NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
250 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VII, III
In every such case, the titration against alkali was quantitatively titrated
back with standard acid. Apparently the variation was due to the carbon,
dioxide absorbed by the distillate.
After the first hydrolysis and ether extraction the residual substances were
subjected to an identical treatment a second time, as was previously done in the
case of ragi straw and faeces (loc cit). This resulted in a fresh yield of volatile
and non-volatile extractives. The results obtained in the two treatments are
presented in Table III.
TABLE III
Action of alkali on pure carbohydrates
Volatile acids and ether extractives expressed as per cent
No. of test
First hydro-
lysis.
Second hydro-
lysis.
Nature of test
Steam distil-
lation.
Soxhlet
ex-
traction.
Steam distil-
lation.
Soxhlet
ex-
traction.
Analysis
Volatile acids .
Non-volatile
acids.
Volatile acids .
Non-volatile
acids.
Cotton¬
Wool
1.78
3.07
1.59
6.88
Filter¬
paper
2.07
4.26
2.33
21.36
Starch
2.12
0.64
0.48
5.97
Dextrin
3.37
2.24
0.72
10.35
Evidently the appearance of these fatty acids is not due to the small amounts
of impurities originally present. Control distillations were carried out and it was
found that none of the four untreated carbohydrates gave any titration for
volatile acids while the hydrolysis yielded large quantities. The increased yield
of non-volatile fatty acids on a re-hydrolysis of the previously digested material
also shows that the source of this fresh yield is none other than the pure carbo-
hydrates themselves.
DETERMINATION OF FATS IN BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL
251
It is of interest here to note the composition of the non-volatile ether ex-
tractives which were formed by the action of alkali on these carbohydrates. In
Table IV the analytical data are given :—
TABLE IV
Nature of the non-volatile ether extractives expressed as percentages
No. of test
First hydrolysis .
Second hydrolysis
Analysis
Non-volatile ether extract.
Acidity of above equivalent
to c.c. N/10 alkali .
Insoluble fatty acids. .
Iodine value of above acids
Non-volatile ether extract
Acidity of above equivalent
to c.c. N/10 alkali
Insoluble acids
Iodine value of above acids
Cotton
wool
3.07
87.0
0.74
31.5
6.88
98.2
2.65
11.4
Filter-
paper
4.26
119.8
1.03
27.6
21.36
663.6
3.42
20.3
Starch
0.64
21.0
0.27
44.2
5.97
155.0
1.18
15.8
Dextrin
2.24
71.0
0.46
38.8
10.35
233.3
1.42
..
It was observed that the non-volatile extract was acidic in nature and that
only a small fraction of it was insoluble in water. There was also a certain amount
of unsaturated acid in the extract as shown by the iodine values recorded above.
DISCUSSION
The main object of this investigation is to draw attention to the destructive
nature of alkali hydrolysis on materials, which are largely carbohydrate in com-
position. The results recorded in the previous paper on the subject (loc cit) having
shown the inadequacy of the method for fat-determination in cattle-fodder and
faeces, it is of importance to know that the action of alkali has been proved to be
exactly similar on pure carbohydrates. No attempt has been made here to find
out whether all the substances that resulted from the hydrolysis were fatty com-
pounds. But it has been shown that when substances are subjected to the treat-
ment with alkali, which is an essential feature of the Liebermann process, volatile
and non-volatile compounds are formed which can be separated by steam-dis-
tillation and are soluble in ether. It has also been shown that the treatment yields
significant amounts of fatty acids of mixed composition.
N
252 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VII, III
This objection to the alkali hydrolysis method is, perhaps, a circums-
tance which should reasonably be anticipated from the elaborate researches of Nef
[1907-14] on the action of alkalies on carbohydrates. In the monograph on Carbo-
hydrates and Glucosides, Armstrong [1924] states that when carbohydrates are
kept with alkali hydroxides at 37°C., the optical rotation of the solution decreases
and the acidity increases. In reviewing the work of Nef [1907-14], he further adds
that any carbohydrate in weak alkaline solution, in the presence of air or other
oxidising agent, results in a mixture containing among several other compounds
acids such as carbonic, formic, lactic, hydroxybutyric, hydroxyvaleric and
hydroxyhexoic, as also some resins.
In conclusion, it may be stated that, where carbo-hydrate material is involved,
the use of the Liebermann process of alkali digestion for fat-determination may
appreciably vitiate the results obtained.
SUMMARY
Previous work by the same author on the alkali hydrolysis method, as applied
to ragi straw and faeces, having indicated a formation of fresh quantities of fatty
acids, similar experiments were undertaken with pure carbohydrates, such as
cotton, cellulose, starch and dextrin.
The results obtained were in complete accord with the findings previously
recorded.
It is, therefore, suggested that whenever carbohydrate material is involved,
the direct saponification of the tissue with alkali should be abandoned.
The author gratefully thanks Dr. F. J. Warth for his abiding interest in the
work as also Dr. K. C. Sen, for his helpful encouragement.
REFERENCES
Armstrong, E. F. (1924). The Carbohydrates and the Glucosides, pp. 57-59.
Eckstein, H. C. and Treadwell, C. R. (1935). J. Biol. Chem. 112, 1, 374.
Horwitt, M. K., Cowgill, G. R., and Mendel, L. B. (1936). J. Nutrition 12, 3, 265,
Kumagawa, M. and Suto, K. (1908). Biochem, Zeitsch. 8, 212-347.
Liebermann, L. and Szekely, S. (1898). Pfluger's Archiv. 72, 360-366.
Nef, J. U. (1907). Annalen 357, 214-312.
Nef., J. U. (1910). Annalen 376, 1-119.
Nef., J. U. (1914). Annalen 403, 204-283.
Seshan, P. A. (1935). Ind. J. Vet. Sci. and Anim. Husb. 5, 355-363.
Sperry, W. M. (1926-27). J. Biol. Chem. 71, 2, 361.
Tidwell, H. C., and Holt Jr., L. E. (1936). J. Biol. Chem. 112, 2, 605,
ABSTRACTS
Finding "Par" for dairy cows. NORDEN, E. C. (Hoard's Dairyman, 81,
No. 19, 492)
CHARLES STAFF, an animal nutrition authority, has prepared a series of standard
production graphs for dairy cows as a result of fifteen years' accurate record keeping.
Exact records were kept of hereditary ability to produce milk, age, health and con-
dition, supply of water, care and management, environment, weather conditions, char-
acter and quantity of the ration, date of freshening, and date of breeding for each cow.
By noting changes in these factors it became possible to handle these cows so as to
obtain top production.
In arriving at a standard basis or ' par ', all abnormal records were eliminated.
In all, seventeen peak productions ranging from 25 to 65 lbs. were classified. The re-
cords were further classified according to date of breeding which governs the length of
lactation period.
From a knowledge of peak yields, entire lactation yield and days in milk, standard
milk-production graphs were made, for each set of data which proved true under prac-
tical conditions.
The amount of milk given at the peak of production is the guide or index for the
group in which each cow belongs. The production curve of cows varies greatly accord-
ing to their peak; the higher the peak production the faster the cow declines in milk
flow and cows can be compared truly only by knowing their peak production and then
comparing their performance on the identical days of their lactation periods. The
records further indicate that early breeding, leading to a 300-day lactation period, is
generally more profitable over a number of years. [C. E. M.]
Notes on feeding (mineral supply). CHARLES CROWTHER. (J. Min. Agric.
(England) 43, No. 10, 991)
THE author considers that the tendency to indiscriminate additions of minerals to
rations has had detrimental effects in many instances ; their proper use should be based
on a knowledge of the mineral requirements of animals and the mineral content of
food-stuffs. A balance between the individual mineral elements in rations should
also be considered.
Any considerable excess of bases over acids or vice versa in a ration is undesirable ;
besides, interrelation between certain elements like Ca and P and Na and K should
also be taken into account, and in working these the percentage figures for the various
minerals must be corrected in proportion to the respective chemical equivalents for the
element concerned.
( 253 )
254 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VII, III
Regarding what is the correct balance (or ratio) to aim at, the best temporary ex-
pedient to adopt is to take the mineral matter of milk as standard. In the light of such
a comparison the mineral supplements most commonly needed are lime and salt.
High-yielding milch cows require 2 to 2½ oz. of finely-ground calcium carbonate per
head per day, and growing cattle if they are not receiving a fair amount of good hay
require 1 to 1¾ oz. of calcium carbonate. [C. E. M.]
The influence of the physical state of the fat on the calculation of solids from
the specific gravity of milk. PAUL, F. SHARP and RAY, G. HART. (J. of Dairy
Sci. 19, 683)
THE previous temperature history of the milk influences its specific gravity at 15°C.
This effect is due to variations in the physical state of the fat. The magnitude of the
effect increases with the fat-content.
The determination of the specific gravity at 30°C., after previous warming to 45°C.,
for one-half minute is recommended as a method which will insure that the determina-
tion is made while the fat is in the liquid state.
The total solids are then worked out by the equation :—
Total Solids = 1.2537 Fat + 0.2680 Lactometer/Sp. Gr. of milk.
Variation in drying technique may in some cases account for the lack of agreement
between the total Solids as determined by drying and as calculated from specific
gravity.
Variations in lactose and citric acid and ratio of protein to ash content do not
effect appreciably the reliabilty of the calculations of the total solids from specific
gravity and fat-content of mixed milks. [C. E. M.]
The protein requirements of lactation. SAMUEL MORRIS. (Nutri. Abstr. and
Rev. 6, 273-280)
THE present review is mainly concerned with the practical aspect of the protein
requirements of the dairy cow, the subject being discussed under the following heads :
maintenance requirement, production requirement, effect of intake on yield, effect of
quality of dietary protein and the value of non-protein nitrogen for lactation.
With any mixed ration, such as is commonly fed in dietary practice, 0.6 lb. diges-
tible crude protein or 0.5 lb. digestible true protein per 1,000 lbs. live-weight is required
for maintenance, the percentage utilisation of protein varying inversely with intake.
With low intake the utilisation is high but unthriftiness and malaise occur, while with
high intake the percentage utilisation is low, resulting in an unnecessary economic waste.
About 70 per cent is considered as the best utilisation that can be expected under
average practical feeding conditions.
If 1.2 to 1.3 times the protein in the milk be supplied as digestible true protein,
the maximum level which will permit the highest possible milk yield will be achieved.
ABSTRACTS
257
of blood and spleen smears. In outbreaks of infectious diseases, generally only a few
animals take ill at the same time, and more cases follow later on, and fever is a frequent
concomitant. Excepting cases of poisoning with gastro-intestinal irritants, fever is
not usually seen in poisoning. All cases of reported sudden deaths are not actually
so. Isolated cases of sudden death may take place, pointing to anthrax or poisoning
or a large number of animals may die suddenly or within a short period.
Outbreaks may be (a) characterised by sudden deaths continuing to occur in a
herd or flock for a prolonged period in the course of which very few or no animals are
seen sick, or, (b) outbreaks of disease may set in with sudden deaths but in which
symptoms are exhibited later during varying periods before death. Under group (a)
anthrax, poisoning with Vangueria pygmaea (long period of latency sudden deaths
continue for weeks in spite of grazing having been changed repeatedly), Dichapetalum
cymosum (already mentioned above), and with hydrocyanic acid (mainly through
eating wilted grasses) receive attention. A feature of Vangueria poisoning is that the
highest mortality occurs in pregnant animals, and in those worked, while in chronic
cases small greyish fibrotic areas are seen in the heart muscle, or the heart walls may
be thin and fibrotic. HCN poisoning is associated with hoven, and is disclosed by
chemical analysis of the ruminal contents. Sudden deaths may be caused by many
other poisons, and by diseases, like peracute lamsiekte, heart water, anaplasmosis,
etc. Regarding group (b), where outbreaks start with sudden deaths and symptoms
develop in the later stages of their course, a large number of diseases are involved.
Without dealing with them separately, the author passes on to the pathognomonic
symptoms of various poisoning, including arsenic, cotyledonosis (torti-collis), cro¬
talariasis (elongated hoofs), and poisoning with Equisetum ramosissimum, Malva
parviflora, Geigeria (Vomiting), Senecio, strychnine, Tribulus (general icterus and
photo-sensitisation), Chrysocoma tenuifolia (alopecia in kids and lambs).
Toxic agents and diseases with similar symptoms, and exhibiting similar post-
mortem appearances are then discussed separately and in detail and this discussion
should be consulted, in original, when required. Regarding symptoms of photo¬
sensitisation, it is stated that they may occur in many cases where the efficiency of
the liver is decreased and where the animals have access to feeds rich in chlorophyll,
and that these symptoms can be artificially produced by ligating the bile duct and
supplying feeds rich in chlorophyll. [S. C. A. D.]
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