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elsewhere as shown in my written answer No. 1.
I have never made any special study of the subject
of insanity, nor have I ever been attached to a
lunatic asylum. After receiving the questions I
collected information in Jhang. I collected con-
sumers and talked to them. These were policemen,
Brahmans and jogis. I also sent for a drug con-
tractor and talked to him. Before that I had
made no special study of the subject.
I had before that read books : I had seen Lyons'
Medical Jurisprudence. Lyon states that hemp
drugs cause insanity, that it is temporary, and
that it recurs when the drugs are resorted to again
after discharge from the asylum. I do not re-
member whether Lyon gives typical symptoms. I
have also seen Chevers' Medical Jurisprudence for
India, which tells us that the excessive use of hemp
drugs does not lead to unpremeditated crime. The
Indian Medical Gazette, quoted in my answer
No. 53, also gives this information. I have also
read Chambers' Encyclopaedia about hemp and
about its physiological effects. I have also read
the Indian Pharmacopœia and Dr. Brown's
Toxicology of the Punjab. With the aid of these
books and by my experience I can diagnose a case
of hemp drug insanity. In the books the typical
symptoms are given ; and by experience you can
acquire the power of identifying them.
These books contain a description of the physio-
logical effects of the drugs. I cannot quite re-
member which ; as far as I recollect, Dr. Brown's
Toxicology does. I read the books generally for
my examination. I also read several books after
receiving the questions. I read one book dealing
solely with insanity. I forget the name of the
author. Hemp drug insanity is mentioned and
treated to some length. The typical symptoms are
given.
My personal experience of the effects of the drugs
is based on my dispensary practice alone. In my
social or domestic life I have no knowledge of mode-
rate or excessive consumers. My experience is
limited to dispensary patients. I have had direct
charge of a dispensary or hospital from 1869 to
1884 (with intervals amounting altogether to
nearly a year). During that period I saw three
cases of hemp drug insanity, which I treated. I
have also treated two more in my capacity as Civil
Surgeon. I have seen five or six cases of chronic
bronchitis in people addicted to hemp drugs. I
cannot say that it was due to hemp drugs solely.
I have also seen several (say about twenty) cases of
indigestion and diarrhœa. But here again I can-
not say that they were solely due to hemp drugs,
but simply that the patients were consumers.
These are all the diseases I have seen attributable
to hemp drugs. I have never seen a case of dy-
sentery or asthma which I attributed to hemp
drugs, though I have seen both in consumers. My
reason for not attributing those diseases to hemp
was that other people also suffer from these diseases
equally. In regard to insanity I do attribute it to
hemp drugs, because in the five cases I have men-
tioned the typical symptoms were present. These
symptoms are set forth in answer No. 39, viz.,
dilatation of the pupils, drooping eyelids, anæmia,
general debility, delirium, and general timidity,
sometimes amounting to agoraphobia. I read these
symptoms in some book : I do not recollect the
name of the author. I identify these cases by find-
ing these symptoms.
In answer No. 40 I give a list of diseases treated.
with Cannabis indica or the extracts. This is from
books. I have only treated dysentery and a few
cases of tetanus. The drug was fairly successful
vol. v.
with dysentery, but not in the tetanus cases. I
have also treated bleeding piles with hemp poul-
tices.
Generally, my personal experience is confined to
five cases of insanity, which I have treated, five or
six cases of bronchitis, and some twenty cases of
indigestion and diarrhœa. I have no other ex-
perience of the bad effects of the drug,
except that I have noticed that the drug produces
thinness. I have this general impression and have
tested it from time to time. I recognize a bhang
drinker by the dilatation of the pupil. They are
also emaciated, ill-nourished, anæmic and thin, un-
less they are rich and able to afford good food. I
believe that the pupils are sometimes dilated in
anæmia from any cause. I know the condition
described as chlorosis. I have not seen the disease.
I do not know the state of the pupils in amenor-
rhœa. I do not know definitely the effect on the
pupils of excessive sexual indulgence ; but I believe
it is dilatation of the pupils.
In regard to the physiological action of the drug,
it is sedative and similar to that of alcohol (see
answer No. 39). The description given in answer
No. 39 is of symptoms which I have read about.
I have also observed them. It is all put down
from books, but is consistent with my experience
also. My answer No. 49, that bhang is primarily
aphrodisiac, is also based on what I read in a book.
I do not remember where ; but I think it was in
the Indian Pharmacopœia. I know some people
take it for this purpose ; and I believe it is aphro-
disiac. People also take cantharides, opium, and
strychnine as aphrodisiacs. They also are true
aphrodisiacs.
Question No. 2.—I have seen the cultivated
hemp in the Jhang district, but nowhere else. It
is cultivated to the extent of a total of two and a
half acres, scattered in patches all over the district.
The largest patch would be an eighth of an acre.
It is bairagis who grow it. They exterminate the
male plant. They have told me so. I have asked
them and they have told me this. They distin-
guish it because it is less than the female plant.
It is in Phagan and Cheyt (February and March)
that they take out the male plant; and they cut
the plants in April. They then spread the leaves
and seeds, mixed together, on their houses and burn
the wood. They drink the leaves and keep the
seeds for sowing again. They sometimes also
smoke the leaves : I am not sure if they use all
parts of the plant. I made these inquiries sitting
in the dispensary ; but I have actually seen the
stuff growing.
" Bhimbar " is the name of a hill in Kashmir
and gives its name to a variety of the plant, and
" Kuhi " is the name of a hemp that grows in a
valley fifty miles west of Dera Ismail Khan.
My statement that Hashish is the name of
ganja " in the East " is from a book ; but the
other names were known to me personally.
Question 35.—It is well known that India
abounds in wild plants, and therefore I thought the
people might find some intoxicant if ganja were
prohibited. I cannot specify any.
Question 45.—It is the excessive use only, I
think, that produces the ill-effects here specified.
These effects generally—all the effects specified
here—arise from the excessive use of the drugs. I
used the word " almost " in answer No. 46 because
I did not like to commit myself on the experience
of five cases to the view that toxic insanity always
results from excessive use. But I have no ground
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