NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
342 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [ III, IV.
It will be observed that only two out of the 22 calves inoculated reacted at the
time of the orginal inoculation and in conformity with the findings when ox virus
was used as reported by D'Costa and Balwant Singh (loc. cit.), the reactions
occurred in the oldest group of animals. Considering the dose of serum and the
comparatively low virulence of the virus used it is surprising that any reaction was
observed at all. One of these animals was tested twelve months later and proved
to be solidly immune. The other died before the completion of the test period.
Of the remaining thirteen animals which survived the allotted test period and
which showed no reaction at the time of the initial immunisation, one was tested
after twelve months' interval, four after approximately 18 months, four after
approximately 24 months, and four after approximately 30 months. The reac-
tions noted at the time of the test were :—2 calves tested at 18 months developed
a temperature reaction; in one of these, the reaction was apparently due to a mild
attack of rinderpest, the other which developed temperature of 105°F. on the
fourth day after inoculation returned to normal on the 5th day, no other symptom
was observed and in the opinion of the writer this reaction was not due to rinderpest
but in the absence of sub-inoculations into susceptible hill bulls the case must
remain doubtful. Three of the four animals tested at about 24 months developed
mild attacks of rinderpest which, in the case of 2 animals having a thermal reac-
tion only, were confirmed by sub-inoculation into susceptible hill bulls of blood
withdrawn on the 6th day after the test inoculation. The sub-inoculated bulls
succumbed to rinderpest. Two of the four calves tested after 30 months reacted to
the test, the temperature reaction in each case being followed by a short period of
inappetence. No sub-inoculations were done from these calves.
Whilst a considerable amount of further work will have to be done before it is
possible to arrive at a definite conclusion in regard to the value of goat virus when
used in conjunction with anti-serum in the protective inoculation of cattle against
rinderpest, the results summarised above would seem, at any rate, to point to the
conclusion that the degree of immunisation obtained with this product is adequate
for the purpose of protecting against death for a period of at least 31 months.
At the same time it must be noted that even at 24 months and possibly even at
18 months a certain proportion of these animals can contract the disease in a mild
form and may, therefore, presumably act as disseminators of infection for at least a
short period.
The results do not indicate that the interval between immunisation and retest
is a factor of great importance in the exhibition of a reaction or otherwise, although
it is probably of very considerable importance as regards the degree of severity of
the reaction produced, In conformity with the results published by D'Costa and
IMMUNITY IN CALVES INOCULATED BY GOAT VIRUS AGAINST RINDERPEST 343
Balwant Singh (loc. cit.) the factor of greatest importance appears to be the age of
the animals at the time of the inoculation as shown in Table II below.
TABLE II.
Distribution of calves reacting to test dose, according to age at immunisation and
interval of test.
Age at the time
of immuni-
sation
Up to 3 months .
From 4
to 6
months.
From 7 to 11
months.
Interval between immunisation and test
12 months
Number immunis-
ed
..
..
2
Number reacted to
test
..
..
..
18-20 months
Number immunis-
ed
..
1
3
Number reacted to
test
..
1
1
24 months
Number immunis-
ed
3
1
..
Number reacted to
test
3
..
..
30-31 months
Number immunis-
ed
2
1
1
Number reacted to
test
2
..
..
Total
Number immunis-
ed
5
3
6
Number reacted to
test
6
1
1
Percentage reacted
Per
cent .
100
33.3
16.6
It will be seen from the above table that only two of the nine calves immu-
nised after the attainment of 3 months can be stated to have reacted to the test
inoculation and in the case of these two animals the reaction was very slight and in
one case of doubtful origin. In the case of the animals immunised below the age
of 3 months all reacted in greater or less degree—a result not unexpected in view
of the earlier observations on the use of bull virus in very young calves. None of
the reactions observed in this series were, however, of a grave nature and it is to
be presumed that although immunity had been conferred by the first inoculation,
such immunity was of low degree and was waning comparatively rapidly.
Although the results noted above cannot be regarded as a satisfactory basis
for the application of this method on a large scale in stock-breeding farms, it is
probable that in this series the safety factor has been over-stressed by the ad-
ministration of large doses of serum and, while the results confirm the fact that
344 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [ III, IV.
goat virus is definitely of lower virulence than ox virus, it is probable that the
administration of smaller doses of serum would have achieved a more durable
immunity without lowering the safety factor to any marked degree. Although this
has not been done in calves, the view stated above receives ample support from the
results obtained by Cooper and Kerr [1931] in adult cattle.
With regard to the transmission or resuscitation of piroplasmosis, it may be noted
that no ox blood virus is used at this Institute if parasites can be detected by
microscopical examination of blood films, so that massive infection with these
parasites does not occur. In the present series the rate of complications due to
resuscitated piroplasmata (13 per cent.) is approximately the same as that
(11 per cent.) encountered by D'Costa and Balwant Singh in their considerably
larger series of inoculations in calves using ox virus. It would, therefore, appear
that in indigenous cattle piroplasmosis as a complication to anti-rinderpest inocula-
tions is largely, if not entirely, due to resuscitation. In further support of this
statement it may be observed that out of 266 bulls used at this Institute during
the years 1930 and 1931 for the testing or passage of goat virus 43 (16.5 per cent.)
developed piroplasmosis, while 105 (17 per cent.) out of 986 routine ox virus
producers developed this complication during the same period. At the same time
it may be stated that while there is no apparent advantage in indigenous cattle,
or in thoroughly acclimatised foreign breeds, as far as resuscitation or inoculation
of piroplasmosis is concerned, it is advisable to use goat virus in the case of newly
imported animals and those which have had no opportunity to become " premu-
nised " to the Indian strains of P. bigemina.
The results reported above indicate therefore that the use of an attenuated
virus derived from goats together with normal doses of serum on calves of indigen-
ous and acclimatised breeds has no advantages as compared with the usual serum
cum ox virus method and is definitely inferior to that method in the extent of
immunity produced. It is probable, however, that better results could be achieved
by the administration of smaller doses of serum, or indeed of goat virus alone.
SUMMARY.
1. The results of the serum-simultaneous inoculation of 22 calves with goat
virus and serum are reported, together with the results of immunity tests carried
out at various intervals after the original immunisation.
2. The use of an attenuated virus together with the usual doses of serum
leads to the production of a lower grade of immunity than when ox virus is used.
3. The percentage of calves which develop an appreciable immunity is less
when goat virus is used than when ox virus is administered.
IMMUNITY IN CALVES INOCULATED BY GOAT VIRUS AGAINST RINDERPEST
345
4. The incidence of piroplasmosis in indigenous and European cross-bred calves
was not noticeably affected.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
The work recorded in this article was planned and carried out under the
direction of Dr. J. T. Edwards, D.Sc., M.R.C.V.S., late Director of this Institute,
to whom the writer desires to tender his grateful acknowledgments. He also desires
to thank Mr. H. Cooper, M.R.C.V.S., and Mr. J. R. Haddow, B.Sc., M.R.C.V.S.,
D.V.S.M., for guidance in the execution of the work.
REFERENCES.
Bliss, E. L. (1922). Reprint from China Med. J. March, 1922.
Cooper, H. and Kerr, P. J. (1931). An. Rep. Imp. Inst. Vet. Research, Muktesar,
1930-31, 14-15.
D'Costa, J. and Balwant Singh. (1933). Ind. J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Husb. 3, 131.
Edwards, J. T. (1927). Trans. Seventh Cong. Far-East. Ass. Trop. Med. Calcutta, 3, 703.
Kerr, P. J. (1932). An. Rep. Imp. Inst. Vet. Research, Muktesar, 1931-32, 23.
Koch, R. (1897). Agric. J. C. G. H., Feb. 18th. (Reprint).
Stirling, R. F. (1932). Vet. J. 88, 192.
Topacio, T. (1926). Reprint from Philipp. Agric. Rev. 19,
BOVINE NASAL GRANULOMA (SNORING DISEASE OF CATTLE)
IN HYDERABAD STATE
BY
M. R. MAHAJAN, M.R.C.V.S.,
Veterinary Investigation Officer, H. E. H. the Nizam's Dominions, Hyderabad.
(Received for publication on the 23rd September 1933.)
(With Plate XXXII and one text-figure.)
This article is published because Nasal Granuloma, the causal organism of
which was first demonstrated by Datta in 1931, though known to exist in all the
surrounding British provinces, has not hitherto been reported from Hyderabad
State. Cases of Nasal Schistosomiasis confirmed by the Imperial Institute of
Veterinary Research, Muktesar, have however now been met with in the districts
of Warangal, Mahbubnagar and Asifabad, and reported from Raichur. Two of
these districts, viz., Warangal and Asifabad. are on the borders of the Dominions,
one touching the Madras Presidency and the other the Central Provinces, and it
will be shown later particularly in the case of Warangal, that the source of infection
may have come from the neighbouring British territorry.
The first case discovered was in Lingal, Mahbubnagar district, in January
1933 while I was conducting Rinderpest inoculation work. The subject was a
cow that showed typical symptoms of the disease. On examination of the nasal
washings the case was confirmed microscopically on the spot, but unfortunately,
there was not sufficient nasal discharge to forward to the Muktesar laboratory for
confirmation. This case, was effectively treated with intravenous injections of
tartar emetic which further proves my diagnosis.
It is also interesting to note that some schistosome parasites collected from a
number of goats under Rinderpest experiment at this place were found to be
Schistosoma spindalis, the reputed cause of nasal schistosomiasis in cattle.
The next discovery was in April 1933 at the village Inagol, Warangal district,
where the disease was so rampant as to affect no less than 25 animals. At this time
I was camping at a village called Menole for Rinderpest inoculation work and
a couple of cases were brought to my camp for treatment from Inagol and this
led to the discovery.
The local name given to the disease in these parts is ' Busa Rogam' (meaning
loud breathing in Telugu). The history was that the animals had been suffering
from this condition for about a year, the disease not having been noticed previous
( 346 )
MAP
Locating the affected village of Inagol underlined.
D 2
BOVINE NASAL GRANULOMA IN HYDERABAD STATE
347
to this. Since there is a period of incubation before the actual symptoms of snoring
appear, it is reasonable to assume that the disease was prevailing for a longer
period than that stated.
The affected animals were of the Krishna valley type and belonged to different
cultivators; one man having as many as seven. The animals consisted of the
following:—
Bullocks...........
Bulls
......
Heifers...........
Cow...........
Total .
12
7
5
1
25
No buffalo was seen affected. Only one bullock is said to have died of the
disease.
The village Inagol is in Madira taluka of Warangal district and is about a
couple of miles away from the border line of the Dominions with the Madras
Presidency. Working bullocks go with the carts as far as Bezwada (Madras
Presidency), the nearest marketing centre. The veterinary inspector toured in the
neighbouring area and visited nine villages all around Inagol, but nowhere else
was he able to discover a case of this disease. This fact, combined with the
history that the disease had not been noticed any time previously at Inagol or
anywhere else in this district, goes to show that the infection had been imported
from the neighbouring British territory where its existence has already been
established.
It would be easy for an imported animal infected with the disease to contami-
nate the common water supply, which would thus become a source of spread of
the disease. The village is situated between a rivulet on the one hand and a fairly
big lake on the other. Besides these there is also a channel where water can
stagnate. The rainy season usually brings water in plenty. These are the sources
of water supply to the animals that are often grazed along their banks.
As the lake and rivulet were dry at the time of my visit, living snails for
examination were not available, but an attempt to discover the intermediate host
was made by collecting the snail shells that were available, and these were forward¬
ed to the Imperial Institute of Veterinary Research, Muktesar, for identification.
These were identified as Viviparus bengalensis which are considered unlikely
to be the intermediate host of Schistosoma spindalis.
A recent interesting finding in this connection, that may be mentioned here.
is that of snails of Limnea luteola (Lamarck) type that liberated cercaria and redia,
in the tank at Borlam, Nizamabad district, while we were making a search for the
348 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [III, IV.
intermediate host of the liver fluke of cattle. In view of a recent article by Rao
(1933) entitled "A preliminary report on the successful infection with Nasal
Schistosomiasis in Experimental Calves" it would appear that the cercaria as
obtained by us from Limnea luteola may be Cercaria Indicae XXX Sewell, 1921,
with which Rao has now been successful in infecting calves experimentally, with
this disease. The existence of 'Bovine Nasal Schistosomiasis' in this part of the
State, however, has not yet been established.
The loud ' snoring' noise was perfectly audible even from a distance in almost all
the animals we examined. There was constant dribbling of the watery discharge
from the nostrils, but the condition of the animals was fairly good (Plate XXXII).
Examination of the nose revealed cauliflower-like growths inside the nostrils in
almost all the cases. The nasal washings were collected in the manner shown in
Plate XXXII. This was allowed to settle overnight, the supernatant fluid poured
off and the remaining deposit examined under the microscope by means of a cover
slip preparation made with caustic potash. This revealed a fairly large number
of ova of Sohistosoma spindalis in all the cases. The nasal washings from a
number of cases were then forwarded to the Imperial Institute of Veterinary
Research, Muktesar, for confirmation. In each case it was reported that examina-
tion revealed the typical ova of Schistosoma spindalis.
Further than this, a small portion of the nasal growth from a positive case of
the disease was then removed, preserved in formalin and forwarded to the Muktesar
Laboratory. The laboratory report on this tissue is as follows :
" The tissue from the nostril of case No. 9 upon microscopical examination
revealed a typical histological picture of ' Bovine Nasal Granuloma ' lesions.
Prolonged search failed to reveal the presence of any schistosomes parasites but a
few S. spindalis ova were seen. "
Treatment was conducted with tartar emetic injections given intravenously.
The drug was made up into a 3 per cent. solution and the dose of this solution
calculated at the rate of 2½ c. c. per 100 pound body weight. The solution was
injected by means of a hypodermic syringe and no normal saline solution was used.
The full course of treatment was three injections, given at an interval of a week
each. The treatment was efficacious and all the cases cured ; some with the first
injection only, others required two, while, a few only required all the three.
It was observed that some animals showed toxic symptoms as a result of tartar
emetic injections. For this, it is assumed that the idiosyncrasy of the animals
played a part to a certain extent. The following symptoms were shown in a bull
three hours after the injections :—diarrhoea, offensive in smell, off-foed, slight rise
in temperature. These lasted for about 12 hours and then disappeared. One
PLATE XXXII.
1. Showing number of cases and their bodily condition.
2. Showing collection of nasal washings for microscopic examination.
BOVINE NASAL GRANULOMA IN HYDERABAD STATE
349
particular symptom noticed in a number of cases was a hot, red and oedematous
swelling at the dewlap, which, however, was easily amenable to hot fomentations.
One heifer, aged 1½ years, showed toxic symptoms of severe colicky pains
about an hour after injection and unconsciousness. Then she regained conscious-
ness, got up, and immediately after began to pass profuse watery stools which
lasted for three days. One bullock developed an abscess at the seat of injection.
No animal however succumbed as a result of these toxic symptoms.
The assistant veterinary surgeon of Nirmal, Asifabad district, is responsible for
the next report of the existence of ' Bovine Nasal Granuloma ' at a village Racha¬
puram, in July 1933, where five bullocks showed the typical symptoms of the
disease. It appears the disease had been in existence there for the previous eight
months. The nasal washings from two of these cases have since been examined
microscopically and found positive for the ova of Schistosoma spindalis by the
writer.
SUMMARY.
' Bovine Nasal Granuloma ' exists in Hyderabad State, although the infection
may have been an imported one from the neighbouring British territory in the case
of Inagol, since this village is situated near the border of the Dominions.
An interesting find was goats harbouring the parasite Schistosoma spindalis,
which is the reputed cause of this disease in cattle.
A further interesting find was snails of Limnea luteola (Lamarck) type that liberat-
ed cercaria, in an area where the existence of this disease has not yet been estab-
lished.
The toxic symptoms produced by the tartar emetic injections, as encountered
during treatment, are also described.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
The writer wishes to take this opportunity to express his thanks to all con-
cerned, especially Mr. Doraswamy Iyengar, Veterinary Inspector, Warangal, who
helped him to complete the above investigation.
Thanks are also due to the Director, Imperial Institute of Veterinary Research,
Muktesar, for the confirmation of laboratory materials submitted.
In particular, he is grateful to Nawab Rais Jung Bahadur, the Permanent
Director, and Mr. B. K. Badami, Officiating Director, Civil. Veterinary Department,
Hyderabad, for their ever willing support and other facilities extended.
REFERENCE.
Rao, A. N. (1933). Ind Jour. Vety. Sci. and Anim. Hus. 3, 160-162.
OSTEOPOROSIS IN NORTH INDIA
BY
COLONEL A. OLVER, C.B., C.M.G., F.R.C.V.S.,
Animal Husbandry Expert, Imperial Council of Agricultural Research.
(Received for publication on 24th October 1933.)
(With Plate XXXIII.)
That Osteoporosis does occur in India is known and its great importance to
horse-owners in Ceylon has been emphasised by Sturgess in the Annual Reports of
the Government Veterinary Surgeon, Ceylon for the years 1926 and 1927. Moreover
the condition is evidently of considerable importance in Burma since its investigation
is one of the items of research now being undertaken by the Civil Veterinary
Department in that province. The cases reported in India have however been
comparatively few. Hayes, M. H. in 1879 recorded three cases of Osteoporosis in
Cachar (Eastern Bengal), one of which was in a country-bred Manipuri pony.
Smith, T. A. in 1887 reported a case from Calcutta in a thoroughbred
Australian gelding imported from Victoria in 1883 and Simons, S. T. also in 1887
described a case in a countrybred mare, the property of a tea planter in Darjeeling,
while in 1895 Spooner Hart forwarded the skull of a typical case of Osteoporosis
from Calcutta to England. It will be observed that all of these cases occurred in
Bengal but more recently in 1931, Swaminath Ayyar reported a case in a 4-year
old Indian pony from Ootacamund, and, in the Administration Report of the
Army Remount Department for 1905-06 a thoroughbred English horse, of the
Jhelum Canal Colony, was stated to have been destroyed for Osteoporosis. This
last appears to be the only record of the occurrence of Osteoporosis in the North
and the following typical case seen by the writer with Mr. Sharma, Veterinary
Assistant Surgeon of the Veterinary Hospital at Simla, is therefore of interest to
horse-owners in Northern India, particularly to owners of highly fed animals such
as race horses, hunters and polo-ponies. The patient in this case was an aged Dun
Water gelding which had for years past been used as a hack all the year round in
Simla and was in excellent condition.
History. The pony had been under treatment by Mr. Sharma since 13th June
1933 suffering from an obscure lameness of the near foreleg. It was said by the
syce to have got this leg entrapped between the bars of its loose box and to have
knocked its head against an upper bar in trying to free itself. In doing so it
appeared also to have slightly injured the near fore tendon, while on examination
some tenderness of the upper portion of the nasal bones was found. The pony was
at that time lame on the near foreleg and the case was treated with an ordinary
( 350 )
PLATE XXXIII.
1. Skull showing osteo-porosis of the rami of lower jaws and nasal bones.
2. Os. coronac showing roughened areas from which tendons had been lorn away.