NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
W. V. LAMBERT, S. R. SPEELMAN AND E. B. OSBORN 397
6. Schott, R. G. (1932). The inheritance of resistance to Salmonella aertrycke in various
strains of mice. Genetics 17, 203-29
7. Webster, L. T. (1937). Inheritance of resistance of mice to enteric bacterial and
neurotropic infections. Jour. Exp. Med. 65, 261-86
8. Wright, Sewall, and Lewis, P. A. (1921). Factors in the resistance of the guinea
pig to tuberculosis, with especial regard to inbreeding and heredity. Amer.
Nat. 55, 20-50
E
A BRIEF SURVEY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
KNOWLEDGE OF TREMATODE FAUNA OF INDIA,
BURMA AND CEYLON
BY
G. D. BHALERAO, D.Sc., PH.D., F.Z.S., F.R.M.S., F.A.Sc.
Helminthologist, Imperial Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar-Kumaun
(Reprinted from the Volumen Jubilare pro Professore Sadao Yoshida, Vol. 2, March,
1939)
T HE earliest reference to trematode of India is found in the book entitled
A practical treatise on the diseases of elephants, camels, and horned
cattle by Gilchrist [1841-46]. In this book two kinds of worms are
described under the name ' Mussodee ', one of which is obviously Fasciola
jacksoni and the other Pseudodiscus hawkesi. Another early record of an
Indian trematode was made by Cobbold in 1859 when he referred to Parago¬
nimus westermanni in Vivera mungos. Subsequent to this date Carter in 1862
recorded Fasciola hepatica and Disiomum intestinale from a man in Dacca.
Cobbold in a series of contributions dating from 1869 to 1882 recorded para-
sites of the elephant, cattle, Gangetic dolphin and Orcaella brevirostris. Lewis
in collaboration with Cunningham and McConnel in 1872 and 1876 respectively
described Opistorchis noverca and Gastrodiscoides hominis of man. Bomford
in 1887 recorded the presence of uncinate ova of Schistosoma indicum in the
large intestine of the transport bullock in Calcutta. Giles in 1892 recorded
Paramphistomum cervi and Gastrodiscus aegyptiacus from cattle and horse
respectively. The same year Stossich recorded Fasciola hepatica from Portax
picta, F. jacksoni, Dicrocoelium pallasii and Fasciolopsis rathousi. Buttle¬
Reepen in 1900 described Distomum ampullaceum from a cetacean in the
Indian ocean. In 1901 Lühe recorded Pleurogenes gastroporus and Meso¬
coelium sociale from amphibians. Fischoeder in his valuable publications
dating from 1901 to 1903 recorded several amphistoms of cattle, horses and
elephants in India and Ceylon. Powel in 1903 recorded the presence of
Schistosoma haematobium from a human host in this country. Shipley and
Hornell in 1904 and 1905 recorded Probolitrema richiardii, Distomum palleni¬
sum, Muttua margaritferae, Musalia herdmani, Gymnophallus somateriae and
Aspidogaster margaritifera. Stossich in 1904 reported Styphlodora horridum
from a Boa constrictor. Other parasites recorded in 1905 by Lühe, Neumann
and Lingard were Halipegus longispina, Pheumoneces copyristes, Pseudamphis¬
tomum truncatum, and Gastrodiscus aegyptiacus. The year 1906 was noted for
the discovery from this Institute by Montgomery of several Schistosomes of
domestic animals, viz. Schistosoma spindalis, S. indicum, S. bovis and Orniho¬
biharzia bomfordi. This year was also marked by the discovery of Fasciolopsis
buski of man by Lyngdoh, and several parasites were recorded from Ceylon
by Lühe and Linstow, viz. Gastris consors, Epibdella macrocolpa, Acanthosolus
biodorus, Anaporrhutum largum, Schistorchis carneus, Tristomum magalocotyle,
Stephanochasmus ceylonensis and Lyperosomum squamatum. Looss in 1907
described Gastrodiscus secundus from a mule in Assam and in 1908 Paradisto¬
mum ceratophorae from a reptile in Ceylon. The works of Evans and Rennie
( 398 )
408 ABSTRACTS
the maximum temperatures were uniformly high, the increase in egg size was not nearly
so pronounced. Very low temperatures seemed to have little effect on egg size but after
the daily maximum temperatures exceeded 70°F for a few days, egg size fluctuations
usually showed a close correlation with those of temperature. In localities where the
summer temperatures were very high the summer egg size was greatly depressed and the
birds were prevented from expressing their maximum potentialities for egg size unless
the maximum temperature dropped below 70°F before the end of the laying year. Where
the maximum temperatures seldom exceeded 70°F, the egg size tended to increase slightly
during the summer months. The results obtained were consistent for various breeds
and crosses. Over year birds also showed a marked reduction in egg size during hot
weather.
The fact that egg size is very materially reduced by high temperatures is of very
considerable importance in interpreting the results obtained during breeding operations.
In comparing the egg sizes of birds from different regions it is evident that in future some
consideration should be given to climatic conditions. Further the effects of changes in
temperature from year to year cannot be ignored in genetic studies where the daughter's
records are compared with those of their ancestors. [A. J. M.]
NOTE
RAW WOOL AND ITS MANUFACTURE †
The term wool is applied to the fibrous covering of the sheep, and though
other fibres are sometimes described as wool for example, rabbit wool, the
covering of the Angora rabbit, it is technically incorrect. The sheep, either
domesticated or wild, is found wherever man resides, except in the extreme
northern and southern regions. Our wool supplies come from countries as far
north as Iceland, and as far south as Patagonia and the Falkland Islands. If
one considers the enormous climatic variations which exist between these
widely separated districts, one can appreciate the great difference between the
varieties of wool.
There are over 736,000,000 sheep in the world to-day, which yield nearly
4,000,000,000 (3,827,000,000) pounds of raw wool annually. Many of these
sheep, in fact nearly half, produce wool which is of little commercial value, being
poor in quality ; hair-like in appearance, and of low fleece weight. These native
wools are used domestically for the manufacture of crude types of fabrics or
carpets, in many cases by hand.
The wool growing areas of the world may be divided into regions producing
wools of characteristic types.
1. Fine wool producing regions
Fine wool, that is wool of small fibre diameter, classed as 60's and upwards
requires a climate which is equable, with a mean annual temperature of 60°F
to 64°F and medium rainfall. One such region lies in the southern hemisphere,
between 30° and 40° south latitude, and is the most important wool growing
region in the world. It includes the important wool growing countries of
Australia, South Africa and South America. The second region is in the nor-
thern hemisphere, and includes Spain, South of France, Southern Germany,
parts of Russia, and parts of the United States of America. It is of interest to
note that Spain was the original home of all our fine-woolled sheep.
2. The medium wool-producing regions
Technically speaking the term medium wool refers to the vast amount of
cross-bred wool which is longer and coarser than the fine wools. Medium wools
are produced in districts with mean annual temperatures of approximately
50°F and fairly humid climate. The cross-bred wool producing regions may
be regarded roughly as 45° north and south of the Equator, and include the
British Isles, many European countries, parts of the United States of America,
New Zealand, parts of Australia, and South America.
3. The coarse wool producing regions
These are less clearly defined than the other two regions, as most countries,
whatever their climatic conditions, produce some low quality and coarse wools.
This is particularly so if the districts are mountainous.
* Extracts reproduced from the Journal of the Textile Institute, Vol. 31, No. 3,
March 1940.
( 409 )
410 NOTE
Before leaving this brief survey of the geographical positions of wool pro-
ducing areas, attention may be drawn to our own country which provides a
very striking example of the influence of climatic conditions upon the type of
wool grown. In the south of England, Down wools which are reasonably
fine in quality, are produced and are used for hosiery. In the hilly districts
the wools are longer and coarser, and under extreme conditions, as in the Lake
District and the Scottish Highlands, the wools produced are low in quality
and very variable.
CHARACTERISTICS OF WOOL
Wool is graded according to its quality. Wool quality is a vague term,
rather difficult to define. Wool quality in reality sums up the physical and
chemical properties of the wool fibre, and determines indirectly its field of
application. Wool quality may be said to have two distinct meanings, both
of which are of great significance when assessing its value.
1. Wool quality, its technical meaning
This refers to the count of yarn to which it should spin ; for example,
wool of 60's quality should spin to 60's, that is 60×560 yards per pound.
This, however, does not hold true, as most wools will not spin to their
quality numbers. The quality number was originally based upon the fibre
diameter, and. today this is the main feature upon which we judge quality,
though many other factors play an important part in the actual spinning pro-
perty of the fibres. The technical meaning of wool quality is of great import-
ance as it enables vendors to describe their wares in such a manner that others
may visualise the characteristics of the materials and assess their value. The
commercial value is decided not only upon the diameter of the fibres, but also
on such properties as length, waviness, uniformity, strength, elasticity, etc.
2. Wool quality, relative meaning
A wool may be said to be of good quality if it possesses to a marked extent
the features of its type. Thus we may have a coarse diameter wool, which is
relatively of good quality, whilst a fine diameter wool may be of relatively poor
quality. In this respect the method of appraisement by the wool control is of
interest. When submitting wool for appraisement the reputed quality must be
stated. The appraisers then give the wool a value in accordance with their
opinion as to its possession of the features of its reputed quality or otherwise.
To summarise the term wool quality, one may say that the true quality of
a wool is dependent upon its spinning property, which in turn is dependent
upon the properties of the material. Briefly these properties may be des-
cribed as follows :—
i. Diameter of the fibre
Wools vary considerably in diameter, the coarsest wool grown having a
diameter of 1/50", whilst the finest wool grown has a diameter of 1/3500*.
Diameter of fibre is taken as the basis upon which we estimate the quality of
NOTE 411
the wool. As the wool becomes finer in diameter its quality increases, thus we
have a 28's quality wool with an average diameter of 1/350", whilst a 64's
quality wool will have an average diameter of 1/1200".
ii. Length of fibre
This again varies, and may be taken as an indication of quality, but some
qualification of this statement is necessary. As wool becomes finer in diameter
it normally becomes shorter. Thus a 28's quality wool will have an average
length of 14" (maximum), whilst a 64 's quality wool will only have a maximum
length of 4". Should the length of the fibres increase whilst the other features
remain constant the value of the wool will increase, as its spinning property
will be enhanced.
iii. Waviness of fibre
The waves or crimps per inch which the fibres possess are important in the
estimation of the spinning property of the material. Generally speaking the
finer the quality of the wools the more waves per inch in the fibre, with an
increased spinning property. A 28's quality wool will be straight in fibre,
whilst a 64's quality wool will have an average of 24 waves per inch. The for-
mation of the wave must also be considered, regularity of the waves being
necessary, if the maximum spinning property is required.
iv. Surface structure of the fibre
Wool is a multi-cellular fibre, the small cells overlapping to form what are
called serrations protruding from the surface of the fibre, and giving to different
wools their characteristic surface properties. Long coarse wools are composed
of larger cells, firmly fastened to the core of the fibre, whilst the cells composing
fine short wools are smaller, and give relatively more pronounced serrations.
The old theory of spinning was based upon these serrations, but to-day, their
importance is not minimised, it is realised that other factors are involved in
spinning. There are on the average 80 serrations per mm. in low quality
wools, and an average of 120 per mm. in the finer qualities of wool.
v. The contour of the fibre
The cross-sections of wool fibres vary from circles to ellipses in shape,
and this variation, which is common to all qualities of wool, is relatively small.
It is logical to assume that the more nearly circular the cross-section of the fibre
the better its spinning property, due to the more regular movement and dis-
placement of the fibre, during drafting and particularly twisting.
vi. Strength of fibre
The wool fibre possesses remarkable mechanical properties such as strength,
elasticity and resilience. The stronger the fibre the more satisfactorily will it
process, due to a decreased amount of fibre breakage, during its passage through
the various machines. The strength of the wool fibre varies considerably
with the amount of moisture present in the wool, and reaches the greatest
value when the wool is dry.
vii. Elasticity of the fibre
Allied to the strength of the wool fibre is its elasticity. This plays a valu-
able part in the processing of the material, and is a factor which is partly
responsible for the durability of the wool fibre. Fibres which are elastic will
412
NOTE
stretch during processing or wear, and will recover their normal length
allowed to "rest" awhile afterwards. This factor is responsible for an all-
wool garment retaining its shape for a longer period than a garment made from
mixture of wool, and cotton. Moisture plays an important part in the elasticity
of the wool fibre.
viii. Other features of the fibre
Wool possesses a number of properties, which have some little bearing
upon its utility, and may be used as minor guides to wool quality. Among
these are colour, lustre and handle. The last may be termed " the layman's
quality indicator " for if a wool has a soft handle the layman will usually say it
is of good quality, and generally speaking, he is correct. One must, however,
mention the fact that wools which possess all the other attributes of quality
may have a harsh handle. The preservation of this property of handle must be
a consideration during the processing of the material.
ix. The durability of wool
The wool fibre possesses exceptional durability. This property makes it
one of our cheapest fibres in the long run, a factor that has long been recognised.
The durability of wool makes it ideal for the manufacture of articles of clothing,
soft furnishing fabrics and carpets. With this durability there is also present
the property of retaining its shape over a considerable period and recovering
from deformation.
REVIEW
415
Of all the problems considered at this Congress some are of interest pri-
marily to the pure geneticist, whereas others are of great value to the actual
breeder of farm animals. Much of the material discussed in this report is of
considerable benefit to workers in India. It is noticed by the reviewers,
however, that two new and very important matters were not discussed at the
Congress : the inheritance of endocrine gland activity and breeding for produc-
tion per unit live-weight instead of per animal. Whether this was due to
the small amount of work that has been done on these problems or to the lack
of time at the Congress is not known. [N. R. J. and J. N.W.]
ERRATA
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
Vol. X, Part III, September 1940
Page 331, line 12 from bottom, for ' spermatogenesis ' read ' spermatogenesis'
Page 332, line 8, for ' punchuring ' read ' puncturing '
Vol. X, Part II, June 1940
Page 213, line 6, for ' Mitchell' read ' Sherman and MacLeod'
Page 217, Appendix I, add the following figures in a fourth column under the heading
' Calcium content'
gm.
2.819
3.412
3.167
2.763
2.697
3.914
3.876
3.708
2.684
3.185
3.831
4.034
4.012
4.087
3.134
3.891
4.066
4.122
3.274
4.040
4.068
INDEX TO AUTHORS
A
ANETTEIN LEWIS, E., "The Ticks of East Africa, I. Species, Distri-
bution, Influence of Climate, Habits and Life-histories " . .
ASCHAFFENBUEG, R. (SEE KAY, H. D.) . . . . . .
ATKESON, F. W. (SEE WHITNAH, C. H.) . . . . . .
B
BANERJEE, B. N. (see DOCTOR, N. S.) . . . . .
—(see GOVINDARAJAN, S. V.) . . . . .
BAWA, H. S., " Rinderpest in Sheep and Goats in Ajmer-Merwara " .
BEATH, O. A. (see BRADLEY, W. B.)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
BENDEE, C. B. and SAVAGE, E. S., " How to make Grass Silage " (Abstract)
BHALEEAO, G. D. , " Observations on the Anatomy of Acanthostomum
burminis (Bhalerao, 1926) ".
.
.
.
.
.
.
—"A
Brief Survey of the Development of the
Knowledge of Trematode Fauna of India, Burma and Ceylon " .
BHALEEAO, G. D. , " Check-list of the Nematode Parasitos of the
Domesticated Animals in Burma—II "
.
.
.
.
.
.
BEADLEY, W. B., EPPSON, H. F. AND BEATH, O. A., " Methylene Blue
as an Antidote for Poisoning by Oat Hay and other Plants contain-
ing Nitrates " (Abstract) . . . . . . . . .
BRUMPT, E., " Experimental Study of Plasmodium gallinaceum Parasite
of the Domestic Fowl. Transmission of the Germ by Stegomyia
fasciata and Stegomyia albopicta " (Abstract)
.
.
.
.
C
CAMERON, T. W. M., " The Parasitic Environment and Plan of Control "
CAMPBELL, P. A., " The Nutritional Requirements of Dairy Cows "
(Abstract)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
CANE, H. W. (see WHITNAH, C. H.) . . . . . . .
CARTER, H. B., " Fleece Density and the Histology of the Merino Skin " .
CAWSTON, F. G., " The Dentition of Fishes and Reptiles with special
reference to the Replacement of Teeth " . . . . .
—"
A consideration of the Life-cycle of Fasciola in South
Africa " (Abstract)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
CHATTERJEE, I. B., " Studies on the Relation of Minerals to Live-weight.
I. The Calcium Requirement of Adult Animals and the Basis of its
Assessment"
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
—and TALAPATRA, S. K., " Studies on the Relation of
Minerals to Live-weight. II. The Relation of Live-weight to the
Calcium Content and Calcium Requirement of Adult Animals "
.
PAGE
382
332
329
63
335,361
103
405
121
94
398
119
405
238
313
327
329
320
297
330
198
210
ii
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
CLAUSEN, N. M. (see LONGLEY, B. J.) . . . . . . .
COPELAND, L., " A Study of Factors concerning Herd Management and
Herd Production " (Abstract) . . . . . . .
CRAWFORD, M., " Infection of Adult Fowls with Syngamus trachealis " .
D
DAS GUPTA, B. (see MOOKERJEE, H. K.) . . . . . .
DIAGNE, L. (see LARRAT, R.) . . . . . . . .
DOCTOR, N. S., BANERJEE, B. N. AND KOTHAVALLA, Z. R., " Studies on
some Factors affecting the Physical and Chemical Constants of Ghee "
DOUGLAS,K. L. AND WALKER, R. V.L., "The Use of Neo-Prontosil in
Strangles " (Abstract)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
E
EDWARDS, J. (see WALTON, A.) . . . . . . .
EPPSON, H.F. (see BRADLEY, W. B.) . . . . . .
F
FERNANDEZ, N. P., "Nymphomania with Sex Reversal in a Pedigree
Sahiwal Heifer treated back to Fertility "
.
.
.
.
.
.
FRATEUR, J. L., " Atavism of the Nature " (Abstract) .
.
.
.
G
GANAPATHY IYER, S., " Some Observations on the Viability of Doyle's
Disease Virus of Fowls under Different Conditions " . . .
GLOVER, R. E., " Immunisation of Birds against Fowl Pox and Pigeon
Pox respectively with Viruses propagated on the Chorio-allantoic
Membrane of the Developing Egg " (Abstract) .
.
.
.
GOO, G. W. H. (see HENKE, L. H.) . . . . . . .
GORDON,H.M., "The Anthelmintic Efficiency of Phenothiazine "
(Abstract) . . . . . . . . . .
GOVINDARAJAN, S. V. and BANERJEE, B. N., " Vitamin A Study of Ghee,
Part IX. Recovery of Reversibly Oxidised Vitamin A by Treat-
ment with Hydrogen under Pressure "
.
.
.
.
.
—"
Anti-oxiclants of Ghee '' .
GRAVES, R.R. (SEE SWETT,W.W.) . . . . . . .
GULLICKSON, T. W. (SEE WISE, G. H.) . . . . . .
H
HAMID KHAN, " Oxygen Requirements of the Fingerlings of an Indian
Carp, Cirrhina mrigala (Hamilton) " . . . . . .
HAMOND, J. (see WALTON. A.) . . . . . . . .
HEATH (SEE MITCHELL, C. A.) . . . . . . . .
HENKE, L. H. and Goo, G. W. H., " Comparative Value of Napier and
Sudan Grass when used as Soiling Crops for Dairy Cows " . .
PAGE
406
122
293
295
325
63
123
331
405
98
324
81
238
325
402
335
361
328
236, 237
372
331
406
325
INDEX TO AUTHORS iii
I
IDNANI, J. A. (SEE RAY, H. N.) . . . . . . . .
K
KAPUR, H. R., " Transmission of Fowl Spirochaetosis through Agents
other than Argas persicus ".
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
KAY, H. D., ASCHAEFENBURG, R. AND NEAVE, F. K., " The Phosphatase
Test for Control of Efficiency of Pasteurization '' (Abstract) . .
KEHAR,N.D., "Serum Protein Fractions of Normal and Vitamin A,
Calcium and Phosphorus Deficient Cattle "
.
.
.
.
.
— SINGH, M. AND RAO, G., " Observations on the Physio-
logical Constituents of Equine Blood " . . . . . .
KHUBCHANDANI, P. G. (see KOTHAVALLA, Z. R.) . . . . .
KOTHAVALLA, Z. R. (SEE DOCTOR, N. S.) . . . . . .
—and
KHUBCHANDANI,
P.
G.,
"
Withania
coagulans
as a Vegetable Rennet"
.
.
.
.
.
.
KRISHNA IYER, P. R., " Tuberculosis in the Monkey caused by Bacilli
KUHLMAN, A. F. (see Nevens, W. B.)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
L
LAMBERT, W. V., SPEELMAN, S. R. AND OSBORN, E. B., " Differences in
Incidence of Encephalomyelitis in Horses " . . . . . .
LARRAT, R. AND DIAGNE, L., " Differentiation between the Sheep and the
Goat in supervised Senegalese Abattoirs" (Abstract) . . .
LECKY, T. P., " Use of Minerals in the Maintenance of Dairy Cattle "
(Abstract) . . . . . . . . . .
LOESER, J. A., " The Concept of Instinct" . . . . . .
LONGLEY, B. J., CLAUSEN, N. M. AND TATUM, A. L.," Cultivation of
Various Species of Trypanosomes in the Developing Chick Embryo "
(Abstract) . . . . . . . . . .
LONGLEY, E. O., " Contagious Pleuro-pneumonia of Goats " . .
Louw, J. G., " The Influence of Frequency of Cutting on Yield, Chemical
Composition, Digestibility and Nutritive Value of some Grass
Species " (Abstract)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
M
MACKINTOSH, J., " Protein Standards for Milk Production " (Abstract) .
MAZUMDAR, S. R. (see Mookerjee, H. K.)
.
.
.
.
.
.
MCEWEN, A. D., " The Demonstration of Immunity in Cattle Vaccinated
with a Non-virulent Strain of Br. abortus " (Abstract) . . .
—PRIESTLEY, F. W. and PATERSON, J. D., " An Estimate
of a Suitable Infective Dose of Br. abortus for Immunisation Tests
on Cattle " (Abstract) . . . . . . .
PAGE
259
354
332
223
88
284
63
284
271
235
392
325
326
229
406
127
125
401
295
239
239