NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
108
Rinderpest in Sheep and Goats in Ajmer-Merwara
Koch's experiments [1897] of artificially infecting Merino and Cape sheep
with bull virus showed that the sheep became severely infected and the virus
more active when passed from sheep to cattle.
From the investigation made by the author it appears that the virus
after passage through sheep and goats, got exalted in virulence for these
animals and became attenuated for cattle and buffaloes.
REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION
Nearly the whole of Ajmer-Merwara and some of the native states of
Rajputana were affected, but it was not possible to collect the correct figures
as the villagers often did not report the disease.
SEASONAL INCIDENCE
From the experience of the last two years, it has been seen that the
disease runs a definite course. Outbreaks generally start during March and
continue till the monsoon sets in.
SYMPTOMS
The first symptom of the disease, which usually preceded the other
manifestations by one or two days, was the rise in temperature from 105°
to 106.5°F. At the same time animals showed marked depression, dullness
and shivering. They refused to graze and were disinclined to move.
Respiration and pulse were accelerated. Visible mucous membranes
were congested. Many of the affected animals coughed frequently. There
was thick nasal discharge (Plate III, fig. 1). As a result of the affection of the
intestinal tract there was constipation during the first two days of the disease
and fæces were hard and dry. Later on, profuse diarrhœa mixed with mucus
set in (Plate III, fig. 2). About the third day animals developed dysentery
and stools contained large quantity of blood ; at this stage animals wasted
rapidly, became anæmic and were unable to stand. The urine was highly
coloured and animals urinated frequently. In some cases pneumonic changes
were found in the lungs on the fourth or the fifth day. Abortion also occurred
in a few cases. Vesicles and ulcers on the lips and tongue were noticed in
about 20 per cent cases. The completely devitalized animals usually died
through exhaustion (Plate III, fig. 3).
POST MORTEM FINDINGS
The record of post mortem findings incorporated below relates to 20 cases
examined in the field. The carcases of animals dying of rinderpest were
greatly emaciated. The anal region was soiled with fæces and there was
muco-purulent discharge from the nose. Upper and lower lips were con-
gested. Small ulcers were seen on the gums and tongue in about 20 per cent
cases. The pharynx, œsophagus, larynx and trachea were congested. In 35
to 45 per cent of cases the lungs were found to be pneumonic, em-
physematous and in some cases there were necrotic areas. In other cases
Ind. Jour. Vety. Sci. & Anim. Husb., Vol. X, Part I ]
PLATE
III
FIG. 1. Showing Muco-purulent discharge from the nose
FIG. 2. Showing the anal region and
hind legs soiled with liquid
faeces
FIG. 3. Showing fatal stage due to exhaustion
H. S.
BAWA
109
the lungs showed only acute hyperemia. The heart was flabby and of dull
greyish brown colour and pin head hæmorrhages were seen in 40 per cent of
cases under the epicardium and endocardium. The liver was considerably
enlarged, fragile to the touch and discoloured. The gall-bladder was dis-
tended and contained thin, dirty green bile, in some cases amounting to four
ounces. No necrosis of the mucous membrane of the gall-bladder was seen.
The spleen, kidney and pancreas were normal in appearance. The chief
lesions were found in the gastro-intestinal tract. The abomasum was highly
congested, severely ulcerated and studded with hæmorrhages, especially in
the region of the pylorus. The cæcum was also severely ulcerated and con-
gested. The intestinal canal contained dirty grey or darkish brown, very
liquid fœtid fæces and nearly the whole of the intestinal tract was congested
and ulcerated. These changes were more pronounced in the small intestines.
TREATMENT
One per cent solution of iodine was tried intravenously and subcutane-
ously in doses of 10 c. c. but without any satisfactory results.
Camphor in doses of half a drachm in the form of electuary together with
10 c. c. of 1 per cent solution of iodine administered subcutaneously, gave
much better results and of 80 animals treated 16 recovered. Ord nary anti-
rinderpest serum in doses of 5 and 10 c. c. proved useless as a curative.
PROPHYLACTIC MEASURES
Ordinary anti-rinderpest serum was used in doses varying from 5 to 10 c.c.
for passive immunization, but results were not very satisfactory, es-
pecially in those cases where all the affected flocks of the village were not
protected. Passive immunity lasted only for eight to ten days. The results
are summarized in Table I.
The administration of serum becomes a costly affair where hundreds of
animals are required to be protected and the immunity conferred is of short
duration. As an experimental measure, therefore, goat tissue vaccine was
tried simultaneously with varying doses of anti-rinderpest serum in 20
animals and the results were very encouraging. Reaction in the control
sheep was very mild. The results are given in Table II.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author is greatly indebted to the Director, Imperial Veterinary
Research Institute, Mukteswar, for confirming the disease. Thanks are also
due to Mr J. H. G..Jerrom, I.V.S., Director of Veterinary Services, Sind, and
Rao Bahadur V. R. Phadke, Officiating Director of Veterinary Services, Sind,
for their keen interest and valuable suggestions.
The author also acknowledges the help given to him by Mr B. V. Raman
and Mr U. K. Udharam, Veterinary Assistant Surgeons, at the actual
sites of the outbreaks.
P
110
Rinderpest in Sheep and Goats in Ajmer-Merward
TABLE I
Anti-rinderpest serum alone inoculations in sheep and goats
Village
KEKRI . . .
GUJARWADA .
KHERIA . .
SAIDRIA . .
KANNI-KHEDA
.
Date
on
which
disease
commenced
10-3-38
.
25-4-38
.
15-4-38
.
15-2-38
.
2-5-38 .
Date of
inocula-
tion
27-4-38
.
7-5-38 .
19-5-38
.
3-6-38 .
27-5-38
.
No. of
animals in
village
3,000
Sheep and
goats
800
Sheep and
goats
800
Sheep and
goats
Sh. 500
Gt. 100
600
Sh. 300
Gt.
80
No. died
before
inocula-
tion
Sh.
Gt.
Sh.
Gt.
Sh.
Gt.
Sh.
Gt.
280
40
320
75
5
80
396
290
30
320
137
19
No. inocu-
lated
Sh.
Gt.
Sh.
Gt.
Sh.
Sh.
Gt.
135
30
165
80
14
94
92
23
104
20
Number died after
inoculation
Inoculated
animals
Sh.
Gt.
Sh.
Gt.
Sh.
Gt.
25
4
29
23
2
25
6
...
6
...
Sh.
Gt.
13
4
Un-
inoculated
animals
Sh.
Gt.
Sh.
Gt.
Sh.
Gt.
58
5
63
50
5
55
15
7
22
...
Whole herd
was inocu-
lated.
Dose of serum
5 c. c. 110 Sh.
20 Gt.
10 c. c. 25 Sh.
10 Gt.
5 c. c. 74 Sh.
14 Gt.
10 c. c.
6 Sh.
7 c. c. 65 Sh.
15 Gt.
5 c. c. 12 Kids
10 c. c. 12 Sh.
5 c. c. 11 Sh.
10 c. c. 104 Sh.
20 c. c. 20 Gt.
Remarks
Cent per cent pro-
tection.
8.2 per cent cures.
Infected ones were
given 10 c. c. serum.
21.6 per cent Morta-
lity.
Temperature
of the flock was not
taken before inocu-
lation.
In infected ones cent
per cent deaths were
reported.
6.5 per cent Morta-
lity.
Results could not be
collected.
13.7 per cent Morta-
lity. Out
of
17
deaths 15 animals
were in incubative
stage showing tem-
perature
between
103—105.
Sh. — Sheep.
Gt. — Goat.
H. S.
BAWA
111
TABLE II
Simultaneous anti-rinderpest serum and G. T. V. inoculations at Kanni-Kheda
Species
5 sheep .
5 sheep .
5 sheep .
5 sheep .
1 sheep .
Temperature
101.5° to 102.5°
101.5° to 102.5°
101.5° to 102.5°
101.5° to 102.5°
102.0°
Date
of
inoculation
27-5-38
.
27-5-38
.
27-5-38
.
27-5-38
.
27-5-38
.
Dose
of
serum
20 c. c. each
15 c. c. each
10 c. c. each
7 c. c each .
None .
Dose
of
G. T. V.
1 c. c. .
1 c. c. .
1 c. c. .
1 c. c. .
1 c. c. .
Results on
31-5-38, i.e.
on 4th day
Temp. 102° to 103.5°
Normal appearance.
No diarrhœa.
Temp. 103° to 103.5°
Normal appearance.
No diarrhœa.
Temp. 102.5° to 103°
Normal appearance.
No diarrhœa.
Temp. 103° to 105°
Congestion
of
mucous membrane of
eyes, mouth
and
watery
discharge
from eyes.
Temp. 103° (control).
Normal
in appear-
ance.
Results on
5-6-38, i.e.
on 9th day
No marked thermal
reaction.
Tem-
perature varied
between 101.5°
to 102.5°. The
sheep which re-
ceived only G.
T. V. showed
temperature
of
104° and slight
congestion
of
mucous
mem-
brane of eyes and
gums.
Results on
15-6-38, i.e.
on 20th day
No deaths .
Remarks
Reaction was not
severe at all and
this mode of im-
munization looks
to be quite safe in
the face of an
outbreak.
112
Rinderpest in Sheep and Goats in Ajmer-Merwara
REFERENCES
Ann. Rept. Civil Vet. Dept. Bombay and Sind (1931-32)
——————————————Madras (1935-36)
——————————————Punjab (1935-36)
Chicol (1863) cited by Hutyra and Marek (1926). Spec. Path. Ther. of dis. dom. animals,
1,312
D'Costa, J. (1936). Ind. Vet. J. 13, 7-16
Galambos (1861). Gyogyaszat [cited by Hutyra and Marek (1926), Spec. Path.
Ther. of dis. dom. animals, I. P. 312]
Koch, R. (1897) cited from Investigations on Rinderpest Immunization.
[Thesis pre-
sented by Hall, G. N. (n. D.) to the Vety. Faculty of the University of Zürich]
Srikantaiah, G. N. (1934). Ind. Vet. J. 2, 104-08
Tamilini, (1926), cited by Hutyra and Marek (1926), (Spec. Path. and Ther. of dis.
dom. animals, I. P. 312)
AN UNRECORDED SPIRURID WORM, RICTULARIA
CAHIRENSIS JAGERSKIOLD, 1904, FROM THE
INTESTINE OF AN INDIAN CAT
BY
H. D. SRIVASTAVA, M.Sc., D.Sc.
Helminthologist (On Special Duty)
Imperial Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar-Kumaun
(Received for publication on 4 May 1939)
F ROLICH [1802] created the genus Rictularia with R. cristata from Mus
sylvaticus as the type species. Hall [1913] accepted it as the type genus of
anew sub-family Rictulariinae, which was raised three years later to the status
of a family by Railliet. Though presenting some unmistakable points of
resemblance with the Thelaziinae, the systematic relationships of this genus are
still very uncertain. Representatives of the genus are parasitic in the small
intestine of mammals—carnivores, bats and rodents. The worm has its cuticle
armed along the sides with two sub-ventral series of large, flattened, comb-like
spines. Towards the hinder end, the spines become sparse and diminish in
size. The subterminal, transversely elongated and dorsally directed mouth
is bordered by small denticles. The small, strongly chitinous, buccal capsule is
armed at its base with teeth and spines. The caudal end of the male is conical.
Several pairs of pre-and postanal papillae are present. The spicules are short
and an accessory piece is present. The female genital opening is situated at
about the level of the posterior end of the oesophagus, which is simple and
slightly club-shaped. The uterine branches are parallel and are posteriorly
directed. The eggs contain embryos when laid.
Rictularia cahirensis has been previously recorded from the intestine of
the cat and dog in Egypt, Russian Turkestan and Palestine, from civet cat in
India and from the South American Azaras fox in captivity in England. The
first collection of specimens of this parasite which the author studied was re-
ceived through the courtesy of Mr. Abdussalam of the Punjab Veterinary
College, Lahore. Subsequent examinations showed that seventy-five per cent
of the local cats were infested with these worms. In their main features the
specimens obtained from Indian hosts resembled those of R. cahirensis.
The parasite requires two intermediate hosts for the completion of its life-
cycle. The first intermediate host is some invertebrate while the second is a
lizard or a snake. A number of times the author obtained encysted larvae
of this worm from the serous coats of local lizards, which also contained cysts
of Tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides lineatus, described by the author in 1938.
( 113 )
114 An unrecorded Spirurid Worm, Rictularia Cahirensis
The common occurrence of R. cahirensis and Mesocestoides lineatus in one
and the same host is explained by the fact that the worms have a common
second intermediate host.
REFERENCES
Frolich, J. A. Van. (1802). Naturforscher, Halle, 29, p. 5
Hall, M. C. (1913). Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. Wash. 46, p. 73
Jagerskiold, L. A. (1909). Results Swedish Zool. Exped. to Egypt and White Nile, 1901
No. 25, Upsala
Srivastava, H. D. (1937). Proc. Ind. Sci. Cong. Sect. VIII, Absts. Nos. 45 and 53
––––––––––––––(1938).
Ind. J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb.
A SIMPLE AND PRACTICAL TEST FOR THE DIAGNOSIS
OF OSTEOPROSIS IN HORSES
BY
V. D. RATNAM, G.M.V.C.
Veterinary Assistant Surgeon on Glanders Duty, Madras
(Received for publication on 27 June 1939)
(With Plate IV)
T HE test was first invented by Dr. Akio Iizuko of Japan and subsequently
tried by A. K. Gomus and Arcadio, C. Gonzagia, College of Veterinary
Science, University of the Philippines. After seeing the article by the above-
mentioned Philippine authors in the Journal of American Veterinary Medical
Association for October 1938, the writer of this article tested 70 horses in
H. E. the Governor's Bodyguard of Madras during the month of January 1939.
As a result he was able to detect 22 cases of Osteoprosis in an early and
incipient stage of the disease without any clinical manifestations and also
confirmed one advanced case of Osteoprosis showing clinical symptoms.
The author of this article made an instrument consisting of a pointed iron
needle measuring about 2 mm. in diameter and 2 cm. in length mounted on a
wooden handle measuring about four inches in length with a diameter of ¾
inch. The test is applied by inserting the pointed needle with a steady
and moderate pressure into the region over the frontal sinus. The proper
point for inserting is near the middle of an imaginary line drawn connecting
the inner canthi of the eyes. If the case is a positive one, the needle can be
inserted into the bone easily; the animal keeps quiet without showing any
symptoms of pain and the needle with its wooden handle stands perpendicular
to the face as shown in Plate IV fig. 1. In negative cases, the needle cannot
be inserted into the bone and the needle simply hangs on to the skin as shown
in Plate IV fig 2. The test should be applied on the left side of the median line
but not on the right side, as it gives, at times, negative results even though the
horse may be positive for Osteoprosis. The degree of softness of the bone can
be very safely divided into two classes as (1) soft, (2) very soft. Out of 22
positive cases detected by this test, one was in advanced stage, showing clinical
symptoms of Osteoprosis, while the other 21 horses did not show any clinical
symptoms of Osteoprosis. Most of them, however, had been lame for some
complaint or other. As recommended in the Journal of American Veterinary
Medical Association, these positive cases were treated with one table-spoonful
of calcium carbonate daily in feed for nearly two months. Along with this
treatment, the Philippine authors recommend the subcutaneous and intravenus
injections of colloidal magnesium hydrate 1 per cent solution from 50 to 100
c.c. to help the retention of calcium in the bones and to hasten the recovery.
( 115 )
Ind. Jour. Vety. Sci. & Anim. Husb., Vol. X, Part I ]
PLATE
IV
FIG. 1. Test for osteoprosis
FIG. 2. Tost for osteoprosis
116
Test for the diagnosis of Osteoprosis in horses
As this drug was not available anywhere in India, only calcium carbonate was
tried for two months and then the animals which had given a positive test
before were retested after two months. Ten cases gave complete negative
results and in the remaining 12, the bone was not so very soft as it was before
the treatment. These horses were aged and it was thought the absorption of
calcium was very slow. The calcium treatment is therefore being continued
for another two months for further observation. All the four young
remounts gave negative test after the treatment. This shows that in young
horses the recovery is quicker than in older ones.
CONCLUSION
It is the opinion of the writer of this article that Osteoprosis is fairly common
in horses in Madras and that a horse should be tested at least twice or thrice
in a year so that the disease can be detected in its early stage and treated suc-
cessfully. The test is based upon the observation that the bones of the skull,
particularly the frontal bones, are the parts of the skeleton which are affected
first. This simple test is harmless and can be very easily performed periodi-
cally on all horses in a stable to pick out animals which are in need of calcium
treatment. This will arrest further progress of the disease.
VERMINOUS PNEUMONIA IN INDIAN BUFFALOES-
BOS BUBALIS
(PRELIMINARY REPORT)
BY
H. D. SRIVASTAVA, M.Sc., D.Sc.
Helminthologist (On Special Duty)
Imperial Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar-Kumaun
(Received for publication on 4 May 1939)
V ERMINOUS pneumonia in domestic animals is one of the most serious of
parasitic diseases for which no satisfactory method of treatment or preven-
tion is known. Apart from the larvae of certain round-worms which inhabit
the pulmonary tissue only temporarily during their wanderings in the bodies
of their hosts and then leave quickly for their seat of predilection, there are
several round-worms which parasitise the lungs, pulmonary connective tissue,
bronchi, bronchioles and trachea in their adult stage. Among the herbivora
representatives of four genera of lung-worms—Dictyocaulus, Protostrongylus,
Muellerius and Varestrongylus, all belonging to the family Metastrongylidae—
are found. Of these the most important and widely studied genus is Dicty-
ocaulus which comprises three species of economic importance—D. filaria,
occurring in sheep, goats and rarely camel; D. viviparous, in cattle, rarely
equines ; and D. arnfieldi in equines. Members of the genera Muellerius and
Varestrongylus occur in the lungs of sheep and goats, while representatives of
the genus Protostrongylus are known to inhabit the smaller bronchioles and
the pulmonary tissue of sheep, goat and rabbit. One species P. abstrusus
occurs in cats also.
On account of the restricted distribution of their hosts, the helminth para-
sites of buffaloes have received little attention as compared with those of other
domestic animals, enjoying a wider range of distribution. One such parasite
is the lung-worm of the buffalo, which remained obscure till recently. Through
the courtesy of Mr. S. R. Chadha, Veterinary Investigation Officer, North-West
Frontier Province, a piece of lung from a buffalo was received at this Institute
for examination. Sections of the piece of lung presented the typical picture of
interstitial pneumonia. Subsequent microdissection and examination re-
vealed the presence in it of specimens of an interesting representative of the
genus Protostrongylus. The specimens on closer examination were found to
present unmistakable affinity to P. rufesceus, though differing from the latter
in certain features of their morphology. A detailed account of the parasite
will be published later on. The finding of these worms in the lungs of the
buffalo is of special interest in view of the fact that the members of the genus
Protostrongylus are known to occur in goats, sheep, rabbits and cats only.
( 117 )
118 Verminous Pneumonia in Indian Buffaloes—Bos Bubalis
Further, in literature the occurrence of lung-worms in the buffalo has not been
previously reported from any part of the world. It is, however, expected that
a careful examination may reveal a fairly widespread lung-worm infestation in
buffaloes, specially in localities where the infestation is common in sheep and
goats.
The author is grateful to Mr. W. Taylor, M. R. C. V. S., D. V. H., I. V. S.,
Offg. Director and Mr. T. J. Hurley, M. R. C. V. S., D. V. S. M., I. V. S., Offg.
Pathologist, Imperial Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, for their
kind encourgement.
REFERENCES
Srivastava, H. D. (1937). Agric. and Livestock in Ind. 7, 585-595
—
(1938). Proc. Ind. Sci. Cong. Sect. No. XI, Abst. No. 13
A CHECK-LIST OF THE NEMATODE PARASITES OF
THE DOMESTICATED ANIMALS IN BURMA. II.
BY
J. BHATTACHARJEE, B.Sc., M.R.C.V.S., D.T.V.M., M.R.SAN.I, F.C.S.,
F.Z.S.
Deputy Director of Veterinary Services, Central Charge and Cattle Breeding,
Yamethin, Burma
(Received for publication on 7 August 1939)
INTRODUCTION
T HIS article is a continuation of the Check-list previously published by
the author [ Bhattacharjee, 1937 ].
All the parasites listed in this article were identified by the author from
the collections of the Veterinary Research Laboratory, Insein, Burma.
The host animals considered in this article are the following: elephant
(Elephas indicus), horse (Equus caballus), goat (Capra hircus), dog (Canis
familiaris), fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus), and pigeon (Columba livia domestica).
Ascaridia columbae (Gmelin, 1790) Travassos, 1913.
Host. Pigeon.
Situation. Intestine.
First record of this parasite from Burma.
Ascaridia galli (Schrank, 1788) Freeborn, 1923.
Host. Fowl.
Situation. Intestine.
First record of this parasite from Burma.
Strongylus edentatus (Looss, 1900) Railliet and Henry, 1909.
Host. Horse.
Situation. Large intestine.
First record of this parasite from Burma.
Strongylus vulgaris (Looss, 1900) Railliet and Henry, 1909.
Host. Horse.
Situation. Large intestine.
First record of this parasite from Burma.
Gyalocephalus capitatus Looss, 1900.
Host. Horse.
Situation. Caecum.
First record of this parasite from Burma.
According to Baylis [ 1929 ] this is a comparatively rare species.
Poteriostomum imparidentatum Quiel, 1919.
Host. Horse.
Situation. Intestine.
First record of this parasite from Burma.
( 119 )
120 Nematode Parasites of the Domesticated Animals in Burma
Trichonema longibursatum (Yorke and Macfie, 1918).
Host. Horse.
Situation. Large intestine.
First record of this parasite from Burma.
Khalilia pileata (Railliet, Henry and Bauché, 1914).
Host. Elephant.
Situation. Large intestine.
First record of this parasite from Burma.
Gaigeria pachysalis Railliet and Henry, 1910.
Host. Goat.
Situation. Small intestine.
First record of this parasite from Burma.
Parabronema indicum Baylis, 1921.
Host. Elephant.
Situation. Gastric tumour.
First record of this parasite from Burma.
Oxyspirura mansoni Cobbold, 1879.
Host. Fowl.
Situation. Under nictitating membrane of eye.
First record of this parasite from Burma.
Gnathostoma spinigerum Owen, 1836.
Host. Dog.
Situation. Stomach wall.
First record of this parasite, in dog, from Burma. Recorded
previously in cat, by Bhattacharjee [ 1937 ].
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author wishes to thank the Director of Veterinary Services, Burma,
Rangoon, and the Veterinary Research Officer, Insein, Burma, for providing
facilities for carrying out this work. He also wishes to thank all those who
assisted in the collection of parasites.
REFERENCES
Baylis, H. A. (1929). A Manual of Helminthology, London, p. 156
Bhattacharjee, J. (1937). Ind. J. Vet. Sci. & Anim. Husb. 7, 87-96
—
(1937). Ind. Vet. J. 14, 1-10