NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
110
Soya Bean Meal Supplements for Chickens
Feeding-stuff
Chicks grain—
Yellow maize
....
Jowar
...
Cheena
Growers grain—
Yellow maize
....
Wheat
Paddy
1
1 }
1
1
1}
1
Moisture
9.4
9.3
Crude
Protein
9.9
9.7
Ether
extract
3.2
3.9
Fibre
4.2
5.1
Nitrogen
free
extract
70.5
69.4
Ash
2.8
2.6
In Experiment 1, the extracted soya bean meal
was prepared by placing finely ground red soya
and ether in glass stoppered bottles for a period of
one hour. The extracted material was then
filtered through fine linen cloth and the meal
spread out to dry. This process reduced the fat
content to 7.0 per cent. In experiment 2, the
extraction of the oil was done by the expeller
extraction method.
In both experiments, the heated extracted soya
bean meal was prepared by placing the extracted
soya bean meal in an electric oven previously
adjusted to a temperature of 140-150°C. The
introduction of the material lowered the tem-
perature in the oven to 120°C. and it took approxi-
mately 45 minutes for the temperature to rise
again to 140°C. The extracted material was
thereafter kept for 2½ minutes at 140°C. prior to
removal.
EXPERIMENT 1
Stock. A total of 324 wing-banded, week-old,
White Leghorn × Rhode Island Red chickens were
divided into four comparable groups.
Feeding. Group 1 was fed on the standard basal
ration plus separated milk only to drink for the
first five weeks. Thereafter they were fed milk
and water in separate containers until the end
of the experiment. Groups 2, 3 and 4 were fed
the basal ration plus salt supplemented with soya
bean meal, extracted soya bean meal and heated
extracted soya bean meal respectively throughout
the whole experimental period of 24 weeks.
Rate of growth. The chickens were weighed
individually once a fortnight and the average
weights of the males and females in each groups
at fortnightly intervals are given in Table III.
The cockerels were removed from the experiment
at seven weeks of age.
TABLE III
Average weights in ounces
Group
Sex
1 week . . .
3 weeks . . .
5 weeks . . .
7 weeks . . .
9 weeks . . .
11 weeks . . .
13 weeks . . .
15 weeks . . .
17 weeks . . .
19 weeks . . .
21 weeks . . .
23 weeks . . .
25 weeks . . .
1
Male
1.8
4.6
8.1
14.1
Female
1.9
4.3
7.7
13.3
18.3
23.9
31.5
37.2
41.4
43.6
51.4
55.6
58.4
2
Male
1.8
3.9
6.0
9.8
Female
1.9
3.7
5.7
9.7
14.1
20.3
26.1
30.6
35.1
37.4
43.5
47.5
51.3
3
Male
1.9
3.8
6.2
10.4
Female
1.8
3.8
5.5
10.4
13.9
20.5
25.1
30.8
33.8
35.6
41.7
45.0
50.1
4
Male
1.9
4.0
6.1
10.7
Female
1.8
3.8
5.9
10.3
15.0
20.3
25.6
31.2
35.6
36.4
42.8
47.6
51.7
112
Soya Bean Meal Supplements for Chickens
however, gave no better results than extracted
soya bean meal or heated extracted soya bean
meal. As other workers had found that soya bean
meal was inferior to extracted soya bean meal or
heated extracted soya bean meal, it was decided
to check up the accuracy of the results obtained
by repeating the experiment along similar lines
with four more groups of chickens. Owing to
difficulty in obtaining large amounts of extracted
soya bean meal, the experiment propor was ter-
minated after eight weeks.
Stock. A total of 332 wing-banded, week-old,
White Leghorn × Rhode Island Red chickens were
divided up into four comparable groups.
Feeding. Group 5 was fed on the standard basal
ration plus separated milk to chink for eight weeks.
Groups 6, 7 and 8 were fed. the basal ration. plus
salt supplemented with soya bean meal, extracted
soya bean meal and heated extracted soya bean
meal respectively for eight weeks. From 8—12
weeks all the four groups were fed on the standard
cereal ration supplemented with carthnut meal
and salt.
Rale of growth. The chickens were weighed
individually at fortnightly intervals and the aver-
age weights of each groups are given in Table VI.
The cockerels were removed at nine weeks but the
pullets were weighed until 13 weeks.
TABLE VI
Average weights in ounces
Group
Sex
1 week . . .
3 weeks . . .
5 weeks . . .
7 weeks . . .
9 weeks . . .
11 weeks . . .
13 weeks . . .
5
Male
1.9
4.7
8.7
14.4
23.2
Female
1.8
4.3
7.6
12.1
18.5
22.4
27.0
6
Male
1.9
3.9
7.4
10.8
15.7
Female
1.8
3.7
6.6
9.8
13.8
18.2
21.8
7
Male
1.9
3.8
6.6
10.7
16.1
Female
1.8
3.5
6.1
9.9
14.4
18.0
22.2
8
Male
1.8
3.9
6.9
11.2
16.4
Female
1.8
3.6
6.5
10.1
14.1
17.0
21.7
From one to nine weeks the cockerels and pullets
in Group 1 made consistently greater gains in
weight during each fortnightly period than those in
the other three groups. At nine weeks the aver-
age weights of the males and females in Group 1
were 23.2 oz. and 18.5 oz. respectively. The
corresponding weights of the males and females in
Groups 6,7 and 8 were 15.7 oz., 13.8 oz., 16.1oz.,
14.4 oz., 16.4 oz. and 14.1 oz. respectively.
During the period of four weeks when all the birds
were on the standard diet similar gains in weights
were made by the pullets in all the four groups.
The final weights of the pullets in Groups 5, 6, 7
and 8 at 13weeks were 27.0 oz., 21.8 oz., 22.2 oz.
and 21.7 oz. respectively.
Food consumption. Table VII gives details of
the food consumption per bird in pounds for each
group for each period of four weeks and the cor-
responding food consumption in pounds per pound
of live weight gain.
TABLE VII
Food consumption
Period
1. 1-5 weeks . .
2. 5-9 weeks . .
3. 9-13 weeks . .
Average food consumption
per bird ( lb.)
Group 5
1.30
3.45
3.90
Group 6
1.44
3.23
3.73
Group 7
1.31
3.11
3.93
Group 8
1.41
3.09
3.45
Food consumption in lb. per lb.live weight
gain
Group 5
3.50
4.42
7.47
Group 6
4.57
6.63
8.31
Group 7
4.75
5.73
8.17
Group 8
5.01
6.38
8.34
114
Soya Bean Meal Supplements for Chickens
CONCLUSIONS
1. The feeding of chicks from 0-6 weeks on a
cereal ration supplemented with liberal, amounts
of green food and calcium along with separated
milk to drink proved satisfactory.
2. From 6 weeks onward a basal ration of cereals
plus green food, calcium and separated, milk and
water to drink in separate containers gave satis-
factory results.
3. Supplements of (a) soya bean meal and salt,
(b) extracted soya bean meal and salt and (c) ex-
tracted soya bean meal, heated for 2½ minutes at
140-150°C. plus salt, proved inferior to separated
milk from 1—6 weeks and separated milk and
water from 6—25 weeks.
4. Supplements of soya bean meal, extracted
soya bean meal and heated extracted soya bean
meal all proved of equal value when added to a
diet of mixed cereals, green food, calcium and
common salt.
5. Though all three soya bean meal supplements
gave somewhat poorer growth results than the
separated milk supplement, they can be recom-
mended as useful substitutes when milk is either
expensive or unobtainable,
6. Satisfactory growth results in young chickens
at a protein level of 15 per cent can be obtained
with suitable combinations of cereals, green food,
calcium and separated milk.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are much indebted to the Principal,
Harcourt Butler Technological Institute, Cawn-
pore, for the preparation of the expeller extracted
soya bean meal used in Experiment 2.
REFERENCES
Hayward, J. W., Steenbock, H. and Bohstedt. G. (1936).
J. Nutri. 11, 219
Hayward, J. W., Steenbock, H. and Bohstedt, G. (1936.
J. Nutri. 12, 275
Hayward, J. W., Halpin, J. G., Holmes, C. E., Bohstedt.
G. and Hart, E. B. (1937). Poultry Sci., 16, 3
Hayward J. W., and Hafner F. H. (1941). Poultry Sci.,
20, 139
Macdonald, A. J. (1941). Indian J. Vet. Sci. and
Anim. Husb. 11, 207
Purdue University (1928). Agr. Exp. Sta. An. Rpt. for
year ending June 30, 1928 ; 53
116
Analysis of Weight Records of Etah Goats
Time: fortnightly intervals
FIG. 1. Growth curves for the first year of Jumna Pari goals, 1939-40
far greater than could be explained away by more
chance variation. In the curve W = A+BX+
CX 2 +DX 3 : A means the mean-fortnightly-live-
weight (m.f.l.w.): B means m.f. growth-rate; C
means the rate of change in growth-rate, D has no
practical, physical meaning. Though algebraic
theory decides in favour of third degree parabola
yet, as the aim of our analysis is to decide upon
questions of practical importance, we have to keep
only the second degree parabola, namely W=A+
BX+CX 2 . Dr. Wishart [1938, 1939] for the same
reason omitted terms higher than second degree
while analysing the Cambridge Pig Experiment
[1938, 1939,1936]
For reasons of great ease in calculations, the
weight-at-birth, which if included makes the first
intervals unequal was omitted in analysis. Its
inclusion would have made the time intervals of
comparisons unequal, and calculations would have
been much heavier as fisher's method evolved for
equal intervals would then have not been available.
But we satisfied ourselves that this omission did
not really much matter. From the fitted curves,
the weights at birth were determined by extra-
polation, and the departure of these calculated
weights at birth, from the actual weights at birth.
was tested by × 2 —test and found to bo not signifi-
cant.
Digressing a bit we shall see why the labour of
fitting curves was undertaken. A very easy way
out would have been to subtract the initial weight
from the final weight, which would have given the
live-weight increase in one year. And dividing
this increase by 24 would have given the m.f.
growth-rate. The calculations would thus have
become very easy ; but this method had to be
rejected, for it does not make use of all the 24
readings. The throwing away of relevant, gather-
ed data detracts from the precision of the results.
So the fitting of curves, which makes use of all the
relevant data, though more laborious, is more
precise. The weight records of 84 Jumna Pari
and 102 Barbari goats were examined. The re-
cords up to 1940 were examined. In these there
were only two cases of the 4th generation of Bar-
bari. These two cases were omitted from the
analysis.
Typical curves. We shall first see how to get
the typical curve for any group of curves, say for
the Jumna Pari females. 48 in number. ' The
initial weights for all the 48 females were added
and average taken by dividing by 48. Similar
averages were got for other 23 records. A second
degree parabola was then fitted to these 24 means
by the method of least squares. This we shall
call the typical growth curve for the Jumna Pari
C. K.
DILWALI
117
Time: fortnightly intervals.
FIG. 2. Growth curves for the first year of Barbari goats, 1939-40
females. There are two ways of getting the vari-
ances of the constants of the typical curves. From
the variance of a group of values, we can find how
much a particular value can depart from the group
mean due to chance alone. In one method we
regard the constants of the different curves as
estimated statistics subject to error, in the other,
these constants are taken as actual observations
subject to no error at all. In our case, we have
adopted the second method for obtaining the
variances. We suppose the constants to be nor-
mally distributed. The four typical curves are
given below :—
For Jumna Pari females (number 48)
W =35.192+1.718X—0.0512X 2
For Jumna Pari males (number 36)
W =37.686+1.766 X—0.07333X 2
For Barbari females (number 82)
W =26.355+1.456 X—0.0219X 2
For Barbari males (number 20)
W =28.357+1.519 X—0.0312X 2
It will be observed in all the typical curves that
C is negative. This conclusively shows, as was
also suggested from the graphs, that the growth-
rate in general decreases as the age advances.
We are now in a position to examine the ques-
tions at issue one by one. To test if the m.f.l.w.,
growth-rate and change in growth-rate in the two
sexes of the same breed are materially different or
not we have only to compare the constants of the
corresponding typical curves. In both breeds
m.f.l.w. of males is greater than females, but this
is not sufficient to establish the superiority of males
over females with respect to m.f.l.w. These
averages are themselves variable in the sense that
different values would be obtained for these aver-
ages if we work with different numbers of goats.
Before saying that m.f.l.w. for males is greater
than for females we must satisfy ourselves that the
observed differences are more than can be explain-
ed by random causes alone. This variability of
the averages is measured by the square root of its
variance which is called the standard error. And
the significance of the difference of two averages
is tested by t-test. If the difference between two
averages is more than can be explained by random
causes we say the averages are significantly differ-
ent from each other. The comparison of sexes
and breeds is shown in Tables I and II. Table I
gives the averages and their variances. Table II
gives comparisons whenever the observed difference
is found to be significant; the fact is indicated by
asterisks against the corresponding values of ' t.'
Table II clearly show that the males and females
in each breed did not differ significantly with re-
gard to m.f.l.w. and m.f. growth-rate. But in
both breeds the decrease in growth-rate with
D
C. K. DILWALI
119
TABLE I
Mean values of A, B and C and their variances for both breeds and sexes
Particulars of breed and sex
Jumna Pari females (No. 48)
.
.
Jumna Pari males (No. 36) . . .
Barbari females (No. 82) . . .
Barbari males (No. 20) . . .
m.f.l.w. or
Ā
35.192
37.686
26.355
28.357
Variance
30.6345
51.9825
18.8372
34.5210
m.f.
growth-
rate
B
1.718
1.766
1.456
1.519
Variance
0.1457
0.1828
0.1042
0.1674
Rate of
change of
growth-rate
C
—0.0512
—0.0733
—0.2190
—0.0312
Variance
0.002103
0.001037
0.001332
0.002143
TABLE II
Comparisons for A, B and C for sexes and breeds
Comparison between
Jumna Pari males and females . . . . . . .
Barbari males and females
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Jumna Pari males and Barbari males
.
.
.
.
.
.
Jumna Pari females and Barbari females
.
.
.
.
.
't' Values
m.f.l.w.
1.7
1.5
5.2**
9.5**
m.f.
growth-
rate
0.5
0.7
2.1*
4.0**
Rate of
change in
growth-
rate
2.6**
2.7**
3.6**
4.0**
* Significant at 5 per cent level.
** Significant at 1 per cent level.
TABLE III
Comparison of summer and winter kidding for the two breeds
Summer kidding
Winter kidding
{Average . . .
Variance . . .
{ Average . . .
Variance . . .
' t ' . .
No. of
goats
7
...
41
...
...
Jumna Pari
m.f.l.w.
30.674
14.7660
35.964
29.5987
3.1**
m.f.
growth-
rate
1.872
0.2310
1.692
0.1316
0.9
No. of
goats
28
...
74
...
...
Barbari
m.f.l.w.
24.279
15.0793
27.681
21.9706
3.7**
m.f.
growth-
rate
1.562
0.1602
1.433
0.0961
1.5
TABLE IV
Comparison of mothers with their daughters
(From first to second generation)
Mothers
Daughters
{Average .
Variance
{Average .
Variance
' t ' .
No.
of
goats
10
...
15
...
...
m.f.l.w.
27.139
11.1122
28.569
27.8939
0.83
m.f.
growth-
rate
1.500
0.6649
1.574
0.1605
0.56
Change in
growth-
rate
—0.0127
0.000815
—0.0199
0.001732
0.29
TABLE V
Comparison of mothers with their daughters
(From second to third generation)
Mothers
Daughters
{Average .
Variance
{Average
Variance
' t ' .
No.
of
goats
4
...
10
...
...
m.f.l.w.
29.042
25.9422
24.406
15.9766
1.63
m.f.
growth-
rate
1.464
0.01649
1.391
0.06175
0.72
Change in
growth-
rate
—0.0155
0.004986
—0.0249
0.000956
0.26
120
Analysis of Weight Records of Etah Goats
TABLE VI
Analysis of variance of the constants for different generations in Barbari goats
For
m.f.l.w.
.
.{
m.f. growth-rate .{
Change in growth- {
rate
Due to
Between generations . . .
Within generations . . .
Between generations . . .
Within generations . . .
Between generations . . .
Within generations . . .
D.F.
2
79
2
79
2
79
S.S.
56.4838
1469.3372
0.0604
8.3815
0.005475
0.102438
Variance
28.2419
18.5992
0.0302
0.1061
0.002738
0.001297
Ratio
of
variances
1.5
...
0.3
...
2.1
...
TABLE VII
Comparison of constants between the progenies of
Buck No. 152 and their dams
—
Mothers
Daughters
{ Average .
Variance
{ Average .
Variance
' t '
No.
of
goats
5
...
8
...
...
m.f.l.w.
27.642
11.1422
29.672
42.5685
0.74
m.f.
growth-
rate
1.584
0.0727
1.496
0.1341
0.51
Change in
growth-
rate
—0.0129
0.000410
—0.0354
0.001791
1.28
TABLE VIII
Comparison of constants between the progenies of
Buck No. 633 and their dams
—
Mothers
Daughters
{Average .
Variance
{Average .
Variance
' t ' .
No.
of
goats
4
...
6
...
...
m.f.l.w.
29.042
25.9422
25.189
22.1378
1.2
m.f.
growth-
rate
1.464
0.0165
1.339
0.08403
0.93
Change in
growth-
rate
—0.0155
0.004986
—0.033
0.00139
0.46
TABLE IX
Effect of selection in mothers
—
Mothers
Daughters
{Average . . .
Variance . .
{Average . . .
Variance . .
' t ' .
No.
of
goats
6
...
11
...
...
m. f. l. w.
28.354
6.3245
29.808
26.9490
0.8
m. f.
growth-
rate
1.578
0.0003
1.612
0.1647
0.2
TABLE X
Coefficients of correlation between the initial weight
and the constants
—
Coefficient of correlation between initial
weight and m.f.l.w.
Coefficient of correlation between initial
weight and m.f. growth-rate.
Jumna Pari
pairs
of
observations
=84
0.50**
0.042
Barbari
pairs
of
observations
= 102
0.48**
0.30**
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My best thanks are due to Dr P. V. Sukhatme,
B.Sc., Ph.D., D.Sc. (London), for suggesting me
the problem and for valuable guidance.
My thanks are also due to the Imperial Council
of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, for allowing
me to work in the Statistical Section of the Council
and use the data collected by Mr Slater and
Mr Bhatia during the course of their work on
goat-breeding at Etah. I am also indebted to my
sister Miss Sarla Devi for giving me valuable help
in the tabulation and the comparison of entries.
REFERENCES
Fisher, R. A. (1936). Statistical Methods for Research
Workers (Sixth edition). Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh
Tippett, L. C. H. (1931). The Methods of Statistics,
Williams and Norgate Ltd., London
Wishart, J. (1938). Biometrika 30, 16-28
Wishart, J. (1939). Supp. J. Roy. Stat. Soc. 6, 1-22
Woodman, H. E. et al. (1936). J. Agric. Sci. 26, 546-619
126
Spoilage in dried Shrimps
possessing two such pairs and the female only one pair.
The male has a prominent flat posterior margin while the
female has a more rounded one.
In close association with the above species of mites
another species, viz. Cheyletus eruditus belonging to the
family Cheylitidæ is also found on the shrimp meat.
These mites are characterized by their bigger size, ranging
up to 1 mm., longer legs and very large pincer like pedi-
palps diagnostic to the species. It is suggested by many
authors that these are a sort of beneficial acarids found
usually on materials infested with Tyroglyphoids and that
they prey on the latter.
APPENDIX II
Progress of spoilage due to the infection of mites in shrimps cured under various methods
Sample
No.
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
7a
7b
8a
8b
9a
9b
10a
10b
11a
11b
Type of material
Commercial shrimps . . . . .
Ditto . . . . . . .
Lake shrimps dried for 1 day . . . .
Ditto . . . . .
Lake shrimps dried for 2 days . . . .
Ditto . . . . .
Lake shrimps dried for 3 days . . . .
Ditto . . . . .
Shrimps cured in 2 per cent brine . . .
Ditto . . . . .
Shrimps cured in 3 per cent brine . . .
Ditto . . . . .
Shrimps cured in 4 per cent brine . . .
Ditto . . . . .
Shrimps cured in 5 per cent brine . . .
Ditto . . . . .
Shrimps cured in 6 per cent brine . . .
Ditto . . . . .
Shrimps cured in 7 per cent brine . . .
Ditto . . . . .
Shrimps cured in 8 per cent brine . . .
Ditto . . . . .
unshelled
shelled .
unshelled
shelled .
unshelled
shelled .
unshelled
shelled .
unshelled
shelled .
unshelled
shelled .
unshelled
shelled .
unshelled
shelled .
unshelled
shelled
unshelled
shelled .
unshelled
shelled .
Date
of
expr.
8th Oct. }
40
4th Aug.}
41
Date of
first
infection
19th Nov.'40
10th Dec.'40
20th Nov.'40
3rd Dec.'40
2nd Dec.'40
17th Dec.'40
24th Dec.'40
30th Dec.'40
5th Oct.'41
13th Oct.'41
11th Oct.'41
27th Oct.'41
25th Oct.'41
17th Nov.'41
2nd Nov.'41
18th Nov.'41
2nd Nov.'41
17th Nov.'41
3rd Nov.'41
18th Nov.'41
2nd Nov.'41
18th Nov.'41
Maximum
infection
8th Dec.'40
22nd Dec.'40
4th Dec.'40
16th Dec.'40
22nd Dec.'40
7th Jan.'41
6th Jan.'41
20th Jan.'41
26th Oct.'41
1st Nov.'41
26th Oct.'41
23rd Nov.'41
16th Nov.'41
14th Dec.'41
17th Nov.'41
14th Dec.'41
17th Nov.'41
16th Dec.'41
17th Nov.'41
15th Dec.'41
18th Nov.'41
16th Dec.'41
Complete
deterioration
16th Dec.'40
30th Dec.'40
9th Dec.'40
23rd Dec.'40
30th Dec.'40
15th Jan.'41
14th Jan.'41
28th Jan.'41
30th Oct.'41
9th Nov.'41
2nd Nov.'41
1st Dec.'41
22nd Nov.'41
20th Dec.'41
25th Nov.'41
23rd Dec.'41
24th Nov.'41
24th Dec.'41
25th Nov.'41
24th Dec.'41
26th Nov.'41
23rd Dec.'41
Keeping
value
in weeks
6
9
6
8
8
10
11
12
9
10
10
12
12
141
13
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Indian J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb., Vol. XIII, Part II]
PLATE X
FIG. 1 Measuring the height of
the yolk
FIG. 2 Determination of the
diameter of the yolk
FIG. 3 Measurement of the
depth of air cell
132
Indigenous Methods of Egg Preservation
maintaining egg quality during periods of high
temperature and high humidity. In fact, it was
actually shown that the use of the leaves mentioned
is definitely deleterious, as the decayed leaves led
to the development of mould growths in the eggs.
Linseed oil enabled infertile eggs to be kept in
fairly good condition for a period of five weeks,
even in hot weather, but seemed to be unable to
prevent fertile eggs from spoiling. It should,
therefore, be noted that, unless special precautions
to arrest embryo development are taken, only
infertile eggs should be held for any period in
excess of a week, during the hot weather. Since
the vast bulk of eggs produced and marketed in
India are fertile, and as none of the above pre-
servatives are able to prevent embryo develop-
ment, it appears that other and more suitable
methods must be evolved for preventing the
wastage due to this cause. The most obvious
method of preventing losses resulting from em-
bryo development in the hot weather is the pro-
duction of infertile eggs. Much propaganda
amongst village producers will, however, be neces-
sary before this improvement can be brought
about, as the ordinary ryot believes that egg
production ceases or is much reduced in the
absence of the male.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The writer is indebted to Mr A. J. Macdonald,
Officer-in-charge, Poultry Research Section, Im-
perial Veterinary Research Institute, for his
invaluable help throughout the course of these
investigations and to Mr Mohd. Athar Ali, Re-
search Assistant, for his assistance in the experi-
mental work.
REFERENCES
Parsons, C. H. and Mink, L. D. (1937). U. S. Egg & Poul.
Mag. 43, 484
Rept. on the marketing of eggs in India and Burma (1938).
Marketing Series No. 9, Delhi
Sharp, P. F. and Powell, C. K. (1930). Ind. & Eng.
Chem. 22, 909
136
A Simple ' Ram-Ko ' Method for Estimation of Fat in Milk
the bottom of the water bath. After the first
three minutes, the tube is taken out and shaken
vigorously and returned to the bath. After
another three minutes, the above process is
repeated. The tube is then kept for 10 minutes
in the bath, when all the fat should separate out
as a clear liquid on the top. The tube is now
taken out, gently turned upside down and returned
to the bath keeping it in the original position for
another three minutes. Then the tube is finally
taken out and the column of fat then read in the
neck of the butyrometer which is graduated to
give the reading in percentages.
By this method, very satisfactory results were
obtained with whole milk, skim milk, buttermilk
and whey in the investigations carried out.
Further work on this problem is still in progress,
aimed at standardizing a still simpler type of
butyrometer and also substituting iso-butyl alcoho
by a cheaper solvent.
SUMMARY
A simple (Ram-Ko) butyrometric method using
alkaline solution is described for the determination
of fat in milk and milk products. The method
ensures the same degree of accuracy in results as
that obtained with the Gerber test and has the
added advantage that the initial cost of the equip
ment as well as of testing the samples is very low
since no centrifuge is required.
REFERENCES
Harvey and Hill (1936). Milk production and Control
424
Nichol, H. (1937). Minnesota test for fat in ice cream
Dairy Industries 2, 284