NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
222
Vitamin A Potency of Cow's Milk and Butter Fat
the levels of intake were 23356.0 I.U., 2147957.0
I.U. and 3453032.0 I.U. and the carotene potency
varied from 705.4 I.U. to 2257.2 I.U. (average),
the vitamin A potency increased from 5064.3
I.U. to 8516.4 I.U. (average) and the total po-
tency increased from 5769.7 I.U. to 10773.6 I.U.
(average) and the percentage activity due to caro-
tene in this group varied from 12.2 to 20.1.
TABLE III
Composition of butter on low and high carotene rations
Sample
Mixed butter
.
.
.
.
.
.
Individual samples
.
.
.
.
.
Individual samples . . . .
Animal
No.
70
64
42
21
70
42
Average
64
21
Average
Average
carotene
Intake mg.
14.30
(23746 I.U.)
1650.74
(2740228 I. U.)
...
...
2080.14
(3453032 I.U.)
...
Reichert-
Meissl
Value
22.2
25.7
24.0
24.9
25.5
18.9
22.2
Polenske
value
1.0
1.9
1.1
1.5
1.8
1.0
1.4
Sponification
number
226.0
227.2
225.0
226.1
227.6
224.7
226.2
Lodise
number
37.0
39.4
10.8
40.1
37.0
44.7
40.9
TABLE IV
Effect of feeding berseem on the carotene and vitamin A content of butter
Period
I
II
III
Animal
No.
70
42
Average
70
42
Average
70
42
Average
Average
dally
carotene
intake
I.U.
27024.0
21248.0
24136.0
2504608.0
2504608.0
2504608.0
2740228.0
2740228.0
2740228.0
Potency per lb. of butter fat
Carotene
I.U.
709.2
742.3
725.8
2653.9
2449.3
2551.6
3555.4
2641.3
3098.4
Vitamin A
I.U.
5068.6
5150.3
5109.5
8187.4
8782.2
8484.8
8711.4
8498.9
8605.2
Total
I.U.
5777.8
5892.2
5835.2
10841.3
11231.5
11036.4
12266.7
11140.2
11703.5
Per cent
activity due
to
carotene
12.3
12.6
12.4
24.5
21.8
23.1
29.0
23.7
26.5
B. C. RAY SARKAR AND K. C. SEN 223
TABLE V
Effect of feeding oat grass on the carotene and vitamin A content of butter
Period
I
II
III
Animal
No.
64
21
Average
64
21
Average
64
21
Average
Average
daily
carotene
intake
I.U.
25730.0
20982.0
23356.0
2147967.0
2147957.0
2147957.0
3453032.0
3453032.0
3453032.0
Potency per lb. of butter fat
Carotene
I.U.
896.8
514.0
705.4
2476.2
2232.2
2354.2
2181.4
2138.9
2160.2
Vita.min A
I. U.
5149.6
4978.9
5064.3
8215.6
8711.4
8463.5
8144.8
8993.7
8569.3
Total
I.U.
6046.4
5492.9
5769.7
10691.8
10943.6
10817.7
10326.2
11132.6
10729.4
Per cent
activity due
to
carote
14.8
9.4
12.2
23.2
20.4
21.8
21.1
19.2
20.1
TABLE VI
Recovery of carotene and vitamin A in the butter fat of cows fed on betseem
Animal No.
70
42
Average
70
42
Average
70
42
Average
Average
daily
carotene
intake
I.U.
27024.0
21248.0
24136.0
2504608.0
2504608.0
2504608.0
2740228.0
2740228.0
2740228.0
Total recovery per day
Carotene
I.U.
619.8
514.1
567.0
2601.4
1602.2
2101.8
2340.8
1808.3
2074.6
Vitamin A
I.U.
4134.7
3623.9
3879.3
8022.4
5743.8
6883.1
5389.9
5403.3
5396.6
Total
I.U.
4754.6
4138.0
4446.3
10623.8
7346.0
8984.9
7730.7
7211.6
7471.2
Per cent recovery per day
Carotene
2.29
2.42
2.35
0.10
0.06
0.08
0.09
0.07
0.08
Vitamin A
15.30
17.06
16.07
0.32
0.23
0.27
0.20
0.20
0.20
Total
17.59
19.48
18.42
0.42
0.29
0.36
0.29
0.27
0.27
224
Vitamin A Potency of Cow's Milk and Butter Fat
TABLE VII
Recovery of carotene and vitamin.A in the butter fat of cows fed on oat grass
Animal No.
64
21
Average
64
21
Average
64
21
Average
Average
daily
carotene
intake
I.U.
25730.0
20982.0
23356.0
2147957.0
2147957.0
2147957.0
3453032.0
3453032.0
3453032.0
Total recovery per day
Carotene
I.U.
1196.3
270.6
733.5
2967.6
1337.5
2152.6
2715.9
863.7
1789.8
Vitamin A
I.U.
6868.2
2628.7
4748.5
9846.9
5219.1
7533.0
9529.7
3373.9
6451.8
Total
I.U.
8064.5
2899.3
5481.9
12814.5
6556.6
9685.6
12245.6
4237.6
8241.6
Per cent recovery per day
Carotene
4.65
1.29
3.14
0.14
0.06
0.10
0.08
0.03
0.05
Vitamin A
26.69
12.53
20.33
0.46
0.24
0.35
0.28
0.10
0.19
Total
31.34
13.82
23.47
0.60
0.30
0.45
0.36
0.13
0.24
TABLE VIII
Carotene balance of the animals at different levels of berseem feeding
Period
I
(Berseem-nil) . .
II
(Berseem-60 lb.) . .
III
Berseem-120 lb.) . .
Animal
No.
70
42
Average
70
42
Average
70
42
Average
Average
daily
intake of
carotene
mg.
16.28
12.80
14.54
1508.80
1508.80
1508.80
1650.74
1650.74
1650.74
Average daily output (mg.)
17.25
24.83
21.04
1076.80
978.40
1027.60
1255.00
872.00
1063.50
2.86
2.49
2.68
6.40
4.42
5.41
4.66
4.35
4.50
20.11
27.32
23.68
1083.20
982.82
1033.01
1259.66
876.35
1068.00
Balance
mg.
—3.83
—14.52
—9.14
+ 425.60
+525.98
+ 475.79
+ 391.08
+ 774.39
+ 582.74
Per cent
excretion in
faeces
106.0
194.0
144.7
71.4
64.8
68.1
76.0
52.8
64.4
B. C. RAY SARKAR AND K. C. SEN 225
TABLE IX
Carotene balance of the animals at different levels of oat grass feeding
Period
I
(Oat grass-nil) . .
II
(Oat grass-60 lb.) . .
III
(Oat grass-120 lb.) . .
Animal
No.
64
21
Average
64
21
Average
64
21
Average
Average
daily
carotene
mg.
15.50
12.64
14.07
1293.95
1293.95
1293.95
2080.14
2080.14
2080.14
Average daily output (mg.)
In faeces
23.30
26.30
24.80
952.80
850.90
901.85
1587.00
1490.00
1538.50
In milk
4.86
1.75
3.30
7.72
3.95
5.83
7.37
2.55
4.96
Total
28.16
28.05
28.10
960.52
854.85
907.68
1594.37
1492.55
1543.46
Balance
mg.
—12.66
—15.41
—14.03
+ 333.43
+ 439.10
+ 386.27
+ 485.77
+ 587.59
+ 536.08
Per cent
excretion in
150.3
208.1
176.3
73.6
65.8
69.7
76.3
71.6
74.0
TABLE X
Effect of different levels of carotene ingestion on the carotene and vitamin A content of blood plasma
Animal No.
Group 1
Group 2
70
42
Average
64
21
Average
Period I
Average
daily
carotene
intake
mg.
16.28
12.80
14.54
15.50
12.64
14.07
Carotene
per 100 c.c.
plasma
mg.
0.25
0.24
0.25
0.13
0.39
0.26
Vitamin A
per 100 c.c.
plasma
mg.
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.05
0.11
0.08
Period III
Average
daily
carotene
intake
mg.
1650.74
1650.74
1650.74
2080.14
2080.14
2080.14
Carotene
per 100 c.c.
plasma
mg.
1.26
1.09
1.18
0.80
1.14
0.97
Vitamin A
per 100 c.c.
plasma
mg.
0.30
0.26
0.28
0.21
0.25
0.23
Per cent increase per 100
c.c. plasma
Carotene
404.0
354.2
372.0
515.4
192.3
273.1
Vitamin A
172.7
136.4
154.5
320.0
127.3
187.5
TABLE XI
Effect of feeding dub grass on the carotene and vitamin A content of butter
Animal No.
75
77
78
Average
Average
dry matter
consumption
per day
lb.
17.2
17.2
18.4
17.6
Average
daily
carotene
intake I.U.
1752960
1752960
1962120
1822080
Potency per lb. of butter fat
Carotene
I.U.
2497.0
3441.3
1770.0
2569.6
Vitamin A
I.U.
7295.8
9293.4
5856.6
7481.9
Total
I.U.
9792.8
12734.7
7627.2
10051.6
Per cent
activity due
to carotene
25.5
27.0
23.2
25.6
Ind. J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb., Vol. XIII, Part III
]
PLATE XVII
FIG. 1. Photomicrograph showing Rickettsia conjunctivae
in an infected conjunctival cell. Notice the pre-
sence of neutrophils in the smear.
FIG. 2. Infected eye of a Hissar Dale ram showing
keratitis (opacity of the cornea).
K. P. BASU AND K. P.
MUKHERJEE
233
TABLE II.
Phosphorus distribution in sheep's milk
P given as mg. P per 100 c.c. milk
In the mean values figures within brackets represent the various phosphorus fractions
expressed as percentages of total phosphorus.
Sample No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Mean . .
Total P
100
99
100
98
100
100
99.5
Acid-soluble P
Total
67.5
70
69
69.5
70.5
69.5
69.3 (69.6)
Inorganic
(Ba-preci-
pitable)
52
63
52.5
62
60
53
57.1 (57.3)
Ester
(difference
between
total and
inorganic)
15.5
7
16.5
7.5
10.5
16.5
12.3 (12.3)
Labile
(not preci-
pitated
by Ba)
16
8.25
16.5
8
11
16.5
12.7 (12.7)
Acid-insoluble P
Total
32.5
29
31
28.5
29.5
30.5
30.1 (30.2)
Lipin
12
9
12
10.5
10.5
12.5
11.1 (11.1)
Casein
(difference
between
total and
lipin)
20.5
20
19
18
19.5
18
19.1 (19.2)
TABLE
III
Phosphorus distribution in goat's milk
P given as mg. P per 100 c.c. milk
In the mean values figures within brackets represent the various fractions expressed as per-
centages of total phosphorus.
Sample No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Mean . .
Total P
102.5
100
125
100
103
99.5
105
Acid-soluble P
Total
79
76.5
100
76.5
78
76
81 (77.1)
Inorganic
(Ba-preci-
pitable)
70
62
75
65
70
65
67.8 (64.6)
Ester
(difference
between
total and
inorganic)
9
14.5
25
11.5
8
11
13.1 (12.5)
Labile
(not perci-
pitated
by Ba.)
10
15
25
12
9
11
13.7 (13)
Acid-insoluble P
Total
23.5
23.5
25
23.5
25
23.5
24 (22.9)
Lipin
6.5
6
7
6.5
8
7
6.8 (6.4)
Casein
(difference
between
total and
lipin)
17
17.5
18
17
17
16.5
17.1 (16.3)
234
Phosphorus in Milk, I
TABLE IV
Phosphorus distribution in buffalo's milk
P given as mg. P per 100 c.c. milk
In the mean values figures within brackets represent the various phosphorus fractions
expressed as percentages of total phosphorus.
Sample No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Mean . .
Total P
125
133
132
120
124
118
125.3
Acid-soluble P
Total
88.5
94.5
93.5
85.5
88
81
88.5 (70.6)
Inorganic
(Ba-preci-
pitable)
66.5
71.5
72
65
66
62
67.1 (53.5)
Ester
(difference
between
total and
inorganic)
22
23
21.5
20.5
22
19
21.3 (17)
Labile
(not preci-
pitated
by Ba)
23
22.8
23
20
22
20
21.8 (17.4)
Acid-insoluble P
Total
36.5
38.5
38.5
34.5
36
37
36.8 (29.3)
Lipin
15
17.5
19
16.5
17
20
17.5 (13.9)
Casein
(difference
between
total and
lipin)
21.5
21
19.5
18
19
17
19.3 (15.4)
TABLE V
Phosphorus distribution in human milk
P given as mg. P per 100 c.c. milk
In the mean values figures within brackets represent the various phosphorus fractions
expressed as percentages of total phosphorus.
Sample No.
1
2
Mean . .
Total P
38.5
32
35.25
Acid-soluble P
Total
28
22.5
25.25(71.6)
Inorganic
(Ba-preci-
pitable)
9
5
7(19.8)
Ester
(difference
between
total and
inorganic)
19
17.5
18.25(51.7)
Labile
(not preci-
pitated
by Ba)
20
18
19 (53.8)
Acid-insoluble P
Total
10.5
9.5
10 (28.3)
Lipin
5.5
4
4.75 (13.4)
Casein
(difference
between
total and
lipin)
5
5.5
5.25 (14.8)
DISCUSSION
Although the method of Graham and Kay [1933]
for the partition of phosphorus in milk was an
improvement on that of Lenstrup [1926], it did
not, as the authors themselves realised, yield any
information regarding the nature of compounds
grouped as ester phosphorus. Besides studying
systematically the phosphorus distribution in
various milks, this investigation is an attempt to
elucidate the nature and distribution of ester
phosphorus in milk by the application of the
method developed by Needham to study the nature
of ester phosphorus in the chick embryo.
Needham's procedure would detect and estimate
hexose monophosphate, hexose diphosphate and
adenyl pyrophosphate. None of these compounds,
however, were detected by us in the milks investi-
gated in appreciable amounts. In our investiga-
tions the entire barium soluble phosphorus of the
trichloracetic acid extract underwent sponta-
238
Phosphorus in Milk, II
Composition of the salt mixture
Sodium chloride . . .
Magnesium sulphate . . .
Potassium chloride . . .
4.40 parts.
5.45 „
7.80 „
Ferric citrate . . .
1.18 parts.
Vitamins A, D and B complex were supplied twice
a week to the rats.
TABLE III
Average growth of rats from age four weeks to seven weeks on different diets
Diet
Buffalo milk diet . .
Goat milk diet . .
Cow milk diet . .
Sex
Female . .
Female . .
Female . .
No. of rats
giving
average
5
5
5
Average
initial
body
weight
gm.
35.5±1.5*
40±2*
37.5±2*
Average
final (net)
body
weight
gm.
65 ±2*
69±2.5*
66±l.5*
Average
net gain
in weight
gm.
30±2*
30±1*
30±1.5*
Average
total food
intake
105±4*
105±5*
105±4*
Average
gam per
gm. food
gm.
.286
.286
.286
*Average deviation of the mean.
TABLE IV
P content of seven-week old rats fed on diets containing the same amount of phosphorus from milks of
different animals
Diet
Buffalo milk diet. .
Goat milk diet . .
Cow milk diet . .
Sex
Female . .
Female . .
Female . .
No. of rats
giving
average
5
5
5
Average
net body
weight
gm.
65±2*
70±2.5*
66±1.5*
Average P
intake
gm.
0.190±.006*
0.190±.009*
0.190±.007*
Average total
body phospho-
rus
gm.
.329±.009*
.361±.013*
.372±.029*
Average per
cent body
phosphorus
.506 ±.005*
.517±.004*
.512±.005*
*Average deviation of the mean.
TABLE
V
Phosphorus content of four-week old rats of different
litters on the stock laboratory diet
Litter
No.
1 .
2 .
3 .
4 .
Sex
Female.
„
„
„
Body wt.
(gm.)
37
37
37
37
Total body
P.
.185
.187
.185
.188
Per cent
body phos-
phorus.
.500
.505
.500
.508
TABLE VI
The factors of utilization of phosphorus in milks of
different animals
Diet
Buffalo milk diet . .
Goat milk diet . .
Cow milk diet . .
No. of rats giving
average
5
5
5
Average utilization
factor in per cent
for P.
81.7
83.7
82.1
DISCUSSION
Tables III and VI show that the average growth
of rats on different milk diets containing the same
percentage of P and proteins as well as the same
Ca: P ratio was the same and the same is true
for the utilization factor of phosphorus of the
different milks. Guha and Das [1936] claim that
different milks produce different growths in the
body weight of rats. But in their experiments
the percentage of proteins and calcium as well
as the Ca : P ratio and probably also the vitamins
contents in the different diets were not the same.
The aim of this investigation is to study the
quality of phosphorus of the milks of cow, goat
and buffalo so far as its availability is concerned.
This is found to be the same and is to be expected
from the results of phosphorus distribution in
these milks reported in the previous paper (Basu
and Mukherjee, 1943). Of the three varieties of
milk—cow, goat and buffalo—a smaller intake
of buffalo milk which contains about 25 per cent
more phosphorus than the other two milks would
produce the same result so far as the phosphorus
metabolism is concerned.
SUMMARY
In these experiments healthy young albino
rats four weeks of age reared on the stock diet of
K. P. BASU AND K. P.
MUKHERJEE
239
the laboratory were placed on three diets in one
of which all the phosphorus was supplied entirely
by dried cow milk (whole) and in the case of two
other diets by the dried goat milk (whole) and
dried buffalo milk (whole) respectively to provide
the same amount of phosphorus (0.18 per cent)
and the same Ca/P ratio (1.39 : 1). The diets
also contained the same percentage of proteins.
At 7 weeks of age the animals were killed and
their bodies analyzed for phosphorus. Comparison
of the availability of phosphorus in the milks
of different animals (whole dried) was made by
calculating for each an utilization factor which is
the ratio of phosphorus retention to intake. The
values of utilization factors expressed in percent-
age for female rats were 81.7 for buffalo milk diet,
83.7 for goat milk diet and 82.1 for cow milk
diet.
It was observed that the phosphorus of
cow milk, goat milk or buffalo milk (when dried)
is well utilized and utilized to the same extent.
This is also probably true for liquid milks as well.
A smaller intake of buffalo milk which contains
about 25 per cent more phosphorus than the other
two varieties would, therefore, produce the same
results as larger amounts of cow and goat milk
so far as phosphorus requirements are concerned.
REFERENCES
Auchinachie (1937). Quoted from Milk and Nutrition, 1937
Basu, K. P. and Mukherjee, K. P. (1943). Indian. J.
Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb. 13, 232
Bruce,H.M.and Callow, R. K.(1934). Biochem J.28, 517
Das and Guha (1936). Ind. J. Padiatries. 3, 1
Fairbanks, B. W. and Mitchell, H. H. (1938). J. Nutrition
16, 79
Fincke, M. L. and Sherman, H. C. (1935). J. Biol. Chem.
110, 421
Harrison, D. C. and Mellanby, E. (1939). Biochem. J. 33.
1660
Henry and Kon (1937). Quoted from Milk and Nutrition
1937
Kreigher, C. H. and Steenbock, H. (1940). J. Nutrition
20, 125
Lowe, J. T. and Steenbock, H. (1936). Biochem. J. 30,
1126
McCrudden, F. H. (1911-12) J. Biol. Chem. 10, 187
Palmer and Mottram (1939). Biochem. J. 33, 512
Rose, M. S. and MacLeod, G. (1923). J. Biol. Chem. 57,
305
Sherman, H. C. and Hawley, E. (1922). J. Biol. Chem.
53, 375
Williams, D. E., MacLeod, F. L., and Morrel, E. (1940). J.
Nutrition 20, 391
Youngburg and Youngburg (1930). J. Lab. Clin. Med.
6, 158, quoted in Practical Physiological Chemistry by
Hawk, P. B. and Bergeim, O.; 11th edition, 1938,
p. 764
242
Reutilization of used Agar Media, I
TABLE I
Results obtained with milk agar and once used milk agar
Source of the samples
Individual cow's milk
(I. D. I. Farm)
Individual Buffalo's
milk (I.D.I. Farm)
Cow herd milk (I. D. I.
Farm)
Buffalo herd milk
(I. D. I. Farm)
Mixed milk (cows and
buffaloes, I. D. I.
Farm)
Pasteurized
milk
(I. D. I. Farm)
Milk handled by the
town Dairies
Village produced milk
No.
of
samples.
40
40
52
50
50
31
30
31
A. M. (colony
counts per ml.
of milk)
(a) 6250
(b) 6267.5
(a) 7940
(b) 7975
(a) 228000
(b) 227346.15
(a) 187740
(b) 187740
(a) 204380
(b) 204280
(a) 5903.23
(b) 5916.13
(a) 1340333.33
(b) 1350000
(a) 2109354.84
(b)2111290.32
S.D.
2049.27
2053.82
2762.05
2753.07
92057.26
92077.92
95491.32
95512.89
85881.75
85842.19
2859.21
2873.92
968202.75
964658.83
1380563.08
1376816.67
C.V.
per cent
32.79
32.77
34.79
34.52
40.38
40.50
50.86
50.88
42.02
42.02
48.43
48.58
72.24
71.46
65.451
65.21
S. E. of the
differences
between
A.M. (a & b)
458.74
616.61
18055.94
19099.9
17172.37
728.11
249531.78
350187.9
Differnces
between
A.M.
(a and b)
17.5
35
—653.85
..
—100
12.9
9666.67
1935.48
N.S.
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
I. D. I. : Imperial Dairy Institute
(a) Fresh milk agar
(b) Once used milk agar
A.M.: Arithmetic mean
S. D.: Standard deviation
C. V.: Coefficient of variation
S. E.: Standard error
N. S.: Not significant
TABLE II
Results obtained with nutrient agar and once used Nutrient agar
Source of the samples
Individual cow's milk
(I. D. I. Farm)
Individual buffalo's
milk (I. D. I. Farm)
Cow Herd milk (I. D. I.
Farm).
Buffalo herd milk
(I. D. I. Farm)
Mixbed milk (cows and
buffaloes, I. D. I
Farm)
Village produced milk
No.
of
samples.
27
24
25
25
25
25
A. M.(colony
counts per ml.
of milk).
(c) 5777.77
(d) 5785.18
(c) 6283.33
(d) 6308.33
(c) 148760
(d) 149440
(c) 155840
(d) 156880
(c) 159680
(d) 159560
(c) 2289200
(d) 2280800
S.D.
1786.46
1754.94
1446.17
1394.92
68943.03
68635.61
66130.59
65836.35
81583.19
81280.29
716317.92
709540.25
C.V.
per cent.
30.92
30.33
23.02
22.11
46.35
45.93
42.43
41.97
51.09
50.94
31.29
31.12
S.E.of the
differences
between A.M
(c and d).
482.05
410.14
9456.61
18662.99
23035.89
201649.07
Differences
between
A.M.
(c and d).
7.41
25
680
1040
—120
—8400
N.S.
„
„
„
„
„
A.M.: Arithmetic mean
S. D.: Standard deviation
C. V.: Coefficient of Variation
S. E.: Standard error
(c) Fresh nutrient agar
(d) Once used nutrient agar
N.S.: Not significant
I. D. I: Imperial Dairy Institute
E. V. SESHACHARYULU AND ZAL R.
KOTHAVALLA
243
DISCUSSION
The foregoing results (Tables I and II) show that
the arithmetic means of the counts obtained by the
use of fresh and once used agar media agree very
closely and in all cases the differences between the
two means are not only not significant but are also
negligible in comparison with their respective
standard errors. A similar close correspondence
exists between the standard deviations and co-
efficients of variation of the counts obtained by
using fresh and once used media respectively.
It is therefore seen that the used media do not
possess any bactericidal properties and give as good
a count as the fresh ones. Hence it can be confi-
dently stated that the used agar media which are
being discarded can be successfully made use of in
the routine bacteriological examination of milk by
the plate method. The technique employed in re-
utilizing the used agar media is very simple and
inexpensive. The advantage of this method over
that of the previous workers is that in this case not
only the agar but also the other constituents of the
media, namely peptone and lemco, can be reutilized.
In a bacteriological laboratory where a number of
milk samples are to be tested daily by the plate
method the saving resulting from reutilization of
the used media would be considerable. This is of
particular value at present when due to conditions
created by war the media constituents have not
only become very expensive but difficult to obtain
as well. It may also be mentioned that the re-
conditioned media has been observed to be as good
as the original ones in respect of the extent of
growth and clearness of the colonies and the ease of
counting them.
Samples of sterile once used nutrient agar were
sent to the Veterinary Research Officer, Mysore,
Serum Institute, Bangalore, for testing and the
report received of his results was equally encourag-
ing.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
1. The possibilities of utilizing once used milk
and nutrient agar media for determining the num-
bers of bacteria in milk by the plate method were
investigated.
2. The once used agar media give as good a count
as the fresh ones without showing any bactericidal
properties.
3. The reconditioned media are in no way in-
ferior to the fresh ones in respect of the colony
growth, clearness of the colonies and the ease of
counting them.
4. The technique employed in utilizing the used
media is simple and inexpensive. The special ad-
vantage of this method is that all the constituents
of the media are reutilized without waste.
5. The utilization of the used media has not only
a special advantage in war time, but also in peace
time, as it will result in great economy in carrying
out routine tests in a laboratory.
REFERENCES
Huang, Y. W., Shen, T. H. and Tang, F. F. (1941). Chinese
Med. J. 59. 176
Macmorine, G. Hilda, (1942). Can Public Health J., 23, 39
Ministry of Agriculture (1934). Bull. 42, 5th Ed
Ministry of Health (1929). Memo. 139/Foods
PLATE XVIII
[
Ind. J. Vet. Sci. & Anim Husb., Vol. XIII, Part III
Before treatment
After treatment
PHOTOS OF A DOG WITH FOLLICULAR MANGE TREATED WITH SEA-WATER
246
Sea-Water in the Treatment of Canine Mange-Sarcoptic & Follicular
the parasites to live in, still remain to be investi-
gated.
SUMMARY
1. The injection of sea-water intraperitoneally
as well as intravenously has been found to effect a
complete cure of cases of sarcoptic and follicular
manges in canine patients. About 20 cases of the
former variety and about 30 cases of the latter
variety were treated both in this laboratory and
outside with success.
2. The general condition of the affected animals
has invariably been found to be greatly improved
as a result of treatment with this remedy.
3. A dose of ½ c.c. per kg., of body
weight, the maximum being 20 c.c. for the heaviest
animal, has been found to be tolerated generally,
and the mode of administration is intraperitoneal
given every alternate day or even every day.
Caution should, however, be exercised in treating
highly debilitated animals and those previously
suffering from nephritis and cases weighing less
than 2 lb. or pups below the age of six months.
4. A case of ringworm in a bull was also treated
with success. It had two courses of injections
intravenously, with a dose of 40 c.c. and 60 c.c.
respectively. The period of treatment was four
months.
5. The results of treatment made so far confirm
the view that the condition of the host is a strong
factor in determining its susceptibility to an infec-
tion by Demodex.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks are due to the Principal, Madras Veteri-
nary College and his staff, Dr P. Srinivasa Rao of
Wallajan Road, Madras, Mr Ramaswamy Naidu
of Gopalpuram, the Superintendent, Livestock
Research Station, Hosur Cattle Farm, and his
staff for all the help rendered by them in carrying
out the investigations and to the Principal,
Madras Medical College, the Surgeon-General with
the Government of Madras and the Director of
Veterinary Services, Madras, for their interest in
the work. Thanks are also due to the Imperial
Council of Agricultural Research under whose aus-
pices and financial help this research was carried
out at the later stages.
REFERENCE
Monnig, H. O. (1939). Veterinary Heliminthology and
Entomology' Bailliere, Tindall & Cox, London p. 384-5