NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
COURSE OF STUDY FOR THE M.R.C.V.S.
307
GLASGOW VETERINARY COLLEGE.
Carnegie Trust Bursaries. See above.
Department of Agriculture for Scotland.—Degree Course Scholarships, each not
exceeding £300 in value or £60 in any one year. Available only for children of
rural workers, or for bonô fide agricultural workers. Apply to the local Education
Authority or the Department not later than April 15th.
LIVERPOOL UNIVERSITY VETERINARY SCHOOL.
Scholarships of the University which may be competed for amongst others by students
proceeding to a veterinary degree.
Entrance Scholarships of the University of Liverpool are awarded on the papers
set for the Higher School Certificate Examination of the Joint Matriculation Board
of the Northern Universities. Candidates for these scholarships should apply to
the Registrar of the University of Liverpool for a special pamphlet giving detailed
conditions and also for a syllabus of the examination for the Higher School Certi-
ficate. The scholarship pamphlet also gives particulars of scholarships, offered by
outside bodies, which may be held at the University of Liverpool. Candidates for
entrance scholarships need not necessarily be candidates for the Higher School
Certificate, but all candidates to whom scholarships are awarded must produce
evidence of either having passed or received exemption from the Matriculation
Examination of the Joint Board before entering upon the course for the degree
of B.V.Sc.
VETERINARY COLLEGE OF IRELAND, DUBLIN.
An exhibition, entitling the holder to free tuition in his second year, is awarded
to the student who obtains the highest marks in all the class examination of the
first year.
POST-GRADUATE SCHOLARSHIPS.
ROYAL (DICK) VETERINARY COLLEGE, EDINBURGH.
Centenary Fellowship.—Annual value £250. Tenable for one year, but may be
renewed for a second year. The Fellow must engage in research.
James Tindal Scholarship.—Annual value £50. Awarded to the student of the
Royal (Dick) Veterinary College who, in the opinion of the Board of Management,
has been most distinguished and successful in one or all classes of the College.
H
308 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [III, III.
University Endowments for Research.—Certain of these are open to those who
hold University Degrees.
ROYAL COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SURGEONS.
Jubilee Memorial Prize and Bursary.—This Bursary is awarded every four years
by the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons on the results of a special examination.
The value is £140 and the Bursary is tenable for one year. Applicants, who must
have graduated as Members of the R.C.V.S. since the date of the last award, should
enter their names with the Secretary of the R.C.V.S., from whom all further in-
formation can be obtained.
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COUNCIL.
Two Veterinary Research Fellowships—Value £300 per annum. Open to holders
of the Diploma of M.R.C.V.S. and tenable for three years.
Nomination Forms and further information may be obtained on application to
the Secretary, Agricultural Research Council, 6A Deans Yard, Westminster, S.W.l.
Colonial Veterinary Scholarships.—Members of the R.C.V.S. are eligible for the
Colonial Veterinary Scholarships value £250 per annum, awarded for the purpose of
training suitable candidates in tropical veterinary medicine in preparation for
appointments in the Colonies. Applications must be addressed to the Director of
Recruitment (Colonial Services), Colonial Office, 2, Richmond Terrace, Whitehall,
S.W.1.
PRIZES.
Awarded by the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons.
WALLEY MEMORIAL PRIZE.—Value £7 11s. 4d. Awarded each year in
October on the marks gained in the written examination in Pathology, Materia
Medica, and Hygiene, held in the preceding December and July.
WILLIAMS MEMORIAL PRIZE.—Value £9. Awarded each year in January on the
marks gained in the final examinations, held in the preceding July and December.
FITZWYGRAM PRIZES.—Value, 1st Prize : £57 10s. 2nd Prize: £34 10s.
(approximate values). Awarded each year in October to the two successful Candi-
dates at the final examinations., held in the preceding session's examinations, who
have gained the highest and second highest aggregate of marks at all the profes-
sional examinations. No candidate who has been rejected at an examination is
eligible for these Prizes.
ABSTRACTS
Preliminary Experiments in the Transmission of Anaplasmosis by Horseflies.
SANBORN (C. E.),STILES (G. W.) & MOE (L. H.) Bull. Oklahoma Agric. Expt.
Sta., No. 204, 16 pp., 4 figs. Stillwater, Okla., May 1932.
During 1930, anaplasmosis was transmitted experimentally to a healthy cow subjected to 41
bites by three species of Tabanids, Tabanus gracilis, Wied., T. sulcifrons, Macq., and Chrysops
sequax, Will., that had previously fed on an infected animal. Further experiments were therefore
undertaken in 1931 in which flies fed on an infected animal were subsequently fed on healthy
animals on the same day, or one or more days later.
A cow subjected to 43 bites from 5 species of flies (T. gracilis, T. sulcifrons, T. venustus, O. S.,
T. fuscicostatus, Hine, and Silvius pollinosus, Will.) showed the first symptoms of a fatal
infection with the disease 38 days after the first bites and 24 days after the last ones. Three other
cows subjected, respectively, to 79 bites by T. gracilis, 24 bites by T. sulcifrons and 115 bites by
T. venustus, developed symptoms 38, 66 and 73 days after the first feedings, and 30, 60 and 42
days after the last feedings. The first three cows were exposed to flies that had fed on an acute
case of anaplasmosis, whereas in the last case the flies had fed on a carrier animal showing relatively
few micro-parasites in its blood. The incidence of anaplasmosis in this territory corresponds with
the period of the greatest prevalence of Tabanids, which occurs during July to October, though cases
of the disease are occasionally found during other months of the year.
Brief notes on the morphology and habits of these flies are given in an appendix. [ Reprinted
from the keview of Applied Entomology, Vol. XX, Ser. B., Part 10, October 1932.]
Les meilleurs vermifuges du gros intestine chez le chebal. (The best vermifuges
for the large intestine of the horse). MAROTEL. Rev. Vet. and J. Med. Vet.
LXXXV, 65-73 (1933).
Twenty-one horses were used for the experiments and six vermifuges tried. The anthelmintic
efficacy of the drugs was determined by counting the ova in the fæces before and after their
administration.
Carbon tetrachloride.—A dose of 50 c.c. combined with 100 c.c. of paraffin oil and 100 c.c. of
castor oil was found to be the most effective. The egg count was reduced to zero. This is therefore
an excellent remedy for strongyles.
Tetrachlorethylene.—This drug also is considered to be good for strongyles, but in larger
doses (100 c.c.) it proves toxic and sets up alarming symptoms.
Lagaillardes vermifuge (Modified).—(Terebenthine 100, chloroform 20 and aloes 20 c.c).
Diarrhœa lasting for two to three days after administration was produced, but the ova in the
fæces disappeared completely within a week. This is considered to be the best vermifuge without
any risk.
Terbenthino-benzol.— (Commercially known as Vitan and pyrethrine are not recommended.
The experiments with Thymol gave varying results. It is therefore rejected in preference to
carbon tetrachloride and Lagaillarde's vermifuge. [ G. D. B.]
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I
310 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [III, III.
The influence of the nutritional state of the sheep on its susceptibility to infestation
with the stomach worm, Hœmonchus contortus. FRASER, A. H. H. Emp. J.
Exper. Agri 1, 17-21 (1933).
A historical survey of the work on this aspect of the problem is made at the outset.
Thirty-two lambs weaned soon after their birth and fed for three months on ungrazed pastures
were divided into two groups of sixteen each. One group was given 7—8 lbs. of green tares and
bruised oats per head daily. The other group received 3 pints of separated milk and 1 lb. of mixed
meals daily.
At the start of the experiment none of the animals showed any helminthic infection. At the
age of four months the average weight of the poorly fed animals was 60 lbs. and that of the
well-fed ones was 84 lbs.
At this stage they were grazed on naturally infected pastures. Two groups were kept
separately by interchanging them daily. This ensured equal chances of picking up infection.
After 46 days the lambs were slaughtered.
The result of the examination showed that the well-fed group had an average infection of 31
worms, while the poor-fed group had the average of 103 worms. [G. D. B.]
Comparative pathology of helminths. CAMERON, T. W. M. Vet. Rec. 13, 325-
331 (1933).
Action of the parasite.
(a) Traumatic.— As when a parasite feeds upon host tissues.
(b) Toxic.—As when the products of dis-assimilation or secretion by the parasite is absorbed
by the host.
(c) Mechanical.—As when Ascaris obliterates bile-ducts, emboli caused by worms obstruct
vessels or cysts exert pressure on organs.
(d) Irritation.—As when Trichinella produces gastro-intestinal irritation which may cause
death within a few days.
(e) Infective.—As when bacteria are introduced into the system of the host by the parasites,
e.g., sporulating anærobes are introduced into the liver of the host by Fasciola.
Reaction on the host.
1. Cellular.
(a) Inflammatory.—Simple inflammation characterised by fibrovascular new tissue, more or less
rich in leucocytes, in the centre of which is the parasite. There is cosinophile infiltration and
usually giant cells are present. Calcification eventually results in the death of the parasite.
(b) Metaplastic .—The normal tissue may be altered, e.g., in Paragonimus infection the
normal cylindrical epithelium becomes stratified into pavement epithelium.
(c) Hyperplastic.—Considerable hypertrophy of the tissue illustrated by the alteration in the
epithelium of the bile-duct in liver fluke disease takes place. The new growth of the tissue may
even become malignant and metastacise as has been seen in Opisthorchis infection of the liver
and Cysticircus fasciolaris infection in mice.
2. Humoral.
The parasite and their "toxins" act as antigens and produce a variety of antibodies-specific and
non-specific—as a various types of immunity are produced. Of these premunisation appears to be
the most important, e.g., a small infection often protects against a new heavy infection with the
same species of worms. Sensitisation is another common effect. [ G. D. B.]
312 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [III, III.
Surgical intervention is the only remedy for hydatid cysts.
Prophylaxis.—(1) Dosing pregnant bitch and sow keeps off ascarid infection.
(2) General cleanliness.
(3) Veterinarian should advise his client as to the origin of infection and means
of preventing the occurrence. [ G. D. B.]
Cultivation of parasitic nematodes. LAPAGE, G. Nature, 131, 383-384 (1933).
(1) Eggs can be obtained from the fæces by Sheather's method or by crushing the females.
(2) Wash 3 or 4 times in sterile water.
(3) Treat for 30 minutes with 5 per cent. antiformin in 10 per cent. formaldehyde.
(4) Wash 6 times in sterile water.
(5) Sow the eggs in sterile petridishes in which is a layer not more than 3 mm. deep of plain
broth 1 part and water 10 parts.
(6) Inoculate each dish with a loopful of B. coti (obtained from the intestines of the parasitic
stages of the larvæ themselves).
(7) Leave the dishes at 18—20°C. preferably in dark or in shade.
(8) The first parasitic stage can be obtained by placing the 3rd stage larvæ in a 1 to 20
dilution of " Milton ". They ex-sheath in 20 minutes or less at laboratory temperature. [ G. D. B.]
REVIEW
Veterinary Pathology and Bacteriology, By S. H. GAIGER and G. O. DAVIES, of
the Department of Animal Pathology, Liverpool University. (Balliere, Tindall and
Cox, London) 1932. Pp. 610, 25s.
English Veterinary literature will surely welcome this handbook on Veterinary
Pathology and Bacteriology since the want of a comprehensive and at the same time,
concise textbook for English-speaking students has been actually felt- for a long
time. The authors state that the present volume has been designed mainly with a
view to remove the disadvantages under which undergraduate Veterinary students
in the British Empire and America have laboured, and they anticipate that general
practitioners, Veterinary officers of health and others may find this book of help in
their daily work. Further the claim is put forward that the book has been made
" sufficiently comprehensive to enable the student to acquire the requisite know-
ledge in these subjects without the necessity of searching through a varied assortment
of publications at a time when he is incapable of assessing the relative values of
information available ".
The main book is divided into three parts, and at the end there is an Appen-
dix (34 pages) which deals with the common laboratory methods, e.g., stains, media,
apparatus, technique for pH and agglutination work. Part I deals with General
Pathology in 84 pages and it is felt that this subject has been dealt with too briefly.
An important defect in the Chapter on Tumours is the omission of a discussion
upon the interesting work on Carcinogenesis, to which so much attention has been
paid in recent times, following the work of Yamagiwa and others.
Part II, consisting of 312 pages, is devoted to what has been termed Bacterio-
logy and Pathology of Specific diseases. Since virus infections, mycology, proto-
zoology and insect vectors have been included here, the term Microbiology of
Diseases would perhaps have been more expressive. This section has been treated at
some length and does the authors credit, but General Practitioners will perhaps be
a little loath to accept the lead given in adopting the nomenclature of the Society
of American Bacteriologists, which may by some be considered too cumbersome, e.g.,
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, instead of the unostentatious Bacillus of swine erysi-
pelas. The discussion of Theories of Immunity (p. 139) terminates rather abruptly
and no indication as to the modern trends of opinion is given. In the Chapter on
Virus Diseases, one notices that the occurrence of Newcastle disease in India is still
not known to the authors. They state that there is no reason to believe that carriers
of rinderpest exist (p. 377), a view which will not be generally agreed to in India, while
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314 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [III, III.
the notable differences which exist between Enzootic meningo-encephalomyelitis of
Borna in Saxony and that described in France by Moussu and March and in 1924
have been ignored. To hold that all warts in dogs and bovines are due to Virus
infection seems moreover to be premature.
In the chapter on Diseases of Uncertain Origin, only two conditions—scrapie
and ' grass disease' of horses—have been mentioned. In so far as students in
India are concerned, serious omissions will be noticed, e.g., Kumree, Bovine
Lymphangitis, Lichen Tropicus and Nonsweating of horses. In the list of parasites,
Schistosomes are not mentioned and this group is undoubtedly an important one in
the tropical and colonial parts of the Empire.
Part III deals with Special Pathology in 135 pages and the comparative im-
portance of certain diseases seems to have been lost sight of. To take one instance
only 50 lines are devoted to the important and widely distributed Enzootic Haema-
turia in cattle (p. 508), while a dozen are devoted to Coccidiodal granuloma. On
the whole the authors seem to have attempted too much in too little space but the
work will be welcomed as a student's hand-book and as a handy volume containing
much useful information for the busy field workers.
The get-up is satisfactory, the book being clearly printed, properly indexed,
nicely bound and freely illustrated, but some illustrations could have been made
more useful to the student by employing a higher magnification.
315
With deep regret we read the undermentioned ' Obituary notice '
in the U. P. Government Gazette, dated the 5th August 1933.
OBITUARY NOTICE.
The Governor acting with his Ministers has heard with deep regret of the
sudden death on 1st August, 1933, of Captain S. G. M. Hickey, M.R.C.V.S, Director.
Civil Veterinary Department, United Provinces. Captain Hckey was appointed
to the Indian Civil Veterinary Department by the Secretary of State for India in
1912, and after serving for about four years in the Central Provinces and Assam,
was transferred to this province in August, 1916. He was promoted to the post of
Head of the Provincial Veterinary Department in 1925. He was an able veterinary
officer who always took a keen interest in his technical and administrative work.
By his premature death the Veterinary Department loses an experienced officer,
who tried to maintain a high standard of efficiency even when funds at the disposal
of the department had to be considerably reduced owing to financial stringency.
The Governor acting with his Ministers wishes to convey to Mrs. Hickey and
other relations his deepest sympathy with them in their bereavement.
316
Errata to Volume III, Part 2 of the Indian Journal of Veterinary Science and
Animal Husbandry.
Page 138, Table I, Serial No. 61. For Harniana read Hariana.
Page 183, Headline. For Life-history of tabanus speciosus Ric. read Life-
history of Tabanus speciosus Ric.
MGIPC—S3—III-1-83—4-9-33—900.
PLATE XXIV.
ADULT TREMATODE OF CERCARIÆ INDICÆ XXIII SEWELL 1922.
1. Adult parasite.
2. Head end showing the collar of spines, etc. (highly magnified).
3. Metacercariæ from gill of fish.
4. Portions of rediæ—
A. Anterior end showing genital pore.
B. Posterior end showing ambulatory process.
C. A cercaria.
A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE ADULT TREMATODE
OBTAINED FROM CERCARIAE INDICAE XXIII
SEWELL, 1922
BY
M. ANANT NARAYAN RAO,
Lecturer in Parasitology, Madras Veterinary College.
(Received for publication on the 14th February 1933.)
(With Plate XXIV and one text-figure.)
Sewell [1922] described an Echinostome cercaria, C. indica XXIII, and placed
it in his Echinata group. He obtained these cercariae from Limnea acuminata
Lamarck, and L. ovalis Lamarck, in Calcutta. He found the rate of infection to
be 1 in 16 in the former species of snails in September 1919. Cercariae of the
species in question have not been reported from Madras till now, as far as I am
aware, and I take this opportunity of recording them. They were obtained in large
numbers from Limnea leuteola Lamarck in which the rate of infection is high. Out
of 1,883 snails collected over a period of nine months, 42.8 per cent. were found
infected by the test tube method. Sewell has described in detail this cercaria with
a double crown of 43 spines. These cercariae are negatively photographic. After
swimming in water for some little time, they enter either the "mother " snail or
others of the same or different species, and encyst usually in the salivary glands
or sometimes in the digestive glands. If the cercariae do not get a chance of
encystment, they die in about twelve hours. The rate of infection with metacer-
cariae in wild Planorbis exustus (Deshayes) and Limnea leuteola (Lamarck), obtained
from the same pond was found to be 30 per cent. and 41 per cent. respectively, in
February 1931. A few fish—Barbus stigma—were obtained from the same pond and
it was found that all of them had their gills infected with Metacercariae similar to
the ones found in the snails. These fish are commonly met with in nearly all the
ponds in and round about Madras.
Feeding experiments: On 6th February 1931 an experimental dog was fed
on fish infected with Metacercariae in the Laboratory. On 6th April 1931 the dog
was destroyed and over a dozen mature flukes were recovered from its small
intestines.
On 7th April 1931 a kitten was fed on infected fish alone and a dog was fed
on a dozen wild Limnea leuteola from the pond. The kitten was destroyed on 6th
May 1931 and three flukes were obtained. The dog was found dead on 27th April
1931 and a fairly large number of immature and three mature flukes were recovered
from its small intestines. From 12th August 1931 to 21st August 1931 a kitten was
fed on nearly three dozen Limnea and on 10th September 1931 over 50 immature
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318 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [ III, IV.
flukes were obtained from its small intestines. Only in one kitten, the experiment
failed—perhaps the kitten vomitted the snails fed to it, thus escaping infection.
ADULT TREMATODE FROM CERCARIÆ INDICÆ XXIII SEWELL 1922.
Metacercaria from cills of fish.
Head end of the worm.
The adult worm.
ADULT TREMATODE OBTAINED FROM CERCARIAE INDICAE
319
Description of the parasite. Body slender, elongate and has a pinkish-white
colour. The size varies from 2.0 to 4.5 mm. by 0.75 to 1.2 mm. Dorsally the
cuticle is armed with scales in the anterior third, and ventrally the whole surface
up to about the level of the posterior testes is armed with rows of scaly spines
which diminish in size posteriorly. The oral sucker is not powerful and is about
0.3 mm. in diameter and the oral opening is about 0.1 mm. in diameter. It is
surrounded by a double collar of alternating spines about 43 in number interrupted
ventrally. On each ventral angle of the collar there are four spines directed
backwards and inwards. These appear to be slightly larger than those of the
collar. The angle spines measure about 58.5 × 12.5 μ and those of the collar
measure about 48.0 × 10.5 μ. (It is interesting to note that the cercaria has also
43 spines and the four angle spines on each side are also distinctly larger than the
other spines). The mouth is subterminal and leads into a short prepharynx.
The pharynx is muscular 200 × 110 μ. The oesophagus bifurcates in front of the
ventral sucker into long caecae which reach almost the posterior end of the
parasite, The ventral sucker, 0.5 mm. in diameter is cup-shaped, and is large and
powerful. It is placed at the posterior end of the anterior third of the parasite
and in this region the contour of the body appears to dip in slightly.
The ovary is globular, 0.15 mm. in diameter, and is placed a little behind the
ventral sucker and to a side of the median line. The shell gland is just behind it.
The Vitellaria are in fairly large follicles and almost reach up to the level of the
posterior border of the acetabulum and they meet behind the testes and extend
to the posterior end of the body. Their ducts meet in the region of the shell gland.
The uterus has a few coils which lie between the ovary and the acetabulum. Eggs
are few and measure from 100 to 100 × 60 to 70 μ.
The testes are placed posterior to the ovary in the median line. They are one
behind the other. The anterior one is often oval and the posterior one sometimes
lobed. The cirrus sac is about 0.2 mm. in length. The common genital opening
is between the intestinal bifurcation and the ventral sucker. The excretory system
is made up of a tubular bladder dividing into two branches behind the posterior
testes and the bladder opens in the posterior end of the body.
Excepting for the size, the description of the parasite seems to tally with that
of Euparyphium malayanum Leiper, 1911.
On 26th January 1931 while collecting parasites from the intestines of a pariah
dog destroyed for the purpose, a trematode similar to those obtained experi
mentally, was obtained and this finding gave the impetus to do the above experi
ments. It is believed that this naturally-infected dog is the first case to be
recorded in Madras, possibly in India. The finding of a species of Euparyphium