NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
ETIOLOGY OF BOVINE NASAL GRANULOMA
135
The most characteristic microscopic lesions of Nasal Granuloma are represented
by the follicles (Pl. X, fig. 2), the central core of which presents what has been
considered by Krishnamurti [1925] to be " actinomycotic granules " surrounded by
a characteristic " ray fungus " or " club " formation. The lesions are observed to
follow a sequence of events, starting with a destructive abscess around the offend-
ing parasitic mass. The individual microscopic lesions that are formed in this
manner are nodular abscesses, which are mainly cellular in character, being
composed of small round cells, endotheloid cells and polymorphonuclears. Having
failed to extrude the irritant by a destructive process, an attempt to completely
encapsulate the irritating ova is made and the process of repair as manifested by
eosinophile cells and fibroblasts sets in. In places certain follicles are seen being
exclusively composed of small round cells without any remnant of the parasitic
element being discoverable in the centre. The appearance of some follicles would
appear to be due to the section having passed through the periphery of the nodule.
In early follicles, the young ova are seen surrounded by many layers of typical
endotheloid cells with the formation among them of huge giant cells immediately
surrounding the ova or in their neighbourhood. Evidence of degeneration with
diffuse staining and broken down nuclei is seen in the centre of some follicles, in
others the parasitic mass has been removed with a few giant cells still persisting,
notwithstanding the maturity of the fibrous tissue supporting the follicles. In
advanced lesions, the ova undergo calcification or are resorbed or totally digested
by the " foreign body" giant cells and no eosinophilia may be present in the
altogether fibrosed nodule. "With the simultaneous fibroblastic activity and
eosinophilic infiltration, concentric rings of fibrous tissue gradually invade from
the periphery inwards until the lesion may be considerably fibrosed. From the
above description of what have been designated as follicles by Krishnamurti [1925],
in association with the presence of " foreign body " giant cells, it will be observed
that the follicles appear to be identical with " a typical bilharzial pseudotubercle "
of Fairley [1920].
Now in regard to the peculiar bodies, "the clubs ", Krishnamurti [1922] has
considered them to be specific and of causal significance. These bodies are quite
gram—negative but stain well by Plaut and other methods used for actinomyces.
The " clubs " or as the present author prefers to call them, the " actino " bodies
of Nasal Granuloma present certain definite peculiarities as compared with those
of classical actinomycosis. Unlike actinomycosis, the central cavity within the
" actino " body of Nasal Granuloma is definitely bounded with a thick, highly
refractile capsule of hyaline nature and contains no gram-positive microorganisms
or streptothrix filaments but reveals nuclei of the parenchymatous cells of the
enclosed larva instead. This central cavity takes varying shapes up to that of a
136 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [ II, II
" Spindalis " type of an egg and contains in most cases a granular body or may
even be empty, depending upon the angle at which the egg is sectioned and upon
whether the enclosed larva is sufficiently differentiated for well defined structure
to be recognisable inside it. In some shells, however, definite structures of the
parasitic embryo can be seen.
The author agrees with Colebrook [ 1930 ] who states :—" The first point—and
it is not at all new—is that the formation of " clubs " is not a specific character of
mycelial infections. Thirty years ago it was shown that clubs were formed around
a mass of dead tubercle bacilli implanted into living tissues and since then this
has been demonstrated in many other circumstances." It is now known that the
actino-bacillus, staphylococcus and B. pyogenes can produce " clubs ". Recently
Beaver [ 1931 ] has found a colony of staphylococci in the centre of a small abscess
assuming morphological resemblance to Actinomyces hominis. The present
investigation and another by Yamagiwa [ 1931 ], which is referred to below, have
revealed that the same reaction in the shape of " actino " bodies can be produced
also in helminthic infections, such as by Schistosomes. As "actino" bodies
may be present in such divergent conditions as detailed above, it is clear
that they cannot be considered specific. In what the author considers an
earlier stage, the capsular body containing the parasitic mass is seen
encircled outwardly with a pale blood-tinged fluid and later with certain
changes the capsular body is encircled with numerous closely adjacent
eosinophile club-like processes arranged in a radiating manner. The exact
significance of the eosinophile " actino" bodies is not clear but it is undoubtedly
a manifestation of the bost's reaction and attempt at delimiting the ravages of the
parasitic worm or of its toxin. In dealing with Madura disease and Actinomycosis,
Kanthack [ 1893 ] has expressed the same opinion thus:—"Clubs are only formed
when there is evidence of resistance on the part of the tissue towards the
microorganisms. In rapidly spreading and extensive cases, little or no club
formation may occur ". Yamagiwa [ 1931 ] has encountered a similar reaction of
" clubs " outside the parasitic shell in the study of lesions caused by Schistosoma tur-
kestanicum. The interesting figures of degeneration of the egg shell given in support
of his paper form an illuminating study, as they present a great resemblance to the
like structures encountered in Nasal Granuloma. In a notable contribution on the
morbid histology of Onchocerciasis, Shafi Mohammad [ 1931 ] has made the
suggestive statement:—" Giant cells here appear small and more compact and take
various shapes, thus becoming flattened or radiating in close apposition to the
cellular and fibrous elements around. This is due to the pressure of the growing
fibrous tissues around them and also the counter pressure of the capsule of the
tumours. Their protoplasm is not so eosinophilic as the above mentioned giant
PLATE XII.
Fig. 1 (×400). Microphotograph of a transverse section of male
worm in the tissue showing cuticular tubercles.
Fig. 2 (× 80). Microphotograph of mature worms in copula lying in .
the tissue. No remnants of vessel endothelium or glandular
epithelium is recognisable.
Fig. 3 (× 120). Microphotograph of a deep section showing mucous
glands and blood vessels, which contain several pairs of
worms in copula.
Fig. 4 (× 400). Microphotograph showing a gland, impacted
with eggs and the commencement of changes for the
production of a pseudotubercle.
PLATE XI.
Fig. 1 (×400). Microphotograph of the " Spindalis " type of egg
in the tissue, showing the blunt and the pointed ends. Note
its similarity with microphotograph No. 2, Plate IX.
Fig. 2(×400). Microphotograph showing a fully matured mira-
cidium still attached to the spiny portion of the egg, lying in
the space left by the egg. The caudal extremity of the
embryo can be seen inside the eggshell.
Fig. 3 (×400). Microphotograph of an " actino " body in section. The central
cavity contains the cellular elements of the embryo.
ETIOLOGY OF BOVINE NASAL GRANULOMA
137
cells and their nuclei are pressed together into one or more solid masses and
take the stain deeply."
In the different parts of the matrix of the growth, empty spaces of various
shapes, rounded, oval, or spindle-shaped, are occasionally seen. These are
presumably a kind of mould left by the eggs. The resemblance of the shapes to
those of the actual ova discovered in the nasal discharges is worthy of note. The
matrix reveals groups of embedded eggs or empty irregular capsular shrunken shells.
Various stages of the embryo within the egg shell can be made out. Some appear
to be fully developed, other show a distinct segmenting embryo whilst some egg
shells are altogether collapsed and contain little or no organised material. Judging
by the appearance, shrunken and blackened shells with dark amorphous content
would appear to be eggs that have died due to unfavourable conditions. Inside
the shell of viable eggs, a distinct envelope (vitelline membrane) may be seen
enclosing the embryo. Some ova contain cells staining at the periphery, while
others show cells staining at the centre. In one ovum, at least, a fully matured,
miracidium was seen still attached to the spiny portion of the egg shell (PI. XI,
fig. 2). In some sections, spaces which were originally occupied by the eggs are
seen occupied by mature or immature miracidia, a few of which are seen as leaf-
shaped bodies with an anterior cone, eosinophilic cephalic glands and a distinct
constriction between the cephalic and caudal regions. Some miracidia were
observed to have a blunt caudal extremity terminating abruptly, and these
presumably were the females.
In deeper sections, many coiled mucous glands and large blood vessels are
included. Some of the glands are apparently normal although containing some
discharge. Others may show hyperæmia. The glandular epithelium quite
frequently is noticed to undergo fatty degeneration and vacuolisation in many
places. In two samples of histological tissue, the discharges in the nasal gland
have been found to contain typical Bilharzia worms. Some glandular tubules were
definitely impacted with clusters of ova (Pl. XII, fig. 4), which would appear very
suitable to form the nucleus of "bilharzial pseudo-tubercles". It is difficult at
times to say definitely whether a pseudo-tubercle was initially formed by the
deposition of eggs in the tubules of nasal glands or within dilated capillaries or in
the matrix of the connective tissue itself.
Apart from the changes in the connective tissue of the nose described above,
the blood vessels show marked lesions in the shape of varying degrees of endar-
teritis, the lumen of some being altogether obliterated. The blood vessels in deeper
sections are generally larger and contain mature healthy worms, either singly or
in copula (Pl. XII, fig. 3), and may present considerable dilation and degrees of
138 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [ II, II
end-arteritis. As the worms in these vessels appear quite healthy and undegener-
ated, the changes in the endothelium and the wall of the vessels would appear
to be due to bilharzial toxins. It is interesting to note that the lower margin of
the field in a microphotograph (Fig. 2, Plate V) in Krishnamurti's [1925] Memoir
shows what would appear to be a healthy Schistosome worm. Some blood vessels
reveal a perivascular reaction. If the mature worm or embryo undergoes death or
degeneration, the parasite remnants serve as the commencing nucleus for thrombus
formation. With an attempt at organisation of the thrombus so formed, the lesion
in the blood vessel involves the other coats as well and is not restricted to the
endothelium alone. The stages in the formation of pseudotubercles, characterised
by huge giant cells, eosinophiles and fibrosis as already described, are also seen in
the case of a capillary vessel containing bilharzial elements—the affected vessel
finally losing its identity. A certain number of vessels in the growth have been
observed to have a disrupted wall resulting in hæmorrhage into the surrounding
tissue. It is believed that by means of the spine of the egg and due to the
histolytic substances elaborated by the enclosed larva and exuded through the egg
shell, a way into the perivascular tissue is made. The ova probably find their way
in this fashion into the extra-vascular tissue, although it seems possible that an
occasional mature female may stray into the tissue outside the vascular system and
sometimes lay the eggs in situ.
DISCUSSION.
Earlier in the paper it was stated that the view that Nasal Granuloma proper
is a form of Schistosomiasis readily explains all the known facts regarding the
condition. These facts may be summarised as follows:—
(i) Heavy accumulation of eosinophile cells in sections.
(ii) The occurrence of peculiar " actino " bodies or " clubs " as a reaction
against parasitic capsular shells.
(iii) The superficial formation of characteristic small granulations without
involvment of the tissues of the tongue and jaw, and the chronic
nature of the lesions.
(iv) Enzootic nature of distribution.
(v) Failure of experimental transmission of the disease by contact, and by
treatment with cultured Streptothrix or with diseased tissue.
(vi) Failure with Iodine treatment and almost specific response to Tartar
Emetic.
With regard to the identity of the parasite, it has been stated that the
" spindalis " type of egg has been seen in the tissue and in the nasal discharges of
ETIOLOGY OF BOVINE NASAL GRANULOMA
139
affected animals, and the adult parasite also resembles Schistosoma spindalis,
Montgomery, but unfortunately fully mature specimens have not yet been obtained
so that a definite opinion on this point cannot yet be expressed. However, certain
facts have come to light which suggest that it may be a new species. It is interest-
ing for example, to note that Fairley and Mackie [ 1926 ] conveyed infection of
Schistosoma spindalis to buffaloes, which they believe to be the natural hosts of the
parasite, but the buffalo appears to be strongly resistant to attack by the parasite
of Nasal Granuloma.
Liston and Soparkar [1918] and other workers on Schistosoma spindalis infec-
tion mentioned above, have not encountered eggs of any other type than " Spinda-
lis,'' although these workers have studied infection by this parasite in such animals
as cattle, young goats, guinea pigs, buffalo and the monkey (Macacus sinicus).
They have also stated that Schistosoma spindalis affects only the alimentary tract
or its appendages and its ova are voided solely with the faeces.
Further investigation into the specific identity of the parasite and its inter-
mediate host, together with the reproduction of the disease, drug therapy, and
prevention will be taken up as opportunities occur.
CONCLUSIONS.
A few cases of Rhinosporidiosis of cattle have been recorded in India, but Bovine
Nasal Granuloma proper is a separate entity and is a Schistosomiasis.
Nasal Granuloma presents an altogether new localisation of Schistosomiasis, as
compared with the hitherto known urinary and intestinal forms.
The parasite resembles Schistosoma spindalis, Montgomery, but certain differen-
ces, which are under study, have been observed.
The true nature of the " granules " previously described in this condition has
been shown to be closely connected with the invading parasite, which sets up
reactions, resulting in the formation of the so-called " follicles " and actino-bodies.
Examination of nasal discharges in caustic potash preparations should be of
great value in the diagnosis of the disease in future.
With the definite information now available regarding the etiology of this
condition, further experiments with the intravenous administration of such drugs
as Tartar Emetic, Emetin, Antimosan, etc., are indicated.
Acknowledgments. My thanks are due to Mr. G. D. Bhalerao, M.Sc., Helmin-
thologist at this Institute, for giving me the value of his expert opinion and con-
firming my findings with regard to the parasitic elements discovered.
140 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [ II, II
In conclusion, I take this opportunity of placing on record my great indebted-
ness to Mr. F. Ware, F.R.C.V.S., I.V.S., the Director of this Institute, for his keen
interest and helpful encouragement and for affording me all facilities, without which
the present investigation would not have been possible.
REFERENCES.
Beaver, D. C. (1931). Granulomatous abscess of the liver of pyogenic origin—Plate 50, Fig. 9, Am. Jl.
Path. 7, 3, p. 276.
Colebrook, L. (1930). Discussion on Actinomycosis common to man and animals. Proc. Roy. Soc.
Med. 23, Part I, p. 864. Section of Comp. Medicine & Surgery.
Cooper, H. (1923). Rep. of Imp. Bact. Lab., Muktesar, for two years ending 31st March, 1924, p. 47.
Cooper, H. (1925). Rep. of I.I. of V. R., Muktesar, for the year ending 31st March, 1925, p. 43.
Cooper, H. (1931). . Report of I.I. of V. R., Muktesar, for the year ending 31st March 1931, pp. 23-24.
Christopherson, J. B. (1918). The successful use of Antimony in bilharziosis by intravenous injection
of Antimony tartaratum. Lancet (2), pp. 325-27.
Das, P. N. (1929). Nasal Granuloma in Cattle, Mem. Imp. Dept. Agri. India, Vety. Ser. 4, 4.
Edwards, J. T. (1929). Comments on Das's Memoir, Mem. Imp. Dept. Agri. India, Vety. Ser. 4, 4,
p. 147.
Fairley, N. H. (1920). A comparative study of experimental bilharziosis in monkeys, as contrasted
with those in man. Jl. Path. Bact. 23, p. 298.
Fairley, N. H., and Mackie, F. P. (1926). Pathology of S. spindalis. Proc. of 6th Congress, F.E.A.T.M.,
Vol. I, pp. 423-447.
Jeya Singh Raj (1910). A peculiar disease of Nose in South India, Ind. Vety. Jl. 1910, p. 419.
Krishnamurti Ayyar, V. (1922). " Snoring disease " in Cattle. Mad. Vet. Jl. No. 15, July 1922,
pp. 2-7.
Krishnamurti Ayyar, V. (1925). Nasal Granuloma in Cattle, Memoirs of the Dept. of Agri. in India,
Veterinary Series 3, 6.
Krishnamurti Ayyar, V. (1927). Rhinosporidiosis in Cattle. Trans. F.E.A.T.M., 1927, Vol. III,
pp. 658-664.
Krishnamurti Ayyar, V. (1931). Rhinosporidiosis in horses. Proc. 18th Session, Ind. Sc. Congress,
Nagpur, 1931, p. 356.
Kanthack, A. A. (1893). Madura disease (Mycetoma) and Actinomycosis, Jl. Path. and Bact. 1,
p. 140.
Liston, G., and Soparkar, M.B. (1918). Life Cycle of S. spindalis. Ind. Jl. Med. Res. 5, pp. 567-68.
Montgomery, R. E. (1906). Observations on Bilharziosis among animals in India, II, Jl. Trop. Vety.
Sci. 1, pp. 138-174.
Oxspring, G. E. (1931). Bovine Nasal Granuloma. Jl. R. A. V. C., 2, No. 4, pp. 179-182.
Parathasarathi Naidu (1921). Nasal Granuloma. Mad. Vety. Jl. Issue No. 19, pp. 2-6.
Shafi Mohammed A. (1931). On the Morbid Histology of Onchocerciasis. Ann. Trop. Med. and Para-
sitology, 25, 2, p. 249.
Vriborg, Von. A. (1906). S. spindalis in Sumatra. Central-blatt fur Bakteriologie 43, 1906, pp. 806-
807.
Yamagiwa, S. (1931). Histology of lesions, caused by the invasion of S. turkestanicum, Skrijabin in
Cattle. Jap. Jl. of Vet. Sc. June 1931, p. 132.
SOME DIGESTIBILITY TRIALS ON INDIAN FEEDING STUFFS,
PART VIII.
(SOME PUNJAB HAYS, III AND WHEAT BHUSA).
BY
P. E. LANDER, M.A., D.Sc., A.I.C., I.A.S.,
Agricultural Chemist to Government, Punjab, Lyallpur,
AND
PANDIT LAL CHAND DHARMANI, L.AG., B.Sc. (Agri),
Assistant to Agricultural Chemist to Government, Punjab, Lyallpur.
[Received for publication on 25th February 1932.]
It has been shown in two earlier papers [Lander and Lal Chand Dharmani,
1928-29] of this series of digestibility trials that grass hays gathered from different
parts of the Punjab differ very widely in chemical composition and that some of
them constitute maintenance rations for animals at rest, while others do not, and
the amounts of wheat bran required to be added to non-maintenance ration hays
to bring them up to maintenance standards were worked out. The present paper
deals with the nutritive value of six grass hays supplied by the Military Grass
Farms at Jhelum, Ferozepur, Kasauli, Dalhousie, and Multan (two grasses), and
their comparison with wheat bhusa as a cattle feed. The method of conducting
the trials was similar to that described in previous papers of this series and the
trials were continued from January to September 1929 using six Montgomery hei-
fers from 2 to 3 years age and similar in all other respects. Data concerning these
heifers designated by numbers 122, 128, 133, 123, 124, and 129 are given below :—
Heifer No.
122
128
133
123
124
129
Average body
weight.
lbs.
416
425
340
379
360
389
Date of birth.
9th February 1926 . . .
11th July 1926
.
.
.
.
9th November 1926 . . .
16th February 1926 . . .
5th March 1926 . . .
12th July 1926
.
.
.
.
Age on 1st January 1929.
Years.
2
2
2
2
2
2
Months.
10
5
1
10
9
5
Days.
22
20
22
15
26
19
( 141 )
142 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [ II, II
The experimental periods and the rations used are indicated below :—
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
15th January 1929 to 28th February
1929.
16th January 1929 to 28th Janaury
1929.
12th February 1929 to 28th February
1929.
12th March 1929 to 31st March 1929 .
Ditto
ditto .
15th April 1929 to 30th April 1929 .
Ditto
ditto .
13th May 1929 to 19th July 1929 . .
13th May 1929 to 3rd June 1929 . .
21st June 1929 to 19th July 1929 . .
5th August 1929 to 14th August 1929 .
29th August 1929 to 7th September
1929.
Jhelum hay . . .
Kasauli hay . . .
Kasauli hay plus bran .
Multan Janewa hay .
.
Multan Musel hay . .
Multan Janewa hay plus
bran.
Multan Musel hay plus
bran.
Ferozepur hay . . .
Dalhousie hay . .
Dalhousie hay plus bran .
Wheat bhusa . . .
Wheat bhusa plus bran .
Heifers .
„ .
„ .
„ .
„ .
„ .
„ .
„ .
„ .
„ .
„ .
„ .
122, 128,133
123, 124, 129
123, 124,129
122, 128, 133
123, 124, 129
122, 128, 133
123, 124, 129
122, 128, 133
123, 124, 129
123, 124, 129
122, 128, 133
122, 128, 133
DESCRIPTION OF HAYS.
1. Ferozepur Hay. This hay which had obviously been cut in the early in-
florescence stage showed high nutritive value, and as in the case of grass hays
obtained from Sialkot [ Lander and Lal Chand Dharmani, 1928 ] and Ambal a in
previous years constituted a maintenance ration, the major portion of the grass
being Anjan (Cenchrus biflorus). It was collected from the Ferozepur Cantonment
Farm lands in September 1928.
2. Jhelum Hay. The grasses constituting this hay were collected from the lands
of the Military grass farm at Jhelum, known as the Bela Saila reserved forest
situated on the right bank of the river Jhelum, in November 1927, and mainly
consisted of Cynodon Dactylon (Khabal) and Paspalum distichum.
A great deal of this hay appears to have been made from grasses collected
later than the ' milk-stage '.
3. Multan Hays.—Two separate lots of Musel or Champ (Iseilema laxum) and
Janewa or Palwan (Andropogon pertusus) grass hays were obtained from the Mili-
tary Grass Farm land at Multan in September 1928.
These grasses appeared to have been cut at the ' pre-milk-stage ', but were very
coarse and contained a high percentage of fibre.
4. Dalhousie Hay.—This hay contained a mixture of the following six gras-
ses :—
1. Apluda varia, vari mutica. 2. Arundinella setosa. 3. Andropogon con-
torlus (Saryala). 4. Andropogon Schoenanthus (Rosha Grass). 5. And-
ropogon monticola. Schult. 6. Eriophorum comosum, and was collected
through a contractor in February 1928, from the Rani jungle near
Nanikhud about 17 miles to the south-west of Dalhousie.