NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
196
Contagious Pleuro-Pneumonia of Goats
(15) Bullocks and buffaloes do not appear to be susceptible to the inocula-
tions.
(16) Guinea-pigs, rabbits, and mice have in no instance evidenced any
reaction to inoculation.
(17) In 12 goats subjected to close contact with both natural and experi-
mental cases, one case only of the pneumonia was recorded. Six of these
goats were fully susceptible to the inoculation of virulent material, at the termi-
nation of their period of contact. No explanation can be offered for this
peculiarity of the disease.
(18) Immunisation with a formalised vaccine reduces the morbidity at
subsequent test by insufflation to 25 per cent or less.
(19) Similar protection is probably afforded by a carbolised vaccine.
(20) The morbidity is reduced to approximately five per cent by the
subcutaneous inoculation of fresh pneumonic emulsion. The immunity is
fully developed by the 14th day p. i, and is induced with non-lethal as well as
lethal inocula.
(21) The ear is a convenient and safe site for such inoculations.
(22) The designation Borrelomyces peripneumoniae capri is proposed for
the etiological agent.
I wish to express my particular appreciation of the willingness and conscien-
tiousness, of all members of the laboratory staff, of which I cannot
speak too highly and without which the work could never have been accom-
plished. My thanks are also due to Rao Sahib M. Anant Narayan Rao,
G.M.V.C., Lecturer in Parasitology, for the identification of parasites and help
in other respects ; to Dr C. G. Pandit, Director of the King Institute of Preven-
tive Medicine, Guindy, for helpful criticisms, and his generous loans of appara-
tus and facilities ; and to Mr. Chandy, B.A., to whom I am indebted for much
personal help and advice in respect of the photomicrography ; to Veterinary
Assistant Surgeon, Sri V. Gurumurti, G.M.V.C., deputed as special assistant
for the work, for his able and zealous aid and to Sri G. R. Viswanathan,
G.M.V.C., Veterinary Investigation Officer, Madras for supplying diseased
goats.
REFERENCES
Campbell, A. D. (1938). J. Coun. Sci. Indus. Res. Aust. 11, 103.
Curasson. quoted by Hutyra and Marek. (op. cit.).
Daubney, R. (1935). J. Comp. Path and Therap. 48, 2.
Dukes, H. H. (1937). The Physiology of Domestic Animals.
Hutyra. Marek, and Manninger, (1938). Special Pathology and Therapeutics.
4th Edition. Vol. I. Page 471.
Mettam, R. W. M. and Ford, J. (1939). J. Comp. and Path and Therap. 52, Part I.
Mills, C. A. and Guest. G. M. (1921). Am. J. Physiol. 75, 395.
Orr, W. (1937). Annual Administration Report, Malay States.
Pyjper, A. (1938). J. Path. Back. 47, 1.
Shirlaw, J. F. (1939). Proceedings, 3rd Anim. Husb. Wing, Meeting, New Delhi.
Tang, F. F. Wei. H. Me. Whirter. DL. and Edgar, J. (1935) J. Path. Bact. 40, 391.
Turner, W. W. (1935). J. Path. Bact. 41, 391.
Turner, A. W. and Campbell. A. D. (1936). J.Coun. Sci. Industr.Res. Aust. 97,74.
Viswanathan, G. R. (1936-37). Annual Administration Report of the Veterinary Investi-
gation Officer, Madras.
E.
O.
LONGLEY
197
APPENDIX
Animals.
Donors
Ewes
Experimental
goats.
Ticks
Margavopus annulatus
2
...
...
Haemophysalis bispinosa
6
...
5
Lice
Bovicola
caprae
5
...
2
Linognathus stenopsis
...
...
3
Fleas
Haematopinus species
...
...
...
Otenocephalus species
...
...
1
Cysts
Tennuicollis
37
1
91
Hydatid
2
...
2
La r
va e of oestrus ovis
39
3
84
Haemonchus contortus
36
1
117
Oesophagostomum columblanum
21
...
83
Nemetodes
Oesophagostomum venulosum
8
...
18
Bunostomum trigonoccphalum
and species.
1
...
6
Trichostrogyles axei
3
2
16
Trichostrogylus colubdiformis
...
...
1
Cestodes
Trichuris ovis
15
...
96
Monezia expansa
1
...
...
Avittellina centripunctata and
species.
2
...
2
Proto-
zoon.
Stilesia vittata
...
1
5
Coccidiosis
...
...
6
Trematodes
Paramphistomum species
...
...
1
Fischoederius clongatus
...
...
1
Fasciola gigantica
...
...
6
62
5
177
NOTE :—In seven experimental goats, a few number of roundworms were not identified
STUDIES ON THE RELATION OF MINERALS TO LIVE
WEIGHT*
1. THE CALCIUM REQUIREMENT OF ADULT ANIMALS AND THE
BASIS OF ITS ASSESSMENT
BY
INDU BHUSAN CHATTERJEE, L. AG.
Physiological Chemist, Bengal
(Received for publication on 24 September 1938)
I N the case of adults, the skeletal growth is assumed to be complete and the
requirement should logically be associated with the loss or withdrawal that
the system will undergo through the metabolic processes. This, of course,
refers to the absolute amount. The actual amount might or might not be
same, possibly varying with the nature of the feed. For instance, it has been
found by Carbery, Chatterjee and Talapatra [1937] that under the condition
of rice straw feeding in Bengal the lime requirement of cattle is definitely
higher. In a similar experiment at Bangalore by Iyer and Krishna Ayyar
[1934] it was found that jowar hay was able to strike a positive balance with
an intake of 14 to 18 gm. CaO, while rice straw with 22 to 27 gm. CaO failed to
do so. Earlier experiments of Warth, Iyer and Krishna Ayyar [1932] show
that in the case of Bolarum hay the balance was negative even with an intake
of 40 gm. CaO, whereas with ragi straw the negative tendency was noticeable
up to about 58 gm. CaO intake. Albu and Neuberg [1906] state that the cal-
cium from plant foods, in which it is more abundant is less readily absorbed
than from meat. Kochmann and Potzsch [1911] carried out extensive studies
on dogs and concluded that the amount of calcium necessary for maintaining
a positive balance depends upon the character of the diet and ' should be speci-
fically determined for different kinds of food intake '. The work of Hart and
his co-workers [1922] also emphasizes the importance of diet as a factor
influencing calcium assimilation. Sherman and Hawley [1922] found that
vegetables represented by carrot, celery and canned spinach were a much
poorer source of calcium than milk. Fincke and Sherman's later work [1935]
shows that the calcium of milk was well utilized, that of kale almost as well,
while the calcium of spinach was utilized to only a very slight extent if at all.
Garry and Steven [1936] state that ' there is some evidence that the utiliza-
tion of Ca and P from milk is better than from other feeds '.
Mitchell and McClure [1937] remark that ' certain of the organic consti-
tuents of the feeds and rations other than vitamins have been suspected of
influencing the utilization of mineral components or of added mineral supple-
ments ', and much work has been concerned ' with the possible effect of the
roughage constituents of the diets, especially with reference to explaining the
*Under the grant of the Imperial Council of Agricultural Research, India
( 198 )
I. B.
CHATTERJEE
201
Leaving these, there were 26 animals of which 19 recorded positive balance and
seven negative. One of the negative data was almost on the border line. At
Dacca nine animals were taken. Out of these, two gave negative balance
and seven positive. The total admissible data from both places were 35 in
all out of which 26 were clearly positive, one just on the negative side (border
line) and six clearly negative.
In the statistical analysis of these data the first question that requires to
be settled is whether the positive and negative data should be validly taken as
representing the results under identical condition. There can be little doubt
that when the balance figures exhibit a pronounced tendency of a negative
output the behaviour is the expression of a deficient supply or of a condition
definitely against a positive balance. There is thus every possibility of such
values to deviate from the normal. They are at any rate the product of condi-
tion quite distinct from those yielding positive values. Unless, therefore,
it is established that numerically the intake output relation under both posi-
tive and negative balances follow the same process, their inclusion or combina-
tion is likely to introduce complication which should preferably be avoided,
specially in developing a method or hypothesis where it is of primary importance
to eliminate any data which might leave room for doubt or controversy. Ex-
ception may however be permissible in such cases where the results lie virtually
on the border line. Bearing these facts in mind the test for final computation
was carried out with a total number of 27 individual data out of which (as al-
ready stated) 26 were clearly positive and one on the border line. Considering
the time and labour involved in the work with heavier animals like cattle the
number of data was fairly large and sufficiently representative to provide a
reasonable indication of the nature of lime assimilation under the condition of
experiment.
It should be noted here that like Sherman and Leitch the output in the
present case has been assumed as the measure of requirement. The rest of the
procedure was different from either. The former, as already stated converted
the average (positive and negative) on a fixed live weight, while Leitch's
method carries with it the implication that whatever might be the live weight a
single expression would seem to represent the requirement of both heavier or
lighter animals. The best course has been considered to subject the intake, the
output, and the live weight under a test of statistical analysis and then include
or reject one or the other according as they conform to or fall below the re-
quired standard.
For this purpose the output, the intake and the live weight have been
fitted together into a multiple regression equation of the following order :
y=b 1 x 1 +b 2 x 2 +c
(1)
Where
y = output or requirement of CaO in gm.
x 1 = intake of CaO in gm.
x 2 =live weight in lb. and
b 1 and b 2 are constants.
202 Studies on the Relation of Minerals to Live Weight
By solving the equation with the 27 data finally selected (Appendix I)
the equation assumed the following form :—
y=0.5205 x 1 + 0.026 x 2 —2.47
(2)
The analysis of variance was as shown in Table I.
TABLE I
Analysis of variance
Particulars
Due to regression . .
Deviation . . .
Total .
Degrees
of
freedom
2
24
26
Sum
of
squares
437.71
55.89
490.60
Mean
square
217.35
2.33
Observed
ratio of
variance
93.28
Expected
ratio of
variance
at 1 p.c.
point
5.614
The correlation r = 0.94
The observed ratio of variance is also very high. The regression function
comes out to be highly significant. It should be noted however that the value
of b 2 is very low as compared to b 1 but they are not directly comparable as the
intake x 1 (varying from 19 to 31 gm.) and live weight x 2 (varying from 400 to
750 lb. are widely different. In order to make them comparable they were
standarized by referring the independent parameter in respect of standard
deviation, for which the equation is arranged in the following order :—
ay y/ay =(ax 1 b' 1 )x 1 /ax 1 +(ax 2 b' 2 )—x 2 /ax 2 . . . (3)
By working out the above equation the values are obtained as follows :
b' 1 = 2.4307
b' 2 = 1.8792
They thus clearly indicate that the output is appreciably influenced both
by the intake as well as live weight and neither can be assumed as a negligible
factor. This aspect can also be studied by a comparison of b l and b 2 on the
basis of their standard deviation. The algebra worked out by this procedure
(not shown here) indicated that the two methods lead to same result.
In order to show the association between any two of these factors their
coefficients of correlations are shown below in Table II.
I. B.
CHATTERJEE
203
TABLE II
Coefficients of correlation
r yx 1
r yx 2
r x 1 x 2
......
r x 2 y.x 1
r x 1 y.x 2
r x 2 x 1 .y
Observed
0.8912
0.8558
0.7266
0.6683
0.7580
—0.1538
Expected
0.381
0.381
0.381
0.388
0.388
0.388
Remarks
Significant
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Not significant
From equation (2) or equation (3) we obtain the relation between intake
and live weight on one side and output on the other. It is now clear that for
a given live weight the output increases with intake according to a linear
relation. Similarly the output is proportional to live weight for a given intake.
The equation thus gives a numerical expression of the inter-relation
between the feed, the requirement and the live weight. From theoretical
standpoint it appears to cover all relevant aspects. It should however be
noted that it can only be worked out when two of the factors viz. the intake
and live weight are known. In this respect it suffers from a limitation, as
from practical standpoint the chief aim will always be to get directly at the
requirement for any live weight, but this is not possible in this form of the
equation.
In order to overcome this difficulty it is suggested that in equations (1)
and (2) the value of intake be represented in terms of live weight. This is
based on the following consideration. The total food intake of an animal
(which mainly consists of organic material), is to a large extent determined
from an inner urge to satiate the instinctive demand for getting a fill which
again is closely related with the demand of energy supply. It is now an accept-
ed fact that energy requirement varies as the power function of live weight.
The total food intake will naturally be regulated under the same process. The
lime and other minerals forming inseparable constituents embracing the
organic intake of the food will be necessarily consumed in the proportion in
which they exist in the feed. In other words their consumption, like that of
total intake, will vary as the power function of live weight.
204 Studies on the Relation of Minerals to Live Weight
Bearing these facts in mind it is noted from equations (2) and (3) that y in
crease swith live weight, and y also increases with intake for a given live weight.
For the normal requirement for a given live weight it is necessary to obtain its
normal intake. It has just been stated that since the total feed intake
varies as a power function of live weight, the mineral intake forming a
component part of same will necessarily vary in the same way. The lime
intake (x 1 ) may therefore be expressed in term of live weight (x 2 ) as
follows :
x 1 =αx 2
p
(4)
Where p=power function and
α = constant.
By working out this equation with the present data we obtain
x l =0.135x 2
0.86
(5)
Now by applying the value of x 1 in equations (1) and (2) on the basis of
equations (4) and (5) we obtain the relation of normal requirement in terms of
live weight as follows :—
y=b 1
αx 2
p +b 2 x 2 +c
(6)
=(0.5205×.135)x 2
0.86 +0.026x 2 —2.47
=0.0703x 2°.
86 +0.026x 2 —2.47
=0.026x 2 (2.703x 2
-0.14 +1)—2.47
.
.
.
(7)
This equation enables the direct evaluation of requirement for any given
live weight. At the same time it may be stated that mathematically the strict-
ly valid course should have been to have directly fitted a multiple regression
equation like
y=b 1 x 2
p +b 2 x 2 +c
......
(8)
But in that case the method of least squares would lead to a set of equa-
tion in p, a, b, and c, which will be numerically insoluble and as such of little
or no practical statistical use however correct it might be from the mathemati-
cal or theoretical point of view.
Failing this procedure based on equation (8) the next best course (mathe-
matically speaking) should have been to have tried to fit a pair of multiple
regression equation of the following order :
y=b 1 x 1 +b 2 x 2 +c
(9)
x 1
= αx 2
p
..
(10)
I. B.
CHATTERJEE
205
Here the data could be independently fitted into equations (9) and (10)
and then x 1 substituted from equation (10). But here again the method of
least square would evolve out of equation (10) an equation in p which will
again be numerically insoluble and as such of little use from the statistical
point of view.
There is a third course which has been actually adopted in this paper,
and which though only approximate from the theoretical point of view is
perhaps in actual practice the most that could be made of the data if one
chose to fit something like a multiple regression equation. Whatever loss of
rigour is involved in such a course is more or less inherent partly in the mass of
data themselves, (for if there is any clear indication of a relation like equation
(4) it cannot of course be ignored), and partly in the very attempt to fit a
multiple regression to the data on the basis of least square.
What has been actually done is to have used the method of least squares
to fit to the data independently two regression equations like
y=b 1 x 1 + b 2 x 2 + c
(11)or(1)
log x 1 =logα+p log
x 2
. (12)
Having got the constants b 1 , b 2 , c, d and p by applying the principles
of least squares to (11) and (12) a substitution is independently made in
equation (11) from equation (12). Prior to this, equation (11) is tested by the
usual methods for goodness of fit as well as significance of b 1 , b 2 etc. which
were all satisfactory.
If one discarded the regression method and took to some other conceivable
method then of course the whole picture would be different. The point at
issue is perhaps whether one could get anything more out of the data in a more
satisfactory manner than has been possible in this paper, when in the first
place there is a good indication in the data of a relation like (4) and when in
the second place, on the basis of this one chose to fit to the data, a polynomial
regression.
The theoretical bearing has been dealt with fairly elaborately in the
preceding observations. It remains only to supplement one or two statements
from purely practical standpoint. Here it will require no reiteration that in
order that the equations may present a true picture it should theoretically
include all associative factors as represented in equation (1). The practical
need led to its modification to the form of equation (6). Even this equation
would involve a fairly appreciable amount of calculation. As, after all, the
main object is to evolve out a workable formula a still simpler form would
naturally be more welcome. For this purpose an attempt was made to see
as to how the output (representing requirement) would work out if it is directly
fitted into a linear regression with live weight as shown in the following equa
tion :—
y=0.506x 2 —0.2586
(13)
For purpose of comparison the values obtained by this equation and the
same worked out by the more elaborate equation as represented by (7) are set
forth below in Table III.
206 Studies on the Relation of Minerals to Live Weight
TABLE III
Live weight
lb.
400 . . . . .
500 . . . . .
600 . . . . .
700 . . . . .
800 . . . . .
900 . . . . .
1000 . . . . .
CaO requirement
(value of y)
By
equation (7)
gm.
20.08
25.25
30.35
35.39
40.48
45.34
50.26
By
equation (13)
gm.
19.98
25.04
30.10
35.16
40.22
45.28
50.34
It will be noted that the values obtained by both methods are in very close
agreement ; and it would appear that no serious error is likely to follow if this
simplified equation (13) is adopted for all practical purposes.
An interesting point to note here is that it was noticed by Carbery,
Chatterjee and Talapatra (loc. cit) that under the condition of rice straw feed-
ing positive balance for lime could not be attained until the ingestion was near
about 24 gm. CaO per 500 lb. live weight. The data were then too meagre to
work out a mathematical relation.
The formula now developed shows a satisfactory agreement between the
observed and prediction values. The values of the constants however refer
to the condition of aus rice straw feeding. Under other conditions of feeding
they are not likely to be same but the principle of the equations appears to
be applicable to them also. This point will of course require confirmation
and can at present be only stated as tentative.
It is to be further noted that since live weight plays an important part in
the ultimate consumption and assimilation of the required quantity of a
nutrient, the lime requirement can be more satisfactorily assessed when com-
puted in relation to live weight.
SUMMARY
It has been shown from various references including those of the author
that the lime requirement appears to be very closely related with the nature of
the feed.
The work of Sherman and Leitch has been discussed and evidences have
been adduced from the author's own work that the lime requirement (possibly
I. B.
CHATTERJEE
207
other mineral requirements) is assessable in relative values, in which intake,
output and live weight all come into play.
An equation has been developed and worked out. This has been statisti-
cally examined and has been found to give a good fit. It is suggested that the
relative requirement under different feeds can be worked out for any live weight
on the basis of this equation. A more simplified equation has also been suggest-
ed for practical use.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The first acknowledgement is due to the Imperial Council of Agricultural
Research in India for providing the grant for this work.
The author places on record his sincere thanks to Professor P. C. Mahala-
nobis and members of the Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta. Here it is
necessary to make a special mention of the late Mr. S. S. Bose who rendered
invaluable help even while he was ailing. The author also wishes to record his
grateful acknowledgement to his other fellow workers, specially Messrs. R. C.
Bose, S. Roy and K. R. Nair who rendered invaluable help by way of discussion
and valuable suggestions. Mr. J. M. Sen Gupta did a good deal of computation
under the direction of late Mr. Bose.
The author begs to express his sincere gratitude to Mr. Carbery, Director
of Agriculture, Bengal whose encouragement and guidance were of invaluable
help in the successful completion of the work.
The author also records his thanks to Mr. F. J. Gossip, Livestock Expert,
Bengal, who took a lively interest in the work and contributed materially in
the formation of the experimental scheme and its working.
Thanks are also due to Mr. G. B. Pal, Agricultural Chemist, Bengal for his
helpful criticism and laboratory facilities, to Messrs. S. N. Sarkar and S. Tala-
patra for the help on the analytical side, to Mr. Sayed Ali for computation and
to Mr Abdul Aziz Talukder for conducting the digestion and metabolic
tests.
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Albu, A. and Neuberg, C. (1906). Wechsel, Berlin. (Cited by McClugoge and Mendel,
1918,) J. Biol. Chem. 35, 366
Carbery, M., Chatterjee, I. and Talapatra, S. K. (1937). Ind. J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb.
7, 155-211
Fincke, M. L. and Sherman, H. C. (1935). J. Biol. Chem. 110, 421-8
Garry, R. C. and Steven, D. (1936). Nut. Abstr. & Rev. 5, 871
Gray, H. and Fraby, F. (1926). Amr. J. Dis. Child. 32, 554. (Cited by Leitch)
Henry W. A. & Morrison F. B. (1928). 274
Hesse, E. (1931). Klin Wochenschr, 10, 1067-8. (Abstract in Nut. Abstr. & Rev. I,
1932, 192)
Hart, E. B., Steenbok H., and Hoppert C. A. (1922). J. Biol. Chem. 53, 21-30 ; 54, 75-89
Iyer, A. V. and Krishna Ayyar, N. (1934). Ind. J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb. 4, 108-113
Kochmann, M. and Petzsch, E. (1911). (Cited by McClugoge and Mendel) J. Biol.
Chem. 35, 366
Leitch, I. (1937). Nut. Abstr. Rev. 6, 553-78
McClugage H. B. and Mendel L. B. (1918) J. Biol. Chem. 35, 366
Meigs, E. B., Turner, W. A., Harding, T. S., Hartman, A. M. and Grant, F. M. (1926).
J. Agr. Res. 32, 833-60
Miller, R. C. (1926). J. Dairy Sc. 9, 78-92
208
Studies on the Relation of Minerals to Live Weight
Mitchell, H. H. and McClure, F. J. (1937). National Research Council, Bull. 99
Sherman, H. C. (1920). J. Biol. Chem. 44, 21-7
Sherman, H. C. and Hawley, E. (1922) J. Biol. Chem. 53, 375-399
Sherman, H. C. and MacLeod, F. L. (1925). J. Biol. Chem. 64, 443
Sherman, H. C., Wheeler L. and Yates, A. B. (1920). J. Biol. Chem. 386
Turner, W. A., Harding, T. S. and Hartman, A. M. (1927). J. Agr. Res. 35, 625-35
Warth, F. J., Iyer, A. V., Krishna Ayyar, N. (1932). Ind. J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb.
2, 325-32