NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
104
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VII, II
TABLE IV
Differential counts
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Animals
Mysore bullocks .
Scindi cows .
Scindi bulls .
Gir cows . .
Gir bulls . .
Buffaloes . .
Buffalo bull .
Young Scindi bull
Ayrshire bull .
Half-bred cows .
Five-eighths-bred
cows . .
Quarter-bred cows
Average for Indian
cattle . .
Fraser's average .
Polymor
Per cent
21
31
32
23
19
28
33
20
26
28
30
24
26.7
30.7
Eosinoph
Per cent
9
11
16
8
11
6
9
8
16
10
13
8
10
11.2
Mono.
Per cent
70
57
53
70
71
66
61
71
56
61
58
67
64
57.9
Range per cent
Poly.
16—22
20—42
20—42
19—28
19—28
21—54
21—54
18—24
. .
16—41
. .
24—40
. .
16—56
Eosino.
7—10
8—18
8—18
2—15
2—15
2.5—9
2.5—9
8—9
. .
6.5—17
. .
5—9
. .
1.2—25
Mono.
69—76
44—70
44—70
44—71
44—71
44—73
44—73
68—74
. .
47—80
. .
51—66
. .
36—80
The figures in Table IV represent the percentage of different kinds of leuco-
cytes present. The standard fixed for foreign cattle by Fraser is also given for
comparison. It can be seen that the figures for the Scindis agree well with those
of Fraser while those of the cross-bred cows and buffaloes to a certain extent
approach them. It may be assumed, therefore, that the percentage of leucocytes
is the same in all animals. The only animals which showed variations are the
Gir cows and the bullocks. Perhaps this is due to the fact that the Gir cattle were
anaemic and the bullocks were under maintenance experiments.
The wide range under each count is difficult to explain. Low neutrophile
count, however, is indicative of absence of bacterial disease. High eosinophile
count is believed to indicate helminthiasis. Nicols says that the presence of high
eosinophile counts, when faecal examinations are negative, indicate that other
methods of detecting parasitism should be resorted to [loc. cit.]. Napier and
Das Gupta [loc. cit.], mention that menials in Bengal have less eosinophiles in them
than Europeans, contrary to expectations of helminth infection. The buffalo
with its filth-loving habits should be expected to have a high helminth infection
but gives the lowest eosinophile counts ; whereas all the bulls which are under
HAEMATOLOGICAL STUDIES IN INDIAN DAIRY ANIMALS
105
preferential treatment and are well looked after in the farm give a higher percen¬
tage. Again, the Gir cows which are found to be anaemic, which itself may be
due to helminthiasis, show a lower count. However, the following points which
were noticed are worth recording here :—
1. All mature bulls show a higher eosinophile count.
2. Gir cows give a low count and they are found to be anaemic.
3. Scindi bulls too young for service give low counts.
4. Buffaloes are found to contain less number of eosinophiles. The con-
dition of the animals is a little plethoric.
During the course of this study there was not much chance of studying the
blood of sick cattle. However, during a mild outbreak of Foot-and-Mouth disease
in the farm, the opportunity was availed of and a few samples of blood were exa-
mined and the results are given in Table V.
TABLE V
Blood counts in animals suffering from Foot-and-Mouth disease.
Animals
Cross-bred . . .
„ „ 2 . . .
Scindi cow . . .
Quarter-bred . . .
Differential counts
in health
Poly.
30
26
30
25
Eosin
8
11
9
12
Lymp.
62
63
61
63
Rise of temperature
R. B. C.
...
7.0
9.0
9.0
Diff. count
P.
42
41
42
40
E.
0.5
12.0
0.5
9.0
L.
67.5
47
56
51
Fall of temperature
R.B..C.
...
5.21
6.79
7.94
Diff. count
P.
16
20
29
18
E.
13
10
6
9
L.
70
70
65
72
After re-
covery
Diff. counts
P.
35
30
...
31
E.
12
13
...
8
L.
56
57
...
61
It is seen from the table that during the rise of temperature, there is rise of
neutrophiles at the expense of other forms. When the temperature comes to nor-
mal a rise in mono-nuclears particularly lymphocytes was observed. After com-
plete recovery the percentages of different white cells are found to have been res-
tored to the pre-fever stage.
Among the different herds examined, some of the Gir cows showed anaemic
characters in the structure of the red cells. Further details of the blood picture
are given in Table VI.
106
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VII, II
TABLE VI
Blood counts in some Gir cows of Bangalore farm
Animals
Cow 28
„ 30
„ 21
„ 24
„ 16
„ 1
Types
Brown .
„ .
„ .
'Kala Boli'
„
.
„
.
Erythro-
cytes
in
millions
6.776
7.472
7.136
9.144
6.552
6.440
Leucocytes
in
thousands
19.800
11.400
10.400
12.600
16.600
10.600
Differential counts
Polymor.
20
24
24
22
40
25
Eosino.
16
2
15
10
7
10
Mono.
62
70
60
69
44
63
Others
2.0
4.0
1.0
1.0
7.0
2.0
SUMMARY
A study of the blood elements of cattle of the Bangalore Farm was made to
fix haematological standards for Indian dairy cattle.
The advantages and disadvantages of using anti-coagulants for collection of
blood samples for examinations are discussed. Mention has also been made of the
merits of citrate solution as the diluting fluid for the red cell pipette.
Average counts of different breeds of cattle including buffaloes are given in
a tabulated form. The erythrocyte and leucocyte counts are found higher in
Indian cattle than European cattle, but half-bred cows give figures agreeing with
European cattle. Among the Indian cattle the buffaloes give the highest counts,
the red cells reaching 11.0 millions and the leucocytes 20.0 thousands.
From a study of the differential counts made on the animals, it is noticed that
the different forms of leucocytes exist in the same proportion in all healthy cattle,
the proportion being about thirty per cent polymorpho-nuclears, ten per cent of
eosinophiles and sixty per cent of mononuclears consisting of both large mono-
nuclears and small lymphocytes. Basophiles are found to be absent in healthy
cattle.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
It is my pleasant duty to express my indebtedness to Mr. F. Ware, Director,
Imperial Veterinary Research Institute, for initiating me into the technique of
haematology.
My thanks are also due to Dr. F. J. Warth, the late Physiological Chemist,
Bangalore, and Dr. K. C. Sen, Officer-in-charge of the Animal Nutrition Section,
Izatnagar, for the encouraging interest taken in this work.
HAEMATOLOGICAL STUDIES IN INDIAN DAIRY ANIMALS
107
The author wishes to express his gratitude to Mr. Z. R. Kothawalla, the
Imperial Dairy Expert, Bangalore, for permitting him to take blood samples from
the dairy herd at Bangalore.
REFERENCES
Kerncamp, H. C. H. (1933). Amer. Vet. Med. Ass. 83, 666-672.
Nicols, R. E. (1935). Vet. Med. 30, 289-295.
Fraser, A. C. (1931). Univ. Camb., Inst. Ani. Path., 1st Rep. 29, 30-31.
Napier, L. E. and Das Gupta, C. R. (1935). Ind. Jour. Med. Res. 23.
A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON CANINE SCHISTOSOMIASIS
IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY*
BY
M. ANANT NARAYAN RAO, G.M.V.C.
Lecturer in Parasitology, Madras Veterinary College
(Received for publication on 16th March 1937)
(With Plate XII)
THE first case of schistosomiasis in a dog in India was recorded by Rao and
Ayyar [1935]. The animal was brought to South India from Jubbulpore where
apparently, it got the infection in the jheels. The subject of this paper is a
dog, aged about eighteen months, belonging to a flower merchant of
Gudiattam, North Arcot District. This dog, it is reported, was born in Kuppam
of Chittoor District, and as a pup, was taken to Gudiattam where it remained most
of the time before it was brought to Madras. The owner said that it is very fond
of swimming and he allowed it this pleasure in the ponds in his lands at Gudiattam.
The clinical history of the case is that it has had frequent attacks of dysentery
and is not keeping such good condition as the owner expects it to have, consistent
with the care bestowed upon it. The examination of its faeces showed a large
number of ova of schistosomes resembling those of S. suis [Rao and Ayyar, 1933].
This is the second case of dysentery in a dog caused by schistosomes to be
reported from India and the first indigenous case to be reported in the Madras
Presidency. It is possible that a careful search into the causes of dysentery in dogs
may reveal more cases of schistosomiasis.
This finding of schistosome ova resembling those of S. suis in the faeces of a
dog from North Arcot District adds importance to the previous findings referred to
below. Rao and Ayyar [1933] found S. suis in pigs brought from North Arcot
District and slaughtered in Madras. Figs, when being driven from this district to
the various markets, would naturally disseminate infection to certain species of
snails in ponds en route. It, therefore, seems possible that this dog contracted
schistosomiasis in one of such infected ponds in which it was allowed to swim.
The author has had no opportunities of examining pigs slaughtered in districts
other than North Arcot, and hence is unable to report the existence of this schisto-
some in other pig-breeding areas of this Presidency. There is some evidence to
show that S. suis exists in Benga1 and Central Provinces. Maplestone collected
some from pigs slaughtered in Calcutta and these were described by Bhalerao [1934].
*Paper read at the 24th Session of the Indian Science Congress held at Hyderabad,
Deccan, January 1937.
( 109 )
SELECTED ARTICLES
THE CONTROL OF ANIMAL DISEASES IN RELATION TO
OVERSTOCKING AND SOIL EROSION
BY
H. E. HORNBY
Director of Veterinary Services, Tanganyika Territory
(Reprinted from the Empire Journal of Experimental Agriculture, Vol. V, No. 18, April,
1937,
143-154)
SOIL erosion has been defined as ' the corrosive action of natural forces on
the surface of the earth ', and a certain amount of erosion, which in most places
is more than balanced by rock decay, is a normal process. To-day, however,
the term generally implies an accelerated loss of soil so far above the normal that
it constitutes a very serious loss of the natural wealth of many countries. This
accelerated loss is almost entirely due to disturbance by man or his domestic animals
of the vegetative cover which alone can prevent the shifting of soil by rain and wind.
Throughout the world generally it is probable that injudicious cultivation is
by far the most important source of soil erosion, and especially wherever the rain-
fall is both high and well distributed. Thus Eden [ 1 ] in his small monograph
on soil erosion gave very little space to damage by stock, and the committee on
soil erosion in Ceylon [ 2] did not mention stock at all.
It is in countries where the rainfall is low, or sufficiently seasonal to permit
an annual dry season of several consecutive months, that damage by domestic
animals may equal or exceed that done by the cultivator. Thus on page 12 of
the Final Report of the Drought Investigation Commission of the Union of South
Africa [ 3 ] it is stated that ' Deterioration in the vegetal covering of the drier
parts of the Union has been brought about mainly through the practices of kraal¬
ing, herding, and overstocking, together with an insufficient number of drinking
places, and overgrazing '; and on page 15, ' Soil erosion is caused, mainly, by de-
terioration of the vegetal cover brought about by incorrect veld management.'
Also Bennett and Chapline [ 4 ] lay the blame for the appalling soil losses which
are occurring in the United States of America almost equally on the shoulders
of the cultivator and the stockman. We are not concerned, however, with appor-
tioning blame ; our present purpose is to emphasize the fact that overstocking
is an important cause of soil erosion, and that wherever it exists it calls for serious
consideration and scientific intervention. Even in those areas where there is as
yet no apparent overstocking, the possibility of its occurrence should be borne in
mind, and preventive measures be instituted when necessary.
( 309 )
CANINE SCHISTOSOMIASIS IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY
111
round the body of the miracidium at this region. Another similar ring is seen
round the region of the excretory pores in the posterior third of the body. In the
body of the miracidium are found a large number of polyhedral germinal cells
[Plate XII, figs. 1 (c) and 3]. The cuticle shows an inner lining of rows of
tiny cells, the germinal epithelium.
The excretory system consists of a pair of flame cells on either side of the
mesial half of the miracidium. The anterior flame cell is situated in a level with the
posterior secretory gland and the posterior flame cell is in a level with or a little
behind the excretory pore. The tubule from each flame cell unites with its fellow
from the opposite direction just behind the posterior secretory gland. The common
duct thus formed, after looping to some extent, opens in the excretory pore on the
margin of the posterior third of the body.
Some interesting features in the anatomy of this miracidium are the absence
of the ciliary girdle and the presence of some refractile bodies, about three in the
visual section or six in all, around the digestive sac. These bodies were found to
move within certain limits and their nature and function are not known. Such
bodies have not been observed hitherto in the miracidia of the other species of
schistosomes studied by the author. A comparison, in a tabular form, of the pre-
sence and location, etc., of the ciliary girdle on the different miracidia is interesting
and the following table gives the necessary details :—
TABLE I
Name
of
species
S. haematobium
Do. .
S. mansoni .
S. spindalis .
S. nasalis .
Presence or
absence of
ciliary girdle
Present .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .
No. of groups
of cilia in
the girdle
Not mentioned
Described as
stationary
hairs
Do. .
6 to 8 in the
visual section
of the miraci-
dium
10 to 12 in the
visual section
of the miraci-
dium
Situation
Just anterior to
excretory pores
A little behind
3/5 of body
length from the
anterior end
Do. .
A little behind
the middle of
the body
About the mid-
dle of the body
Name of author
describing it
Faust quoted by
Faust and Me-
leney, 1924.
Gordon and his
collaborators,
1934.
Do.
Rao, 1934.
Do.
F
112
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VII, II
TABLE I—contd.
Name
of
species
S. japonicum .
S. suis . .
Presence or
absence of
ciliary girdle
Absent .
Absent .
No. of groups
of cilia in
the girdle
. .
There appear to
be six refrac-
tile rounded
bodies around
the region of
the digestive
sac.
Situation
. .
. .
Name of author
describing it
Faust and Mele-
ney, 1924.
Present author.
From the above table it is seen that the miracidia of S. japonicum and of S. suis
do not possess a ciliary girdle and though, to that extent, there is similarity between
the two, yet they are two different species according to Rao and Ayyar [1935].
The dog in question is under treatment with sodium-antimony tartarate and
the result is awaited.
SUMMARY
1. An indigenous case of dysentery in a dog due to schistosomiasis in the
Madras Presidency is recorded.
2. It is concluded, from a study of the ova, that the infestation is due to S.
suis [Rao and Ayyar, 1934].
3. The miracidium obtained is described. The interesting points in its mor-
phology are the absence of a ciliary girdle and the presence of six refractile rounded
bodies in the region around the digestive sac.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My thanks are due to Messrs. S. Vaidyanatha Mudaliar, Assistant Lecturer
and Mr. K. P. Doraswamy, Veterinary Assistant Surgeon, Royapuram Veterinary
Dispensary, for the help rendered by them.
REFERENCES
Bhalerao, G. D. (1934). Ind. Jour. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb. 4, 148-151.
Gordon, R. M., Davey, T. H. and Peaston, H. (1934) Ann. Trop. Med. & Parasit.
28, 373.
Faust, E. C. and Meleney, H. E. (1924). Monograph Ser. No. 3 Amer. Jour. of Hyg.
Rao, M.A.N. and Ayyar, L. S. P. (1933). Ind. Jour. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb. 3,
321-324.
Rao, M. A. N. (1934). Ind. Jour. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb. 4, 1-28.
Rao, M. A. N. and Ayyar, R. S. (1935). Ind. Jour. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb. 5, 1-5.
A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF
ACCESSORY FACTORS ON THE PRODUCTION
OF MILK BY INDIAN GOATS
BY
K. P. R. KARTHA
Animal Husbandry Bureau, Imperial Council of Agricultural Resea"
(Received for publication on 9th April 1937)
(With seven text-figures)
THE quantity of milk yielded by an animal in a lactation is not a
single entity ; it is the resultant of a complex of forces. It is of very great interest
to the practical breeder to know what factors affect the yield and how and to what
extent they influence the yield. A knowledge of this will enable him to assess
the true economic worth of his animals and to control the various factors, as far
as it lies in his power, in such a way as to get the maximum return from his stock.
It will also help him to explain the underlying physiological processes.
An attempt is made in the following pages to analyse the available data
regarding goats with a view to study the influence of various environmental
factors on milking efficiency. Although India possesses a population of forty-nine
million goats, goat-breeding is in the hands of illiterate villagers who do not keep
records. For accurate records we have to turn to the farms where organised
breeding of goats is carried on. Unfortunately such farms are rare and as the
work has not been in progress for a long time the data available are not sufficiently
voluminous to yield conclusive evidence. The reliability of the conclusions
presented below is limited by this fact and they should be considered tentative
until confirmed by results from other farms.
The' data are obtained from the records of the Government Cattle Breeding
Farm, Hissar. These records contain all the details which are usually recorded
in the case of cows, viz., dates of birth, dates of calvings, lactation yields, days
in milk, days dry, yield at peak, average daily yield, etc., etc. For convenience
of manipulation the relevant details are copied on cards ; one card is used for
each lactation and the figures are entered in a certain fixed order so as to avoid
the labour of copying the headings. These cards are dealt out as required by
the particular investigation.
( 113)
114
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VII, II
The herd consists of 175 goats ; but in some of these all the information is not
complete ; rejecting the latter only 103 animals are available for this study.
These 103 animals comprise a total of 234 lactations distributed as follows accord-
ing to age :
TABLE I
Distribution of lactations according to age
Age in lactation
1st lactation . . . . .
2nd
„
.
.
.
.
.
3rd „ . . . . .
4th
„
.
.
.
.
.
5th
„
.
.
.
.
.
Total .
No. of lactations
103
62
41
20
8
234
Percentage of
total
43.63
26.59
17.61
8.66
3.51
100.00
Average age : 2.0085 lactations.
It will be seen from the above that the majority of the goats are very young.
The distribution of these 234 lactations according to the month of kidding
is set forth in Table II.
TABLE II
Month of kidding
January . . . . . . . . . . .
February . . . . . . . . . .
March . . . . . . . . . . .
April . . . . . . . . . . .
May . . . . . . . . . . .
June . . . . . . . . . . .
July . . . . . . . . . . .
August . . . . . . . . . . .
September . . . . . . . . . .
October . . . . . . . . . . .
November . . . . . . . . . .
December . . . . . . . . . .
Total
No. of
lactations
20
24
16
16
11
21
7
29
10
29
19
32
234
Though the distribution is not regular the table vaguely indicates that kid-
dings are more frequent during October to February than March to August.
INFLUENCE OF ACCESSORY FACTORS ON MILK BY INDIAN GOATS
115
The distributions of the lactation yields, lactation lengths, service periods
and dry periods are given in the form of frequency polygons in Figs. 1 to 4*. The
means, standard deviations and coefficients of variations of these characters are
given in Table III.
FIG. 1. Frequency distribution of lactation yields
FIG. 2. Frequency distribution of service periods.
* To economise space the tables are not reproduced here. But these can be seen
from the correlation Tables IX to XI.
116
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VIT, II
FIG. 3. Frequency distribution of lactation
lengths
FIG. 4. Frequency distribution of dry periods
INFLUENCE OF ACCESSORY FACTORS ON MILK BY INDIAN GOATS
117
TABLE III
Statistical constants* of distribution of lactation yield, lactation length, dry period
and service period
Name of constant
Mean
.
.
.
.
.
.
Standard Deviation
.
.
.
.
Coefficient of variation . . .
Lactation
yield
lbs.
403.0
171.4
42.53
Lactation
length
(days)
152.64
50.64
33.19
Service
period
(days)
127.94
81.38
63.57
Dry
period
(days)
119.24
74.08
62.16
It will be seen from the coefficients of variation that the ' service ' and ' dry
periods ' are highly variable.
I. THE INFLUENCE OF THE SEASON OF KIDDING
The frequency-distributions of lactation yields, lactation lengths and service
periods of lactations commencing in the various months of the year are given
in Tables IV to VI and the averages of these characters for the various months
are entered in Table VII and illustrated in Fig. 5.
FIG. 5. Influence of season of kidding on lactation length
and service period.
* The standard errors of these are not calculated as they are not made use of in
this paper.
118
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VII,
II
TABLE IV
The influence of season of kidding on lactation yield
Frequency distribution of yields of milk in lactations commencing in the different months of the year
Yield in lbs.
Class mid-
points
75
125
175
225
275
325
375
425
475
525
575
625
675
725
775
825
875
925
975
1,025
Total .
Mean yield in lbs.
January
..
..
..
1
2
4
4
1
3
1
1
2
..
1
..
..
..
..
..
..
20
425
February
..
1
3
1
2
1
2
2
5
..
3
1
2
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
24
425
March
..
1
..
2
..
2
2
3
2
..
1
2
..
..
..
1
..
..
..
..
16
428.1
April
1
..
..
1
..
3
1
5
3
..
..
1
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1
16
428.1
May
..
..
..
..
3
4
2
..
..
..
..
1
1
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
11
379.5
June
..
1
1
3
3
3
5
2
..
2
..
..
..
..
..
1
..
..
..
..
21
351.2
July
..
..
2
..
1
1
1
..
..
1
..
..
1
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
7
360.7
August
..
1
..
1
3
3
6
2
4
2
..
..
..
3
2
2
..
..
..
..
29
468.1
September
..
1
1
1
2
3
2
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
10
280
October
..
1
2
8
5
4
3
1
3
1
..
1
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
29
312.9
November
..
1
2
1
1
1
3
3
2
..
1
2
..
..
1
1
..
..
..
..
19
425
December
..
1
3
1
2
1
4
2
7
5
1
2
..
..
2
..
1
..
..
..
32
446.9
Total
1
8
14
20
24
30
35
21
29
12
7
12
4
4
6
5
1
..
..
1
234
403
INFLUENCE OF ACCESSORY FACTORS ON MILK BY INDIAN GOATS
119
TABLE V
The influence of season of kidding on lactation length
Frequency distribution of lengths of lactations commencing in different months of the year
Lactation
length
in days.
70
90
110
130
150
170
190
210
230
250
270
290
Total
Mean
lactation
length (days)
January
..
..
4
..
1
7
..
3
..
2
1
2
20
188.0
February
..
2
2
2
3
5
3
4
2
1
..
..
24
170.0
March
..
1
2
..
2
1
8
1
..
1
..
..
16
172.5
April
..
2
..
4
3
4
2
1
..
..
..
..
16
151.25
May
..
..
3
3
3
2
..
..
..
..
..
..
11
137.3
June
2
4
7
3
3
1
..
1
..
..
..
..
21
118.4
July
..
3
1
1
..
1
1
..
..
..
..
..
7
124.3
August
1
2
10
6
2
2
2
2
..
2
..
..
29
140.4
September
..
2
2
2
3
..
..
2
..
..
..
..
10
132.0
October
..
5
12
5
3
..
1
..
1
1
1
..
29
131.4
November
..
2
3
1
3
1
3
3
2
..
1
..
19
167.9
December
3
1
4
2
1
3
9
3
5
..
..
1
32
170.0
Total
6
24
50
29
27
27
29
19
10
7
3
3
234
152.64
G