NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
256 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [III, III.
recent specimen would seem to indicate the inheritance to be more marked in the
maternal line as seen in Schmidt's [1913] description of a case of " pathological
fold of the eye ". No special colour or breed seems to be a predisposing factor.
The sires at Quetta are all imported animals and the dams are of both Scindhi and
Sahiwal extraction. Calves are generally born blind with or without the abnormal
growth. It is said that occasionally blindness or the growth may develop later in
the first few months of the calf's life. In the less severe cases, the growths can be
easily stripped off without leaving much palpable blemish or defect.
The position appears to be more unsatisfactory in the amaurotic class of cases
where no abnormal growth or lesion can be detected in the eye or its appendages
despite the fact that the calves are born blind either at full term or sometimes a
few days prematurely. In these cases, the pupil is well-dilated and seems to be
fixed in one position although this does not seem to be due to unusual adhesions.
The pupil does not react to strong sunlight, mydriatics or myotics. Generally both
the eyes are involved, but occasionally only one eye may be defective. In most
cases the calves are otherwise healthy, although in an infrequent case they may
show deformity of some other part of the body, e.g., the neck or spine may be
curved. The condition of amaurosis has been met with lately in two buffalo calves
also at Quetta. Careful dissection of the eye from these cases reveals a distinct
opacity of the lens and the frontal sinus is sometimes found to contain a reddish
gelatinous fluid. It is doubtful if this opacity can be considered as constituting a
cataract. Minute histological examination of the structure composing the eye has
been made and all the probable pathological changes likely to have produced the
condition, such as the detachment of the retina from the choroid coat or a peripheral
neuritis affecting the optic nerves similar to that attending (i) quinine or Salvarsan
Amaurosis in man or (ii) tobacco amblyopia in horses [Lancet Correspondent, 1894],
have been eliminated. Although the occurrence of teratomata in calves has been re-
ported from other parts of India, the simultaneous occurrence of both classes of the
condition appears to be restricted to Quetta, and the villages round and about
Shikarpur and Sukkur. The double condition thus appears to affect, a large area of
North-West India. Enquiries have been addressed for determining if the condi-
tion occurs in other parts of India and for collecting more information on the
lateral as well as the direct lines of descent of the affected calves.
It will be seen from a perusal of the literature, which follows hereafter, that no
species of animals are exempt from this condition, although reports on the occur-
rence of such growths in species other than the ox have yet to be made in India.
Published reports on teratomata in situations other than the eye are commoner and
reports of such growths on the eyes of calves are very few indeed. Few cases have
also been recorded in man.
CONGENITAL BLINDNESS OF CALVES
257
Credit is due to Grafe [1822] for priority in reporting the occurrence of tera-
tomatous formation on the margin of the cornea with growth of hair (in man) and
the term " trechosis bulbi " is employed by him. Edwards [1859] appears to be
the first to describe a case among animals where both eyes presented such growths.
Robertson [1877] describes a case of congenital hairy tumour springing from the
sclerotic and cornea of a shorthorn bull-calf, six months old, which was otherwise
in perfect health and well-formed. The owner described this as a " double under
eyelid " and stated that it had been observed shortly after birth. The only distur-
bance the tumour seemed to cause was an abundant flow of tears. Numerous hairs
similar to eye lashes were found projecting between the eyelids, analogous to moles
of the skin. Walley [1877] reports two cases of corneal Dermatoma and says that
clinically these growths are not of much consequence. They are more interesting
as showing the close relation which exists between conjunctival corneal structures
and the skin. Nettleton [1885] describes a dermoid growth on the cornea, of the
circumference of a shilling. Bland Sutton [1903] employs the term " conjunctival
moles " and says that they have been observed in horses, sheep, oxen and dogs.
He furnishes a picture of a sheep with the growth and further states that they are
provided with hair or wool according to the nature of the tegumentary covering,
characteristic of the mammal in which, they occur.
In dealing with dermoid teratoma of the conjunctiva, Law [1903] states :—
This consists in a cutaneous product consisting externally of a mass of epidermic
cells beneath which are connective tissue, fat cells and muscle fibres, glands and
growing hairs. It usually extends inwards from the outer portion of the sclerotic
conjunctiva and may encroach on that of the cornea. It is firmly adherent to the
sclera and sometimes to the cornea by its base and deeper aspect, but the apex is
free and more or less projecting. The colour is yellow or more or less blackened by
pigment or even reddened by blood. It has been observed above all in dogs.
Prince reports a case in a calf. The Cornell Veterinary College Clinic has furnished
cases in oxen and dogs. They have, however, nearly always been seen in young
animals and are probably congenital.
Kitt [1906] states that dermoid teratomata of the cornea are congenital ano-
malies and originate from a misplacement or transplantation in the formation of the
palpebral fissure. Under congenital affections, Nicholas [1914] states that der-
moids are not rare. In mentioning a number of people who encountered them, he
says that Kitt came across 24 cases in the ox, dog, sheep, horse, pig and cat. He
gives a picture from Cadiot and Almy of a conjunctivo-corneal dermoid but does
not specify from what animal the photograph of the growth was obtained. Joest
[1921] states that they occur in the dog and swine and gives a photograph of a
corneal dermoid encountered in the pig.
258 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [III, III.
In these cases of congenital " blindness " the normal physiological processes
which underlie the somatic development of the eye are obscured and the aberrations
in question are produced in a manner which is not understood. Of the many
theories which have been invoked for explaining either a teratomatous formation
or microphthalmia, the following may be recalled for scientific interest ;—
(a) Dermoid teratomata have been considered as :—
(i) Remains of amniotic adhesions [Van Duyse],
(ii) Invagination of the ectoderm [Remak],
(iii) The product of continued development of one individual in the body
another individual of the same species [Adami],
(iv) External teratomata are rudimentary twins [Budde, 1923],
(v) Malformation of the somatic tissues of the host [Nicholson, 1929], or
(vi) Inclusion of a second fertilised pole in case of di- and tri-spermic fertili-
sation [Roche and Roche].
(b) Microphthalmia has been explained as originating from :—
(i) Incomplete closure of the fœtal ocular cleft [Arlt],
(ii) Fœtal illness in orbita [Wedl and Boch],
(iii) Intrauterine sclero-chorioretinitis [Deutschmann],
(iv) Heredity.
The generally accepted view that teratomata and microphthalmia have a
definite genetic basis and that they are inherited as a congenital or familial affec-
tion does not seem to be supported by the family history of the animals related to
the abnormal calves at Quetta, unlike the condition of " bull-dog calves ". The
defects are not manifested in the parents, who have been invariably in perfect
health. Records are available of 6 calves which were born to " Ceres ", one of two
bulls which went blind at Quetta in recent years, but none of his calves were born
blind. The other bull, " Overton Bearer ", probably had a traumatic cause for its
blindness and none of its progeny is reported to have been born with abnormal
eyes. The bulls employed in the villages of Sindh may be assumed to be of in-
digenous breeds and not of the imported breeds at Quetta. Dams of the local
breeds are presumably used in the villages. In order to eliminate any common
ancestor, if one such could be traced, the breeding records of the stud bulls and
cows at Quetta, as far as available, have been examined but in vain. The bulls at
the Farm are imported animals, being either Ayrshires from England or Friesians
from South Africa. The fact that the bulls are from such mixed sources does not
seem to indicate the possibility of any relationship existing between the sires. The
CONGENITAL BLINDNESS OF CALVES.
259
maternal parent is drawn from the country-bred stock of Scindhi or Sahiwal ex-
traction. Any relationship of the condition with the cows does not seem likely
as this peculiar condition has not yet been reported from any other part of India
where cows of these breeds are employed for the raising of stocks, excepting for the
solitary report from Shikarpur and Sukkur already mentioned. Dr. Darling
remarks that " From the pedigrees offered I have worked very carefully through
the possible relationships, and I can see no reason for attributing the amaurosis or
teratomatous condition of the eyes of the calves to an heredity factor." The data
secured so far do not point to the condition being a feature of atavism or the
blindness being transmitted as a recessive mutant, as might be expected from a
statement of Crew and Smith [ 1930 ] to the effect that blindness caused by the
entire absence of the eye or by the presence of a rudimentary eye is inherited in a
recessive fashion. As there was every reason to believe in the possibility of the
condition being transmissible to the progeny, the authorities at the Quetta Dairy
were advised that the affected calves be not retained for breeding purposes. A
statement of Crew [ 1925 ] that" chances that a recessive mutation will affect the
race is very small indeed if the mating is free and uncontrolled ", suggests that the
affected calves might have been retained and successfully utilised without detriment
to the progeny.
Excepting the Scindhi dam, the only common factor at Shikarpur and the
Quetta Dairy seems to be the feeding of Juar fodder, obtained from Shikarpur.
Chemical analysis of forage at Quetta has been carried out and mineral additions
such as bone meal, lime, and potassium iodide to the fodder have been made
without any evident reduction in the incidence of the condition there. It was
observed that in a certain year, when the fodder was supplemented by mineral
constituents and all the cows were served by the usual imported Friesians, there
was no scarcity of cases of abortions, premature births and " blind calves ", where-
as in other years there have occurred no cases of blindness, notwithstanding
abortions and premature births, although no mineral additions to the fodder were
made.
As mentioned before, the help of the Imperial Bureau of Animal Genetics,
Edinburgh, was invoked and the Chief Officer's reply is quoted in extenso :—" At
the same time there is this point which occurs to me with regard to possible dietary
deficiency. All the affected calves appear to be crossbreds. It is to be expected that
the indigenous cattle are " metabolically acclimatised ", if I may use such an ex-
pression, whilst European breeds would not be. Now if a sufficient number of
purebred Friesians or Ayrshires had been bred on the Farm (and from the records
before me none had been) it might have been found that the incidence of the condi-
E
260 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [III, III.
tion would have been higher even than in the crossbreds, whilst in purebred Indian
cattle the condition might have been rare. Such a result, of course, would indicate
the possibility of a dietary deficiency due to innate lack of metabolic adaptation
in the imported cattle.
As that character of the animal known as " constitution " rests no doubt on a
multiple factor basis, it is obvious that the crossbred cattle would not inherit either
of the parents' " constitutions " in a clear-cut Mendelian manner. The metabolic
adaptation of the crossbreds would be more or less deficient and this would be more
pronounced, from the genetical multiple factor point of view, in the cross genera-
tion, quite apart from the fact that in addition these individuals would be three-
quarters European blood. From your records I see that many of the defective
calves are such three-quarter breds. You will see, however, that the actual condi-
tion does not appear to be directly due to a genetical factor, but to an indirect
constitutional factor which allows the development of such a condition in the
presence of some dietary deficiency. I should be pleased to hear further from you
if any good results accrue from phosphate feeding of the cattle."
With reference to the two important points raised in the above reply, it is
to be noted that (1) the conditions are not restricted to the crossbreds only, as a
few cases of the same condition have been seen in several villages in Sindh
and also in two buffalo calves at Quetta, and (2) bone meal, lime and potassium
iodide have been added to the fodder without any apparent results.
The circumstances of the origin of amaurosis would make one suspect some
disturbance of central origin due to an animal or vegetable toxin, bacterial infec-
tion or impaired circulation during intrauterine life. For the last four or five years,
vaccination against abortion has been practised on all the heifers and newly
purchased animals, but the condition existed at the Farm even prior to the intro-
duction of this vaccination and hence the vaccine can scarcely be incriminated.
The influence of the amount of moisture and temperature of this locality on
the development of Mendelian characters has to be examined. It is
said that there is a deficiency of phosphates in the forage at Quetta and if
it is so, phosphate therapy should be beneficial. It is understood that there
occurs in man a peculiar night-blindness (Hemorolopea) which readily responds to
phosphate, treatment. A similar condition of "night-blindness "(nyctalopia) is
known to occur in the Madras Presidency and Raghavan and Thiagaraj (1920)
consider that severe sunlight and errors in diet are probably the causal factors in
this condition. Defective hormonic secretion may also be involved. Lethal
factors like those in the production of earless sheep [Wriedt, 1921] and semilethal
factors as in cases of microphthalmia, coloboma and glaucoma in a certain breed of
CONGENITAL BLINDNESS OF CALVES.
261
dogs [Wriedt, 1924] may be causally connected with the genesis of the so called
"blindness" in India.
Our thanks are due to several members of the Royal Army Veterinary Corps,
who have held charge of the Baluchistan District, and particularly to Major C.
Townsend and Major W. N. Rowston for supplying us with much information in
connection with this interesting condition.
We are also greatly indebted to Colonel G. Mellor, Director of Military Farms,
Simla, for his interesting note and tables, which are appended to this article.
REFERENCES.
Bland Sutton, J. (1903). Tumours, Innocent and Malignant, p. 391.
Crew, F. A. E. (1925). Ani. Gen., p. 321.
Crew, F. A. E., and Smith, A. D. B. (1930). Genetics of the horse, pp. 144-145.
Edwards, (1859). Edin. Vety. Rev.
Grafe, (1822). Jl. der Chir. und Augenheil- Kunde, 4.
Joest, E. (1921). Path. Anat. Dom. Ani, 3, part II, p. 415.
Kitt, T. (1906). Comp. Gen. Path.
Lancet Correspondent, (1894). Blindness in horses produced by eating tobacco plant, Vet. Jl.
39, 181.
Law, J. (1903). Vet. Med. 3, 375.
Nettleton, J. (1885). Vet. Jl. 21, 235.
Nicholas, E. (1914). Vet. Ophthalmology, pp. 136-138.
Nicholson, G. WdeP, (1929). Histogeny of Teratomata, Jl. Path. and Bact. 32, II, 365.
Nunn, J. A. (1893). Detachment of retina from Choroid coat of the eye, Vet. Jl. 34, 241.
—
(1893). Cataract from opacity of hyaloid membrane of the vitreous humour, Vet.
Jl. 36, 7.
Raghavan and Theagaraj, (1920). Nyctolopia or " night blindness", Vol. I. Madras Vety. Jl.
Issue No. 9, pp. 18-19.
Robertson, W. (1877). Vet. Jl. 4, 169.
Schimdt, B. (1913). Arb. deut. Ges. Zuchtung, No. 16. Cited by Crew and Smith, (1930).
Walley, T. (1877). Vet. Jl. 4, 395.
Wriedt, C. (1921). Breeding earless sheep, Jl. Heredity, 12, 56.
—
(1924). Ziet. Tierz. Zuchtgsb, 1, 231-242, cited by Crew (1925), p. 321.
E 2
262 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [III, III.
NOTE DATED 23RD JULY 1932 BY COLONEL G. MELLOR, DIRECTOR OF FARMS,
SIMLA.
I have read with great interest Capt. Datta's paper on congenital blindness
of calves. From the information available I have compiled a chart showing
incidence of blindness on the Government Military Dairy, Quetta, since 1913. This
CHART
SHOWING
INCIDENCE
OF
BLINDNESS
SINCE
1913
CONGENITAL BLINDNESS OF CALVES.
263
may not be accurate for the early years but I know that from 1st April 1929 to 31st
March 1930 no calf was born blind at this Farm. I also attach a statement showing
details of parentage of all calves born blind or going blind at Quetta—1st April
1931 to 31st March 1932. As it may be of interest I attach statements showing
grain and fodder and minerals fed during the years 1927-28, 1928-29 and 1929-30,
also an analysis of the fodder fed during these years. The kirby was obtained
from Upper Sindh, bhoosa from the Quetta Valley. Gram and cake fed at Quetta
are from the same sources as fed on our other dairies. Bran usually comes from the
mill at Shikarpur, Upper Sindh.
Soil analysis is given for comparison :—
Locality
Ferozepore
........
Gambar (Montgomery) ........
Quetta
........
Rawalpindi
........
Jullundur
........
Ambala
........
Lime
4.0
4.0
13.5
9.0
5.3
1.0
Phosphorus
.20
.20
.15
.18
.16
.15
From 1st April 1932 to date 46 calves have been born blind at the Government
Military Dairy, Quetta, of which 18 were blind at birth, i.e., 39.1 per cent. There
is a slight indication that the percentage of calves born blind is higher in the spring,
i.e., in cows carrying their calves during the winter. This year the number of blind
calves having other defects such as twisted necks, unable to stand or even sit up has
markedly increased.
Two cases of calves going blind after birth are of special interest as the dams
had never been in Quetta until within a few days of calving. Calf " Hatim " born
15th September 1931 en route from Gambar (Montgomery District) to Quetta, —
dam a half-bred — was purchased as a heifer at Pusa and remained at the Young
Stock Farm, Gamber, until about to calve for first time, when she was railed to
Quetta. " Hatim " was born in the train and went blind at Quetta at the age of
5 months.
Calf " Haif " born 14th February 1931 at Quetta — dam countrybred cow —
born at Ferozepore on 15th November 1928, transferred from Gambar to Quetta in
calf on 15th September 1931. " Haif " went blind on 15th February 1932 at the
age of 4½ months.
Two other interesting cases are those of heifers "Hazir" and "Half".
" Hazir " born in Quetta, a heifer calving for the first time, arrived in Quetta on 6th
May 1932 having spent the last six months at Ruk (Upper Sindh) where she had
plenty of green food. Calved 16th May 1932. Calf blind at birth and up to date
this is the only first calf to be born blind.
264 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [III, III.
" Half ", a ⅝th bred heifer, produced a perfect calf on 13th July 1932. " Half"
went blind when 6½ months of age, but was retained.
I understand that whilst the army were maintaining the East Persian Cordon
1920- -1922 a very large number of army camels went blind but on being returned
to Quetta and fed on green lucerne recovered their sight.
This question is undoubtedly of very great importance, if animals as well fed
and cared for as they are at the Government Military Dairy Farms suffer to this
extent, the loss to the villagers of Baluchistan and Sindh must be enormous. In the
circumstances I fully endorse the hope expressed by Capt. Datta in the opening
paragraph of his paper.
CONGENITAL BLINDNESS OF CALVES.
285
Information regarding calves born blind at Government Military Dairy Farm, Quetta, during 1931-32.
Serial No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Name of
Dam
Lotus .
Gladys I .
Ruling .
Apprentice.
C-Pindi
.
Gone .
Hira . .
Damayanti.
Ajad .
Grace .
Adeline .
Rose I .
Arracan .
Breed
Countrybred .
½ Bred (Ayr. Sab.)
¼ Bred (Hol. Har.)
½ Bred (Ayr. Sah.)
½ Bred F. 3 (Har.
Hol. Ayr.)
5/16 Bred (Ayr. Sah.)
½ (Ayr. Scindhi) .
½ (Ayr. Sah.) .
¾ (¾ Ayr. + ¼ Sah.)
½ (Ayr. Scindhi) .
C. B. Sahiwal .
½ (Ayr. Sah.) .
¼ (Ayr. Sah.) .
Farm
where
served
Quetta
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Farm
where
spent
her dry
period
Quetta
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Date
of
birth
7-4-31
13-4-31
13-4-31
20-4-31
28-5-31
6-6-31
10-6-31
16-6-31
19-6-31
14-7-31
28-7-31
28-7-31
28-7-31
Calves Sex and Breed
F. ½ ( ½ Fr. + ½ Sah.)
M. ¾ ( ½ Fr., ¼ Ayr.,
¼ Sah.)
F. ⅝ (Hol. Sah.)
F. ¾ ( ½ Fr., ¼ Ayr.,
½ Sah.)
M. ¾ (½ Fr., ¼ Ayr.,
¼ Sah.)
M. 21/32 (½ Fr., 5/32 Ayr.,
11/32 Sah.)
M. ¾ (½ Fr., ¼ Sah,
¼ Ayr.)
M. ¾ (½ Fr., ¼ Ayr.,
¼ Sah.)
M 7/8 ( ½ fr., 3/5 Ayr.+
⅛ Sah.)
F. ¾ ( ½ Fr., ¼ Ayr.,
¼ Scindhi.)
F. ½ (Fr. Sah.) .
F. ¾ (½ Fr., ¾ Ayr.,
¼ Sah.)
F. ⅝ ( ½ Fr., ⅛ Ayr,
⅜
Sah.)
Farm
where
born
Quetta
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Period sire was in Quetta
when dam served
Sire
Chieftain .
Elect. .
Adolf .
Elect .
„ .
„ .
Adolf .
Chieftain .
Adolf .
Herman .
Ceres .
Adolf .
Chieftain .
Period
7⅓ months
16½ „
17 „
17 „
17 „
18 „
17½ „
10
„
18 „
6½ „
11
„
17 „
11 „
No. of calves born
previously
No.
10
6
5
3
3
1
4
7
4
10
4
6
1
Whether
any born
blind
4th calf also born
blind.
7th calf also born
blind.
10th calf also
born blind.
Remarks
266 THE INDIAN JOURNAL 0F VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [III, HI.
Information regarding calves born blind at Government Military Dairy Farm, Quetta, during 1931-32—contd.
Serial No.
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Name of
Dam
Hariawal .
Aumale .
Gladys II .
Beauty II .
Gift .
Duldul .
Honey .
Spendthrift.
Nosegay .
Gaby .
Gulkheri .
Asinara .
Delicate .
Datura .
Architect .
Breed
C. B. (Sahiwal) .
½ (Ayr. Sah.) .
½ (Ayr. Sah.) .
C. B. (Sahiwal) .
½ (Ayr. Sah.) .
½ (Ayr. Sah.) .
½ (Ayr. Scindhi.) .
⅜ (Ayr. Sah.) .
½ (Ayr. Sah.) .
½ (Ayr. Sah.) .
½ (Ayr. Sah.) .
½ (Ayr. Sah.) .
¾ (Ayr. Sah.) .
F. 2½. (Ayr. Scindhi)
½ (Ayr. Scindhi) .
Farm
where
served
Quetta
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Farm
where
spent
her dry
period
Quetta
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Date
of
birth
26-8-31
3-9-31
2-9-31
14-9-31
10-1-32
29-1-32
5-2-32
13-2-32
22-2-32
23-2-32
28-2-32
5-3-32
13-3-32
13-3-32
16-3-32
Calves Sex and Breed
M. ½ (Fr. Sah.) .
F. ¾ (½ Fr., ¼ Ayr.,
¼ Sah.)
M. ¾ (½ Fr., ¼ Ayr.,
¼ Sah.)
M. ½ (Fr. Sah.)
M. ¾ (½ Fr., ¼ Ayr.,
¼ Sah.)
F. ¾ (½ Fr., ¼ Ayr.,
¼ Sah.)
M. ¾ (½ Fr., ¼ Ayr.,
¼ Sc.)
F. 11/16 (½ Fr., 3/16 Ayr.,
3/16 Sah.)
F. ¾ (½ Fr., ¼ Ayr.,
¼ Sah.)
M. ¾ (½ Fr., ¼ Ayr.,
¼ Sah.)
F. ¾ (¼ Fr., ¼ Ayr.,
¼ Sah.)
M. ¾ (½ Fr., ¼ Ayr.,
¼ Sah.)
M. 7/8 (½ Fr., 3/8 Ayr.,
⅛ Sah.)
M. ¾ (½ Fr.,¼ Ayr., ¼ Sc.)
F. ¾ (½ Fr., ¼ Ayr.,
¼ Sc.)
Farm
where
born
Quetta
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Period sire was in Quetta
when dam served
Sire
Adolf .
Elect .
Adolf .
Herman .
Adolf .
Chieftain .
„ .
Adolf .
Wanderer .
Chieftain .
Adolf .
Chieftain .
Wanderer .
Chieftain .
Adolf .
Period
20 months
20 „
21½ „
8 „
25 ½ „
18 „
18 „
26 „
7 days
18½ months
27 „
19 „
10 days
20 months
27½ „
No. of calves born
previously
No.
1
7
11
6
4
2
4
8
6
11
4
6
1
4
5
Whether
any born
blind
4th calf also born
blind.
3rd and 5th calves
also born blind.
3rd went blind
after birth.
Remarks
(1) Chieftain :—16th November 1929 to 25th July 3 931 :—20 months.
(5) Ceres :—16th November 1929 to 12th December 1931 :—25 months.
(2) Elect :—15th March 1929 to 29th July 1931
:—28
months.
(6) Wanderer :—22nd June 1931 to date :—9 months.
(3) Adolf :—15th March 1929 to 29th July 1931 :—28 months.
(7) Omega :—13th March 1928 to 26th February 1930 :—23 months.
(4) Herman :—16th November 1929 to 8th December 1929, 30th March 1930 to
(8) Terror :—10th March 1928 to 29th March 1929 :—12 months.
21st February 1931 :—12 months.