NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
15
APPENDIX A.
[Ste Standing Order 2.]
Memorandum on Plague Preventive Measures.
Plague, as we know it in India, is a disease of rats in which ma,n
, nd a few of the lower animals participate. The disease is caused by
the invasion of the body by the plague bacillus. The plague bacillus
i • ! spread from rat to rat, and from rat to man, and to certain other
c£ the lower animals, by the bite of the rat-flea. The fact that man
ii susceptible to the disease is the reason of course that the disease
\A of such importance to the public health of India, but it must be
remembered that from the point of view of the plague bacillus, if
fiich an expression bo permitted, man is relatively of small account.
An " epidemic of plague among men is but an index of the epizootic
i hat is raging among the rat population of the community. Were
•¡.here no rats, or were rats less " domesticated," or were the habits
,>!id customs of people in this country such that rats found it difficult
J ,o obtain food and shelter in human habitation, plague, as a human
disease, would disappear from India. The fact that the association
: -etween rats and man is so close in this country is the sole reason why
¡xlague is so serious a factor in our vital statistics.
If the significance of these simple facts be grasped, measures for
•he eradication of plague as a human disease suggest themselves.
">eïv effort should be made to induce the people of this country to
, »alize that the apathy with which they gladly suffer the rat to share
! heir food, and find shelter in their homes, is directly responsible for
•;he fact that they suffer and die from this disease. Once this lesson
'ias been driven home plague as a human disease will cease to afflict the
c-onverted community.
In the meantime, it is necessary to consider what measures can be
¡indertaken most profitably to save the people in spite of themselves,
,-ealizing that the degree of success obtainable must depend in some
measure on the amount of co-operation secured.
One of the most remarkable facts about outbreaks of plague in
India is the remarkably constant seasonal prevalence tha,t the disease
exhibits in any given part of the country. For example, plague
epidemics always reach their height in the Punjab and the west of the
United Provinces in the month of April ; in the east of the United
Provinces and in Bihar in the month of March - , in the south of the
Bombay Deccan about October - , in Bombay City, about March. This
phenomenon is explained by the fact that the rat plague, on which
i he human epidemic depends, is most acute at that season of the year
when rat-fleas are most numerous. The number of rat-fleas is de-
pendent upon conditions of atmospheric humidity and temperature.
This dependence upon climatic conditions explains, not only why plague
has a constant seasonal prevalence in any given area, but also why the
disease is much more virulent and widespread in some years than in
others. Thus severe epidemics in the north of India have always teen
preceded by abnormally damp weather in the cold weather months,
23
Traps should be oiled only sufficiently often to ensure freedom
from rast. Frequent washing of the traps is not recommended : rats
are not attracted by cleanliness which appears to make them suspi-
cious.
The traps are best baited with a small quantity of the staple food-
grain of the community or of flour made therefrom in the form of
dough. In the hot months, fresh green vegetables, notably cucumber,
make an attractive bait.
To obtain the most economical results each house should be
trapped once each week. One trap for every two rooms of an Indian
house will probably suffice. All traps should be set over night and
collected earlj> in the morning. All rats caught can be drowned or
destroyed in some human manner, their bodies being burnt. In the
presence of plague, when a rapid reduction in the rat population is a
matter of moment, more frequent trapping can be carried out with
advantage. For systematic trapping a number of traps equal to 3
per cent of the human population will be found sufficient. Frequent
inspection of traps, with the rejection for repair of all found defective,
is essential.
IV.—PEOTECTION OF A COMMUNITY IN THE PRESENCE OF
BAT PLAGUE.
Inoculation and evacuation of infected dwellings,—When plague has
obtained a foothold in a town, or when plague threatens, it will be
necessary to press the claims of inoculation with plague vaccine. It
is not necessary to urge here the remarkable protection that inocula-
tion affords to the individual ; this is now well recognized. In the
midst of an epidemic inoculation remains the most important of all
plague measures.
Evacuation of infected dwellings should also be encouraged provided
always that accommodation for the people rendered temporarily homeless
be provided in the vicinity. Wholesale indiscriminate emigration from
infected to uninfected places is productive of much harm and should be
actively discouraged. The inhabitants of towns and villages do well, in
their own interests, to accord such plague refugees a cold welcome.
As long as things remain as they are, these two measures, inoculation
and controlled evacuation, will be as necessary and as important as they
are at present. It must be remembered, however, that plague in India
is a disease of rats, first and last and that these very valuable measures,
inoculation and evacuation, designed to afford protection to the human
population do not strike at the root of the evil,
F. NOBMAN WHITE, M.D., Major, I.M.S.,
Offg. Sanitary Commissioner with the
Government of India.
24
Memorandum on Plague.
I.—THE DISSEMINATION OF PLAGUE.
1. The methods by which plague is disseminatedshould by this time
be known to all classes of the population. Briefly, to recapitulate,
plague is a disease of rats which can be communicated to man and to a
few of the lower animals by bites of rat fleas which have fed on plague-
infected rats. If there were no rats, or if rats could not readily obtain
food and shelter in human habitations plague would disappear.
Unfortunately the association between rats and human beings in India
is so intimate that an epidemic of plague among the rats of a commu-
nity is a deadly menace to the lives of the people whose homes they
infest.
2. The rat flea which carries plague cannot travel far on its own legs
and is of course most commonly carried by the rat itself, but, as rats
usually do not wander far from their holes, infection can only be spread
in this way to limited extent. Rats and fleas., however, are frequently
carried for long distances by road, by train or in ships, concealed in
grain bags, baggage, or clothing ; and man also occasionally carries
the fleas on his person or clothing. In these ways infection is trans-
ported from district to district and even from province to province.,
II.—HISTORY AND PERIODICITY OP PLAGUE.
3. The epidemics of the past twenty-five years have established two
facts about plague which are of vital importance to the proper organiza-
tion of preventive measures. These facts are—
(1) that plague tends to attain its maximum incidence at certain
seasons of the year, and
(2) that it is apt to reappear again and again in the same Reali-
ties and even in the same houses.
4. A, Seasonal recrudescence.—The seasonal recrudescence of plague
is due to climatic conditions. Plague among rats ib most acute when
rat fleas are most numerous. Hat fleas are most numerous when condi-
tions of atmospheric humidity and temperature are most favourable for
their propagation. Such conditions are more favourable at some seasons
than others and in some years than in other years. For example, the
worst epidemics in Northern India have always been preceded by
abnormally damp weather in the cold season. It may happen that
where the rat population is excessively large, plague may develop even
where conditions are not favourable to the flea, but ever} T where the
intensity of pla.gue declines with the advent of hot dry weather.
5. B. Local recrudescence.—The recurrence of plague in the same
locality or in the same building is due to causes which should be
ascertainable. Plague may be epidemic, i.e , cases may occur all the
yea,r round, as they do in South Kanara. On the other hand, plague
may be not epidemic but imported. Plague may repeatedly reappear
in the same locality because such locality is peculiarly attractive to rats,
or because it is peculiarly exposed to infection from outside. Both these
35
Local medical officers, especially those who have definite itineraries,
should take an active part both in the propaganda campaign and in
carrying out inoculation. Medical officers should also he able to supple-
ment their ordinary duty of medical relief by devoting some of their
spare time to the public health and preventive side of medicine. The
relationship between the two branches is inseparable and health officers
and medical officers must work together in closest concert.
A. J. H. ETJSSELL. Major, I.M.8.,
Director of Public Health, Madras.
APPENDIX B.
[See Standing Order 11.]
Plague Report to be submitted to the Collector.
[To be submitted within 2-t hours of discovery of a plague case.}
Hamlet—
Village—
Number in taluk map—
Population—
1. Name, age and caste of the patient.
2. (a] Date of commencement of illness,
(¿>) Date of death.
3. (a) Were there any plague cases or deaths by fever in the house
or family within the last 30 days ; if so, when ?
(6) Did the patient visit any plague-infected locality ; x if so,
when ?
(c) Did any person from an infected area reside in his house ;
if so, when ? Did he bring goods susceptible to infection
with him ?
(d) If answers to questions (a) to (c) are in the negative, to what
source can the infection be traced ?
4. (a) Date and hour at which inspector heard of the case and how
information was obtained ; if from any official, state name
and designation.
(6) Date and hour at which inspector went to the village.
(c) Note date and hour at which first intimation of attack was
sent to—
(i) Nearest medical officer,
(li) Plague officer.
(d) "Explanation of delay between—
(i) Date of attack and date of despatch by the local autho-
rity of first intimation to superior officers ;
(ii) Date of first intimation and date of despatch of detailed
report.
5. Was the case reported by the local authority ?
(a) (i) If not, what is his explanation ?
(ii) Did he keep the fever register properly, and on what date
was the case entered in it ?
36
(6) (i) Who is the house-owner, or chief male member of thé
family ?
(ii) Did he give information as required "by Plague Regula-
tion 9 and, if not, what explanation is forthcoming as to
why he should not be prosecuted ?
(c) Name and designation of the person who first reported the
case and- the date on which he did so.
6. (a) When did the inspector last visit the village ?
(6) How many deaths were there in the village—
(i) since the inspector's last visit ; and
(ii) since the commencement of the preceding month ?
(Hi) How many of the deaths were registered-as due to fever
and to canses that you consider might be confused with
suspicious cases of plague ?
7. Was the patient examined—•
(a) by any medical officer, and by whom and when ?
What symptoms of plague were noticed ?
(c) Brief history as given by medical officer or as ascertained be
medical officer.
8. What steps were taken for the treatment and care of the
patient ?
9. Are rats plague-infected ?
10. General remarks.
APPENDIX C.
[See Standing Order 22.]
Lisi of officers on plague duty in the
district on the
1st _»£!* 19 .
September
Head
of
service.
(1)
Number.
•fa>
Duties
of
office.
(3)
Pay.
W
allowance.
(5")
Date of
commence-
ment of
appoint-
ment.
(6)
Number Date of
and date expiry
of
of
sanction, sanction.
(7)
(8)
Remarks.
(S)
Section I—Provincial.
Section II—Local
Section III—Municipal.
37
APPENDIX D.
[See Standing Order 24.]
Salaries of officers temporarily entertained for plague duty.
Designation.
A. Retired military
assistant
sur-
geons ,
B. Temporary civil
assistant
sar-
geons.
0. Private
sub-
assistant
sur-
geons.
D. Retired
sub-
aasi&tant
sur-
geons.
E. Plague inspectors
3?. Other temporary
subordinates
including menial
servants.
Salary.
Pa,y of their grade at the time
of retirement.
Pay Rs. 200 a month with
travelling allowance to and
from the place to which they
are appointed.
Pay assigned to the corrr>-
eponding grades of sub-
assifetant
surgeons
in
Government service.
Pay of their grade at the time
of retirement (in addition to
their pension).
[As in Appendix E.]
Suoh ratbs as would be suffi-
cient to induce persons to
tafee up the appo'ntments.
Remarks.
The officers should be reqnirod to
produce certificates of physical
fitness, and their appointments
should, in the first instance,
be made for periods not exceed-
ing six mouths.
. . . •
....
....
....
Menial servants are not eligible
for any allowances, and should
be conveyed from place to place
at the cost of Government.
APPENDIX E.
[See Standing Order 24.]
Pay and Allowances of Plague Inspectors.
Plague inspectors will be—
I. Qualified sanitary inspectors ; or
II. Sut-assistant surgeons.
Plague inspectors for range work sn.on.ld primarily "be recruited
from this class. A list of men available for duty will "be kept by the
Director of Public Health by whom they will be posted for plague work
on the requisition of, and in consultation with, Collectors. When once
an inspector has been posted, further control on the part of the
G.O. No. 1080 L., dated 27th September Director of Public Health will
1905.
cease, and he should not be with-
drawn or transferred by the Director of Public Health without the
consent of the authority employing him.
38
I.- Sanitary Inspectors.
The pay of a qualified sanitary inspector on plague duty will be
Es. 60 per mensem. G.O. No. 232-P.H., dated 8th February 1923.
When employed in the Nilgiri Plateau, the Shevaroys, Kodaibanal and Peermade
he will he entitled to draw an allowance of Rs. 15 per mensem;
The sanction of the Government should be obtained in each case where it is proposed
to appoint a sanitary inspector in local fund or municipal service for plague work to be
paid from Provincial funds.
II.—Sub-Assistant Surgeons.
The pay of a sub-assistant surgeon employed as a plague inspector
will be his grade pay.
When employed in the Nilgiri Plateau, the Shevaroys, Kodaikanal and Peermade the
sub-assistant surg/illon will be entitled to draw an allowance of Rs. 20 per mensem. If
employed in the Rameswaram Island, Cochin and the Laceadives, he will be entitled to
draw an allowance of Rs. 15 per mensem.
APPENDIX F.
(See Standing Order 5).
Counterfoil.
No.
Name
Father's name.
Street.
Town.
Date.
Initials of operator.
Plague Inoculation Certificate.
No.
Certified that
son/ daughter of
resident of
street,
(town) has been inoculated
by me and that his/her thumb mark was at the
time impressed before me.
Space for left
thumb mark.
Signature
and
designation.
Dated
INDEX.
A
ACT—
Epidemic Diseases —
Power delegated to Local Government under
the Epidemic Diseases —
ADMINISTRATION —
Administrative staff . .
ALLOWANCES —
Statement showing the rates of — admissi-
ble to officers on plague duty
Statement showing the — admissible to
plague inspectors
Subsistence allowance to inoculated persons.
APPEAL —
Right of — of the plague staff against
punishments inflicted on them
B
BARIUM CARBONATE
BUDGET —
Estimates of plague expenditure
Transfer of funds
. .
BUILDINGS —
Acquisition of — for plague purposes
Destruction of sheds
C
CANTONMENTS —
Responsibility for carrying out plague
measures in —
. .
. .
CARBONATE —
BARIUM —
CHARGES —
Classification of plague — . .
. .
. .
Distribution of plague —
. .
Power of Collector to incur expenditure on
plague
..
..
..
..
.
Obitre, Dr. —
CIRCLES —
Plague Inspeotors' — . .
. .
. .
. ,
CLOTHES —
Sun-disinfection of clothing
C OMMUNICATION —
Communication of information regarding
plague cases in a district, to adjoining
districts in this Presidency
Inter-communication of plague news in
this Presidency and in the adjoining
territories
COMPENSATION
Award of — for loss of property
CONTRIBUTION —
Government — to private plague hospitals. .
CORRESPONDENCE —
Paee. o
1
1
4—5
12
37
37—38
6
11
21
13
13
3
3
4—5
21
13—14
11—12
12
21
9
4, 6, 21
10—11
11
4, 12
7—8
14
Regula-
tion.
••
••
5
6
• •
..
, ,
. ,
..
..
10
, .
..
12
..
Standing
Order.
1
23- 24
Appx, D
Appx. E
5
19
Appx. A
25
26
..
••
1
Appx. A
28
20
21
Appx. A
10
3, Appx. A
15
15
21
7
29—30
ii
INDEX
D
DEFINITION —
Definition of certain terccs occurring in the
Regulations . .
. .
. .
. .
DELEGATION —
Power delegated to Local Government under
the Epidemic Diseases Act
DISINFECTION —
Sun — of clothing
. .
. .
Sun — of grain. . .
. .
. .
. .
E
EPIDEMIC —
— Diseases Act . ,
. .
. .
. .
Power delegated to Local Government under
the — Diseases Act . .
. .
. .
ESTABLISHMENTS —
Administrative staff and control of plague
measures
Collector's power to punish Government
medical subordinates on plague duty
Duty of plague inspectors and local officers , .
Employment of plague — . .
. .
Half-yearly lists of plague —
. .
. .
Plague — that are entitled to and bound to
give one month's notice
. .
. .
Power of Collectors to punish plague — . ,
Power of plague officer to punish plague — .
Retention of plague —
. .
ESTIMATES —
EVACUATION —
Instructions on —
. .
. .
. .
. ,
— of infected areas
F
FUNDS —
Transfer of funds
. .
, .
G
GOVERNMENT MEDICAL SUBORDINATES ON PLAGUE
DUTY-
Collector's power to punish —
Grant of casual or privilege leave to —
GRAIN —
Inspection and sun- disinfection of — in
Inspection of places used for storage of — .
Quarantine of —
Rat free — godowns
GRANTS—
Government — towards the construction and
maintenance of private plague hospitals
H
HOSPITALS—
Government contribution
towards the
construction and maintenance of priva
plague —
Removal of plague patients to —
Sale-proceeds of private plague —
Supervision of private plague —
Cost of plague ..
H OUSE-HOLDERS —
Duty of — to report plague casen
Page
2
1
4,6,21
3,4, 5, 19
1
1
4—5
11
9
9
12
4
11
11
12
13
7,23
3
13
13
E
11
11
3, 4, 5, 19
. 3, 5
4,6
5, 18—20
3 5, 6,
19—20
7—8
te
7—8
7—8
7—8
7-8
7—8, 11—1
4,8
Regula-
tion.
1
. .
10
8, 10
. ,
, .
. .
. .
. .
. .
11
• •
4
. .
. .
• •
8 , 10
7
10
7, 8
1 )
••
, .
-
2
9
Standing
Order.
, .
. .
3, Appx. A
3, Appx. A
, ,
1
16
11
10
22
, .
16. 18 and 19
18
22
25
6, Appx. A
. .
26
27
16
17
3 .Appx. A
2
3
2, Appx. A
2, 3, Appx. A
7
7
7
7
7
7, 20
8
INDEX
iii
I
INCAPACITATED PERSONS —
Allowances to —
, .
INFECTED AREAS —
Definition of —
. .
Evacuation of —
Notification of areas to be infected with
plague
INOCULATION —
Instructions on — - . .
. .
. .
Subsistence allowance to inoculated persons.
INSPECTION —
Infection of grain and the places used for
its storage
. .
K
KUNHARDT —
Major, J. C. G. —
L
LANDS —
Acquisition of — for plague purpose
LEAVE —
Casual or privilege — to Government medi-
cal subordinates on plague duty . .
. .
LOCAL AUTHORITY —
Definition of —
. .
. .
. .
. .
Duty of —
M
MARKETS —
Closure of —
MEASURES —
General control of plague —
General preventive —
. .
. .
. .
Measures to be taken by local officers on the
occurrence of a case of plague
Measures to bo taken by plague inspectors . .
MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS—
Duty of — to report plague cases
MILITÄRY —
Persons of all ranks in the — service should
obey the Plague Regulations
, .
N
NOTIFICATION —
— of infected areas . ,
NORMAN
WHITE
Major — 's Memorandum on plague mea-
O
OFFICERS —
Definition of plague officer , .
. .
. .
Grant of allowances to — on plague duty . .
OFFICERS — HALF-YEARLY LIST OF —
Officers on plague duty . : .
. .
. .
2
Page.
5
2
3,7
2, 10
6, 23
6
3, 4, 5, 19
21
3
11
2
8,9
2, 3
4-5
6-7, 8-9, 15-2
8-9
9
4,8
4
2,10
15—23
2
12, 13, 37
12,36
Regula-
tion.
l(a)
4
2
. .
..
7, 8, 10
5
• •
l(b)
3
¡3
. .
..
9
12 (2)
2
.
1 (c)
..
Standing
Order.
5
6
13
5, Appx. A
5
2, 3, Appx. A
Appx. A
..
17
..
8, 9
• •
1
2—6, S-9
Appx. A
8,9
11
8
••
13
Appx. A
, .
23—24
Appendices D
and E
22 Apps. C
iv
INDEX
P
PATIENTS —
Remo ral of plague — to hospitals
PLAGUE—
Theory in regard to the outbreak and spread
of plague and preventive measures
. .
PLAGUE CASES —
Advantages of early discovery of plague
cases . .
.
. .
. .
. .
. .
Communication of plague news
. .
. . 8,
Duty of all householders and rnedica1
practitioners to report —
PLAQUE INSPECTORS —
Appointment of — . .
Allowances to —
Duties of — , ,
.
. .
. .
. .
Punishment of —
. ,
. .
.
. .
POLICE—
Employment of — for plague duty
Extraordinary pension to — on plague duty.
PLAGUE CIRCLES —
Establishment to he employed in —
Formation and size of —
PKOPERTT—
Custody of the — of evicted persons
. .
Payment for damage or loss of —
. .
PUBLIC—
Duty of householders and medical practi-
tioners to report plague cases
Duty of the public to report deaths among rats.
PUNISHMENT —
Power of Collectors to punish Government
medical subordinates on plague duty
Power of Collectors to punish plague
establishments
Power of plague officers to punish plague
establishments
Q
Quarantine of travellers
. .
. .
. .
B
RAILWAY —
Inspection of grain carried by rail
Inspection of — goods sheds . .
RATS —
Elimination and destruction, of rats , .
. .5,
Rat-fleas
. .
. .
. .
. .
Traps
Report regarding unusual mortality among
RECORDS —
Destruction of plague —
. .
. .
. .
REPORTS AND RETURNS —
Communication of plague news
. .
. . 8,
Detailed report of plague oases to be sent
to the Collector by the plague inspector . .
Form of plague report from subordinate
officers to Collectors
. .
. .
, ,
Half-yearly lists of plague establishments . .
Obligation to report rat deaths
Page.
7
15-23
8
9,10,11
4,8
9
13,37
9
11
7
12
9
9
7
4, 12
4,8
4,8
11
11
11
4, 5-6
3
3
6, 15—23
5, 15—21
21—23
4. 8
14
9,10, 11
9
35
36
4,11
Regula-
tion.
. ,
.
..
9
..
;;
. .
, .
12
9
9
..
••
10
8
7
. .
, ,
9
..
..8,
, .
. .
..
9
Standing
Order.
7
Appx. A
8
8, 9, 12, 13, 15
8
10
24 & Appx. E
11
18, 19
6
23
10
10
6
21
8
8
16
18, 19
18
3
, ,
. .
2, 4 , Appx. A
3, Appx. A
Appx. A
g
30
9, 12, 13,14,15
11
Appx. B
Appx. C
8
INDEX
V
,
REPORTS AND RETURNS — cont.
Plague estimates
Report of plague cases to be sent by Collec-
tors to Government and the Sanitary
Commissioner
Report regarding cases of fever or plague
or suspicious sudden illness
Report to be sent by the Collector to the
Sanitary Commissioner on the occurrence
of the first case of plague . .
Monthly report on plague — . .
— by local authorities
S
SEGREGATION—
Of plague patients
SHEDS —
Destruction, of —
STAFF —
Administrative
T
TRAPS
TRAVELLERS —
Quarantine of —
Page.
13
9,10
4, 8
9
10
8,9
7
3
4,6
22—23
4, 5—6
Regula-
tion.
, .
9
••
6
••
10
Standing
Order.
25
12, 13
8
12
14
8,9
r
..
i
Appx. A
3
ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
BENGAL VETERINARY COLLEGE,
AND OF THE
CIVIL VETERINARY DEPARTMENT, BENGAL,
FOR
THE YEAR 1900-1901.
CALCUTTA:
PRINTED AT THE BENGAL SECRETARIAT PRESS.
1901.
[Price—Indian, 8 annas; English, 9d.]
ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
BENGAL VETERINARY COLLEGE
AND OF THE
CIVIL VETERINARY DEPARTMENT, BENGAL,
FOR, THE YEAR 1900-1901.
Calcutta:
PRINTED AT THE BENGAL SECRETARIAT PRESS.
1901.
Published at the BENGAL SECRETARIAT BOOK DEPOT,
Writers' Buildings, Calcutta.
OFFICIAL
AGENTS.
In India—
THACKER, SPINK & Co., Calcutta.
W. NEWMAN & Co., Calcutta.
THACKER & Co., Bombay.
HIGGINBOTHAM & Co., Madras.
SUPERINTENDENT, AMERICAN BAPTIST MISSION PRESS. Rangoon.
E. SEYMOUR HALE, 53 Esplanade Road, Fort Bombay.
RAI SAHIB M. GULAB SINGH & SONS, Proprietors of the Mufid-i-am Press,
Lahore, Punjab.
In England—
E. A. ARNOLD, 37 Bedford Street, Strand, W.C., London.
CONSTABLE & Co., 2 Whitehall Gardens, S.W.. London
SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON & Co., St. Dunstan's House. Fetter Lane, E.G.,
London.
P. S. KING & SON, 2 & 4 Great Smith Street, Westminster, London.
LUZAC & Co., 46 Great Russell Street. W.C.. London.
KEGAN PAUL, TEENCH, TRÜBNER &CO.. Charing Cross Road. W.C.. London
B. QUARITCH, 15 Piccadilly, W , London.
WILLIAMS & NORGATE, Oxford.
DEIGHTON BELL & Co., Cambridge.
On the Continent—
FRIEDLÄNDER & SOHN, 11 Carlstrasse, Berlin
OTTO HARRASSOWITZ, Leipzig
KARL W. HIERSEMANN. Leipzig.
ERNEST LEROUX. 28 Rue Bonaparte, Paris.
MARTINUS NIJHOFF, The Hague.