NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
296 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [III, III.
able effect on the liver, whereas carbon tetrachloride does cause necrosis of the
liver, even though there may be no external symptoms. Again quoting from
Drs. Lamson, Robbins and Ward 4 :
Dogs have been given doses of tetrachlorethylene up to 4 c.c. per kilo at
intervals of 2 or 3 days for a period of several months without producing any
pathological changes in the liver.
Dizziness and incoordination of muscular movement may occasionally follow
the administration of tetrachlorethylene, but as a rule such symptoms
disappear rapidly, leaving
no after effects. According to Lamson,
Robbins and Ward 4 , dizziness following the administration of tetrachlorethylene
is probably due to either exceptionally large doses or to the presence of oily or fatty
food in the gastor-intestinal tract at the time of treatment. Oily or fatty foods,
therefore, should be excluded from the diet twenty -four hours or so prior to the
administration of tetrachlorethylene, and for several hours afterwards, to prevent
absorption of the drug from the intestine. Under ordinary circumstances, there
being no oils or fats in the intestinal tract, tetrachlorethylene does not seem to be
absorbed in dogs even when administered in relatively large doses. Again quoting
Lamson, Robbins and Ward 4 :
If normal dogs are given doses of tetrachlorethylene up to approximately 10 c.c.
per kilo, or fifty times the therapeutic dose, no indication of the absorption of the drug
in appreciable amounts is to be observed.
THE EFFECTS OF TETRACHLORETHYLENE IN CASE OF CALCIUM DEFICIENCY.
Some writers appear to be of the opinion that tetrachlorethylene is dangerous
in cases of calcium deficiency ; but this opinion does not appear to have been
sustained by proof. According to Minot 5 , ' carbon tetrachloride does produce
some ill effect in dogs and other animals with low calcium balace ' but tetra-
chlorethylene does not seem to have such action, at least in domestic animals.
Lamson, Robbins and Ward administered tetrachlorethylene to cats and dogs pre-
viously fed on a diet deficient in calcium, and no ill effects followed. Similar
results were obtained by Schlingman in treating dogs with tetrachlorethylene, which
had previously been prepared by being fed on a calcium deficient diet.
As far as sheep or goats 6 are concerned, tetrachlorethylene does not appear
to have any injurious effect on them because treatment has been given at monthly
intervals under carefully controlled experimental conditions for a period of over a
year without any appreciable ill results.
Deaths have followed the administration of 1 c.c. of carbon tetrachloride when
given for the removal of liver fluke in sheep, but the reason for such deaths has
not yet been clearly established. Dr. Robert Jay, in discussing an article by
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE AND
TETRACHLORETHYLENE
297
Dr. J. N. Shaw 7 , stated that deaths appeared to be due to some unaccountable
predisposition to injury by carbon tetrachloride brought about by the change of
feed resulting in increased thrift of the sheep.
As far as the writer is aware, no deaths have been recorded in sheep or goats
that could be attributed to the effects of tetrachlorethylene, per se, even though
thousands of animals have been treated with this drug during the last few years.
Assuming that many animals must have been suffering more or less from calcium
deficiency at the time of treatment, it would appear that tetrachlorethylene has no
injurious effect in cases of this kind.
Comparing the efficiency of tetrachlorethylene with that of carbon tetra-
chloride, the former appears to be as effective as the latter in removing nematodes ;
moreover, its wider margin of safety (due to its less volatile nature) and its less
injurious effect upon the liver, recommend it in preference to carbon tetrachloride
for the removal of hookworms, ascarids and other nematodes in dogs, cats, foxes
and other animals.
A word of warning might be offered in regard to the selection of chemically
pure tetrachlorethylene. It is known that some of the tetrachlorethylene on the
market contain harmful impurities, so that it is advisable for veterinarians to select
a chemically pure product from a reliable source, in order to avoid trouble and
possible embarrassment.
REFERENCES.
Sehlingman, A. S. Critical tests of tetrachlorethylene, a new anthelmintic, with special
reference to its use in puppies. Jour. A. V. M. A., Lxviii (1925), n. s. 21(2) pp. 225—231.
Hanson, K. B. Critical tests of tetrachlorethylene as an anthelmintic for foxes. Jour. Agr.
Res., xxxiv (1927), 2, pp. 129-136.
Hanson, K. B. Parasites of ranch foxes and their treatment. Jour. A. V. M. A., Lxxx (1932),
n. s. 33(2), pp. 202-212.
Lamson, P. D., Robbins B. H., and Ward C. B. The pharmacology and toxicology of tetra-
chlorethylene. Amer. Jour. Hyg., ix (1929), 2, pp. 430—444.
Minot, A. S. The relation of calcium to toxicity of carbon tetrachloride in dogs. Proc. Soc.
Exp. Biol. and Med., xxiv (1927), pp. 617—620.
Tunnicliff, E. A. Monthly treatment of Goats with tetrachlorethylene. Jour. A. V. M. A.,
xxvii (1930) n. s. 30 (3), pp. 338—343.
Shaw, J. N. Some notes on liver-fluke investigations. Jour. A. V. M. A., Lxxviii (1931) E. S.
31 (1), pp. 19- 26.
ROYAL COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SURGEONS.
PARTICULARS OF COURSE OF STUDY FOR THE DIPLOMA OF M.R.C.V.S.*
POST-GRADUATE DIPLOMAS.
The Diploma of Fellow (F.R.C.V.S.), the Diploma in Veterinary State Medicine
(D.V.S.M.) and the Diploma in Tropical Veterinary Medicine (D.T.V.M.) are post-
graduate Diplomas, the regulations governing the award of which are published
separately. They can be obtained on application to the Secretary of the College,
10 Red Lion Square, London, W. C. 1.
Candidates who desire to enter upon the course of study for the Diploma of
Membership, must first pass a recognised examination in general education, and
submit to the Royal College the certificate or certificates so gained for the approval
of the Council together with their Birth Certificates.
The Preliminary examination in general education must be passed one complete
session before the date of the first professional examination.
The following is a list of Preliminary Examinations recognised by the College
for this purpose :—
(a) The Final Examinations for the Degrees in Arts, Science, or Medicine of
any University in the United Kingdom or of the British Dominions.
(b) The Matriculation Examinations in the Faculties of Arts or Science of,
and all examinations accepted in lieu thereof by any University in the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
(c) The following School Certificate examinations recognised by the Board
of Education.
Bristol University.—School Certificate and Higher School Certificate examina-
tions. For particulars apply to The Registrar of the University.
Cambridge.—School Certificate and Higher School Certificate Examinations
(see also under Oxford). For particulars apply to The Secretary, Cambridge Local
Exams., Syndicate Buildings.
Durham University.—First School Certificate and Higher School Certificate
Examinations. For particulars apply to The Registrar of the University.
London University.—General School Examination and Higher School Certificate
Examination. For particulars apply to The Academic Registrar, South Kensington,
S. W. 7.
* Reprinted from the Pamphlet issued by the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, 10 Red
Lion Square, London, W. C. 1.
( 298 )
COURSE OF STUDY FOR THE M.R.C.V.S.
299
Northern Universities.—(Manchester, Liverpool, Birmingham, Leeds, and
Sheffield). School Certificate and Higher School Certificate Examinations. For
particulars apply to The Secretary, Northern Universities Joint Matriculation Board,
315, Oxford Road, Manchester.
OXFORD.—School Certificate and Higher School Certificate Examinations. For
particulars apply to The Secretary, Oxford Local Examinations, Merton St., Oxford.
School Certificate and Higher School Certificate Examinations. For particulars
apply to The Secretary, Oxford and Cambridge Schools Examination Board, 40 Broad
St., Oxford.
WALES.—Central Welsh Board. School Certificate and Higher School Certificate
Examinations. For particulars apply to The Clerk, Central Welsh Board, Cardiff.
CONDITIONS OF RECOGNITION :
The School Certificates mentioned above are recognised provided the candidate
has at not more than two examinations attained a pass with credit in four subjects,
of which one at least must be in Group I (English Subjects), and one in either Group
II (Languages) or Group III (Mathematics and Science).
The Higher School Certificates are recognised without condition as to subjects.
OTHER RECOGNISED EXAMINATIONS :
(d) The Examinations set out below are also recognised, provided that at not
more than two examinations the following subjects have been passed :—
(1) ENGLISH.
(2) MATHEMATICS (Arithmetic, Algebra, and Geometry).
(3) One of the following languages : LATIN, GREEK, FRENCH, GERMAN, or any
other approved modern language (grammar, translation into English from
unprescribed books, translation from English).
(4) A second language selected from (3) or one of the following subjects : viz.,
Higher Mathematics, Experimental Mechanics, Chemistry, Physics,
Botany, Biology, Geology, Science ; History, or Geography, if taken as
separate subjects and not as part of the English papers.
UNIVERSITY OF ST. ANDREWS :
Diploma of L. L. A. (Particulars from Secretary of the University.)
UNIVERSITIES OF SCOTLAND :
Preliminary Examination of the Joint Board of Examiners of the Scottish
Universities for Graduation in Medicine and Surgery. (Particulars from
Secretary, Scottish Universities Entrance Board, 81, North Street, St. Andrews.)
300 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [III, III.
SCOTTISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT :
Leaving Certificate Examinations.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION FOR NORTHERN IRELAND :
Senior School Certificate.
IRISH DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION :
Secondary School Leaving Certificate Examinations.
CIVIL SERVICE :
The Competitive Examination of the Civil Service Commissioners for appoint-
ments in the Army.
WAR OFFICE :
Special Army Certificate.
COLLEGE OF PRECEPTORS (Bloomsbury Square, W. C. 1.) :
Examinations for Senior Certificate (with credit standard).
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCOTLAND (47, Moray Place, Edinburgh):
Medical, Dental and Veterinary Preliminary Examination.
ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS IN IRELAND.
Preliminary Examination.
EXAMINATIONS HELD OUT OF THE UNITED KINGDOM :
Dominion Universities :
An examination qualifying for admission to the courses and examinations
required by the Medical Faculty for Degrees in Medicine and Surgery in recognised
Universities in the British Empire (other than Indian Universities).
An examination qualifying for admission to the courses and examinations re-
quired by the Veterinary Faculty for Degrees in Veterinary Science of the Uni-
versities of Sydney, Melbourne, and Pretoria.
Indian Universities :
An intermediate certificate of the following Indian Universities :
Bombay, Calcutta, Lucknow, Madras, Punjab, and Rangoon, or an Intermediate
certificate granted by a recognised Board of Intermediate Education (India) provided
COURSE OF STUDY FOR THE M.R.C.V.S.
301
that the certificate shows that the candidate has passed in English, Mathematics, a
language other than English, and Chemistry or Physics.
Ceylon Medical College, Preliminary Examination.
Singapore Medical College, Preliminary Examination.
Egyptian Government. Secondary Education Certificate.
No Certificate from Indian and Colonial Bodies under this section is accepted
unless it shows that the Examination has been conducted by or under the authority
of the Body granting it, includes all the required subjects, and states that all the
subjects of Examination have been passed at not more than two examinations.
In the case of natives of India or other oriental countries whose vernacular is
other than English, the certificate must include either Latin or Greek or an approved
oriental language (e.g., Sanskrit, Pali, Arabic, Persian, Hebrew, Classical Armenian,
Classical Tibetan, Chinese) in addition to English.
Foreign Universities:
Examinations entitling to the French Diplomas of Bachelier es Lettres and
Bachelier es Sciences : The German Abiturienten-Examen of the Gymnasia and Real¬
Gymnasia: and other corresponding Entrance Examinations to the Universities in
Europe.
Students who have been educated at a Secondary or Public School will as a rule
find it most convenient to take one of the above mentioned School Examinations
(para. c., p. 298) before leaving School.
For candidates who do not possess a School Certificate the examinations held
by the Educational Institute of Scotland or the College of Preceptors may be re-
commended.
The Educational Institute of Scotland holds an examination in the months of
February, May, August, and November at the following centres :—
Royal Veterinary College, Camden Town, London, N. W. 1.
Moray House, Holyrood Road, Edinburgh.
The Royal Technical College, 204, George Street, Glasgow.
The Royal Institution, Colquitt Street, Liverpool.
The Veterinary College of Ireland, Pembroke Road, Dublin.
The admission fee is £1 1s. 0d. All further particulars can be obtained from the
Registrar, 47; Moray Place, Edinburgh. Copies of previous questions may be obtained
from the Registrar, price 1/2d. post free.
Detailed syllabus, price 7d. post free, may also be obtained.
302 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [III, III.
The College of Preceptors holds an examination in March and September at
various centres, including London, Birmingham, Bristol, Cardiff, Edinburgh,
Glasgow, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, Newcastle-on-Tyne, Nottingham. Further
information and copies of previous examination papers, price 2/2d. post free can be
obtained from the Secretary, College of Preceptors, Bloomsbury Square, London,
W. C. 1.
Important.—Any communication respecting the recognition of Preliminary Edu-
cational Certificates should be addressed to the Secretary, R. C. V. S., 10, Red Lion
Square, London, W. C. 1.
All educational certificates must be submitted to the Secretary of the R. C. V. S. not
later than 3 months after commencing the professional course.
Birth certificates should be submitted at the same time.
To avoid any possibility of error it is advisable to submit such certificates
before the course is commenced.
COURSE OF TRAINING.
The professional course of training lasts over a period of five years, and must
be taken at one of the five Veterinary Schools affiliated to the Royal College of
Veterinary Surgeons, viz.,
THE ROYAL VETERINARY COLLEGE, Great College Street, Camden Town, London,
N.W 1.
Principal.—Prof. F. T. G. Hobday, C.M.G., F.R.C.V.S., F.R.S.E.
Secretary.—T. C. Wight.
THE ROYAL (DICK) VETERINARY COLLEGE, Summerhall, Edinburgh.
Principal.—Dr. O. Charnock Bradley, M.D., D.SC., M.R.C.V.S.
Secretary.—A. C. Doull,C.A., A.S.A.A.
THE GLASGOW VETERINARY COLLEGE, 83, Buccleuch Street, Glasgow.
Principal:—Prof. A. W. Whitehouse, M.A., M.R.C.V.S.
Secretary:—J. Austin, M.A.,LL.B., 105, St. Vincent St., Glasgow.
ROYAL VETERINARY COLLEGE OF IRELAND, Ballsbridge, Dublin.
Principal:—Prof. J. F. Craig, M.A., M.R.C.V.S.
Secretary:—J. L. Dinnigan.
COURSE OF STUDY FOR THE M.R.C.V.S.
303
THE VETERINARY SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL.
Director of Veterinary Studies :—Dr. J. T. Share-Jones, D.V.Sc., M.Sc., F.R.C.V.S.
Registrar of the University:—E. Carey, LL.B.
Prospectuses of the courses at the above Colleges may be obtained on applica-
tion to the respective Secretaries. COLLEGE TERMS.
The normal course commences in the last week in September or the first week
in October, and the year is divided into three terms. The first lasts from October
to December, the second from January to March or April, the third from April
or May to July.
Students are strongly advised to enter upon their course in October. Admis-
sion may, however, in certain circumstances, be obtained at the beginning of the
January term.
The hours of attendance are usually from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Saturdays from
9 a.m. to 1 p.m.
EXAMINATIONS.
At the end of each school year an examination is held, usually at each of the
Veterinary Colleges, by the Court of Examiners appointed by the Royal College of
Veterinary Surgeons. The examinations are held in July and additional examina-
tions are sometimes held in December.
The subjects of examination are as follows. Candidates rejected in one subject
only are allowed to proceed to the next year's courses of study, conditionally on
their passing in the required subject at the next succeeding examination:—
FIRST YEAR.
I.—Chemistry, Physics.
II.—Biology: Botany, Zoology.
III.—Animal Husbandry, Part I.
SECOND YEAR.
I.—Physiology, Biochemistry.
II.—Histology, Embryology. THIRD YEAR.
I.—Anatomy of domesticated animals (after a 2 years' course of instruction).
II.—Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Toxicology, Practical Pharmacy.
III.—Animal Husbandry, Part II.
304 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE A
FOURTH YEAR.
I.—(a) Veterinary Pathology (including Morbid Anatomy, Pathological
Histology, Bacteriology, Mycology, and the study of filter-passing
viruses in relation to diseases and other morbid conditions of
domesticated animals).
(b) Methods of Clinical Pathology.
II.— Veterinary Parasitology (including Protozoology, Helminthology, and
Entomology).
FIFTH YEAR (after a 2 years' course of instruction).
I.—(a) Veterinary Medicine (including Clinical Parasitology).
Special Therapeutics.
(b) Meat Inspection.
II.—(a) Veterinary Surgery (including Clinical and Operative Surgery, Surgi-
cal and Applied Anatomy, Examinations for Soundness, Patholo-
gical Shoeing).
(b) Obstetrics.
(c) Jurisprudence.
Examination Papers.—Copies of Examination papers, price 3d. per set, for
each year of the course may be obtained from the Secretary, R.C.V.S., 10, Red
Lion Square, W.C. 1. Payment must be sent with the order.
Exemptions.—Graduates in Art, Science, Medicine or Agriculture, and holders
of the Diploma of M.R.C.S., or L.R.C.P., may be exempted, under certain condi-
tions, from attendance at the First Year's course and from the examination at the
end of that year in the. subjects of Chemistry and Physics and Biology.
A similar concession may be granted to matriculated students in Science, Art,
Medicine or Veterinary Science who have passed a University Examination (with
honours or the equivalent) in Chemistry and Physics, Botany and Zoology.
Applications for the concession should be made to the Secretary, R.C.V.S., before
entering upon the course and complete documentary evidence must be supplied
as to the Diplomas or Certificates held.
UNIVERSITY DEGREES.
The Universities of Edinburgh and London grant Degrees of B.Sc., and D.Sc.
in Veterinary Science, and the University of Liverpool grants Degrees of B.V.Sc.,
M.V.Sc., and D.V.Sc.
COURSE OF STUDY FOR THE M.R.C.V.S.
305
The course of training for these degrees runs concurrently with the course for
the Diploma of M.R.C.V.S., but as a rule an extra year is required to complete the
Degree course. The Degree is not in itself a qualification to practise, the Diploma
of M.R.C.V.S. alone entitling the holder to admission to the Register of Veterinary
Surgeons. But the possession of a University Degree is of great advantage, and
all students whose certificates in general education entitle them to matriculation at
the Universities mentioned would be well advised to take the combined course.
Application for admission to the Degree courses must be made direct to the
University.
The University of Edinburgh also grants a post-graduate Diploma in Tropical
Veterinary Medicine (D.V.T.M.), particulars of which will be found in the Univer-
sity calendar.
COST OF THE COURSE.
Tuition Fees.—At all Colleges Tuition Fees are payable in advance. The
educational fee is about twenty-five guineas for each academical year. At
Liverpool the fee is £30 a year for the M.R.C.V.S. course alone, or £35 for
M.R.C.V.S. and B.V.Sc. There are in addition certain fees for Library, Athletic
Club, etc., which vary at each College.
Examination Fees.—The examination fee payable to the Royal College of Vete-
rinary Surgeons is £6-6-0 for each examination. Candidates referred in one subject
pay a fee of £4-4-0 for re-examination in that subject.
In the case of candidates exempted from the first year's course, the examina-
tion fee in Class B is £10-10-0, and the re-examination fee in case of rejection is
£5-5-0.
Registration Fee.—On passing the final Examination, a fee of £5-5-0 is payable
for the registration of the new graduates' name in the official Register of Veterinary
Surgeons.
Other Expenses.—In addition to tuition and examination fees there is the cost
of maintenance to consider. This will vary according to individual requirements,
but it is estimated that students will require from £100 to £150 per annum. The
Colleges are not residential, but the respective Secretaries will be glad to advise as
to suitable lodgings.
SCHOLARSHIPS.
Colonial Veterinary Scholarships.—Ten scholarships are awarded annually by the
Colonial Office, value £250 per annum, and open to holders of a Science degree or
some equivalent qualification. Application must be made to the Director of Re-
cruiting, Colonial Service, 2, Richmond Terrace, Whitehall, S.W. 1.
306 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [III, III.
Carnegie Trust Bursaries :-—
Assistance towards payment of class fees is awarded to eligible applicants of
Scottish birth or extraction, or those who have been pupils of schools under the
Scottish Education Department.
Applications for forms can be made to the Secretary of the Trust, 22, Hanover
St., Edinburgh, after 17th September, but fully completed forms must be lodged
not later than 25th October (20th for new applicants) for the Winter Session, and
10th May for the Summer Session.
The E.I.S. Examinations do not satisfy the requirements of this Trust.
County and Municipal Bursaries :—
The Education Authorities of Counties and certain Boroughs in Scotland award
Bursaries covering fees, and in some cases maintenance.
Applications should be addressed to the Executive Officer of the Education
Authority of the district in which they reside.
Special Scholarships.—The following scholarships tenable at the Colleges named
are also available :—
ROYAL VETERINARY COLLEGE, CAMDEN TOWN, LONDON, N.W. 1.
Clement Stephenson Scholarship.—£80 per annum, tenable for four years. A
Competitive Examination is held at the College in September. Candidates must
not be over 18 years of age on 1st October in the year of examination, and applica-
tion must be made not later than 31st August.
ROYAL (DICK) VETERINARY COLLEGE, EDINBURGH.
Certain University Scholarships are open to students who are taking courses of
instruction that lead to the Degree of B.Sc. (Vet.Sci.). Particulars will be found in
the calendar of the University of Edinburgh.
MacCallum Bursaries.—Two Bursaries are awarded, preference being given to
applicants from Maybole, to candidates taking the courses for M.R.C.V.S., and for
B.Sc. (Edin.). For particulars apply to the Town Clerk, Maybole.
Gemmell Scholarship.—This scholarship may be awarded to the student who
obtains the highest aggregate marks in the Examinations in Chemistry and Physio-
logical Chemistry. Annual value about £18, tenable for two years.
Department of Agriculture for Scotland.—Degree Course Scholarships, each not
exceeding £300 in value or £60 in any one year. Available only for children of
rural workers, or for bonâ -fide agricultural workers. Apply to the local Education
Authority or the Department not later than April 15th.
Carnegie Trust Bursaries: (see above).