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person usually takes about 8 grains or a pill about
as large as a good-sized pea and gradually swallows
it.
16. Bhang is almost invariably prepared by the
people in their houses. It can be prepared from
the hemp plant wherever grown. Ganja and
charas are difficult to prepare ; at least I never
knew that any one smoked either of them, home-
- g r o w n o r h o m e p r e p a r e d .
17. All these and especially ganja are smoked
in Bengal by the very lowest of the low. Bhang
is sometimes used by the better class people.
Majum by a great many well-to-do people for its
aphrodisiac properties.
18. They deteriorate by keeping, especially if
not kept quite dry. Ganja will keep three years
if kept quite dry ; but these are never so strong
as when new or the current year’s growth. They
deteriorate by a kind of fermentation I think.
19. Ganja is smoked by itself. Charas is
smoked with tobacco. I know of no other use
they are put to.
20. I have said before that only low class people
smoke them, but I don't know what is their
proportion.
21. The Bengalis prefer the round kind.
22. Delhi charas is supposed to be the best.
23. Bhang is never smoked.
24. The darwan classes in Bengal drink bhang
almost exclusively.
25 and 26. I don’t know.
28. A moderate ganja smoker takes a couple
of chillums of an evening. An excessive consumer
smokes a chillum as soon as he begins to find
himself free from its effects.
29. Ordinarily spices, such as black pepper, etc.,
are mixed ; exceptionally dhatura, etc., to make
the drink stronger. These mixtures only refer
to bhang for drinking purposes. I don’t know of
any preparation such as bhang massala.
30. They are either smoked or drunk in solitude
or in the company of those who use them. Adult
males only use them. Children sometimes get
hold of a pipe. I did once as a child, and was
sick for some hours afterwards.
31. There is a tendency in the case of ganja
for the moderate habit of smoking to develop
into the excessive.
32. The followers of Siva generally smoke
ganja, but the religious connection is remote.
33. The only public opinion that I know of is
that a ganja smoker is considered to be a low
vagabond, simply because most ganja smokers
are low people. They don’t worship the ganja
plant.
34. To a habitual smoker it would be a serious
privation for a time only.
35. It would be feasible to prohibit the use of
all these drugs only partially, as ganja at least
would be smoked illicitly as now done by some
sepovs, though they are not allowed to do so. I
don’t think it would lead to any political danger.
Alcoholic stimulants may take the place of ganja.
36. I have reason to think that alcoholic stimu-
lants are taking the place of ganja, chiefly because
the moderate use of alcohol is not considered a
low practice. Most syces in Upper India former-
- l y s m o k e d g a n j a , b u t n o w t h e y d r i n k a r r a c k o r
toddy.
3 7 . T h e n u m b e r o f c h a r a s s m o k e r s i s n o t l a r g e ,
at least I have not met many. The effects are
not so marked. It is only a mild intoxicant, and
its effects are not lasting.
38. I don't know.
39. I believe the smoking of ganja is the worst
of all. Drinking bhang and eating majum are
not so deleterious.
40. I don't know if any of these are used for
cattle disease, but ganja in some shape or other
is pies cribed by native hakims for its aphrodisiac
effects.
41. These drugs, especially ganja as a smoke,
are never used except as intoxicants. Majum, as
I have said before, is often used by many well-
to-do people in Upper India as medicine (aphro--
disiac) ; and then it is used in moderation and
not as an intoxicant.
42. I cannot consider its use as harmless.
4. 3. I don't think so.
44. The immediate effect is intoxication. The
man generally is drowsy and goes off to sleep. It
may be refreshing. Sometimes it excites the
smoker. It deadens appetite. The effects last
usually an hour or two in the case of a habitual
smoker, but it is difficult to answer this.
45. It generally makes a man thin and his
eyes bloodshot. He sometimes becomes insane
from its constant and immoderate smoking. It
does not produce any particular disease except a
peculiar cough, the result of a kind of chronic
bronchial catarrh. The insanity that is produced
by ganja may be temporary or permanent accord.
ing to the previous habits of the smoker. If the
man had been a smoker for a few months only be-
fore the insanity appears, there is a chance of his
recovering. In the case of an old ganja, smoker
becoming insane, the insanity is almost sure to be
permanent. I don't understand the latter part of
the question.
47. I don't think so.
4 9 . Y e s . B u t I d o n ' t t h i n k t h a t p r o s t i t u t e s
ever use it. I never knew a case where it was
the cause of impotence.
53. I know of only one such case. A sepoy who
was a ganja smoker and majum eater ran amok
in Burma.
55. I don't think ganja or any of its prepara-
tions are ever used for this purpose.
56. As I have said before, dhatura is mixed
with bhang to make the drink a more powerful
intoxicant.
57. I don't know if ganja or charas is ever
drunk.
Oral evidence.
Question 1.— I have been nearly seventeen
years in the service : nearly all military service. I
am in charge of the 13th Madras Infantry, and
am also temporarily acting as Civil Surgeon of
Cannanore in addition to my own duty. My ser-
-vice has been confined to Madras presidency (in-
- c l u d i n g B u r m a ) . I h a v e h a d n o s p e c i a l e x p e r i e n c e
I of insanity, nor any special training in mental
diseases.
Question 15.— Bhang is used in the festival of
Shiva, and Shiva is connected with dhatura some-
how or other. 1 do not know how. For this reason
one seed of dhatura is used in the bhang as an act
of reverence to Shiva. This is the custom in some
parts of Bengal. But the addition of dhatura for
increased intoxication is only exceptional. When
they want to increase intoxication, they often use