NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
H.
M . S .
D. 3 48 10.—Chloroform on a cap very gently without exciting
struggles, and pushed until respiration stopped, and
the heart was very feeble. A kink in the tube stop-
ped the tracing. The heart continued to beat until
4h. 9m.
It is excessively difficult to administer chloroform to rabbits without
exciting struggling or making them hold their breath.
December 10th.—No. 173.
Large pariah dog. Weight 34 1/4 lbs. Chloroformed in the box at 10h.. 27m.
38s. Fell down at 10h. 33m. 45s. Placed on the table at 10h. 34m. 2s. and
kept quiet with chloroform. Artery ligatured at 10h. 38m. 25s. Canula inserted
10h. 39m. 45s. Connection with the manometer at 11h. 46m. 15s. One Ludwig
and one Fick tracing.
H.
M . S.
o b s e r v a t i o n s .
A. 10 47 50. —Ordinary chloroform administration until the cornea
became insensitive twice.
B. 10 54 35. —Injection of one grain of cocaine into the peritoneum.
C. 10 57 50 —Chloroform again until cornea became insensitive.
D. 11 6 15. —After the animal had come round, chloroform again.
very gently but continuously, until death. Another
injection of one grain of cocaine. After the respira-
tion had stopped two curious rises of pressure with
improved action of the heart took place (vide Fick
readings 17 and 19).
December 10th.—No. 174.
Medium-sized pariah. Weight 24 3/4lbs. Temperature of the room 21 1/2 Cent.
Into chloroform box at 11h. 34m. 48s. Fallen down at 11h. 43m. 7s. Placed
o n t h e b o a r d a t 1 1 h . 4 3 m . 2 0 s . a n d k e p t q u i e t w i t h c h l o r o f o r m . A r t e r y l i g a t u r e d
a t 1 1 h . 4 8 m. 1 0 s . Ca n u l a i n s e r t e d a t 1 1 h . 4 9 m. 1 0 s . Te mp e r a t u r e i n t h e
r e c t u m 1 0 2 . 8 F . J u g u l a r v e i n l i g a t u r e d a t 1 1 h . 5 7 m. 1 0 s . Ca n u l a i n s e r t e d
into the jugular at 11h. 58m. 45s. Connection with the manometer at 12h. 1m.
45s. One Ludwig and one Fick tracing.
H.
M. S.
observations.
A. 12 2
2 0 .
—Chloroform administration while struggling and holding
breath, but stopped almost immediately, after which
the pressure fell considerably during a prolonged
133
H . M . S.
holding of the breath, but was restored to its former
height by four deep slow inspirations, the cornea
being still sensitive.
B . 12 5 30.—Chloroform again in the ordinary way three times, the
third time until the cornea had been insensitive for
a considerable time.
C. 12 15 40.—Chloroform again for a short time, and then at 12h.
17m. 0s. injection of five minims of nicotine into
the jugular vein. After this there was an immediate
fall of pressure with irregularity and slowing of the
heart's action (vide Fick-10), then very rapid heart's
action and rise of pressure, and convulsions followed
by a very rapid fall. Death ensued four minutes
after the nicotine was thrown into the heart.
December 10th.—No. 175.
Large goat. Weight 60 lbs. Thrown and given chloroform at 2h. 34m
. 40s. Loop under both vagi. Artery ligatured at 2h. 41m. 40s. Canula in-
- s e r t e d a t 2 h . 4 3 m . 1 7 s . C o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e m a n o m e t e r a t 2 h . 5 0 m . 1 5 s . O n e
Ludwig and one Fick tracing.
Observations. H. M . S.
A. 2 50 15.—Chloroform administration during struggling and
holding the breath. which caused the usual fall in
pressure. Chloroform was stopped after the pres-
sure had risen again, and there was a well-marked
alter-fall.
B. 2 54 0.—Continued struggles and holding of the breath.
C . 3 0 0.—Chloroform again, very gently and without, struggling
, until the cornea became insensitive.
D . 3 6 50.—Chloroform gently and continuously until death. The
respiration stopped at 3h. 11m. 0s. and the heart
at 3h. 18m. 0s.
December 10th.—No. 176.
Smaller and rather thin goat. 46 lbs. Thrown and chloroformed at 3h.
28m. 30s. Artery ligatured at 3h. 43m. 45s. and canula inserted as usual.
Connect i on wi t h t he manomet er at 3h. 39m. 20s. One Ludwi g and one Fi ck
134
tracing during :—Continuous chloroform administration until death ensued with
the cap closely pressed over the face. It shows the difficulty of killing an
animal like the goat, which can persistently hold its breath for long periods.
A very large quantity of chloroform was used.
December 11th.—No. 177.
Monkey. Weight 10 lbs. Into chloroform at 10h. 47m. 5s. Fallen down
at 11h. 58m. 30s. Placed on the table at once and kept quiet with chloroform.
Left carotid artery ligatured at 11h, 6m. 30s. Canula inserted at 11h. 9m. 20s.,
but the artery was accidentally cut across by the ligature and the canula could
not be inserted again as the internal coats had collapsed. The left carotid was,
therefore, tied above and below and abandoned. Right carotid artery ligatured
at 11h. 18m. 7s. Canula inserted at 11h. 19m. 27s. Left vagus exposed and
looped. Connection made with manometer at 11h. 26m. 5s. One Ludwig and
one Fick tracing.
Observations.
H. M. S.
A. 11 26 45.—Ordinary chloroform administration with struggles.
(The trace is defective from kinks in the tube.)
B. 11. 25 30.—Free chloroform administration while irritating the
vagus. (The effect upon the vagus ceased before the
electrodes were removed (vide Fick 5) and the
chloroform was pushed until respiration ceased.)
C. 11 32 0.—Artificial respiration.
D. 11 36 0.—Injection of ether, one drachm, into the peritoneum.
which had an unexpectedly depressing effect, pro-
bably from the dose being excessive or the locality
chosen for the injection unsuitable. (?)
The experiment was interrupted by the canula breaking while being cleared
and cutting the artery, and the animal was killed with chloroform.
December 11th.—No. 178.
Do g t h a t h a d ½ a g r a i n o f mo r p h i n e h y p o d e r mi c a l l y a t 1 2 o ' c l o c k a n d
another ½g r a i n a t 2 o ' c l o c k . P u t i n t o c h l o r o f o r m b o x a t 2 h . 1 m . 5 s . F a l l e n
down at 2h. 6m. 30s. Placed on the table at 2h. 6m. 55s. and kept quiet with
chloroform. Left carotid ligatured at 2h. 13m. 45s. Canula inserted at 2h.
14m. 52s. Connection with the manometer at about 2h. 18m. 30s. Three Lud
- w i g a n d t h r e e F i c k t r a c i n g s . T h e o b j e c t i n t h i s e x p e r i m e n t w a s t o a s c e r t a i n i f
morphine had any effect in preventing the success of artificial respiration.
Chloroform was given four times gently until respiration ceased and longer
intervals were allowed to elapse each ti
m e b e f o r e a r t i f i c i a l r e s p i r a t i o n w a s c o m m e n c e d . O n t h e f i r s t o c c a s i o n a r e m a r k a b l e s l o w i n g o f t h e h e a r t w a s
noticed just before and at the time the respiration stopped (vide Fick readings 2
and 3). Artificial respiration was commenced after about half a minute and
natural respiration was soon restored. On the next occasion the heart completely
stopped at the same time as the respiration (vide Fick reading 8), but soon com
-menced to beat again. Artificial respiration was begun nearly two minutes
after the cessation of natural respiration, but this was again speedily restored. On
the third occasion the heart again stopped at the same time as the respiration
(vide Fick 13) and did not resume its beating for more than half a minute. After
more than two minutes the animal made two feeble gasps, but artificial respira
-tion was not begun until four minutes after the original stoppage. The pres
-sure rose almost at once and natural respiration soon returned. On the fourth
occasion there was again marked slowing of the heart's action shortly after
respiration had stopped. (Fick 18). Artificial respiration was begun after two
minutes
and a half and was successful in restoring the natural respiration. After
recovery the chloroform was again pushed rapidly and continued until death
resulted without any attempt to restore the animal by artificial respiration.
There was again some slowing and intermittence of the heart's action( v i d e
F i c k
26), but the heart continued to beat for eight minutes after the cessation of the
respiration.
H. M. S.
A. 2 1 9
45.—Chloroform. Respiration. became very slow at 2h. 21m.
10s. At 2h. 22m. 0s. the pupils were both dilated
and at 2h. 24m. 40s. the respiration stopped. This
was immediately followed by a
l o n g c e s s a t i o n o f t h e
action of the heart; there was then one full beat
and the very slow action which is recorded in Fick
reading 3. It is to be observed that the cessation
of the heart's action was not followed by any further
fall of the blood-pressure, and that the pulsations on
each side of the pause were ample and strong: in
short, there was arrest, but there was no failure
of the heart. Artificial respiration was resorted to at
2h. 25m . 25s. though there is no doubt the animal
would have revived without it.
136
H . M . S .
B. 2 29 25.-Chloroform. At 2h. 33m. 0s. the respiration became
very irregular, and ceased at 2h. 34m. 30s. At the
same moment the heart stopped completely (cide
Fick 8). It recommenced to beat very quickly. but
there was a second and shorter arrest, recorded on the
Ludwig tracing. Artificial respiration was employed
at 2h. 36m. 30s. but it was unnecessary as the animal
would have recovered without it.
C. 2 51 40.-- Chloroform. The respiration was thought to have stop-
ped at 2h. 53m. 40s,. but did not actually stop till
2h. 54m. 45s. The heart stopped at the same
moment for more than a minute. Breathing recom-
menced at 2h. 57m. 0s. but at 2h. 58m. 0s. the pres-
sure fell again and artificial respiration was resorted
to at 2h. 58m. 40. The blood-pressure rose rapidly
and natural. breathing recommenced at 3h. 1m. 0s.
D. 3 7 25.-Chloroform -with plenty of air. The respiration stop-
ped at 3h. 14m. 0s. Artificial respiration was com-
menced at 3h. 16m. 30s. and the animal soon
breathed naturally, which he would probably have
done without artificial respiration.
E . 3 2 8 0 . - T h e a n i m a l w a s s t i l l s t u p i f i e d f r o m t h e e f f e c t o f t h e
previous dose of chloroform when this observation
was commenced. Chloroform was administered
freely with a closely applied cap. Respiration stop-
ped at 3h. 32m. 40s. and the heart ceased to beat at
3h. 40m.25s.
Experiment 178 is very like Experiment 162 in
which the heart's action was temporarily arrested
every time the respiratory centre was paralysed.
As in 162 there was no further fall of. blood-pres-
sure during the arrest, and the beats on each side
of the stop were ample and strong. The most re-
markable instance of this is seen at Fick 13. For
more than 2 minutes there were only 17 very slight
pulsations recorded, and for over a minute of this
137
reading there was no pulsation at all. There was no
fall of pressure during the arrest, and the Ludwig
tracing shows how strong the beats on each side
of it were. No better proof could be afforded than is
to be found in these two experiments that direct
weakening of the heart is not the cause of the fall
of the blood-pressure which is inseparable from
chloroform narcosis.
Experiments 64, 65, 162, 178 and 186 prove
three important points:—
I.—A general fall of blood-pressure, whether sud-
den or gradual , i s not i n i t sel f dangerous.
(This is confirmed by the tracings of the
Glasgow experiments).
II.—The fall of blood-pressure, which occurs in
chloroformisation with regular breathing, is
due solely to narcosis of the vasomotor sys-
tem, and is, if not a safe-guard, absolutely
harmless.
III.—The fall of the blood-pressure under chloro-
form is not due to weakening of the heart.
The heart has nothing to do with producing
it, unless the vagus is stimulated, or unles
its nutrition fails either from imperfect
oxygenation of the blood due to abnormal
breathing, or from stoppage of the res-
piration from over-dosing.
December 13th.—No. 179.
Temperature of the room 20.5 Cent. Monkey small-sized. Weight 7 lbs.
Chloroform given in box at 11h. 17m. Fallen down at 11h. 30m. 10s. and placed
on the board. Artery ligatured at 11h. 40m. Trachea opened and tube inserted
into it. Canula inserted into artery at 11h. 46m. Two Ludwig and one
F i c k t r a c i n g s d u r i n g — c o n t i n u e d v e r y g r a d u a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f c h l o r o f o r m b y
dropping it into a funnel lined with blotting paper, which was connected by
a tube with an opening in a large bottle. A second opening in the bottle
was joined by a tube to the trachea, while a third opening was connected with
a Marey's tambour registering on the slow Ludwig drum (vide Ludwig tracing).
The respiration stopped at 12h. 36m. 5s. and the heart ceased at 12h. 42m.
138
December 13th.—No. 180.
Medium-sized monkey, 9 lbs. Into chloroform box at 2h. 46m. Fallen
down at 2h. 58m. 3s. and placed at once on the table. Trachea opened and tube
inserted. Artery ligatured and canula inserted. Connection made with the
manometer 3h. 14m. 45s. The experiment was prevented by the soda solution
exuding out of the tracheal tube and killing the animal by convulsions and
œdema of the lungs. The pressure in the manometer before the experiment was
exactly that of the blood when connection was made ( vide Ludwig tracing). The
canula was correctly placed in the artery and had not cut it. The tracheal tube
was also quite perfectly fixed. There was a lot of fluid in both pleural cavities.
Lungs œdematous and one base carnified. Both the cavities of the heart con
-tained a light coloured alkaline fluid. Peritoneum also full of similar fluid.
The fluid from the trachea was strongly alkaline and effervesced freely on add
-ing hydrochloric acid, and when tested with perchloride of mercury it gave a
brown precipitate resembling that given by the soda solution when similarly
tested. The only possible explanation of this case seems to be that communi
-cation had been accidentally made between the artery and the vein by which
means the animal was injected with the soda solution.
December 13th.—No. 181.
Monkey, weight 7½ lbs. Into chloroform box at 4h. 2m. 45s. Fell down
at 4h. 11m. 40s. Artery ligatured at 4h. 20m. 45s. Trachea opened at 4h. 23m.
and a tube tied into it. Canula inserted into the artery at 4h. 25m. 20s. Chloro
-form at 4h. 27m. 45s. Connection with manometer at 4h. 30m. One Ludwig
and one Fick tracing during gradual administration of chloroform through the
same bottle as in 179. Respiration stopped at 4h, 44m. 45s. and the heart
ceased acting at 4h. 52m.
December 14th.—No. 182.
Monkey, weight 9 lbs. Into the chloroform box at 7h. 42m. 40s. Fallen
down a t 7h 51m. 10s . a nd a t onc e pl a c e d on t he t a bl e . Ke pt qui e t wi t h
chloroform from time to time. Artery ligatured at 7h. 59m. 3s. Trachea opened
and canula inserted at 8h. 3m. 30s. Canula inserted into the artery at 8h. 10m.
3s. Connection with manometer at 8h. 14m. Two Ludwig and one Fick tracing.
Observations.
H. M. S.
A. 8 16 20—Administration of alcohol, without any effect whatever.
B. 8 23 30—Administration of ether very gradually through the
bottle apparatus used in 179.
Respiration ceased at 8h. 50m. 30s. Heart stopped at 8h. 56m. 0s.
139
December 14th.—No. 183.
Dog, weight 30 lbs., that has had 2 grains of phosphorus this morning.
Into chloroform box at 2h. 3m. 40s. Fallen down at 2h. 9m. 15s. Placed on
the table and kept quiet with chloroform. Artery ligatured at 2h. 14m. Canula
inserted at 2h. 16m. 40s. Connection made with manometer at 2h. 20m. 10s.
Two Ludwig and three Fick* tracings.
H. M. S.
A. 2
20
45.—Chloroform administration on a saturated cap closely
applied, during which the animal held its breath
and an unusually well-marked fall of pressure oc-
curred. The Fick apparatus was unfortunately not
ready at this time. The chloroform was stopped as
soon as the animal began to gasp to prevent any
danger of over-dosing.
B. 2 23 25.—Chloroform administration in the same way repeated
twice in the hope of obtaining a similar tracing on
the Fick drum, but the animal did not hold its breath
rigidly as in the first instance, and there was only
an occasional slight slowing of the pulse (Fick 1
and 2).
C. 2 27 35.—Artificial respiration.
D. 2 31 30.—Salivation and some accumulation of fluid in the
trachea.
E. 2 35 15.—Injection of 30 minims of liquor atropince into the peri
-toneal cavity.
F. 2 40 0.—Irritation of first the left and then the right vagus to
show that the atropine had taken effect.
G. 2 45 30.—Smothering by holding the nose and mouth.
H. 2 51 0.—Chloroform again freely, but the animal neither strug-
gled nor held its breath, owing probably to the
obstructed condition of the trachea or to the weak
state of the animal after phosphorus; recovery was
very slow.
* Speed of the Fick drum increased in this experiment, so that it made a complete revolution in 1m. 9s.
140
H. M. S.
I. 3 3 25.—After the animal had come quite out and had begun to
struggle, chloroform was again given very freely.
The animal held its breath, but no marked slowing
of the heart or fall of pressure occurred. Chloro-
form was finally pushed until death resulted.
December 16th.—No. 184.
Dog, weight 29 lbs., that has had two grains of phosphorus (one yester
- d a y a n d o n e t h e d a y b e f o r e ) a n d w a s r a t h e r f e e b l e i n c o n s e q u e n c e . C h l o r o f o r m
given at 7h. 35m. 45s. Fallen down and placed on the table at 7h. 42m. Kept
quiet with chloroform. Artery ligatured at 7h. 51m. Trachea opened and tube
inserted. Canula inserted into the carotid at 7h. 59m. Connection made with
the manometer at 8h. 5m. 30s. Two Ludwig and three Fick tracings.
Observations.
H. M. S.
A. 8 11 25.—Blowing up the chest forcibly by means of a bellows
attached to the tracheal tube; repeated three times.
B. 8 17 10.—Exhausting the air in the chest with bellows.
C. 8 24 40.—Production of asphyxia by stopping up the trachea
; repeated.
D. 8 37 0.—Injection of 30 minims of liquor atropinœ into peritoneal
cavity.
E. 8 41 40.—Blowing up the chest again repeatedly.
F. 8 59 0.—Stopping up the trachea again. After the atropine, a
fall of pressure still occurs in inflation of the chest,
but no slowing of the heart (vide Fick 8 and 9).
The slowing of the heart during asphyxia is also
abolished. (Compare No. 158).
G. 9 1 40.—The animal was finally killed with chloroform.
December 16th.—No. 185.
Dog, weight 36 lbs., unpoisoned and healthy. Into the chloroform box at
2h. 30m. 35s. Fallen down at 2h. 36m. Placed on the table at 2h. 36m. 15s.
Foaming at the mouth and kept quiet with chloroform. Artery ligatured at
141
2h. 42m. 30s. Canula inserted at 2h. 43m. 25s. Connection with manometer at
2h. 49m. 20s. Two Ludwig and five Fick tracings.
Observations.
H. M. S.
A. 2 51 0.—Struggling and repeated holding of the breath when
he was quite out of chloroform.
B. 2 59 45.—Holding an ordinary cap with ammonia on it before
the nose.
C. 3 1 20.—Chloroform administration during struggling and hold-
ing of the breath.
D. 3 5 20.—Snipping the anus.
E. 3 7 0.—Pulling out the tongue forcibly, which had the effect
of making him hold his breath, and produced a fall
of the blood-pressure and stoppage of the heart
(vide Fick 5).
F. 3 11 0.—Chloroform during violent struggling.
G. 3 22 0.—Pushing chloroform until respiration stopped.
H. 3 31 20.—Squint operation. No effect.
I. 3 34 0.—Chloroform pushed until death resulted.
N.B.—The Fick drum was revolving in 1m. 9s. in this and the previous
experiment. In all experiments before 183 the Fick revolution occupied 3m. 9s.
March 6th, 1890—No. 186.
Healthy dog, weight 20 lbs. Temperature of room 28 Cent. Chloroform
given in box 1h. 58m. 30s. Dog fallen down at 2h. 4m. Dog on table at
2h. 5m. Artery ligatured at 2h. 10m. 30s. Canula inserted at 2h. 12m. 30s.
Connection with manometer made 2h. 16m. 30s.
H. M. S.
A. 2 17 50.—Electrical irritation of entire vagus, coil 5, for 30
seconds, This observation shows the harmless
effect of sudden lowering of the blood-pressure.
142
H . M . S .
B. 2 18 40.—Normal chloroform administration with regular respira-
tion. The fall of the blood-pressure was perfectly
regular and gradual. The breathing stopped at 2h.
24m. 0s., the vagus was stimulated at 2h. 24m. 15s.
with the effect of slowing the pulse; and the animal
was restored without any other treatment.
C. 2 35 45.—Irritation of entire right vagus, coil 5, and simultaneous
chloroform inhalation. The breathing stopped at
2h. 37m. 12s., and was restored without artificial res-
-piration at 2h. 39m. 0s. The vagus stimulation was
stopped at 2h. 39m. 5s. and the animal quickly
recovered. The effect of the vagus stimulation was
to suddenly lower the blood-pressure almost to zero,
and chloroform was pushed while the pressure was
low. If lowering the pressure were a danger with
chloroform, this administration ought to have been
particularly dangerous; but the fall of pressure,
with stoppage of the respiration, was obviously a
safeguard, as the animal recovered without artificial
respiration or any other measures being taken to
revive it.
D. 2 48 25.—Repetition of Observation A for over a minute.
E. 2 53 32.—Chloroform inhalation with regular breathing. The
respiration ceased at 2h. 56m. 0s. T h e e n t i r e r i g h t
vagus was stimulated from 2h. 56m. 10s. to 2h. 57m.
25s. The breathing recommenced at 2h. 57m. 20s.
and the administration of chloroform was continued
for thirty seconds afterwards. The animal recovered
without artificial respiration or other treatment.
In this observation the stimulation of the vagus :
after respiration had entirely stopped from over-
-dosing with chloroform and the blood-pressure
was very low : had the effect of still further
lowering the pressure, and of keeping it nearly at
zero, with a slow pulse, for over a minute. If the
143
fall of pressure were in itself a danger under chlo-
roform, the further fall ought to have increased the
danger; but it proved to be a safeguard and saved
the animal's life.
H. M. S.
F. 3 6 0.—Ordinary chloroform inhalation; interrupted to change
the drum.
G. 3 13 40.—Ordinary chloroform inhalation pushed till the animal
died. The breathing stopped at 3h. 15m. 50s.;
there was slight vaso motor recovery at 3h. 18m. 0s.;
the pulse began to fail at 3h. 19m. 25s.; a needle
was inserted into the heart at 3h. 20m. 45s., and
continued to move strongly and rhythmically until
3h. 23m, 0s. In this observation the animal was
left entirely alone after the respiration ceased, and
it died.
In Experiment 186 it might be said that the animal's recovery in
Observation E was due to the vagus being entire, and to consequent stimulation
of the respiratory centre when the nerve was irritated. But in the first place
the respiratory centre was paralysed by chloroform, and until the effect passed
off it could not respond to any stimulus; and in the second place, if the recovery
was due to stimulation of the respiratory centre in Observation E, it must have
been due to paralysis of the respiratory centre in Observation C, which is
impossible. Observation E clearly shows that the fall of the blood-pressure
under chloroform is not due to weakening of the heart. As in No. 178, the beats
of the heart on each side of the inhibition were ample, and became smaller as
the pressure rose during recovery, which could not be the case if the organ
were weakened and the fall of the blood-pressure were due to this cause.