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drugs on the premises, nor is it usual to allow
this.
69. People do not express any desire that a
shop be opened in the city where charas may be
sold and also consumed on the premises.
70. Charas is imported from foreign territory
for sale. I do not know about smuggling. It is
generally imported after payment of duty, and
further information can be afforded by Govern-
ment offices,
53. Evidence * of PANDIT JENARDHAN, Brahmin, Baid, Lahore.
1. I have been practising as a baid for the last
thirty-four years, and during this period I have
had several opportunities of acquainting myself
with the effects of these drugs.
2. I concur with Doctor Pram's opinion.
3. According to my knowledge, hemp plant
grows spontaneously in the Gurdaspur, Kangra
and Hoshiarpur districts. It is, however, to be
found in abundance in the last-named district,
4. Bhang is also known by the following
names:—(i) Sheo ki buti, because it was exces-
sively used by Shiva, (2) vijia, because it gives
pleasure and resolution, (3) devi, (4) matolani,
(5) masni, (6) jia, etc.
5. The climate should be cold and the soil of
the description of maira, mota maira, or khadar.
Rain is necessary to the growth of the wild hemp.
The hemp crop is below average whenever the
rain is scanty.
6. Ordinarily dense.
7. Hemp plant is not cultivated in this pro-
vince. The plant is wild and grows spontane-
ously.
12. It is not cultivated for the production of
ganja.
13. The plant is wild, and there is no restric-
tion on its cultivation.
14. Ganja and charas are not manufactured in
this province. They are prepared in Kashmir,
Thibet, and other countries. Dry leaves of hemp
plant are called bhang, and are also used medi-
cinally.
15. Dry leaves of the plant are called bhang.
Unripe seeds of the plant, together with its
flowers, are kept in a bag of cloth covered with raw
leather for fifteen days to one month, when it
ferments.
The preparation thus produced is
called charas. Ganja is obtained from the plant
in the way described by Doctor Prain.
17. As far as I know, charas is not made by
any particular class but by poor people.
18. All these three drugs deteriorate by keep-
ing for a long time. The intoxication of these drugs
is strong enough during the first year; but after
that it diminishes gradually, and after ten years
it totally disappears. Charas, if kept (air tight)
in a parcel covered with leather, keeps good for a
longer period.
19. These drugs are smoked in a chillum
through the huka everywhere.
21. Round ganja is prepared by smokers.
22. Foreign charas imported from Kashmir,
Thibet, etc., is used here. The charas prepared
at Angan (a town in the Kashmir territory) is
much liked by the consumers.
23. Bhang is never used for smoking.
24. Bhang is used for drinking or for the pre-
paration of a compound called majun,
The following classes and proportion of the
people drink bhang:—Chaube 90 per cent.,
nihangs 99 per cent., Sikhs 20 per cent., shop-
keepers and mahajans 5 per cent., fakirs 50 per
cent.
25. The use of these drugs is on the increase,
because the number of the unemployed is becom-
ing larger. These people have recourse to the
drugs to pass away their time under intoxication.
26. (a) 25 per cent.
(b) 30 per cent.
(c) 50 per cent.
27. Pandys, nihangs and chaubes are the classes
referred to at (a) and (b), and shopkeepers and
sakukars referred to at (c).
28. (a) From 3 mashas to 1 tola.
(b) From 2 tolas to 20 tolas.
29. The following ingredients are mixed with
bhang by:—(1) Sahukar class of consumers,
whose proportion is probably about 5 per cent. :
almonds, melon seeds, water melon seeds, cucum-
ber seeds, black pepper, milk and sugar. (2)
Middle class consumers : almonds and black pepper
only. (3) Pandys and chaubes mix milk and
black pepper only. (4) As dhatura can be got
everywhere without any cost, fakirs, etc., mix it
with bhang to make the draught stronger.
30. The consumption of charas and ganja is
generally practised in takias and in dharmsalas
belonging to suthra fakirs. In solitude they are
used by a few consumers. They are not used on
the occasions of rejoicings, festivities or mourn-
ings. Bhang is, however, used in rejoicings and
festivities by a few guests. Children do not use
any of these drugs.
31. The habit of consuming these drugs is easily
formed, but it is difficult to break off by habitual
excessive consumers. In the case of all these
drugs, there is a tendency for the moderate habit
to develop into the excessive.
32. Moderate use of bhang is allowed by
Shastras on Sheochandas only. The use of charas
and ganja is totally forbidden by religion. The
excessive use of bhang also causes brain and other
diseases, such as insanity, shivering of limbs,
inflammation (sic), delirium, etc., etc.
33. Public opinion (social or religious) is gene-
rally against the use of these drugs, because the
consumers who become intoxicated are considered
untrustworthy. As far as I know, hemp plant is
not worshipped in this province.
34. The shopkeepers, etc , who occasionally use
bhang can give up the practice if they like; but
pandys, chaubes, bhojkis, pujaris, nihangs, suthras,
etc., who have formed the habit of taking bhang,
and whose proportion is 95 per cent., cannot forego
the practice, as by doing so they will become sub-
ject to bowel complaints and flatulence.
* Translation.