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above ; and if they grow at all elsewhere, they
are of an inferior variety.
6. In either form, the cultivated patsan is not
scattered, whereas the self-grown patsan is in some
places scattered and in others as dense as a jungle.
7. Its cultivation is not carried on after the
ordinary method ; the bhang plants of spontaneous
growth are usually destroyed.
(a) No.
(b) No.
(c) On the banks of the river Gomti, there are
plants of spontaneous growth which are removed
at the sowing season.
(d) Hemp, patwa, bhindee are cultivated for
their fibre, as also for seed, and which are utilized
in place of san. Their leaves are not intoxicating.
The following things are fibrous in this country,
patwa, hemp, bhindee, bakeloo, kus, bankurs and
moonj.
8. Patsan bhang has little to do with the culti-
vated area, because bhang is a wild plant which
the cattle even do not graze.
9. The seed grains of the self-grown plants of
Ujjain and Malwa are gathered for cultivation in
Gwalior and Khandwa. The dealers in ganja
make advances of money to the cultivators to
induce its cultivation like opium. In a season the
crop is seen round by the cultivators so as to
remove the male plants and retain the female ones,
which yield pathar ganja. The crop when cut is
well trodden over, and then heaped up so that the
buds become rather flat, and hence called pathar.
The twigs of baluchar ganja grown in Patna are
pressed with stone weights and trodden over.
They are then heaped up, giving layers of madar
leaves, and heavy weights are then put on those
piles. The madar leaves, on account of their hot
nature, turn the colour of the ganja bud into a
yellowish colour, which is then called baluchar, and
sells dearer than pathar. The Mora or Mahadeva
which is not much in use now-a-days, is also of
spontaneous growth ; ganja does not germinate
from ganja, rather bhang comes up instead, which
does not form buds.
10. Its cultivators are Moraees, Kachhis, and
sometimes Muhammadans. They grow ganja in
the Gwalior State, Tahsil Atri, Khandwa, District
Nimar, and Patna. But they are ordinary culti-
vators and not mere ganja growers; rather there is
no particular caste which can be said to grow
ganja exclusively.
11. Wild patsan seed, called bhang, found in
Ujjain, can by means of certain treatment, be
sown to grow ganja. It is cultivated nowhere
except in the districts of Gwalior and Khandwa,
etc.
12. In the places mentioned in question No. 1,
pathar ganja is produced from wild patsan seed.
When the cultivators see that the plant begins to
form buds, they remove them ; these are the male
plants ; and if allowed to stand they would, of
course, render the whole crop of the field use-
less.
18. In the districts of this part of the country
no cultivator has ever grown patsan ganja or pat-
san bhang, and as these do not repay the cost of
cultivation, no one cares to grow them. This is
why their cultivation has not been introduced as
yet. Whenever one or two patsan ganja plants
were allowed to stand till maturity, they never
yielded so good buds, nor were they found intoxi-
cating. The Gwalior bel ganja is intoxicating
indeed, but this appears to me to be due to the
climate of the place.
14. (a) No.
(b) No.
(c) Is grown.
Bhang weighing about 15 thousand maunds is
produced from the self-grown plants in the district
of Gonda, Bahraich, Basti, Kheri, and Pilibhit.
15. I had sown the Ujjain bhang seed in Luck-
now, but it failed to yield such a nice bud as is
imported from Gwalior. This fact shows that its
growth depends upon the suitability of climate.
People of this part of the country, who are addict-
ed to use excessive intoxication, have recourse to
charas. The moderate consumers use ganja ; but
both ganja and charas are smoked in chillum and.
in no other way. Bhang, on the contrary, is used
with water, having been made fine by grinding at
first. They mix sweets also with it often, and it
is used in dry form as well. Good variety of
ganja is obtained from cultivated patsan plant ;
the self-grown plants do not yield a nice sort of
it.
16. Hindu gentlemen use bhang within their
own houses after it is finely ground with water.
Patsan is imported from the districts of Gwalior
and Nimar. and the seed bhang from Malwa and
Ujjain ; the latter being cultivated to grow ganja.
Charas cannot be produced from ganja, and is ob-
tained from Yarkand. They say that the bhang
of Yarkand, and the country round about it, is
very intoxicating ; and that its leaves are trodden
under foot so long as they do not give out a sort
of sticky or glutinous substance; it is then put
in leather bags, and called Yarkand charas.
17.
Wherever it is grown, it is only the Kach-
his, Mooraees, and sometimes Muhammadans that
cultivate ganja, and they only know the manner
in which it should be cultivated.
18. The ganja changes its colour after three
years and with this change in the colour comes a
loss in its intoxicating power. The greenness
visible on its upper surface at first transforms into
redness. The Yarkand variety dries up in three
years, and men do not like it then; it deteriorates
if it is kept in a wet or cool place ; and similar is
the case with bhang. Persons do not like the old
article in preference to the new one.
19. Charas and ganja are smoked in chillum,
and also with the aid of a pipe like tobacco, They
are used in no other way.
20. Chamars, Passis, Ahirs, Lodhas, Kahars,
Sweepers, Dhobis, and Thakurs among the Hin-
dus and Muhammadans in general, whoever are
labourers or agriculturists by profession use it ;
Hindus 50 per cent., and Muhammadans 10 per
cent.
21. Baluchar and chutia ganja is used in Fyza-
bad, Cawnpore, Allahabad, and Benares ; and in
other places only chutia ganja, otherwise called
pathar, is used. "Gol mora" and "chur" were
much in use ten years ago, not at present.
22. Charas is imported from Yarkand in Kabul
and is known as bhuri or Yarkand charas. This
is consumed in a large quantity. Another kind
of charas called "Saljehan" is imported from
Nepal, which is used in Lucknow, not in any other
district. Compared with other kind of charas, its
nature is rather cold.
23 Bhang is not used in chillum in this coun-
try ; the manner of its use has been described