NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
5
Island for a quarantine depôt for horses. A report on this subject was submit-
ted to Government in my letters No.407-L. and 15-L., dated 26th October 1898
and 12th January 1899 respectively.
25. Government have been pleased to sanction the wearing of uniform by
the Inspectors employed under the Glanders Act, and have allowed a monetary
grant to each man to go towards its upkeep. This is a measure which will
greatly assist the Inspectors in the performance of their duties, and leave no
doubt on the public mind as to who they are and what functions they have to
carry out, more especially when entering private stables.
26. In this office letter No. 294-L., dated 19th August 1898, a recommen.
dation was made to Government that the Department should be designated the
"Animal Diseases Department for the City of Bombay" in view of the fact that
other work than that connected with the Glanders Act will have in future to be
carried out in connection with the Live-stock Importation Act and in other
directions. Another matter, too, brought forward in the letter mentioned above,
was that the Controlling Officer of the Department should be designated "Chief "
or "Director."
27. With the view to keep the Department fully informed in regard to
cattle-diseases in the Australian Colonies, Government have permitted the
purchase of the "Australasian" and the "Sydney Mail" newspapers.
A photographic camera and an incubator with burner and thermoregulator
have been purchased under the orders of Government for the use of the Depart-
ment.
28. The Veterinary Inspectors performed their duties to my satisfaction,
under the immediate supervision of Chief Veterinary Inspector Fernandez, who
has on all occasions given me every assistance, and I cannot but attribute much
of the success that has attended the operations of the Department during the
year under report to the attention the Inspectors generally have paid to their
duties.
Mr. V. B. Phatak, the Head Clerk, and his assistants have had extra labour
thrown upon them owing to the increase in correspondence, and have worked to
my satisfaction.
29. Appendix 7 is the financial statement which shows a saving of
Rs. 1,150.
I have the honour to be,
Sir,
Your most obedient Servant,
J. BRODIE-MILLS, Veterinary-Major, A. V. D.,
Principal, Bombay Veterinary College.
B 225—2
6
APPENDIX No. I.
Return of cases admitted to the Government Lazaretto at Sewri from 1st April 1898 to 3lst March 1899.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Name of Owner.
Fateh Mahomed ... ...
Bhica Gula Naniwalla ...
Dawud Nasarni ... ...
Mahomed Allo ... ...
Narayan Bhimji ... ...
Ownerless ... ... ...
Pandu Bhandri ... ...
Caste.
Arab ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Waler...
Arab ...
Colour.
Bay ... ...
Dark Chest-
nut.
Bay ... ...
F. B. Grey ...
Bay ... ...
Dark Bay ...
Grey ...
Sex.
Entire...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Gelding.
Entire...
Age.
Aged ...
5 years.
Do. ...
6 years .
5 years .
Aged ...
8 years .
Date of Admission.
1st April 1898.
23rd April 1898.
26th April 1898.
3rd May 1898 .
5th May 1898...
1st November
1898.
28th
January
1899.
Date of Discharge.
1st April 1898.
23rd April 1898.
26th April 1898
8th June 1898.
5th May 1898 .
20th November
1898.
20th February
1899.
Glandered.
1
1
1
1
1
...
...
Suspicious.
...
...
...
...
1
1
How
disposed
of.
Destroyed.
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
Discharged
Do. ...
Remarks.
4 years in the country.
1 year in the country.
6 months in the
country.
Do.
do.
1 year in the country.
Unknown.
4 years in the country.
Bombay, 18th May 1899.
J. BRODIE-MILLS, Veterinary-Major, A. V. D.,
Principal, Bombay Veterinary College.
7
APPENDIX No. V.
Return showing the Details of Animals imported into Bombay during the year 1898-99.
Caste.
English ... ...
Waler ... ... ...
Arab ...
Persian ... ...
Country-bred ...
Burman ... ...
Austro-Hungarian ...
Northern ... ...
Totals ...
April 1898.
Hores.
1
2
11
...
8
...
...
1
18
Poni es .
...
...
7
...
...
...
...
...
7
Donke ys .
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Mules.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
May.
Horses.
2
1
6
...
2
...
...
...
11
Poni es .
1
...
4
...
3
...
...
...
8
Donke ys .
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Mules.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
June.
Hor s es .
...
...
8
...
2
...
...
...
5
Ponies.
1
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
Donkeys.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Mules.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
July.
Hor s es .
2
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Ponies.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Donke ys .
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Mules.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
August.
Horses.
2
143
20
...
...
...
...
...
164
Ponies.
...
6
1
...
...
...
...
...
7
Donke ys .
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Mules.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
September.
Hor s es .
2
2
270
1
...
...
...
...
275
Ponies.
...
...
91
...
...
...
...
1
92
Donkeys.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Mules.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
October.
Horses.
6
244
418
...
4
...
8
...
673
Ponies.
2
8
396
...
7
...
...
...
408
Donkeys.
...
...
5
...
...
...
...
...
5
Mules.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
November.
Horses.
8
817
320
31
...
...
...
...
682
Ponies.
...
30
224
...
...
...
...
...
265
Donkeys.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Mules.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
December.
Horses.
6
184
280
30
1
...
...
6
525
Ponies.
23
41
94
...
1
...
...
...
150
Donkeys.
...
...
3
...
...
...
...
...
3
Mules.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
January 1899.
Horses.
5
2
136
...
15
...
...
...
158
Ponies.
...
...
23
...
1
...
...
...
24
Donkeys.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Mules.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
February.
Horses.
1
207
12
3
1
...
...
8
322
Ponies.
...
75
2
...
1
1
...
...
79
Donkeys.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Mules.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
March.
Horses.
1
1
4
2
1
...
...
...
...
Ponies.
...
...
...
...
1
...
...
...
1
Donkeys.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Mules.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Total.
Horses.
36
1,192
1,490
76
29
...
8
15
2,846
Ponies.
20
164
842
...
14
1
...
1
1,051
Donkeys.
...
...
8
...
...
...
...
...
8
Mules.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
3,905
Bombay, 18th May 1899.
J. BRODIE-MILLS, Veterinary-Major, A. V. D.,
Principal, Bombay Veterinary College.
8
APPENDIX VII.
Financial Statement of the Glanders and Farcy Department, Bombay, for the year 1898-99.
Budget sanction.
Heads.
Salaries:—
Inspecting Staff ... ... ...
Establishment ... ... ...
Conveyance Allowance to Officers ...
Do.
to Inspecting Staff ...
Fees payable to Veterinary Surgeons ...
Grant for Mallein, &c. ... ... ...
Do. for burning carcasses ... ...
Telephone charges ... ... ...
Contingent grant ... ... ...
Building and repairs ... ... ...
Rates and taxes ... ... ...
Total ...
Amount.
1897-98.
Rs. a. p.
5,040
420
840
420
500
200
1,000
175
290
190
23
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9,098 0 0
1898-99.
Rs. a. p.
5,700
420
840
1,260
500
200
1,000
175
290
180
23
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10,588 0 0
Actual Expenditure.
Heads.
Establishment: —
Inspecting Staff ... ... ...
Establishment ... ...
Conveyance Allowance to Officers ... ...
Do.
to Inspecting Staff
Fees payable to Veterinary Surgeous ...
Cost of Mallein, &c. ... ... ...
Cost of burning carcasses ... ... ...
Telephone charges ... ... ...
Grain compensation allowance ... ...
Purchase of a microscope ... ...
Purchase of an incubator with burner, &c.
Charges for translating Dr. Koch's Rinderpest
Reports ... ... ... ...
Contingent charges ... ... ...
Charges for repairs at the Lazaretto ... ...
Rates and taxes ... ... ...
Purchase of a photo camera ... ...
Total ...
Amount.
1897-98.
Rs. a. p.
5,190
410
840
1,190
220
176
912
167
16
82
0
4
0
0
0
9
0
11
8
8
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
......
36
304
189
23
0
15
14
1
0
3
8
0
......
9,759 8 0
1898-99.
Rs. a. p.
5,540
420
757
1,223
60
189
120
175
0
0
0
11
0
12
0
0
0
0
0
8
0
3
0
0
......
......
165 0 0
......
389
179
19
200
9,438
3
3
3
0
2
3
4
6
0
0
Bombay, 18th May 1889.
J. BRODIE-MILLS, Veterinary-Major, A. V. D.,
Principal, Bombay Veterinary College.
No. ...2.
Animal
Colour
Caste
Sex
Age
Horse
Grey
.... Arab
...Entire
.... 8 Years
REMARKS.
Owner- Pandoo
Bhandari.
Admitted, with a discharge
from
the nose but no glandular
enlarge-
ments, on 28 th Jany. injected 3 c.c. of
Mallein on 29 th and again an 16 th
Fsby. No reaction. Discharged
on
19 th Feby.
No. 3
Nov: 1898
Animal ...
Colour ...
Caste ...
Sex
Age ... ...
Horse
.. Dark Bay
Water
Gelding
.. Aged
REMARKS.
Ownerless
Admitted with a discharge
from
the nose but no glandular
enlarge-
ments, on 1 st Nov: injected 3 c.c. of
Mallein on that day and again on
17 th Nov: NO reaction. Discharged
on
20 th Nov:
No. ....4.
198
Animal ...
Colour.
Caste ...
Sex
Age
... Horse.
... Flea-bitten Grey.
... Arab.
Entire.
....6 Years
Owner Mahomed
Allee.
REMARKS.
Admitted on 3 rd May-with a discharge of a
suspicious character from near nostril and
swelling of the submaxillary
glands but no other
distinctive signs of glanders.
The first injection of Mollein produced a rise of
iemperature but not safficiently high to condemn
the animal.
On tire 10 th day after the first injection the horse
had an attack of fever which lasted for 10 days but
as soon as the temperature
was normala second
injection was given, which produced a decided rarpid
rise of temperature within 8 hours and then gra-
dually Fell.
As there were still no other distinctive signs of
glanders it was decided, after an interval of 11 days,
i.e. when the temperature again became normal, to
give a third injection. This produced a rise of tempe-
rature within 8 hours which continued for 4 days
without any appreciable Fall and, in the mean time,
ulceration of the nostrils developed when the animal
was destroyed. The Post-mortern examination
re-
neaied the typical pathological lessons of glanders.
No. .....6
Sept. 1899
Animal ....
Colour
Caste
Sex
Age
Cattle
....Red
... Gujarati
...Cow
REMARKS.
Admitted with signs of tuber-
culosis. Reacted to both injec-
tions of tuberculin and was in
consequence destroyed. Autopsy
revealed tubercular disease.
Administration Reports.—
Civil Veterinary Department.
Annual Administration Report of the
Civil Veterinary Department in the
Bombay Presidency and the Annual
Report on the Working of the
Glanders and Farcy Act in Bombay
for the year 1898-99.
General Department.
Bombay Castle,
No. 935
14th February 1900.
Letter from the Principal, Bombay Veterinary College, No. 183-L., dated the 30th May
1899:—
"I have the honour to forward the annual report of the working of the Glanders
and Farcy Department in Bombay for the year 1898-99.
" 2. The charts will be sent as soon as they are received from the Photozinco Office,
Poona."
Letter from the Survey Commissioner and Director of Land Records and Agriculture,
No. A.—3578, dated the 19th December 1899—
Submitting one No. 681, dated the 1st June 1899, from the Acting Superintendent, Civil
Veterinary Department, together with that officer's Annual Administration Report of the
Civil Veterinary Department for the Presidency Proper and the Provincial Report for Sind
for the same year submitted by the Superintendent, Civil Veterinary Department,
Beluchistan and Sind; submitting also Mr. Symonds' review of the Reports, No. A.—3317,
dated the 29th November 1899.
RESOLUTION.—Three annual reports have been submitted together, viz., the
report on the Civil Veterinary Department in the Presidency Proper by its
Acting Superintendent, the Provincial Report for Sind by the Superintendent,
Civil Veterinary Department, Beluchistan and Sind, and the report by the
Principal, Bombay Veterinary College, on the working of the Glanders and Farcy
Department in the City of Bombay. The first two have been reviewed at
length by the Survey Commissioner and Director of Land Records and
Agriculture, and Government consider it unnecessary to add to his remarks.
The third, which is a record of a variety of useful work, has been perused with
interest.
J. DEC. ATKINS,
Secretary to Government.
To
To
The Survey Commissioner and Director of Land
Records and Agriculture,
The Superintendent, Civil Veterinary Department,
The Principal, Bombay Veterinary College,
The Commissioner in Sind,
The Commissioner, N.
D.,
The Commissioner, C. D.,
The Commissioner, S. D.,
The Collectors of Hyderabad, Thar and Párkar,
Surat, Kánara and Sholápur,
All other Collectors, including the Collectors and
Deputy Commissioners in Sind,
The Municipal Commissioner for the City of Bombay,
The Private Secretary to His Excellency the
Governor,
The Accountant General,
The Political Department of the Secretariat,
The Judicial Department of the Secretariat,
The Deputy Adjutant General, Bombay Command,
The Inspector General, Civil Veterinary Department,
The Government of India,
The Secretary of State for India.
With copies of
the Report.
By letter.
THE ETIOLOGY AND
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF
* PLAGUE *
A SUMMARY OF THE WORK
OF
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ISSUED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA BY THE SANITARY COMMISSIONER
WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, SIMLA.
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Price 4 annas or 5d.
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PREFACE.
IN the early days of plague in India most strenuous
efforts were made to stamp it out by the means adopted
in European countries in dealing with epidemic disease,
but these efforts failed and they too often led directly to
the misfortunes which they were designed to avert. When
it was recognized that it was impossible to deal effectively
with the epidemic without the help of the people them-
selves, a policy of persuasion and assistance was substituted
for the more rigorous measures, but this also failed to
prevent the extension of the disease, although in many
places some degree of success was achieved.
Considerable progress had been made in the study of
the epidemiology of plague and valuable work had
been done in laboratories in India and elsewhere, but
there remained serious gaps in our knowledge which it was
necessary to fill in order to give greater precision to the
measures of prevention which it was possible to adopt.
In the autumn of 1904 the Government of India there-
fore addressed the Right Hon'ble the Secretary of State
for India with a view to undertaking a more complete
enquiry into the etiology of the disease than had hitherto
been attempted. As a result of this representation the
Secretary of State replied that, on the recommendation
of the Royal Society and the Lister Institute, he pro-
posed to form a committee representing these bodies
and the India Office and to grant to them £5,000 renew-
able annually for the purposes of the investigation, which
19 S. c.
( ii )
it was proposed should be undertaken under the direc-
tion of the committee by two experts chosen and paid
by them and two skilled bacteriologists belonging to the
Indian Medical Service. These proposals were accepted
by the Government of India, and an Advisory Com-
mittee was appointed consisting of the following
members :—
Surgeon-General Branfoot, C.I.E., I.M.S., India Office;
President.
Sir Michael Foster, K.C.B., F.R.S
Professor J. Rose Bradford, M.D., F.R.S. .. Royal Society
Colonel David Bruce, C.B., R.A.M.C., F.R.S. Lister Insti-
Dr. C. J. Martin, F.R.S.
..
tute.
(On the death of Sir Michael Foster in January 1907
his place on the Committee was filled by the appointment
of Dr. G. H. Nuttall, F.R.S.)
The Committee decided that Dr. Martin should visit
India to confer with the authorities there regarding
procedure and to initiate the work.
Dr. Martin arrived in Bombay early in April 1905, and
was followed in May by Drs. Petrie and Rowland, the
experts chosen by the Committee. After visiting Kasauli
Dr. Martin decided to commence work at Parel, near
Bombay, where the Plague Research Laboratory offered
special facilities.
In May the Government of India placed Captain
Liston's services at the disposal of the Committee.
Dr. Martin, having resolved to remain in Bombay during
the summer, dispensed with the services of the second
officer of the Indian Medical Service during his stay.
Shortly before his departure on the 14th October 1905,
the services of Major Lamb were placed at the disposal
( iii )
of the Committee. Before his departure Dr. Martin
represented the desirability of further assistance being
given, and Captain Gloster, I.M.S., was deputed to work in
the Punjab under the orders of the Committee. When
Dr. Martin left India he handed over the direction of the
working Commission to Major Lamb as Senior Member,
when the Commission consisted of the following members:—
Major George Lamb, M.D., I.M.S., Director of the Pasteur
Institute of India, Kasauli; Senior Member.
Captain William Glen Liston, M.D., I.M.S., Plague Research
Laboratory, Parel.
Captain Thomas Henry Gloster, M.B., B.Ch., I.M.S. '
George Ford Petrie, M.D., Assistant Bacteriologist, Lister
Institute.
Sydney Rowland, M.A., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Assistant
Bacteriologist, Lister Institute.
M. Kesava Pai, M.B., C.M., Assistant Surgeon, Assistant to
the Director, Pasteur Institute, Coonoor ; lent by the
Government of Madras.
V. L. Manker, L.R.C.P., L.R.C.S., D.P.H.
P. S. Ramchandrier, Hospital Assistant, Mysore ; lent by
the Government of Mysore.
C. R. Avari, Hospital Assistant, Plague Research Labora-
tory ; lent by the Government of Bombay
The Commission thus constituted continued to work
until May 1907, when it was considered that satisfactory
replies to the questions which had been placed before
them bad been found, and the Commission was temporarily
dissolved.
The head-quarters of the Commission remained at the
Plague Research Laboratory, Parel, the Director of which
Lieutenant-Colonel Bannerman, I.M.S., placed every
resource of his laboratory freely at their disposal.
( iv )
It was arranged that reports of the work done by the
Commission should be published by the Advisory Commit-
tee in the Journal of Hygiene, of which two numbers con-
taining reports have already been published. It seemed to
the Government of India, however, necessary that an
account of the work done by the Commission should be
submitted in a simple form to the public as soon as possible,
and the following summary has been compiled for that
purpose. It is intended that the facts ascertained shall
be used by administrators in framing measures for the
prevention of plague, and it is hoped that the knowledge
of the facts will help the people to understand the reasons
for those measures.
The summary has been compiled by Major George
Lamb, I.M.S., who is alone responsible for the form in
which the observations are set forth and for the way in
which they are interpreted.
J. T. W. L.
SIMLA,
The 27th October 1907.
THE ETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PLAGUE,
A SUMMARY OF THE WORK OF THE PLAGUE
COMMISSION.
CONTENTS.
PART I. Introduction
.........
PART II. — Epidemiological observations on plague in the rat and in
man, and on the relation between the epizootie and the
epidemie
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
A. Methods of investigation which were adopted
.
.
.
B. Observations on the rat population .
.
.
.
.
C. Observations on plague in the rat — the epizootic .
.
D. Observations on plague in man — the epidemic
E. Relation of the epizootic to the epidemic
.
.
.
1. Relation in time .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2. Relation in place
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
3. Relation in quantity .
.
.
.
.
.
.
PART III. — Method of transmission of infection from rat to rat
and from rat to man .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
A. Transmission of infection by direct contact
B. Aerial transmission of infection .
0. Transmission of infection through the soil .
.
.
.
D. Transmission of infection by means of food .
.
.
.
E. Transmission of infection by means of the rat-flea
1. Experiments in the laboratory
.
2. Experiments in godowns or cabins
.
.
.
.
3. The rat-flea the agent of transmission of infection from
rat to rat in nature
.
.
.
.
.
.
4. Infection in plague houses due to infected rat-fleas
5. The rat-flea the agent of transmission of infection bet-
ween rat and man .
.
.
.
.
.
6. Further observations on the transmission of plague by fleas .
(a) The fate of the plague bacillus in the body of the rat-
flea and the mechanism by means of which the flea
infects a healthy animal .
.
.
.
.
(6) Whether a single rat-flea can transmit the infection
(c) Whether both male and female rat-fleas can transmit
the infection
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(d) Whether other species of fleas as well as P. cheopis can
transmit the infection
.
.
.
.
PART IV. — Relation of the human plague case to the spread of the
epidemie
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
A. Introduction
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
B. Experience in hospitals
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. C. Influence of imported cases on the spread of the epidemie
19 S. C.
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