NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
7
(v) OTHER DISEASES.
42. Table No. IV.—56,294 cases for contagious and parasitic diseases
and 9,259 cases for non-contagious diseases were treated and 4,522 castrations
were performed by Veterinary Assistant Surgeons and Veterinary Field
Compounders during the course of their tours in 3,567 villages. In the
preceding year the cases for contagious and parasitic diseases were 69,454 for
non-contagious disease 7,918, castrations 3,318 and the villages visited being
2,831.
43. A brief summary of work done by the Veterinary Investigation
Officer, Sind, is given below :—
(1) Contagious pleuro-pneumonia in goats.—With the co-ordination of the
District Staff, 7,350 goats were vaccinated with formalised diseased lung
emulsion, the average mortality among the vaccinated goats being 0.36 which
is manifestly better improvement over that of the average mortality last year.
(2) Sheep-pox.—Four
of the sheep which were vaccinated with sheep
vaccine obtained from Mysore Serum Institute, Bangalore, were put to
immunity test after four months interval, with an authentic passaged sheep
strain of Variola Virus obtained from Mukteswar. Vaccinated sheep were
found to be immune whereas control sheep showed a severe type of reaction.
(3) 'Wah' Contagious Arthritis.—The
incidence of this disease was
recorded in sheep for the first time and also the eye lesions which have not
so far been recorded were met with for the first time. Experimental treat-
ment was tried in 2 goats with result not very promising.
(4) Pneumonia in sheep.—This disease was brought under control in two
batches one with Hæmorrhagic Septicaemia serum and another with formalised
diseased lung emulsion and the success achieved suggested that the condition
may be due to Pasteurella group of organism.
(5) Encephalomylitis in goats and other animals.—The disease was again
reported from the Sewage Farm, Karachi. Histopathological examination of
the morbid material by the Imperial Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar,
revealed pathological changes associated with equine Encephalomylitis.
44. The Veterinary Investigation Officer, Sind, also dealt with certain
Poultry diseases and adopted the necessary control measures. In addition,
he also inquired into details regarding Produce More Cows and Bullocks
Compaign.
(vii) VETERINARY HOSPITALS AND DISPENSARIES.
45. Table No. III.—There were 35 hospitals and dispensaries working
at the beginning of the year and one Itinerating and one Stationary Veterinary
Dispensaries were opened during the year. Altogether, 37 hospitals and
dispensaries were working on 31st March 1944. Of these, 2 are in charge
of Salutri Compounders and entirely maintained by the District Local Board,
Thar Parkar, and a third one also in charge of a Salutri Compounder but
aided by Government grant. 8 are Itinerating Veterinary Dispensaries
exclusively being maintained by Government and 26 are grants-in-aid
Veterinary Dispensaries.
8
The number of In and Out-patients treated at these institutions during
the year under report was 50,106, the figures for the previous year being
47,499. Medicines and advice were given to owners of 13,194 animals which
were not brought to the dispensaries as compared with 11,994 cases treated
in the previous year. The number of castrations performed was 6,593 as
against 5,517 in the preceding year.
III.—BREEDING OPERATIONS.
46. Table No. VI-C.—There were 2 Stallions at Stud at the beginning
of the year. The District Local Board, Upper Sind Frontier, purchased
3 Stallions during the year under report. One thorough-bred old English
Stallion died. There were thus 4 Stallions at Stud on 31st March 1944. The
number of mares covered during the year under report was 112 against 47
covered last year.
(ii) BOVINES.
(iii)
OTHER ANIMALS.
47. Tables Nos. VI-A and VI-B.—The information obtained from the
Director of Agriculture, Sind, is contained in the Tables. Breeding operations
of bovines and other animals (excluding equines) is under the control of the
Director of Agriculture, Sind.
(iv) FAIRS AND SHOWS.
48. Horse Show.—At Jacobabad Horse and Pony Show held during the
year under report, 222 horses competed for prizes and a total sum of Rs. 950
in cash and a silver medal were awarded in prizes as against 171 horses
competed. Rs. 1,010 and a silver medal awarded last year. The Govern-
ment as usual contributed Rs. 500 in cash and a silver medal. The Karachi
Race and Riding Club, Limited, has been generous enough to continue their
donation of the sum of Rs. 500 this year also towards the Jacobabad Horse
and Pony Show.
49. Cattle Shows.—Table VII.—Information obtained from the Director
of Agriculture, Sind, is embodied in this table.
IV.—SUBORDINATE ESTABLISHMENT.
50. Table X.—The strength of the Subordinate Veterinary Staff was
2 Veterinary Inspectors and 28 Veterinary Assistant Surgeons at the beginning
of the year. One more Veterinary Assistant Surgeon was appointed during
the year. The post of the Veterinary Assistant Surgeon in-charge, Richmond
Crawford Veterinary Dispensary, Karachi, was converted by Government into
that of the Veterinary Inspector's grade during the year under report and the
senior most Veterinary Assistant Surgeon holding the post was promoted to
this new post of the Veterinary Inspector. One of the senior Veterinary
Assistant Surgeons was deputed to the Sind Police Rifles but reverted to the
department owing to Medical grounds. There were thus 3 Veterinary
Inspectors and 28 Veterinary Assistant Surgeons working at the end of the
year. 27 Veterinary Assistant Surgeons held charge of Veterinary Dispen-
saries and one was on reserve duty at Karachi,
10
V.—EXPENDITURE.
55. Table IX.—The total expenditure of the department for the year
under report was 1,90,491 as against 1,83,262 in the preceding year.
VI.—VISITORS.
56. Mr. Zal R. Kothawala, Imperial Dairy Expert, Bangalore, and
Mr. B. N. Soni, A.R.O. (Hides and Skins), Imperial Veterinary Research
Institute, Mukteswar, visited the province and discussed with the Director
and the Veterinary Investigation Officer the problems connected with their
sphere of activities.
GENERAL REMARKS.
57. There was no landing of horses from overseas at the Port of Karachi
during the year under report as against 30 horses landed last year.
58. Government have been pleased to sanction eight more posts of
Veterinary Field Compounders to be filled in the year 1944-45. It is hoped
that with this additional staff, the district field work will be greatly increased
and thus it will afford great relief to maldars to meet with their ever increasing
demands in Veterinary help. Government have also revised the scales of
pay of Veterinary Inspectors, Veterinary Assistant Surgeons and Veterinary
Field Compounders from 1st April 1944. With this increase in pay of the
Subordinate cadre and reasonable increase in stipend it is anticipated that
young Sindhi students will now take this opportunity of availing themselves
the scholarships at Bombay and Punjab Veterinary Colleges to pursue
veterinary studies and join the department in large number which now affords
excellent prospects in life for them, in future.
BACHAN SINGH,
Director of Veterinary Services, Sind.
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CONTENTS.
I.—INTRODUCTION
.
.
. .
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
. 1
(a) Dysentery in general
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
. .
.
.
1
Bacillary dysentery
.
. .
. .
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
1
Amœbic dysentery
.
. .
.
.
. .
.
.
. .
.
.
2
Non-specific dysenteries
. .
.
.
. .
.
. .
.
.
.
5
Dysenteries of uncertain origin
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
6
Malingering
.
.
. .
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
6
(b) Intestinal diseases in Bengal Jail
. .
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Dysentery and diarrhœa, the prevailing diseases in Bengal Jails
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
Season of maximum prevalence in July
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
General progressive decrease in both prevalence and case mortality
.
.
.
.
.
8
(c) Dysentery in Hazaribagh Central Jail
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
. 8
Season of maximum prevalence in July as in Bengal Jails generally
.
.
.
.
.
8
Influence of occupation on dysentery incidence: those in closest contact with the sick not
specially affected
.
.
. .
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
. 9—10
Absence of evidence of infection by food or water
. .
.
.
. .
.
. 11
The disease not prevalent in the adjacent Reformatory School
.
.
.
.
.
. 11
II.—METHODS OF OBSERVATION
.
. .
.
.
.
.
. .
.
. 11
(a) Laboratory examination of stools
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
. 11
Method of collecting stools
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. 11
Naked-eye examination .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
. 11
Microscopic examination
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
. 11
Cultural examination
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
. 12
(b) Clinical examination of patients
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
. 12
(c) Post-mortem examination
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
. 12
III.—RESULTS
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
. .
. 12
(a) Preliminary remarks
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
. 12
( b) Characters of the stools
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
. 15
(c) Clinical examination of the cases
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
. 15
(d) Blood-counts
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
. 15
(e) Agglutination
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
. 23
(f ) Post-mortem examination
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
. 25
(g) Bacilli of the dysentery group met with
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. 26
(h) Amœbæ met with
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
. .
. 29
IV.—CONCLUSIONS
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
. 40—41
V.—REFERENCES
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
. 42
VI.—EXPLANATION OF FIGURES
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
43
NOTE
This enquiry was undertaken at the instance of the Inspector-General of
Prisons, Bengal, with the sanction of the Local Government. The Superin-
tendent, Central Jail, Hazaribagh, very kindly made arrangements for a
temporary laboratory in the jail and gave every facility for the work.
AN ENQUIRY ON DYSENTERY IN
HAZARIBAGH CENTRAL JAIL
, JANUARY 1910—MARCH 1911.
I . I n t r o d u c t i o n .
(a) Dysentery in general.
The term " dysentery" cannot be taken to indicate a single specific disease
or even a group of specific diseases ; it simply connotes a rather ill-defined
collection of symptoms and is generally applied to cases which, at some period
of their course, present blood and mucus or mucus alone in the stools, with or
without griping and tenesmus and with or without initial rise of temperature.
The local symptoms point to an inflammation of the intestine, principally
or entirely confined to the large gut, while the general disturbance of health
is due to defective nutrition and to the absorption of toxins from the intestine.
Amidst the confusion which at present obtains in our knowledge of
the dysenteries, two types, " bacillary " and " amœbic " are generally recognised as
specific ; other cases are considered as part of a general infection such as Mala-
ria or Kala azar. Again, in many cases a pathogenic role has been assigned to
a variety of other organisms, both bacteria and protozoa, while in a large pro-
portion of cases the specific factor in etiology has so far eluded observation.
The dysenteries may be provisionally classified as follows :—
(a) Bacillary.
(i) Specific (b) Amœbic
(a) Tubercular.
(b) Malarial.
(ii) Non-specific (c) Due to Leishmania infection.
(d) Verminous (Manson). 14
(iii) Dysentery of uncertain origin.
1 . B A C I L L A R Y D Y S E N T E R Y .
Bacillary dysentery is described as an acute specific disease, generally
occurring in well-defined epidemics, due to an infection with the bacillus.
d y s e n
teriæ (Shiga) or allied organism.
The natural incubation period is 2-3 days ; in accidental laboratory infec-
tion in man, 24-48 hours. The disease generally lasts for 4-8 days in slight
cases, 3-6 weeks in severe cases.
B
2
Reinfection is rare when the course of the disease has been severe, a pro-
nounced attack apparently conferring immunity. 20
Water, milk, food and flies have been brought forward as possible agents
in the spread of the disease, but " bacillus carriers " are generally considered as
the principal source of infection.2 1
The large intestine is generally alone infected but the lower ileum may
also share in the disease. The inflammation is diphtheritic in character, affect-
ing first and foremost the colic flexures and the rectum on the summits of the
folds of the mucous membrane.
Actual ulcers are rare, but when they do occur, each has a floor co-exten-
sive with its surface, the edges not being undermined.
The liver generally shows no marked change.
Although bacillary dysentery as it occurs in Europe is described as an
acute epidemic disease, Böse 3 notes that in Manchuria it often runs a chronic
course and is difficult to distinguish clinically from amœbic dysentery.
Forster9 a l s o f o u n d c h r o n i c b a c i l l a r y c a s e s i n M i d n a p o r e J a i l , B e n g a l .
2. AMŒBIC DYSENTERY.
Amœbic dysentery is described as a chronic endemic disease of insidious
onset due to infection of the large intestine with pathogenic amœbæ.
The course of the disease is very irregular, convalescence being often in-
terrupted by relapses. One attack does not confer immunity ; on the contrary
it appears to predispose to subsequent attacks. 2 2
The disease is generally considered to be water-borne (Strong) 22 but
Viereck24 considers contact infection as the principal means of spread.
While the large intestine is the main site of the disease, the lower ileum
may also, in rare cases, be affected, as in bacillary dysentery.
The changes in the intestinal wall, in the earlier stages at least, are in
striking contrast to those described under bacillary dysentery.
The initial lesions consists of a hæmorrhagic catarrh, with raised nodules
protruding above the level of the surrounding mucosa. These nodules may be
as small as a hemp-seed or as large as a bean ; the smaller ones are hemi-
spherical, the larger oval in shape and they are most frequently situated on the
summits of the mucosa.
Such a nodule may break down, one or more perforations occur at the
apex, forming a narrow neck of communication between the cavity of the
nodule and the lumen of the gut. Thus the ulcer " en bouton de chemise," a
characteristic lesion of amœbic dysentery, is formed. The amœbæ are found
in the ulcers and in the surrounding tissues (Dopter). 8