NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
162
Contagious Pleuro-Pneumonia of Goats
Experiment 24.—The naso-pharynx after intra-nasal insufflation
A goat was given an insufflation with 10 c. c. of 1 per cent aqueous methy-
lene blue by the usual technique. The animal was immediately destroyed,
and the naso-pharynx together with the larynx and trachea examined by
medial section. Almost the entire nasal cavity, including the surface of the
turbinates and much of the ethmoid, and the upper part of the pharynx, were
deeply stained with the dye. A very few drops of the dye were evident on the
mucous membranes and vocal chords in the larynx, but no extension to the
tracheal mucosa could be discerned. The experiment suggests that the disease
is transmitted by absorption through the naso-pharyngeal mucous membrane,
and probably from there via the lymphatics.
Experiment 25.—Filtrability of the agent through the Seitz filter
An experiment on this issue was made with the pneumonic lung emulsion
used for the 1st test insufflation in Experiment 32, and which infected four of
the six controls in that experiment (Table XLIV). The preparation in ques-
tion was 1 : 1 Tyrode pneumonic lung emulsion which was mixed with an
equal volume of plain peptone broth, filtered at 12 cm. negative pressure
through the Seitz E. K. disk, and administered intra-nasally in 15 c. c. doses to
four goats. Two controls received the unfiltered residual fluid in the filter
chamber (pneumonic lung emulsion+broth) in the same dosage. The results
are shown below :
TABLE XXVI
Goat
No.
331
332
333
334
328
330
Date
9 August 1939.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Material
P. L. E. in Tyrode's (1:1) ex
goats 298, 484, 499, 522, 534
and 548 with an equal volume
of plain peptone broth, filter-
ed through the Seitz.
15 c. c. I/Nasal.
„
„
„
Do.
Unfiltered.
15 c. c. I/Nasal
„ . . .
Result
(Lungs)
—
+ + + +
—
—
+ + + +
+ + + +
Remarks
Destroyed on 30 August 1939
Died on 29 August 1939
Died on 14 August 1939
Died on 13 August 1939
Destroyed in extremis on
24 August 1939.
Died on 24 August 1939
Survival
days
p. ins.
21
20
5
6
15
15
It will be seen that both the controls reacted, one dying of pneumonia at the
15th day p. ins., the other being destroyed in extremis and found positive on
the same day. Two goats of the experimental group unfortunately died of
other causes on the 5th and 6th days p. ins., too early for the appearance of
lesions. One other, No. 332, died on the 29th of August 1939, 20 days p. ins.
and the typical pneumonia with pleurisy and effusion was found at autopsy.
The remaining goat, slaughtered on the following day, was negative.
Summary.—One of the two goats insufflated with a Seitz filtrate of a
virulent pneumonic lung emulsion, died with typical pneumonia 20 days
p. ins.
E.
O.
LONGLEY
163
D. Immunity
(1) Experiment 26.—Attempted hyperimmunisation
With a view to examining the question of passive immunisation and also
to obtain if possible a ' hyperimmune ' serum for serological tests it was decided
to attempt hyperimmunisation of selected goats surviving infective insuffla-
tions or injections.
The treatment of the four animals concerned, is noted in the table below.
It will be seen that the 1st goat (No. 249), had survived three insufflations
on successive days. These, effected for passage, (8th passage of strain 42/46)
infected two of the group of five goats.
The next goat in the table (No. 260) had survived two insufflations for
purposes of passage (9th passage of 42/46) and was the only survivor of that
group of five, all the other four being positive at slaughter between 10 and 15
days p. ins.
On the 29th of June 1939 both these goats received 10 c. c. intra-muscularly
and subcutaneously of pneumonic lung emulsion (ex 11th passage of 42/46),
together with five healthy controls. The two other goats shown in the table,
(Nos. 376 and 379), were the survivors of the last named controls, the other
three dying with severe local reactions. As shown in the table, goat No. 260,
failed to survive this inoculation and died 5 days p.ins., with a severe local
reaction.
On the 12th of July 1939, 13 days later, the three survivors received a
subcutaneous inoculation in the shoulder of 20 c. c. of fresh muscle effusion
from the local reaction in goat No. 350, one of the two reactors to the ' reinforc-
ing ' inoculation of virus described in Experiment 27 (Table XXIX). Both
376 and 379 reacted fully to this inoculation and died at the 7th and 8th days
p. ins. respectively. The remaining goat No. 249, reacted to a moderate
degree, but survived with recovery and was bled out for serum 14 days later,
yielding only 160 c. c. of serum (the animal was small). An experiment made
with this serum to test for protective properties was inconclusive.
Discussion.—The failure of goats 376 and 379 to resist their second inocula-
tion is very remarkable. Their first inoculation was with highly virulent
material, and it would be impossible for goats to have more extensive local
lesions and survive. The time interval of 13 days between inoculations would
ordinarily be quite adequate for antigenic response.
Two explanations only suggest themselves, namely :
(i) that the test dose of 20 c. c. was excessive,
(ii) that the ' virus ' has more than one strain and had mutated.
With regard to (i), the 1st inoculation had been of 10 c. c. of virulent
pneumonic lung emulsion, and it does not seem likely that 20 c. c. of muscle
effusion would be excessive. As regards (ii) both inoculations were actually
ex 10th passage and constituted two 11th passages. There has been no other
evidence to support this supposition of different types. The fact that the
second inoculation was muscle effusion, as opposed to pneumonic lung emul-
sion, the first inoculum, however, may have some obscure bearing on the
issue.
F
164
Contagious Pleuro-Pneumonia of Goats
TABLE XXVII
Goat
No.
249
260
376
379
Date
10 May
1939.
23 May
1939.
„
„
Material
I/Nasal
20 c. c.
P. L. E.
ex 235.
I/Nasal
20 c. c.
P. L. E.
ex 248.
„
„
Date and
Interval
in
days
11 May
1939
(1 day).
25 May
1939 (2
days).
„
„
Material
I/Nasal
20 c. c.
P. L. E.
ex 233.
I/Nasal
20 c. c.
P. L. E.
ex 247.
„
„
Date and
Interval
in
days
12 May
1939
(1 day).
„
„
„
Material
I/Nasal
20 c. c.
P. L. E.
ex 234.
„
„
„
Date and
Interval
in
days
29
June
1939
(5 days).
Do
Do.
Do.
Material
I/M & S/C
10 c. c.
P. L. E.
ex 281,
283 and
284.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Result
(Local
lesion)
—
Died on
4
July
1939.
+ + + +
—
—
Date and
interval
in
days
12
July
1939
(13 days).
Do.
Do.
Do.
Material
S/C 20 c.
c. Muscle
effusion
ex 350.
Do.
Do
Do.
Result
(local
lesion)
—
—
+ + + +
+ + + +
Remarks
Destroyed
26
July
1939. Col-
lected Se-
rum.
...
Died
on
19
July
1939.
Destroyed
in extremis
20
July
1939.
Survi-
val
days
p.ins.
...
...
7
8
E.O.LONGLEY
165
(2) Active immunisation
It was decided to plan experiments to try out the following as immunis-
ing agents:—
A. Killed vaccines:
(i) Formalised, alone and reinforced with ' virus '.
(ii) Carbolised.
B. Living ' virus '.
(N. B. There have been indications in the preceding experiments that heat killed
preparations (55°—60 C. for 30—40 minutes) afford no protection.
A.—Active immunisation by means of chemically-killed vaccine
(i) Formalised vaccine
Curasson (quoted by Hatyra and Marek), in French West Africa, has used
a formalised vaccine in the bovine disease, and claims good results. The
Veterinary Investigation Officer, Madras 1936-37 has also recorded favour-
ably.
Experiment 27.—Active immunisation by the subcutaneous inoculation of a
formalised vaccine, alone and reinforced with living ' Virus '.
Procedure.—Pneumonic lung emulsion (1:2 Tyrode's) was prepared in
the usual way from two reactor goats at the 10th passage of strain 42/46,
slaughtered 22-6-39, 20 days p. ins. Both presented typical lesions, and
provided 950 c. c. of emulsion. The fresh emulsion was administered immedia-
tely in 20 c. c. doses to the ten control goats by the intra-nasal route, and the
balance of 750 c. c. was formalised by the addition of 3.8 c. c. (0.5 per cent)
of commercial formalin, bottled, and placed in cold storage for 48 hours.
The results of the control insufflation are shown below :
TABLE XXVIII
Goat
No.
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
Date
22 June 1939
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Material
Lung emulsion in
Tyrode's ex goats
263 and 279.
20 c. c. I/Nasal.
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Result
(Lungs)
±
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
±
Remarks
Destroyed on 11 July 1939 recover-
ing lesion ?)
Destroyed on 4 July 1939
Died on 6 July 1939
Destroyed on 11 July 1939
Do.
Died on 8 July 1939
Died on 7 July 1939
Died on 6 July 1939
Destroyed on 4 July 1939
Destroyed on 11 July 1939 (recover-
ing lesion ?).
Survival
days
p. ins.
19
12
14
19
19
16
15
14
12
19
It will be seen that eight of the ten goats reacted between the 12th and
19th days p. ins. In the residual two goats, slaughtered on the 11th of July
1939,19 days p. ins., various degrees of early adhesion were found in the pleura,
and in one instance (No. 286), an early encapsulation and fibrosis of a typical
lesion in the apical lobe of the right lung. The appearances strongly suggested
organisation of a pleuritic effusion, and of the specific pneumonia, and it is
suspected that the lesions represented recovery from the disease. The
virulence of the material used in the preparation of the vaccine was thus
established.
166
Contagious Pleuro-Pneumonia of Goats
The vaccine, prepared as described, was administered on the 24th of
June 1939, after 48 hours cold storage, to a group of 30 goats, subcutaneously
in 10 c. c. doses. Slight local induration resulted. On the 4th of July 1939,
ten days later, ten of the goats (Group II) received a further inoculation, intra-
muscular in the thigh, of 5 c. c. of pneumonic lung emulsion ex goats 287 and
294, (of the virulence control group) and five healthy controls were similarly
inoculated. In all cases some degree of reaction resulted. In two instances
in the experimental group, these progressed to full and fatal local reactions with
deaths at the 6th and 8th days p. ins. The local lesions in both were typical.
No fatal reaction was recorded in the control group.
Immunity test.—On the 11th of July 1939, seven days later, the eight
survivors of group II, and ten of the vaccinated goats, (Group I), together
with ten healthy controls, received tests by intra-nasal insufflation. The
test material was supplied by three reactors at the 12th passage.
It was decided to split each group for test, and the test controls, into two,
and administer by the intra-nasal route 10 c. c. of the test material to one
half, and 1/10th the dosage (1 c. c. in 9 c. c. of Tyrode's solution) to the other.
Results.—One experimental goat (No. 306, vaccine alone) and one of the
controls, No. 427, died with positive lung lesions on the 23rd of July 1939, 12
days p. i. In view of this, and the urgent necessity for knowing at the earliest
possible date the position in respect of formalised preparations, it was decided
to slaughter all survivors of the three groups on the 25th of July 1939, 14
days after the insufflation test. While this interval was less than the desirable
test period, it was thought that these early reactions indicated a typically
virulent virus, and that the regularity of all preceding passages—almost in-
variably with full reactions at 15 days p. ins. justified, and the exigencies of
the circumstances necessitated, this sacrifice. The findings at autopsy are
tabulated below:
TABLE XXIX
Group I.—Vaccine alone
Goat
No.
311
312
313
314
315
306
307
308
309
310
Vaccination
Date
24 June
1939.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
24 June
1939
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Material
Formalised vaccine
(0.5%) ex goats
296 & 273 kept
in cold store for
48 hrs.
10 c. c. S/C.
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Immunity test
Date
11 July
1939.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
11 July
1939.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Material
P. L. E.in Tyrode's
solution ex goats
381, 383 & 384.
10 c. c. I/Nasal
„
„
„
„
Ditto
1 c. c. in 9 c. c
„
„
„
„
Result
(Lungs)
+ + + +
—
—
—
—
+ + + +
—
—
—
—
Remarks
Destroyed on 25
July 1939.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Died on 23 July
1939.
Destroyed on 25
July 1939.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Survival
days
p. ins.
14
14
14
14
14
12
14
14
14
14
E.
O.
LONGLEY
167
TABLE XXIX.
Group II.—Vaccine plus ' Virus '.
Goat
No.
351
352
353
354
355
346
347
348
349
350
Vaccination
Date
24
June
1939.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do
Material
Formalised vaccine
(0.5%) ex goats 263
& 279 kept in. cold
store for 48 hours.
10 c. c. S/C.
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
+ Virus '
Date
4
July
1939.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Material
P. L. E. in
Tyrode's ex
goats
287
&294.
5 c. c. I/M.
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Result
(Local
lesion)
—
+ + + +
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
+ + + +
Remarks
...
Died on 10
July 1939.
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Died on 12
July 1939.
Immunity test
Date
11 July
1939.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Material
P. L. E.
in
Tyrode's (1:
1) ex goats
381 383 &
384.
10 c. c. I/Na
„
„
„
„
Do.
I/Nasal 1 c. c.
in 9 c. c.
Tyrode's.
„
„
„
Result
Lungs)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Remarks
Destroyed on 25
July 1939.
...
Destroyed on 25
July 1939.
Do.
Do.
Died
17
July
1939.
Died on 26 June
1939.
Died on 19 July
1939.
Died on (debility)
24 July 1939.
Survival
days
p. ins.
14
...
14
14
14
6
...
8
13
168
Contagious Pleuro-Pneumonia of Goats
Group III.—Controls
Goat
No.
426
427
428
429
430
421
422
423
424
425
Date
11 July 1939.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Material
P. L. E. in Tyrode's (1:1) ex
goats 381, 383 & 384.
10 c. c. I/Nasal.
„
„
„
„
Do.
I/Nasal 1 c. c. in 9 c. c. Tyrode's
„
„
„
„
Result
(Lungs)
+ + + +
+ + + +
—
—
—
—
—
—
+ + + +
—
Remarks
Destroyed on 25 July 1939
Died on 23 July 1939
Destroyed on 25 July 1939
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Survival
days
p. ins.
14
12
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
Results.—It will be seen that only three of the ten controls had lesions at
autopsy, but that the reduced dosage (1 c. c.) successfully infected one of the
five recipients. The test virus had most unfortunately been one of relatively
low virulence.
Of the experimental goats in Group I (vaccine alone) one further positive
case was detected at autopsy. It will be seen that in Group II (vaccine+
' virus') early deaths from other causes eliminated two goats, Nos. 346 and
347, from the experiment. The surviving six goats had no pulmonary lesions
at post mortem.
Discussion.—The refractoriness of the test virus in this experiment was
most regrettable, as no clear-cut results were obtained. It is significant,
however, that two of the goats inoculated with living virus for ' reinforce-
ment ' ten days after vaccination were susceptible to the inoculation, and
that no protection was afforded to two of Group I (vaccine alone) at the in-
sufflation test.
Experiment 28.—Supplementary test
The balance of vaccinated goats (10) were subjected to an independent
immunity test by insufflation on the 27th of July 1939, 33 days p. i., with the
material used for the preparation of a second formalised and a phenolised
vaccine. (Experiments 29 and 30). In view of the previous experience with
a virulent test material, to ensure infectivity at the test a second insufflation
with the material used for the preparation of a 3rd formalised vaccine (Ex-
periment 29) was given on the following day.
Five controls received insufflations with the 1st test material, and five
controls similarly with the 2nd. The results in these controls are shown
in Tables XXX—XXXI.
E.
O.
LONGLEY
169
TABLE XXX
Controls to 1st test insufflation
Goat
No.
531
532
533
534
535
1st insufflation
Date
27 July
1939.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Material
P. L. E. in Tyrode's
(2 in 5) ex goats
461, 462 & 467
15 c. c. I/Nasal
„
„
„
„
2nd insufflation
Date
28 July
1939.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Material
P. L. E. in Tyrode's
(1:1) ex goats
463, 466, 468 &
470.
15 c. c. 1/Nasal
„
„
„
„
Result
(Lungs)
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
—
Remarks
Died on
12 August 1939.
Destroyed in ex-
tremis
on
14 August 1939.
Destroyed on
14 August 1939.
Destroyed on
9 August 1939.
Destroyed on
14 August 1939.
Survival
days
p. ins.
16
18
18
13
TABLE XXXI
Controls to 2nd, test insufflation
Goat
No.
544
545
546
547
548
Date
28 July 1939
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Material
P. L. E. in Tyrodes (1:1) ex
goats 463, 466, 468 & 470.
15 c. c. I/Nasal.
„
„
„
„
Result
(Lungs)
—
—
++
+ + + +
+ + + +
Remarks
Destroyed on 24 August 1939.
Do.
Do.
Destroyed on 14 August 1939.
Destroyed on 9 August 1939.
Survival
days
p. ins.
27
27
27
17
12
As shown, both materials proved to be infective, the 1st in four instances,
the 2nd in 3 or in all a total of seven out of ten.
The results in the experimental group are shown in table XXXII.
Thus two goats died from the infection on the 20th and 22nd days p. ins.
The remainder were destroyed on the 24th of August 1939, 28 days p. ins.,
and lesions were found in one further case. These were not extensive.
Experiment 29.—Further attempted immunisation with a formalised vaccine
Procedure.—Two vaccines were again prepared on the 29th and 30th of
July 1939, and from pneumonic material pooled from three and four reactor
goats respectively of the initial controls to the viability experiment. (Experi-
ment 20). Both were prepared with the same technique, namely formalisation
(0.25 per cent formalin) of a 1 : 1 Tyrode pneumonic lung emulsion, and stor-
age for 48 hours at 0°—5°C. Each was administered subcutaneously in 10 c. c
170
Contagious Pleuro-Pneumonia of Goats
TABLE XXXII
Goat
No.
371
372
373
374
375
361
362
363
364
365
Vaccination
Date
24
June
1939.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Material
Formalised vaccine
10 c. c. S/C.
„
„
„
„
„
„
"
1st Test insufflation
Date
27 July
1939.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Material
P. L. B. in Tyrode's (2
in 5) ex goats 461,
462 & 467.
15 c. c. I/Nasal.
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
2nd Test insufflation
Date
28 July
1939.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Material
P. L. E. in Tyrode's (1:
1) ex goats 463, 466
468 & 470.
15 c. c. I/Nasal.
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Result
(Lungs)
+ +
—
—
+ + + +
—
—
—
—
+ + + +
—
Remarks
Destroyed on 24 August
1939
Do.
Do.
Died on 18 August 1939.
Destroyed on 24 August
1939.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Died on
16
August
1939.
Destroyed on 24 August
1939.
Survival
days
p. ins.
28
28
28
22
28
28
28
28
20
28
E. O. LONGLEY.
171
TABLE XXXIII
Goat
No.
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
1st vaccination
Date
29 July
1939.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Material
Formalised vaccine
(0.25 per cent) ex
goats 461, 402 and
467 in cold store for
48 hours.
10 c.c. S/C.
„
„
„
„
„
„
2nd vaccination
Date
30
July
1939.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Material
Formalised
vaccine
(0.25 per cent) ex
goats 463, 466, 468
and 470 in cold store
for 48 hours.
10 c.c. S/C.
„
„
„
„
„
„
Immunity test
Date
12 August
1939.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Material
P. L. E. in Tyrode's
(1 : 1) ex 505, 529
and 531
15 c.c. I/Nasal.
„
„
„
„
„
„
Result
(Lungs)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Remarks
Destroyed on
4 September 1939.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Survival
days p.ins.
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
Controls
Goa
No.
577
578
579
580
Date
12
August
1939.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Material
P. L. E. in Tyrode's (1 : 1)
ex coats 505, 529 and 531.
15 c.c. I/Nasal.
„
„
„
„
Result
(Lungs)
+ +
—
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
Remarks
Destroyed on 4 September 1939.
Ditto
Destroyed on 26 August 1939.
Died on 28 August 1939
Died on 25 August 1939
Survival
days p. ins.
23
23
14
16
13
G
172
Contagious Pleuro-Pneumonia of Goats
doses on the shoulder on opposite sides of the body on successive days. No
significant reactions resulted.
The controls to the virulence of each preparation were the two groups of
five healthy goats, serving as controls to the test insufflations in the preceding
experiment. As already detailed, each such group was insufflated with 15 c. c.
of the fresh emulsion on the day of its preparation.
On the 12th of August 1939, 14 days p. i., the vaccinated goats were tested
by the intra-nasal insufflation of 15 c. c. of pneumonic lung emulsion (1:1)
pooled from three reactor goats. Five healthy controls received a simulta-
neous test insufflation. The results are shown in table XXXIII.
As shown in the table, four of the five healthy controls had the typical
pneumonia at autopsy, in two cases after natural deaths at the 13th and 16th
days p. ins. respectively, in the other two at slaughter 14 and 23 days p. ins.
All of the vaccinated group survived 23 days, when they were slaughtered
and autopsied. No pulmonary lesions were found in any.
Experiment 30.—Immunisation with formalised vaccine injected intra-venously
In the preceding experiments with a formalised vaccine the subcutaneo u
route was used for administration.
The Japanese workers at Chosen have recorded that active immunity
can be successfully induced against Newcastle disease in poultry by intra-
venous inoculations of a formalised vaccine, where administration by other
routes is ineffectual. It was thought that an attempt should be made to
determine the effect of the formalised vaccine by this route, though there
is little logical justification.
Procedure.—The vaccine was that used at the second inoculation in the
previous experiment, after 48 hours cold storage, and was administered intra-
venously to four goats in 5 c.c. doses, to the remainder in 10 c.c. doses. This
increase was made as no fatalities resulted from intra-vascular clotting in the
four recipients of the smaller dose. All goats, however, registered varying
degrees of shock, p. i.
The test insufflation was made synchronously with that in the preceding
experiments (q. v.) with the same preparation and controls, The results are
shown in table XXXIV.
TABLE XXXIV
Goat,
No.
567
568
569
570
Vaccination
Date
30 July
1939.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Material
Formalised vaccine
(0.25 per cent) ex
goats 463, 466, 468
and 470 after cold
storage for 48
hours 5 c.c. I/V.
„
..
..
Immunity test
Date
%12 Aug.
1939.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Material
P. L. E. in Ty-
rode's (1:1)
ex goat 505, 529
and 531.
15 c.c. I/Nasal
..
..
..
Result
(Lungs)
—
—
—
Remarks
Destroyed on 4
September 1939.
Died on 30
August 1939.
Destroyed in ex-
tremis on 28
August 1939.
Died on 2 Sep-
tember 1939.
Survival
days p. ins.
23
18
16
21
E.
O.
LONGLEY
173
TABLE XXXIV—contd.
Goat
No.
563
564
565
566
Vaccination
Date
30 July
1939.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Material
Formalised vaccine
(0.25 Per cent) ex
goats 463, 466, 468
and 470 after cold
storage
for
48
hours.
10 c.c. I/V.
„
„
„
Immunity test
Date
12 Aug.
1939.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Material
P. L. E. in Ty-
rode's (1 : l)
ex 505, 529
and 531.
15 CO. I/Nasal
„
„
„
Result
(Lungs)
+ + + +
+ + + +
—
—
Remarks
Destroyed on
4 September 1939.
Died on 28 Aug-
ust 1939.
Destroyed 4 Sep-
tember 1939.
Destroyed on
2 September 1939.
Survival
days p. in
23
16
23
21
It will be seen that all the eight goats survived 16 days or more ; that
one died with the pneumonia at the 16th day p. ins., and that one was
positive at autopsy following the slaughter of the remainder 23 days p. ins.
SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION
The results of these experiments are summarised in the table below and
will be considered together.
TABLE XXXV
Formalised vaccine
Expt.
XXVII
XXVIII
XXIX
XXX
Group
I
II
III
Immunised by
1 inoc. of vaccine I
Do. and living ' virus '
1 inoc. of vaccine I.
2 inocs. vaccines II and III
1 inoc. vaccine III
Route
S/C
Do.
Do.
Do.
I/V
Tested
at
(days p. ins.)
17
17
(10 + 7)
33
14
14
Total
Results
Experi-
mental
+
2
...
3
...
2
—
8
6
7
7
6
7 34}41
Control
+
3
...
7
4
...
—
7
...
3
1
...
14 11}25
As already discussed, Groups I and II in Experiment 27 yield no direct
information, owing to the failure of the test virus. Group III yielded, however,
a 70 per cent control morbidity and 30 per cent in the vaccinated animals.
In Experiment 29 four out of five were positive in the controls and none in
seven vaccinated animals. These two groups in conjunction give 11 out of 15
positive controls or 73.3 per cent, and 3 out of 17, or 17.6 per cent
of those vaccinated. As stated previously an examination of the morbidity
in all healthy control and passage goats, following insufflation, has revealed
that of 139 such animals, 104 developed the disease, or 74.8 per cent.