NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
9
53. Fowl spirochætosis.—Two outbreaks investigated.
131 healthy
birds and ten affected birds were given one-quarter grain of Soamin intra-
muscularly. Two affected birds died. After the administration of Soamin
disease was brought under control. Five and twenty-five birds in each out-
break died before Soamin was given.
54. Fowl-pox.—Disease was noticed in young stock. 87 birds were
vaccinated with Fowl-pox Vaccine from Mukteswar with satisfactory results,
55. Surra in Sind.—First record of bovine surra in Sind. All the
affected cases were treated with tartar emetic in doses of 10 to 15 grains in
20 to 30 c.c. of distilled water with good results.
56. Coccidiosis.—During the course of an outbreak of Rinderpest in
Karachi taluka, in some cases, cows and buffaloes developed dysentry and
diarrhœa after Goat Tissue Virus inoculations. Presence of Cocyts of E. Zunri,
E. Smithi were found in sample of fæces of these cases.
57. Bovine mastitis.—30 samples of milk were tested by incubated
smear method. Out of these, three proved positive for streptococcal infection.
The Veterinary Investigation Officer. Sind, as usual, dealt with certain
poultry diseases and adopted the necessary control measures. In addition,
he also enquired into the details in connection with Produce More Cows And
Bullocks Campaign.
(vii) VETERINARY HOSPITALS AND DISPENSARIES.
58. Table III.—At the 37 Veterinary hospitals and dispensaries, 49,580
in and out-patients were treated during the year under report, as against
50,106 last year. Medicines and advice were given to owners of 13,285
animals which were not brought to the dispensaries as compared with 13,194
cases treated in the preceding year. The number of castrations performed
was 6,357 as against 6.593 in the previous year.
III.—BREEDING OPERATIONS.
59. Table No. VI-C.—There were 4 Stallions at stud at the beginning
of the year. The Stallion belonging to the District Local Board, Dadu, died
of Rabies at Mchar during the year under report. There were thus 3 Stallions
at stud on 31st March 1945. The numbers of mares covered during the year
was 122 against 112 covered last year.
(ii) BOVINES.
(iii) OTHER ANIMALS.
60. Tables Nos. VI-A and VI-B.—The information obtained from the
Director of Agriculture, Sind, is contained in the tables. Breeding operations
of bovines and other animals (excluding equines) is under the control of
Director of Agriculture Sind.
L (IV 1828— 2
10
61. Table XII.—Horse Show.—At
Jacobabad Horse and Pony Show
held during the year under report, 159 horses competed for prizes and a total
sum of Rs. 1,040 in cash and a silver medal were awarded in prizes as against
222 horses competed, Rs. 950 and a silver medal awarded last year. As
usual, Government contributed a sum of Rs. 500 in cash and a silver medal.
The Karachi Race and Riding Club, Ltd., was generous enough to continue
their donation of the sum of Rs. 500 this year also towards the Jacobabad
Horse and Pony Show.
62. Cattle Shows.—Table VII.—Information obtained from the Director
of Agriculture, Sind. is embodied in this table.
IV.—SUBORDINATE ESTABLISHMENT.
63. Table X.- The strength of the Subordinate Veterinary Staff was
3 Veterinary Inspectors and 28 Veterinary Assistant Surgeons working at the
beginning of the year. Owing to one of the senior Veterinary Inspector been
promoted to the gazetted post of Officer-in-charge, Veterinary Laboratory,
a senior most Veterinary Assistant Surgeon was promoted as Veterinary
Inspector, one Veterinary Assistant Surgeon died and one of the Junior
Veterinary Assistant Surgeons was deputed to the Army Department to join
the Indian Army Veterinary Corps during the year under report. There were
thus 3 Veterinary Inspectors and 25 Veterinary Assistant Surgeons working
at the end of the year. 24 Veterinary Assistant Surgeons held charge of
Veterinary Dispensaries and one was on reserve duty at Karachi.
64. The post of Veterinary Inspector. Lower Sind Circle. Karachi, was
held by Mr. J. R. Banna, throughout the year, except for the period of
15 days from 14th to 29th May 1944 when he was on leave. He also held
charge of the post of Veterinary Inspector. Upper Sind Circle. Sukkur, for
the period from 1st April to 26th June 1944 in addition to his own duties.
The post of Veterinary Inspector, Civil Veterinary Department. Upper Sind
Circle, was held by Mr. A. I. Ukely throughout the year, except for the
period from 1st April to 26th June 1944 when Mr. J. R. Banna held the
charge in addition to his own duties. Mr. M. W. Mirza. the permanent
Veterinary Inspector, Upper Sind Circle, was on leave on medical grounds
until 16th July 1944 when he took over as Officer-in-charge. Veterinary
Laboratory, Karachi.
65. Mr. J. R. Banna was on tour for 192 days travelled 4,610 miles by
rail and 998 miles by road and visited 146 villages. Mr. A. I. Ukely was
or tour for 112 days covering 2,814 miles by rail, 326 miles by road and
visited 36 villages during the year under report. Both the Veterinary
Inspectors periodically inspected the Veterinary Dispensaries, supervised and
checked the field work of Subordinate staff in the villages and performed very
useful work within their sphere of duties during the year under report.
66. There were 8 Veterinary Field Compounders working in the Depart-
ment at the beginning of the year. 8 more Veterinary Field Compounders
were sanctioned by Government during the year under report. Of these one
is on deputation to the Sind Police Rifles. 8 were in-charge of the Itinerating
11
Veterinary Dispensaries and 2 posts were vacant and the remainder under
training at the Veterinary Dispensaries.
67. The Clerical staff in spite of the difficulty experienced in filling posts
of junior clerks owing to acute shortage of hands discharged their duties in
a most conscientious manner. It is hoped that with the relaxation of qualifica-
tions for recruitment to the posts of clerk recruits would become available
and the discharge of office work facilitated.
V.—EXPENDITURE.
68. Table IX.—The total expenditure of the department for the year
under report was 2,22,625 as against 1,90,491 in the preceding year.
VI.—VISITORS.
69. Major G. Williamson, M.R.C.V.S., Animal Husbandry Commissioner
to the Government of India visited Sind to study the position of Rinderpest
disease and general position of live-stock. Mr. S. D. Ahmed, Assistant
Live-stock Advisor to the Government of India, visited Sind to discuss the
possibilities of total immunization of all cattle population of Sind with Goat
Tissue Virus against Rinderpest. Mr. G. D. Bhalerao visited Karachi in
connection with 'Pitto' or 'Gillar' investigation in the Province.
GENERAL REMARKS.
70. There was no landing of horses from overseas at the port of Karachi
during the year under report.
71. Owing to scales of pay of Veterinary Assistant Surgeons being not
at par with Medical Officers, there is little attraction for the candidates to
come forward for joining the Veterinary Line. The opening of a Medical
College in Sind has been a set back to the Veterinary Department in-so-much
that very few students now respond to the advertisement for Veterinary
Scholarships for study for the Diploma course at Bombay Veterinary College
and if this state of affairs continue then great difficulty will arise to run the
department efficiently for want of Sindhi qualified hands. Government are
doing their utmost to send Sindhis for studies at the other Veterinary Colleges
in India and as soon as the settlement is reached with the Governments
concerned some relief would be given. Revision of scales of pay is of first
and foremost importance if Government desire to continue the activities of
the department to look forward for better improvement in the live-stock
wealth of the Province.
H. S. BAWA,
Director of Veterinary Services, Sind.
No. 2 7 .
(NEW SERIES.)
SCIENTIFIC MEMOIRS
BY
OFFICERS OF THE MEDICAL AND SANITARY DEPARTMENTS
OF THE
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
LEISHMAN-DONOVAN BODY IN THE BED BUG.
BY
CAPTAIN W. S. PATTON, M.B., I.M.S.
( On special duty.)
ISSUED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
BY THE SANITARY COMMISSIONER WITH THE GOVERNMENT
OF INDIA, SIMLA.
CALCUTTA:
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.
1907.
Price eight annas or 9d.
No 27
(NEW SERIES.)
SCIENTIFIC MEMOIRS
BY
OFFICERS OF THE MEDICAL AND SANITARY DEPARTMENTS
OF THE
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF
THE LEISHMAN-DONOVAN BODY IN THE BED BUG.
BY
CAPTAIN W. S. PATTON, M.B., I.M.S.
(On special duty)
ISSUED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
BY THE SANITARY COMMISSIONER WITH THE GOVERNMENT
OF INDIA, SIMLA.
CALCUTTA:
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.
1907.
Agents for the Sale of Books published by the Superintendent of Government
Printing, India, Calcutta.
IN ENGLAND.
H. S. KING & Co., 65, Cornhill, & 9, Pall Mall,
London.
E. A. ARNOLD, 41 & 43, Maddox Street, Bond
Street, London, W.
CONSTABLE & CO., 16, James Street, Hay Market,
London, W.
P. S. KING & SON, 2 & 4, Great Smith Street,
Westminster, London, S.W.
KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER & Co., 43, Gerrard
Street, Soho, London, W.
BERNARD QUARITCH, 15, Piccadilly, London, W.
B. H. BLACKWELL, 5o & 51, Broad Street, Oxford.
DEIGHTON BELL & CO., Cambridge.
GR1NDLAY & CO., 54, Parliament Street, London,
S.W.
ON THE CONTINENT.
R. FRIEDLÄNDER & SOHN, II, Carlstrasse, Berlin,
N.W.
OTTO HARRASSOWITZ, Leipzig.
KARL W. HIERSEMANN, Leipzig.
ERNEST LEROUX, 28, Rue Bonaparte, Paris.
MARTINUS NIJHOFF, The Hague, Holland.
RUDOLF HAUPT, Halle A. S., Germany.
IN INDIA.
THACKER, SPINK & CO., Calcutta and Simla.
NEWMAN & Co., Calcutta.
S. K. LAHIRI & CO., Calcutta.
R. CAMBRAY & CO., Calcutta.
HIGGINBOTHAM & Co., Madras.
V. KALYANARAMA IYER & Co., Madras.
G. A. NATESAN & Co., Madras.
S. MURTHY & Co., Madras.
THOMPSON & CO., Madras.
TEMPLE & CO., Madras.
THACKER & Co., LD., Bombay.
A. J. COMBRIDGE & CO., Bombay.
D. B. TARAPOREVALA, SONS & Co., Bombay.
RADHABAI ATMARAM SAGOON, Bombay.
SUNDER PANDURANG, Bombay.
N. B. MATHUR, Superintendent, Nazair Kanun
Hind Press, Allahabad.
RAI SAHIB M. GULAB SINGH & SONS, Mufid-i-Am
Press, Lahore.
Superintendent, American Baptist Mission Press,
Rangoon.
A. M. & J. FERGUSON, Ceylon.
NLS TO INSERT
BLACK AND WHITE
IMAGE
PRELIMINARY REPORT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
LEISHMAN-DONOVAN BODY IN THE BED BUG.
AN important contribution to our knowledge of the Leishman-Donovan body
was made by Major Rogers, 1 I.M.S., when he announced that he had
succeeded in observing the development of the parasites into flagellates, in splenic
blood taken from a case of Kala Azar, after he had added a small quantity of
sterile citrate of sodium solution to the blood and incubated it at a low-
temperature.
In a later communication,2 he describes the development at 22° C.
At the end of the first day the parasites had increased considerably in size,
the protoplasm staining a bluish colour and appearing finely granular ; the-
macro-nuclei were much enlarged, while the micro-nuclei remained unaltered.
By the end of the second day the parasites had further increased in size,
particularly the macro-nuclei ; and he observed double forms of the large oval-
parasites in varying degrees of contact up to nearly complete fusion of the
two cells, which he concluded represented a process of conjugation.
On the third day he observed the conjugating pair of organisms as elong
-ating, and noted the first appearance of flagellated forms. In these pyriform
bodies the macro-nuclei were seen in the thick ends of the parasites, and the
micro-nuclei had passed to the thinner ends from which the flagella arise. On
the fourth day numerous double pyriform organisms were seen, only a small,
percentage having developed flagella.
Soon afterwards, Captain Christophers, 3 I.M.S., working in Madras, con-
firmed Major Rogers' observations. He saw most of the forms described
above and has added considerably to our knowledge of this stage of the parasite.
On the fourth day of his cultural experiments, he observed the large forms,
resembling those described by Rogers. They occurred in groups and had
apparently arisen by a process of fission showing no evidence of conjugation.,
On the fifth day there appeared in the enlarged parasites a new structure
which was as a pink stained vacuole-like area, of the size of the macro-
nucleus and lying in close apposition to the micro-nucleus. Further, a peculiar
red staining substance was noticeable as a tail-like process projecting from the
end of the parasite in which the small chromatin mass is situated ; this
substance, increasing in volume, surrounded this end of the parasite and fusing
with that of adjoining parasites bound the group together. A ragged filament,
of nearly the same colour as the pink stained area, was seen protruding from
the flagellar end of the parasite ; this probably represents the first appearance of B
2
the flagellum. On the sixth day each group of elongated parasites contained
one or more flagellate forms in which the flagella could, as a rule, be traced
to the micro-nucleus which thus appears to be a blepharoplast. On the seventh
and eighth days fission produced both large and elongate forms, and on the
ninth day and later fission of the elongate forms proceeded rapidly, resulting
in smaller as well as irregular bodies which Christophers terms secondary fission
forms. Throughout the earlier stages many of the small oval parasites appeared
to be undergoing development whilst included in the altered substance of a cell.
Some of the observations of Christophers deserve special attention. He
is the first to describe the vacuole-like area which develops in close relation to
the micro-nucleus and is associated with the later development of the flagellum.
Another important observation made by him is that the parasites undergo
development whilst included in cells.
Lieutenant-Colonel Leishman,4 R.A.M.C., and Captain Statham, R.A.M.C.,
who next studied the extracorporeal stage of the parasite, have confirmed in
the main the observations of Rogers and Christophers. Describing the earlier
changes, Leishman notes that these may take place up to, and even beyond,
the formation of the large circular or oval parasites, while embedded in the
splenic macrophages. He also describes a process of unequal longitudinal
fission in some of the mature flagellated forms, in which the nuclei of the
parent do not play any part. They were split off from one side of a mature
flagellate and appeared as thin spirillum-like organisms and, in some cases,
more than one such form was seen split off from the same parent. These
attenuated forms included two or more chromatin dots and the protoplasm
contained characteristic vacuoles. At first they were destitute of flagella, which,
however, developed later, when these spirilla-like flagellated forms were much
more active than the larger parasites.
Rogers5 has recently improved his method of cultivating the para-
sites by adding a small quantity of citric acid to the citrated splenic blood,
and in his latest communication 6 describes the developmental changes in splenic
blood under these conditions. The development appears to be much more
uniform than that obtained by his earlier methods, so that the majority of the
parasites can be found in nearly the same stage on a given day ; and most of
the parasites on the third day had developed flagella. In the acid medium the
abundant development of flagellates results in the formation of rosettes,
the individual organisms then elongate and the rosette begins to break up,
owing to the increasing motility of the flagella, and free swimming forms are
produced.
Rogers discusses the nature of these parasites, and after examining
many of the fully developed free forms, finds that there is no trace of an
undulating membrane and that the does not pass from the
anterior end towards the macro-nucleus. From this he concludes That the
parasite belongs to the order Herpetomonas and is not a true trypanosome,
naming it the Herpetomonas of Kala Azar. This conclusion seems to be
p r e m - t u r e , e s p e c i a l l y W h e n i t i s C o n s i d e r e d h o w l i t t l e i s y e t k n o w n o f t h e l i f e - h i s t o r i e s
of the different species of this genus ( Herpetomonas) of the Flagellata.
Before describing the experiments carried out with the various blood-
sucking insects, it is important to consider how the human body might be
primarily infected by the parasite, and, in order to answer this question, it is
necessary to examine the theories which have been advanced to explain the
channels by which the parasite leaves the human body.
Sir Patrick Manson7 a n d D r . L o w , s t u d y i n g a c a s e o f K a l a A z a r i n t h e ;
Seamen's Hospital, London, were unable, after a prolonged search in films of
the finger blood, to find any of the parasites, and concluded that the disease
could not be transmitted by means of the peripheral blood. As they found
the parasite in the liver as well as in the spleen, they thought it possible that the
biliary ducts were the channels by which the parasite escaped into the fæces.
They were, however, unable to find any parasites in this situation. On the
death of this patient, they8 examined sections of his organs and were able to
confirm Christophers' observation as to the presence of the parasites in the
ulcers of the large intestine ; they suggest that the parasites may escape by the
intestinal tract.
Captain Statham,9 R.A.M.C., has carried out a large series of examinations.
and cultural experiments with the fæces from a case of Kala Azar, and has
failed to find the parasite in this situation ; and I have on many occasions
searched for parasites in the mucus in the fæces of cases of Kala Azar, also,
in the sanious discharge from cases with cancrum oris, but in neither case
have I ever found parasites. Captain Statham 9 has also pointed out that he
was unable to recover the parasites from (1) sterile tap water, (2) sterile-
pond water and (3) ordinary pond water which were inoculated from splenic
cultures.
Several observers have noticed that the Leishman-Donovan bodies readily
die out in a cultivation of splenic blood if it becomes bacterially contaminated,
and fæces of Kala Azar patients suffering from diarrhœa swarm with bacteria
of many kinds.
The occurrence of the Leishman-Donovan bodies in ulcers of the skin has
led Sir Patrick Manson 1 0
t o s u g g e s t t h a t t h e p a r a s i t e l e a v e s t h e h u m a n b o d y
in the discharges from ulcerated surfaces, intestinal or cutaneous, and is
ingested by some foul-feeding fly in which it undergoes multiplication, and is
then implanted into the human host by this insect by a bite or by contact with,
broken skin surface.
B 2
4
Failure to recover the parasite from, the discharges, and the fact that
it requires for its growth, in cultures at least, approximately sterile condi
-tions, makes it probable that it does not leave the human body by the means
suggested.
The other hypothesis, suggested by Christophers and Rogers as the most
probable means by which the parasite leaves the human body, is that
it is ingested by a blood-sucking insect, Rogers 6 m e n t i o n i n g t h e b e d b u g
as a possible intermediate host. This hypothesis requires the presence of the
Leishman-Donovan bodies in the peripheral blood in a suitable condition for
further development and in sufficient numbers. Donovan and Christophers
appear to be the only observers who have found the parasite in the peripheral
circulation. Rogers, 6 referring to the relationship of the leucocytes to the
parasites in cultures, still doubts whether the Leishman-Donovan bodies can be
found in the peripheral blood ; he, however, notes that Donovan and Christo-
phers have found this stage of the parasite within leucocytes during high fever,
the latter having on two occasions found a number of them nearly all within the
polymorphonuclear cells in a differential count of 500 leucocytes.
Early in December 1905 Major Donovan showed me these parasites in
the leucocytes in a film made from the finger blood of a case of Kala Azar, and
I have since been able to confirm the observation of Christophers that numbers
of parasites are occasionally present in the peripheral circulation. In 38 out of
45 cases of Kala Azar examined in the General Hospital, Madras, parasites were
present in the peripheral blood. It is true it was necessary in some of the
cases to examine more than one film, whilst in one instance as many as eleven
films were searched before a parasite was found ; but with the technique
employed it was as a rule easy to find them. Six of the 38 cases were suffering
from severe diarrhœa, general œdema, and cancrum oris ; the remainder were
still in an early stage of the disease, though many of them have since died.
These results show that in order to diagnose the disease it is not always
necessary to puncture the spleen. In such cases splenic puncture is always a
dangerous operation and accidents have happened in the hands of most careful
physicians. Sir Patrick Manson 1 1
has urged more frequent blood examina-
tions before resorting to splenic puncture, and has suggested puncture of the
liver as a substitute. This, though a somewhat safer operation, is not altoge-
ther devoid of danger, and it often happens that the puncture has to be repeated
before the parasites are found. For these reasons a method of diagnosis which
is safe and sure has been greatly needed, and I have shown that careful exa-
mination of the finger blood is very often all that is necessary.
In making the film it is important to attend to one or two details. No pres-
sure must be applied to the finger and the drop of blood used must be a large