238
42. I consider the moderate use of bhang harm-
less. It never produces madness, and it is very
cooling. The intellect is never in the least
affected.
43. Perfectly inoffensive in the case of bhang.
But the smell of the smoke of ganja and charas
is often very offensive, and goes a long way.
44. Bhang produces immediate intoxication,
which lasts for 1½ hours. It is refreshing, and
produces an enormous appetite. There are no after-
effects, nor any subsequent uneasiness. Ganja
produces immediate intoxication, which only lasts
for 20 minutes. It is not refreshing, and allays
hunger ; great slackness is the after-effect, and
pain all over the body. The smoker wishes im-
mediately to return to his pipe. Charas has
practically the same effects.
45. Ganja and charas are physically, mentally
and morally injurious. They injure the diges-
tion and produce asthma. It produces laziness,
but diminishes immorality. It produces insanity
of temporary sort and. very noisy. The symptom
may be reinduced ; madmen from this cause are
subject to violent alternations and are very noisy.
Their skin is hot and dry. After recovery from in-
sanity insanes often confess to use of ganja. I do
not think that persons of weak brains ever con-
sume these drugs to obtain relief, or take them
more than other people.
46. The above remarks are true of excessive use
of ganja and charas to a greater degree. Bhang
also if taken in excess produces great laziness and
sleepiness.
47. No ; certainly not.
48. No.
49. Bhang is used as an aphrodisiac, but not
by prostitutes. It is then more injurious than
when used as a narcotic, owing to excessive sexual
intercourse. Ganja and charas produce impo-
tence.
51. No, there is no connection.
52. Excessive use of these drugs produces
crime, because it consumes the property of the
consumer and drives him to theft, etc.
53. I have never seen any instance of unpre-
meditated crime committed by a consumer, ex-
cept that madmen sometimes grow violent.
54. I have never heard of it.
55. I never heard of it. Complete stupefac-
tion can be produced.
56. They are not modified.
169. Evidence of LACHMAN DASS, Brahmin, Hakim, Moradabad.
1. I am a hakim, and am well acquainted with
the effects of charas, etc. I can answer the ques-
tions in chapter VI.
37. The effect of ganja is hot in comparison
with charas and quicker. The intoxication pro-
duced by ganja is called "rikabi" with reference
to an old story that if a man puts one foot in the
stirrup and takes a whiff of ganja, he will be in-
toxicated before he gets his other foot in the
other stirrup.
38. Flat ganja is more intoxicating than round,
and chur less intoxicating than either. But black
stalk ganja is more intoxicating than green stalk,
cut either round or fiat.
39. Smoking has a more immediate effect.
But eating or drinking any form of the drug,
by affecting the blood, finally produces skin erup-
tions, and is therefore more injurious, though
smoking affects the bronchial tubes and leads to
coughing, and affects the eyes.
40. Yes; bhang is frequently administered
both to human beings and cattle to remove
phlegm, as a digestive, and for piles.
41. (a) bhang used in combination with other
substances, is digestive ; charas is not.
(b) Both bhang and charas are useful in al-
leviating fatigue ; charas is frequently used for
this purpose by carriers and boatmen, etc.
(c) Bhang and charas are beneficial in damp,
cold tracts, such as the Terai, as a febrifuge or
preventive of disease.
(d) See 40 above.
42. The moderate use of drugs is not in itself
harmful ; but it must in the end prove harmful,
when the consumer is enfeebled by age or disease
or weakened in any way,
43. They are offensive in this way, that their
conversation is frequently disagreeable or disgust-
ing
44. Bhang takes effect in, say, 15 minutes ; it
produces a certain exhilaration, not intoxication,
which may last four hours. The after-effects are
drowsiness, indisposition to move about, a certain
amount of uneasiness and desire for more. It
creates appetite.
Charas takes immediate effect. The intoxica-
tion produced by it is very strong, and lasts per-
haps an hour. The after-effects are similar to
those of bhang, but much stronger, and the desire
far more overpowering. It allays hunger.
45. Bhang, if used habitually in moderation,
produces no bad effects. Charas is harmful even
if used in moderation. It affects the lungs and
digestive organs, destroying the appetite. In
any case it is certain to produce cough and as-
thma. It produces an extreme of laziness, and
impairs the moral sense. It deadens the intel-
lects, and in some cases produces temporary in-
sanity, which may be reinduced by renewed use
of the drug. The symptoms are redness of the
eyes, stability of the eyelids, sudden movements,
immoderate drinking and eating, sleeplessness;
In my experience, most of the men who have
gone mad through smoking charas have been men
of weak intellect.
46. The immoderate use of bhang has bad
effects, but they are only temporary and pass off.
The effects of the immoderate use of charas are
the same as given under 45, but more intensified
and immediate.
47. It is not a hereditary habit, but it affects
the children ; their disposition is likely to be more
passionate, and they are more liable to be affected
with boils and skin affections.
48. The children are certain to be unhealthy.
49. Bhang is an aphrodisiac, specially if used
with pepper, and it is used as such.
51. A large number of bad characters use
charas habitually ; but I am not aware that its