NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
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NOTES
The International Yearbook of Agricultural Statistics, 1931-32.
The International Institute of Agriculture at Rome has recently published the
1931-32 edition of the " International Yearbook of Agricultural Statistics ".
This volume of about 800 pages is the result of the most extensive and detailed
inquiry made in the domain of international agricultural statistics and constitutes
a work of the greatest importance to all those who are interested in questions
having a direct or indirect relation to production and commerce of agricultural
products.
In the first part of the Yearbook are classified the figures for area and popula-
tion in the years nearest to 1927 and 1931 for 208 countries : the presentation of
these figures throws light upon the world situation from the geographical, political
and demographical points of view during the post-war period. The second part
is composed of a series of tables comprising for nearly 50 countries the available
data concerning the uses for which, the total area is employed, the apportionment
of cultivated areas between the different crops, agricultural production, numbers
of the different kinds of livestock and the products derived from them. In the
tables constituting the third part of the volume, have been indicated for nearly 40
agricultural products, the area, production and yield per acre in each country
during the five years 1923-27 and during each of the years from 1928 to 1931.
For each kind of livestock all available figures in the different countries have
been grouped for the years 1927 to 1931. A large part of the volume is devoted
to statistics of the commercial movement of 43 vegetable products and 13 products
of animal origin. The figures published relate to the imports and exports during
the calendar years and for the cereals also during the commercial seasons.
It may be added that the tables of production and commerce not only specify
details for each country but also the totals for the different continents and
hemispheres and for the whole world, allowing the formation of a general idea of
the changes taking place during the periods under consideration in the area under
crop, quantities harvested and the commercial movement in each product.
The part devoted to prices contains the weekly quotations of 25 agricultural
products on the principal world markets for the period January 1927 to July 1932.
In the freights section will be found the quotations for the transport of wheat,
maize and rice on the most important shipping routes, and in the section reserved
for fertilizers and chemical products useful in agriculture are published statistics
of production, trade, consumption and prices for 15 products. In the Appendix
( 394 )
NOTES
395
have been brought together special chapters on the distribution of agricultural
holdings according to their size and mode of tenure. The Forestry Statistics have
been extended and developed and will be published in a separate volume under the
title of: International Year-book of Forestry Statistics.
The Maynard-Ganga Ram Prize.
In 1925 the late Sir Ganga Ram, Kt., C. I. E., M. V. O., R. B., Lahore, with
that generosity for which he was so well known, handed over to the Punjab
Government a sum of Rs. 25,000 for the endowment of a prize of the value
of Rs. 3,000 to be called the Maynard-Ganga Ram Prize and to be awarded every
three years, for a discovery, or an invention, or a new practical method which will
tend to increase, agricultural production in the Punjab on a paying basis. The
competition is open to all throughout the world. Government servants are also
eligible to compete for it.
Applications for the next award were invited by the 31st December, 1932.
The response was, however, poor, and it has been decided, by the Managing
Committee of the above-mentioned prize that the award should be postponed for
another year and that further applications should reach the Director of Agriculture,
Punjab, Lahore, on or before the 31st December, 1933.
*
*
*
*
*
*
Applications are invited for " The Maynard-Ganga Ram Prize " of the value
of Rs. 3,000 which will be awarded for a discovery, or an invention, or a new
practical method tending to increase agricultural production in the Punjab on a
paying basis. The prize is open to all, irrespective of caste, creed or nationality
and Government servants are also eligible for it. Essays and theses are not
eligible for competition and applicants should prove that some part of their
discovery, invention, etc., is the result of work done after the prize was founded
in 1925. The Managing Committee reserves to itself the right of witholding or
postponing the prize, if no satisfactory achievement is reported to it. All
applications in competition for the next award should reach the Director
of Agriculture, Punjab, Lahore, on or before the 31st December 1933.
CORRESPONDENCE.
AN UNUSUAL CASE OF CHRONIC RINDERPEST WITH
SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE CARRIER PROBLEM IN
THIS DISEASE.
To
The EDITOR,
The Indian Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry.
DEAR SIR,
1. The allegation in this article* that chronic cases of Rinderpest can and do
occur is of such far-reaching importance that I have been led to peruse the article
most closely to see if all the cases quoted can be accepted in the way they were
read by the authors or if they can be explained on the basis of other suppositions.
2. Taking the article in its references to cattle : from page 365 to the top of
page 368 no evidence of the existence of carriers is adduced. Evidence is produced,
merely, that Indian cattle can suffer from Rinderpest, practically without exhibition
of clinical symptoms.
3. Coming next (P. 368) to the introduction of Rinderpest to Belgium and
Brazil by the agency of Indian cattle there is no evidence that excludes the
existence of a series of cases on boardship, particularly when we know that these
cattle were, or were said to be, highly resistant to the disease and that such Indian
cattle can suffer from the disease practically without showing symptoms.
4. Coming (P. 368) to Delpi's 1930 record it would appear that the calves in
question were A. infected en route through food or water,
B. spent the incubation period and course (in series possibly) on
board the canoes and arrived in the recovery stage or
C. the infection was not due to them at all but occurred subsequent-
to their arrival.
B is the most likely explanation and necessitates no carriers.
* An Unusual case of Chronic Rinderpest with special reference to the Carrier Problem in this Disease,
by Capt S. C. A. Datta, B. Sc., M. R. C. V. S., and V. R. Rajagopalan, G. M. V. C., Published in the
Ind. Jour : Vety. Sci. and An. Hus. Vol. II, Pt. 4, pp 357—382.
( 396 )
CORRESPONDENCES
397
5. Taking next (p. 369) Schern's cases, there is no proof that all the animals
reacted to their original inoculation, but instead proof that 34 head did not. It
may, and does, sound extraordinary to suppose, as 1 am here doing, that inocula-
tion of virulent blood may not cause reaction in susceptible animals but it happened
during Schern's work and I shall quote my own experience when in Keyna Colony.
While I was in charge of a certain large quarantine station I saw natural cases of
Rinderpest amongst cattle which had (twice as far as I remember now) undergone
serum simultaneous inoculation some months and about 6 to 7 weeks previously.
These might have been considered as chronic cases by some.
On a virulent blood test of cattle in the quarantine station, thereafter, twelve
head died of Rinderpest. All this was due to the fact that the quarantine station
was too far from the centre of production of virulent blood which was therefore
too old on use. Here, indeed, we had anti-serum to counteract the weak infection
but Schern's virulent blood may have been still older and have reached a stage
where infection was uncertain or it may have been collected before the virus maker
had reached the peak of its reaction. We are not informed whether Schern's
observations excluded later reaction to infection by contact or only extended over
the usual period of reaction to the inoculation.
Another weak spot in our information is as to whether the animals fed with
organs of the inoculated animals were quite free from infection from other sources.
Ruppert (2) indeed pointed out that Schern actually had Rinderpest in the neigh-
bourhood of his experiment.
6. The quotation from Bliss is merely one of pure theory.
7. On page 370 dealing with Curasson's 1926 and Jacotot's 1932 work, one
must either conclude that carriers do exist, though rarely, or that the experimental
animals became infected from other sources.
8. In this connection I may state that I do not see that any conclusions of
the nature of Curasson's or Jacotot's can be accepted if conducted in, or anywhere
near, an area where the disease exists. Jacotot's one notable case (p. 371) may have
been the one where infection occurred from some other source than the experiment-
al one.
9. Coming next to the original case of bull No. 288 dealt with in this article.
While the second bull (No. 315) inoculated from the same goat at the same
time exhibited all the usual clinical symptoms of Rinderpest (terminating in
recovery), bull No. 288 did not and on the contrary merely showed a temperature
reaction, slight loss of appetite and some diarrhoea.
398 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [ III, IV.
Some Theileria parasites were present in its blood (and may have caused the
reaction). The animal died later showing then full clinical symptoms of Rinder-
pest the lesions being in the stage suggestive of recent infection and not in the
stage of recovery consistent with a long-standing infection. All the case of this
bull No. 288 indicates to me is proof that goat virus, being attenuated, does not
necessarily infect 100 per cent. of susceptible bovines on inoculation. The reaction
after inoculation, in absence of proof by subinoculation that it was due to Rinder-
pest and in absence also of the pathognomic lesions of Rinderpest, cannot be
accepted as having been due to that disease. Death was due to Rinderpest and
apparently by subsequent infection by contact.
The statement (on page 376) in the discussion " there being no room for an
accidental second infection " does not appear to be correct when on discontinuation
(August 27th, 1931) it was (page 373) " sent to a tin shed a few furlongs away from
the main rinderpest station since this tin shed is set aside for housing all the
animals that have passed through rinderpest pending eventual disposal". It did
not die until 25th October, 1931.
I should have imagined the conditions mentioned to have been very favourable
indeed for contraction of infection by contact. The time interval was well over
sufficient tor contraction of infection by this means and the full course of the
disease.
SUMMARY.
(1) Evidence is produced that Indian cattle can suffer from Rinderpest almost
without exhibition of clinical symptoms.
(2) In cases where Rinderpest has been carried to great distances a series of
such cases may have occurred on ship-board which would sufficiently explain the
remote outbreaks without necessity of the introduction of theories as to the exist-
ence of carriers.
(3) Any work on Rinderpest which is designed to show that certain substances
are infective must, to be acceptable, be carried out at a great distance from any
known centre of infection and in an area known to be uninfected. As far as one
can ascertain all previous inoculation or feeding experiments on which the evidence
of chronicity of Rinderpest is based have been conducted in the near vicinity of
Rinderpest infection so that the possibility of infection by contact is insufficiently
excluded.
(4) In the case of bull No. 288, the main subject of the paper by Capt. Datta
and Mr. Rajagopalan under review, there is quite insufficient evidence that the
animal reacted to Rinderpest when inoculated with goat virus.
CORRESPONDENCE
399
The case of this bull denotes, rather, that Rinderpest goat virus will not neces-
sarily infect 100% of susceptible adult cattle on inoculation.
REFERENCE.
Datta and Rajagopalan 1933 : Indian Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Hus-
bandry, 2, 357—382.
2. Ruppert in Tropical Veterinary Bulletin 1921, 9, 2, 121-123.
Yours faithfully,
G. B. PURVIS, F.R.C.V.S.,
Government Veterinary Surgeon, Seremban,
Negri Sembilan, F.M.S.
Dated the 27th April 1933.
RINDERPEST-TRANSMISSION OF INFECTION BY CONTACT.
To
THE EDITOR,
Indian Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry.
DEAR SIR,
With reference to the article on the above subject by Mr. Hugh Cooper in the
Indian Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Vol. II, Part 4, De-
cember 1932, experience gained in the field in Ceylon during the past 3 or 4 years of
a very virulent epizootic of rinderpest may be of interest.
The epizootic started in Colombo in 1928 and was introduced by cattle im-
ported from India. In Colombo and the adjoining provinces cattle and buffaloes
were attacked in approximately equal numbers. In 1930 the disease spread north
into what is known as the Dry Zone of Ceylon. This part of Ceylon is very un-
developed and mostly scrub jungle. Cattle and buffaloes are numerous and many
of them are semi-wild. In this district the disease has been largely confined to
buffaloes and among them has spread with great rapidity and caused very high
mortality. It may be mentioned that there had been no rinderpest in this area
since 1916, and both cattle and buffaloes are very susceptible. In the villages the
movements of cattle and buffaloes are not controlled and cattle are considerably
more numerous than buffaloes.
400 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [ III, IV.
One has been struck time and again during this outbreak by the fact that once
rinderpest was introduced into a village it spread with great rapidity among the
buffaloes but showed little tendency to spread among the cattle ; a few cattle
would contract rinderpest and die but the rate of spread was very slow. The dis-
parity between the number of cases reported from the field in buffaloes as against
cattle in the Dry Zone of Ceylon was so great that at first I was inclined to doubt
the diagnosis. Personal investigation showed that there was no mistake in diag-
nosis, which I confirmed by clinical examination, post-mortem examination, and by
inoculation of blood into healthy animals.
The difference in the rate of spread could not be explained as due to different
susceptibility, as the cattle which contracted the disease, were very severely affected
and the mortality almost as high as in the buffaloes. Both cattle and buffaloes
grazed over the same areas and one was at a loss to explain how so few cattle
became infected as compared with buffaloes.
Observation of the animals leads one to suspect that biting flies (Stomoxys
and Tabanid species) can under certain circumstances convey infection. I do not
suggest that they act in any way as intermediate hosts nor that they carry infection
over any considerable distance, but I strongly suspect that they do spread disease
from animal to animal in a herd once it is introduced. The habit of the buffaloes
of lying for hours in the middle of the day in closely packed groups in swamps and
mud wallows would facilitate this.
Stomoxys and Tabanids are very numerous in the areas I have in mind and
when the buffaloes are herded together one can observe the flies passing freely from
one buffalo to another. They bite so severely that small drops and driblets of
blood can be observed on the skin of the buffaloes. A fly biting a buffalo on being
disturbed has only to fly a distance of a foot or two to alight on another buffalo,
If the first buffalo bitten is in the highly infective stage of rinderpest it is quite
conceivable that that there will be sufficient virus on the proboscis of the fly to
infect the second. Where biting flies are very numerous this movement from one
buffalo to another can be observed to occur frequently. The cattle as compared
with the buffaloes do not herd together so closely save at night. During the day
they are more evenly distributed over the grazing and flies would have a much
greater distance to cover to get from one animal to another.
There is certainly something more to be learned about the method of spread
of rinderpest under natural conditions. It often seems to spread with much greater
rapidity in the field than in experiments to transmit it by simple contact. This
fact taken in conjunction with the great certainty and facility with which infection
can be transmitted by subcutaneous injection of virulent blood would suggest that