NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
38 A Short History of Ayurvedic Veterinary Literature
Commerce & Navigation of the Eryth
raean Sea .
.
.
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.
Fhankht Vaalaj Aspan
. . .
Ghora Nidan
.
.
.
.
.
Indica of Alberuni .
.
.
.
Indica of Megasthenes (fragments)
.
Ippocras the Indian's Writings
Jatakas
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Krsi-Samgraha.
Mahabharata .
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Mahavansa
.
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.
Manu Dharma Shastra
.
Marco Polo's Travels.
Mriga Pakshi Shastra . . .
Panchatantra.
Parasara Samhita.
Questions of King Melinda . .
Raja Ratnacari .
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.
Rajavali
.
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Ramayana
.
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Rigveda . . . . .
Sukraniti.
Saloter
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Suśrutha Samhita .
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Vishnu Purana
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Yajurveda—Black .
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Yajurveda—White .
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trans McCrindle.
J. Hussain.
ed. Bhattacharjee.
ed. Sachau.
trans. McCrindle.
trans. Delprato.
ed. Rhys Davids.
trans. Tarkaratna.
trans. Upham.
trans. Jones.
trans. Sundaracharya.
trans. Rhys Davids.
trans. Upham.
trans. Upham.
trans. Griffeths.
trans. M. N. Dutta.
trans. Earles.
trans. Sharma etc.
trans. Wilson.
trans. Keith.
trans. Griffeths.
GENERAL LITERATURE
Armatage, B. G. . . . .
Aufrecht
.
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Banerjee, N. C. . . . . .
Bedroe .
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Bhandarkar, R. G . . . .
Blackham
.
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Blanford,W. T . . . .
Cambridge History of India, Vol. I .
Chopra, R. N. . . . .
Crooke .
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Cureton . . . . .
Das Gupta
.
.
.
.
.
de Koros
.
.
.
.
.
Dietz . . . . .
Dowson . . . .
Dutt, R. C. . . . . .
Elphinstone, M. . . . .
Encyclopoedia Brittanica.
Ewart, J. C. . . . . .
Foote, B . . . . .
Ganguli
.
.
.
.
.
Gondial, Thakore Saheb of . .
Gupta, K. R.
L.
.
.
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Heyne . . . . . .
Hoernle, A. F. R. .
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Hoernle, A. F. R. . . . . .
Iyer, K.
.
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Jolly
.
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.
Jolly . . . . . .
Debt of Western Medicine to the East
Catalogus Catalogorum.
Economic Life and Progress in Ancient India.
Origin and Growth of the Healing Art.
Collected Works.
Incomparable India.
Mammalia.
(ed Rapson).
Indigenous Drugs of India.
Things Indian.
Collection of such passages regarding India as
may occur in Arabic writers.
Medicine among the, Hindus.
Analysis of a Tibetan Medical Work.
Proofs of the Antiquity of Hindu Medicine.
Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology.
Ancient India.
History of India.
Possible Ancestors of the Horse.
Indian Prehistoric & Protohistoric Antiquities.
Agriculture & Agriculturalists in Ancient India.
History of Aryan Medicine.
Nidana, Hindu Practice of Medicine.
Tracts on India.
Osteology of the Hindus.
Studies in Medicine in Ancient India.
Veterinary Science in India. (J. A. & L. S. 7).
Medicin (Indo-Arischen Soc.).
Early Medical Literature of India.
LESLIE
HAMILTON
SHIRLAW
39
Kirtikar & Basu . . . . . .
Laufer, H. . . . . . .
Law, N. . . . . . .
Léclainche, E. . . . . . .
Lydekker . . . . . .
Macdonell . . . . . .
Macdonell . . . . . .
Macdonell & Keith . . . . . .
Manning, Mrs. . . . . . .
Marshall, Sir, J. . . . . . .
Mazumdar . . . . . .
McCrindle . . . . . .
McCrindle . . . . . .
Mittra, R. . . . . . .
Mool Singh . . . . . . .
Muir . . . . . .
Mukhopadhyaya, G. N. . . . . . .
Mukhopadhyaya, G. N. . . . . . .
Mukhopadhyaya, G. N. . . . . . .
Olver, Sir, A. . . . . . .
Osborn . . . . . . .
Prashad, B. . . . . . . .
Rawlinson . . . . . .
Ray, S. K.
. . . . . . .
Ray, P. C.
. . . . . . .
Royle . . . . . . .
Rhys Davids . . . . . . .
" R. R. " . . . . . .
Sarkar, B. K. . . . . . .
Smith, Sir F. . . . . . . .
Smith, V. . . . . . .
Watters. . . . . . .
Webb . . . . . . .
Weber . . . . . . .
Wilson . . . . . . .
Winternitz . . . . . .
Wise . . . . . .
Wise . . . . . .
Indian Medicinal Plants.
Berträge zur Kenntnis der Tibetischen Medicin.
Studies in Hindu Polity.
Histoirè de la Médicine Vétérinaire.
Geographical History of Mammals.
Vedic Mythology.
History of Sanskrit Literature.
Vedic Index.
Ancient and Medieval India.
Mohenjodaro and the Indus Civilization.
Medical Science in Ancient India (Calc. Rev.).
Ancient India as described by Megasthenes.
Ancient India as described by Arrian.
Ancient Hindu Veterinary Art (J. A. S. B. 1885).
Use of Indigenous Drugs in Veterinary Practice.
Original Sanskrit Texts.
History of Indian Medicine.
Surgical Instruments of the Hindus.
Human Parasites in the Atharvaveda.
Brief Survey of some of the Important Breeds of
cattle in India (Misc. Bull. I. C. A. R. 17).
Age of Mammals.
Animal Remains from Harappa.
India and the Western World.
Surgery of the Ancient Hindus.
History of Hindu Chemistry.
Antiquity of Hindu Medicine.
Buddhist India.
India's Age Old system of Medicine.
Positive Background of Hindu Sociology.
Early History of Veterinary Literature.
Early History of India.
Huien T'sang's Travels in India.
Historical Relationship of Ancient Hindu with
Greek Medicine.
History of Indian Literature.
Indian physicians at Bagdad (J. R. A. S.),
Folk Medicine in Ancient India.
Commentary on Hindu System of Medicine.
History of Medicine among the Asiatics.
PARATUBERCULOSIS (JOHNE'S DISEASE) OF CATTLE
IN ASSAM
1. ITS INCIDENCE AND EPIZOOTOLOGY
BY
P. G. PANDE, M.Sc., M.R.C.V.S.
Veterinary Investigation Officer, Assam
(Received for publication on 10 December 1938)
INTRODUCTION
I N almost every country in which the incidence of Johne's disease has
been investigated, economic losses accruing from this condition have often
been estimated to be high, and although during recent years, methods of
its diagnosis aiming at the proper control of the disease have received much
impetus at the hands of research workers all over the world, the disease still
constitutes to be one of the major problems for the stock-breeding and the
dairy industries.
In India also the growing menace of this chronic condition is being real-
ized, and although precise information relating to its incidence is not available
from any of the provinces or states, the disease is known to exist in several
parts of the country, particularly Bihar, the United Provinces, Bengal, Madras,
Bombay, Mysore and Assam.
In Assam the first case of Johne's disease was detected in January 1933
in a Sindhi bull at the Government Cattle Farm, Khanapara, and within two
years the incidence recorded was so high that early in 1935 the provincial
Government called an expert committee under Mr F. Ware, the then Director,
Imperial Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, to advise means for
its control. The committee remarked that the proper control of the disease
could be achieved only when its actual incidence amongst the farm animals
was known, and with this object in view it recommended, inter alia, periodical
testing of the whole herd with avian tuberculin for about two years. The
testing of the herd at the Khanapara farm was started in the year 1933,
and by the year 1937, considerable data had been accumulated on the inci-
dence of the disease involving practically every district in the province. This
line of inquiry was inevitable, since the disease had primarily involved valu-
able animals of the Government cattle-breeding farms in the province, and
subsequently it was suspected in several localities amongst the farm animals
issued or sold out to several private stock-breeders and breeding centres
operating under the supervision of the Livestock section of the Department
of Agriculture. The gravity of the problem was further aggravated on
account of advanced clinical cases of the disease being recognized in increasing
numbers in these animals. In some of these animals the diagnosis was
obtained on the result of autopsy and microscopical examination of the entrail
40
44
Paratuberculosis of Cattle in Assam
TABLE I
Names of the places and number of times the Avian Tuberculin tests were performed on animals at each of
these places
Years
1933 .
.
.
.
1934 .
.
.
.
1935 .
.
.
.
1936 .
.
.
.
1937 . . .
Localities where the tests were made
Govt. farms
X
X X
X
X X X
X X X
x x x x
x x x x
X X X
X
X
..
Jails
..
..
X
..
..
Mental
hospital
..
..
..
..
..
Tea estates
..
..
..
X
X
X
..
Municipali-
ties and local
boards
..
..
..
..
..
Private
farms
and
individual
herds
..
..
..
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Village herds
..
..
..
..
X
X
X
46
Paratuberculosis of Cattle in Assam
TABLE II
Number of cattle of different classes and ages, submitted to Avian Tuberculin test, and the number of
positive reactors during the period from 1933-36, at the Government Cattle Breeding Farm, Khanapara
Serial
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Year and date of tests
9-12-33 to 13-12-33
3-1-34 to 29-1-34
17-12-34 to 24-12-34.
16-1-35 to 21-3-35 .
16-4-35 to 28-4-35 .
14-9-35 to 19-9-35 .
6-2-36 to 27-2-36 .
10-6-36 to 18-6-36 .
10-9-36 to 25-9-36 .
13-10-36 to 16-10-36
Adult cows
and bulls
Test-
ed
2
75
15
56
10
14
55
24
30
14
Posi-
tive
1
6
3
7
1
1
24
14
9
14
Young stock
1 to 2 years
Test-
ed
17
93
10
73
62
33
117
27
71
4
Posi-
tive
3
13
0
8
8
6
35
21
16
2
Calves 6 to
12 months
Test-
ed
...
...
...
...
...
...
15
2
36
2
Posi-
tive
...
...
...
...
...
...
10
2
11
2
Bullocks
Test-
ed
1
24
4
2
22
...
24
4
25
...
Posi-
tive
0
4
0
0
1
...
6
4
14
...
Buffaloes
Test-
ed
...
...
...
...
18
...
20
6
14
4
Posi-
tive
...
...
...
...
0
...
7
6
3
4
Total
Test-
ed
20
212
29
131
112
47
231
65
176
24
Posi-
tive
4
23
3
17
11
7
81
47
53
22
Per
cent
20
10.8
10.4
10.1
8.9
14.9
35.1
64.1
32.1
91.6
Remarks
The positive reactor cow was
destroyed,
post-mortem was
psiotive for Johne's disease
The first general test excluding
buffaloes and calves
The second general test
The third general test including
buffaloes
The fourth general test including
buffaloes and calves
These animals were positive reac-
tors in a previous test performed
in February 1936. Out of 81
only 65 were left for another
test
These animals were positive reac-
tors in two previous tests per-
formed in February and June,
1936
P. G.
PANDE
47
TABLE III
Number of cattle of different classes and ages, submitted to Avian Tuberculin test, and the number of positive
reactors during the period 1935-36, at the Government Cattle Breeding Farm, Sylhet
Year and date of tests
24-11-35 to 27-11-35
7-4-36 to 22-4-36
18-8-36 to 21-8-36 .
19-5-36 to 22-5-36 .
23-8-36 to 30-8-36 .
Adult cows
and bulls
Test-
ed
6
45
8
1
21
Posi-
tive
1
12
5
1
11
Young stock
1 to 2 years
Test-
ed
...
98
11
...
56
Posi-
tive
...
33
9
...
17
Calves 6 to
12 months
Test-
ed
...
17
1
...
11
Posi-
tive
...
8
1
...
9
Bullocks
Test-
ed
...
24
...
3
17
Posi-
tive
...
3
...
1
10
Buffaloes
Test-
ed
1
16
2
...
11
Posi-
tive
0
4
2
...
5
Total
Test-
ed
7
200
22
4
116
Posi-
tive
1
60
17
2
52
Per
cent
14.2
30.0
68.1
50.0
47.1
Remarks
The buffalo was a clinical case
and the bowel washing examina-
tion of this case gave positive
result
The first general test including
all kinds of animals
These 22 animals were out of 60
positive reactors of the previous
test
These were the doubtful reactors
of the first general test
The second general test of the
non-reactor animals of the first
general test
P. G.
PANDE
49
TABLE IV
Number of cattle of different classes and ages, submitted to Avian
Tuberculin
tests, and the number of positive
reactors during the period 1934-36, at Jorhat, Titabar and Karimganj Agricultural
farms
Name of the farms
Jorhat farm . . .
Ditto . . .
Titabar farm . . .
Karimgunj farm . .
Ditto . . .
Year and date of tests
15-4-34 to 18-4-34 .
14-7-36 to 22-7-36 .
22-11-36 to 25-11-36
14-3-36 to 17-3-36 .
29-4-36 to 2-5-36 .
Adult cows
and bulls
Test-
ed
5
19
...
...
...
Posi¬
tive
1
3
...
...
...
Young stock
1 to 2 years
Test-
ed
2
31
5
...
2
Posi-
tive
0
4
0
...
1
Calves 6 to
12 months
Test-
ed
1
19
...
...
...
Posi-
tive
0
11
...
...
...
Bullocks
Test-
ed
...
12
38
1
34
Posi-
tive
...
4
6
1
8
Total
Test-
ed
8
81
43
1
36
Posi-
tive
1
22
6
1
9
Per
cent
12.5
27.1
13.9
100
25
Remarks
An adult bull, a clinical case
gave no reaction, but was
found diseased on the result
of rectal smear examination
The first general test
The disease was confirmed in 2
out of 6 reacting bullocks on
the result of bowel-washing
examination
This was the first preliminary
test on a suspicious case
50
Paratuberculosis of Cattle in Assam
TABLE V
Number of cattle of different classes and ages, submitted to Avian Tuberculin test, and the number of positive
reactors during 1936 at several Jail Dairies of the province
Names of the Jail
Dairies
Gauhati Jail Dairy . .
Sylhet Jail Dairy . .
Nowgong Jail Dairy . .
Jorhat Jail Dairy . .
Dibrugarh Jail Dairy . .
Year and the date of
tests
8-1-36 to 11-1-36 .
8-6-36 to 11-6-36 .
3-8-36 to 6-8-36 ..
1-5-36 to 4-5-36 .
7-11-35 to 11-11-35
29-3-36 to 1-4-36
.
1-12-36 to 4-12-36 .
15-7-36 to 18-7-36 .
26-11-36 to 29-11-36
Adult cows
and bulls
Test-
ed
11
5
3
2
7
6
1
7
2
Posi-
tive
5
3
2
1
5
2
0
1
1
Young stock
1 to 2 years
Test-
ed
6
...
2
4
12
11
9
1
5
Posi-
tive
3
...
0
0
3
3
5
0
2
Calves 6 to
12 months
Test-
ed
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
6
1
Posi-
tive
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
2
0
Bullocks
Test-
ed
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
3
...
Posi-
tive
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
...
Total
Test-
ed
17
5
5
6
19
17
10
17
8
Posi-
tive
9
3
2
1
8
5
5
4
3
Per
cent
52.9
60
40
16.6
42.1
29.4
50
23.5
37.5
Remarks
These five animals were posi-
tive reactors in the pre-
ceding test
52
Paratuberculosis of Cattle in Assam
TABLE VI
Number of animals of all classes and ages, submitted to Avian Tuberculin tests, and the number found positive
reactors amongst the Government farm animals outside the farm premises
Localities
Gauhati town and suburb
Sylhet town . .
Chatlapar
Tea Estate
Beanibazar . .
Chiknagool Tea Estate .
Bhatpara . . .
Gutatikar . . .
Hoogrijan Tea Estate .
Farms
where
purchased
Khanapara
farm.
Sylhet farm
Do .
Do .
Do .
Do .
Do .
Shillong farm
Year and
date of
test
9-6-36
to
12-6-36
7-5-36
to
10-5-36
15-5-36
to
18-5-36
9-5-36
to
12-5-36
19-4-36
to
22-4-36
7-5-36
to
10-5-36
21-8-36
to
24-8-36
10-8-36
to
13-8-36
Adult cows
and bulls
Test-
ed
14
4
4
...
4
1
1
1
Posi-
tive
8
2
1
...
2
1
1
1
Young stock
1 to 2 years
Test-
ed
3
2
...
2
...
...
...
1
Posi-
tive
0
1
...
0
...
...
...
0
Calves 6 to
12 months
Test-
ed
3
...
1
...
...
...
...
...
Posi-
tive
2
...
1
...
...
...
...
...
Bullocks
Test-
ed
2
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Posi-
tive
0
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Test-
ed
22
6
5
2
4
1
1
2
Total
Posi-
tive
10
3
2
0
2
1
1
1
Per
cent
45.4
50
40
Nil
50
100
100
50
Remarks
Bowel-washings from both the
cases showed positive evi-
dence of infection
The positive cow died two
months after the test with
symptoms of Johne's disease.
P. G.
PANDE
53
TABLE VII
Number of cattle of indigenous breed, submitted to Avian Tuberculin test, and the number found positive, doubtful
and negative reactors at two private farms and three villages in Assam
Localities
Gauhati town . .
Lalbagh farm . .
Batarhat village . .
Bholapara village . .
Parakushi village . .
Number
of cattle
tested
15
15
17
17
17
Date and
year of
test
6-8-36
to
9-8-36
27-8-36
to
29-8-36
11-4-37
to
14-4-37
11-4-37
to
14-4-37
11-4-37
to
14-4-37
Positive
9
6
11
11
7
Doubtful
..
..
..
1
2
Negative
6
9
6
5
8
Remarks
The owner had lost all his cattle
purchased from Khanapara farm
Three cows purchased by the owner
of this farm from Sylhet farm had
died of Johne's disease
At this village the farm bull died of
Johne's ; post-mortem positive for
Johne's disease
A Government farm bull placed in
this village had suffered from
diarrhoea and emaciation. The
animal was later tested with Avian
Tuberculin and reacted
A Government farm bull placed in
this village had died of symptoms
suggestive of Johne's disease
H
54
Paratuberculosis of Cattle in Assam
infection in this herd was obtained on the result of bowel-washing examination
of one of the heifers. The Avian Tuberculin test on 15 local cows of this herd
revealed nine of them as reactors (as shown in Table VII).
7. Age and breed incidence.—In India the question of susceptibility of
different breeds of cattle to Johne's disease has not formed the subject of any-
serious attention in the past, and the present survey aims at the determina-
tion of this aspect of the disease as investigated amongst three important
breeds of the western part of the country, besides amongst the cross-breds
and the cattle of local breed.
TABLE VIII
Principal breeds and the crosses between them, submitted to Avian Tuberculin
test, and the percentage of reactors amongst them, at Khanapara, Sylhet
and Jorhat farms
Types of principal breeds and
crosses between them
Scindi
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Local
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Bihari
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Tharpakar
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Hariana
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Scindi crosses
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Bihari crosses
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Tharparkar crosses . . . . . . .
Hariana crosses . . . . . . .
Total
number
tested
240
230
63
16
4
517
30
64
16
Total number
found
reactors
63
53
14
4
1
133
6
17
4
Percentage
26.25
23.4
22.2
25
25
25.7
16.6
26.5
25
It will be seen from Table VIII that the disease is not limited to any breed
in particular, and the percentage of reactors amongst the various breeds and
the cross-breds does not show much variation. The percentage of reactors
amongst the local breed is almost the same as that amongst the cattle of the
western breed. With the exception of Bihari crosses for which no obvious
reason could be assigned, the cross-bred animals show the same percentage
of reactors as the principal breeds.
A though due to a long period of incubation [ Edwards, 1926 ] the symp-
toms are nearly always noted in cattle over two years old, the infection,
part cularly in an infected farm, is nearly always acquired in calf hood. In
the earlier part of our investigation at the Khanapara farm a certain number
of young stock of about a year old were found with clinical symptoms of the
disease after having shown a positive response to Avian Tuberculin test at
P. G.
PANDE
57
TABLE IX
Degree of overstocking of the pastures at the two principal Government cattle farms with the accompaniment of
transmissible diseases, including Johne's disease
Khanapara farm
Year
1930-31
1931-32
1932-33
1933-34
1934-35
1935-36
1936-37
Total
number
of cattle
210
182
exclud-
ing bul-
locks
247
273
259
229
425
exclud-
ing bul-
locks
Total
area in
acres
197
197
197
197
207
207
207
Area
under
grazing
Acres
118
97
92
92
68
140
141
Total
number
of deaths
20
14
11
44
50
76
215
Number
of
deaths
due to
worms
8
7(?)
7(?)
...
...
...
...
Number of
deaths due to
Johne's disease
...
...
One case of Johne's
diagnosed
post-
mortem
25
13
63
5 died and 58 des-
troyed
210
2 died and 208 des-
troyed
Sylhet farm
Year
1930-31
1931-32
1932-33
1933-34
1934-35
1935-36
1936-37
Total
number
of cattle
16, farm
just
started
38
111
154
212
197 exclud-
ing
bullocks
138
Total
area in
acres
228 pro-
posed, 14
cleared
50 acres
cleared
75 acres
cleared
97 acres
cleared
152 acres
cleared
228 acres
cleared
228 acres
cleared
Area
under
grazing
Acres
7
40
50
53
108
172
172
Total
Deaths
number
due to
of deaths worms
...
...
7
8
8
37
35
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Deaths due to
Johne's diseas
...
...
...
...
...
15, 2 died and 13
destroyed
29 destroyed for
Johne's disease
58
Paratuberculosis of Cattle in Assam
and acute course, the question presented itself whether a previous or simul-
taneous infestation with the helminth parasites in these animals had not
had the effects of lowering their normal resistance, rendering them more vul-
nerable to the pathogenic effects of the bacilli of Johne's disease. During
the year 1933-34, out of 44 animals which died at the Khanapara farm,
25 were diagnosed as Johne's disease although heavily parasitized with the
common helminth parasites of the alimentary canal. These parasites were
Mecistocirrus digitatus, Cooperia sp., Oesophagostomum columbianum and
Moneizia expansa.
TABLE X
Result of examination of dung samples of cattle of the Government farm at Khana-
para
Year
1930-31
.
.
.
.
.
1931-32
.
.
.
.
.
1932-33
.
.
.
.
.
1933-34
.
.
.
.
.
1934-35
.
.
.
.
.
1935-36
.
.
.
.
.
1936-37
.
.
.
.
.
1937-38
.
.
.
.
.
No. of dung
samples
examined
2032
667
711
966
667
690
446
686
No. found
positive for
worm ova
1145
387
391
430
262
204
71
90
Percentage
56
58
54
44
39
29
15
13
Table X contains the result of microscopical examination of dung
specimens of the Khanapara farm cattle for the years 1930 to 1937,
which shows that the extent of infestation with these parasites during the
earlier years had reached about 50 per cent, but later it decreased continuously
as a result of anthelmintic treatment with copper and nicotine sulphates.
Although during the latter period the degree of parasitic infestation was found
greatly reduced, cases of Johne's disease, as ascertained by the Avian Tuber-
culin test, continued to appear in increasing numbers.
The question of simultaneous he minthic infestation in cases of Johne's
disease in sheep has been considered in England [ Watkins, 1935 ] and the
opinion has been expressed tentatively [ Taylor, 1935 ] that Johne's disease
tends to lower the vitality of sheep to parasitic infestation which would be
considered as the cause of death of these animals. In India, however, where
the sum total of the effects of helminthic infestation in cattle is represented
P. G.
PANDE
61
TABLE XI
Result of mineral feeding on the development and progress of Johne's disease amongst the positive reactors and
known infected animals of the Government farm at Khanapara
Serial
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Brand
No.
132
122
123
73
112
2
66
64
130
118
128
110
92
46
19
Date of test
March 1934
Nature of the reaction
Oedematous,
hot
and
painful
Ditto .
Ditto .
Ditto .
Ditto .
Ditto .
Ditto .
Ditto .
Ditto .
Ditto .
Ditto .
Ditto .
Ditto .
Ditto .
Ditto .
Measurement
of skin
1st
6
7
7
10
10
6
8
8
12
9
11
11
10
9
9
2nd
14
15
18
20
30
18
20
17
25
22
26
25
24
30
27
Result
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
17 December 1934
Nature of the reaction
Nodular and painless .
Ditto .
Ditto .
Ditto .
Ditto .
Ditto .
Ditto .
Ditto .
Ditto .
Ditto .
Hot and painful .
Nodular and painless .
Ditto .
Hot and painful .
Nodular and painless
Measuremen
of skin
1st
9
8
8
9
13
6
9
10
13
..
12
11
9
7
11
2nd
15
11
15
13
19
10
15
14
18
..
27
18
15
16
19
Result
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
..
P
N
N
P
N
Remarks
The test re-
mained
in-
complete
62
Paratuberculosis of Cattle in Assam
cent, the result of the test of these two groups of animals speaks well in favour
of the special mineral feed.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
1. The incidence of Johne's disease in Assam amongst Government
farm animals, in and outside the farm premises, has been investigated and
the percentage of infection recorded.
2. This survey was conducted mainly with the use of Avian Tuberculin
test which, in case of animals at the Government farms and the jail dairies,
was checked by the method of bowel-washing examination.
3. All classes and breeds of animals and cross-breds have been found
equally susceptible to the disease. An unusually high incidence has been
found amongst calves, but post-mortem evidence of the disease in such young
animals has not been obtained.
4. Introduction of infected animals in a clean herd, overcrowding of
pastures, climatic and soil conditions, helminthiasis and nutritional defi-
ciencies have all been found to determine the spread and the development
of the disease in Assam.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author wishes to acknowledge the help and cooperation of Rai
Sahib Srish Chandra Ghose, Superintendent, Civil Veterinary Department,
Assam, in the preparation of this report, and also to the Director, Imperial
Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, for supplying certain publications
referred to in this paper.
REFERENCES
Assam, (1930-37). Ann. Repts. Dept. Agric., Assam.
Ayyar, V. Krishnamurti (1929). Proc. Ind. Sci. Cong., Madras, quoted by H. Cooper
and M. K. Srinivasan
Dryerre, H. (1934). Vet. Rec. 29, 1558
Edwards, J. T. (1926). (Quoted by Larson and others in the Vet. J. 88, 380)
Mitra, S. K. and Sen Gupta, D. M. (1934). Dept. Agric. Assam Bull. 9
Mitra, S. K. Analysis of Manurial Experiments in India, Supplement to Volume 1, 18
Mukteswar, (1934). Ann. Rept. Imp. Vet. Res. Inst. 23
Sheather, A. L. (1918). Agri. J. Ind., 13, 23-31
Spicer, A. (1932). Vet. Rec. 28, 603-5
Taylor, E. L. (1935). Vet. Rec. 10, 919
Watkins, C. V. (1935). Vet. Rec. 10, 918