NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
140
Some Observations on Rickets in Pups
TABLE II
Breeding records, other than those of Bitch 60
Bitch
No.
71
9
92
90
10
3
105
107
106
Dog
No.
84
{84
65
1
1 {
74
{
228
{
1 {
186 {
186 {
186 {
Date of
litter
12-11-36
26-11-36
12-12-37
20-12-36
17-1-37
30-4-38
26-2-37
26-12-37
13-11-39
18-12-41
21-11-37
9-9-38
22-11-38
12-2-40
22-1-42
11-8-42
30-5-40
11-9-41
18-8-42
23-6-40
16-5-41
Number and condition of pro-
geny
Three.
Four.
Four.
Three.
Three.
Three.
Three.
Three.
Five.
Three.
Three.
Four.
Two.
Three.
Three.
Three.
Four.
Five.
Two.
Three.
Two.
Normal.
Normal.
Normal.
Normal.
Normal.
Normal.
Normal.
Normal.
Two developed rickets.
Normal.
Normal.
Normal.
Normal.
Normal.
Normal.
Normal.
Normal.
Normal.
Normal.
Normal.
Normal.
Bitch
No.
J.b
163
181
179
196
174
211
212
214
Dog
No.
186
38
48
228
288
198
Date of
litter
26-6-40
21-7-40
{22-1-41
23-6-41
29-6-41
22-12-41
15-8-42
{17-8-42
15-8-42
Number and condition of pro-
geny
Three.
Three.
One.
Three.
Five.
Seven.
Three.
Four.
Three.
Normal.
Normal.
Normal.
Normal.
Normal.
Normal.
Normal.
Normal.
Normal.
TABLE III
Analysis of serum for calcium and phosphorus
(mg. per 100 c.c. serum)
Serum from animal
38
74
1
60
9
90
Inorganic phosphorus
3.7
1.9
4.3
2.4
3.6
6.6
Calcium
14.2
10.5
13.9
9.7
12.7
13.2
TABLE IV
Percentage composition of the bones of normal and rachitic pups (on a fat-free dry matter basis)
Authors
Present observation .
Mollanby (1921) .
Normal bone
Femur
Inorg.
ash
65.70
..
CaO
36.4
27.78
P 2 O 5
26.93
..
Rib
Inorg.
ash
61.8
..
CaO
34.3
..
P 2 O 5
25.97
..
Rachitic bone
Femur
Inorg.
ash
26.4
..
CaO
7.6
13.3
P 2 O 5
11.2
..
Rib
Inorg.
ash
20.0
..
CaO
7.8
..
P 2 O 5
8.2
..
Indian J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb., Vol. XIII, Part II ]
PLATE XI
FIG. 1.
The Ovolux egg candler
FIG. 2.
Determination of thick
white percentage
T. S. KRISHNAN 143
Fig. 1. Percentage frequency distribution curves of thick white percentage in eggs of different breeds
T. S. KRISHNAN 145
that there was no significant difference in the
mean percentage thick white, between the two
candling grades of either the Leghorns or the
Rhodes. There was, however, a highly significant
difference between the two grades in the desis
and, consequently, also among the combined lot
of eggs. If it is borne in mind that in these latter
cases the significantly higher figure belonged to
grade II eggs, which were intended to consist only
of the poorer quality ones, the inefficiency of
candling as a reliable method of judging the
actual thick albumen percentage is forcibly
demonstrated.
CONCLUSION
From the results of the above study, therefore,
it appears that there is little relationship between
candling appearance and real interior quality
as judged by measurement of the thick white
percentage. This conclusion is in agreement with
the observations of Stewart, Gans and Sharp
[1932]; Almquist [1933] ; Schroeder [1933] ;
Pennington, True, Rich and Kiess [1934];
Macdonald [1936] ; and Paulhus and Gwin [1940].
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am greatly indebted to Mr A. J. Macdonald,
Officer-in-charge, Poultry Research Section, for
his encouragement and advice in this study. I
also wish to thank Mr S. Sen, Statistical Assistant,
Imperial Veterinary Research Institute, Muktes-
war, for statistical analysis of the results and
Mr Mohd. Athar Ali, Research Assistant, for
assistance in the laboratory work.
REFERENCES
Almquist, H. J. (1933). Univ. Calif. Bull. No. 561
Almquist, H. J., Givens, J. W. and Klose, A. (1934).
Ind. Eng. Chem. 26, 847
Benjamin, E. and Pierce, H. C. (1937). Marketing of
Poultry Products
Carr, R. H. (1939). Poul. Sci. 18, 225
Coles, R. (1940). U. S. Egg and Poul. Mag. 46, 92
Doan, R. L. (1934, 1). U. S. Egg and Poul. Mag. 40 (8),
15
Doan, R. L. (1934, 2). U. S. Egg and Poul. Mag. 40 (9),
25
Doan, R. L. (1934, 3). U. S. Egg and Poul. Mag. 40 (10),
19
Doan, R. L. (1936). U. S. Egg and Poul. Mag. 43, 80
Graham, W. R. (1934). U. S. Egg and Poul. Mag. 40 (1),
38
Holst, W. F. and Almquist, H. J. (1931). Hilgardia 6,
49
Macdonald, A. J. (1936). Proc. VI World's Poul. Congress,
Vol. I, 293
Macdonald, A. J. and Krishnan, T. S. (1942). Indian J.
Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb. 12, 318
Paulhus, N. G. and Gwin, J. M. (1940). Poul. Sci. 19,
357
Pennington, M. E., True, M. J., Rich, A. D. and Kiess
A. A. (1934). U. S. Egg and Poul. Mag. 40 (5), 43
Schroeder, C. H. (1933). U. S. Egg and Poul. Mag. 39
(6), 44
Stewart, G. F., Gans, A. R. and Sharp, P. F. (1932).
U. S. Egg and Poul. Mag. 38 (8), 14
Wilcke, H. L. (1936). Iowa Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. No. 194
Wilhelm, L. A. and Payne, L. F. (1934). U. S. Egg and
Poul. Mag. 40 (6), 28
D. N. MULLICK AND A. K. PAL 147
TABLE I.
Analysis of blood and blood serum for various constituents
Description
Young . .
Adult cows .
Adult bullocks .
Breed
Hariana
Hariana .
Hariana .
Dhanni .
Sex
M
F
M
F
M
F
Average
..
Average
M
Average
M
R. B. C.
(millions
per c. mm.)
12-8
13.5
11.6
11.4
10.2
10.3
11.6
8.0
8.2
8.3
8.2
8.0
8.1
7.9
W. B. C.
(Thousands
per c. mm.
14.6
14.2
13.0
13.6
11.2
11.8
13.1
9.0
8.7
9.6
9.1
8.4
9.0
8.0
Per 100 ml. of blood
Hb
mg.
16.0
15.5
14.0
13.1
..
..
14.6
11.4
10.7
10.6
10.9
10.8
10.9
12.5
Fe
mg.
53.5
52.2
46.9
43.8
..
..
49.1
39.4
40.4
41.0
40.5
36.3
39.6
42.1
Inorg.
P.
6.61
6.80
5.40
5.70
5.50
5.50
5.92
4.41
4.10
4.44
4.32
4.04
4.26
5.56
Sugar
mg.
106.3
105.5
98.0
97.3
96.9
95.8
99.9
76.0
80.6
77.1
77.7
82.6
80.1
88.3
Per 100 ml. serum
Ca.
mg.
12.8
13.1
13.5
13.4
12-8
12.5
13.0
11.8
11.0
11.4
11.4
10.5
11.2
11.1
Mg.
mg.
2.18
2.60
2.65
2.64
2.33
2.40
2.46
2.46
2.76
2.41
2.54
2.40
2.51
2.84
Remarks
Average of 6 animals
0-6
months
Average of 9 animals 0-6
months
Average of 7 animals 6-12
months
Average of 10 animals 6-12
months
Average of 10
animals
12-24 months
Average of
13
animals
12-24 months
Average of 61 animals 0-24
months
Average of 11
animals
lactating.
Average of 7 animals lae-
tating & pregnant
Average of 14 animals dry
and pregnant
Average of 32 animals
Average of 6 animals work-
ing bullocks
Average of 38 animals.
cows and bullocks of
game breed.
Average
of
6
animals
working bullocks
D. N. MULLICK AND A. K. PAL 149
Demmel, M. (1933). Biochem. Ztchsr. 262, 294
Dukes, H. H. (1937). The Physiology of domestic animals.
Bailliere, Tindall & Cox, London
Duncan, C. W. and Huffman, C. F. (1938). J. Dairy Sci.
21, 689
Fraser, A. C. (1931). Univ. Camb. Inst. Animal Path.
1st report 29, 30 and 31
Gonzaga, A. C. (1939). Phillipine J. Animal Indus. 6,
253
Groenewald, J. W. (1935). Onderstepoort J. Vet. Sci. 4,
93
Haag, J. R. and Jones, I. R. (1935). J. Biol. Chem. 110,
439
Haanbrock, H. (1931). Dissertation, Hannover, 83
Hammersma, P. J. (1937). Onderstepoort J. Vet. Sci. &
Anim. Indust. 8, 443
Hart, E. B., Steenbock, H. and Humphrey, G. C. (1920).
Wisconsin. Agric. Exp. Sta. Res. Bull. 49, 19
Hawk, P. B., and Bergeim, O. (1938). Practical Physio-
logical Chemistry, J. & A. Churchill, London
Hayden, C. E. and Fish, P. A. (1928). Cornell Vet. 18,
197
Hodgson, R. E., Riddel W. H. and Huges J. S. (1932).
J. Agr. Res. 44, 357
Godden, W. (1937). Imperial Bureau of Animal Nutri-
tion publications Tech. Communication No. 9
Johnson, A. R. (1939). J. Nutrition 17, 15
Kennedy, W. L., Anderson, A. K., Bechdel, S. I. and
Shighey, J. F. (1939). J. Dairy Sci. 22, 251
Malan, A. I. and Bekker, J. G. (1931). 17th Report
Dir. Vet. Services and Animal Indust. Onderstepoort
McCay, C. M. (1931). J. Dairy Sci. 14, 373
Meighs, E. B., Blatherwick, N. R. and Cary C. A. (1919).
J. Biol. Chem. 37
Nicols, R. E. (1935). Vet. Med. 30, 289
Ochoa, J. I. (1940). Quoted by Nutrition Abs. and Rev.
10, 706
Palmer, Cunningham and Eckles (1930). J. Dairy Sci. 13,
174
Robinson, C. S. and Huffman, C. F. (1926). J. Biol. Chem.
67, 245
Sankaranarayan, N. S. (1937). Indian. J. Vet. Sci. &
Anim. Husb. 7, 97
Schafer, S. E. (1938). Essentials of Histology. Longmans,
Green & Co., London
Sen, K. C., Kehar, N. D. & Govind Rao. (Unpublished
results)
Theiler, A., Green, H. H. and Du Toit, P. J. (1927). J.
Agri. Sci. 17, 291
PLATE XII
[Indian J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb., Vol. XIII, Part II
Waste-proof hopper
A. J. MACDONALD AND S. BOSE 151
with 20 parts earthnut meal and one part common
salt. Group 4 (Soya Bean Meal Group) received
3 parts basal mash plus 26 parts soya bean meal
and one part salt. Group 5 (Meat Group) received
same mash as Group 1 supplemented with
9 oz. of meat offal per bird per day.
Groups 1-4 were fed dry mash ad libitum in
waste-proof hoppers (Plate XII). The meat offal
for Group 5 was passed through a mincer, weighed
according to the number of birds in the group
and boiled in a small quantity of water for one hour.
The cooked material and the liquid left after
cooking the meat were then mixed with the mash
and fed at 7 A.M. every day. The mash and meat
offals were fed at the rate of 1.2 oz. dry mash and
0.9 oz. meat offals per bird per day. Groups 1-4
were fed approximately ½ oz. grain per bird at
7 A.M. and as much grain as they would consume in
about 10 minutes at 4 P.M. Group 5 received their
morning grain feed at 11 A.M. and their evening feed
at 4 P.M. Group 5 also received dry mash ad
libitum from 10 A.M. to 5 P.M.
The average composition of the mashes and
grains used are given in Table I.
TABLE I
Food composition (percentages)
Feeding stuff
Groups 1 & 5
Basal mash .
.
.
Salt
.
.
.
.
Parts
99
1
Group 2
Basal mash .
.
.
Salt
.
.
.
.
99.5
0.5
Group 3
Basal mash .
.
.
Earthnut meal
.
.
Salt
.
.
.
.
79
20
1
Group 4
Basal mash
Soya bean meal
Salt . . . .
73
26
1
Grain mixture . . .
Moisture
} 10.7
} 10.8
} 10.3
} 10.2
9.6
Fibre
10.3
10.2
9.2
9.3
4.3
Crude
protein
10.9
10.9
18.3
18.2
9.8
Ether
extract
5.1
5.0
5.5
7.8
3.1
Nitrogen
free
extract
57.6
57.5
51.2
48.9
70.4
Ash
5.4
5.6
5.5
5.6
2.8
Egg production. Table II gives the average egg
production per bird in each group for each period
of four weeks and the total egg production over the
whole period of 40 weeks.
152
Proteins for Egg Production
TABLE II
Average egg production per bird
Group
Period 1, 9-7-41—5-8-41 . . . . . .
Period 2, 6-8-41—2-9-41 . . . . . .
Period 3, 3-9-41—30-9-41 . . . . . .
Period 4, 1-10-41—28-10-41 . . . . . .
Period 5, 29-10-41—25-11-41 . . . . .
Period 6, 26-11-41—23-12-41 . . . . . .
Period 7, 24-12-41—20-1-42 . . . . . .
Period 8, 21-1-42—17-2-42 . . . . . .
Period 9, 18-2-42—17-3-42 . . . . . .
Period 10, 18-3-42—14-4-42 . . . . . .
Total, 9-7-41—14-4-42 . . . . . . .
1
11.8
12.0
6.9
3.4
5.4
7.1
9.5
13.0
13.6
12.3
95.0
2
13.8
15.3
10.7
10.6
13.5
14.8
14.5
15.1
15.8
13.1
137.2
3
10.8
9.8
7.6
3.4
5.4
7.8
10.5
13.3
13.2
12.3
94.1
4
9.5
10.1
5.5
2.0
4.8
7.4
10.5
12.8
12.7
10.5
85.8
5
10.3
9.5
13.0
10.1
13.0
14.2
12.6
11.9
15.7
13.5
123.8
In Groups 1, 3 and 4 the egg production figures
were fairly comparable for each period of the
experiment. After laying fairly well during the
first two periods, the egg production in each of
these groups declined rapidly during periods 3 and
4 and thereafter rose slowly to the original levels
in January. Groups 2 and 5 laid more uniformly
throughout and there was no marked decline in egg
production, except in periods 3 and 4 in Group 2,
and period 4 in Group 5. The average egg pro-
duction figures for 40 weeks were 95.0, 137.2,
94.1, 85.8 and 123.8 in Groups 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 res-
pectively. There was no marked difference in the
egg productions of Groups 2 and 5 but both these
groups laid considerably more eggs than Groups
1, 3 and 4. The production figures in Groups
1, 3 and 4 did not show any marked difference.
Egg size. Table III gives the average egg size
of each group for each period and the average egg
size for the whole experiment. The average daily
maximum temperatures for each period are also
given.
TABLE III
Average egg size (oz.) and average maximum temperatures (F.)
Group
Period 1, 9-7-41—5-8-41 . . .
Period 2, 6-8-41—2-9-41 . . .
Period 3, 3-9-41—30-9-41 . . .
Period 4, 1-10-41—28-10-41 . . .
Period 5, 29-10-41—25-11-41 . .
Period 6, 26-11-41—23-12-41 . .
Period 7, 24-12-41—20-1-42 . . .
Period 8, 21-1-42—17-2-42 . . .
Period 9, 18-2-42—17-3-42 . . .
Period 10, 18-3-42—14-4-42 . . .
Average 9-7-41—14-4-42 . . .
1
1.81
1.93
2.01
1.90
2.04
2.10
2.09
2.08
2.07
2.01
2.00
2
1.83
1.95
2.02
2.00
2.05
2.12
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.05
2.05
3
1.79
1.89
1.96
1.90
2.00
2.09
2.09
2.07
2.05
1.96
1.99
4
1.78
1.93
2.00
1.93
2.04
2.08
2.10
2.12
2.04
1.98
2.01
5
1.84
1.95
2.03
1.99
2.07
2.12
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.07
2.05
Average
maximum
temperature(F.)
99.5
91.4
93.6
93.8
86.4
78.0
72.1
74.4
82.4
97.5
86.9
154
Proteins for Egg Production
TABLE V
Hatchability results
Group
No. of eggs set
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Percentage infertile . . . . . . .
Percentage dead germs to fertile eggs
.
.
.
.
Percentage dead in shell to fertile eggs
.
.
.
.
Percentage hatchability of fertile eggs . . . .
1
513
5.3
5.8
6.6
87.6
2
845
12.4
3.0
8.8
88.2
3
485
12.2
7.0
10.0
83.0
4
603
12.7
8.5
8.2
83.3
5
813
16.0
7.3
10.0
82.7
In all six hatches, Group 1 tended to give a some-
what higher percentage of fertile eggs than the
other four groups. The hatchability of fertile
eggs in all five groups was good but Groups 1 and
2 gave slightly better results than Groups 3, 4 and
5. No difference in the appearance of the day-old
chickens was noticeable. Unfortunately, owing to
lack of accommodation, it was impossible to carry
out rearability trials.
Mortality. The birds were weighed at the start
of the experiment and at approximately three-
monthly intervals. Details in regard to the aver-
age weights of the birds which completed the ex-
periment are given for each weighing in Table VI.
The percentage mortality figures for each group
over the whole 40 weeks are also included.
TABLE VI
Record of mortality and weight
Group
No. of birds at start
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Percentage mortality
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Average weight at 9-7-41 (oz.)
.
.
.
.
.
Average weight at 9-10-41 (oz.)
.
.
.
.
.
Average weight at 9-1-42 (oz.)
.
.
.
.
.
Average weight at 14-4-42 (oz.)
.
.
.
.
.
Average gain in weight during experiment (oz.) . .
1
48
12.5
57.2
62.4
70.2
64.2
7.2
2
48
16.7
56.9
69.1
70.2
73.3
16.4
3
48
12.5
55.8
65.8
73.8
69.4
13.6
4
48
12.5
56.8
64.4
69.9
64.5
8.3
5
48
10.2
57.0
66.2
72.6
69.3
13.3
The general health in all five groups remained
reasonably good throughout. Many of the birds
in Groups 1, 3 and 4 moulted in the middle of the
experiment (periods 3—7) but moulting was rare
in Groups 2 and 5. Group 2 maintained a some-
what better average body weight throughout.
Groups 3 and 5 also maintained better body condi-
tion than Groups 1 and 4. The average gain in
weights made by the birds in Groups 1-5 over the
whole experiment were 7.2 oz., 16.4 oz., 13.6 oz.,
8.3 oz. and 13.3 oz. respectively. During the last
period all the groups except Group 2 lost condition.
DISCUSSION
The groups fed on supplements of separated milk
and meat offal gave considerably higher egg pro-
duction and egg size than those fed no protein sup-
plement or supplements of soya bean meal or earth-
nut meal. The average egg production of 137.2
eggs during a period of 40 weeks is satisfactory, as
it is equivalent to a calculated average annual egg
production of 178.8. The average egg production
of 123.8 eggs for the 40 weeks of the group supple-
mented with meat offal was little lower than that
of the group in the separated milk supplemented
156
Proteins for Egg Production
is in agreement with the satisfactory hatching
results obtained under village conditions where the
birds are fed on a very low level of nutrition. The
good hatchability results obtained from the sepa-
rated milk supplement are in agreement with the
findings of Graham, Smith and McFarlane [1931].
However, from the data presented it would be un-
wise to make sweeping conclusions. Since all
rations gave a hatchability figure for fertile eggs
of well over 80 per cent, it must be concluded that
all rations were satisfactory from the hatchability
standpoint.
CONCLUSIONS
(1) A cereal ration plus one per cent common
salt in conjunction with liberal amounts of green
food and calcium (total protein content 10.4 per
cent) is unsatisfactory for egg production.
(2) Soya bean meal and earthnut meal both
proved valueless as protein supplements for egg
production.
(3) Separated milk is a very valuable protein
supplement either for laying or breeding fowls.
(4) Meat offal as a protein supplement gave al-
most as good results as separated milk. As meat
offal is usually obtainable at a low cost, it should
be used much more freely in laying rations.
(5) High temperatures have a depressing in-
fluence on food consumption and egg size.
(6) The protein requirements for maintenance
and egg-production are lower than the accepted
standards.
REFERENCES
Ann. Rep. Imp. Vet. Res. Institute (1940-41). Manager of
Publications, Delhi
Graham, W. R., Smith, J. B. and McFarlane, W. D. (1931).
Ontario Dept. of Agri. Bull. No. 362
Halnan, E. T. (1938). The Scientific Principles of Poultry
Feeding. Ministry of Agri. and Fisheries Bull. No. 7
Jull, M. A. (1930). Poultry Husbandry. McGraw Hill
Book Co. Inc., New York and London, 315
Macdonald, A. J. (1937). Poultry Sci. 16, 247
Macdonald, A. J. (1941). Indian J. Vet. Sci. and Anim.
Husb. 11, 207
Macdonald, A. J. and Bose, S. (1943). Soyabean meal
supplements for chickens. Indian J. Vet. Sci. & Anim.
Husb. 13, 108
Report on the Marketing of Eggs in India and Burma.
(1938). Manager of Publications, Delhi
Warren, D. C. (1939). J. Agr. Res. 59, 441-452
S. N. VAIDYANATHAN 161
but the temperature and environmental condi-
tions prevailing then do not probably allow the
infective phase in the life-history of the parasite
to prevail. One should, therefore, estimate an
infection with Strongyloides papillosus, if it has
any importance at all, from egg counts only.
The success of this method, the whole year
round, in Madras, within the laboratory, at
room temperature, without an incubator being
used, suggests its usefulness at many places in
India and the tropics.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author is greatly indebted to the late Mr
M. R. V. Panikkar, Principal, Madras Veterinary
College, for encouragement during the observa-
tions, to Mr Rao Sahib M. Anant Narayan Rao,
Lecturer in Parasitology, for helpful guidance
and facilities generously provided, and to
Messrs R. Swaminath Ayyar and S. Vaidyanatha
Mudaliar of the College staff for helpful criticism
in editing this paper.
REFERENCES
Baermann, G. (1917). Gencesk, Tijdschr. Ned. Ind,
57, 579-669
Cort, W. W., Ackert, J. E., Augustine, D. L. and Payne.
F. K. (1922). Amer. J. Hyg. 2, 1-16
Deschiens, R. (1939). Bull. Soc. Path. exot. 32, 165-9
Faust, E. C. (1937). Papers on Helminthology published
in commemoration of the 33 year Jubilee of K. J.
Skrjabin, 160-5
Monnig, H. O. (1930). 16th Rept. Dir. Vet. Ser. Ani.
Indus. S. A. 2, 175-98
Monnig, H. O. (1938). Veterinary Helminthology and
Entomology.
Veglia, F. (1923). 9th and 10th Rept., Dir. Vet. Ed. and
Res., U. S. Afr., 809-23
Veglia, F. (1928). 13th and 14th Rept., Dir. Vet. Ed.
and Res., U. S. Afr. 755-850
White, G. F. (1927). Science 66, 302
S. N. SAPRE 165
occurs shortly after the feed. Eggs are deposited
in batches at intervals of a few days, the process
extending over four to five months. A single
female lays 680 to 700 eggs, of which 64 to 88
per cent are fertile. The longevity of adults
ranged from 543 to 620 days and that of unfed
nymphs in their different stages from 213 to
369 days. Unfed larvae survived for a maximum
period of 52 days.
The average duration of the egg, larval and the
five nymphal stages were observed to be 19, 15,
18, 21, 22, 28 and 37 days respectively. The
number of ecdyses undergone by O. papillipes
before reaching maturity varied from four to
seven, males generally appearing after four
moults and females after four to seven moults.
The mean minimum period from the egg to the
adult stage is 96-124 days in the case of males and
95-160 days in the case of females.
REFERENCES
Nuttall, G. H. F., Warburton, C., Cooper, W. F. and
Robinson, L. E. (1908). Ticks. A Monograph of the
Ixodoidea Pt I, 79-80
Cunliffe, N. (1922). Parasitology 14, 17-26
Cunliffe, N. and Nuttall, G. H. F. (1921). Parasitology.
13, 327-47
Brumpt, E. (1936). Precis de Parasitologie. 5th Edn.
Pt II, 1199-1201
Cross, H. E. and Patel, P. G. (1921). A note on Arga-
sidae found in the Punjab Dept. Agri. Punj. Vet. Bull.
No. 6, Lahore
K
S. VAITHIANATHA MUDALIAR 167
FIG. 2.
cirrus-sac approaching the excretory vessel. On
the basis of the above, the parasite is considered to
be different from Cotugnia margareta Beddard,
1916 and it is proposed to name it Cotugnia
bhaleraoi n. sp. in honour of Dr G. D. Bhalerao
Helminthologist, Imperial Institute of Veterinary
Research, Mukteswar, whose contributions in the
field of helminthology are well known. A detailed
comparison regarding the measurements of the
various parts of the worm with those of Cotugnia
margareta Beddard, 1916 is not possible, since
such measurements are not furnished for the
latter, in the original paper.
Specific diagnosis
Generic characters of Cotugnia. Maximum
length 110 mm. Rostellum much smaller than the
sucker ; hooks T-shaped;
scolex
almost
squarish and continues into the strobila with no
distinct neck; single ventral excretory canal:
long cirrus sac reaching the excretory canal.
Host. Gallus gallus domesticus.
Location. Intestines.
Locality. Hosur Cattle Farm, Madras, South
India.
Type specimen in the Museum of the Depart-
ment of Parasitology, Madras Veterinary College.
REFERENCES
Beddard, F. E. (1916). Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 32,
695-706
Southwell. T. (1930). Cestoda II. 110
Index to lettering
Suc. . .
Ros. . .
Ov. . .
Test . .
Vit. . .
v. d. . .
Cir. . .
C. S. . .
Vag. . .
R. S. .
ex. c. .
Sucker.
Rostellum (hooks diagramatic only).
Ovary.
Testes.
Vitellaria.
Vas deferens.
Cirrus.
Cirrus sheath.
Vagina.
Receptaculum seminis.
Excretory canal.
170
A Note on the Crude Fibre of Sunflower
with present day method of expression of results former method of expression is more comprehen¬
is given in Table II and it will be seen that the sive and informative.
TABLE II
Feed
Sunflower .
.
.
.
Oat hay
.
.
.
.
Dub grass .
.
.
.
Wheat bhusa . . .
Jowar
.
.
.
.
Ash
8.56
8.00
10.57
8.50
9.24
Fat
2.83
1.52
1.30
0.88
1.42
Protein
12.34
5.32
6.26
2.50
3.84
Crude
fibre
31.80
38.50
26.20
44.20
33.50
N.F.E.
44.47
46.66
55.67
43.92
52.00
Suggested partition of carbo¬
hydrates
Lignin
Cellulose
27 00
35.60
24.30
40.40
29.50
Insol.
in
alkali
6.00
3.60
2.70
3.80
2.50
Sol.
in
alkali
2.60
6.00
7.20
9.40
7.30
Other
carbohy-
drates
40.67
39.96
47.67
34.52
46.20
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author wishes to express his best thanks to
Dr R. Narain, Assistant to the Agricultural
Chemist, Lyallpur, for his help and suggestions in
carrying out this work.
REFERENCES
Crampton. E. W. and Maynard, L. A. (1938). J. Nutri.
15, 383
Lander, P. E. and Dharmani, L. C. (1936). Indian J.
Vet. Sci. & Ani. Husbandry 6, 117
Read, S. W. (1933). Agri. & Live Stock in India 3, 246
Scheunert, A. and Grimmer, W. (1906). Ztschr. F.
Physiol. Chem. 47, 88
Waksman, S. A. and Stevens, K. R. (1930). Ind. & Eng.
Chem. (Anal. Edition) 2, 167
Woodman, H. E. (1928). Jour. Agri. Sci. 18, 713
Woodman. H. E. and Stewart, J. (1932). Jour. Agri. Sci.
22, 527
Indian. J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb., Vol. XIII, Part II ]
PLATE XIII
FIG. 1. Microphotograph of the microfilaria of Dirofilaria
repens.
FIG. 2. Photograph of the male Dirofilaria repens
Note the curved posterior extremity, sma
size and the fineness when compared with
the female worm in Plate XIV, fig. 1.
FIG. 3. Camera lucida drawing of the tail end of
the male worm to show the spicules and
the pre and ad-anal papillae.
PLATE XIV
[ Indian J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb., Vol. XIII, Part II
FIG. 1. Photograph of the female Dirofilaria repens.
FIG. 2. Photograph of 8 of the 10 worms
recovered from a single dog. Two
worms were damaged during the pro-
cess of skinning. Of the 8, two are
males.
Indian J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb., Vol. XIII, Part II ]
PLATE XV
Morbid growths in the horn core of a bullock