NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
BOVINE NASAL SCHISTOSOMIASIS
37
3. There are two to four testes in the male, whereas in S. bovis there are
three to six and in S. spindalis there are six or seven.
4. The length of the common caecum of the female is shorter than in other
species of schistosomes found in cattle in India.
5. The ova are boomerang shaped and appear to be longer than in other
species found in cattle in India.
Thus it would appear that there are enough points of difference between the
worm described in this paper and any allied species described hitherto to warrant
one to consider this as a new species. It is therefore proposed to name it
" SCHISTOSOMA NASALIS ".
MODE OF INFECTION.
The cause of the disease being a Schistosome, it is inferred, that the mode of
transmission is similar to the one that obtains in the spread of other Schistosomes
in cattle. It is said that the disease is seldom found in calves under eight months
of age. The reason for this appears to be that these have no chance of drinking
water from a tank or pool which is usually the source of infection in Schistosomiasis
in cattle. The adult cattle of the village are driven out for grazing and they are
all watered together in a tank or pool near the village, hence the disease can
spread easily, provided the particular kind of snail—the intermediary host—is
present in the tank. Presumably therefore the young calves that do not go out
with the village herd are free from the disease. In Nammiandal village, the author
has examined eight naturally infected calves between one and two years of age.
Assuming that it takes only eight weeks for the Cercariae to become adult Schisto-
somes, then the one year old calves must have got infected when they were ten
months old, and that is about the age when calves are driven out along with the
village herd for grazing. Very recently, at Tiruvannamalai, a calf, seven months
old, has been found to be suffering from Nasal Schistosomiasis. It is evident from
such cases that age is no criterion.
CONCLUDING REMARKS.
From the histopathology described and the description of the Schistosomes in
the lesions, it is cleat that the so-called Nasal Granuloma is actually Nasal Schisto-
somiasis in cattle. It has been found that the quickest method of diagnosing
these cases is by the examination of nasal washings for ova.
The question of treatment of these cases was taken up, in this Presidency, so
far back as 1921, and in some of the Annual Reports of the Civil Veterinary
38 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [ III, I
Department, mention has been made about the efficacy of antimony tartarate in
this disease. Now that the causal agent is definitely known, treatment could be
taken with certainty. At the same time it should be possible to devise ways and
means to prevent infection and reinfection.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
My thanks are due to Mr. F. Ware, F.R.C.V.S., Director of the Imperial
Institute of Veterinary Research, Muktesar, for very kindly confirming my findings
of Sections of Schistosomes in growths and their ova in nasal washings. I am
grateful to Mr. P. T. Saunders, O.B.E., M.R.C.V.S., Director of Veterinary Services,
Madras, and to Mr. T. J. Hurley, M.R.C.V.S., D.V.S.M., Principal, Madras Veteri-
nary College, for the facilities afforded in carrying out this piece of work. My
thanks are also due to Messrs. K. P. Doraiswami, A. Ramaswami Ayyar, Veterinary
Assistant Surgeons, Tiruvannamalai and Chittoor, respectively, for their enthusiasm
in obtaining cases for examination in the villages and to Messrs. L. S. Parameshwara
Ayyar and S. Vaidynatha Mudaliar for their help in the routine examination of
nasal washings and other materials received from the mofussil.
REFERENCES.
Datta, Capt. S. C. A. (1932). The Etiology of Bovine Nasal Granuloma, Ind. Jour. Vety,
Sc. and Animal Husbandry. 2, 131-140.
Fairley, Hamilton N., (1920). A Comparative Study of Experimental bilharziasis in monkeys
contrasted with the hitherto described lesions in man. Jour. Path. and Bact. 23, 289-314.
Fairley, Hamilton N., and Jesudasan, F. (1930). Studies in Schistosoma spindale, Part I.
Ind. Med. Res. Memoir, No. 17.
Fairley, Hamilton N., and Nackie, E. P. (1926). Pathology of S. spindalis. Proc.of 6th
Congress, F, E. A. T. M., 1, 423-447.
Fairley, Hamilton N., and Mackie, F. P. (1930). Studies in Schistosoma spindale, Part III.
Ind. Med. Res. Memoir, No. 17.
Krishnamurti Ayyar, V. (1927). Rhinosporidiosis in Cattle. Trans. F. E, A. T. M. 3,
pp. 658-664.
Manson Bahr, P. H, and Fairley, Hamilton N. (1920). Observations on Bilharziasis amongst
the Egyptian Expeditionary Force. Parasitology. 12, 33.
Montgomery, R. E. (1906). Bilharziosis amongst animals in India. 11, Jow. Trop, Vet
Science. 1, 138-174.
Oxspring. G. E. (1931). Bovine Nasal Granuloma. Jl. R. A. V. C. 2, No. 4,179-182.
Pembrey, M. S., and Ritchie, J. (1913). General Pathology. Edward Arnold, London, p. 90.
Rao, M. Anant Narayan, (1932). A Comparative Study of Cercarial Fauna in Madras. Ind.
Vety. Jour. 9, No. 2, 107-111.
Sewell, R. B. Seymour, (1922). Cercariæ Indicæ. Ind. Jl. Med. Research X. Supplement.
SERUM-PROTEINS OF HEALTHY HILL BULLS AND THEIR
VARIATIONS DURING RINDERPEST AND AFTER
RECOVERY
BY
KSHITISH CHANDRA SEN, D.Sc.,
Biochemist
AND
AMARESH CHANDRA ROY, M.Sc.,
Imperial Institute of Veterinary Research, Muktesar.
(Received for publication on 22nd October 1932.)
(With eight text-figures.)
The object of this paper is to record the results of some experimental investi-
gations carried out at this Institute on the relation of pre-existing ratios between
different protein fractions in the blood serum of a normal animal with its immuno-
logical behaviour towards an infection with rinderpest virus, and, also in this
connection, to study quantitatively the changes in various fractions of serum
proteins during an infection and subsequent recovery. This question of susceptibi-
lity to a disease is not only of practical interest to us, but is also of fundamental
importance from the point of view of immunology. T. B. Robertson [ 1912 ] has
shown that the average values of the ratios of certain fractions of the serum proteins
in a particular species of healthy animal may give an indication of its immunity
towards certain diseases. In recent years several authors have also shown that
during the course of a disease some particular protein fraction often increases at
the cost of another, and some striking cases are to be found in the observations of
Lloyd, Napier and Paul [ 1928-29 ], and Lloyd and Paul [ 1929-30 ], in human
kalazar, typhoid, and malaria. Hartely [ 1914 ] working in this Institute observed
that during an attack of rinderpest there was a considerable variation in the
different protein fractions of Indian Hill bulls, and his investigations were also
extended to animals immunised and hyperimmunised against rinderpest. In view
of the important modifications introduced in recent years in the technique of
serum-protein determinations, it was thought desirable to study this problem in
more detail, and to correlate the results, if possible, with the immunity acquired
by the animals on successful recovery from the disease.
( 39 )
42 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [ III, I
due to the different amounts of protein fractions normally present in healthy human
beings and bulls. A consideration of these important differences may, however,
be reserved till the results of the experimental work recorded below are discussed.
Estimations of plasma or serum proteins have in the past been done both
by physical and chemical methods. Amongst the physical methods the refracto¬
meter method of Robertson has been commonly used, while the interferometer
method, though recently used by some authors, is not particularly promising when
working with dilute solutions [ Howe, 1925 ]. According to Howe (loc. cit.) the
results obtained by the refractometer method of Robertson tend to be too high when
compared with the standard method by Kjeldahl, and the greater error occurs in
blood plasma with a high globulin content. The refractoviscometric method gives
fairly concordant results for normal sera but is not suitable for estimations of pro-
teins in pathological sera [ Howe, loc. cit.].
The chemical method consists in precipitating out different fractions of proteins
by treating the serum with a suitable salt solution of proper concentration. The
oldest method consisted in filtering the different protein fractions on weighed filter
papers, washing the respective fractions with the proper concentration of the salt
solution used for precipitating the fraction and estimating the protein content,
either by coagulation of the protein in these fractions with hot water, drying, and
then weighing it on tared filter-papers, or the nitrogen content of the coagulated
fractions was estimated by the Kjeldahl method. In recent years a variation in
the technique has been made by Wu [ 1922 ], who has introduced the principles of
colourimetric determination in the estimation of serum proteins. It has been known
for sometime past that proteins which contain tyrosine as one of their constituents
give a blue colouration with the complex phospho-molybdic acid commonly known
as Folin's phenol-reagent. Folin [ 1912 ] found that the colour developed by the
interaction of this reagent and tyrosine was very suitable as a standard for colouri-
metric comparison, and Wu has shown that this standard can be used in the colouri-
metric determination of proteins. The principle of the method is, in short, firstly
to determine the so-called tyrosine equivalent of particular protein fractions of a
species of animal precipitated by suitable saline precipitants, and then to multiply
the actual amount of tyrosine observed colourometrically from protein fractions of
other experimental animals of the same species by this equivalent. The results
would then express the amount of actual protein matter in the various fractions.
In his original paper Wu used magnesium and ammonium sulphate for the frac-
tional precipitation of globulin. Unfortunately both magnesium sulphate and
ammonium sulphate, which have been largely used as precipitants of protein frac-
tions, interfere with the production of maximum colour, and sometimes cause a
SERUM PROTEINS IN BULLS HEALTHY, RINDERPEST ATTACKED AND RECOVERED 43
turbidity in the mixture if present in solution. For this reason it is necessary to
remove these reagents before albumin can be estimated by the phenol reagent.
This is a tedious operation and is one of the disadvantages of Wu's original proce-
dure. Several years ago Howe [ 1921 ] pointed out the advantage of using sodium
sulphate as a precipitant of protein fractions and recently Greenberg [ 1929 ] has
modified the original Wu's method by using sodium sulphate instead of magnesium
sulphate or ammonium sulphate. The use of a solution of sodium sulphate, however,
necessitates working at a slightly higher temperature, namely at about 37°C. In
determining the suitable analytical method to be used in our investigation we have
studied both Wu's original procedure as well as Greenberg's modification, and we
found the latter suited our purpose best, the results being in good agreement with
the Kjeldahl method of determination, which was carried out occasionally to keep a
control on the colourimetric estimation. Kjeldahl's method was, of course, used
in the preliminary experiments to obtain the tyrosine equivalents of the particular
species of animal (Hill bull) experimented upon by us.
In the experiments described in the following pages, analyses of serum proteins
of twenty-eight healthy animals, and sixteen animals, which had recovered from an
attack of rinderpest or from immunisation against rinderpest, have been carried out.
Eight of the healthy animals were then inoculated with virulent rinderpest virus, and
the changes in the serum proteins of these animals were studied day by day. Six of
these animals succumbed from the disease whilst one of them passed through an
attack but recovered; one did not show any symptom of rinderpest and was pro-
bably completely or partially immune. Each animal was bled from the jugular
vein to the extent of about 25 c. c. in a small sterile tube every evening which was
kept overnight at the ordinary room temperature. The serum obtained from the
clot was centrifuged and the clear serum was then analysed. Parallel determina-
tions made with fresh defibrinated serum did not give any different result. Every
sample of serum was treated in the same way so as to get a comparative result.
Albumin and globulin fractions were estimated according to Greenberg's method
by precipitating the total globulin with a 22.5 per cent. sodium sulphate solution
in a dilution of 1 in 31. Greenberg did not estimate the euglobulin but we have
utilised the method of euglobulin precipitation suggested by Howe, namely, preci-
pitation by a 13.5 per cent. solution of sodium sulphate in a dilution of 1 in 31 and
have used this strength in all our experiments. All precipitations and filtrations have
been carried out in an incubator at a temperature of 37°C. A great deal of difficulty
was experienced at first in the filtration of euglobulin and total globulin fractions
with several varieties of gravimetric filter papers, but later we obtained uniformly
good results by using Whatman No. 42. The tyrosine equivalents of the different
44 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [ III, I
fractions of Hill bull sera obtained in this way were determined in some cases from
pooled healthy sera and in others from single animals. Ten Hill bulls were used
in all, and the mean of the values thus obtained was taken. All analytical results
given later have been done in duplicate. In Table I the amounts of different pro-
tein fractions in healthy Hill bulls are shown. The percentage of each protein
fraction is given in terms of the total protein in 100 c. c. of the serum.
SERUM PROTEINS IN BULLS HEALTHY, RINDERPEST ATTACKED AND RECOVERED 45
TABLE I.
Healthy hill bulls.
Number
984
989
994
1044
988
981
977
855
1001
713
818
999
723
996
821
992
979
998
983
955
Total protein
in grams per
100 c.c.
serum
7.5515
6.9519
7.1340
6.6845
9.0470
6.2287
6.0746
7.5510
7.0050
6.0688
8.0956
6.9030
7.5515
6.8569
7.0460
6.0621
7.0050
8.4087
7.8473
8.2322
Albumin in
grams per
100 c.c.
serum
3.2095
3.2350
2.8635
3.0560
2.5690
2.7840
2.6150
3.4400
3.3940
2.9900
4.1530
3.2095
3.8190
3.4404
3.5520
2.7145
3.2990
3.3940
..
2.4932
Globulin in
grams per
100 c.c.
serum
4.3420
3.7169
4.2705
3.6285
6.4780
3.4447
3.4596
4.1110
3.6110
3.0788
3.9426
3.6935
3.7325
3.4165
3.4940
3.3476
3.7060
5.0147
..
..
Euglobulin in
grams per
100 c.c.
serum
1.5780
0.9789
1.1610
0.7935
2.9100
1.2054
0.6860
1.3020
0.7560
0.9868
1.2950
0.8890
0.7500
0.8033
0.9924
0.7031
0.4054
1.6560
1.2898
..
Pseudo¬
globulin in
grams per 100
c.c. serum
2.7640
2.7380
3.1095
2.8350
3.5680
2.2393
2.7736
2.8090
2.8550
2.0920
2.6476
2.8045
2.9825
2.6132
2.5016
2.6445
3.3006
3.3587
..
..
Albumin.
Per cent.
42.5
46.50
40.14
45.5
28.4
44.70
43.05
45.5
48.4
49.3
51.3
46.5
50.57
50.17
50.4
44.8
47.1
40.3
..
..
Globulin.
Per cent.
57.50
53.50
59.86
54.5
71.6
55.3
56.95
54.5
51.6
50.7
48.7
53.5
49.43
49.83
49.60
55.20
52.90
59.7
..
..
Euglo-
bulin.
Per cent.
20.9
14.08
16.2
11.9
32.16
19.3
11.3
17.2
10.79
16.2
16.0
12.8
9.9
11.7
14.08
11.60
5.80
19.6
16.4
30.3
Pseudo-
globulin.
Per cent.
36.60
39.42
33.66
42.6
39.44
36.0
45.65
37.30
40.81
34.50
32.7
40.7
39.5
38.13
35.52
43.60
47.10
40.1
..
..
D
46 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [III, I
From the above Table it will be observed that the average total protein content
per 100 c.c. serum of healthy hill bulls is 7.2152, the range varying from about six
to nine grams. The percentage variations of several protein fractions is, however,
interesting. Thus in the case of euglobulin the amount varies from 5.8 to 32 per
cent., the average being 15.9 per cent. In the case of total globulin and pseudo-
globulin the variations are from 48.0 to 60.0 per cent. in the case of globulin and
32.0 to 47.0 per cent, in the case of pseudoglobulin, the average values being 54.7
and 31 per cent. respectively. The variation in the amount of albumin is of the
same order as that of globulin, the range varying from 40 to 51 per cent. in the
twenty animals examined.
It is of interest at this point to compare the amount of different protein
fractions observed in the serum of animals which have recovered from an attack
of rinderpest with the values given above for healthy hill bulls. Sixteen animals,
recovered from rinderpest virus inoculation experiments, were examined in this
connection and the results are shown in Table II.
SERUM PROTEINS IN BULLS HEALTHY, RINDERPEST ATTACKED AND RECOVERED 47
TABLE II.
Hill bulls recovered from rinderpest.
Number
695
1393
592
522
735
935
846
752
958
948
961
952
1019
1007
1018
912
Total protein
in grams per
100 c.c.
serum
7.3919
7.4893
6.6154
6.2371
6.9519
6.0621
7.4893
6.7334
6.8569
6.7334
6.6851
5.7162
6.9519
6.6851
7.0050
7.4229
Albumin in
grams per
100 c.c.
serum
3.8710
3.2990
3.3470
3.5520
3.1840
3.1198
3.6600
3.6600
3.7100
3.6100
3.0960
3.0960
3.0198
2.5250
2.4800
2.7840
Globulin in
grams per
100 c.c.
serum
3.5209
4.1903
3.2684
2.6851
3.7679
2.9423
3.8293
3.0734
3.1469
3.1234
3.5891
2.6202
3.9321
4.1601
4.5250
4.6389
Euglobulin in
grams per
100 c.c.
serum
0.5379
1.0823
0.3664
0.2641
0.2518
0.1711
0.6887
0.3264
1.1529
2.0294
0.9055
0.5162
1.4959
1.4191
1.0320
1.4499
Pseudoglobulin
in grams per
100 c.c.
serum
2.9830
3.1080
2.9020
2.4210
3.5161
2.7712
3.1406
2.7470
2.9940
1.0940
2.6836
2.1040
2.4362
2.7410
3.4930
3.1890
Albumin
Per cent.
52.4
44.05
50.6
56.9
45.9
51.4
43.5
54.3
54.1
53.6
46.3
54.1
43.4
37.7
35.4
37.5
Globulin
Per cent.
47.6
55.95
49.4
43.1
54.1
48.6
56.5
45.7
45.9
46.4
53.7
45.9
56.6
62.3
64.6
62.5
Euglo-
bulin
Per cent.
7.3
14.4
5.9
4.23
3.70
2.82
9.20
4.9
17.3
30.1
13.9
9.02
21.5
21.3
14.7
19.5
Pseudo-
globulin
Per cent.
40.3
41.55
43.5
38.87
50.4
45.78
47.30
40.8
28.6
16.3
39.8
36.88
35.1
41.0
49.9
43.0
D 2
48 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [ III, I
It will be observed from the above Table that the amount of total protein in
the serum of these animals is not markedly different from that observed in the
case of healthy hill bulls. There is a slight difference, however, between the protein
fractions. Thus in the case of euglobulin the range varies between 2.8 and 22 per
cent., the average being 12.5 per cent. Both the minimum and maximum values
are somewhat lower than those observed in the case of healthy bulls. This reduc-
tion may be due to an after-effect of the inanition of the animals during the attack
of the disease, but reference to this subject will be made later on. Though some
other slight variations are to be observed such as in the case of total globulin and
pseudoglobulin between these two series of experimental animals, it appears that
the difference is not of a fundamental nature, and we cannot distinguish between
a healthy animal which is susceptible to an attack of rinderpest and a recovered
animal which is immune to this disease by simply determining its protein fractions
quantitatively.
Having determined the serum protein fractions of animals which were either
healthy or had recovered from an attack of the disease, our attention was directed
to the study of the variation of the serum proteins during the course of a rinderpest
infection. As has already been mentioned, out of the eight animals experimentally
infected with rinderpest six died and two lived and estimations were continued for
a considerable period in the case of those two animals which survived the attack
of the disease. Attempts were made to determine the variation in the amount of
the serum protein fractions daily after the animals were inoculated with virus,
but, in some cases, the necessary data could not be obtained due to extraneous
causes such as hæmolysis, etc. In the following six Tables, the experimental results
obtained in those cases which succumbed are given. The variations of the different
protein fractions are graphically shown in the adjoining curves, and the tempera-
ture charts which are also appended, will be found useful in correlating the clinical
symptoms with the variations of serum proteins of any particular animal.
CHART I. HILL BULL 913.
SERUM PROTEINS IN BULLS HEALTHY, RINDERPEST ATTACKED AND RECOVERED 49
TABLE III.
Bull No. 913. Age—4 years.
Date
January
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
10-17*
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Total
protein in
grams per
100 c.c.
serum
6.2290
Albumin in
grams per
100 c.c.
serum
3.2593
Globulin in
grams per
100 c.c.
serum
2.9697
Euglobulin
in grams per
100 c.c.
serum
0.5950
Pseudo-
globulin in
grams per
100 c.c.
serum
2.3747
Inoculated subcutaneously with 5 c.c. virulent rinderpest blood
6.0746
6.6154
6.6154
5.9512
6.8569
5.3285
5.4940
4.9213
4.9213
Died.
2.7890
3.2350
3.0560
2.8160
..
2.6450
3.0670
2.8880
3.7100
3.2856
3.3804
3.5594
3.1352
..
2.6835
2.4270
2.0333
1.2113
0.5480
0.3010
0.3560
0.4950
..
0.4600
..
0.0170
0.0040
2.7376
3.0794
3.2034
2.6402
..
2.2235
..
2.0163
1.2073
Albumin
Per cent.
52.3
45.9
48.9
46.2
47.3
..
49.6
55.9
58.7
75.4
Globulin
Per cent.
47.7
54.1
51.1
53.8
52.7
..
50.4
44.1
41.3
24.6
Euglo-
bulin
Per cent.
9.5
9.02
4.5
5.3
8.3
..
8.6
..
0.35
0.08
Pseudo¬
globulin
Per cent.
38.2
45.08
46.6
48.5
44.4
..
41.8
..
40.95
24.52
* Average of three estimations.
50 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [ III, I
TABLE IV.
Bull No. 719. Age — 7 years.
Date
January
„
„
February
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
22-29*
30
31
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Total
protein in
grams per
100 c.c.
serum
6.9375
Albumin in
grams per
100 c.c.
serum
3.4209
Globulin in
grams per
100 c.c.
serum
3.5166
Euglobulin
in grams per
100 c.c.
serum
1.2350
Pseudo-
globulin in
grams per
100 c.c.
serum
2.2816
Inoculated subcutaneously with 5 c.c. virulent rinderpest blood.
7.5500
7.0880
6.9675
6.7200
5.7162
5.9500
5.9512
5.8990
Died.
3.9020
3.5646
3.0124
3.0198
2.8635
2.8468
3.1158
2.9481
3.6480
3.5234
3.9551
3.7002
2.8527
3.1032
2.8354
2.9509
1.4980
..
0.7664
0.5380
..
..
0.4950
0.5090
2.1500
..
3.1887
3.1622
..
..
2.3404
2.4419
Albumin
Per cent.
49.25
51.6
50.2
43.2
44.9
..
..
52.3
49.9
Globulin
Per cent.
50.75
48.4
49.8
56.8
55.1
..
..
47.7
50.1
Euglo¬
bulin
Per cent.
17.15
19.8
..
11.0
8.6
..
..
8.3
8.6
Pseudo-
globulin
Per cent.
33.6
28.6
..
45.8
46.5
..
..
39.4
41.5
* Average of three estimations.
CHART II. HILL BULL 719.
CHART III. HILL BULL 962.
SERUM PROTEINS IN BULLS HEALTHY, RINDERPEST ATTACKED AND RECOVERED 51
TABLE V.
Bull No. 962. Age —6 years.
Date
January 28 to
February 4*
„
5
„
6
„
7
„
8
„
9
„ 10
„
11
„
12
„
13
Total
protein in
grams per
100 c.c.
serum
7.0050
Albumin in
grams per
100 c.c.
serum
2.9677
Globulin in
grams per
100 c.c.
serum
4.0373
Inoculated subcutaneously with 5 c. c.
7.0460
7.0050
6.6487
6.6154
6.0880
6.0099
6.0990
Died.
3.2602
3.1500
2.8466
2.9655
2.7840
2.4527
3.2990
3.7858
3.8490
3.8021
3.6499
3.3040
3.5572
2.8000
Euglobulin
in grams per
100 c.c.
serum
1.3010
Pseudo-
globulin in
grams per
100 c.c.
serum
2.7363
virulent rinderpest blood.
0.6390
0.5083
0.4290
0.3490
..
..
3.1468
3.2938
3.2209
2.9550
..
..
Albumin
per cent.
42.36
46.2
45.05
42.8
44.8
45.7
40.8
..
Globulin
per cent.
57.64
53.8
54.95
57.2
55.2
54.3
59.2
..
Euglo-
bulin
per cent.
18.6
9.06
..
7.60
6.46
5.70
..
..
Pseudo-
globulin
per cent.
39.04
44.74
49.6
48.74
48.6
..
..
* Average of three estimations.