NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
10 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [VII, I
Amrutmahal, etc., although unintentional was unavoidable due to lack of proper
response from the sources from which the samples were to be obtained:—
Milch breeds
Scindi.
Gir.
Tharparkar.
{ Hariana.
Kankrej.
Ongole.
Krishna Valley.
Draft breeds
Kangiam.
Assamese.
Malvi.
Dhani.
Buffalo „
Murrah.
{ Surti.
Nagpuri.
Line of study.—-The main line of study was of the number, size and shape
of the fat globules in the milk of the above breeds of cattle with a view to ascertain
the differences in (a) the milk of cows and buffaloes, (b) the milk of milch breeds
and draft breeds and (c) the classification of milch breeds according to the suita-
bility of their milk for marketing, butter and cheese-making, etc., if possible.
Method of obtaining the samples.—The milk samples of the various breeds
were obtained from different parts of India under the following strict constant
conditions:—
1. Four samples—one pound each—were received on four successive
days.
2. Each sample was representative of the herd and not from one indi-
vidual animal.
3. Each sample, before being packed and despatched, was kept in as
cool a condition as possible; and preserved by adding about six
drops of formalin to a pound of milk.
4. Each sample was received in an ordinary glass bottle, securely packed,
care being taken to fill the milk right up to the top to avoid air
bubbles and to prevent fat globules churning or splitting during
transit.
5. Each sample was labelled with the name of the breed, the number
of milch animals in the herd (the average number being 42), the
time of drawing of milk sample (which was always during early
morning) and the date and the time of despatch.
The above conditions were adopted after carrying out preliminary experi-
ments in order to obtain the samples in such a manner as not to damage or alter
the size or shape of the fat globules. Various preservatives were tried in order
to get the best results, and formaldehyde, which though commonly known to
MICROPHOTOGRAPHIC STUDY OF FAT GLOBULES OF MILK.
11
be detrimental to the fat globules when used in fairly large quantities, was found
to be most suitable. The minimum quantity of formalin required for keeping
the milk fat globules in their original condition for even upto a fortnight, was
found by experiments to be about six drops to a pound of milk.
The above conditions were found to be most practicable, since the samples
received from such distant places as Baluchistan, Punjab and Assam were in the
most satisfactory condition for the purposes of this experiment.
The experimental work was carried out during the first quarter of the year
during which time the summer had not advanced so far as to have very harmful
effect on the samples during transit.
Method employed in taking the photographs.—The photographs of the fat
globules of various samples were taken with a vertical compact apparatus made
by Messrs. E. Leitz, Watzler, which consists of a microscope, fitted with a
camera to take pictures of the magnified image directly on to the negative
plate in the camera. This apparatus is illustrated in Plate I.
A reference has already been made in this paper [ Lamson, loc. cit] to the
various methods used by the different workers for this study. The following
was the method adopted by the authors. After the proper mixing of the sample
to get a representative picture, a drop of milk was taken on a cover glass, which
was then inverted over a cell of a microscope slide, and a photograph taken directly
after necessary focussing and the study of the preliminaries of the apparatus.
The negatives of the camera were further magnified, and directly a print was
taken.
Methods employed in counting and calculating the number and size of the fat
globules.—The counting of the number of fat globules was carried out with the
help of the counting apparatus devised by Jeffer. The ruled glass plate used
was 165 mm. square with a circular ruled area 132 mm. in diameter. This area
was divided by concentric circle into equal areas, which were subdivided by radii
or segments of radii into smaller integral portions. The average number of fat
globules given in Table I, represents a mean value obtained from counting about
twelve photographic pictures in the case of each breed.
The magnification in all cases was 350, determined by means of a haemacy-
tometer cell, and each picture given in Plates II-VI, Figs. 1 to 16 represents a
constant original area of 0.0363 square mm. with the diameter as 0.21mm.
The results of these experiments are given in Tables I—III.
12
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [VII, I
Number, size and shape of fat globules in the milk of the breeds of Indian cattle
TABLE I
N.B.—In this table the names of the breeds are arranged in groups as classified
into milch and draft breeds and buffaloes. The cross-bred and Ayrshire cattle have
been included as the samples of their milk were available.
Breed
Milch
Breeds. {
Foreign {
Breeds.
Draft {
Breeds.
Buffalo {
Breeds.
Scindi cows . .
Gir cows . .
Tharparkar cows .
Hariana cows .
Kankrej cows .
Ongole cows .
Krishna Valley cows
Half-bred cows .
Ayrshire cows .
Kangiam cows .
Assamese cows .
Malwi cows .
Dhanni cows .
Murrah buffaloes .
Surti buffaloes .
Nagpuri buffaloes .
Number of fat globules
Average
1,000
1,203
1,140
1,090
1,247
1,133
1.078
1,002
1,066
1,267
1.160
1,110
1,073
945
890
712
Minimum
970
910
1,045
1,013
917
953
992
803
1,013
1,260
1,001
990
953
836
723
560
Maximum
1,100
1,540
1,376
1,177
1,470
1,310
1,352
1,126
1,177
1,270
1,417
1,238
1,200
1,093
970
790
Diameter of
globules of
normal
size
(in microns)
3.4
3.1
3.4
3.4
2.9
3.1
2.9
3.4
3.7
3.7
2.9
2.9
2.9
5.7
5.4
5.7
TABLE II
In this table the breeds have been arranged according to the number of the fat
globules found in their milk..
Breed
Kangiam cows .....
Kankrej cows ......
Gir cows ......
Assamese cows .....
Tharparkar cows ......
Ongole cows ......
Malwi cows ......
Hariana cows ......
Krishna Valley cows .....
Dhanni cows .......
Ayrshire cows .......
Half-bred cows ........
Scindi cows .......
Murrah buffaloes ......
Surti buffaloes ......
Nagpuri buffaloes .......
Number of fat globules
Average
1,267
1,247
1203
1,160
1,140
1,133
1,110
1,090
1,078
1,073
1,066
1,002
1,000
945
890
712
Minimum
1,260
917
910
1,001
1,045
953
990
1,013
992
953
1,013
803
970
836
723
560
Maximum
1,270
1,470
1,540
1,417
1,376
1,310
1,238
1,177
1,352
1,200
1,177
1,126
1,100
1,093
970
790
MICROPHOTOGRAPHIC STUDY OF FAT GLOBULES OF MILK.
13
TABLE III
In this table the breeds have been arranged according to the size of the fat globules
present in their milk.
Breed
Murrah buffaloes .
Nagpuri buffaloes .
Surti buffaloes .
Ayrshire cows .
Kangiam cows .
Half-bred cows .
Scindi cows .
Hariana cows .
Tharparkar cows .
Ongole cows . .
Gir cows . .
Dhanni cows .
Krishna Valley cows
Malwi cows .
Assamese cows
Kankrej cows .
Diameter of
globules of
normal
size
(in
microns)
5.7
5.7
5.4
3.7
3.7
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.1
3.1
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
Globules of normal
size
5.7
5.7
5.4
3.7
3.7
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.1
3.1
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
5.7
5.7
5.4
3.7
3.7
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.1
3.1
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
5.7
5.7
5.4
3.7
3.7
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.1
3.1
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
5.7
5.7
5.4
3.7
3.7
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.1
3.1
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
Four globulos of biggest
size*
11.0
11.4
10.0
7.1
11.4
7.1
10.0
10.0
6.3
6.3
6.3
5.7 5.7
6.3
6.3
8.7
10.0
11.4
9.2
7.1
11.4
6.3
7.3
7.1
6.3
6.3
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
7.1
9.0
10.0
8.6
7.1
11.0
6.3
7.1
7.1
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
7.1
8.6
9.2
8.6
6.3
10.0
6.3
7.1
7.1
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
7.1
* N.B.—1. It was not possible to measure the size of very small globules which
occurred as mere spots on the photographs.
2. In the case of the Ayrshire breeds the cows numbered two, so the size of the
fat globules cannot be taken as accurate for purposes of comparison with other
breeds whose number averaged 42.
DISCUSSION
It can be seen from the above results that there is no direct relationship bet-
ween the number of fat globules, their size and the total percentage of fat in the
milk samples. Still, it can be explained in a general manner that in samples
containing a high number of fat globules the size of the fat globules was compara-
tively small and vice versa.
It can also be observed from the results that in the case of the buffaloes the
size of the fat globules was on the whole large and the number consequently low
as compared to the cows. This can be seen from Plate IV-VI.
Furthermore, it can be observed that the size of fat globules in the case
of draft breeds is rather small compared to the fat globules in the milk of milch
breeds. This can be seen from Plates II and III. Another interesting observa-
tion is that when the fat globules are medium in size they are fairly uniform in
shape.
14 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY.
[VII, I
CONCLUSION
From the above observations it can, therefore, be concluded that:—
(1) Compared to the cow's the buffalo's milk contains fat globules of a
larger size though smaller in number. For that reason buffalo's
milk can be considered more suitable for butter and ghee manu-
facture and less suitable for marketing purposes when it comes to
long distance transport.
(2) Of the two classes of cow breeds, i.e., the draft and the milch breeds,
the milk of the draft group contains fat globules, medium in size,
more in number and more uniform in shape compared to the milch
breeds, but as the draft breeds as a rule give very little milk in
their present state of development, this quality of their milk cannot
be put to much practical use.
(3) In the milch breeds themselves from the above study there does not
appear to be any marked variation in the number, size and shape
of the fat globules, as such it is difficult to classify these breeds for
specific purposes, such as for market milk, butter-making, cheese-
making, etc. But in practice and with years of experience in the
actual handling of the milk of various important breeds it has been
found that milk of breeds like the Gir, Sahiwal, Tharparkar, is
pre-eminently suited for butter-making and therefore for ghee-
making. Whereas, the milk of breeds like the Scindi, Kankrej,
Ongole and Hariana is suited for marketing purposes, i.e., selling
milk as milk.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors take this opportunity of thanking the Live-stock Experts of
different provinces and States and also the Provincial and State Directors of
Agriculture for their kind co-operation in supplying the milk samples in the re-
quired condition.
The detailed examination of the samples was for the most part carried out
in the well-equipped laboratories of the Department of Bio-chemistry of the Indian
Institute of Science, and the authors are also thankful to the authorities for their
kind no-operation.
REFERENCES
Apple, H. J. (1935). J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., 40, p. 331.
Babcock, S. M. (1885). N. Y. (State) Station Rpt. 4, p. 266.
Bouchardat and Quevenne, (1857). Du Lait, pp. 4 and 181.
Campbell, H. (1932). Vermont Agric. Station Bulletin, 341.
Collier, P. (1891-92). N. Y. (State) Station Rpt. 10, p. 129 ; Rpt. 11, p. 153.
Lamson, H. H. (1888). N. H. Station Rpt. 1, p. 85.
Marshal, F. H. (1922). Physiology of Reproduction, Longmans Green and Co., 2nd Edn-
Sturtevant, E. L. (1872-76). N. Y. State Agric. Soc. Trans. 32, p. 91.
Van Leeuwenhoeck, A. (1674). Philosophical Transactions, 102, p. 23, 106, p. 122.
Ind. Jour, of Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb. Vol. VII, Pt. I ]
PLATE II
MICROPHOTOGRAPHS OF FAT GLOBULES IN MILCH BREEDS OF COWS.
No. 1. Scindi
No. 2. Gir
No. 3. Tharparkar
No. 4. Hariana
Ind. Jour. Vety. Sci. & Anim. Husb., Vol. VII, Pt. I
PLATE III
MICROPHOTOGRAPHS OF FAT GLOBULES IN MILCH BREEDS OF COWS.
No. 5 Kankrej
No. 6. Ongole
No. 7. Krishna Valley
Ind. Jour. Vety. Sci. & Anim. Husb., Vol. VII, Pt. I.
PLATE IV
MICROPHOTOGRAPHS OF FAT GLOBULES IN BREEDS OF COWS.
No. 8. Half Bred (Milch)
No. 9. Ayrshire (Milch)
No. 10. Kangiam (Draft Breed)
Ind. Jour. Vet, Sci. & Anim. Hus., Vol. VII, Pt. I
PLATE V
MICROPHOTOGRAPHS OF FAT GLOBULES IN DRAFT BREEDS OF COWS.
No. 11. Assamese
No. 12. Malvi
No. 13. Dhanni
Ind. Jour. Vety. Sci. & Anim. Husb., Vol. VII, Pt. I ]
PLATE VI
MICROPHOTOGRAPHS OF FAT GLOBULES IN MILCH BREEDS OF BUFFALOES
No. 14. Murrah Buffalo
No. 15. Surti Buffalo
No. 16. Nagpuri Buffalo
THEILERIASIS OF CATTLE IN INDIA
BY
S. K. SEN, M.Sc., F.R.E.S.,
AND
M. K. SRINIVASAN, G.M.V.C.,
Imperial Veterinary Research Institute, Muktesar.
[Received for publication on 30th October 1936]
(With Plate VII and three text-figures).
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
SOURCE OF STRAIN
HOST SUSCEPTIBILITY
INCUBATION PERIOD .
SYMPTOMS . . .
BLOOD PICTURE . .
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HAEMATOLOGICAL CHANGES IN RELATION TO PROGNOSIS
POST-MORTEM APPEARANCES
VIABILITY OF STRAIN
LOCALIZATION OF ' VIRUS '
IMMUNITY TESTS . .
IDENTITY OF PARASITE
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CURATIVE TREATMENT AND PROPHYLAXIS.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES . .
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PAGE
15
18
21
21
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26
27
28
28
28
29
30
33
34
36
INTRODUCTION
BOVINE theileriasis, as a condition distinct from redwater (Babesia bigemina
infection) of cattle, was first recognized in India in 1925, when Edwards reported
the occurrence in hill bulls of a species of protozoan parasite conforming with the
( 15 )
THEILERIASIS OF CATTLE IN INDIA.
17
recent evidence would appear to point to the conclusion that even these bodies
possess but a limited qualitative significance from the standpoint of pathogenesis,
in view of their association, although in " extremely rare " numbers [du Toit,
1930a] with T. mutans, which, as already mentioned, is regarded by common con-
sent as a harmless species.
A number of biological properties have been postulated from time to time as
capable of being utilized for the differential diagnosis of the various species of
Theileria parasites, but with, the acquisition of more intimate knowledge concerning
these properties, they have been found to possess but little specific value. Thus,
the causal agent (T. parva) of East Coast Fever, which at one time had been believ-
ed to be non-inoculable with blood, has now proved to be definitely, although with
difficulty, transmissible in this manner, whilst Bevan [1924] has even advanced the
theory of latency, in an unrecognised form, of T. parva parasites in a proportion
of recovered cases, although it has been, an almost established opinion that the
immunity developed after recovery from T. parva infection is both solid and sterile.
A similar view has also been more recently expressed by Walker [1930], who reports
having obtained evidence of the fact that " recovery from an original attack of
T. parva did not confer a solid and lasting immunity ". Finally, the status of
T. parva itself, as the causal agent of East Coast Fever, has been questioned
by Richardson [1930], who would seem inclined to the view that the condition
is in, reality induced by an ultra-visible virus.
It would thus appear that it is the quantitative combination of a number of
dissimilar elements that is now held to be diagnostic of the different species of
Theileria parasites. Thus, as Richardson [1930] points out, there is " little to dis-
tinguish between T. mutans and T. parva except the more numerous blue bodies and
parasites in the latter infection ". Furthermore, referring to certain blood smears
sent by Cooper from India and showing numerous blue bodies, Richardson remarks
that " had they been encountered in Africa, they would have led to the diagnosis
of East Coast Fever ".
The systematic side of theileriasis has thus assumed the aspect of a com-
parative science, with a considerable amount of scope for the expression of indi-
vidual opinions, and this makes it a matter of difficulty to reach an objective
decision on the several issues involved, particularly in regard to the relationship
of one form of Theileria parasite to another. This is strikingly illustrated in the
discordant views held on the subject. Thus, while, according to Carpano [1930],
Tropical Piroplasmosis, East Coast Fever and T. dispar infection are all one and
the same condition and caused by T. annulata, Van Saceghem [1924], on the other
hand, regards T. parva as the only " good " species and T. dispar and T. mutans
merely forms of this. Doyle [1924], however, disputes the identity of T. mutans
with T. parva and considers the latter as being limited to Africa south of the equator
D
18
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [VII, I
and T. mutans as being responsible for the forms of theileriasis occurring in Egypt,
Sudan, Transcaucasus and the Mediterranean littoral. The unique practice of
classifying the disease in different categories in accordance with the name of the
locality in which it is known to occur, (e.g., " East Coast Fever ", " Egyptian
Fever ", " Mediterranean Coast Fever ", " Tropical Piroplasmosis ", etc.), further
illustrates the difficulty of adopting the conventional method of designating the
condition on the basis of the specific identity of the causal organisms.
It would seem that a considerable amount of further data will have to be
acquired in regard to the nature of the problem of theileriasis itself before its solu-
tion can be attempted on a rational basis, and it is mainly with the object of con-
tributing towards that end that the present article has been written. It is hoped
that the observations embodied herein will be found to contain some new matter for
consideration, particularly in relation to pathogenesis of the disease and the
phenomenon of immunity.
The present paper deals with work carried out, during the period from June
1932 to August 1934, with a strain of Theileria parasites isolated from a fatal case
of the disease in a hill bull at Muktesar. The strain is still being kept alive by
passaging, but the observations carried out after August 1934 mainly concern a
method of treating the condition with anti-serum and they will form the subject
of a second communication.
The paper also includes, at relevant points, brief references to the more im-
portant outbreaks of theileriasis that have occurred during recent years among
Friesian bulls imported into India for the use of the Military Dairy Department.
It is our pleasant duty to express our grateful thanks to Mr. F. Ware,
F.R.C.V.S., I.V.S., Director of the Institute, for much helpful advice and guidance
and for keeping us constantly alive to the importance of this investigation. In our
account of the outbreaks of theileriasis among imported bulls, we have freely
drawn from the observations recorded by Dr. J. T. Edwards, the late Mr. Hugh
Cooper, Captain S. C. A. Datta and Mr. P. R. Krishna Iyer, and for this we are
greatly indebted to them. Our thanks are due to Mr. Sunder Rao and Mr. Ahmed
Baksh, Artists, for preparing the illustrations.
SOURCE OF STRAIN
Previous to the work described in this paper, several attempts had been made
to transmit the disease experimentally to hill bulls, but, as already mentioned,
these attempts had been unsuccessful. On going over the records of these trials,
it seemed to us that the failure to transmit the disease in this manner might have
THEILERIASIS OF CATTLE IN INDIA.
19
been due to the fact that the infective material had lost its viability by the time it
was used for sub-inoculation into experimental animals. In the present trials,
therefore, the material for sub-inoculation was derived from an animal that was
destroyed in extremis at a stage when its blood showed Theileria parasites to the
extent of about 1 to 10 in each red blood-corpuscle, associated with fairly large
numbers of Koch's blue bodies found both free and in the large mono-nuclear
leucocytes.
Oboldouef and Galouzo [1928], in experimenting with a species of Theileria,
designated by them T. turkestanica, used emulsions of gland materials and defibri¬
nated blood for purposes of subinoculation. On the other hand, Walker and
Whitworth [1929], in Kenya, in the course of their experiments upon the artificial
immunization in East Coast Fever, observed that the disease could be transmitted
not only by the inoculation of blood and gland juice, but also of spleen pulp, this
last having yielded the largest percentage of successes. The infective materials
used in our experiments comprised, in addition to the three mentioned above,
emulsions of liver, kidney and lung. The quantity of infective material used ranged
from 100 to 200 c. c. and the inoculations were given by the intravenous route, one
bull being used for each type of inoculum. The results obtained in the case of
the two bulls which received the liver and lung emulsions were of an entirely
negative order, but all others developed symptoms of acute theileriasis as a result
of the infective inoculation, and in three out of these four animals the disease
progressed to a fatal issue (it is, however, noteworthy that material derived from
liver has since proved infective).
The batch of four reactors mentioned above formed the starting point of the
present inquiry, the strain being carried on from these and maintained to this day
in hill bulls by blood inoculation. An injection of 5 c. c. of blood usually resulted in
infection, but, in order to ensure against the strain being lost, the quantity actually
used as a routine procedure was 20 to 30 c. c. administered subcutaneously, the
blood being drawn at the height of thermal reaction, when the parasites, as also
Koch's bodies, appeared in fairly large numbers in the peripheral circulation,
although in a few cases the disease was also successfully reproduced by the
inoculation of blood drawn at the height of temperature but containing only few
parasites and apparently no Koch's bodies.
In all, forty-four sub-passages, involving the use of 273 bulls, have been
carried out (Table I) without any evidence of the strain having undergone
either attenuation or exaltation in virulence. Nearly 47 per cent of the animals
proved refractory to the infection, whilst the mortality rate amongst those that
developed the disease as a result of infective inoculation amounted to nearly
76 per cent.
20 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [VII, I
TABLE I
Showing the number of sub-passages carried out through hill bulls and their results
No.
of
passages
I . .
II . .
III . .
IV . .
V . .
VI . .
VII . .
VIII . .
IX . .
X . .
XI . .
XII . .
XIII . .
XIV . .
XV . .
XVI . .
XVII .
XVIII .
XIX . .
XX . .
XXI . .
XXII .
XXIII .
XXIV .
XXV .
XXVI .
XXVII .
XXVIII .
XXIX .
XXX. XXXI
XXXII
.
XXXIII .
XXXIV .
XXXV
XXXVI .
XXXVII .
XXXVIII .
XXXIX .
XL .
XLI .
XLII .
XLIII .
XLIV .
No. of
bulls
used for
each
passage
*6
6
2
4
4
4
4
6
6
6
8
10
6
4
8
8
6
9
10
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
12
6
5
6
6
6
6
6
273 bulls
No. of
reactors
in
each
passage
4
3
1
3
4
4
1
3
3
3
4
6
3
2
1
5
6
5
5
4
3
3
2
4
2
4
3
1
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
1
6
2
4
3
6
6
2
4
145
or 53.1
per cent
Average
incuba-
tion
period
in
days
14
16
16
19
15
19
16
16
16
18
16
15
15
18
18
14
16
18
15
15
14
16
15
16
16
17
15
19
17
16
14
16
15
20
16
23
18
17
16
16
16
15
16
15
16 days
(average
of
145
reactors)
Deaths
3
3
..
3
4
2
1
2
3
3
2
6
3
1
1
5
4
3
4
4
2
3
2
3
1
4
2
..
4
2
1
..
..
2
2
1
3
1
3
2
4
6
2
3
110
or 75.86
per cent
Recoveries
1
..
1
..
..
2
..
1
..
..
2
..
..
1
..
..
2
2
1
..
1
..
..
1
1
..
1
1
..
1
2
3
2
..
..
..
3
1
1
1
2
..
..
1
35
or 24.14
per cent
Immune
or non-
reactors
2
3
1
1
..
..
3
3
3
3
4
4
3
2
7
3
..
4
5
2
3
3
4
2
4
2
3
5
2
4
3
3
4
4
4
5
6
4
1
3
..
..
4
2
128
or 46.9
per cent
Remarks
* Infective
materials
from the
original
(natural)
case.