NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
APPENDIX
INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE IMPERIAL
COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH*
1. All manuscripts should be clean, clear and carefully revised. Only one side
of the paper should be used, and as far as practicable the original type-written
copy and not a carbon copy should be sent. Capitals should be sparingly used,
and all the necessary punctuation should be done in the MS. and not left for
introduction in proofs.
2. The title of a paper should not be lengthy.
3. It is desirable that the MS. should have suitable heads and sub-heads. In
numbering the principal divisions of a paper roman numerals should be used. The
use of arabic figures and (a), (b), (c), etc., is generally reserved for numbering the
sub-divisions coming under each head.
4. Articles submitted for publication either in the Indian Journal of Agricul-
tural Science or in the Indian Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Hus¬
bandary should be accompanied by abstracts for publication in Agriculture and
Live-stock in India. Abstracts should be concise, but should be long enough to
explain the matter dealt with ; ordinarily no abstract should exceed 200 words.
5. When a word or line is intended to be printed in italics it should be under-
lined with a single line, in SM. CAP. with two lines, in CAPITALS with three lines,
and when in Antique (heavy type) with a wavy line (~~~~~~~~~).
6. In descriptive matter, numbers under 100 and all numbers occurring at the
beginning of a sentence should be in words.
7. Local names for crops, technical operations, etc., should be defined where
they first occur in the text, e.g., rabi (spring crop). The use of local weights and
measures should be avoided as far as possible. Vernacular names, such as jowar,
bajri, should be in italics without a capital letter, and each such name where it first
occurs should be followed by its scientific equivalent in brackets, e.g., jowar
(Andropogon Sorghum). It is usual to write the initial letters of varietal names in
capitals, e.g., Striped Mauritius, Dharwar-American cotton and Broach cotton.
*Spare copies of these Instructions can be had on application to the Secretary, Imperial
Council of Agricultural Research (Publication Section), New Delhi.
( 71 )
72 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [VII, I
8. Botanical and zoological names are printed in italics and should be under-
lined in the MS., e.g., Triticum vulgare L.; Diplodia Corchori Syd.; Pyrilla
aberrans Kirby. The International rules of Botanical Nomenclature and the Inter-
national rules of Zoological Nomenclature should be followed. The names of
chemical substances should not be written with a capital letter ; they are printed in
roman type (e.g., calcium carbonate, prussic acid).
9. The following and similar abbreviations may be used freely :—viz., e.g., i.e.,
mm. (millimetre), cm. (centimetre), grm. (gramme), mg. (milligramme) c. c. (cubic
centimetre), sp. gr. (specific gravity), lb. (pound), cwt. (hundredweight), in.
(inch), ft. (foot), oz. (ounce), md. (maund), sr. (seer). ch. (chhattak). Other abbre-
viations should be used sparingly, if at all.
10. References to plates should be given within brackets, without prefixing the
word " see " or " cf. ", in the MS. itself, and should not be left over for introduction
in proofs. For example, " The parasite (Pl. X, fig. 4) was present late in 1906 ".
11. The word " Table " is preferable to " Statement ", and tables should be
numbered consecutively in roman figures. Each table should have an explana-
tion as a sub-head. It is more convenient for reference if tables can be printed hori-
zontally ; for this purpose they should not exceed in width the printing measure
of the page (5"). Example—
TABLE IV
Results of water-saving experiments on wheat (Pusa 12) at Gungapur, Haripur and
Sargodha, 1916-17
Station
Gungapur . . . .
Haripur . . . .
Sargodha . . . .
No. of
irrigations in-
cluding the
preliminary
watering
One
„
„
Yield per acre in
maunds and seers
Grain
Mds.
12
8
8
Srs.
19½
31
12½
Straw
Mds.
20
19
25
Srs.
10
14
27½
Averge yield per acre
Grain
Mds.
9
Srs.
34
Straw
Mds.
21
Srs.
17
12. References to literature, arranged alphabetically according to authors'
names, should be placed at the end of the article, the various references to each
author being arranged chronologically. Each reference should contain the name of
the author (with initials), the year of publication, the abbreviated title of the publi-
cation, volume and page. In the text the reference should be indicated by the
APPENDIX.
73
author's name followed by the year of publication enclosed in brackets; when the
author's name occurs in the text, the year of publication only need be given in
brackets. If reference is made to several articles published by one author in single
year, these should be numbered in sequence and the number quoted after the year
both in the text and in the collected references. This system of referencing is
used in the Biochemical Journal with slight modification, and will be clear from
the following illustration :—
The work of Osborne and Mendel [1919, 1, 2] and Steenbock and Boutwell [1919] had
indicated an association of the fat-soluble vitamin with the green parts of plants. This view
was examined by Coward and Drummond [1921], who reported that vitamin A was not
synthesised by etiolated shoots but that green leaves were active in its formation. Another
worker [Wilson 1922], on the other hand, found that etiolated shoots if given in sufficient
quantity could supply the fat-soluble vitamin and that this factor was therefore formed in
the absence of light.
REFERENCES.
Coward K. H. and Drummond J. C. (1921). Biochem. J. 15, 530
Osborne T. B. and Mendel L. B. (1919, 1). J. Biol. Chem. 37, 187.
—(1919,
2). J. Biol. Chem. 41, 549.
Steenbock H. and Boutwell R. (1919). J. Biol. Chem. 41, 149.
Wilson J. (1922). J. Biol. Chem. 51, 455.
Abbreviations, as far as possible should follow the system adopted in " A
World List of Scientific Periodicals " published by the Oxford University Press.
13. Papers should be complete when submitted for publication. As altera
tions and additions at the proof stage cause both additional expense and delay,
they should be resorted to as little as possible. In making corrections in proofs
the recognised symbols which will be found in the " Standard Dictionary " should
be used. Second (page) proofs will be submitted to authors who should return
them promptly.
ILLUSTRATIONS
14. As the format of the journals has been standardized, the size adopted
being crown quarto (about 7⅛"×9⅝" cut), no text figure, when printed, should
exceed 4½ × 5 inches. Figures for plates should be so planned as to fill a crown
quarto plate—the maximum space available for figures being 5¾×8 inches exclu
sive of that for letterpress printing.
15. Photos or drawings for illustration should accompany the manuscript and
each should bear on the reverse side the name of the paper to which it relates
together with the title or legend, figure or plate number, and the size to be repro
duced. When giving instructions for reduction linear measurements are under
stood ; thus" half-size " means reduce to half the length and breadth, not half the
area. A photograph should not be rolled up, nor pinned, and should always be
packed flat. A complete list of plates and figures should always accompany
the paper.
74
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [VII, I
16. Line drawings should be made with clear black lines on smooth white
paper, preferably Bristol board. Rough paper should be avoided. Care should
be taken that all the lines are drawn firmly ; scratchy or grey lines, produced by the
ink being thinned down, are not permissible. Drawings should be larger than the
required size. All lettering should be neatly and clearly put in, care being taken to
make all lettering sufficiently large to stand reduction.
17. For half-tone work copy should be made on glossy silver paper and of the
same size or larger than the size required.
18. For three-colour work, copy may be oil painting, water-colour, coloured
photograph or coloured transparency, and larger than the size required. In pre-
paring copy, one should use only the primary colours, in any combination, as only
inks of primary colours are used in printing. Originals can be enlarged, if neces-
sary, but this should be avoided if possible.
19. For detailed instructions regarding preparation of illustrations, it would be
of advantage to refer to Mr. C. M. Hutchinson's article on " Photographic Illustra-
tions" in the Agricultural Journal of India, Vol. XI, Pt. 3, July 1916, and Mr. A. W.
Slater's paper on " The Preparation and Reproduction of Scientific Illustrations"
in the Proceedings of the Third Entomological Meeting 1919, which has been
reprinted as Bulletin No. 114 of the Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE IMPERIAL COUNCIL
OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, INDIA.
1. Agriculture and Live-stock in India
A bi-monthly Journal of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry for the general reader
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Rs. 6 or 9s. 9d. per annum inclusive of Indian postage. Price per part Rs. 2 or 3s. 6d.
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2. The Indian Journal of Agricultural Science
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(Established 1931. Published in February, April, June, August, October and December.
Prepayable subscription Rs. 15 or 24s. per annum inclusive of Indian postage. Price per
part Rs. 3 or 5s. 3d. inclusive of Indian postage.) Volumes I to VI complete are avail-
able.
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A quarterly Journal for the publication of scientific matter relating to the health,
nutrition and breeding of live-stock. (Established 1931. Published in March June,
September and December. Prepayable subscription Rs. 6 or 9s. 9d. inclusive of Indian
postage. Price per part Rs. 2 or 3s. 6d. inclusive of Indian postage.) Volumes I to VI
complete are available.
4. Scientific Monographs of the Imperial Council of Agricultural Research
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Life-histories of Indian Microlepidoptera, Second series
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Helminth Parasites of the Domesticated Animals in India,
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Influence of Manures on the Wilt Disease of Cajanus indicus
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(75)
76 PUBLICATIONS OF THE IMPERIAL COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, INDIA
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The Silk Industry of Japan with Notes on Observations in the
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Press.)
5. Miscellaneous Bulletins of the Imperial Council of Agricultural Research
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Selected Clinical Articles, by G. K. Sharma, G. P. V. C. and
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PUBLICATIONS OF THE IMPERIAL COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, INDIA
77
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7. Agriculture and Animal Husbandry in India (called Review of Agricultural
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—33
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ORIGINAL ARTICLES
GENETIC PRINCIPLES AND THE PROBLEM OF CROSS¬
BREEDING FOR MILK YIELD IN INDIAN CATTLE
BY
J. B. HUTCHINSON
Institute of Plant Industry, Indore, C. I.
AND
N. R. JOSHI
Allahabad Agricultural Institute, Allahabad, U. P.
(Received for publication on 21st August 1936)
INTRODUCTION
NUMEROUS attempts have been made in India to combine the milk yield of
Western dairy cattle with the hardiness and suitability to local conditions of
Indian breeds. It is not proposed in this note to attempt any form of summary
of the results of these efforts, but rather to put forward for the consideration of
Indian stock-breeders certain genetic principles which appear to bear on the
problem,
THE AIM
Indian cattle have been subjected to countless generations of rigorous natural
selection for ability to withstand singularly hard conditions, and no one would
dispute the view that for hardiness, vigour, size, conformation, and suitability
for draft purposes, the desired type can best be obtained by selection within the
indigenous breeds. The principal character of value under Indian conditions
in which Western breeds excel the indigenous cattle is milk yield.
Two practices, besides straight selection, are in vogue at present among breed-
ers who are attempting to improve Indian milking cattle. The first, and much
the commoner, is to grade up a herd of indigenous cows by repeated breeding
back to Western bulls. This is the predominating policy of the military dairy
farms. The second is the one which the experiment reported by Littlewood
[1933] was designed to test, namely the inter-breeding of cross-bred cattle in an
attempt to establish a new intermediate strain. Littlewood [1933] also reports
( 79 )
B
80
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VII, II
on the performance of a few animals obtained by breeding the cross-breds back
to the Indian breed. This constitutes a third method. The inter-breeding method
appears to have been entirely abandoned in India and we are not aware of any
sustained attempt having been made to grade up by breeding back to indigenous
cattle, though this is the method advocated by Littlewood [1933] as a result of
his experience.
An examination of the three breeding practices enumerated above shows
that two of them are designed to incorporate in the intended new Indian milking
breed more of the Western character than is wanted. Continued grading to
Western bulls will result in a strain carrying only such Indian characteristics
as are maintained by selection, either natural or human. Inter-breeding will also
result in the incorporation of many unwanted Western characters, unless selec-
tion is practised of an intensity which the slow-breeding habits of the cow renders
a practical impossibility. There remains the method of breeding back to the
indigenous type. This method will result in a progressive approach to the in-
digenous type in all attributes on which selection for the Western character is not
practised. Selection need only be practised for characters influencing milk yield,
and the object of the experiment becomes simply that of breeding an almost purely
Indian type, with a high milking capacity. This, we believe, is the proper aim
for those who wish to improve the milk production of the cattle of the country,
and not simply to provide specialised milking animals to be maintained by large
dairies under special conditions.
THE PROBLEM
There is a very prevalent opinion that cross-breeding schemes, to have any
hope of success, must be large, and consequently expensive. It was expressed by
Littlewood [1933] as follows :—" In an experiment of this kind
at
least 200 F 2 cows are necessary in order that a good selection can be made." And
later : "I consider it is possible to evolve a half-bred breed of milch cows for
India, but it will be an expensive experiment as large herds must be maintained
". This opinion appears to be based on the belief that the larger
the numbers available the more rigorous the selection that can be exercised. In
the long run, however, the intensity of selection is limited, not by the number of
animals available, but by the proportion of the young stock which must be retain-
ed in order to maintain the strength of the herd. It may, of course, be argued
that in the early segregating generations, selection so rigorous as to result in serious
depletion of the herd should be exercised, and the herd built up again by relaxa-
tion of the selection when a large proportion of the desirable characters have been
fixed. Where large numbers of genes are concerned in the make-up of the charac-
ters under selection, such a policy would be open to grave objections on genetic
grounds, and in any case it is likely that the herd would be extinguished before
the desired homozygosity was obtained. This limitation on the intensity of