,454
315,639
1923-24.
Ratio of deaths from
small-pox.
16
.01
.02
...
...
...
.19
.96
.56
.15
.26
.02
...
...
.02
.22
Number of successful
vaccinations.
17
19,613
122,817
11,145
5,142
4,316
27,680
41,750
17,558
18,006
23,748
16,576
7,832
13,356
1,133
330,672
1924-25.
Ratio of deaths from
small-pox.
18
.05
.06
.004
.006
...
.30
.69
.22
.02
2.99
.14
.02
...
.09
.45
Number of successful
vaccinations.
19
21,904
139,006
13,547
4,859
5,329
31,517
39,986
20,353
20,389
40,821
22,346
8,106
16,300
1,353
385,816
1926-27.
Ratio of deaths from
small-pox.
20
.01
.16
.05
...
...
.57
1.32
.36
.01
3.40
.38
.50
...
.05
.65
Number of successful
vaccinations.
21
24,769
156,196
19,188
8,740
6,712
42,533
48,991
21,387
23,095
61,006
24,436
23,994
15,598
2,197
478,842
SHILLONG : Printed and published by O. M. ROY, Offg. Superintendent, Assam Government Press.
(D. P. H.) No. 5—1+130—19-9-1927.
9
Death-rate from small-pox.
30. A diagram, prepared in accordance with Government of India, Home Depart-
ment, No. 49 of February 8th, 1894, is annexed, showing
the death-rates from small-pox and the protection afford-
ed by vaccination. The ratio of protection is only a little better than last year,
but the ratio of deaths has fallen very much, I am glad to say.
Report on
Bovine Vaccine
Lymph Depôt.
31. Lieutenant-Colonel R. N. Campbell's Annual Report on the Bovine Vaccine
Lymph Depôt is printed in full as Appendix A. Three
hundred and thirty calves were inoculated and 317,382
tubes were loaded with the lymph they furnished. The
total expense was Rs. 7,753-7-1. The establishment is too small for the enormous
amount of work that has to be got through, and I beg to support Lieutenant-Colonel
Campbell's request for an increase, and have submitted a formal proposition statement
separately. I have also recommended that a local allowance of Rs. 100 monthly should
be given to the Civil Surgeon to compensate for the continual hard work which the
close superintendence necessary, entails.
32. I reprint as Appendix B the notes on the preservation of Bovine Vaccine
lymph, which I had the honor of addressing to you in November 1898, as a
certain amount of controversy is going on, regarding the preservation of lymph in
glycerine or lanoline, and in capillary tubes hermetically sealed, or wide tubes with
corks, and small pots with paper or parchment covers. We use glycerine and
capillary tubes, and I have no doubt whatever that this is by far the best way of storing
the virus. I also add a letter addressed to me (Appendix C) by Major A. Buchanan,
I.M.S., Superintendent of the Central Jail, Bhagalpur.
33. Certain experiments are now in progress regarding the keeping qualities of
the Assam lymph ; but as they will not be complete until November or December,
the results cannot be published much before the next Annual Vaccination Report is due.
I have the honor to be,
SIR,
Your most obedient Servant,
C. W. CARR-CALTHROP, M.D., ch.D., Colonel, I.M.S.,
Principal Medical Officer and Sanitary Commissioner, Assam.
D
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
HOME DEPARTMENT.
THE PLAGUE IN INDIA,
1896, 1897.
COMPILED BY R. NATHAN,
INDIAN CIVIL- SERVICE.
Vol. IV,
MAPS AND CHARTS.
CALCUTTA:
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.
1898.
CALCUTTA :
SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA,
S, HASTINGS STREET.
LIST OF MAPS AND CHARTS.
t
1. Map of Gujerat.
2. Map showing the localities of the Pali disease and other
fevers prevailing contemporaneously in Rajputana and the
Upper Provinces of the Bengal Presidency.
3. Bombay Presidency illustrating the extent and intensity of the
plague.
4. Bombay Presidency (exclusive of Sind), showing principal
places where plague was endemic.
5. Sind, showing principal places where plague was endemic.
6. Bombay City, showing incidence of plague in the different
quarters.
7. Bombay City, showing plague administrative districts and
hospitals.
8. Chart, showing progress of plague in the District of
Kamathipura.
9. Worli village, showing groups and dates of plague cases.
10. Sewree Coliwada, showing groups and dates of plague cases.
11. Parel village, showing groups and dates of plague cases.
S2. Mahim Coliwada, showing groups and dates of plague cases.
13. Type drawing of temporary hospitals as constructed through-
out Bombay under the orders of the Plague Committee.
14. Hardwar and neighbourhood.
15. Hardwar, showing infected area and isolated plague cases.
16. India, showing Railway plague inspection stations.
17. Observation Camp Khana Junction, East Indian Railway
Bengal,
17 A. Observation Camp Chausa Station, East Indian Railway,
Bengal.
18. Khanpur Station, North-Western Railway, Punjab, showing
disinfecting and observation camp.
19. Map showing observation posts near the Punjab-Sind Frontier.
20. Map of the Daman Frontier,
21. Chart of the course of the plague in the City of Bombay.
22. Chart comparing the weekly mortality in the City of Bombay
with the weekly mortality during the previous five years.
23. Chart of the course of the plague in the wards of the City of
Bombay.
24. Chart of the course of the plague in different localities in the
Bombay Presidency.
25. Chart of the course of the plague in different localities in
Sind.
26. Chart comparing the progress of the plague with the variation
in the temperature in certain localities.
No: 1
MAP OF GUJERAT.
ILLUSTRATING THE 1812 - 1821 EPIDEMIC OF PLAGUE.
(Reproduced with some modifications from the Bombay Gazetteer.)
Note.—The map shows only the portion
of Gujerat which was the seat of the epi-
demic.
Reg. No. 594, Home —Jan. 96 —1,000
Photo., S. I. O., Calcutta.
No. 2
Reg. No. 594, Home.—Dec. 97.—1,000.
Photo., S. I. O., Calcutta.
No. 3.
Reg. No 609, Home.-Jan. 98 - 1,000.
Litho., S. I. O., Calcutta.
No. 4.
Taken from the Engraved Map of India, Scale 1 Inch = 32 Miles.
Reg. No. 602, Home.—Jan. 98.—1,000.
Published under the direction of Colonel H. R. Thuillier. R.E., Surveyor-General of India.
October 1891.
With additions in Railways up to 1894.
Price Uncolored One Rupee Eight Annas.
" Colored One Rupee Twelve Annas.
Litho., S. I. O., Calcutta.
No. 5.
Reg. No. 602, Home.—Jan. 98.—1,000.
Litho., S. I. O., Calcutta.
No.
6
INCIDENCE OF PLAGUE IN DIFFERENT QUARTERS
OF THE CITY OF BOMBAY.
Scale 3000 Feet to one Inch.
Reg. No. 29, Home.-Feb. 98.—1,000.
Litho., S. I. O., Calcutta.
No: 7
Scale 2 Inches to one Mile.
DISTRICTS INTO WHICH THE CITY WAS
DIVIDED FOR PREVENTIVE & REME-
DIAL OPERATIONS COLORED DIFFER-
ENTLY & NUMBERED ACCORDING TO
GENERAL GATACRE's REPORT.
Reg. No. 616. Home.—Dec. 97.—1,000.
Photo., S. I. O., Calcutta.
N O 8
CHART SHEWING PROGRESS OF PLAGUE IN THE DISTRICT OF KAMATlPURA
Horizontal Scale 1 inch = 10 days.
Vertical Do. Do. = 10 deaths.
Note. In the map and diagram cases in group one are shown in red.
" " " " " " " " two
"
"
"
yellow.
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
three
"
"
"
green.
Reg. No. 594, Home.—Dec. 97.—1,000.
Photo., S. I. O., Calcutta.
WORLI VILLAGE
MAP SHOWING GROUPS OF CASES.
SCALE 1 INCH = 100 FEET.
No: 9.
Reg. No. 594, Home.—Dec. 97.—1,000.
Photo., S. I. O., Calcutta.
SEWREE COLIWADA No: 10
MAP SHOWING GROUPS OF CASES
SCALE 100 FEET = 1 INCH.
Reg. No. 594, Home.— Dec. 97.—1,000.
Photo., S. I. O., Calcutta.
No. 11
PAREL VILLAGE.
MAP SHOWING GROUPS OF CASES
SCALE
1 INCH = 100 FEET.
Reg. No. 594, Home.—Dec. 97.—1,000.
Photo., S. I. O., Calcutta.
No: 12
Reg. No. 594, Home.—Dec. 97.—1,000.
Photo., S. I. O., Calcutta.
No.13
TYPE DRAWING OF TEMPORARY HOSPITAL
as constructed throughout Bombay under the
order of the Plague Committee.
Scale 16 feet to an inch.
REDUCED FROM THE DRAWING
IN GENERAL GATACRE'S REPORT.
Reg. No. 594, Home.—Dec. 97.—1,000.
Photo., S. I. O., Calcutta.
Scale 2 inches = 1 mile.
Reg. No. 594, Home.—Jan. 95.—1,000. Photo., S. I. O., Calcutta.
No: 15
HARDWAR
Reg. No. 594, Home.-Jan. 98 - 1,000
Photo.,
S.
I.
O.,
Calcutta.
No. 16.
Reg. No. 602, Home.-Jan. 98.—1,000.
Litho., S. I. O., Calcutta.
No: 17
OBSERVATION CAMP
KHANA JUNCTION, EAST INDIAN RAILWAY, BENGAL.
SCALE, 300 FEET = 1 INCH.
Reg. No. 594, Home— Dec.
97.—1,000
Photo., S. I. O., Calcutta.
17 A.
CHAUSA OBSERVATION CAMP
Scale 1 Inch = 150 Feet
Photo., S. I. O., Calcutta.
Reg. No. 56, Home Dept.—Feb. 98. -
1,000.
No: 18
Reg. No. 594, Home.—Jan. 98.—1,000. Photo., S. I. O., Calcutta.
No: 19
Map Showing Observations Posts near the Panjab
Sind
Frontier.
Reg. No. 594, Home.—Jan. 96—1,000. Photo., S. I. O., Calcutta.
No: 20
MAP
of the
DAMAN FRONTIER
Reg. No. 594, Home —Dec. 97.—1,000.
Photo., S. I. O., Calcutta.
No. 21.
Reported Seizures & Deaths in the City of Bombay.
The firm line indicates the average daily number of reported seizures during the weekly periods shown in the heading, and the dotted line indicates the average daily number of reported deaths during the same periods.
Reg. No. 11, Home.–Feb. 98.—1,000. Litho., S. I. O. Calcutta.
No. 22.
Comparison of the general mortality in the City of Bombay with the general mortality during the previous five years.
Mortality in 1896 - 97 is shown by the firm black line. The average mortality during the preceding five years is shown by the dotted black line.
No. 23
Course of the plague in the Wards of the City of Bombay.
Reg. No. 29, Home.–Feb. 98.—1,000. Litho., S. I. O. Calcutta.
No. 24.
Course of the plague in different localities in the Bombay Presidency.
Reg. No. 13, Home.–Feb. 98.—1,000.
Litho., S. I. O. Calcutta.
No. 25.
Course of the plague in different localities in Sind.
Reg. No. 11. Home.–Feb. 96. – 1,000. Litho., S. I. O. Calcutta.
Course of the plague compared with variation in temperature (Bombay Presidency).
Poona City.
Surat District.
Reg. No. 13, Home.—Feb. 98.—1,000.
The firm line indicates the average daily number of reported seizures during the weekly periods shown in the heading;
the dotted line indicates the average daily mean temperature during the same periods.
26.
Course of the plague compared with variation in temperature (Sind).
Hyderabad District.
Shikarpur District.
Litho., S. I. O. Calcutta.
The firm line indicates the average daily number of reported seizures during the weekly periods shown in the heading
the dotted line indicates the average daily mean temperature during the same periods.
NCAG-VSI/32.
Vol. II
1932
THE
Indian Journal of Veterinary Science
AND
Animal Husbandry
Issued under the authority
of
The Imperial Council of Agricultural Research
Published for
The Imperial Council of Agricultural Research
Delhi : Manager of Publications
1934
Price annas 2 or 3d.
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
A GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE HELMINTH PARASITES
AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS IN INDIA, WITH
METHODS OF COLLECTION, PRESERVATION,
STAINING, ETC.
BY
G. D. BHALERAO, M.Sc.,
Helminthologist, Imperial Institute of Veterinary Research, Muktesar.
(Received for publication on 22nd August 1931.)
Helminth parasites fall into two main phyla of the Animal kingdom : PLATY-
HELMINTHES (flat worms) and NEMATHELMINTHES (round worms) which,
together with the classes they consist of, can be distinguished from one another
with the following keys :—
Key to the phyla of helminths.
Body usually flat, body cavity absent . . .
Body usually cylindrical, body cavity present
.
PLATYHELMINTHES.
NEMATHELMINTHES.
Key to the classes of PLATYHELMINTHES.
Alimentary canal present . . . . . .
Alimentary canal absent
.
.
.
.
.
.
TREMATODA, p. 1.
CESTODA, p. 7
Key to the classes of NEMATHELMINTHES.
Alimentary canal present, proboscis absent . .
Alimentary canal absent, proboscis present . .
NEMATODA, p. 14.
* ACANTHOCEPHALA.
TREMATODA.
Trematodes, popularly known as flukes, are parasites belonging to the phylum
PLATYHELMINTHES. When freshly removed from the hosts, they have a deep
* A general account of Acanthocephala has not been given, since the members of this class found
in domestic animals in India are very few.
( 1 )
2 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [ II, I
red or fleshly coloration. They inhabit the various organs of the body such as ali-
mentary canal, liver, bile-ducts, gall-bladder, pancreas and even the vascular system.
Shape. They are usually flat, leaf-like or tongue-shaped, but not infrequently
they are barrel-shaped, conical, cylindrical and occasionally triangular, with the
posterior extremity truncated as in Pseudamphistomum. In some forms, e.g.,
Fasciola, the cephalic portion is separated from the rest of the body by distinct
shoulders, and in the genus Gastrodiscus the cylindrical anterior portion is distinctly
set off from the rest of the body which is broad and flat. In some species of the genus
Eurytrema there is a distinct triangular appendage at the posterior portion of the
body folded ventrally so as to form a gynæcophoric canal in which the female finds
its lodgment permanently. Some forms, e.g., Fasciola jacksoni, have tendency to
curl their extremities ventrally.
The surface of the body on which the genital opening is situated is considered
to be the ventral surface.
Cuticle. The entire body is covered with a cuticle of varying thickness. It
may be either smooth or armed with spines or scales. Occasionally papillæ are
present either surrounding the mouth or ventral sucker or they may occur on the
entire ventral surface of the body as in the genus Gastrodiscus. In Schistosomidæ
some species have a part or the whole of their body covered with tubercles bearing
a varying number of spines.
Musculature. Underneath the cuticle there is a development of a muscular
layer of varying thickness. Special development of the musculature may be
observed in connection with the suckers, the pharynx and occasionally the cirrus.
In some forms the development of the musculature as well as the cuticle may be
so poor that almost the whole of the internal anatomy may be distinguished with
a low magnifation under the pressure of a cover glass only.
Parenchyma. The central portion of the body is filled with loose parenchy-
matous cells in which all the essential organs are embedded.
Alimentary canal. The opening of the mouth may be terminal, being situated
at the extreme anterior end, or subterminal, in which case it is situated on the
ventral side, a short distance from the anterior extremity. It is usually followed
by a globular, muscular, pharynx, but occasionally interposed between the two may
be a short tubular portion of the alimentary canal known as the pre-pharynx. The
pharynx is usually followed by an œsophagus of varying length. In some cases,
e.g., in Gastrodiscus, the pharynx may be absent and is substituted by a muscular
œsophageal bulb. The œsophagus bifurcates into two intestinal cœca which pass
posteriorly to a varying distance and end blindly. In the family Schistosomidæ
HELMINTH PARASITES AFFECTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS
3
the cæca unite posteriorly to form a common intestinal cæcum which may again
bifurcate and unite two or three times in their course. The intestinal cæca are
usually straight, but occasionally as in Fasciolopsis buski they may be disposed in
a sinuous manner. Usually the intestinal cæca are simple, but in some cases, e.g.,
in the genus Fasciola, they may be branched and these branches may again be
subdivided into secondary branches or diverticula. In the genus Tagumaea they
are divided into broad anterior and slender posterior portions.
Organs of attachment. In addition to the cuticular spines which serve the
function of attachment there are other organs which chiefly aid the parasites in
holding themselves securely in the body of their hosts. These organs are the oral
sucker, the ventral or the posterior sucker and in some cases the ventral pouch in
addition.
The oral sucker, as its name implies, surrounds the oral aperture and may as
such be terminal or subterminal in position. This is usually simple, but occa-
sionally it may have two outgrowths known as the oral diverticula. In the family
Echinostomidæ it is surrounded by a kidney-shaped collar, discontinuous ventrally.
This latter bears a varying number of spines disposed in one or two rows which,
in some cases, are interrupted dorsally. Almost in every case these collar spines
may be distinguished as " corner spine or spines " and " marginal spines ". In the
genus Schistosoma the oral sucker is usually armed with spines.
There is another sucker which is usually situated ventrally in the anterior half
of the body, but in Paramphistomidæ this is situated at the extreme posterior end,
being either terminal or subterminal. In the former case it is termed the ventral
sucker and in the latter, the posterior sucker. The ventral sucker may be situated
quite close to the oral sucker or may be far removed from it. The posterior sucker
of the Paramphistomidæ is usually very large. Both the ventral as well as the
posterior sucker are occasionally drawn out posteriorly and in some cases the latter
may have papillæ developed on it. In the genus Schistosoma the ventral sucker
projects from the body very prominently on the ventral surface and in some species
of Opistorchis it may occasionally be raised along with the genital aperture on
a distinct process called the padicel.
In addition to the usual two suckers, there is in the genera Gastrothylax,
Fischoederius and Carmyerius a ventral pouch, occupying almost the entire ventral
portion of the body and opening ventrally somewhat posterior to the oral aperture.
Besides serving as an additional powerful organ of attachment, it acts as a receptacle
for the accumulation of the genital products which are discharged in it through the
genital aperture opening into it.