NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
48
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [VII I
It will be observed that young foals (e.g., 88, 386, and 287) readily contracted
the typical disease with the characteristic lesions after infection both by the oral
and nasal routes. It has been relatively difficult or impossible to reproduce the
typical disease in older ponies by infection by any route. Nevertheless, it will be
observed that two ponies, one after infection by the oral route (pony 93) and the
other after infection by the intravenous route (pony 90) developed a slight but
undoubted febrile reaction, and that a third pony, after infection by the intrave-
nous route (pony 95) developed a suppurative arthritis in addition to the febrile
reaction. Corynebacterium equi was re-isolated from the abscesses from the case
of suppurative arthritis and from those of typical penumonia. The organism was
also recovered from blood and faeces during life and from nasal mucosa, spleen,
mediastinal gland and lung abscesses after death from foal 387, the only case in
which all these were attempted. It is remarkable, however, that no agglutinins
were detectable in the blood serum of any of the infected foals or ponies.
An attempt was made to exalt the virulence of the organism by intra-pul-
monary inoculations through rats in series, to see if they could be sufficiently
exalted for the production of the typical disease in adult ponies, but no success was
obtained by this means.
PREVENTION
The late Mr. Cooper of this Institute attempted to assess the value of vaccina-
tion as a preventive for the disease. Only donkey foals about 6 months old were
procurable. A carbolised heated vaccine and a living culture that had been main-
tained in subculture for a number of years were tried for their immunising proper-
ties by subcutaneous inoculations.
After an interval of 4½ to 5½ months the
vaccinated foals and two control unvaccinated foals were drenched with 1 litre of
broth culture sown direct from the pus obtained from the lung of a naturally in-
fected foal. The results are tabulated in Table III.
TABLE III
Donkey Foal
No. and age at
the time of
coming under
experiment
43
6 ½ months.
46
10½ months.
Vaccination
Preparation and
dose
Living diptheroid
(C. equi) agar emul-
sion (48 hours
growth), 400 mill.
per c. c. Subcut-
aneous 1 c.c.
No. and dates of
doses
5 injections month-
ly from 11th April
1927 to 12th
August 1927.
Reaction after
vaccination
Abscess from each in-
jection.
Abscess 1st, 4th and
5th injections.
Result of test for immu-
nity. On 27th August
1027, each animal
was drenched with 1
litre of broth culture
sown direct from pus
of a natural case
No reaction.
No reaction.
PNEUMONIA IN FOALS
40
TABLE III—contd.
Donkey Foal
No. and age at
the time of
coming under
experiment
44
6½ months.
45
11 months.
47
1 year 1 month.
50
Not ascertained.
Vaccination
Preparation and
dose
Killed. 48 hours
agar emulsion of
C. equi 1600 mil-
lions to a c. c.
Subcutaneous 5
c.c.
Unvaccinated con-
trols.
No. and dates of
doses
6 injections month-
ly between 11th
March 1927 and
12th August 1927.
Reaction after
vaccination.
First dose was split up
into 1 c. c. and 4 c. c.
5 days later. Tempe-
rature disturbance.
Fed fairly for 3 days.
Abscess following 5th
injection.
Slight temperature dis-
turbance
following
3rd injection.
Result of test for immu-
nity. On 27th August
1927, each animal
was drenched with 1
litre of broth culture
sown direct from pus
of a natural case
Immediate temperature
disturbance and again
after one week. 19th
day fed fairly, distress-
ed breathing and nasal
discharge for 10 days.
Immediate temperature
disturbance only.
No reaction except for
slight temperature re-
action between 55th
and 60th days.
No reaction except for
slight temperature re-
action between the
22nd and 24th days.
It will be seen that the results are not conclusive, for, at the time of retest
even the unvaccinated control foals, along with the vaccinated ones, failed to
contract the disease. This is probably due to the fact that the foals were too old.
There is, besides, the question whether donkey foals are suitable subjects.
At one stud, which has applied to this Institute for advice, the incidence of
this condition, at one time of common occurrence, has been greatly reduced since
the introduction of hygienic measures for the control of contagious abortion and the
addition of supplements to the diet. Among these measures were included rota-
tion of grazing grounds and paddocks so that they come into use for a year only
once in every five years of cultivation, the periodic use of lime, and the doing away
with stables, so that foals and mares are in the open day and night throughout
the year from date of birth. In addition mares with foals at foot are fed with 20
drops of Tincture iodine every three days.
At the suggestion of Capt. J. F. L. Taylor, R. A. V. C., foals detected at the
first rise of temperature are treated in some of the infected establishments with the
intravenous injection of 25 c.c. of a 1 per cent solution of mercurochrome, repeated
if necessary. In addition the patients are treated with cough electuary and are fed
with Tincture iodine in water. The nostrils are douched with a solution of
potassium permanganate. Much success is claimed for this line of treatment. A
statement showing the results of treatment is attached in Table IV.
H
50
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY. [VII
I
TABLE IV
Serial
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Animal
No.
Filly 916 .
Colt of 917 .
Colt of 922 .
Colt 931 .
Filly 926 .
Colt 965 .
Filly 932 .
Colt 945 .
Colt 963 .
Colt 966 .
Colt of Welsh
Lass.
Colt 977 .
Colt 982 .
Colt 968 .
Filly 933
Colt of Welsh
Lass.
Filly of Silver-
cup.
Colt 945 .
Colt 947 .
Colt 982 .
Date of birth
19th Septr. 1928
20th Septr. 1928
13th Oct. 1928
9th Jan. 1929
15th Dec. 1925
18th March 1929
11th Jan. 1929
22nd Feb. 1929
19th March 1929
20th March 1929
22nd March 1929
14th April 1929
28th April 1929
23rd March 1929
11th Jan. 1929
22nd Jan. 1929
5th April 1929
22nd Feb. 1929
23rd Feb. 1929
28th April 1929
.
Disease
. Pneumonia
. Pneumonia
. Pneumonia
. Pneumonia
. Fever . .
. Pneumonia .
. Pneumonia .
. Pneumonia .
. Fever .
. Pneumonia .
. Fever .
. Pneumonia
. Fever .
. Fever .
. Fever .
. Fever .
. Fever
. Fever
. Fever
. Pneumonia
Date of onset
18
th Dec. 1928
1st Jan. 1929
1st Jan. 1929
14th Feb. 1929
15th March 1929 .
26th March 1929 .
27th March 1929 .
2nd April 1929
18th April 1929 .
19th April 1929 .
30th April 1929 .
12th May 1929
30th May 1929
20th May 1929
20th May 1929
22nd May 1929
22nd May 1929
22nd May 1929
.
21st May 1929
30th May 1929
Treatment
Mercurochrome 25 to 35 c. c. of
1 per cent solution intraven-
ously. Tincture iodine—orally
Castor oil—orally
. Mercurochrome—once . .
. Mercurochrome—once . .
. Mercurochrome—once . .
. Mercurochrome—7 injections .
Tincture iodine—once.
Castor oil—once.
. Mercurochrome—once . .
.Mercurochrome—once . .
. Mercurochrome—twice . .
.Tincture iodine—thrice . .
Castor oil—twice.
Mercurochrome—4 times.
. Mercurochrome—thrice . .
.Castor oil—once . . .
Murcurochrome—twice.
. Mercurochrome—once . .
.Mercurochrome—twice . .
.Mercurochrome—twice . .
. Mercurochrome—once . .
.Mercurochrome—-twice . .
Castor oil—once.
.Mercurochrome—once . .
. Mercurochrome—once . .
. Mercurochrome—once . .
. Castor oil—once . . .
Mercurochrome—once.
.Mercurochrome—twice . .
Result.
Cured, 31st Dec. 1928.
Cured, 9th Jan. 1929.
Cured, 9th Jan. 1929.
Died, 14 th March 1929.
Cured, 22nd March 1929
Cured, 4th April 1929.
Cured, 3rd April 1929.
Cured, 17th May 1929.
Died, 28th April 1929.
Cured, 4th May 1929.
Cured, 8th May 1929.
Cured, 17th May 1929.
Cured, 9th June 1929.
Cured, 23rd May 1929.
Cured, 25th May 1929.
Cured, 25th May 1929.
Cured, 26th May 1929.
Cured, 26th May 1929.
Cured, 26th May 1929.
Cured, 4th May 1929.
PNEUMONIA IN FOALS.
51
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Filly of B. M.
Silver-cup.
Colt, 935 . .
985. . .
Filly 951. .
Filly 946 .
Filly 967 .
Filly 930 .
Filly 967 .
Colt 977 . .
Filly 975 .
Colt 974 . .
Filly 979 .
Colt 985 . .
Colt 1003 .
Colt 1009 .
Colt 1007 .
5th April 1929 . .
21st Jan.1929 . .
3rd May 1929 . .
26th Feb. 1929 . .
22nd Feb. 1929 . .
21st March 1929 . .
5th Jan. 1929 . .
21st March 1929 . .
14th April 1929 . .
11th April 1929 . .
10th April 1929 . .
18th April 1929 . .
3rd May 1929 . .
5th Aug. 1929 . .
14th Aug. 1929 . .
10th Aug. 1929 . .
Pneumonia
Pneumonia
Pneumonia
Fever .
Diarrhœa
Fever .
Fever .
Pneumonia
Diarrhœa
Pneumonia
Pneumonia
Pneumonia
Catarrh .
Bronchitis
Bronchitis
Pneumonia
. 30th May 1929 .
. 1st June 1929 .
. 7th June 1929 .
. 21st June 1929 .
. 26th June 1929
.
. 21st July 1929 .
. 6th Aug. 1929 .
. 17th Aug. 1929
.
. 19th Aug. 1929 .
. 22nd Aug. 1929 .
. 4th Sept. 1929 .
. 11th Oct. 1929 .
. 11th Oct. 1929 .
. 19th Oct. 1929 .
. 19th Oct. 1929 .
. 29th Oct. 1929 .
. Mercurochrome—twice
. Mercurochrome—once
Castor
oil—once.
. Mercurochrome —once
. Mercurochrome —once .
. Mercurochrome—once .
. Mercurochrome—twice .
. Mercurochrome—once .
. Mercurochrome—twice .
. Mercurochrome—once .
. Mercurochrome—once .
. Mercurochrome—4 times
. Castor oil—once . .
Mercurochrome—twice.
. Castor oil—once . .
Mercurochrome—twice.
.
Mercurochrome—thrice .
.
Mercurochrome—7 times
Tincture iodine—9 times.
. Mercurochrome—4 times
Tincture iodine—9 times.
. Cured, 11th June 1929.
. Cured, 7th June 1929.
. Cured, 14th June 1929.
. Cured, 28th June 1929.
. Cured, 19th July 1929.
. Cured, 11th Aug. 1929.
. Cured, 9th Aug. 1929.
. Cured, 29th Aug. 1929.
. Cured, 22nd Aug.1929.
. Cured, 29th Aug. 1929.
. Cured, 16th Sept. 1929.
. Cured, 19th Oct. 1929.
. Cured, 19th Oct. 1929.
. Cured, 4th Nov. 1929.
. Cured, 2nd Dec. 1929.
. Destroyed, 28th Nov.
1929.
52
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY, [VII, I
It may be noted here that out of 37 cases treated, 18 are shown as having
developed specific symptoms of pneumonia. Of these 18, fifteen had been cured
by adoption of this line of treatment. Of the other 19 animals two were cases of
bronchitis, two of diarrhœa and the rest were cases of fever. How many of
these cases, if they had been untreated, would have developed into cases of specific
pneumonia is unknown. Although, at sight, the adoption of this line of treatment
appears to be of benefit, in the absence of adequate controls, it is not possible to
assess its true value as a cure for specific pneumonia of foals, particularly as one
knows that a certain percentage of affected animals do recover without treatment.
SUMMARY
A particular form of pneumonia is known to occur with some frequency in
certain breeding studs in the Punjab, and the etiology of this condition, which was
thought to be identical with that described by Magnusson in Sweden, has been
under investigation for some time.
The infection is generally confined to foals about one to two months old, and
occasionally symptoms of joint-ill may be seen in addition to those of pneumonia.
The mortality is high. Post-mortem examination reveals large abscess cavities
in the lungs and the mediastinal glands.
Corynebacterium equi, the causal agent, can be recovered in nearly every case
in pure culture from the abscesses in the lungs and mediastinal glands, as well as
from the faeces, sometimes from the heart-blood and, rarely, from the joint fluid
of naturally as well artificially infected cases. The cultural and biochemical
characters of this organism are described.
It has been possible to reproduce the typical symptoms of the disease by an
intra-nasal douche of a saline suspension of the organism. Age, as in natural
incidence, appears to be the chief factor in the artificial reproduction of the disease.
Attempts were made to assess the value of vaccination and of treatment with
mercurochrome and iodine. The results were inconclusive for want of animals of
suitable age in the former case, and for want of controls in the latter.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The late Mr. Cooper took much interest in the investigation of the etiology
of this condition and part of the material included in this paper is from some
valuable records left by him. I am indebted to Mr. J. R. Haddow for guidance and
helpful suggestions and to Mr. V. R. Gopalakrishnan, Veterinary Inspector for
assistance in the execution of the work. I have also to thank Capt. Taylor for his
permission to record the results of his method of treatment and to Colonel Cole for
the supply of pathological materials and certain particulars.
PNEUMONIA IN FOALS
53
REFERENCES
Bull, L. B. (1924). J. Comp. Path. Ther. 37, 294.
Carne, H. R. (1927). Dept. of Agric. New South Wales, Sci. Bull, No. 29.
Veterinary Research Report No. 3, p. 31.
Dimock, W. W. and Edwards, P. R. (1931). J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assn. 78, 809.
Kessler (1926). J. Bact. 13, 47.
Lund, L. (1924). Deut. Tierartzl. Wchnschr. 32, 4.
Lutje, F. (1923). Ibid 31, 559.
Magnusson, H. (1933). Archiv. f. wiss. w. prakt. Tierkeik 50, 22.
Meissener, H. and Wetzel, R. (1923). Deut. Tierartzl. Wchnschr. 31, 449.
Salle, A. J. (1930). J. Bact. 20, 389.
THE SULPHUR CONTENT OF SOME INDIAN GRASSES
BY
F. J. WARTH
AND
T. S. KRISHNAN,
Animal Nutrition Section, Bangalore
[Received for publication on 28th October 1936]
ON account of its possible bearing on wool production the question of the
sulphur content of pasture grasses has received a considerable amount of attention,
Aitken [1930], Evans [1931], Askew and Bishop [1933], Pollard and Chibnall
[1934]. The present short survey originated through an observation made in the
course of other work to the effect that grasses of the tribe Chlorideae appear to
contain an unusually large amount of sulphate. We have carried out a series of
analyses to test this point. Two types of material were collected and examined,
viz., natural herbage and cultivated pure grass species. Natural herbage was
collected from four distinct types of land. In each place numerous small patches,
1 to 3 sq. ft. in area, were selected and from each area all the specimens
of the predominant species were separated and prepared for analysis.
Thus it has been possible to compare the nitrogen and sulphur content
of various grasses, without the interference of differences in soil and climate,
as they were growing side by side in the natural state. Some patches, especially
those on richer and more moist soils, yielded five or six species while others,
on arid land, yielded only two species. Altogether twenty such patches
were sampled botanically and the different species from each patch were analysed
separately for total sulphate and total sulphur by our own method [Warth and
Krishnan 1935], as well as for total nitrogen. In all about 150 samples were
analysed.
Samples of pure species were obtained from plots grown by the Animal Nutri-
tion Section at the Bangalore Dairy. The sampling was done by completely
harvesting a small area.
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
1. Patches of natural herbage.—The full figures obtained are too numerous to
be quoted here and will be used only for estimating average values. The five
following sets of typical data, (actual) given in Table I, in detail, illustrate the
nature of the evidence obtained from patches of natural herbage.
( 54 )
SULPHUR CONTENT OF SOME INDIAN GRASSES
55
TABLE I
Nitrogen and sulphur content of various grasses growing side by side in the natural
state
(Expressed as per cent on dry basis)
Area
North
Dairy
Plots.
North
Dairy
Plots.
South
Dairy
Plots.
South
Dairy
Plots.
Military
Grass
Farm.
Grass
patch
No. 1
No. 8
No. 2
No. 5
No. 1
Name of grass
Panicum Crusgalli . . .
Panicum javanicum . . .
Digitaria sanguinalis . . .
Andropogon annulatus . . .
Panicum maximum . . .
Eragrostis sp. . . . .
Clitoris barbata* . . .
Andropogon contortus . . .
Andropogon pertusus . . .
Chtoris barbata*
.
.
.
Digitaria ciliata . . .
Eleusine Indica* . . .
Eragrostis sp. . . .
Panicum maximum . . .
Cynodon dactylon* . . .
Cynodon dactylon* . . .
Panicum javanicum . . .
Panicum maximum . . .
Chloris barbata* . . .
Panicum javanicum . . .
Andropogon pertusus . . .
Andropogon contortus . . .
Clitoris barbata* . . .
Cymbopogon sp.
.
.
.
Eragrostis . . .
Panicum javanicum . . .
Total
sulphur
0.203
0.198
0.166
0.168
0.120
0.218
0.420
0.130
0.115
0.400
0.127
0.286
0.155
0.107
0.503
0.527
0.205
0.168
0.331
0.184
0.137
0.1 16
0.281
0.135
0.171
. .
Sul-
phate
sulphur
0.076
0.060
0.043
0.077
0.032
0.095
0.289
0.069
0.045
0.290
0.052
0.185
0.047
0.038
0.345
0.393
0.077
0.068
0.218
0.069
0.055
0.044
0.180
0.058
0.052
0.061
Orga-
nic
sulphur
0.127
0.138
0.123
0.091
0.088
0.123
0.131
0.061
0.070
0.110
0.085
0.101
0.108
0.069
0.158
0.134
0.128
0.100
0.113
0.115
0.082
0.072
0.101
0.067
0.119
. .
Total
Nitro-
gen
2.080
2.226
1.790
1.356
1.483
1.641
1.921
0.823
1.117
1.419
1.189
1.274
1.156
0.956
2.424
2.281
2.252
1.522
1.779
1.751
1.180
0.908
1.078
1.222
1.148
. .
Species of Tribe Chlorideae marked *.
The figures show that amongst grasses growing side by side in the natural
state, species of the tribe Chlorideae contain much more sulphate than is found in
other species. The same fact is borne out equally clearly from all the other
patches as well.
2. The average nitrogen and sulphur content of different species.—The accom-
panying table (Table II) is a summary of all our data obtained both from natural
herbage and from cultivated plots.
56
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VII, I
TABLE II
Average sulphur content of grasses. Per 100 parts dry plant
Name of grasses
Panicum crusgalli . .
Panicum javanicum .
Panicum maximum .
Pennesetum cenchroides .
Andropogon contotus .
Andropogon annulatus .
Andropogon pertusus .
Sorghum vulgare .
Holcus sp. . .
Cymbopogon . .
Aristida sp. . .
Eragrostis sp. . .
Rhodes grass . .
Eleusine coracana . .
Elcusine Indica . .
Chloris barbata . .
Cynodon dactylon . .
No. of
samples
2
7
8
6
6
4
1
1
1
3
2
6
6
8
1
8
5
Total
Sulphur
0.188
0.202
0.123
0.196
0.123
0.163
0.115
0.137
0.245
0.106
0.120
0.187
0.234
0.405
0.286
0.477
0.562
Sulphate
Sulphur
0.059
0.068
0.038
0.077
0.059
0.083
0.045
0.030
0.031
0.034
0.037
0.067
0.129
0.281
0.185
0.359
0.423
Organic
Sulphur
0.129
0.134
0.085
0.119
0.064
0.080
0.070
0.107
0.215
0.071
0.083
0.120
0.105
0.124
0.101
0.118
0.139
Total
Nitrogen
2.160
2.167
1.353
1.962
0.870
1.157
1.117
1.986
1.502
1.064
1.164
1.396
1.774
2.353
1.274
1.704
2.228
Nitrogen :
Organic
Sulphur
Ratio
17
16
16
16
14
14
..
..
..
15
14
12
17
19
..
14
16
The last 5 grasses belong to the tribe Chlorideae.
From the results given in Table II, it will be observed that the sulphate content
of the cultivated grasses agrees with the results obtained in the case of natural
grasses.
The data do not reveal any other specific differences in sulphate content. The
low value for Panicum maximum appears to be characteristic of this species. The
average value recorded here for this grass agrees with the figures obtained from
numerous determinations made by us in connection with other work.
The organic sulphur is present, presumably, mainly as protein sulphur, since
it fluctuates with the nitrogen content, as the above figures show.
In view of the high sulphate values it is of considerable interest to enquire
whether the protein of the Chlorideae is unusually rich in sulphur. The values
for the nitrogen : organic sulphur ratio indicate that there is no sign of greater
richness of sulphur in the proteins of the Chlorideae. As the nitrogen values refer
to the total nitrogen and the organic sulphur includes non-protein sulphur, the
above ratio is not an exact measure of protein sulphur, but as far as the figures go,
they suggest that the proteins of the Chlorideae do not contain significantly higher
amount of sulphur than those of other species. On the other hand it would seem
that the proteins of Eragrostis may be somewhat richer in sulphur content.
3. Distribution of sulphate between leaf and stalk.— The data in Table III show
that the percentage of sulphate is higher in the stalk than in the leaf in all the
plants examined except lucerne.
SULPHUR CONTENT OF SOME INDIAN GRASSES
57
TABLE III
Sulphate content of stalks and leaves of grasses. Sulphate expressed as grms. sulphur
per 100 parts dry grass
Species
Elusine coracana . . . . .
Do. . . . . .
Do. . . . . .
Rhodes grass . . . . .
Andropogon contortus . . . . .
Pennesetum cenchroides . . . . .
Panicum maximum . . . . .
Sorghum vulgare . . . . .
Cynodon dactylon . . . . .
Lucerne . . . . . .
Stage of maturity
flowering . . .
full flower . . .
dead ripe . . .
full bloom . . .
Do. . . .
Do. . . .
Do. . . .
Young . . . .
Full bloom . . .
Do. . . .
Stalks
0.362
0.390
0.518 0.221
0.054
0.051
0.044
0.026
0.326
0.099
Leaves
0.147
0.203
0.199
0.133
0.023
0.031
0.025
0.009
0.275
0.199
From the figures in Table III, it appears to be a general rule with grasses
that the stalk contains more sulphate than the leaf. Lucerne apparently behaves
differently, and we have another set of figures for the same plant, determined on a
different occasion, which also corroborates the above results. The additional
figures are given below :—
Sulphate as grams sulphur per 100 grms. dry plant
Morning
.
.
.
.
Evening
.
.
.
.
Plot1
Leaf
0.237
0.191
Stalk
0.153
0.124
Plot. 2
Leaf
0.219
0.200
Stalk
0.136
0.127
It may be mentioned that this distribution can only be determined if the leaf
and stalk are separated at the time of harvesting. If the plant is allowed to dry in
air before leaf and stalk are separated, a large amount of the sulphate of the stalk
is drawn into the leaf. The following experiment illustrates this point clearly.
A sample of Guinea grass was cut, one part of which was air-dried before sepa-
rating leaf from the stalk, and another part was separated and then air-dried.
The distribution of sulphate between leaf and stalk as the result of the above
treatment is given below:—
Sulphate as grams sulphur per 100 grms. dry plant
Partial drying before separating
......
Separating and then partial drying
.....
Leaf
0.029
0.019
Stalk
0.037
0.044
I
58
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
[VII, I
SUMMARY
Amongst grasses growing side by side in the natural state, it was found that
species of the tribe Chlorideae contain more sulphate than is present in other species.
There was no corresponding excess of sulphur in the proteins of these species.
The stalks of grasses contain more sulphate than the leaf. In lucerne, the
reverse is true.
REFERENCES
Aitken, A. A. A. (1930), Biochem. J., 24, 250.
Askew, H. O. and Bishop, L. (1933), Nutr. Abs. & Revs., 2, 472.
Evans, R. E. (1931), J. Agric. Sci., 21, 806.
Pollard, A. and Chibnall, A. C. (1934), Biochem. J., 28, 326.
Warth, F. J. and Krishnan, T. S. (1935), Ind. Jour. Vet. Sci. and Anim, Husb.,
5, 210.