NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
99
VI.—OBSERVATIONS ON BIRDS.
D URING our stay at Nagpur in January and February, I made the following
observations on the infection of birds with Proteosoma and Halteridium
parasites. So far as I am aware, none of my observations are new, but some
of them confirm the work of previous observers. The study of the parasites of
birds, moreover, is of great interest and has occupied but little attention in
India.
The main objects I had in view were the following:—
(i) To determine whether any rise of temperature occurs in birds infected
with Proteosoma and Halteridium parasites, respectively.
(ii) If any such rise of temperature occurred in birds infected with either
form of parasite, to determine whether any marked periodicity, e.g.,
a Quartan or Tertian periodicity, could be made out.
(iii) To conduct feeding experiments with anopheles and culex mosqui-
toes on birds infected with Proteosoma and Halteridium parasites,
respectively.
The birds which were most easily available at Nagpur were sparrows and
pigeons. The sparrows were very susceptible to both forms of parasite (Proteoso-
ma and Halteridium), and it was very common to find both forms of parasite in
the same bird.
Nothing but Halteridium infections were ever found in the pigeons.
It is sometimes rather difficult to obtain a drop of blood, sufficient to make
good slides, from a bird, and much unnecessary pain may be caused unless the
prick with the needle is made in the right place. The most satisfactory way is
to draw the leg somewhat away from the body so that its under surface, where
there are few or no feathers, is exposed, and then to look carefully for one of the
surface veins which can be plainly seen through the white skin. The prick is
then made into one of these veins, and a good sized drop of blood will imme-
diately exude.
The temperatures of birds should always be taken in the cloaca: in small
birds, such as sparrows, a correct temperature can never be obtained under the
wing or leg. By using a small-bulbed thermometer I found the taking of
temperatures in the rectum (cloaca) of both sparrows and pigeons a very easy
matter.
Both culex and anopheles mosquitoes feed readily on sparrows and pigeons.
All that is necessary is to confine a number of the mosquitoes in an oblong cage
the sides of which are composed of mosquito netting. The head of the bird
which is placed in the cage with the mosquitoes should be covered with a hood.
This is quite sufficient to prevent the bird from flapping its wings and so driving
the mosquitoes away. The voracity with which culex mosquitoes ( C. Fatigans)
will gorge themselves upon the blood of sparrows is extraordinary, and if too
many mosquitoes are put in the cage with the same sparrow they will literally bleed
it to death.
Bred mosquitoes will not, as a rule, feed on the first night after being
hatched out : on the second or third night, however, they will almost certainly
do so.
After many trials I came to the conclusion that the sparrows at Nagpur
were not suitable birds on which to make observations regarding Proteosoma
infection. In the first place, a large number died after being under observation
one or two days. In the second, the temperature of a sparrow appeared to me
to be affected by very slight causes. Even in sparrows not affected by any
parasites I was unable to obtain anything in the nature of a regular chart. At
intervals of half an hour or less the temperature would frequently vary as much
as 1.5 or 2 degrees, and I can only conclude that the fright of being caught and
held while the temperature was taken was sufficient to cause a rise or fall.
Again, it was almost impossible to find a sparrow which was not infected
with both forms of parasite, and a bird which, on one day would present nothing
but Proteosoma parasites, would, a day or two afterwards, show large numbers of
both forms. A very careful daily examination was necessary to exclude either form
of parasite, and even then it was not possible to be quite certain that a scanty
infection (which would, in a few days, become a very large one) with the second
form of parasite had not been overlooked, owing to the large number of parasites
that were usually present in each field.
I shall not, therefore, reproduce here any of the charts of sparrows, as they
do not present sufficiently marked characters to enable definite conclusions
to be drawn from them. Taking the average of the results from a number of
sparrows without parasites, I conclude, however, that the normal temperature taken
in the rectum of a sparrow is between 106ºF . and 107.5ºF ., and that the
temperature in the evening is between 1º and 1.5 º higher than that in . the morning.
It is not uncommon for the temperature of a normal sparrow to rise as high as
108.5º F. or even 109º.
101
The chief feature of the charts of sparrows infected with Proteosoma
parasites was their irregularity. The temperature in the evenings frequently
reached 109°F. and in the mornings fell as low as 103°F. I was unable to make
out that a definite rise of temperature corresponding to particular stages of the
parasites occurred, and from none of my charts could a definite periodicity be
made out.
For the elucidation of the temperature of birds infected with Proteosoma, it
would be necessary, I think, to study birds which are susceptible to this form
of parasite only, and, if possible, larger and more robust birds than sparrows.
In sparrows affected with Halteridium parasites only, the temperature charts
did not present any special features from which it could be decided that they
differed from normal charts.
The temperature charts of the pigeons were much more regular and satis-
factory than those of the sparrows.
Charts I and II are those of normal pigeons.
From these it will be seen that the normal temperature (taken in rectum)
of a pigeon is between 107°F. and 108°F., and that there is a difference of about
between the morning and evening temperatures. Occasionally also the evening
temperature rises as high as 109°F. without apparent cause.
PIGEON CHART No. I. No PARASITES.
(RECTAL TEMPERATURES.)
102
PIGEON CHART No. II. No PARASITES.
(RECTAL TEMPERATURES.)
Chart III is that of a pigeon in which no parasites were found for the first
fifteen days, on the 23rd January four Halteridium parasites were found in a
slide, and after this date Halteridium parasites in increasing numbers were found
at each examination.
In spite of the new infection with parasites, however, no change in the tem-
perature chart occurred, so that, taking this chart along with charts Nos. IV and
V, which are those of pigeons with large infections of Halteridium parasites,
we can, I think, infer, with some certainty, that no rise of temperature occurs in
birds infected with Halteridium parasites.
103
PIGEON CHART No. III.
(RECTAL TEMPERATURES.)
PIGEON CHART No. IV. (HALTERIDIUM.)
104
PIGEON CHART No. V. (HALTERIDIUM.)
Total number fed
and, dissected.
26
Total number in which
zygotes were found.
23
105
Feeding experiments.
These may be summed up as follows:—
Ist experiment. —The result of feeding Culex Fatigans on sparrows infected
with Proteosoma.
That is, over 80 per cent. of the mosquitoes of this species fed on Pro
-teosoma became infected.
2nd experiment. —The result of feeding Culex Fatigans on sparrows pre
sumably infected only with Halteridium parasites.
Number of
ex periment,
Particulars of
experiment .
Result of
dissections.
Remarks.
1
6 C. Fatigans fed on
3 sparrows.
5 negátive, 1 with
several small zygotes.
Experiment vitiated by the fact that
Proteosoma as well as Halteridium
parasites Were found in one of the
sparrows the day after feeding.
2
5 C. Fatigans fed on
2 sparrows.
4 dissected, all nega-
tive, 1 died.
...
3
8 C. Fatigans fed on
3 sparrows.
8 dissected, 6 nega-
tive, 2 positive,
(zygotes).
Experiment vitiated by finding Pro-
teosoma in one of the sparrows the
day after feeding.
Besides showing the difficulty there was in excluding a concurrent infection
with both forms of parasite in the sparrows, the large number of negative results
in the above experiments, when taken in conjunction with the large number of
positive results obtained by feeding this species of mosquito on Proteosoma,
pointed to the conclusion that Culex Fatigans is a non-carrier of Halteridium
parasites.
3rd experiment. —The result of feeding Culex Fatigans on pigeons infected
with Halteridium parasites.
Owing to the difficulty of excluding a double infection in sparrows, I next
fed a number of Culex Fatigans on pigeons, as these birds are not susceptible to
Proteosoma infection.
Six separate experiments of feeding Culex Fatigans on pigeons infected with
Halteridium were made.
The total number of mosquitoes afterwards dissected was 28. No zygotes
were found in any of them. Two of the pigeons used were particularly favour
- a b l e c a s e s — i n a f r e s h s l i d e f r o m o n e o f t h e m 1 5 f l a g e l l a b o d i e s a n d 9 5 a s e x u a l
parasites had been counted just before feeding.
106
We can infer, with certainty, therefore, that the Halteridium parasite is not
carried by Culex Fatigans, although this species is such a good carrier of Pro
- t e o s o m a .
4th experiment.—The result of feeding anopheles mosquitoes on sparrows
infected with Proteosoma, and Halteridium.
(a) Six anopheles mosquitoes (2 A. Fuliginosus, 2 A. Fluviatilis, 2 A.
Rossiz) together with 3 Culex Fatigans as a control, were fed on a sparrow
infected with Proteosoma parasites. Zygotes were afterwards found in the
stomachs of the 3 Culex mosquitoes : all the anopheles were negative.
(b) Seven anopheles mosquitoes (A. Fuliginosus, A. Culicifacies, A. Flu
- v i a t i l i s , A . R o s s i i )
w e r e f e d o n a s p a r r o w w i t h H a l t e r i d i u m p a r a s i t e s . N o
zygotes were found in the stomachs of any of these anopheles.
Anopheles mosquitoes do not, therefore, appear to be capable of carrying
either the Proteosoma or Halteridium parasites.
The foregoing observations may, therefore, be summed up as follows :—
(i) The normal temperature of a sparrow would appear to be between
106ºF. and 107.5º.
(ii) The normal temperature of a pigeon is between 107ºF. and io8º.
(iii) In healthy birds the temperature occasionally rises as high as Io9ºF.
without apparent cause.
(iv) I was unable to decide from my own observations whether a rise of
temperature occurs in sparrows infected with Proteosoma or not.
No marked periodicity was shown in my Proteosoma charts of
sparrows.
(v) No rise of temperature occurs in birds infected with Halteridium, and
the character of the temperature chart does not change.
(vi) Culex Fatigans is a good carrier of Proteosoma infection. It does
not carry Halteridium.
(vii) Anopheles mosquitoes do not appear to be capable of carrying Pro
-teosoma or Halteridium.
(NEW SERIES.)
No. 2.
SCIENTIFIC MEMOIRS
BY -
OFFICERS OF THE MEDICAL AND SANITARY DEPARTMENTS
OF THE
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
MALARIA IN INDIA
BY
CAPTAIN S. P. JAMES, M.B. (LOND.), I.M.S.
(On Special Duty with the Royal Society's Commission on Malaria).
ISSUED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA BY
THE SANITARY COMMISSIONERWITH THE GOVERNMENT
OF INDIA, SIMLA.
CALCUTTA:
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA,
1902.
•
P r i c e R s . 1 - 8 o r 2 s . 3 d .
59
II—THE MALARIAL INFECTION OF NATIVE CHILDREN IN INDIA.
T HE discovery by Koch, and independently by Stephens and Christophers,
that a large percentage of native children in Africa constantly have
malaria parasites in their blood, although at the time they may present none of
the more evident clinical symptoms of malarial fever, is well known.*
These observers showed further that the infection in the children decreased
rapidly with advancing age, and that the adult Negro was relatively quite
immune to malaria.
Working on the same lines, we have been able to confirm and extend these
observations for certain parts of India. Thus we have found that in the tea
planting districts of the Duars between 65-75 per cent. of the children under ten
years of age have malaria parasites in their blood, while no infection at all is
found in the adults. At Mian Mir, in the Punjab and at Ennur in Madras the
same condition prevails, viz., an infection of between 60-70 per cent. of the
children, and no infection of adults. In such districts as these also a diminution
of infection in the children at advancing age periods occurs.
This discovery of the infection of native children is of the greatest import-
ance both from a scientific and practical point of view, and it provides us not
only with abundant material for the study of individual cases of malaria, but
also with a new method of investigation which, in its application to many of the
vexed problems of malaria, will prove of the greatest service. As a matter of
fact, the study of malaria in any place at the present time resolves itself largely
into a study of malaria as it occurs among the native children, and it is neces-
sary that this fact should be clearly recognised in India, in order that we may
obtain an accurate knowledge of the nature of the malarial fevers in different
places, the conditions which determine their prevalence, and the best methods
of prophylaxis.
* Reports to the Malaria Committee of the Royal Society from Drs. Stephens and Christophers,
West Coast of Africa. Third Series, 1900. Harrison and Sons, London.
MQ-V4
VETERINARY REGULATIONS
INDIA
1935
PUBLISHED BY THE MANAGER OF PUBLICATIONS, DELHI,
PRINTED BY THE MANAGER, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PRESS, SIMLA.
1935.
MQ-V4
VETERINARY REGULATIONS
INDIA
1935
PUBLISHED BY THE MANAGER OF PUBLICATIONS, DELHI.
PRINTED BY THE MANAGER, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PRESS, SIMLA.
1935
REGISTER OF CORRECTIONS.
Year.
Amend-
ments to
Regulations,
Books and
Forms for
the month
of
Initials of correct-
ing individuals
and date of
correction.
Year.
Amend-
ments to
Regulations,
Books and
Forms for
the month
of
Initials
of correcting
individuals
and date of
correction.
PREFACE.
This volume contains the orders of the Government of India
in regard to the organization, administration and functions of the
veterinary service of the army in India.
Commanders are responsible that these regulations and orders
are strictly observed and that any local instructions which may
be issued are guided by their spirit and intention.
Officers are expected to interpret these regulations reasonably
and intelligently and with due regard to the interests of the service,
bearing in mind that no attempt has been made to provide for
necessary and self-evident exceptions.
All previous orders on the subjects with which these regula-
tions deal, are hereby cancelled.
G. R. F. TOTTENHAM,
Secretary to Government of India,
Army Department.
DELHI
The 1st December 1934.
CONTENTS.
Abbreviations
..
..
..
.. (iii)
CHAPTER I.—ORGANISATION, ADMINISTRATION
AND FUNCTIONS.
SECTION 1.—Organization and functions .. ..
„ 2.—General administrative instructions .. ..
„ 3.—The Indian Army Veterinary Corps .. ..
CHAPTER II.—TREATMENT OF ANIMALS.
SECTION 4.—General instructions regarding the treatment of animals
„ 5.—Contagious and infectious diseases .. ..
APPENDICES.
APPENDIX I.—Fees and Allowances .. .. .. ..
„
II.—Special reports and returns to be rendered by the
veterinary service .. .. .. ..
„
III.—Forms authorized for the exclusive use of the vete-
rinary service .. .. ..
„
IV.—Return of Epizootic Lymphangitis .. ..
„
V.—Books to be maintained by veterinary units and
officers .. .. ..
„
VI.—Instructions for the submission of applications for
furlough and leave .. .. .. ..
„
VII (i)—Application for appointment as veterinary
assistant surgeon in the Indian Army Veterinary
Corps .. .. .. .. ..
„
VII (ii).—Syllabus of examination for promotion of
veterinary assistant surgeons (warrant officers) to
jemadar .. .. .. ..
„
VIII.—Classification and nomenclature of diseases ..
„
IX.—The Glanders and Farcy Act .. ..
„
X.—The Dourine Act .. .. .. ..
PAGE
1—4
4—10
10—12
13—14
14—16
17
18—21
22—23
24
25—26
27—28
29
30
31—35
36—39
40—42
(i)—(ii)
ABBREVIATIONS.
A. D. V. S.
A. H. Q.
M. S.
A. R. D.
A. V. O.
C.-in-C.
D. D. V. S.
D. V. S.
G. O. C.
G. of I.
H. Q.
I. A. F.
I. A. S. C.
I. A. V. C.
I. D. P.
M. E. S.
N. C. O.
O. C.
O. 1/c.
Q. M. G.
R. A. I.
R. A. V. C.
V. O.
.. Assistant Director of Veterinary Services.
.. Army Headquarters, India.
.. Military Secretary, A. H. Q.
.. Army Remount Department.
.. Administrative Veterinary Officer.
.. Commander-in-Chief.
.. Deputy, Director of Veterinary Services.
.. Director of Veterinary Services in India.
.. General Officer Commanding.
.. Government of India,
.. Headquarters.
.. India Army Form.
.. Indian Army Service Corps.
.. Indian Army Veterinary Corps.
.. Intradermal Palpebral.
.. Military Engineer Services.
.. Non-commissioned Officer.
.. Officer Commanding.
.. Officer-in-charge (of).
.. Quartermaster-General in India.
.. Regulations for the Army in India.
.. Royal Army Veterinary Corps.
.. Veterinary Officer.
(iii)
VETERINARY REGULATIONS, INDIA.
CHAPTER I.—ORGANISATION, ADMINISTRATION AND
FUNCTIONS.
SECTION 1.—ORGANISATION AND FUNCTIONS.
1. General Organization.—The organization of the veterinary service
of the army in India comprises :—
(a) A directorate of veterinary services at A. H. Q.
(b) Administrative V. Os. appointed to the H. Q. of commands.
(c) V. Os. combining administrative and executive duties appointed
to the H. Q. of districts and independent brigades.
(d) Executive V. Os. and veterinary assistant surgeons allotted for
duties in stations and remount depots.
(e) Veterinary hospitals.
(f) Army voterinary schools.
(g) I. A. V. C. Record Office.
(h) I. A. V. C. Depot.
2. The Directorate of Veterinary Services.—The directorate of veteri-
nary services at A. H. Q. comprises a D. V. S. and such other officers as may
be appointed from time to time to assist him.
Subject to the control of the Q. M. G., the functions of the D. V. S.
include:—
(a) Administration of the veterinary service.
(b) Technical advice to the Q. M. G. on veterinary matters.
(c) Disposal of questions bearing on the health, general welfare and
efficiency of the animals of the army and in horse-breeding areas.
(d) Liaison with the War Office and the Department of Education,
Health and Lands in all matters affecting the voterinary service.
(e) Arrangement for the provision of veterinary medicines and special-
ized veterinary equipment required by the army.
(f) Maintenance and submission as required of statistical veterinary
reports and returns.
(g) Maintenance of records of service of veterinary officers, service
in India.
(h) Maintenance of registers of Births, Deaths and Marriages which
take place in India and affect veterinary officers.
M195 MG(Misc)
Section 1.
Organization and functions.
3. Administrative and Executive V. Os. attached to Command and
District H. Q.—(i) A D. D. V. S. or A. D. V. S., as authorised by the G. of
I., is appointed to the H. Q. of each command. His duties include, subject
to the orders of the G. O. C.-in-C.:—
(a) Administration of the veterinary service within the command.
(b) Technical advice to the Q. M. G.'s branch of the staff on veterinary
matters and on questions affecting the health, general welfare
and efficiency of animals in the command.
(c) Veterinary inspection within the command and submission to the
G. O. C.-in-C. of reports, in accordance with Appx. II, of the
results of such inspections.
(d) Supervision to ensure that the mobilization veterinary equipment
of units and the equipment of veterinary units is maintained
in a serviceable condition and in accordance with the authorized
scale.
(ii) A D. A. D. V. S. is appointed to the H. Q. of each district. His
duties which are mainly executive include, subject to the orders of the
commander:—
(a) Administration of the veterinary service within the district.
(b) Technical advice to the Q. M. G. s branch of the staff on veterinary
matters and on questions affecting the health, general welfare
and efficiency of the animals in the district.
(c) Command of the veterinary hospital and of the section I. A. V. C.
located at the H. Q. station of the district.
(d) Inspection at regular intervals of all military animals and vete-
rinary units located in the district.
(e) Arrangement for the provision of veterinary first aid to animals
in stations at which veterinary hospitals do not exist.
(f) Submission of the reports and returns proscribed in Appx. II.
In independent brigado areas, the senior executive V. O. in the area will
perform the functions of a D. A. D. V. S.
The office of the D. A. D. V. S. of a district will be located in the voterinary
hospital class I at the H. Q. station of the district when such a hospital exists
and the clerical work connected therewith will be performed by the clerical
personnel of the hospital.
4. Executive Veterinary Officers allotted to stations.—Executive V. Os.
are appointed for duty in stations as required; their duties include :—
(a) Technical advice to the O. C. station and to Os. C. units on vete-
rinary matters and on questions affecting the health, general
welfare and efficiency of the animals in the station.
(b) Veterinary charge of all animals in the station.
(c) Supervision of the work of veterinary assistant surgeons appointed
to the veterinary charge of units.
2
Organization and functions.
Section 1.
(d) Inspection at regular intervals as prescribed in R. A. I. and in
communication with the O. C. unit of all animals on the autho-
rized establishment of the unit, including the registered chargers
of officers.
(e) Careful investigation of all matters connected with the health,
welfare and efficiency of the animals of the uni and action to
ensure observance of the principles of shœing.
(f) Inspection to ensure that the veterinary equipment, including
mobilization equipment of units, is serviceable and fit for imme-
diate use and for the periodical turnover of perishable articles.
(g) Communication to the D. A. D. V. S. of the district of reports or
suggestions submitted by them to Os. C. units relative to the
health, welfare and efficiency of the animals of units or to the
sanitary condition of the accommodation provided for these
animals.
(h) Submission of the reports and returns prescribed in Appx. II.
When there are two or more V. Os. in the same station, the senior will
command the veterinary hospital and will be responsible to the O. C. station
for the officient performance of the veterinary duties in the station.
The O. C. a veterinary hospital in which mobilization veterinary equip-
ment is stored is responsible that such equipment is maintained complete
and in serviceable condition, and for the periodical turnover of articles of
a perishable nature.
5. Executive Veterinary Officers and Veterinary Assistant Surgeons
attached to the A. R. D. (i) Executive V. Os. and voterinary assistant surgeons
detailed for duty in remount depots are under the professional supervision
of the D. A. D. V. S. district in which the depot is located for purposes of
administration and professional supervision and will render the reports and
returns proscribed in Appx. II.
(ii) V. Os. and other veterinary personnel, R. A. V. C./I. A. V. C. specially
attached to the Army Remount Department in connection with brooding
operations will be under the D. V. S. for the purpose of administration and
professional supervision.
(iii) Other veterinary personnel employed by the Army Remount Depart-
ment in connection with breeding operations will be under the control of that
department and will be under the professional supervision only of the Vete-
rinary Officer in charge of the area.
6. Veterinary hospitals.—(i) The distribution and location of veterinary
hospitals to moot the requirements of the army are decided by the Q. M. G.
subject to the sanction of the G. of I.
(ii) Veterinary hospitals comprise :—
(a) Veterinary hospitals, class I, including those of remount depots.
(b) Veterinary hospitals, class II.
(c) Branch voterinary hospitals, including those of remount depots.
(d) Sick lines for camel transport companies.
(e) Sick lines in stations at which a veterinary hospital is not located.
3