NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
S. K. TALAPATRA, S. C. RAY AND K. C. SEN
257
liquid is then decanted off through a 7 cm. dry filter paper. Again 10 c.c.
alcohol are added and the above procedure is repeated. The KClO 4 is then
transferred to the filter paper with a fine jet of 95 per cent alcohol and washed
with 95 per cent alcohol saturated with KClO 4 . The solid KClO 4 in the filter
paper is then dissolved in hot H 2 O, received in a weighed basin evaporated to
dryness in a water bath and finally the basin is carefully heated in a naked
flame without allowing the KClO 4 to melt. It is then cooled and weighed.
From the weight of KClO 4 the amount of potassium can be calculated.
Experimental.—The acid extract of the ash of grass made for the estima-
tion of calcium and magnesium was utilized for estimating the sodium and
potassium content by the proposed method.
Another standard solution of sodium and potassium chloride was made by
carefully weighing a suitable amount of the salts which were dissolved in water
and made up to a volume.
The method was tried according to the following scheme :—
(1) The sodium and potassium were estimated in three different aliquots
of (i) the acid extract of the ash of the biological sample and (ii)
the standard sodium and potassium chloride solution.
(2) Known amounts of standard sodium and potassium chloride solution
were added in varying amounts to an aliquot of the acid extract
of the ash of the biological sample and the recoveries of sodium
and potassium were observed.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of the experiments according to the schemes referred to are
shown in Tables X and XI which are self-explanatory as regards the ac-
curacy of the method.
TABLE X
Estimation of sodium and potassium in the acid extract of the ash of grass and in
standard solution of NaCl + KCl.
Grass solution
Aliquot taken
40 c. c.
20 c. c.
10 c. c.
Amount of
NaCl + KCl
(mgm) found
211.4
209.8
211.0
105.8
105.5
105.0
53.0
53.5
53.2
Amount of
KCl (mgm)
found
208.80
207.31
208.33
104.39
104.12
103.85
52.37
52.46
52.30
Amount of
NaCl (mgm)
found
2.60
2.49
2.67
1.41
1.38
1.15
0.63
. . .
. . .
Standard NaCl + KCl solution
Aliquot
taken
10 c. c.
. . .
. . .
Amount of
NaCl+KCl
(mgm) found
49.97
50.00
49.99
. . .
. . .
Amount of
KC1 (mgm)
found
30.00
30.08
30.10
. . .
. . .
Amount of
(mgm)
found
19.97
19.92
19.89
. . .
. . .
B 2
258 Analysis of Mineral Constituents in Biological Materials
TABLE XI
Percentage recoveries of added NaCl and KCl
Present in the acid
extract of the ash of
grass
NaCl
(mgm)
0.76
0.76
0.76
1.52
1.52
KCl
(mgm)
52.37
52.37
52.37
104.34
104.34
Added to the acid
extract
NaCl
(mgm)
20.00
20.00
20.00
10.00
20.00
KCl
(mgm)
30.02
30.02
30.02
. . .
. . .
Weight of
NaCL +
KCl
(mgm)
found
104.00
103.70
103.50
115.60
126.00
Weight of
KCl
(mgm)
found
82.60
82.87
83.41
. . .
. . .
Weight of
NaCl
(mgm)
found
21.40
20.83
20.09
11.50
21.90
Per cent recovery of
added
NaCl
+ KC1
101.0
100.5
100.3
100.0
100.0
KCl
100.3
100.6
101.2
. . .
. . .
NaCl
103.0
100.3
97.0
100.0
102.0
In our opinion the present method for the estimation of sodium and
potassium in the feeding stuff is one of the quickest and at the same time
reasonably accurate. The utilization of alcoholic (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 for the removal
of heavy metals is a distinct advantage and is the chief contributory factor to
the success of the method.
REFERENCES
Ashton, F. L. (1936). Jour. Chem. Industry 35, 106.
Britton, H. T. S. (1929). H-ion concentration.
Caldwell, J. R. and Moyer, H. V. (1935). Indust. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed. 7, 38.
Chapman, H. D. (1928). Soil science 26, 479.
Gooch, F. A. and Eddy, E. A. (1908). Zeit. anorg Chem. 58, 427.
Hundeshagen, F. (1924). As cited by Richard and Godden.
Husband, A. D. (1937). As cited in the Technical Communication No. 9 of the Imperial
Bureau of Animal Nutrition.
Husband, A. D. and Godden, W. (1927). Analyst 52, 12.
Kilgore (1894.) As cited by Willey in Principles and Practice of Agricultural Analysis
Vol. II.
Kolthoff, I. M. and Sandell, E. B. (1937). Text-book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis.
Neuman (1902-3). As cited by Richard and Godden.
Pemberton, H. (1893). Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc. 15, 382.
Pemerton, H. (1894). Ibid 16, 298.
Richard, M. B. and Godden, W. (1924). Analyst 49, 5.
Wright, C. H. (1938). Agricultural Analysis.
OBSERVATIONS ON BARTONELLOSIS IN DOGS IN
INDIA*
BY
H. N. RAY, M.Sc., PH.D. (LOND.)
AND
J. A. IDNANI, G.B.V.C.
Imperial Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar
(Received for publication on 11 March 1940)
(With Plate XVI and one text-figure)
INTRODUCTION
I N a preliminary note published in 1937, the authors [Ray and Idnani, 1937]
recorded for the first time the presence of Bartonella canis in Indian
dogs and described the pathological effects incited by the parasite. In this
article it is proposed to deal more fully with the morphology of the parasite
and the clinical symptoms that are produced by the inoculation of infected
blood into healthy, non-splenectomized dogs, kept on a diet of bread, milk
and meat. Incidentally, it is hoped, that this paper may direct the attention
of field workers towards this particular canine disease, since one of the many
types of obscure canine fever prevalent in India may possibly be due to Bar-
tonella canis infection. For the information of such workers, the available
literature on the subject of bartonellosis is briefly reviewed below. It will
be observed that an outstanding fact which emerges from this review is the
frequency with which the infection has been reported from splenectomized
dogs and, in a few instances, from splenectomized rats. This has naturally
led to the assumption that spleen exerts a protective action, and Kikuth
[1934] postulates that ' the latent infection in dogs is held in check by the
reticulo-endothelial system and that if this system is interfered with in any
way by the removal of any great part of it, such as by the excision of the
spleen, its protective power is lost'.
HlSTORICAL
The minute slender rods and granules in the erythrocytes of man suffer-
ing from Oroya fever were, as quoted by Bayon [1928], first seen by Biffi and
Gastiaburu in 1903, but the original description of the organism was attempted
by Barton in 1905. Although another malady, called Peruvian disease, or
' Verruga' warts, affecting the skin of human beings was known for
centuries, its etiological factor remained a matter of conjecture until
Odriozolla [1896] as quoted by Bayon [1928], Hercelles [1927] and Ribeyro
[1927] pointed out that both Oroya and ' Verruga ' were manifestations of
a similar infection with a common etiology. Bartonella were demonstrated
* Paper read at the 25th (Jubilee) Session of the Indian Science Congress held at
Calcutta in January 1938. Rewritten to include certain points which arose out of dis-
cussion at that meeting.
( 259 )
260
Bartonellosis in Dogs
in both the diseases. A point of great historical interest is that in 1885 a
Peruvian medical student Daniele Carrion, inoculated himself experimentally
with the serum from a Verruga nodule, developed Oroya fever and died
within 39 days. Hence the disease is also known as Carrion's disease.
The principal feature of Oroya fever is described as a progressive and
frequently fatal anaemia while that of Verruga (Verruga peruana) as the
development of warty excrescences, often, but not always, accompanied by
fever.
Pinkerton and Weinman [1937, 1,2] studied the behaviour of this organism
in vitro and noted the intracellular cytoplasmic clustering of uniform type.
These authors also came to the conclusion that Oroya fever and Verruga
peruana had a common etiological agent, Bartonella bacilliformis. Further,
they were of the opinion that the asymptomatic cases were the reservoirs of
' virus ' and therefore played an important role in the natural transmission
of the disease [1937].
The Harvard Commission studied this disease in Peru in 1913, and gave
the causal organism the generic title of Bartonella Strong, Tyzzer, Brues,
Sellards, and Gastiaburu [1915], as quoted by Wenyon [1926]. The causative
agent of the two above-mentioned diseases has since been known as Bartonella
bacilliformis.
Parasitic organisms ascribed to the genus Bartonella have also been
recorded from many lower animals and in most instances the presence of
these organisms in the erythrocytes of their hosts is known to produce anaemia.
Mayer [1921] described B. muris from laboratory rats and a guinea-pig
affected with trypanosomes, and observed that with the appearance of Bar-
tonella in rats a deadly pernicious anaemia followed.
Mayer, Brochardt and Kikuth [1927] also observed the same parasite
in the blood of rats, but only after splenectomy.
Bayon [1928] made further studies on B. muris in splenectomized rats
and observed that external symptoms of anaemia were comparatively easily
noticed in albinos ; the fauches of the eyes, tip of the nose and the visible
mucous membrane became exceptionally pale, and the blood was found to
be pale and watery ; the haemoglobin content dropped to 15-20 on Sahli
scale against 90-95.
Zuelzer [1927] described B. arvicolae from the field mouse (Arvicola arvalis)
as chronic infection. The organism was not inoculable to rats, white mice
and hamsters but was infective to dogs, and she believed these to be definite
organisms and not a product of some sort of degeneration, as held by certain
workers (see below).
Lauda [1929] succeeded in transmitting the anaemia of splenectomized
rats to normal individuals.
Jaffe and Willis [1927] encountered B. muris in young rats apparently
contracted from their infected parents.
Lwoff and Provost [1929] separated a strain of B. muris from a normal
rat which was experimentally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi and were suc-
cessful in carrying Bartonella through several passages in non-splenectomized
or normal rats.
Lwoff and Vaugel [1931] also successfully transmitted B. muris of a normal
rat to a series of non-splenectomized white mice. The result of the infection
H. N. RAY AND J. A. IDNANI 263
In addition to finding a new Eperythrozoon, E. wenyoni, in the reythrocytes
of a calf, Adler and Ellenbogen [1934], encountered a new Bartonella, B.
sergenti in a calf, which was inoculated with Theileria annulata, but no note-
worthy symptoms could be ascribed to the appearance of the Bartonella in the
blood.
Donatien and Lestoquard [1934] discovered Bartonella bovis in splenecto¬
mized bovines harbouring Theileria mutans. When inoculated into other
cattle the Bartonella infection was found to be very heavy to begin with,
but later on the parasite became rare in the blood. One injection of 1 gr. of
Gonacrine resulted in the disappearance of the parasite from the circulation.
According to their observation there is a preimmunity against Bartonellosis
in bovines.
Neitz [1939] has recorded cases of latent infection of Bartonella canis
in non-splenectomized dogs which according to his observation may be acti-
vated by Babesia canis, B. gibsoni or Rickettsia canis.
Epstein [1935] described a species of Bartonella pavlovskii from lamprey,
Petromyzon marinus.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Bartonella was first seen in 1934, in dogs experimentally infected with
Babesia gibsoni at this Institute, and its morphological identity was establish-
ed in November 1936. Attention has since been directed towards obtain-
ing a strain of Bartonella free from B. gibsoni. To achieve this end 10-20
c.c. of citrated blood containing both Babesia and Bartonella was given sub-
cutaneously to healthy dogs, and in several of these Bartonella appeared in
the blood earlier than the accompanying piroplasm. Pariah dogs were em-
ployed in this work, and a latent piroplasm infection existed in some of these
animals. Though we succeeded in running a pure strain of Bartonella through
several passages, complications due to piroplasm interfered from time to
time with the progress of the experiments. Experience has shown that in
cases where the infected blood is administered intravenously the piroplasm
appears much earlier than when the subcutaneous route is chosen.
For examination, the routine blood smears from the affected dogs were
stained with Giemsa. Some of the dogs showing acute symptoms were des-
troyed and pieces of internal organs were fixed overnight in Bouin-Duboscq
and Brasil's fluid for studying the parasite in section. The sections were cut
6µ thick and subsequently stained in Heidenhain's iron-alum haematoxylin,
Giemsa, haematoxylin and Van Giesonstain and Ehrlich's haematoxylin and
eosin. Sections stained with the iron-alum haematoxylin were counter-
stained with either light green or alcoholic eosin.
Careful camera lucida drawings were made of the different stages of the
parasite encountered in the smear preparation.
OBSERVATIONS
(a) Morphology of the parasite.—Kikuth [1928] has described Bartonella
canis as extremely polymorphic in structure, the coccoid, bacillary, dumbell¬
shaped and ' violin bow ' forms being the usual ones met with in the blood
smear. Regendanz and Reichenow (loc. cit.) have in addition, described a
ring phase, while Goyanes (loc. cit.) has pointed out that this phase has an
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
Bartonella canis Kikuth.
FIG. 1. Photomicrograph of a blood film stained with Giemsa.
× 750; Note the agglomeration of infected red cells.
FIG. 2. Representative field of infected red blood cells,
collected from different fields. ×1500.
(a) Early coccoid forms on the periphery of a red cell.
(b) Early coccoid forms in the red cell.
(c) Elongated coccoid form.
(d) Dividing coccoid form.
(e) 'Violin' bow form, note the arrangement of the ring
forms.
(f) Y-shaped arrangement of the parasites.
(g) Parasites in the plasma.
(h) Agglomeration of the parasitised corpuscles.
1. Neutrophil.
2. Large monocyte
3. Normoblast.
4. Basophils.
Ind. J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb., Vol. X, Part III ]
PLATE XVI
FIG. 1
FIG. 2
266
Bartonellosis in Dogs
TABLE I
Appearance of anaemic changes and the parasites in two dogs after being inoculated
subcutaneously with blood containing Bartonella canis and Babesia gibsoni
Dog No. 55
Days
1—5
6
7
8
9
10—14
15—21
22
23—24
25—26
27
28
29—30
31—32
33—35
36
37—42
Anaemic
changes
Negative
Do.
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ +
++
++ ++
+ +
+ +
+ + +
Bartonella
canis
Negative
Rare
Do.
Negative
Rare
Negative
Few
Rare
Few
Rare
Do.
Negative
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Babesia
gibsoni
Negative
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Rare
Negative
Do.
Rare
Frequent
Numerous
Frequent
Numerous
Remarks
Feeds well
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Dull
Do.
Died on 42nd
day
Dog No. 65
1—7
8—10
11—16
17—19
20
21
22—24
25
26
27—31
32—33
34—35
36—39
40—44
Negative
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ + +
Negative
Do.
Rare
Negative
Do.
Do.
Few
Negative
Rare
Few
Negative
Do.
Do.
Do.
Negative
Do.
Do.
Do.
Very rare
Negative
Do.
Do.
Few
Negative
Do.
Few
Frequent
Numerous
Feeds well
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Dull on the
30th day
Do.
Do.
Do.
Died on 44th
day.
H. N. RAY AND J. A. IDNANI 267
TABLE II
Appearance of anaemic changes and the parasite in three dogs after being inoculated
with blood containing Bartonella canis
Dog No. 75
Method of
inoculation
Subcutaneous
Days
1
2—8
9—10
11—16
17—18
19—23
Anaemic
changes
Negative
Do.
+
+
+
+
Bartonella
canis
Negative
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Frequent
Remarks
Feeds well
Do.
Do.
Slightly dull
Slightly
dull
and
feeds
fairly
Feeds slowly,
died on 23rd
night
Dog No. 91
Intravenous
1—5
6
7—8
9
10—13
14—15
16—18
19—22
23
Negative
+
+
+ . .
+
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
Negative
Do.
Rare
Negative
Frequent
Very frequent
Do.
Numerous
Very frequent
Feeds well
Do.
Do.
Do.
Feeds
well,
fairly dull
Do.
Dull
Do.
Died
Dog No. 88
Intravenous
1—9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Negative
Do.
Do.
+
+
+ ++
Negative
Do.
Do.
Rare
Fairly frequent
Numerous
Fairly frequent
Feeds well
Feeds
well,
slightly dull
Feeds
fairly,
slightly dull
Do.
Do.
Do.
Died
268
Bartonellosis in Dogs
FIG. 1 Chart of three dogs artificially infected with Bartonella canis.
H. N. RAY AND J. A. IDNANI 269
from the normal blood count before being submitted to the infective
inoculation. It was observed that, whereas the red cell count under normal
condition in dogs ranged between six to eight million per c. mm., it dropped
in the infected dogs to between 1.5 to 2.5 millions, and in one case this was
observed to be as low as 80,000 on the day the animal died. The haemo-
globin content of the blood which normally averaged 60 (after Sahli) dropped
to 15 in the case mentioned above, while in other cases it progressively de-
clined to 30 or 25. The blood was thin and watery and coagulation was re-
tarded. Blood films under the microscope presented evidence of pernicious
anaemia. The leucocytes appeared to be preponderant owing to the small
number of the erythrocytes, the latter showing achromatia, anisocytosis,
poikilocytosis and basophilia. Nucleated red cells were a common feature
of the films made from Bartonella infected dogs.
(f) Post-mortem appearances.—The carcass of a dog dead of Bartonellosis,
perhaps unlike that of any other disease, is almost literally a bag of bones.
On opening the carcass, the subcutaneous tissues present evidence of jaundice
all over. The lungs are very pale and in some cases emphysematous, the
trachea and bronchi being icteric. In the heart no lesions excepting ecchy-
mosis may be observed The liver and the spleen reveal lesions which are
characteristic of bartonellosis. Both the organs are considerably enlarged,
the former being highly jaundiced and petechiated. The pulp of the spleen
is very soft being almost jelly-like in some cases, associated with peculiar
white specks in the parenchyma. The kidneys are sometimes enlarged, the
surface being petechiated. The intestines may reveal patches of submucous
haemorrhages throughout.
SUMMARY
A brief resume of our existing knowledge on Bartonella is given. The
disease produced by Bartonella canis in Indian dogs is described in detail.
The presence of Bartonella canis in dogs appears to produce progressive and
fatal anaemia accompanied by high thermal reaction.
The morphological characters of the parasite are described in detail.
Initial coccoid stage gives rise to chains by means of fission. Before division
a coccoid form gets elongated into bacillary form. Coccoids also exhibit a
ring phase in which the condensed chromatinic dot is more prominent than
in the coccoid form. Such rings of varying diameter when arranged in a row
give the appearance of a ' violin bow'. These rings after separation and
repeated fission again give rise to long chains containing four to twelve or
more coccoids.
REFERENCES
Adler, S. and Ellenbogen, V. (1934). J. Comp. Path. Ther. 47, 219
Bayon, H. P. (1928). J. Trop. Med. 31, 29
Cunha, A. M. da and Munz, J. (1927). C. R. Soc. Biol. 97, 1090
Donatien, A. and Lestoquard, F. (1934). Bull. Soc. Path. Exot. 27, 652
Epstein, G. W. (1935). Parasites Transmetteurs. Anim. Venim., p. 398. (All-Union
Inst. Exper. Med., Moscow)
Gomes de, Faria, J. and Cruz, O. (1927). Comp. Rend. Des. Sciences de la Soc. Biol.,
96, 489
Gomes de, Faria, J. and Pinto, C. (1926). C. R. Soc. Biol 95, 1500
Goyanes, J. (1936). Ann. Parasit. 14, 423
270
Bartonellosis in Dogs
Hercelles, O. (1927). Bull. Soc. Path. Expt., 20, 559
Jaffe, R. H. and Willis, D. (1927). Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med., 25, 242
Kikuth, W. (1928). Klin. Wochensch., 1729, 2
—(1929).
Zentralbl. f. Bact. und Infektionsk. Orig., 113, 1
—(1934).
Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 27, 1241
Knutti, R. E. and Hawkins, W. B. (1935). J. Expt. Med. 61, 115
Lauda, E. (1929). Seuchenbekampfung, 6, 15
Lwoff, A. and Provost. (1929). C. R. Soc. Biol 101, 8
—and
Vaugel, M. (1931). Ann. Inst. Pasteur., 46, 258
Mayer, M., Brochardt, W. and Kikuth, W. (1927). Arch. f. Schiffs-u-Tropenhyg., 31,
Supplement, 4, 5
Mayer, M. (1921). Ibid, 25, 150
McNaught, J. B., Woods, F. M., and Scott, V. (1935). J. Expt. Med. 62, 353
Mello, F., Fernandes, M., Correia, F. and Lobo, M. (1928). Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., 21, 205
Nauck, E. G. (1927). Arch. f. Schiffs-u-Tropenhyg., 31, 322
Neitz, W. O., (1939). J. South African Vet. Med. Assoc. 10, 103
Pinkerton, H. and Weinman, D. (1937, 1). Proc. Soc. Expt. Biol. & Med. 37, 587
—(1937,
2). Ibid, 37, 591
Ray, H. N. and Idnani, J. A. (1937). Vet. Rec., 49, 371
Regendanz, P. and Kikuth, W. (1928). Arch. f. Schiffs-u-Tropenhyg., 32, 587
—and
Reichenow, E. (1932). Ibid, 36, 305
Rhoads, C. P. and Miller, D. K. (1935). J. Expt. Med. 61, 139
Ribeyro, R. E. (1927). Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., 20, 790
Schilling, V. (1929). Klin. Wochensch., 8, 55
Schwetz, J. (1934). Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., 27, 515
Strong, R. O., Tyzzer, E., Brues, Ch., Sellards, A. W., & Gastiaburu, J. C. (1915). Report
of the first expedition S. America, Cambridge
Weinman, D. and Pinkerton, H. (1937). Proc. Soc. Expt. Biol. & Med., 37, 596
Weiss, P. and Muzzo, J. P. (1936). Actualidad Med. Peru., 2, 330
Wenyon, C. M. (1926). Protozoology, Vol. 2
Wills, L. and Mehta, M. M. (1930). Ind. J. Med. Res. 18, 307
Yakimoff, W. L. (1927). Arch. f. Prot., 73, 274
—&
Rastegaieff, E. F. Mme. (1931). Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., 24, 471
Zuelzer, M. (1927). Zentralbl. f. Bakt., 102, 449
TUBERCULOSIS IN THE MONKEY CAUSED BY BACILLI
OF THE BOVINE TYPE
BY
P. R. KRISHNA IYER, G.M.V.C.
Assistant Veterinary Research Officer, Imperial Veterinary Research Institute,
Mukteswar
(Received for publication on 27 November 1939)
(With Plates XVII and XVIII)
I N this article an account is given of the isolation of tubercle bacilli of the
bovine type from a monkey, together with a description of the type of
lesions encountered.
Before proceeding to the subject, it would be well to consider the sus-
ceptibility to tuberculosis of monkeys and other wild animals both in their
natural state and in captivity. It is doubtful whether tuberculosis exists
among monkeys and other wild animals under natural conditions, since tuber-
culosis is a disease of civilization ; while the rare occurrence of tuberculosis
in sheep and goats is attributed to the fact that these species are maintained
in an environment which approximates more or less to that enjoyed by wild
animals. This, however, is not the case when wild animals are kept in captivity
under which condition all species of animals are susceptible to this disease.
Not having been previously in contact with tuberculous infection, they possess
very feeble powers of resistance and, when attacked, fall ready victims. If
many such susceptible animals are kept in close contact, the disease may easily
acquire an epidemic character. Liston and Soparkar [1924] have recorded a
small but severe outbreak of tuberculosis which occurred among animals in
the Bombay Zoological Gardens, the disease having been introduced into the
susceptible herd by llamas imported from Germany. For the same reason,
the disease runs a more rapid course in captive animals and dissemination of
the organisms from the infected focus takes place so early that at death, in
spite of the short period of illness, the lesions are often found to be very wide-
spread and of a generalized nature.
In all zoological gardens, animals from different countries are kept con-
fined in limited spaces for exhibition. They are constantly disturbed and
frequently overfed by the visiting public. These factors, together with lack
of sufficient exercise and change of diet, predispose them, especially the
monkeys, to infectious diseases, in particular to tuberculosis.
It is generally accepted that primates are susceptible to both the human
and the bovine types of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and that infection by either
type, whether occurring naturally or induced experimentally, is always followed
by generalization of the lesions and by death ; few cases of spontaneous tuber-
culosis in primates, however, have actually been studied. Lovell [1930] records
the case of two primates, an Orang-utan and a Chimpanzee, both of which
died of tuberculosis following infection with the human type of bacillus. Cob¬
bett [1917] states that the greater proportion of tuberculous infections acquired
( 271 )
C