NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
EXPERIMENTS ON THE TRANSMISSION OF RINDERPEST
223
TABLE II
Number of infective bites inflicted by flies of the second batch (fed singly)
Date
Number of bites
May
18
16
19
17
20
82
21
56
22
31
23
25
Total number of bites . . . . . . . .
Total number of days over which the bites were spread . .
227
6
TABLE III
Number of infective bites inflicted by flies of the third batch (fed on masse)
Date
Number of
bites
May
28
150
29
120
30
120
31
80
June
1
100
2
100
Total number of bites . . . . . . . .
Total number of days over which the bites were spread . .
670
6
As will be seen from the foregoing tables, the experimental bull received
approximately a total of 1,081 bites spread over a period of twenty-nine days, so
that it may be regarded as having been offered every chance of contracting the
infection through the intermediary of these flies. The animal, however, remained
normal during an observation period of about forty-five days, commencing
from the date on which it received its last bite. At the end of this period, it was
inoculated with 5 c.c. of virulent rinderpest blood, and as a result it died after
developing typical symptoms of the disease.
224 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VII, III
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
1. Stomaxys calcitrans has been found incapable of transmitting rinderpest
under experimental conditions.
2. A method is described for feeding a large number of flies singly, by the
" interrupted " method, within a short period of time.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We are deeply grateful to Mr. F. Ware, C. I. E., F. R. C. V. S., F. N. I., I. V. S.,
Director of the Imperial Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, for granting
facilities in the prosecution of the investigation. The junior author is indebted
to the Civil Veterinary Department, Punjab, for the grant of a research scholarship,
during the tenure of which this work was carried out.
REFERENCES
Bhatia, H. L. (1935).
Crawford, W. (1933).
Hornby, H.E. (1926).
Sen, S. K. (1926).
The Role of Tabanus orientis Wlk. and Stomoxys calcitrans
Linn. in the Mechanical Transmission of Rinderpest. Ind.
J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb. 5, 2-22.
Rinderpest—Transmission of Infection by Contact. Ind.
J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb. 3, 399-401.
Studies in Rinderpest Immunity : (2) Methods of Infection.
Vet. J. 82, 348-355.
Experiments on the Transmission of Rinderpest by means
of Insects. Mem. Dept. Agric. Ind., Ent. Ser. 9, 59-185
SOME DIGESTIBILITY TRIALS ON INDIAN FEEDING
STUFFS
XI. COTTON-SEED CAKE AS A CATTLE FEED
BY
P. E. LANDER, M.A., D. Sc., F.I.C., I.A.S.
Agricultural Chemist to Government, Punjab, Lyallpur
AND
PANDIT LAL CHAND DHARMANI, L.AG., B.Sc. (AGRI.)
Agricultural College, Lyallpur
(Received for publication on 27th April, 1937)
IN earlier publications [Lander and Dharmani, 1929, 1935] of this series, an
account was given of the feeding values of certain American and Desi cotton-
seeds as determined by digestibility trials at Lyallpur using oat hay as a basal
ration. One of the objects of those investigations was to ascertain how far the
prevailing prejudice against American cotton-seed as a feeding material on
account of the adhering lint held good. It was shown that this prejudice could
not be substantiated. It was also suggested [Lander and Dharmani, 1929]
that an oil-content as high as that found in cotton-seed, viz., about 20 per cent
was unnecessary for cattle, and that perhaps a greater utilization of the feed could
be made if cotton-seed cake instead of cotton-seed were fed. No trials at that
time could, however, be conducted with cake as it was not then possible to obtain
cotton-seed cake in the Punjab. With the expansion of the soap industry in the
Province a great demand for cotton-seed oil has arisen and a local mill has recently
produced cotton-seed cake from 4 F American cotton seeds which are compara-
tively less fuzzy than other American varieties. The cake is produced by press-
ing the whole seed, without delinting or decorticating, in the expellers, from
which the cake issues in fine flakes which resemble toria (Brassica napus) cake
in appearance. This cotton-seed cake has been used to a large extent by the
Military Dairy Department, but has not yet been taken up by farmers although
it is selling in Lyallpur at the cheap rate of from ten to fourteen annas a maund.
( 225 )
226 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VII, III
The value of cotton-seed cake as a cattle feed is well recognised in Europe
and America, but no definite data based on controlled feeding trials regarding
the feeding value of cotton-seed cake manufactured in the province are available
except some preliminary observations made by S. Kartar Singh in 1915.
In order to investigate the feeding value of this new concentrate, digestibility
trials were carried out at Lyallpur on three Montgomery breed heifers with oat
hay (a maintenance ration) as basal ration fed ad lib. The technique followed
during the experiments was the same as already published [Lander and
Dharmani, 1929].
Cotton-seed cake was fed once a day separately after being soaked in water
for about two hours prior to feeding. Two heifers were given 2.5 lb. of cotton-
seed cake each per day while the third was fed 2.0 lb. only. The slight variations
in the quantity of cottons-eed cake fed were made in order to see whether such
variations would have any effect on the digestibility figures obtained. There
was no appreciable difference to record. No untoward effects whatsoever were
noticed in the general health of the experimental animals over long periods.
Table I shows the chemical composition of the cotton-seed cake, and for com-
parison, corresponding data for Sarson (Brassica campestris) and toria cakes,
which are commonly used in the Punjab, are also shown.
It will be seen that cotton-seed cake contains a lower percentage of fat and
protein than the other cakes and a larger amount of crude fibre.
The digestibility data for various cakes given in Table I show that the digesti-
bility coefficients for dry matter, fat and fibre are higher in cotton-seed cake
than in the others.
A perusal of the data set forth in Table II showing starch equivalents,
digestible protein, albuminoid ratio and price per unit, reveals that cotton-seed
cake is slightly lower in starch equivalents than other cakes, and is markedly
lower in digestible protein. It is, however, the cheapest of all the cakes from the
point of view of starch equivalents and digestible protein and it would pay to
buy and feed cotton-seed cake, assuming that the proteins in various cakes are
of equal biological efficiency. Even if the. price of the cotton-seed cake rises to
Rs. 1-10-6 per maund it would still be an economical feed to employ.
DIGESTIBILITY TRIALS ON INDIAN FEEDING STUFFS
227
TABLE I
—
Cotton-seed cake
.
.
.
.
Sarson cake
.
.
.
.
.
Toria cake
.
.
.
.
.
Chemical composition per cent on feed as such
1
Moisture
7.48
8.74
5.31
Dry
matter
92.52
91.26
94.69
Ash
6.01
9.12
7.14
Fat
8.47
10.10
11.83
Fibre
22.31
9.17
10.61
Protein
21.13
32.94
32.00
Nitrogen
free
extract
34.60
29.93
33.11
Chemical composition per cent on oven
dried feed
2
Ash
6.50
9.99
7.54
Fat
9.15
11.11
12.49
Fibre
24.11
10.05
11.20
Protein
22.84
36.09
33.79
Nitrogen
free
extract
37.40
32.76
34.98
TABLE I—contd.
—
Cotton-seed cake
.
.
.
.
Sarson cake
.
.
.
.
.
Toria cake
.
.
.
.
.
Digestibility coefficients
3
Dry
matter
72.81
70.12
70.39
Ash
68.78
...
...
Fat
98.01
93.08
90.84
Fibre
73.66
43.62
38.09
Protein
85.03
85.00
84.37
Nitrogen
free
extract
59.36
73.50
60.74
Digestible nutrients per 100 lb. of the feed
4
Dry
matter
67.36
64.00
66.65
Ash
4.13
...
...
Fat
8.30
9.40
10.75
Fibre
16.43
4.00
4.04
Protein
17.97
28.00
27.00
Nitrogen
free
extract
20.53
22.00
20.11
228
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VII,
III
TABLE II
Name of the feed
Cotton-seed cake
.
.
.
.
.
Sarson cake
.
.
.
.
.
.
Toria cake . . . . . .
Starch equivalents
60.56
69.35
69.52
Digestible protein
per 100 lbs. of
the feed
17.97
28.60
27.00
Albuminoid ratio 1:
3.1
1.7
1.8
Price per starch
equivalent based on
current prices
at Lyallpur
in pies
2.0
7.1
7.1
Price per pound of
digestible protein
based on current
prices at Lyallpur
in pies
6.7
17.6
18.2
DIGESTIBILITY TRIALS ON INDIAN FEEDING STUFFS
229
TABLE III
—
Cotton-seed cake
.
.
.
.
4 F. American cotton-seed . .
Chemical composition per cent on feed as such
1
Moisture
7.43
6.71
Dry
matter
92.52
93.29
Ash
6.01
4.63
Fat
8.47
20.73
Fibre
22.31
20.96
Protein
21.13
17.50
Nitrogen
free
extract
34.60
29.47
Chemical composition per cent on oven
dried feed
2
Ash
6.50
4.96
Fat
9.15
22.23
Fibre
24.11
22.47
Protein
22.84
18.76
Nitrogen
free
extract
37.40
31.58
TABLE III—contd.
—
Cotton-seed cake
4 F. American
cotton-seed
Digestibility coefficients
3
Dry
matter
72.81
52.04
Ash
68.78
...
Fat
98.01
87.90
Fibre
73.66
38.10
Protein
85.03
60.37
Nitro-
gen
free
extract
59.36
30.11
Digestible nutrients per 100 lbs. of the feed
4
Dry
matter
67.36
48.54
Ash
4.13
...
Fat
8.30
18.23
Fibre
16.43
7.99
Protein
17.97
10.57
Nitro-
gen
free
extract
20.53
9.03
(On feed as such)
5
Starch
equi-
valent
60.56
62.85
Protein
per
100 lbs.
17.97
10.57
Albu-
minoid
ratio 1:
3.1
5.5
TABLE III—concld.
—
Cotton-set d cake . . .
4 F. American cotton-seed . .
Digestible nutrients per 100 lb. of oven dried feed
6
Dry matter
72.80
52.03
Ash
4.46
...
Fat
8.97
19.54
Fibre
17.76
8.57
Protein
19.42
11.33
Nitrogen
free
extract
22.19
9.68
(On oven dried feed)
7
Starch
equi-
valents
65.46
67.37
Protein
per
100 lbs.
19.4
11.4
Albuminoid
ratio
1:
3.1
5.5
230 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VII, III
In Table III, the values of cotton-seed have been compared with those of
cotton-seed cake. The figures for digestible coefficients, starch equivalents and
digestible protein show that the nutrients in the form of cake have been
better utilized by the animals than in the form of seed.
TABLE IV
Name of the feed
Sarson seed (crushed) . . .
4 F. cotton-seed
.
.
.
.
Toria cake
.
.
.
.
.
Sarson cake
.
.
.
.
.
Cotton-seed cake
.
.
.
.
Fat
percentage
35.22
20.73
11.83
10.10
8.47
Digestibility
coefficients
of fat
82.33
87.90
90.84
93.08
98.01
Digestibility
coefficients
of fibre
Negative
38.10
38.09
43.62
73.66
Table IV shows data which indicate that the digestibility of fat and fibre
in oil seeds and cakes is related in some degree to their fat content. While the
digestibility of fat increases rather steadily with the fall of the fat-content, the
digestibility of the fibre tends to increase irregularly. A fat-content about 8 per
cent seems to be the most desirable one from the point of view of maximum utility
of fat in oil-seeds and cakes.
Acknowledgment is made of the assistance given in this work by N. Akbar
Ali of the Chemical Section.
REFERENCES
Kartar Singh, S. (1915). Jour. of Dairying and Dairy Farming in India 2, 3.
Lander, P. E. and Dharmani, Lal Chand (1929). Mem. of the Dept. of Agri. in
India 10, 6.
Lander, P. E. and Dharmani, Lal Chand (1935). Ind. Jour. of Vet. Sci. & Anim.
Hus. 5, 6, 343-349.
A NOTE ON A VARIETY OF SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS
ISOLATED FROM PIGEONS
BY
J. F. SHIRLAW, M.R.C.V.S.
Serologist
AND
S. GANAPATHY IYER, G.M.V.C.
Veterinary Inspector, Imperial Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar
(Received for publication on 14th June, 1937)
(With Plate XV and two charts)
INTRODUCTION
OUTBREAKS of septicaemia in pigeons due to S. enteritidis Gaertner are of
rare occurrence judging by the few recorded cases in literature and the record-
ing of an outbreak of this disease in pigeons maintained for vaccine production
at this Institute is, therefore, of special interest. It may be mentioned that no
previous records exist, in India, to establish the incidence of salmonellosis in
pigeons and it is believed that this, if not the first outbreak, is, at least, the first
in which a detailed investigation has led to definite conclusions regarding the
etiology of pigeon septicaemia.
The pigeons which were the victims of the attack were normally used for the
production of fowl-pox vaccine. It was noted that, shortly after the virus ino-
culations, pigeons rapidly commenced to die, the symptoms noted being fever
and enteritis of an acute type. As the symptoms could not be ascribed to the
virus inoculations, a bacterio logical examination of the diseased birds was made.
A strain of S. enteritidis was readily isolated from the blood and organs of every
pigeon examined, and on further biochemical and serological tests was proved to
be S. enteritidis Gaertner. Significance attaches to the finding since pigeons are
a popular and easily obtainable article of diet in India and as the organism in
question is pathogenic for man, the potential danger of diseased or ' carrier '
birds is readily realised.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The organism described was isolated in all cases from the heart-blood of
pigeons after death, and four cultures were used for the experimental work.
The numbers 124, 125, 127 and 115 refer to the numbers of the pigeons from which
they were obtained. The cultures were subjected to a primary pathogenicity
test and purified after repeated plating. No difficulty was noted in obtaining
( 231 )
232 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VII, III
pure cultures to proceed with. The various anti-sera used for typing the Sal-
monella, under study, were prepared from rabbits and the antigens from authentic
stock strains.
TABLE I
Details of the cultures and anti-sera used for studying the agglutination reactions
No.
of
culture
124
125
127
115
S. 52
S. 53
S. 44
S. 51
S. 63
S. 65
S. 84
S. 85
S. 86
S. 87
S. 88
S. 97
Particulars regarding source
Pigeon inoculated with pox
virus on 15th Oct., 1936 and
died on 30th Oct., 1936.
Pigeon inoculated with pox
virus on 15th Oct., 1936 and
died on 25th Oct., 1936.
Pigeon inoculated with pox
virus on 15th Oct., 1936 and
died on 31st Oct., 1936.
Pigeon inoculated with live
culture isolated from Pigeon
No. 124 (above) on 31st Oct.,
1936 and died on 8th Nov..
1936.
Lister Institute . . .
Do.
.
.
.
Do.
.
.
.
Do.
.
.
.
Local
.
.
.
.
.
Local Spec. No. 537/32 Abor-
tion material brood mare.
Lister Institute . . .
Do.
.
.
.
Do.
.
.
.
Do.
.
.
.
Do.
.
.
.
Specific enteritidis in calves,
Spec. No. 564/34.
Anti-serum
prepared
from
None
Do.
Rabbit
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
None
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Rabbit
Remarks
No lesions of pox.
Do.
Pox lesions reproduced.
More pigeons inoculated along
with this, died and Sal-
monella recovered (Table
IV).
Fowl typhoid
(s. gallina-
rum).
S. pullorum.
S. enteritidis Gaertner.
Paracoli (enteritidis).
S. enteritidis from the Patho-
logy Department of this
Institute.
S. enteritidis.
S. enteritidis Limerick.
S. enteritidis var. Danzig.
S. enteritidis var. Dublin.
S. enteritidis var. Rostock
(Kauffmann).
S. enteritidis var. Moscow.
S. enteritidis
var. Dublin
(Indian strain).
Ind. Jour. Vety. Sci. & Anim. Husb., Vol. VII, Pt. III ]
PLATE XV.
FIG. 1 Twenty-four hour old agar culture of Salmonella from pigeons.
FIG. 2 Smear stained by Gram's method, 24-hour old agar culture
SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS ISOLATED FROM
PIGEONS
233
MORPHOLOGY AND STAINING CHARACTERISTICS
The organisms are indistinguishable from members of the Colon-typhoid
group. The rods measure from 1.5 to 2.0 microns in length and from 0.5 to
0.8 of a micron in breadth. From agar cultures singles and pairs are seen.
(Plate XV. Fig. 2.) Under dark ground illumination many pairs could be demons-
trated with pronounced motility. It is gram-negative.
CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
Growth is luxuriant under aerobic conditions in media with a pH of 7.4.
It propagates well at 37° C. in the incubator but at room temperature (14° C.)
growth is rather poor.
Agar.—Colonies on agar plate are circular with regular outline, moist and of
a greyish colour. The growth on agar slant is fairly heavy after eighteen hours
at 37° C., moist and greyish and easily removable by platinum loop. (Plate XV,
Fig. 1.)
Gelatin.—In stab cultures the growth occurs on the surface and along the
stab. There is no liquefaction.
Broth-—Broth is rendered uniformly turbid. In twenty-four hours culture
grown at 37° C, sedimentation and light grey pellicle formation are seen.
Litmus milk.—Acid is produced during the first twenty-four hours. No
clotting occurs.
Peptone solution.—Indol is not produced. Twenty-four to seventy-two
hours cultures grown at 37° C. were tested for the presence of indol by the addi-
tion of Ehrlich's reagent.
Nitrate solution.— This is reduced after eighteen hours growth at 37° C.
Acetyl-methyl-carbinol.—Not formed.
H 2 S.—The culture is subcultivated on liver infusion broth agar with a strip
of filter-paper, impregnated with lead acetate 10 per cent solution, at the mouth
of the tube. The production of H 2 S is marked after twenty-four hours incuba-
tion at 37° C., as evidenced by the blackening of the lead acetate paper.
234 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VII, III
RESISTANCE
As has been reported by various workers, members of the Salmonella group
are not very resistant to heat. Four 24-hours old cultures from different pigeons
were emulsified in normal saline solution, and the live bacterial emulsions thus
prepared were subjected to heat in a water-bath, maintained at 58° C. for
thirty minutes. At intervals of ten minutes, the heated material was sown on
plain agar slants and incubated for seventy-two hours. In all cases the cultures
were dead after thirty minutes' beating at 58° C.
TABLE II
Results of heating live-cultures at 58° C. in water-bath
Culture from pigeon
No.
115 . . . .
124 . . . .
125 . . . .
127 . . . .
Results of sowing heated cultures on agar slants
10 minutes
Alive . . .
Sterile . . .
Do. . .
Alive . . .
20 minutes
Sterile . . .
Do. . .
Do. . .
Alive . . .
30 minutes
Sterile.
Do.
Do.
Do.
FERMENTABLE MEDIA
As sugar fermentation tests afford a fairly accurate means of differentiating
the various species of organisms under the Salmonella genus, a number of carbo-
hydrates were tested. Andrades' indicator was incorporated in the media for the
detection of acidity. The tubes were incubated at 37° C. for ninety-six hours
and the final readings then recorded. In most cases acid and gas formation
were demonstrated after twenty-four hours except in xylose where fermentation
occurred only after forty-eight hours. The four cultures of pigeon Salmonella
as isolated from the heart-blood after death are detailed in Table III with the
fermentation reactions. The usual symbols of " A " for acid and " A. G." for
acid and gas are used.
SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS ISOLATED FROM PIGEONS
235
TABLE III
Showing fermentation reactions of Salmonella from pigeons
Name of medium
Dextrose . .
Lactose . . .
Sucrose . . .
Mannite . . .
Xylose . . .
Inosite . . .
Dextrin . . .
Raffinose . . .
Maltose . . .
Levulose . .
Dulcite . . .
Arabinose . .
Rhamnose . .
Sorbite . . .
Salicin . . .
Cultures from pigeon numbers
124
A. G. . .
Not attacked
Not attacked
A. G. . .
A. G. . .
Nat attacked
A. G. . .
Not attacked
A. G. . .
A. G. . .
A. G. . .
A. G. . .
A. G. . .
A. G. . .
Not attacked
125
A. G. . .
Not attacked
Not attacked
A. G. . .
A. G. . .
Not attacked
A. G. . .
Not attacked
A. G. . .
A. G. . .
A. G. . .
A. G. . .
A. G. . .
A. G. . .
Not attacked
127
A. G. . .
Not attacked
Not attacked
A. G. . .
A. G. . .
Not attacked
A. G. . .
Not attacked
A. G. . .
A. G. . .
A. G. . .
A. G. . .
A. G. . .
A. G. . .
Not attacked
115
A. G.
Not attacked.
Not attacked.
A. G.
A. G.
Not attacked.
A. G.
Not attacked.
A. G.
A. G.
A. G.
A. G.
A. G.
A. G.
Not attacked.
According to Bergey and other standard books on " Determinative Bacterio-
logy ", the cultures from the four different pigeons are identical, and may be classi-
fied as S. enteritidis.
As the creation of a new species under a particular genus would add con-
fusion to the existing nomenclature, care was taken to type the species, under
study, with already known members after a careful study of the cultural and
biochemical characteristics of the organism. It seems reasonable to assume the
pigeon strain to be one of S. enteritidis Gaertner.
PATHOGENICITY
As stated in Table I, pigeon No. 115 was injected with the organism isolated
from pigeon No. 124 and after death, the same organism was recovered. Pigeons
were inoculated subcutaneously with the culture as well as with organ emulsion
L
236 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VII, III
from dead pigeons, with fatal results, in many cases attended with a rise in tem-
perature and persisting diarrhoea. (Table IV). A dose of 1 c.c. of a saline
emulsion of agar surface growth twenty-four hours old, containing about 300
millions bacteria per c.c. was injected while testing the pathogenicity and death
occurred invariably after a week. A rabbit, when intravenously injected, died
after forty-eight hours, and marked fever and diarrhoea were seen.
CHART NO 1.
Temperature chart of Pigeon No. 146 injected with live-culture of Salmonella isolated from
Pigeon No. 115.
SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS ISOLATED FROM PIGEONS
237
CHART NO. 2.
Temperature chart of Rabbit No. 103 injected intravenously with the Salmonella from
Pigeon No. 115.
238 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VII, III
TABLE IV
No.
of
pigeon
inocula-
ted
113
114
115
116
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
Date of inoculation
30th October, 1936
Do. .
31st Octobor, 1936 .
Do. .
27th November, 1936
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Material inoculated
Organ emulsion from
pigeon No. 124.
Do. .
Culture from pigeon
No. 124 (Sal-
monella).
Do. .
Culture from pigeon
Do. .
Culture from pigeon
No. 124 (Sal-
monella).
Do. .
Culture from pigeon
No. 125 (Sal-
monella).
Do. .
Culture from pigeon
No. 127.
Do. .
Route
of
injection
Subcut.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Result
Died on 13th Novem-
ber, 1936.
Survived.
Died on 8th Novem-
ber, 1936.
Died on 13th Novem-
ber, 1936.
Died on 3rd December,
1936.
Died on 1st December,
1936.
Died on 2nd December,
1936.
Died on 5th December,
1936.
Died on 4th December,
1936.
Died on 15th Decem-
ber, 1936.
Survived.
Died on 5th December,
1936.
Remarks
Salmonella recovered.
—
Salmonella recovered.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
—
Salmonella recovered.
Rabbits were immunised for the production of anti-sera. Immune sera for
two strains of Salmonella, S. pullorum, S. gallinarum, S. enteritidis Gaertner
(S. 44) and S. enteritidis var. Dublin (S. 97) from specific enteritis in calves
(Table I), were available for studying the serological reactions by agglutination
tests.
While conducting agglutination tests, care was taken to eliminate spontaneous
clumping of the antigen by the proper standardisation of the antigen and the
employment of antigen plus saline control tubes. In all tests there was no diffi-
culty in securing a stable antigen. The results were read after incubation at
37°C. for twenty-four hours. At first the homologous titres of the anti-sera were
determined. Later, cross tests were made to study the immunological identity.
When interpreting the results of agglutination reaction the degree of antigen
antibody union was noted and recorded by the use of symbols, C, P, and T which