NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
39
The cysts were characteristic of their respective types and similar to those
found in cultures on agar.
The amœbæ above described are hardly distinguishable from many of
the forms described and figured by Musgrave and Clegg and Noc ; on the
other hand, they differ very markedly from Entamœba histolytica, (Schaudinn),
E. tetragena and E. coli.
They also present very distinct differences from those amœba found
microscopically in fresh specimens of fæces.
The presence of amœbæ in a stool was diagnosed only when a body was
seen throwing out pseudopodia ; active amœboid movement seems to be the
only absolutely safe criterion in distinguishing amœbæ from the many confus-
ing cellular elements which may occur in fæces.
It is a notable fact that, in those cases in which motile amœbæ were, at
one time or another, found microscopically in the fæces, they were not found
on every occasion of examination.
Thus out of a total of 309 microscopic examinations made in 51 such cases,
the presence of amœbæ was recognised on 106 occasions only. In one chronic
case, out of twelve examinations during two different attacks of dysentery
motile amœbæ were found only once.
In none of the five fatal cases in which amœbæ had been seen in the
fæces during life, could their presence be detected in scrapings from the intes-
tinal ulcers, made 3-18 hours after death. In the single case where, motile
amœbæ not having been found during life, they were visible in scrapings from
an ulcer, the autopsy had been made 3 hours after death.
In view of these facts it seems certain that, on microscopic examination,
both of stools and scrapings from the mucosa taken post-mortem, the number
of positive results recorded falls far below the actual number of amœbic
infections present. Thus the proportion of amœbic infections among the cases
examined in Hazaribagh is probably nearer 60 per cent. than the 19 . 5 per
cent. quoted.
The number of amœbæ found in the stools was not observed to have any
definite relation to the severity of the symptoms.
AMŒBÆ FOUND MICROSCOPICALLY IN THE FÆCES.
The following general description applies to those forms which were found
microscopically in the fæces.
The diameter never exceeded 40 micra, and was generally 25-30 micra,
though much smaller forms, down to 3-4 micra, were sometimes seen.
In the larger forms there was generally a well-marked differentiation of
the plasma into a granular central endoplasm and a transparent hyaline
40
ectoplasm, distributed irregularly on the periphery and protruded during motion
in the form of blunt pseudopodia. They were generally of a greenish grey
tint.
The nucleus was often visible as a faintly-defined, rounded or oval disc
about 3-6 micra in diameter, situated eccentrically in the granular endoplasm ;
in many cases it could not be distinguished (Fig. 28).
Circular structureless areæ of a grey or faint pink tint, 1-8 micra in dia-
meter, were often seen in the endoplasm to the number of 12 or more,,
the appearance being at times suggestive of partially-decolorised red cells
(Fig. 29).
Bodies exactly resembling, in size and shape, normal red blood cells were
often present also, sometimes packed closely together to the number of 15 or
more (Fig. 30).
Many bacteria and particles of an indeterminate nature were commonly
present in the endoplasm.
No definite vacuoles, either contractile or fixed, were ever osberved in
fresh specimens. It is interesting to remember, in this connection, that the.
cultivated amœbæ were found to lose their vacuoles when transferred to fluid
media.
In stained specimens the nuclear chromatin is seen to be sparsely distri-
buted in an interrupted peripheral circle with a single spot in the centre
(Fig. 31).
Neither encysted nor division forms of this amœba were recognised
with certainty.
Amœbæ contained in fresh specimens of fæces on microscopic slides
were found to lose their motility after 1-4 hours, assuming a rounded outline
with uniformly granular contents and without a definite cyst-wall ; the nucleus
often became temporarily more clearly visible in these spherical forms
(Fig. 32).
Later it disappeared, the cell lost its granular appearance and seemed to
disintegrate, being lost to view after 1-4 days.
In some six cases, fæces containing motile amœbæ were transferred to
slide preparations of Musgrave's agar. They lost their motility in 1-2 hours
and, although in some cases still distinguishable after five days, (Fig. 33), were
never observed to form well-defined cysts or to undergo multiplication.
Conclusions.
1. That dysentery exists in this jail as a chronic recurrent disease with a
period of maximum prevalence during the rainy season, and not in an acute
epidemic form.
41
2. That in a small proportion of cases only were organisms isolated be-
longing to the group of the bacillus dysenteriæ.
3. That, of the bacilli isolated from fourteen cases, ( i) nine were mannite-
fermenters and ( ii) five did not ferment mannite ; within these two sub-groups
there were, again, minor differences.
4. That the agglutination reaction appears to be of little value in the
diagnosis of infection with organisms of the B. dysenteriæ group.
5. That amœbæ can commonly be cultivated from fæces, tap water and
other materials by planting them on Musgrave's medium contained in Petri
plates.
6. That amœbæ of similar characters to those found in cultures from
stools are, in this part of India at any rate, common inhabitants of the air,.
just as are moulds and other bacteria ; at least two distinct types of these
amœbæ may be distinguished.
7. That these contamination. amœbæ may readily gain access to ( i )
specimens of fæces, however carefully collected, ( ii) specimens of pus or other
material which has, either before or after removal from the body, been exposed
to the air, and (iii) to any material after it has been planted on Musgrave's
medium contained in Petri plates.
8. That the presence of amœbæ in cultures from stools on Musgrave's
medium contained in Petri plates is no sound evidence of an original infection
of the intestine with these organisms.
9. That in 19 . 5 per cent. of the cases motile amœbæ were found in the
stools on microscopic examination.
10. That these intestinal amœbæ are excreted intermittently ; hence
several negative results of microscopic examination do not exclude the exist-
ence of an amœbic infection.
11. That the amœbæ observed microscopically in the stools present
different characters from these cultivation amœbæ:, but resembling those de-
scribed for the vegetative forms of E. histolytica (Schaudinn).
12. That this amœba does not appear to live beyond a few hours after
discharge from the body, whether the fæces containing it are transferred to
Musgrave's medium or not.
13. That tuberculosis of the large intestine accounts for a small propor-
tion of dysentery cases.
14. That there remains a large proportion of dysentery cases in which at
present no definite causal factor can be recognised.
15. That a mild ankylostoma infection is common, but that no serious
morbid changes could be traced to it.
16. That in cases of dysentery a marked leucocytosis may occur in the
absence of any evidence of complication.
42
References.
1. Billet Bull. Inst. Pasteur, Vol. V, 1907.
2. Bohue u. Prowazek. Archiv. f. Protistenkunde. Bd. XII Heft 1, 1908.
3. BÖse. Zeitschr. f. Hyg. Bd. LXI Heft 1, 1908.
4. Buchanan. Indian Med. Gaz. No. 5, May 1895.
5. Buchanan. Trans. Bombay. Med. Congress, 1909.
6.
Davidson. Allbutt's System of Medicine, Vol. II, Pt. II, 1907.
7.
Doflein. Lehrbuch der Protozoenkunde, 1909.
8.
Dopter. Ann. Inst. Pasteur, Vol. XIX, No. 7, 1905.
9.
Forster. Trans. Bombay Med. Congress, 1909.
10. Hartmann. Beihefte z. Archiv. f. Schiffs u. Tropenhyg. Bd. XII, No. 5, 1908.
11. Hartmann. Centralbl. f. Bact. Bd. XLII, No. 1, 1908.
12. Jürgens. Veroffent. a. d. Geb. d. Milit. Sanitätsw. Bd. XX, 1902.
13. Lesage. Ann. Inst. Pasteur. Jany. 1905, t.XIX.
14. Manson. Text-book of Trop. Med., 1907.
15.
Musgrave. Bureau of Govt. Laboratories, Biol. No. 18. Manilla, October 1904.
16.
Musgrave and Clegg. Phillipine Jour. Science, Vol. I, 1906.
17. Nägler Archiv. f. Protistenkunde t. XV, 1909.
18. Noc. Ann. Inst. Pasteur. t. XXIII, No. 3, March 1909.
19.
Schaudinn. Arbeit a. d. Kais. Gesundhts. Amte Bd. XIX, No. 3, 1903.
20. Shiga. Phillipine Jour. Science, Vol. I, 1906.
21.
Shiga. Osler and McCrae's System of Med., Vol. II, 1907.
22.
Strong. Osler and McCrae's System of Med., Vol. I.
23.
Vahlkampf. Archiv. f. Protistenkunde. Bd. V, 1905.
24.
Viereck. Beiheft. Z. Archiv. f. Schiffs u tropenhyg. Bd. XI, 1907.
25.
Walker. Jour. Med. Research., Vol. XVII, 1908.
26.
V. Wasielewski u. Hirschfeld. Hyg. Rundschau, No. 16, 1909.
27.
Werner. Beihefte Z. Archiv. f. Schiffs u. tropenhyg. Bd. XII, 1908.
28. Whitmore. Centralbl. f. Bact. Bd. 58, Heft 3, 1911.
43
Explanation of figures.
Figures 1—19 represent cultivated amœbæ of type (a ).
FIG. 1
.
.
.
.
. .
. cysts.
FIGS. 2, 3 and 13
.
.
.
.
. escape of a single motile amœba
from the cyst.
FIG. 4
.
.
.
.
.
.
. empty cyst shell.
FIGS. 5 and 14 .
.
.
.
.
. free motile amœbæ.
„ 6, 8 and 16
.
.
.
.
. fission.
„ 9—11
.
.
.
.
.
. formation of the " lobulate-
body."
„ 12 and 19 .
.
.
.
.
. commencing encystment.
FIG. 17
.
. .
.
.
.
. amœbce containing endogenous
buds.
„
18
.
.
.
.
.
. . budding forms.
Figures 20—28 represent cultivated amœbæ of type (b).
FIGS. 20 and 24
.
.
.
.
.
. cysts.
„
21 and 25
.
.
.
.
.
. free motile amœbæ.
„ 22, 23 and 27
.
.
.
.
. fission.
FIG. 26
. .
.
.
.
.
. group of amœbæ containing en-
dogenous buds.
„ 28 .
.
.
. .
.
. vacuolated amœbæ with irre-
gular chromatin masses.
Figures 29—34 represent amœbæ found microscopically in the fæces.
FIG. 29
.
.
. .
.
. . motile amœbæ in a fresh speci-
men of fæces.
„ 30
.
.
.
.
.
.
. amœbæ showing circular are
æ
in the endoplasm.
„ 31
.
.
.
.
.
.
. amœbæ showing contained
bodies exactly resembling red
corpuscles.
„ 32
.
.
.
.
.
.
. amœbæ from fresh specimen of
fæces, fixed and stained.
„
3 3
.
.
.
.
.
.
. amœbæ on slide 3 hours after
evacuation.
„ 34
.
.
.
.
.
.
. amœbæ four days after the
fæces containing it had been
transferred to Musgrave's agar.
44
FIGS. 1-12, 20-23, 29-31, 33 and 34
. are unstained.
,,
13, 15, 17-19, 25 and 32
are fixed by corrosive acetic-
alcohol and stained w ith Iron
hœmatoxylin and Eosine.
„
14, 16, 24, 26 and 28.
.
.
are fixed by Osmic acid and
stained by Giemsa's method.
V. Wasielewski and Hirschfeld's method 26 of fixation was employed in dealing with
cultivated amœbæ.
The drawings were made with a Zeiss's drawing apparatus, compensating ocular No. 6.
and apochromatic 2 mm. aperture 130 immersion lens, tube length 160 mm.
Each division of the scale represents 2 micra.
SUPDT. GOVT. PRINTING . INDIA. 8 HASTINGS STREET, CALCUTTA.
PLATE
I .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. 7. 8. 9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Photo ģravnre.
S u r v e y o f I n d i a o f f i c e s C a l c u t t a 1 9 1 2
PLATE II.
19
20
21
22
23
24
25 26 27
28
29
30
Photoģravure
Survey of India. Office s, Calcutta,1912.
PLATE III.
31
32 33 34
Photoģravure.
Su r v e y o f I n d i a Of f i c e s , Ca l c u t t a 1 9 1 2 .
DEPARTMENT OF HORSE-BREEDING OPERATIONS.
ANNUAL ADMINISTRATION REPORT
OF THE
BOMBAY PRESIDENCY
FOR THE
OFFICIAL YEAR 1887-88.
[Price—Four Annas.]
DEPARTMENT OF HORSE-BREEDING OPERATIONS.
ANNUAL ADMINISTRATION REPORT
OF THE
BOMBAY PRESIDENCY
FOR THE
OFFICIAL YEAR 1887-88.
Annual Administration Report for the year 1887-88.
No. 793 OF 1888.
To
THE SECRETARY TO GOVERNMENT,
REVENUE DEPARTMENT,
Bombay.
Superintendent's Office,
Horse-breeding Operations,
Poona, 14th July 1888.
SIR,
I have the honour to submit, for the consideration of His Excellency the
Governor in Council, the Annual Administration Report of the Department of
Horse-breeding Operations in the Bombay Presidency and Beluchistan for the
official year 1887-88.
I have the honour to be,
Sir,
Your most obedient Servant,
J. K. GRAINGER,
Superintendent, Horse-breeding Operations,
Bombay Presidency.
C 402—1
GOVERNMENT OF BOMBAY.
DEPARTMENT OF HORSE-BREEDING OPERATIONS.
ANNUAL ADMINISTRATION REPORT, FOR THE
OFFICIAL YEAR 1887-88.
The report is divided into two parts :
First.—My tours of inspection.
Second.—The statistical returns.
Hángal, 5th April 1887.
Hirekerur, 7th April.
2. At the beginning of the year I was at Hángal in the Dhárwár District,
where I branded 39 mares for pony and rejected 11.
From here I went to Hirekerur for the purpose of
inspecting and branding mares, but very few were
brought forward; I branded 11 mares for pony and
rejected 7.
Ránebennur, 11th April.
3. Here I inspected 68 mares, out of which I
branded 50 for pony. The mares were a good lot.
Háveri, 14th and 15th April.
4. At Háveri, on the 14th and 15th of April, 75 mares were presented for
my inspection, out of which 55 were branded for pony,
20 being rejected.
Shiggaon, 17th and 18th
April.
5. On the 17th April I proceeded to Shiggaon, 48
mares were inspected, out of which 33 were branded
for pony and 15 rejected.
Kundgol, 21st April.
6. From Shiggaon I proceeded to Kundgol.
Here I branded 1 mare for pony, rejecting 3.
Hubli, 24th April.
7. Only 31 mares were collected and I branded
22 for pony, rejecting 9. The mares were a poor lot.
Dhárwár, 26th April.
8. Here I branded 39 mares for pony and re-
jected 22.
Hyder
... Arab.
February
... Do.
March
... Arab.
Tippoo
... Do.
Moochel
... Arab.
I inspected the Government stal-
lions noted in the margin and found
them in good condition.
Annigeri, 28th April.
9. From Dhárwár I proceeded to Annigeri where very few mares were
collected for my inspection ; 10 mares were branded for
pony.
This brought my tour in the Dhárwár District to a close.
10. General Remark.—The mares are as a rule small in height. The
country is well suited for pony-breeding , and in a few years I expect to find a
great improvement in the stamp of pony.
Poona.
11. I then returned to Poona and remained
there till the 5th of May for office work.
Bombay, 6th to 14th May.
12. Proceeded to Bombay for the purpose of assisting in the examin-
ation of the students of the Bombay Veterinary
College.
Sásvad 17th May.
13. Returned to Poona and went on to Sásvad for the purpose of inspect-
ing and branding mares. Here I branded 4 mares for
horse and 10 for pony, rejecting 2.
Supa, 18th May.
14. I proceeded here on the 18th and inspected
the Government stallions noted in the margin and
found them in good condition.
Here I branded 5 mares for
horse, 10 for pony, rejecting 7.
Comet
...N. T. E.
Zamindar
...Arab.
Chinkara
...Arab.
Hector
...Do.
4
Bárámati, 20th May.
15. At Bárámati I inspected the Government
stallions noted in the margin and found them in ex-
cellent condition, with the exception of " Kajwa ", who
was afterwards sold by order of Government. Very
few mares were brought for my inspection. I branded
9 for horse, 12 for pony, and 4 for donkey, rejecting 7.
Rocket...
Nirghor...
Tannaji...
Kajwa...
Arab.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Nimbgaon, 22nd May.
16. At Nimbgaon 1 branded only four mares
for pony.
Bawara, 24th May.
17. Out of 22 mares that were collected for my
inspection I branded 5 for horse, 11 for pony, and re-
jected 6.
Indápur, 25th May.
18. My next visit was to Indápur where only 4
mares were branded for pony. I also inspected the
Government stallions here and found them in good
condition.
Sivaji...
Kumayat...
Arab.
Do.
Temburni, 26th May.
19. From Indápur I went to Temburni where I
inspected 17 mares and branded 3 for horse, 11 for
pony, and rejected 3.
Loni, 28th May.
20. Here I branded one mare for horse and 9
for pony, rejecting 4.
Diksál , 29th May.
21. I reached Diksál on the 29th May, inspect-
ed 16 mares, branded 9 for pony, 1 for horse, and
rejected 6.
Rawangaon, 30th May.
22. At Rawangaon I branded 5 mares for
horse, 8 for pony, and rejected 7.
Pátas, 1st June.
23. Here 37 mares were collected for my in-
spection, out of which 4 were branded for horse, 21
for pony, and 12 were rejected.
Párgaon, 2nd June.
Nhaora, 2nd June.
24. Only 5 mares were inspected, out of which
3 were branded. In the afternoon I went to Nhaora
where I inspected 20 mares and branded 2 for horse
and 19 for pony.
Kondapuri, 3rd June.
25. Here 7 mares were branded, 1 for horse
and 6 for pony.
Shikárpur, 4th June.
26. I proceeded here on the 4th and branded
1 mare for horse and 7 for pony.
Loni Kund , 5th June.
27. Here only six mares were branded for
pony.
28. Thence I returned to Poona and remained there till the month of
October. During this time I was engaged in my office work arranging dates of
the several Horse Shows, &c.
Poona, 22nd September.
29. In September there was a Horse Show at
Poona. I attended the Show and acted as a joint
Secretary. During the Show
I inspected the stallions noted
in the margin and found them,
with the exception of "Comet",
in good condition. The Show
was a success both in number
and quality. I also took this opportunity of inspecting and branding mares. I
branded 21 mares for horse and 15 for pony.
Tam O'Shanter .
Luminary...
Comet...
Orator...
Punch...
Pradhan...
Zamindar...
T. B. E.
N. T. E.
Do.
Arab.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Chinkara...
Hector...
Rocket...
Nirghor...
Tannaji...
Kumayat...
Sivaji...
Arab
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Bombay, 6th to 9th October.
Government Resolution No. 3173 in the Revenue
Department of 4th June 1887.
30. In the month of October I proceeded to
Bombay and visited the stables with
a view to inspect the Persian horse
importations.
Rájkot, 31st October to
4th November.
31. On the 29th of October I proceeded to Rájkot to attend the Horse
Show. The Ahmednagar Horse Show was also held
at this time, but I was ordered to attend the Rájkot
5
Government Resolution No. 6667, Revenue Depart-
ment, dated 1st October 1887.
one, it being considered the more
important of the two. I considered
this year's Show an improvement
on last year's. I inspected the stallions noted in the margin and found them in
excellent condition, with the exception of " Sepoy,"
who had been sick and was then in poor condition.
I examined the horse and recommended him to be sent
to the Veterinary School, Poona, for treatment; but
he became worse and died on the 11th of November,
vide Government Resolution No. 8373 in the Revenue Department, dated
8th December 1887. No mares were brought forward for branding.
Cottonham
...
Sepoy ...
...
Lachin ...
...
Harvester
...
T. B. E.
N. T. E.
Arab.
Do.
32. On my way back I visited Vánkáner and inspected the paddock and
found many improvements had been made. New paddocks having been built
and everything looked after by Mr. Laud in a most efficient manner.
33. From Vánkáner I went to Bhávnagar and inspected the paddock
there. From Bhávnagar I returned to Bombay and remained there some days
to inspect the Persian horse importations.
Sátára District.
Khandála, 24th November.
Bhuinj, 25th November.
34. I commenced my tour in this district at
Khandála on the 24th of November, where 16 mares
were collected for my inspection. I branded 2 for
horse and 11 for pony. From here I proceeded to
Bhuinj and branded 5 mares for pony, rejecting 7.
Sátára, 28th November
to 1st December.
35. At Sátára I inspected 41 mares, branded
2 for horse and 29 for pony : the mares were small.
Karád, 2nd December.
36. This is a táluka town and I expected a considerable number of mares
would be collected for my inspection, but only 46 were
brought. 31 were branded for pony, and the rest
rejected.
Islámpur, 5th December.
37. On the 5th of December I proceeded to
Islámpur. 46 mares were inspected, out of which 26
were branded for pony, the remainder being rejected.
Tasgaon, 7th December.
38. I inspected 26 mares and branded 6 for
horse, 16 for pony, rejecting 4.
Vita, 8th December.
39. Here 32 mares were presented and I brand-
ed 14 for pony and rejected 18.
Khánápur, 10th December.
40. At Khánápur on the 10th December I brand-
ed 12 mares for pony and rejected 15.
Mayni, 13th December.
41. I proceeded here on the 13th and branded
31 mares for pony, rejecting 33.
Vadúj, 14th December.
42. At Vadúj on the 14th of December 43 mares
were presented for my inspection. I branded 4 for
horse and 34 for pony, rejecting the rest.
Dahivádi, 15th December.
43. Dahivádi is a táluka place and I expected
many mares, but was disappointed and only branded
12 for pony, rejecting 7.
Pusegaon, 16th December.
44. At Pusegaon I branded 1 mare for horse
and 30 for pony.
Koregaon , 17th December.
45. Here I inspected the Government stallion "Monk" and found him
in good condition. 89 mares were collected and I
branded 5 for horse and 58 for pony, and rejected 26.
The mares were a good lot.
Sind Province.
Shikárpur, 5th to 13th
January 1888.
46. I assisted at the Horse Show, which lasted
from 5th to 12th January. During the Show I
B 402—2
7
Bhuj in Cutch, 20th to 25th
February.
55. I arrived here on the 20th of February. The Horse Show was held
here at Kharsara near Bhúj. I cannot compare this
year's Show with the last, as I did not attend it: but
there was a falling off in the number of exhibits from
that of 1885-86. This can be accounted for by the fact that none were exhi-
bited by the Darbár. Here I branded
20 mares for horse. I also inspected
the stallions noted in the margin and
found them in good health and condition,
except " Torna ", who was too fat and
was suffering from œdema of the sheath.
Gaikwad ...
...
...
...
Despatch ...
...
...
...
Elzevier ......
...
...
Torna
...
...
...
...
Lord Napier...
...
...
Glenore ...
...
...
...
N. T. E.
Do.
T. B. E.
Arab.
Do.
Do.
Ahmedabad, 5th to 10th
March.
56. I arrived here on the morning of the 5th March to attend the Horse
Show and commenced with the classification. During
the Show I branded 12 mares for horse and 74 for pony,
rejecting 35.
Hampton
Inspector
January
Hassan
Holland
T. B. E.
Do.
Arab
Do.
Do.
Rufus ...
Tahlim
Sindia ...
Midnight ...
Angrya ...
Kohinoor
Arab
... Arab
... Do.
... Do.
... Do.
... Do.
I also inspected
the stables and stal-
lions noted in the
margin and found
them in good con-
dition.
Deesa, 17th March,
57. I next proceeded to Deesa and branded 10 mares for pony and rejected 8 ;
also inspected the Government stallion " Majeeb " and
found him in good condition.
Parántíj, 22nd March.
58. I was recommended to visit this place by the Collector and the District
Superintendent of Police, Ahmedabad, and I accord-
ingly went there and branded 2 mares for horse and
43 for pony, rejecting 22.
Statistical Report.
Stollions : Number of.
59. At the end of last year the strength of
stallions on the books was :—
Thorough-bred English ... ... ...
Half-bred English, including Norfolk Trotters ...
Australian ... ... ... ...
Arabs
... ... ... ...
H.
... 16
... 14
...
1
... 48
79
P.
0
0
0
43
43
122
Increase received during the year.
60. The undermentioned stallions
were received during the year :—
From England.
Thorough-bred English
...
...
...
...
Norfolk Trotters...
...
...
...
...
H.
4
2
6
P.
0
0
0
6
By purchase.
Pegu
...
...
...
...
...
Arabs
...
...
...
...
...
H.
0
1
1
P.
1
1
2
3
The English horses were sent to Ahmednagar Depôt for acclimatization.
The animals purchased locally were distributed as follows :—
Deccan
...
...
...
...
Gujarát and Káthiáwár...
...
...
Arab 1 and Pegu 1 = 2
Arab 1
1
3