NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
200 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VII, III
requirements ". Similar results have been obtained by other workers also, but
the results under paddy straw feeding show that instead of this amount being
sufficient it is below the minimum, since positive balance could not be attained
until the intake was at least 24 grms. CaO. This aspect is thus entirely controlled
by the nature of the feed.
Another feature that may be mentioned is that under Bengal conditions,
although there is some deficiency of CaO, the deficiency of P2O5 is more definite
and possibly it is the limiting factor in the large majority of cases. For the pre-
sent the best practical course would be to see that the minimum supply is ensured.
Like Theiler, Green and du Toit [1927] the present authors believe that the basic
ratio only becomes important " when the preponderance of one over the other
becomes so great that the liberal physiological mechanism for preservation of
neutrality of the tissues are strained " and they are inclined to the view as ex-
pressed by Theiler and Green in a later publication [1932] that '' attention may
be concentrated upon the absolute intake of calcium and phosphorus per day
except where the imbalance is very wide ".
SUMMARY
1. In a fairly comprehensive series of experiments arranged under six broad
combinations embracing thirty individual data, an intensive study of the mineral
requirements of the animals have been attempted. In five of these combina-
tions rice straw (both winter or the aman variety and autumn or the aus variety)
formed the main roughage. The sixth combination consisted of green feeds
divided into three sub-groups of Hyacinth, Napier grass and Guinea grass.
The experimental scheme was drawn up in such a way as to conform as far
as possible to the type of feeding used in Bengal which is typical of North-East
India.
2. It is found that in all combinations except the green feed groups (Experi-
ment F), rice straw has been the chief source of lime, potash, magnesia (except
rice-kura group. Experiment B), also largely soda and chlorine although they
are appreciably supplied through common salt, while phosphate has been mainly
derived from concentrates—cake and kura (rice bran).
In the green feed combinations, Guinea grass and Hyacinth provided the
predominant share of lime and Napier the least. But the latter provided the
largest intake of potash closely followed by Hyacinth. The potash content is
highest in the Hyacinth but the ingestion of Napier was very heavy and hence
the potash intake went up. Phosphate was well supplied through Guinea grass
and Napier grass but lowest by Hyacinth.
3. The investigation represents conditions in which some of the important
minerals have gone up from the stage of deficiency to that of adequacy, thus
suggesting the lowest limit compatible with positive retention. All computations
MINERAL REQUIREMENTS OF CATTLE IN NORTH-EAST INDIA
201
have been based on the prevailing live-weights (viz., 500-lb.) of the local breeds
and on this basis the minimum mineral requirements (when paddy straw froms the
main roughage) appear to be 24 grms. CaO, 10 grms. P2O5, 15 grms. MgO, 70
grms. K 2 O, 17 grms. Na 2 O (equivalent to 32.05 grms. NaCl) and 20 grms. Cl 2
(equivalent to 32.97 grms. NaCl). The sodium and chlorine figures show a strik-
ing coincidence with the equivalent of NaCl.
4. The lime requirement seems to be higher than in investigations of many
others. It is suspected that this might be associated with high potash ingestion
through rice straw or the presence of anticalcifying agents in cereals (as found
by some investigators) or the combination of both (vide discussion in the text).
There might be other factors also.
5. The general ingestion of K 2 O is quite large under rice straw feeding, but
inspite of it positive balance is not maintained until the ingestion is about 66 to
70 grms. per 500-lb. live-weight.
Heavy potash ingestions seem to induce heavier excretion even greater than
the intake as will be evident from the behaviour of Hyacinth and Napier. On
the other hand, higher ingestion of CaO seems also to upset the potash balance as
indicated from Guinea grass.
6. A deficiency of MgO seems to affect the soda balance as is indicated from
Experiment C.
7. Rice kura (bran) is very poor in CaO and unusually rich in phosphate
(over 6 per cent). The CaO and chlorine figures have definitely given negative
balance ; while in spite of heavy P2O5 ingestion (39 to 59 grms.) negative balance
has been recorded up to the stage of 43 grms. This is probably due to the presence
of phosphorus in the rice bran mainly as phytin which is not readily assimilable.
Various workers have noticed the presence of anti-calcifying agents in cereal grains
and similar factors might also be further aggravating causes. Rice bran should,
therefore, be supplemented with lime and chlorine on one side, while its phos-
phorus compound should be brought into assimilable form by hydrolysis.
8. The results indicate that aus straw is considerably superior to aman
straw in minerals and protein and hence in general feeding values, but both straws
are poor in phosphate and slightly deficient in lime. The phosphate might be
conveniently supplied through cake while a small supplement of chalk would
make up lime deficiency.
9. In the case of green feeds, Guinea grass is better balanced than Napier
and Hyacinth, but the feeding should be regulated in order to avoid a large inges-
tion of lime. Napier should be supplemented with CaCO 3 and both Napier and
Hyacinth should be so regulated as not to involve a large ingestion of potash
through them. They both (specially Hyacinth) require some cake supplement.
Hyacinth is not a fodder but when there is a fodder scarcity it is often used as
such in some parts of Bengal, and hence formed a subject of investigation.
202
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VII, III
10. No interpretation has been attempted on the basis of ratios, the bearing
of one mineral to the other, the E. A. values and so forth, as it is felt that informa-
tion on these aspects is still meagre. An intermediate course has, therefore, been
adopted by making a collection of all relevant data, ratios, etc., in the Appendices
in order that they might be available for interpretation in the light of future
development.
It need hardly be stated that whatever might be the relation of mineral
matter either with respect to the absolute amount or to their respective pro-
portions, the nature of the feed is by far the chief determining factor, and
although there is some deficiency of lime in rice straw feed the deficiency of
phosphorus is probably the chief limiting factor.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
1. The first acknowledgment is due to the Imperial Council of Agricultural
Research India, who provided the grant to conduct the investigations.
2. The authors are indebted to Mr. F. J. Gossip, Live-stock Expert, for stall
facilities, to Mr. G. B. Pal, Agricultural Chemist, Bengal, for laboratory facilities,
to Mr. Md. Abdul Hye for the data on non-mineral side and to Mr. Sayed Ali for
a large part of computation.
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MINERAL REQUIREMENTS OF CATTLE IN NORTH-EAST INDIA
205
APPENDIX I
Composition of different feeds (on dry basis)
Feed
Aman paddy straw . .
Aman paddy straw . .
Aman paddy straw . .
Aman paddy straw . .
Aus paddy straw . .
Guinea grass . . .
Napier grass . .
Water hyacinth. . .
Linseed cake . . .
Linseed cake . . .
Rice Bran (kura) . .
Rice Bran (kura) . .
Organic
matter
Per cent
85.309
85.785
86.161
86.786
88.796
86.056
83.297
83.533
89.611
89.871
83.888
84.440
Crude
protein
Per cent
2.894
3.811
3.200
3.750
5.879
7.969
5.349
6.544
31.606
30.331
15.969
12.000
Ether
extract
Per cent
0.868
0.964
1.191
1.147
1.713
1.733
1.894
1.700
6.812
6.327
20.321
20.455
Crude
fibre
Per cent
34.215
34.221
33.763
33.239
33.425
32.360
31.900
24.696
9.614
9.346
10.821
17.441
Nitrogen
free
extract
Per cent
47.332
46.789
48.007
48.650
48.779
43.995
44.109
50.593
41.579
43.867
36.777
34.541
Ash
Per cent
14.691
14.214
13.839
13.214
11.204
13.944
16.703
16.467
10.389
10.129
16.112
15.560
Silica
Per cent
10.821
10.250
10.190
9.082
7.372
8.066
6.632
0.404
3.335
3.274
4.678
4.414
Soluble
ash
Per cent
3.870
3.965
3.649
4.132
3.832
5.878
10.071
16.063
7.054
6.855
11.434
11.146
Nutritive
ratio
1:
*
116
56
47
23
}
10.3
10.9
}
20.3
25.0
*
1.5
1.6
8.2
11.4
Total
digestible
nutrients
per
100 lb.
29.9
44.17
44.40
44.40
43.32
}
51.7
} 48.6
34.3
67.41
66.69
57.13
57.71
Starch
equivalent
per
100 lb.
10.0
24.18
24.34
24.65
24.25
28.9
38.6
28.0
65.20
64.45
43.99
44.54
* The nitrogen digestion was negative.
206
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VII,
III
APPENDIX II
Mineral composition and ratios of different feeds
Feed
Aman rice straw .
Aman rice straw .
Aman rice straw .
Aman rice straw .
Aus rice straw . .
Guinea grass: . .
Napier grass . .
Water hyacinth . .
Linseed cake . .
Linseed cake . .
Rice bran (kura) . .
Rice bran (kura) . .
Composition (on dry matter)
CaO
Per cent
0.401
0.463
0.484
0.500
0.635
1.232
0.461
3.423
0.480
0.652
0.206
0.242
MgO
Per cent
0.290
0.200
0.353
0.365
0.400
0.728
0.373
0.957
0.951
1.009
2.641
2.607
K2O
Per cent
1.575
1.904
1.820
1.838
2.032
1.451
4.801
5.913
2.100
1.751
1.946
1.780
Na2O
Per cent
0.354
0.203
0.270
0.261
0.207
0.572
0.297
0.186
0.473
0.567
0.197
0.467
P2O5
Per cent
0.139
0.123
0.100
0.108
0.176
0.541
0.804
0.361
2.340
2.045
6.250
6.200
Cl2
Per cent
...
0.441
...
...
0.336
0.185
0.571
3.484
0.048
0.061
0.019
0.029
N
Per cent
0.463
0.610
0.512
0.600
0.941
1.275
0.863
1.047
5.057
4.853
2.555
1.920
Ratio
CaO : P2O5
2.89
3.76
4.84
4.63
3.61
2.28
0.57
9.48
0.21
0.32
0.03
0.04
CaO : MgO
1.38
2.32
1.37
1.37
1.59
1.69
1.24
3.58
0.51
0.65
0.08
0.09
CaO : K2O
0.26
0.24
0.27
0.27
0.31
0.85
0.096
0.58
0.23
0.37
0.11
0.14
K2O : Na2O
4.45
9.38
6.74
7.04
9.82
2.54
16.17
31.79
4.44
3.09
9.88
3.82
E. A.
22.82
21.24
30.55
30.38
57.21
0.99
154.32
—34.54
—13.07
—125.63
—123.92
0.37
MINERAL REQUIREMENTS OF CATTLE IN NORTH-EAST INDIA
207
APPENDIX III
Showing distribution of minerals per 1,000 calories in different feeds
Feed
Aman straw . . . . . .
Aman straw
.
.
.
.
.
.
Aman straw
.
.
.
.
.
.
Aman straw
.
.
.
.
.
.
Aus straw
.
.
.
.
.
.
Guinea grass
.
.
.
.
.
.
Napier grass
.
.
.
.
.
.
Water hyacinth. . . . . .
Linseed cake . . . . . .
Linseed cake
.
.
.
.
.
.
Rice bran (kura)
.
.
.
.
.
Rice bran (kura)
.
.
.
.
.
* Cultivated pasture
.
.
.
.
.
* Cow's milk
.
.
.
.
.
.
CaO
grms.
3.600
2.787
2.899
2.990
3.898
6.300
2.500
28.900
18.938
25.998
0.959
1.115
3.700
3.420
MgO
grms.
2.600
1.204
2.114
2.186
2.455
3.700
2.000
8.000
37.521
40.233
12.294
12.014
...
...
K 2 O
grms.
14.700
11.464
10.902
11.009
12.475
7.400
25.000
50.000
82.854
69.820
9.059
8.203
23.080
6.400
Na2O
grms.
3.250
1.222
1.617
1.563
1.270
2.900
2.600
1.500
18.662
22.614
0.917
2.152
1.850
1.560
P 2 O 5
grms.
1.200
0.74
0.599
0.646
1.080
2.800
4.400
3.000
92.323
81.544
29.096
28.573
2.700
3.470
Cl 3
grms.
...
...
...
...
2.062
0.935
3.000
20.000
1.893
2.432
0.088
0.133
3.520
1.390
Protein
grms.
26.106
16.593
19.162
22.462
36.106
41.047
29.600
55.363
124.700
120.962
74.337
55.300
65.300
51.600
* Orr's figures taken from the British association address but converted into the present form.
208 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VII,
III
APPENDIX IV
Intake of dry matter, ratios of minerals and E. A., etc.
(Calculated on 500-lb. live-weight.)
Experiment
No.
Aman straw
only
A.
Aman straw
and Rice
Kura
B.
Aman straw
and 1 lb.
Linseed
cake
C.
Animal
No.
D 7
D 8
D 1
D 5
D 7
D 8
D 9
D 2
D 3
D 4
D 6
D 3
D 1
D 4
D 7
Dry
matter
consumed
*
3667.6
3360.1
4064.8
4056.4
3587.1
3900.8
3825.3
3278.8
3594.2
3545.5
3487.4
4544.6
4270.5
4542.9
4510.2
Total
digestible
Nutrients
*
lb.
1.952
2.028
4.015
4.233
3.691
3.812
3.939
3.743
3.706
3.999
3.358
4.303
4.244
4.613
4.677
Starch
Equiva
lent.
*
lb.
0.827
0.558
2.464
2.420
2.250
2.338
2.344
2.174
2.295
2.205
2.290
2.420
2.504
2.764
2.846
CaO : P 2 O 3
2.885
2.885
0.406
0.469
0.307
0.449
0.369
0.244
0.311
0.379
0.259
1.517
1.549
1.533
1.479
CaO : MgO
1.383
1.383
0.611
0.666
0.511
0.648
0.577
0.441
0.522
0.592
0.461
1.762
1.775
1.769
1.745
CaO : K 2 O
0.255
0.255
0.240
0.244
0.232
0.243
0.238
0.237
0.245
0.250
0.240
0.244
0.243
0.244
0.243
K 2 O : Na 2 O
2.426
2.303
4.409
4.340
4.191
4.202
5.022
3.623
3.803
3.854
3.738
5.022
4.903
5.026
4.997
E. A.
22.817
22.815
5.652
9.075
—2.136
8.074
3.211
—10.868
—2.220
3.655
—8.565
16.868
17.019
16.995
16.648
Nutritive
ratio
1 :
↑
↑
24.96
32.44
24.84
34.34
25.54
22.44
24.55
28.12
24.35
19.00
18.00
22.00
17.00
Actual
live-
weight
lb.
343
335
550
536
533
512
612
585
568
570
589
500
552
509
484
Loss
or
gain in
live-
weight
lb.
—30.880
—30.431
0.585
—0.214
—0.335
—0.111
0.444
—0.232
0.830
—0.150
1.115
—0.607
—0.133
—0.419
—1.932
MINERAL REQUIREMENTS OF CATTLE IN NORTH-EAST INDIA.
209
Aus straw
only
D.
Aus straw
and
Linseed
cake
B.
Aman straw
and green
feed
F.
Hyacinth Group
Napier Group
Quenin Group
D1
D 3
D 7
D 2
D 8
D 9
D4
D 5
D 6
D 1
D 2
D 4
D 5
D 3
D 6
3630.9
3586.4
3254.1
4058.6
4609.9
3696.5
4432.1
4701.0
4103.8
2946.5
2604.6
4409.8
3997.3
5023.1
4881.7
3.367
3.452
3.132
4.226
4.428
3.834
4.609
4.577
3.744
2.271
2.263
4.810
3.990
5.707
5.340
1.833
1.938
1.753
2.585
2.559
2.333
2.657
2.663
2.074
1.357
1.769
3.565
3.840
4.173
3.865
3.635
3.632
3.634
2.424
2.399
2.459
2.185
2.167
2.126
9.023
7.338
0.714
0.726
2.477
2.299
1.585
1.587
1.584
1.482
1.479
1.486
1.457
1.445
1.389
3.640
3.974
1.269
1.271
1.798
1.675
0.314
0.314
0.314
0.317
0.317
0.317
0.317
0.351
0.335
0.608
0.498
0.113
0.115
0.812
0.767
4.991
5.212
4.641
5.165
5.089
5.270
5.327
4.762
5.042
5.669
5.471
7.833
7.416
2.107
2.123
35.415
35.370
35.409
33.133
33.068
33.240
33.368
33.320
32.900
63.770
85.348
9.484
7.317
55.095
52.791
23.00
22.00
24.00
14.00
14.00
15.00
15.00
12.00
11.00
↑
↑
26.00
33.00
11.80
12.30
490
543
474
526
449
603
541
479
553
350
376
448
447
469
517
0.439
—0.442
—0.422
0.361
0.702
0.580
0.490
0.282
0.434
—2.281
0.971
—0.305
—0.857
—1.108
0.376
* " Not calculated on power function of live-weight but on direct basis as the object was to note the direct relation with minerals."
↑ The nitrogen digestion was negative.
210
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [VII,
III
APPENDIX V
Intakes of minerals per 1,000 calories
Experiment
No.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Feeds
Aman straw as single feed . .
Aman straw and Rice kura . .
Aman straw and Linseed cake .
Aus straw as single feed . .
Animal
No.
D 7
D 8
D1
D 6
D 7
D 8
D 9
D 2
D 3
D 4
D 6
D 3
D 1
D 4
D 7
D 1
D 2
D 7
CaO
grms.
4.41
3.96
2.62
2.52
2.44
2.68
2.64
2.22
2.51
2.39
2.66
2.75
2.90
2.70
2.64
4.04
3.89
3.89
MgO
grms.
3.19
2.81
4.30
3.79
4.77
4.13
4.32
5.04
4.82
4.01
5.78
1.55
1.64
1.52
1.51
2.55
2.45
2.45
K 2 O
grms.
17.33
15.28
10.93
10.33
10.53
10.04
10.49
9.37
12.93
9.50
11.11
11.33
11.90
11.09
10.87
12.86
12.39
12.39
Na 2 O
grms.
7.14
0.85
2.48
2.38
2.51
2.62
2.09
2.58
2.70
2.46
2.97
2.31
2.36
2.20
2.17
2.57
2.37
2.67
P 2 O 5
grms.
1.52
1.34
6.48
5.37
7.96
5.97
6.76
9.12
8.08
6.27
10.27
1.78
1.91
1.76
1.78
1.11
1.07
1.07
Cl 2
grms.
5.71
5.41
2.75
2.67
2.74
3.22
2.91
2.68
1.16
2.84
3.13
3.58
3.67
3.43
3.36
3.62
3.37
3.71
Protein
grms.
31.81
28.06
30.81
27.75
33.31
30.06
30.56
30.81
31.18
27.18
35.81
35.37
37.50
34.62
34.75
37.62
35.87
37.06
MINERAL REQUIREMENTS OF CATTLE IN NORTH-EAST INDIA
211
E.
F.
Orr's
figures.
Aus straw and linseed cake . .
Aman straw and hyacinth . .
Aman straw and Napier . .
Aman straw and Guinea grass .
* Cultivated pasture per cent .
* Cows milk per cent . . .
D 3
D 8
D 9
D 4
D 5
D 6
D1
D 2
D 4
D 5
D 3
D 6
...
...
3.60
3.90
3.61
3.60
3.97
4.08
16.64
10.61
2.38
2.60
6.14
6.02
3.70
2.42
2.43
2.64
2.43
2.48
2.74
2.95
4.57
3.56
1.88
2.04
3.44
3.59
...
...
11.37
12.33
11.42
11.36
11.32
12.18
27.37
21.32
21.05
22.68
7.57
7.85
23.08
6.40
2.20
2.42
2.16
2.13
2.37
2.41
4.82
3.89
2.68
3.05
3.59
3.70
1.85
1.56
1.48
1.62
1.47
1.65
1.83
1.92
1.84
1.4.1
3.34
3.58
2.48
2.62
2.70
3.47
2.93
3.21
2.90
2.78
2.83
3.01
5.03
4.01
3.62
4.05
1.85
1.86
3.52
1.39
28.50
43.37
39.25
41.31
45.56
48.43
35.43
27.43
25.18
27.37
37.18
39.18
65.30
51.60
* Orr's figures taken from British Association address, 1925, but have been converted into present forms.
THE OCCURRENCE OF SPINOSE EAR TICK (ORNITHO-
DORUS MEGNINI DUGES IN INDIA*
BY
S. K. SEN, M.Sc., F.R.E.S.
Entomologist, Imperial Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar
(Received for publication on 27th April 1937)
(With Plates XIII & XIV and one text-figure)
ON the 15th January 1936, a consignment of ticks collected post-mortem from
inside the ears of an Australian horse that had developed symptoms of incoördi-
nation of movement evidently as a result of the infestation, was received at the
Mukteswar Institute from Captain J. S. Kingston, R. A. V. C., Officer Command-
ing, Military Veterinary Hospital, Saugor, Central Provinces. These, on
examination, proved to be the nymphs of Ornithodorus megnini Dugès, the
Spinose Ear Tick of America, the occurrence of which had not been previously
recorded in India. A specimen of the tick was also forwarded to Mr. Cecil
Warburton, at Cambridge, and he confirmed the identification. Concerning the
animal from which these specimens of ticks were recovered, Captain Kingston wrote
as follows :
" The animal in question, Equitation School Horse No. 145, an Australian 7 years,
has been at the Equitation School for about 4 months. It could rightly be described
as insane. It took sudden frights at the approach of man, started without apparent
reason, put individuals in hospital who tried to come near it, and would not allow
its head to be touched
I did a post-mortem examination and found about
twelve ticks in each ear. They had perforated both ear drums and laid bare the auri-
cular nerves and infected the petrous temporal bones. They were not attached
to the mucous membrane inside the ear, but lived in a cheesy mass which they produced
in both ears ". 1
Subsequent to the receipt of these specimens, three further consignments
of the same species of tick were received, two of these being collected, as before,
from imported Australian horses and one from an Indian mare foaled and reared
*Paper read at the Indian Science Congress held at Hyderabad-Deccan, January,
1937. Rewritten and brought up to date.
1 These observations have since been published by Captain Kingston (see list of
references).
( 213 )