NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
MINERAL REQUIREMENTS OF CATTLE IN NORTH-EAST INDIA
159
In each, two animals were used. The straw was fed ad lib in the morning
and green feed ad lib in the evening. The water-hyacinth is very rich in CaO
(3.42 per cent), MgO (0.96 per cent), potash (5.9 per cent) and Cl 2 (3.48
per cent). Napier grass is poor in lime (0.46 per cent) like aman straw, but rich in
potash (4.8 per cent). Guinea grass is rich in lime (1 .23 per cent) and fairly so
in magnesia (0.73 per cent). Its soda content (0 57 per cent) was the highest
of all other feeds.
This experiment was carried out on the same lines as Experiment A and lasted
for about the same period.
Experimental Results
Experiment A.—Low calcium, low phosphate and low protein. This ex-
periment is a typical instance of how in Bengal an exclusive feed of straw upsets
the condition of the animals. Of the two animals, D 7 lost 63 lb. during the course
of eighteen weeks while D 8 lost 68 lb. The chief nutrients—nitrogen, lime and
phosphate—were voided more through the faeces than were supplied in the feed.
The main data are set out in Table I.
TABLE I
Aman paddy straw as a single feed
EXPERIMENT A
(Computed on 500-lb. live-weight)
Animal
No.
D 7
D 8
Nutrients
CaO . .
MgO . .
K 2 O . .
Na 2 O . .
P 2 O 5 . .
Cl 2 .
N . .
CaO . .
MgO . .
K 2 O . .
Na 2 O . .
P 2 O 5 . .
Cl 2 . .
N . .
Intake
Straw
grms.
14.707
10.636
57.765
12.984
5.098
7.115
16.981
13.473
9.740
52.919
11.894
4.670
6.518
15.557
Added
grms.
...
...
...
10.822
...
11.927
...
...
...
...
11.081
...
12.212
...
Total
grms.
14.707
10.636
57.765
23.806
5.098
19.042
16.981
13.473
19.743
52.919
22.975
4.670
18.730
15.557
In
faeces
grms.
16.510
4.764
11.864
5.378
8.538
1.627
22.643
17.673
0.428
38.303
6.449
6.927
1.194
21.137
Difference
grms.
—1.803
5.872
45.901
18.428
—3 .440
17.415
—5.662
—4.200
9.315
14.616
16.526
—2.257
17.536
—5.580
In
urine
grms.
0.383
3.792
66.130
7.305
0.079
19.956
8.318
0.224
1.691
55 .015
5.803
0.079
13.496
6.770
Balance
grms.
—2.186
+2.080
—20.229
—11.123
—3.519
—2.541
—13.980
—4.424
+7.624
—40.399
+ 10.723
—2.336
—4.040
—12.350
Loss or
gain in
live-
weight
lb.
—3.88
—3.43
160
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VII, III
As will be noted, there was an imbalance as much from protein deficiency as
from mineral, in consequence of which the food requirements fell far short
of the barest necessity. The dry matter consumption was similar as in the other
experiments with better-balanced feeds but here the utilization was very poor.
Experiment B.—Aman straw and Rice bran (Kura). Low calcium, very high
P 2 O 5 , fairly high MgO, and moderate protein.
During the eighteen weeks over which the experiment was spread, three ani-
mals viz., D 1 D 2 and D 3 maintained more or less the same live-weight but the
other six lost from 9 to 37 lb. weight. The straw consumption fell from 20 to 50
per cent between the first and last week. No relation can be traced with the rate
of consumption of rice kura and the live-weight.
As regards the supply of protein, seven recorded a definite positive balance.
Of the two recording a negative balance, D 8 lost an appreciable amount, but this
animal was particularly unthrifty from the very beginning. Leaving out these two,
the others would indicate that the protein supply was adequate for maintenance.
The energy supply was also fairly adequate, yet the animals generally lost in weight
and were definitely out of condition. The tendency can hardly be ascribed to an
insufficiency of energy supply or of protein or to a lower biological value of the
latter as rice protein is credited with a high biological value. The nature of the
mineral supplies provides an explanation. These have been set up in Table II.
MINERAL REQUIREMENTS OP CATTLE IN NORTH-EAST INDIA
161
TABLE II
Aman Straw and Kura (1934)
EXPERIMENT B.
(Computed on the basis of 500-lb. live-weight)
Animal
No.
D1
D.
D7
Nutrients
CaO . . . .
MgO . . . .
K2O . . . .
Na2O . . . .
P 2 O 5 . . . .
CI2 . . . . .
N . . . . .
CaO . . . .
MgO . . . .
K2O . . . .
Na2O . . . .
P2O5. . . . .
Cl2 . . . . .
N . . . .
CaO . . . .
MgO . . . .
K2O . . . .
Na2O . . . .
P2O5 . . . .
Cl2 . . . . .
N . . . . .
Intake
Straw
grms.
16.491
12.027
62.018
9.200
3.364
11.074
17.058
16.894
12.323
63.535
9.422
3.489
11.345
17.688
13.696
9.991
51.501
7.636
2.833
9.196
14.255
Kura
grms.
1.355
17.357
12.790
1.295
41.082
0.122
16.793
1.166
14.938
11.007
1.114
35.354
0.105
14.451
1.557
20.001
14.737
1.492
47.336
0.141
19.349
Water
grms.
0.128
0.073
...
...
...
...
...
0.116
0.065
...
...
...
...
...
0.089
0.051
...
...
...
...
...
Added
minerals
grms.
0.050
0.059
0.142
6.504
...
7 . 713
...
0.051
0.061
0.146
6.674
...
7.914
...
0.052
0.061
0.146
6.711
...
7.959
...
Total
grms.
18.024
29.516
74.950
16.999
44.446
18.909
33.851
18.227
27.387
74.688
17.210
38.843
19.364
32.139
15.394
30.104
66.384
15.839
50.169
17.296
33.604
In
faeces
grms.
17.755
22.964
18.873
8.945
42.773
3.459
22.618
18.955
20.905
13.153
13.358
39.422
2.808
22.943
16.482
23.902
18.386
13.668
48.396
1.446
23.227
Difference
grms.
0.269
6.552
56.077
8.054
1.673
15.450
11.233
—0.728
6.482
61.535
4.852
—0.579
16.556
9.196
—1.088
6.202
47.998
2.171
1.773
15.852
10.377
In
urine
grms.
0.089
1.827
51.109
7.827
0.187
17.037
9.071
0.079
1.748
58.089
3.087
0.079
18.601
8.565
0.046
2.120
46.630
2.716
0.102
19.106
9.418
Balance
grms.
+0.180
+ 4.725
+ 4.968
+ 0.227
+ 1.486
—1.587
+ 2.162
—0.807
+ 4.734
+ 3.446
+ 1.765
—0.658
—2.045
+ 0.631
—1.134
+ 6.082
+ 1.368
—0.545
+ 1.671
—3.254
+ 0.959
Daily
loss or
gain in
live.
weight
lb.
+0.59
—0.21
—0.34
162
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VII, III
TABLE II—contd.
Animal
No.
D8
D3
D2
Nutrients
CaO
.
.
.
.
MgO
.
.
.
.
K2O
.
.
.
.
Na2O
.
.
.
.
P 2 O 5
.
.
.
.
Cl2
.
.
.
.
N . . . .
CaO
.
.
.
.
MgO
.
.
.
.
K2O
.
.
.
.
Na2O
.
.
.
.
P2O5 . . . .
CI2
.
.
.
.
N . . . .
CaO
.
.
.
.
MgO
.
.
.
.
K2O
.
.
.
.
Na2O
.
.
.
.
P2O5 . . . .
Cl2
.
.
.
.
N
.
.
.
.
Intake
Straw
grms.
16.123
11.758
60.635
8.995
3.320
10.828
16.808
15.237
11.111
57.296
8.497
3.145
12.524
15.640
11.897
8.092
43.752
6.213
2.573
9.664
14.282
Kura
grms.
1.172
15.039
11.081
1.122
35.586
0.105
14.548
1.397
17.883
13.176
1.334
42.320
0.154
17.300
2.172
23.427
15.991
4.197
55.709
0.264
17.252
Water
grms.
0.109
0.062
..
...
...
...
...
0.116
0.065
...
...
...
...
...
0.091
0.052
...
...
...
...
...
Added
minerals
grms.
0.054
0.065
0.152
6.986
...
8.285
...
0.045
0.053
0.127
4.227
...
6.931
...
0.047
0.056
0.133
6.115
...
7.251
...
Total
grms.
17.458
26.924
71.868
17.102
38.906
19.218
31.356
16.795
29.112
70.599
14.058
45.465
19.609
32.946
14.207
32.227
59.876
16.525
58.282
17.179
31.534
In
faeces
grms.
18.828
23.906
16.592
9.501
39.238
2.098
23.521
19.134
20.550
16.895
11.348
44.714
3.508
22.165
14.402
23.325
18.795
13.940
43.974
1.182
19.936
Difference
grms.
—1.370
3.018
55.276
7.541
—0.332
17.120
7.835
—2.339
8.556
53.704
2.710
0.751
16.101
10.781
—0.195
8.902
41.081
2.585
14.308
15.997
11.598
In
urine
grms.
0.068
3.720
51.232
7.229
0.104
19.538
8.245
0.109
0.015
51.167
1.763
0.109
21.659
9.243
0.432
4.436
46.325
3.462
0.128
18.488
11.230
Balance
grms.
—1.438
—0.702
+ 4.044
+ 0.312
—0.436
—2.418
—0.410
—2.448
+ 8.541
+ 2.537
+ 0.947
+ 0.642
—5.558
+ 1.538
—0.237
+ 4.466
—5.244
+0.123
+ 14.180
—2.491
+ 0.367
Daily
loss or
gain in
live-
weight
ib.
—0.11
+ 0.44
—0.23
MINERAL REQUIREMENTS OF CATTLE IN NORTH-EAST INDIA
163
D3
D4
D6
CaO
.
.
.
.
MgO
.
.
.
.
K 2 O
.
.
.
.
Na 2 O
.
.
.
.
P 2 O 5 . . . .
CI 2
.
.
.
.
N
.
.
.
.
CaO
.
.
.
.
MgO
.
.
.
.
K 2 O
.
.
.
.
Na 2 O
.
.
.
.
P 2 O 5
.
.
.
.
Cl 2
.
.
.
.
N
.
.
.
.
CaO
.
.
.
.
MgO
.
.
.
.
K 2 O
.
.
.
.
Na 2 O
.
.
.
.
P 2 O 5
.
.
.
.
Cl 2 . . . .
N
.
.
.
.
14.049
10.255
51.646
7.333
3.037
...
16.861
14.526
10.604
53.395
7.579
3.140
11.795
17.432
12.912
9.423
47.462
6.740
2.793
10.484
15.494
1.901
20.440
13.988
3.662
48.618
...
15.055
1.553
16.693
11.395
2.991
39.693
0.187
12.293
2.190
23.599
16.112
4.228
56.121
0.265
17.379
0.092
0.053
...
...
...
....
...
0.104
0.059
...
...
...
...
...
0.123
0.076
...
...
...
...
...
0.048
0.057
0.137
6.298
...
7.468
...
0.048
0.057
0.137
6.275
...
7.442
...
0.047
0.055
0.132
6.073
...
7.202
...
16.090
30.805
65.771
17.293
51.655
...
31.916
16.231
27.413
64.927
16.845
42.833
19.424
29.725
15.282
33.153
63.706
17.041
58.914
17.951
32.873
17.518
22.764
15.616
9.974
39.032
...
21.378
16.711
19.912
11.509
7.316
47.066
2.108
19.768
17.207
24.728
17.666
6.978
46.078
2.837
23.249
—1.428
8.041
50.155
7.319
12.623
...
10.538
—0.480
7.501
53.418
9.529
—4.233
17.316
9.957
—1.925
8.425
46.040
10.063
12.836
15.114
9.624
0.097
3.618
53.204
10.739
0.132
...
9.350
0.448
3.509
49.018
3.193
0.079
15.179
8.483
0.191
3.650
49.576
3.480
0.255
18.862
12.465
—1.525
+4.423
—3.049
—3.420
+ 12.491
...
+ 1.188
—0.928
+ 3.992
+ 4.400
+ 6.336
—4.312
+ 2.137
+ 1.474
—2.116
+ 4.775
—3.536
+ 6.583
+ 12.581
—3.748
—2.841
+ 0.83
—0.15
+ 1.12
C
164
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VII, III
It will be noted from Table II that lime ingestion has varied between 15 to
18 grms. while phosphate has varied from 29 to 59 grms. This has provided a
ratio ranging from 1: 2 to 1 : 4. Thus, the proportion has been too wide on one
side while on the other, the phosphorus in rice kura is present mainly in the form
of phytin which is not readily assimilated, (vide Discussion).
Regarding the ingestion of lime, it is no doubt higher than in Experiment A
and may be considered as moderate from European standard, but due to various
factors which will be discussed in due course, the lime requirement under rice
straw feeding appears to be higher and the deficiency has been reflected in a nega-
tive lime-balance for eight out of nine animals. This has affected the economy of
other nutrients also ; for instance the amount of digestible carbohydrate assimi-
lated by these animals has been distinctly lower than in the case of the straw and
cake groups. Magee and Sen's [1931] experiment on the ratio of sugar diffusion
through the walls of a rabbit's small intestine shows that when calcium is added,
the diffusion increases in rate and becomes selective for glucose. Sen's [1933]
later experiment with rats show that " a deficiency of calcium in the blood caused
a large decrease of sugar absorption from the small intestine." Similar factors
might have been responsible here.
The assimilation of other components has also been affected. Thus with
about the same amount of chlorine under aus straw as a single feed (Experiment D)
and Guinea grass (Experiment F), a positive balance has been maintained but here,
eight, out of nine, have recorded a negative balance. The chlorine ingestion is,
however, on the border line when compared with other combinations. Possibly
the requirement under the rice-kura-straw combination is somewhat higher, or
possibly there are other factors.
As regards phosphate although the ingestion here is high, three, out of nine,
have recorded a negative balance and a close examination shows that even under
a large ingestion a positive balance has only been maintained when the ingestion
has been about 43 grms. phosphate. Yet this amount is far too much in excess
as compared to the approximation of 10 grms. which in the case of more balanced
combinations (Experiment E) seemed to be about the minimum requirement.
The cause of it is most probably associated with less inorganic phosphorus and
high phytin content, the effect of which (as discussed under lime and phosphate)
seems to be the contributory cause.
In the case of chlorine, a striking feature has been that the urinary excretion
has been very high. In fact, leaving out the urinary excretions of the Hyacinth
and Napier group (Experiment F) this experiment accounts for the largest urinary
excretion of chlorine both in relation to the proportion and quantity. It may be
stated further that in the cases where chlorine has recorded a negative balance
whether in this or other experiments urinary chlorine accounts for the major part
of the excretion,
MINERAL REQUIREMENTS OF CATTLE IN NORTH-EAST INDIA
165
With respect to other minerals, the MgO ingestion in this experiment was the
highest (except in the case of the Guinea group under experiment F) and eight,
out of nine, have recorded a positive balance. The largest contribution of this
mineral has been from the rice kura.
With respect to potash, six have recorded a positive balance and three a nega-
tive. It seems that under paddy-straw feeding, when the ingestion is below 65
or 66 grms., the tendency is for a negative balance.
In the case of soda, seven, out of nine, have recorded a positive balance.
The chief point in this experiment is, however, deficiency of lime and excess
of phosphate mainly associated with rice kura.
Experiment C—Aman straw and one lb. linseed—cake:CaO still low though
higher than in experiments A and B, MgO also low, K 2 O high, and P 2 O 5 protein
and energy supply adequate.
The digestion tests show that the starch equivalent, nutritive ratios etc.,
remained nearly the same in all the four animals and during the twelve weeks
over which the feeding was spread, D 1 lost a little (about 7 lb.) of its live-weight,
D 4 and D 7 gained about thirty-two and seven lb., respectively, while D 3 was
stationary. During the experimental period, however, all the animals exhibited
some loss in live-weight probably due to the strain involved. On the whole, the
feeding represented a condition of adequacy in the supply of protein and. energy,
so that any departure with respect to mineral metabolism was likely to be associa-
ted with the condition of the supply of the minerals in question. The main
points are set up in Table III.
166 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VII, III
TABLE III
Aman Straw and 1 lb. Linseed-cake
EXPERIMENT C
{Computed on the basis of 500 lb. live-weight)
Animal
NO.
D 1
D 3
Nutrients
CaO
MgO
.
.
.
.
K 2 O
.
.
.
.
Na 2 O
.
.
.
.
P 2 O 5 . . . .
CI 2 . . . .
N
.
.
.
.
CaO . . . .
MgO
.
.
.
.
K 2 O
.
.
.
.
Na 3 O . . . .
P 2 O 5
.
.
.
.
CI
2
.
.
.
.
N
.
.
.
.
1933
Intake
Straw
grms.
19.277
8.327
79.275
8.452
5.121
18.361
24.832
18.175
7.851
74.739
7.968
4.828
17.311
23.552
Cake
grms.
1.836
3.620
8.000
1.802
8.920
0.183
19.268
1.658
3.279
7.246
1.632
8.080
0.166
17.453
Water
grms.
0.140
0.080
...
...
...
...
...
0.126
0.071
...
...
...
...
...
Added
mineral
grms.
0.055
0.065
0.156
7.154
...
8.484
...
0.055
0.065
0.156
7.154
...
8.484
...
Total
grms.
21.302
12.092
87.431
17.408
14.041
27.028
44.100
19.994
11.266
82.141
16.754
12.908
25.061
41.005
In
faeces
grms.
18.900
9.400
21.840
7.840
12.800
10.410
28.304
20.562
8.967
17.935
5.815
12.138
7.237
24.432
Difference
grms.
2.402
2.692
65.591
9.568
1.241
16.618
15.796
—0.568
2.299
64.206
10.939
0.770
18.724
16.573
In
urine
grms.
0.400
2.260
64.600
5.300
0.125
14.166
14.055
0.430
2.418
25.181
35.326
0.100
11.478
13.523
Balance
grms.
+ 2.002
+ 0.432
+0.991
+ 4.268
+ 1.116
+ 2.452
+ 1.741
—0.998
—0.119
+ 39.025
—24.387
+ 0.670
+ 7.246
+ 3.050
Daily
gain in
live.
weight
lb.
—0.607
—0.133
MINERAL REQUREMENTS OF CATTLE IN NORTH-EAST INDIA
167
D 4
D 7
CaO . . . .
MgO
.
.
.
.
K 2 O
.
.
.
.
Na 2 O
.
.
.
.
P 2 O 5
.
.
.
.
Cl 3 . . . .
N . . . .
CaO
.
.
.
.
MgO
.
.
.
.
K 2 O
.
.
.
.
Na 2 O
.
.
.
.
P 2 O 5 . . . .
CI 3
.
.
.
.
N
.
.
.
.
19.301
8.337
79.369
8.463
5.128
18.383
24.726
19.060
8.233
78.380
8.356
5.063
18.156
24.492
1.798
3.556
7.859
1.770
8.762
0.180
18.927
1.890
3.740
8.264
1.862
9.215
0.189
19.905
0.144
0.082
...
...
...
...
...
0.118
0.067
...
...
...
...
...
0.055
0.065
0.156
7.154
...
8.484
...
0.055
0.065
0.156
7.154
...
8.484
...
21.298
12.040
87.384
17.387
13.890
27.047
43.653
21.123
12.105
86.800
17.372
14.278
26.829
44.397
21.817
9.822
18.468
11.218
13.733
7.505
29.230
20.186
9.628
14.814
11.787
13.068
6.612
25.209
—0.519
3.218
68.916
6.169
0.157
19.542
14.423
0.937
2.477
71.986
5.585
1.210
20.217
19.188
0.794
3.959
28.585
39.882
0.088
12.448
12.738
0.310
3.822
25.723
35.640
0.096
14.774
13.514
—1.313
—0.741
+40.331
—33.713
+0.069
+ 7.094
+ 1.685
+0.627
—1.345
+ 46.263
—30.055
+1.114
+ 5.443
+ 5.674
—0.418
—1.932
168
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VII, III
It will be seen from this table (Table III) that the amount of CaO intake ranged
from 20 to 21 grms. for straw, the cake contributing hardly two grms. It seems,
however, that under this combination the lime supply was either just too low or
on the border line, so that there was no provision for what may be called a margin
of safety. Naturally those animals which were more thrifty were able to record a
positive balance, while the others could not. In this experiment, two recorded a
positive balance and two a negative for CaO. The phosphate balance was uni-
formly positive so that the failure in the case of lime can only be ascribed to a
deficiency. It, however, indicates that aman straw even when fed with cake re-
quires some supplement of CaO.
The potash ingestions varied from 82 to 87 grms. and were uniformly positive,
but in the case of magnesia and soda, there is some tendency of inter-relation as
when magnesia is deficient, soda is negative. In this experiment, three, out of four,
have recorded negative balance in MgO and Na 2 O, and it seems that the deficiency of
MgO is an important factor, as with about the same amount of soda intake in Ex-
periments B and E, a positive balance has been generally recorded.
Experiment D.—Aus straw as a single feed.—CaO possibly still slightly defi-
cient though higher than in Experiments A, B and C, low P2O5 and bare protein
and energy.
The main data are set up in Table IV.
MINERAL REQUIREMENTS OF CATTLE IN NORTH-EAST INDIA
169
TABLE IV
Aus paddy straw as a single feed
EXPERIMENT D
(Computed
on the basis of 500-lb. live-weight)
1933
Animal
No.
D 1
D 3
Nutrients
CaO.
.
.
.
.
.
.
MgO.
.
.
.
.
.
.
K 2 O.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Na 2 O.
.
.
.
.
.
.
P 2 O 5
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Cl 2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
N . . . . . . .
CaO
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
MgO
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
K 2 O
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Na 2 O
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
P 2 O 5
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Cl 2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
N . . . . . . .
Intake
Straw
grms.
23.056
14.523
73.781
7.516
6.391
12.200
34.612
22.773
14.345
72.876
7.424
6.312
12.051
33.836
Water
grms.
0.122
0.069
...
...
...
...
...
0.101
0.057
...
...
...
...
...
Added
mineral
grms.
0.056
0.066
0.159
7.300
...
8.657
...
0.051
0.060
0.144
6.587
...
7.812
...
Total
grms.
23.234
14.658
73.940
14.816
6.391
20.857
34.612
22.925
14.462
73.020
14.011
0.312
19.863
33.836
In
faeces
grms.
23.370
10.258
14.684
6.908
6.846
10.527
24.384
23.296
11.748
11.490
5.120
7.283
9.406
23.018
Difference
grms.
—0.136
4.400
59.256
7.908
—0.455
10.330
10.228
—0.371
2.714
61.530
8.891
—0.971
10.457
10.818
In
urine
grms.
1.051
4.532
52.572
7.340
0.280
6.760
9.990
0.853
3.074
55.064
4.816
0.220
6.965
11.601
Balance
grms.
—1.187
—0.132
+6.684
+ 0.568
—0 . 735
+ 3.570
+ 0.238
—1.224
—0.360
+ 6.460
+ 4.075
—1.197
+ 3.492
—0.783
Loss or gain in
live.
weight
lb.
+ 0.439
—0.442
170
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VII, III
TABLE IV—(contd.)
Animal
No.
D 7
Nutrients
CaO . . . . . . .
MgO . . . . . . .
K 2 O . . . . . . .
Na 2 O . . . . . . .
P 2 O 5 . . . . . . .
CI 2 . . . . . . .
N . . . . . . .
Intake
Straw
grms.
20.663
13.016
66.122
6.736
5.727
10.934
31.717
Water
grms.
0.093
0.053
...
...
...
...
...
Added
mineral
grms.
0.058
0.069
0.165
7.546
...
8.949
...
Total
grms.
20.814
13.138
66.287
14.282
5.727
19.883
31.717
faeces
grms.
19.103
6.368
8.133
2.693
6.750
6.004
22.560
Difference
grms.
1.711
6.770
58.154
11.589
—1.023
13.879
9.157
urine
grms.
1.129
4.821
49.325
3.235
0.196
6.648
8.986
Balance
grms.
+0.582
+ 1.949
+8.829
+8.354
—1.219
+ 7.231
+0.171
loss or
gain in
live.
weight
lb.
—0.422
MINERAL REQUIREMENTS OF CATTLE IN NORTH-EAST INDIA
171
In this experiment, the intake of CaO was about 21 to 23 grms. But two ani-
mals D 1 and D 3 have given a negative balance and the same animals have also
recorded a negative balance for magnesia, while P 2 O 5 has been negative in all, and
nitrogen in one. D 7 seems to be very thrifty as with a lower intake of CaO and
MgO it has been able to maintain a positive equilibrium.
This experiment is in some respects comparable with Experiment A, in both
of which the straw was fed as an exclusive feed without any concentrate. In the
latter, CaO, P 2 O 5 , nitrogen and energy supply were all deficient, but in the former
(i.e., aus straw) P 2 O 5 was definitely deficient but lime was about one and a half
times as much as in Experiment A ; yet the tendency of a negative balance still
persisted.
The experiment shows that up to the stage of an ingestion of 23 grms., the
full requirement of CaO is still unsatisfied. It shows further that aus straw is
superior to aman straw in almost all the nutrients.
Experiment E.—Aus straw and linseed cake — adequate in all nutrients and
fairly representative of a complete diet for maintenance. Nutritive ratio much
approximates to European standards for maintenance.
So far as energy and nutritive ratios are concerned, this experiment and Ex-
periment C (aman straw and linseed cake) provide the requisite conditions. But
the former differs from the latter in a better supply of mineral requirements and
hence serves as an approximate comparison from varying standpoints. The CaO
intake has varied from 24 to 31 grms. and the ratio CaO : P 2 O 5 varied from
: 0.4 to 1 : 0.47, i.e., CaO was about 2.1 to 2.46 times the P 2 O 5 . The balance
figures are set up in the following table. (Table V).
D
172 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VII,III
TABLE V
Aus straw and Linseed cake
EXPERIMENT E
(Computed on the basis of 500.lb. live-weight)
Animal
No.
D 2
D 3
Nutrients
CaO . . . . . . .
MgO . . . . . . .
K 2 O . . . . . . .
Na 2 O . . . . . . .
P 2 O 5 . . . . . . .
Cl 2 . . . . . . .
N . . . . . . .
CaO . . . . . . .
MgO . . . . . . .
K 2 O . . . . . . .
Na 2 O . . . . . . .
P 2 O 5 . . . . . . .
Cl 2 . . . . . . .
N . . . . . . .
Intake
Straw
grms.
24.554
15.468
78.574
8.005
6.806
12.992
36.315
27.846
17.541
89.107
9.077
7.718
14.734
41.593
Cake
grms.
1.251
1.935
3.358
1.087
3.922
0.117
9.808
1.465
2.267
3.934
1.274
4.595
0.137
10.904
Water
grms.
0.143
0.081
...
...
...
...
...
0.167
0.095
...
...
...
...
...
Added
mineral
grms.
0.055
0.062
0.148
6.800
...
8.065
...
0.061
0.072
0.174
7.967
...
9.448
...
Total
grms.
26.003
17.546
82.080
15.892
10.728
21.174
45.623
29.539
19.975
93.215
18.318
12.313
24.319
52.497
In
faeces
grms.
23.903
10.819
12.224
6.206
10.400
5.053
25.454
25.697
14.614
14.150
7.449
11.650
8.996
31.707
Difference
grms.
2.100
6.727
69.856
9.686
0.328
16.121
20.169
3.842
5.361
79.065
10.869
0.663
15.323
20.790
In
urine
grms.
0.947
4.382
52.348
1.882
0.135
8.838
12.198
1.180
4.552
65.379
3.782
0.256
8.252
12.229
Balance
grms.
+1.153
+ 2.345
+7.508
+ 7.804
+0.193
+ 7.283
+ 7.971
+ 2.662
+0.809
+ 13.686
+ 7.087
+0.407
+ 7.071
+ 8.561
Loss or
gain in
live.
weight
lb.
+ 0.361
+ 0.702
MINERAL REQUIREMENTS OF CATTLE IN NORTH-EAST INDIA
173
D 2
D 4
CaO
.
.
.
.
MgO
.
.
.
.
K 2 O
.
.
.
.
Na 2 O . . . .
P 2 O 5
.
.
.
.
Cl 3
.
.
.
.
N . . . .
CaO
.
.
.
.
MgO
.
.
.
.
K 2 O
.
.
.
.
Na 2 O
.
.
.
.
P 2 O 5
.
.
.
.
CI 2
.
.
.
.
N . . . .
22.404
14.113
71.693
7.304
6.210
11.855
33.020
26.380
16.617
84.414
8.599
7.311
13.958
38.594
1.091
1.688
2.930
0.949
3.421
0.102
8.119
1.812
2.804
4.867
1.576
5.684
0.114
13.489
0.146
0.083
...
...
...
...
...
0.152
0.086
...
...
...
...
. . .
0.046
0.054
0.129
5.932
...
7.035
...
0.051
0.060
0.144
6.612
...
7.841
...
23.687
15.938
74.752
14.185
9.631
18.992
41.139
28.395
19.567
89.425
16.737
12.995
21.913
52.083
22.071
8.118
11.765
4.625
10.613
9.270
23.222
27.334
14.848
13.783
6.649
11.258
12.370
30.508
1.616
7.820
62.987
9.560
—0.982
9.722
17.917
1.061
4.719
75.642
10.138
1.737
9.543
21.575
0.710
4.088
42.305
0.920
0.211
4.179
15.267
0.915
4.477
64.242
2.292
0.226
5.676
15.785
+ 0.906
+ 3.732
+ 20.682
+8.640
—1.193
+ 5.543
+2.650
+0.146
+0.242
+11.400
+ 7.846
+ 1.511
+ 3.867
+ 5.790
+0.580
+ 0.499