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is not cultivated in fields, but grows in the waste
places near habitations, generally in patches not
exceeding 2 or 3. "maralas." I may have seen
a patch as big as 1-16th of an acre. The people
collect it. A fakir in a dharamsala near my
house used to cut it and dry it on his roof. It
was not collected for sale. Malik Khazan Singh,
a contractor, told me he used to send out and
collect it. I do not know where he collected it,
or whether he paid anything for it,
Question 20.—Proper Sikhs who have taken
the "pahal" and the name Singh would not
smoke charas, but I have seen a very few so-called
Sikhs, who are really Hindu Jats, smoke in the
Firozepur district. Elsewhere in the province
also I have known a few cases among the agricul-
turists, but it is very rare.
Question 46.—The word which has been trans-
lated "insanity" is "khaphhan," a state bordering
on insanity, but in which the wits are not quite
lost. The general result is that a man becomes
utterly useless. I have seen two or three persona
fall into this condition from the excessive use of
charas, and I knew them before and after evil
effects had come upon them. I cannot say that I
have known any other excessive smokers. Of
the persons alluded to, one was my own servant,
one was a shopkeeper, and the third was also in
my service for a time. My two servants became
irritable and useless and lazy, and I got rid of
them. I drew my general conclusion from these
three cases, and would wish to alter "invariably"
to "generally" in my written answer. The con-
dition of these people is partly due to laziness and
partly to the fact that their intellect is weak.
They are not to be called "pagal" in the sense of
having no intelligence.
24. Evidence of PARTAP SINGH, RISALDAR, Offg. Extra Asst. Commissioner, Jhang.
1. I am myself Excise Officer of the district.
Excise Daroga, licensed shopkeepers, Hindu and
Muhammadan fakirs, Native hakime, District
Superintendent of Police particularly and the
citizens of Jhang cum Maghiana in general, have
been my informers.
3. It grows spontaneously near Hardwar. It
is abundant in the hilly districts about the river
Jumna.
4. By the following different names—
1st sukha, 2nd bije, 3rd bhang, 4th sawi, 5th
bhimber, 6th shihan, 7th kera, 8th Shib-ji-ki-buti
(Shib is a renowned Hindu god), 9th kooi (i. e.,
kohi), 10th Badal. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 8 refer to
the same plant. No. 5 refers to same plant, which
particularly grows on Bhimber hills. They call
the bhang plant cultivated in maidan Shihan No,
6. No, 7 is probably the male plant which is ex-
terminated by the cultivator as soon as it is visible.
No. 9 is known to be imported from Kabul and
Kandahar, and is said to be the most intoxicating
bhang. People do not like Kohi. They call it
Zahar (poison). One patti of it, they say, is likely
to make three or four men senseless. No. 10,
Badal bhang is known to grow in the Waziri
hills, about 50 miles to the west of Dera Ismail
Khan. Its leaf is as broad as madar leaf.
Bhang's Arabic name is Qanab. Persian, Warkul
Khyal (leaf of thought), Nashat Afzia (giving
pleasure), Falaktus Arash Nama, Shahawat Angez,
Munas-al-aum, Bark-i-lap (Shiraz), Dis Kusi Das,
Qanabas, Kamhira (Suriani), Kasani (Turkey).
5. No wild hemp grows in the Jhang district.
6. Ordinarily dense.
7. Yes, but only for use as bhang (c) in the
Jhang District; total area in 1898 under bhang
cultivation was 20 Kanals only.
8. In 1889, 37 Kanals bhang was grown. In
1893 it was reduced to 20 Kanals. It may be
attributed to the bhang store in hand of the Hindu
and Muhammadan fakir cultivators.
9. Bhang is cultivated in the wheat-sowing
season—month of Katak. Cow dung is first put
in the field. They plough the field for three or
four times. The grass is exterminated totally.
At evening the bhang seed is put in cow milk
and water and is left in it for the whole night.
A quarter of seer is sufficient for one Kanal
(about 1/10th of an acre). Next morning the seed
is taken but of the milky water and then scattered
in the field, which is then ploughed and flattened
with suhaga (ploughing gear); small Kiaris are
then made to facilitate watering. Bhang must
be watered every 8th day, or say once a week.
Female bhang grows to man's height. The Kera
(male plant) is of less height by about half foot,
with flowering heads. In the months of Phagan
and Chet the Kera is exterminated. In the
meantime bhang plants bear seed. With wheat
crops, bhang is cut in the month of Besakh. It
is cut about three inches from the ground. It is
then exposed to sun for ten or twelve days; after
which the "patti" and seed are separ ted from the
wood part of the plant, which last is used for fuel.
"Patti" and seed are kept together for use, seed
for next year having been separated from the
"patti"
as a matter of course.
10. In the Jhang district Hindu and Muham-
madan fakirs cultivate bhang. They are usual
cultivators too. Agricultural cultivators, as a
rule, do not cultivate bhang.
11. No wild hemp in this district. To produce
ganja is not known here.
12. Cannot give any reasons or opinion.
13. No cultivation for ganja at all.
14. Bhang (c) is prepared in small quantity in
this district. Total area in 1893 was 20 Kanals.
15. The cultivated bhang in this district is
used for drinking purposes (C). The patti and
seed (answer No. 9) are put in a stone kundi
(mortar). Almonds, pepper, cardamoms and like
ingredients are put in it and then ground with a
wooden club called danda. They grind it as much
as they can. The more it is ground the more it is
liked. They say that one of the renowned Hindu
Gurus—Guru Gorakh Nath—had ground it for
not less than 12 years. Water and milk are then
put in the ground stuff and then it is sifted
through a country gara cloth, which is held by two
drinkers. This preparation is then drunk. Very
few people eat bhang in this district, but only
those who have little time to grind. Bhang drink-
ing travellers keep with them ground bhang called
nugda, which they eat up whenever required.
They do not smoke bhang in this district. Wild
bhang is imported into the district. The contrac-
tors sell it.
16. It is prepared both in houses and wherever
it grows. Ganja or charas is not prepared in
this district.