NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
S. N. SAPRE 177
REFERENCES
Bingham, M. L. (1941). A note on the bionomics of
Ixodes ricinus L. Parasitology 33, 316
DuToit, P. J. (1917). The collection and breeding of the
native tick, Ixodes ricinus, Berliner Tierarzt. Woch.
35, 124
Hooker, W. A., Bishopp, E. C. and Wood, H. P. (1912).
The life-history and bionomics of some North American
ticks. U. S. Dept. Agric. Bur. Ent. Bull. No. 106,
106-239. (Cited by Rees, C. W. 1934.) U. S. Dept.
Agric. Tech. Bull. 418
Kohls, G. M. (1937). Tick rearing methods, with special
reference to the Rocky Mountain wood tick, Dermacenter
andersoni Stiles. In Galtsoff, P. S., Lutz, F. E.,
Welch, P. S., and Needham, J. G., culture methods
for invertebrate animals, Comstock Publishing Co.,
Ithaca, N. Y., 246-56.
Lounsbury, C. P. (1902). Tick heart water investigations.
Rep. Gov. Ent. Cape of Good Hope Dept. Agric. 1901,
29-73 (Cited by Rees, C. W. 1934)
Lounsbury C. P. (1906). Ticks and African Coast Fever.
Cape of Good Hope J. Agric. 28, 654 (Cited by Rees,
C. W. 1934)
Morton Fred. A. (1925). Quantity production of tick
parasites. Montana State Board Ent. 7th Bicnn Rep.
32
Nieschulz, O. and Wawo-Roentoe, F. K. (1930). The
breeding of ticks. Zbl. Bakt. (1 orig.) 115, 486
Rees, C. W. (1934). Transmission of anaplasmosis by
various species of ticks. U. S. Dept Agric. tech. Bull.
418
Sen, S. K. (1933). The vector of canine piroplasmosis
due to Piroplasma gibsoni. Indian J. Vet. Sci. and
Anim. Husb. 3, 356-63
Trager, W. (1939). Acquired immunity to ticks. J.
Parasit. 25, 57-81
PLATE XVI
[ Indian J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb., Vol. XIII, Part II
FIG. 1
FIG. 2
FIGS. 1 & 2. Sections of growth from eye-lid of a bullock showing sections of Thelazia species
FIG. 3. Section of the skin of a bullock
showing microfilariæ in skin lesions
FIG. 4. Trypanosomes from skin lesions
ABSTRACTS
181
Ten Jersey, Guernsey and Friesian bulls, from one
and one-half to nine years of age, which were in regular
service were studied. Both natural and artificial services
by these bulls to cows of good breeding histories, together
with conceptions, were recorded. Pregnancies were
determined by examination or the non-recurrence of
oestrus. Semen was collected in an artificial vagina;
examinations were made within 10 to 30 minutes without
cooling. Samples were divided, one part being examined
and one being stored at 40 °F. Volume, consistency, pH
and spermatozoa concentration were recorded. Smears,
stained with aqueous Rose Bengal solution, were examined
at 1075 × magnification. Motility was rated from 0 to 5
at intervals at 100 °F. at 250 × magnification.
Samples numbering 256 were examined, wide varia-
tions for each bull being found. The least variation was
shown by initial motility. This character seemed to be
roughly correlated with the duration of 2 motility.
There was generally a motility duration of less than 24
hours for samples whose initial motility was 3 or less.
The percentage of abnormal spermatozoa varied
considerably. The variation for any one bull was confined
largely to a particular abnormality such, for example, as
colled tails or pyriform heads. The pH of the semen
of a bull also varied, and seemed to be associated with
consistency and concentration of spermatozoa.
Contrary to what previous workers had claimed the
percentage of abnormal spermatozoa in the semen
showed very little relationship to fertility in the bulls
studied. Some with a high percentage of abnormal
sperm, 40 per cent or more, were good breeders, and
vice versa. This was not true, however, in the case of
each bull. The volume of the ejaculum was related to
the relative size of a bull within its breed, but not to his
fertility. The concentration and pH of the semen gave
no indication of fertility. Initial motility seemed to
be no more closely related to fertility than any other
character studied.
The duration of good motility, however, was more
significantly correlated with breeding efficiency in the
bulls than any other factor. Semen which maintained a
motility of 2 (50 per cent or more motile) for 36 hours
when stored undiluted at 40°F. showed the highest
fertility; if this rating was not maintained for 24 hours,
fertility was poor. It is suggested, although not syste-
matically considered in this study, that in cases requiring
storage of the semen the more viable semen might show
to greater advantage. [J. N. W.]
CONTENTS
(VOL. XIII, PART II)
June 1943
The Editorial Committee of the Imperial Council of Agricultural Research, India, takes no
responsibility for the opinions expressed in this Journal
Original articles
FLUORINE INTOXICATION OF CATTLE IN INDIA (WITH PLATES
VIII & IX AND ONE MAP)
SOYA BEAN MEAL SUPPLEMENTS FOR CHICKENS . . .
ANALYSIS OF WEIGHT RECORDS OF ETAH GOATS (WITH TWO
TEXT-FIGURES)
SPOILAGE IN DRIED SHRIMPS ......
A PRELIMINARY NOTE ON SOME INDIGENOUS METHODS OF EGG
PRESERVATION (WITH PLATE X)
A SIMPLE ' RAM-KO ' METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF FAT IN
MILK (WITH ONE TEXT-FIGURE)
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON RICKETS IN PUPS . . . .
THE RELATION OF THE CANDLING APPEARANCE OF EGGS TO
THEIR THICK WHITE PERCENTAGE (WITH PLATE XI AND
ONE TEXT-FIGURE)
STUDIES ON THE COMPOSITION OF THE BLOOD OF FARM ANIMALS
IN INDIA, I.—A STUDY OF SOME HAEMATOLOGICAL AND
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS IN THE BLOOD OF NORMAL CATTLE
PROTEINS FOR EGG PRODUCTION (WITH PLATE XII) . .
AN ADAPTATION OF WHITE'S METHOD FOR THE COLLECTION OF
INFECTIVE LARVAE FROM BOVINE FAECAL CULTURES
AND ITS PRACTICAL APPLICATION
OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIOLOGY OF ORNITHODORUS PAPILLIPES
BIRULA.
COTUGNIA BHALERAOI N.SP (WITH TWO TEXT-FIGURES) . .
A NOTE ON THE CRUDE FIBRE OF SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS
ANNUUS)
DIRO-FILARIA REPENS INFESTATION OF DOGS (WITH PLATES
XIII AND XIV)
MORBID GROWTHS IN THE HORN CORE OF A BULLOCK (WITH
PLATE XV)
SOME METHODS OF FEEDING TICKS . . . . .
NOTES OF PARASITOLOGICAL INTEREST (WITH PLATE XVI) .
Abstracts . . . . . . . . .
B. N. Majumdar, S. N. Ray
and K. C. Sen
A. J. Macdonald and S. Bose
C. K. Dilwali . . .
K. Gopinath . . .
T. S. Krishnan. . .
C. S. Ram Ayyar and Zal
R. Kothavalla
K. Raghavachari . .
T. S. Krishnan . .
D. N. Mullick and A. K.
Pal
A. J. Macdonald and S. Bose
S. N. Vaidyanathan .
S. N. Sapre . . .
S. Vaithanatha Mudaliar .
Atam Singh . . .
R. G. Dhayagude . .
Balbir Singh and D. J.
Gupte
S. N. Sapre . . .
M. Anant Narayan Rao .
. . . . . .
PAGE
95
108
115
121
127
133
137
141
146
150
157
162
166
168
171
174
175
178
180
S. A. MOMIN AND S. C. RAY 185
lowest value in period 4, and then again showed
a sharp rise in period 5. With the advent of the
winter, the percentage lime content dropped again
and showed its lowest value in the middle of period
1. In contradistinction to that of the lime, the
percentage value of phosphate in beri and neem
leaves was lowest in period 3. The phosphate
value in imli behaved slightly differently; its
lowest value was reached in period 1. In all
cases, however, the highest value of phosphate
was recorded in period 5.
The seasonal variation in the composition of the
organic and mineral constituents of beri, neem
and imli leaves s graphically shown in Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Seasonal variation in the composition of tree leaves
The seasonal variation in the composition of
leaves of the third group did not follow the trend
of change of either group 1 or group 2. Among
themselves also there was no uniformity in the
variation. These leaves, as will be evident from
the data presented in Table I, showed a compara-
tively narrow seasonal variation in the composition
of their constituents.
TABLE I
Seasonal variation in the composition of leaves of
aam and jaman
—
Dry matter . .
Crude protein .
Total carbohydrates
Lime . . .
Phosphate . .
Dry matter . .
Crude protein. .
Total carbohydrates
Lime . . .
Phosphate . .
Period
1
49.5
9.3
78.5
3.2
0.35
41.5
8.4
81.4
2.3
0.16
Period
2
Aam
48.1
7.8
77.2
2.7
0.38
Period
3
47.3
7.1
77.8
2.6
0.33
Jaman
34.0
9.0
81.5
1.8
0.35
34.1
8.3
82.4
1.8
0.35
Period
4
39.0
8.0
80.7
2.0
0.27
40.0
6.8
83.0
1.6
0.21
Period
5
41.5
8.2
78.5
5.2
0.29
37.4
7.6
82.0
2.2
0.30
TABLE II
The maximum, minimum and average composition
of the organic constituents of leaves
(Per cent on dry basis)
Tree fodder
Bant . . .
Paker . . .
Shisham . .
Pipal . . .
Neem . . .
Beri . . .
Imli . . .
Aam . . .
Jaman . . .
Dry
matter
57.1
52.3
53.5
54.1
39.9
52.2
42.1
50.8
42.0
Crude
protein
Ether
extract
(Maximum)
31.47
15.69
24.10
22.60
17.39
18.18
17.44
9.34
10.55
3.74
3.44
4.93
3.86
4.66
3.90
5.44
4.08
3.43
Crude
fibre
30.00
25.91
27.72
29.32
21.50
18.37
27.83
33.28
24.91
Nitro-
gen
free
extract
47.07
61.06
56.91
48.49
60.42
61.92
53.64
56.51
66.24
188
Tree Leaves as Cattle Fodder, I
APPENDIX
TABLE A
Neem (Azadirchta indica)
Date of collection
January 18 . .
March 10 . .
April 24 . . .
June 11 . . .
July 28 . . .
September 14 . .
October 30 . .
December 2 . .
Dry
matter
38.7
39.9
35.6
30.9
33.2
36.3
36.0
37.7
Crude
protein
17.39
13.39
13.08
15.94
15.28
13.43
16.01
15.78
Per cent composition on dry basis
Ether
extract
1.43
2.41
4.66
3.21
4.11
2.60
3.76
1.94
Crude
fibre
12.87
9.99
12.14
14.34
14.91
21.50
11.97
12.42
N-free
extract
56.22
60.42
57.32
57.70
55.87
52.72
56.40
59.57
Ash
12.09
13.79
8.49
8.81
9.83
9.75
11.86
10.29
Lime
5.14
5.73
2.18
3.54
3.03
3.98
4.53
3.65
Phosphate
0.39
0.33
0.66
0.39
0.72
0.48
0.48
0.53
TABLE B
Pipal (Ficus religiosa)
Date of collection
January 18 . .
March 10 . .
April 24 . . .
June 11 . . .
July 28 . . .
September 14 . .
October 30 . .
December 2 . .
Dry
matter
41.7
14.6
35.0
28.0
37.6
31.8
54.1
44.0
Crude
protein
12.20
22.60
14.68
12.68
13.46
13.14
10.58
12.58
Per cent composition on dry basis
Ether
extract
2.37
2.85
3.86
2.97
2.72
3.68
2.34
2.09
Crude
fibre
21.15
12.22
24.64
25.38
21.87
29.32
25.14
19.16
N-free
extract
43.55
45.95
48.49
47.70
46.82
41.99
47.09
46.61
Ash
20.73
16.38
10.69
11.27
15.13
11.18
14.85
19.56
Lime
7.57
3.12
2.89
3.68
5.55
3.87
4.58
5.87
Phosphate
0.34
1.05
0.41
0.55
0.52
0.46
0.47
0.40
TABLE C
Paker (Ficus infectoria)
Date of collection
January 18 . .
March 10 . .
April 24 . . .
June 11 . . .
July 28 . . .
September 14 . .
October 30 . .
December 2 . .
Dry
matter
43.5
17.6
41.9
37.9
40.1
42.6
52.3
49.1
Crude
protein
8.79
15.69
11.72
8.90
8.48
9.39
9.79
8.68
Per cent composition on dry basis
Ether
extract
2.50
1.80
2.66
2.38
3.34
2.92
2.28
3.44
Crude
fibre
21.98
12.82
25.46
24.90
25.79
23.80
25.91
21.52
N-free
extract
52.20
61.06
51.83
53.63
44.83
51.20
50.90
52.27
Ash
14.54
8.63
8.33
10.19
17.56
12.69
11.12
14.09
Lime
2.93
1.14
1.72
3.22
2.75
..
2.92
2.84
Phosphate
0.42
1.01
0.43
0.68
0.88
..
0.45
0.51
S. A. MOMIN AND S. C. RAY 189
TABLE D
Beri (Zizyphus jujuba)
Date of collection
January 18 . .
March 10 . .
April 24 . . .
June 11 . . .
July 28 . . .
September 14 . .
October 30 . .
December 2 . .
Dry
matter
42.8
52.2
38.2
38.8
39.0
38.5
39.5
40.6
Crude
protein
18.18
13.26
13.66
15.09
14.62
13.51
17.58
17.38
Ether
extract
3.87
3.90
2.68
1.89
2.25
..
2.78
1.48
Per cent composition on dry basis
Crude
fibre
10.51
10.39
11.86
17.60
16.15
18.37
11.98
14.83
N-free
extract
56.21
58.48
61.92
56.66
60.23
55.02
59.86
55.13
Ash
11.23
13.97
9.88
8.76
6.75
12.34
7.80
11.18
Lime
4.60
5.41
3.64
2.09
2.84
5.55
2.86
2.68
Phosphate
0.52
0.41
0.36
0.76
0.77
0.81
0.47
0.87
TABLE E
Shisham (Dalbergia sisso)
Date of collection
January 18 . .
March 10 . .
April 24 . . .
June 11 . . .
July 28 . . .
September 14 . .
October 30 . .
December 2 . .
Dry
matter
44.2
25.1
36.8
33.4
39.0
53.5
48.4
43.6
Crude
protein
11.22
24.10
20.18
16.95
16.50
17.68
12.44
14.11
Per cent composition on dry basis
Ether
extract
2.59
2.03
4.93
2.66
3.36
3.39
2.67
3.76
Crude
fibre
20.27
12.48
21.85
23.74
27.72
25.11
24.12
22.48
N-free
extract
56.91
54.75
45.03
48.51
42.97
45.02
51.27
50.72
Ash
9.01
6.64
8.01
8.14
9.45
8.80
9.50
8.93
Lime
3.71
1.17
2.27
2.28
3.86
5.39
4.73
3.58
Phosphate
0.29
0.96
0.28
0.47
0.82
0.60
0.54
0.45
TABLE F
Jaman (Engenia jambolena)
Date of collection
January 18 . .
March 10 . .
April 24 . . .
June 11 . . .
July 28 . . .
September 14 . .
October 30 . .
December 2 . .
Dry
matter
37.9
34.1
37.4
42.0
40.0
34.4
41.5
29.8
Crude
protein
7.54
8.29
6.88
6.58
6.78
8.54
8.37
10.55
Per cent composition on dry basis
Ether
extract
3.02
2.67
2.58
3.43
3.35
1.05
3.16
1.55
Crude
fibre
16.98
18.50
24.0
18.81
20.84
21.21
20.14
24.91
N-free
extract
64.61
63.86
56.26
66.24
63.02
61.53
61.29
56.62
Ash
7.85
6.68
10.27
4.94
6.01
7.67
7.04
5.95
Lime
2.35
1.82
1.45
1.81
2.32
2.22
2.26
1.26
Phosphate
0.23
0.35
0.24
0.18
0.24
0.36
0.16
0.48
190
Tree Leaves as Cattle Fodder, I
TABLE G
Aam (Mangeferus indica)
Date of collection
January 18 . .
March 10 . .
April 24 . . .
June 11 . . .
July 28 . . .
September 14 . .
October 30 . .
December 2 . .
Dry
matter
50.8
47.3
38.0
40.7
39.7
42.7
44.7
48.1
Crude
protein
7.02
7.15
8.19
7.90
8.11
8.35
9.34
8.60
Per cent composition on dry basis
Ether
extract
2.79
1.92
2.53
3.78
4.08
1.63
2.95
2.08
Crude
fibre
22.19
21.34
31.23
26.89
30.00
32.28
29.61
29.66
N-free
extract
54.07
56.51
49.96
53.34
48.08
45.56
48.56
48.46
Ash
13.93
13.08
8.09
8.09
9.73
11.18
9.18
10.94
Lime
2.72
2.64
1.71
2.27
5.89
4.52
3.21
2.63
Phosphate
0.34
0.33
0.31
0.23
0.34
0.23
0.35
0.41
TABLE H
Imli (Tamarindus indica)
Date of collection
January 18 . .
March 10 . .
April 24 . . .
June 11 . . .
July 28 . . .
September 14 . .
October 30 . .
December 2 . .
Dry
matter
31.5
42.1
28.7
30.9
30.1
26.6
32.7
33.8
Crude
protein
17.44
14.88
15.20
13.87
14.78
12.77
17.04
17.41
Per cent composition on dry basis
Ether
extract
5.00
5.44
2.91
4.27
4.80
2.13
4.19
2.38
Crude
fibre
19.90
16.79
23.07
21.99
25.13
27.83
23.89
17.02
N-free
extract
47.88
51.47
51.94
52.90
47.80
50.75
48.19
53.64
Ash
9.78
11.42
6.88
6.97
7.49
6.62
6.69
9.18
Lime
3.23
4.09
1.93
2.49
3.55
1.95
2.38
2.81
Phosphate
0.52
0.43
0.49
0.56
0.49
0.58
0.36
0.37
TABLE I
Bans (Bamboosae indica)
Date of collection
January 18 . .
March 10 . .
April 24 . . .
June 11 . . .
July 28 . . .
September 14 . .
October 30 . .
December 2 . .
Dry
matter
49.6
28.7
48.2
35.5
30.2
33.6
57.1
53.3
Crude
protein
15.96
31.47
23.58
29.14
24.58
19.42
18.19
16.16
Per cent composition on dry basis
Ether
extract
3.15
1.22
1.29
2.58
2.57
1.83
3.74
2.32
Crude
fibre
24.68
21.95
21.97
19.12
27.56
30.00
22.38
18.38
N-free
extract
37.86
36.85
44.09
34.04
32.94
33.85
42.41
47.07
Ash
18.35
8.51
9.07
15.12
12.35
14.90
11.84
16.07
Lime
3.00
1.15
1.27
0.98
0.93
1.86
1.34
1.92
Phosphate
0.32
1.07
0.69
0.64
0.61
0.39
0.25
0.24
CHET RAM AND S. C. RAY 195
As the feeding value of some well-known tree
leaves is now known, the question arises as to
how leafy fodders can best supplement the feed
requirement of livestock, particularly at a time
of scarcity. A perusal of the figures of digestible
nutrients per 100 lb. of dry material in the leaves
(Table VIII) will show that in energy value leafy
fodders are only comparable to a poor type of dry
roughage, such as mature mixed hay and cereal
straws. Unlike these roughages, however, leafy
fodders contain a fair amount of digestible crude
protein. This distribution of nutrients suggests
that tree leaves can be used in a ration both as a
roughage and a concentrate, and this virtue may
conveniently be exploited in feeding cattle at a
time of famine and general scarcity of feeding
stuffs.
SUMMARY
The digestibility determinations of some tree
leaves, viz. paker, beri and pipal, collected
during the dry summer months of May and June
have been carried out. The results show that the
digestibility coefficients of crude protein, crude
fibre and nitrogen-free extracts are very low;
36, 27 and 34 respectively for beri leaves, although
this leafy fodder was found to be the most palat-
able of the three types tested. The digestibility
coefficients of protein in paker and pipal are 56
and 59 respectively; these figures are compara-
tively low for fodders of a similar chemical
composition. The coefficient of digestibility of
crude fibre in paker and pipal is also very low,
32 and 22 respectively. The coefficient of
digestibility of nitrogen-free extracts in paker and
pipal is fairly high (58 and 52 respectively), but
these figures are comparatively low for fodders of
a similar chemical composition.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors wish to thank Dr K. C. Sen,
Officer-in-Charge, Animal Nutrition Section, for
his interest in the work.
REFERENCES
Lander, P. E. and Dharmani, L. C. (1927). Mem. Dep.
Agri. India Chem. Series 9, 63
Momin, S. A. and Ray, S. C. (1942). Indian J. Vet. Sci.
& Anim. Husb. 13, 183
Morrison, F. B. (1937). Feeds and Feeding, 28th edn.
319
Sen, K. C. (1938). Misc. Bull. No. 25, I.C. of A. R., New
Delhi.
198
Green Berseem as Substitute for Economic Feeding of Dairy Cattle
TABLE II
Distribution of animals into different groups and their average liveweight in lb. (Experiment
II)
Breed
.
.
.
.
Average age of breed .
Basal liveweight . .
Average liveweight of breed
during basal period
Average live weight for
week ending—
4-1-40 . . .
21-1-40 . . .
28-1-40 . . .
4-2-40 . . .
11-2-40 . . .
18-2-40 . . .
25-2-40 . . .
3-3-40 . . .
10-3-40 . . .
17-3-40 . . .
Total increase in liveweight
Average increase in live-
weight for breed
Average increase in live-
weight for group
Group I
Concentrate mixture alone
1 H
1 yr
426
441
446
456
468
479
489
503
510
512
520
94
2 H
7 m
391
393
405
417
428
437
447
451
460
467
480
487
96
3 H
13 d
362
376
383
395
400
415
423
431
431
443
453
91
93.6
4 M
1 yr
594
618
626
625
640
657
674
684
708
719
711
117
5 M
3 m
365
453
377
386
389
398
406
417
433
443
456
467
102
6 M
13 d
400
412
416
424
434
444
452
464
474
488
494
94
104.3
98.95
Group II
50 per cent of concentrate protein
replaced by berseem
7 H
1 yr
437
450
454
457
463
473
478
485
486
492
499
62
8 H
7 m
382
392
395
403
404
401
398
412
419
425
436
442
60
9 H
7 d
356
370
372
381
379
385
384
396
398
407
415
59
60.3
10 M
1 yr
500
515
517
519
527
537
547
559
573
580
584
84
11 M
3 m
472
464
481
479
489
495
505
513
525
534
544
546
74
12 M
21 d
420
430
435
432
428
436
445
459
470
478
482
63
73.3
66.80
Group III
75 per cent of concentrate protein
replaced by berseem
13 H
1 yr
440
452
449
449
450
458
465
472
472
482
485
45
14 H
7 m
389
391
400
399
405
410
418
421
433
433
444
448
59
15 H
12 d
343
358
366
474
375
378
378
388
386
394
399
56
53.3
16 M
1 yr
517
527
529
540
543
553
560
569
572
579
581
64
17 M
3 m
442
466
447
448
450
456
454
462
471
465
468
474
32
18 M
25 d
439
437
438
441
447
455
462
478
486
485
496
57
51.0
52.10
200 Green Berseem as Substitute for Economic Feeding of Dairy Cattle
TABLE III
Average intake of nutrients and the relation of intake of dry matter with liveweight (lb.)
Particulars
Wheat straw . . .
Jowar silage . . .
Berseem .
.
.
.
Concentrates . . .
Total intake . . .
Average liveweight . .
Intake per 100 lb. live-
weight
Liveweight increase per
day
Total intake of protein .
Total intake of starch equi-
valent
Full concentrate
Experiment I
Hissar
3.24
4.18
...
5.11
12.53
528
2.372
1.30
147.14
667.70
Murrah
3.81
4.18
...
5.06
13.05
579
2.254
1.55
148.13
677.99
Experiment II
Hissar
3.20
2.81
...
5.08
11.09
440
2.521
1.34
88.71
362.68
Murrah
3.64
2.81
...
5.35
11.80
505
2.334
1.49
92.73
380.38
50 per cent concentrate replaced
by berseem
Experiment I
Hissar
3.08
4.18
2.43
2.55
12.24
534
2.293
1.03
145.99
635.65
Murrah
2.50
4.15
2.42
2.56
11.63
538
2.163
1.10
143.80
620.56
Experiment II
Hissar
2.38
2.84
2.11
2.58
9.91
422
2.348
0.86
85.75
296.98
Murrah
2.86
2.80
2.32
2.74
10.72
502
2.136
1.10
91.13
315.83
75 per cent concentrate replaced
by berseem
Experiment I
Hissar
2.32
4.18
3.57
1.27
11.34
527
2.151
1.05
140.45
598.91
Murrah
2.64
4.18
3.64
1.33
11.79
554
2.129
0.97
145.91
617.04
Experiment II
Hissar
2.41
2.91
3.19
1.36
9.87
417
2.367
0.76
86.07
271.77
Murrah
2.57
2.81
3.37
1.38
10.13
492
2.059
0.73
90.95
284.02
TABLE IV
Percentage composition of feeds on a dry basis
Feed
Wheat straw
.
.
.
.
.
.
Jowar silage
Linseed cake
.
.
.
.
.
.
Bran .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Barley
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
*Berseem 1st four weeks
.
.
.
.
2nd four weeks
.
.
.
.
3rd four weeks
.
.
.
.
4th four weeks
.
.
.
.
Wheat straw
.
.
.
.
.
.
Jowar silage
.
.
.
.
.
.
Linseed cake
.
.
.
.
.
.
Bran
Barley
*Berseem 1st four weeks
.
.
.
.
2nd four weeks
.
.
.
.
3rd four weeks
.
.
.
.
Organic
matter
89.39
90.94
91.83
93.52
96.10
83.14
85.82
86.34
86.20
90.40
89.20
91.70
94.10
90.66
83.59
83.85
83.85
Protein
1.93
2.98
32.12
13.91
10.71
20.14
19.06
19.50
16.76
2.04
5.40
31.90
14.07
13.34
23.40
21.83
20.27
Ether
extract
Fibre
Experiment I
0.88
1.38
8.62
2.57
1.94
2.02
1.96
1.97
1.92
37.87
33.39
10.14
12.27
5.25
19.62
20.11
21.46
22.95
Experiment
II
0.66
1.08
9.46
2.46
1.11
1.57
1.67
1.50
39.85
35.26
9.30
10.27
5.47
16.51
19.69
28.56
N. F. E.
48.72
53.19
40.95
64.77
78.20
58.22
56.87
57.07
58.37
47.87
47.46
41.04
67.30
76.68
42.12
40.66
33.52
Total
carbohy-
drates
86.59
86.58
51.09
77.04
83.45
77.84
78.98
78.53
81.32
87.72
82.72
50.34
77.57
82.15
58.63
60.35
62.08
*Composition of oven dried samples
N. C. DAS GUPTA 203
of growth should be proportionate to S. E. if the
protein is of the same value. From Table IX, it
may be seen that in experiment I Hissar and
Murrah animals of group III received about 10
per cent and 9 per cent less S. E. than those of
group I, but the rate of growth was much lower in
comparison to S. E. intake, being about 19 and 38
per cent respectively. Similar variation may be
noticed in experiment II as well. With the same
protein level, such variations indicate poorer
biological value of berseem protein for production
of growth as compared to a mixture of concent-
rates.
TABLE IX
Liveweight increase as influenced by the quality of digestible nutrients
Groups
I
II
III
I
II
III
I
II
III
I
II
III
Breed
Hissar
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Do
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Do
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Murrah
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Do.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Do.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Hissar
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Do.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Do.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Murrah
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Do.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Do.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Live-
weight
increase
(lb.)
155
122
125
184
131
115
94
60
53
104
77
51
D. P.
intake
(lb.)
L. W.
increase
per lb. of
D. P.
(lb.)
S. E.
intake
(lb.)
Experiment I (17 weeks)
94.4
94.8
89.2
91.3
89.9
78.8
1.64
1.29
1.40
2.01
1.46
1.23
667.7
635.7
598.9
678.0
620.6
617.0
Experiment II (10 weeks)
56.9
55.7
54.6
57.2
57.0
58.4
1.65
1.09
0.98
1.83
1.29
0.87
362.7
297.0
271.8
380.4
315.8
284.0
L. W.
increase
per lb. of
S. E.
(lb.)
0.23
0.19
0.21
0.27
0.21
0.19
0.26
0.20
0.20
0.27
0.23
0.18
Economic value of feeding berseem instead of con-
centrates
A practical stock-man is interested in the rela-
tive efficiency of rations as affecting the cost per
unit of production. It is possible to add a few
extra pounds to the liveweight of an animal with
choicest feeds, but it is not always economical.
The aim of a breeder is to have a thrifty normal
growth. Cost of production of growth by the
different treatments has been calculated in Table
X.
TABLE X
Cost of production of growth due to the different treatments
Groups
Fall concentrate
50 per cent concentrate
replaced by berseem
Breed
Hissar .
Murrah .
Average
Hissar .
Murrah .
Average
Amount
of
wheat
straw
con-
sumed
(lb.)
408.0
480.3
444.1
388.6
314.9
351.7
Cost at
Rs.
0.6098
per 100
lb.
(Rs.)
2.49
2.93
2.71
2.37
1.92
2.15
Amount
of
Jowar
silage
con-
sumed
(lb.)
1322
1320
1321
1322
1314
1318
Cast at
Rs.
0.1524
per 100
lb.
(Rs.)
Amount
of
berseem
con-
sumed
(lb.)
Cost at
Rs.
0.1439
per 100
lb.
(Rs.)
Experiment I (17 weeks)
2.02
2.01
2.01
2.02
2.00
2.01
...
...
...
1988
1988
1988
...
...
...
2.86
2.86
2.80
Amount
of
con-
centrate
con-
sumed
(lb.)
645.9
644.3
645.1
321.0
321.4
321.2
Cost at
Rs.
3.324
per 100
lb.
(Rs.)
21.46
21.41
21.44
10.67
10.68
10.68
Total
cost
(Rs.)
25.97
26.35
26.16
17.92
17.46
17.70
L.-W.
increase
(lb.)
155
184
170
122
131
126
Cost
per 100
lb.
increase
(Rs.)
16.76
14.32
15.54
14.69
13.32
14.00