NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
110
A TREATISE ON ELEPHANTS.
thus leading to this error as they are often impure or inert. To be
on the safe side, I have been guided by the doses given by Steel,
and as he employed drugs of known strength I would recommend
others to do the same. I have however given the doses quoted by
other authors and have also added many of their mussauls. Roughly
speaking the doses of most drugs for elephants are about four times
that given to cattle. Doses must be regulated according to age.
young animals requiring much less. In tropical countries care must
be taken not to give too strong doses of purgative medicines. The
strength of blisters should also be modified.
Preparation.—All
drugs should be finely powdered in a mortar
and mixed with spices, jaggery, honey, tamarind pulp, boiled rice,
plantains, flour, ginger, cardamoms, pepper, black salt, garlic, onions,
chillies, ghee, coriander seed, caraway seed, omum, mustard seeds,
etc., to mask the taste as much as possible. Medicine is best given
in the form of balls or pills about the size of a small orange, or less ;
sometimes however they are incorporated in native bread.
Administration.—The
administration of drugs is not always an
easy matter : the mouth is very small and, to add to the difficulty, the
back of the tongue is free. In order to render it easier to give
medicine, it is an excellent plan to accustom an elephant to take
small packets filled with paddy, rice, tamarind, sugar or sweets,
flavoured with some spice. The packets are generally made of straw,
grass, and at times a plantain leaf is used. Wheaten bread or native
bread (chuppatees) should occasionally be given, in which a little salt,
spice, garlic or onions, have been incorporated. An animal soon
learns to appreciate these delicacies.and will open his mouth when
he sees the mahout bringing a packet, which he can place in the
creature's mouth without trouble. By the means above mentioned
animals are rendered unsuspicious, and drugs may be incorporated
and often given without trouble. The usual method is first to give a
couple of packets of rice or sugar, and in the following one to place
rice at the bottom of the packet, then the pill which is covered over
with more rice or tamarind, then secured and pushed into the mouth.
Nauseous drugs are sometimes rejected. Balls or boluses are
undoubtedly the most certain and convenient method of administering
drugs to elephants. The taste of nauseous drugs can to some extent
be masked—a very important matter. Waste is avoided. The dis-
advantages are that it takes a long time for drugs to be dissolved
sufficiently to be absorbed ; this is augmented when the stomach and
bowels are in a disordered state. It is better to give drugs in small
quantities in several balls of tamarind or sweetmeat than to put a
larger quantity into one or two balls. The use of gelatine capsules
in which some drugs could be placed might prove useful.
MEDICINES—PREPARATION AND ADMINISTRATION.
111
Liquid medicines are often soaked up in bread and rolled in a
chuppatee or leaf and given. Tasteless drugs may be given in
drinking water, especially if water has been withheld for some little
time. Good mahouts are wonderfully clever in getting their animals
to take medicines.
For a troublesome animal the following plan may be adopted. He
should first of all be well fettered and have a rope tied round the
neck. A wooden gag is then inserted into the mouth and secured
by the ropes at the ends to the neck rope. The gag should be
about 2½ ft. long, 6 ins. broad and 2 ins. thick, the hole in the
centre should be at least 4 ins. in diameter, that is large enough
to permit the hand to pass through (Fig. 34); the tongue offers some
resistance and care must be taken that the hand is not pushed to
one side between the grinders ; once the pill is pushed to the back of
the mouth the animal is forced to swallow. Liquids should be
carried into the mouth in a plantain leaf or in a small joint of bamboo
the edges of which must be rounded off.
FIG. 34.—Wooden gag for administration of medicine.
Steel recommends that liquid medicines be pumped into the mouth
by means of an enema syringe such as Read's patent. The ordinary
nozzle-piece might be used for this purpose.
Castor and linseed oil are sometimes given in the following
manner. The oil is placed in a tin and some spice such as
cardamom or cinnamon mixed with it. The mahout then puts his
hand into the mixture and rubs the medicine into the animal's mouth
till the whole is finished.
Hypodermic injection.—By means of a special syringe, of which
there are many patterns capable of being rendered aseptic by boil-
ing, drugs may be introduced beneath the skin; when so injected
they are quickly absorbed and their action rapidly manifested. The
skin is not difficult to penetrate with a good needle. If necessary,
a small incision through the skin may be made and the needle
introduced. For hypodermic injections in human and veterinary
practice, solutions of the active principles of drugs are generally
used, such as, when opium is indicated, a small quantity of solution
112
A TREATISE ON ELEPHANTS.
of morphia is employed instead. Injections may now be procured
made up in the form of pellets containing the correct dose of the
active principles. They are not only more convenient, but are,
when not kept too long, more reliable than made-up solutions. Good
needles are requisite ; they should be fairly long, say 3 ins. or so,
and not too thick, in fact the finer they are the better as the animals
do not resent their insertion.
The injections may be given at such places where the skin is
thin and the underlying tissues loose. A fold of skin should be
taken up with the finger and thumb of the left hand ; the needle
should then be passed through the skin obliquely under the surface.
The syringe containing the injection should then be attached to the
needle and the fluid injected slowly. Injections of serum, be they
preventive or curative, are applied in the same way. Too much care
cannot be taken in seeing that aseptic methods are observed.
Syringes and needles should be boiled before and after use, and
only water that has been filtered and boiled should be used for
dissolving pellets or other drugs to be injected. In the matter of
hypodermic injections, it is better to err on the side of being too
careful rather than run any risks.
CHAPTER II.
INSTRUMENTS. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
INSTRUMENTS.
The following list of instruments may be found useful as part of
the equipment of sick elephant camps.
Clinical thermometers.—No
elephant establishment should be
without this invaluable instrument, as it is a never-failing guide to
the state of the health of the animal or to what it may shortly be.
If there is a rise of temperature, even if no other symptoms of ill-
health are manifest, we may rest assured that disease in some form
will soon make itself evident : a rise of temperature is a certain indi-
cation that the animal is indisposed and should therefore be relieved
from work and carefully treated and watched (vide Fever, page 165).
Forceps.—Two
pairs ordinary spring forceps, one pair bow
dressing forceps 8 ins. or 10 ins. in length. These are useful for
removing soiled dressings, maggots from wounds, etc. One or two
pairs of artery forceps, Pean's pattern, long jaw.
Suture needles.—Three Joger's needles for strong sutures, three
Gerlach's folding needles with slide catch. Needles for use with
elephants should, owing to the thickness of the skin, be provided
with very sharp points and handles, and be specially made to carry
moderately stout catgut and wire as the lighter kinds of sutures
will not hold.
Seton needles.—Two : jointed, 12 ins. long, curved on the flat—
one probe pointed, the other sharp pointed and provided with handle.
One English pattern 20 ins. long with handle. A seton is an agency
the effect of which is to promote the formation of purulent matter
and to sustain the suppurative process after it has been established.
In elephant practice setons are most useful in draining abscess
cavities and pouches. The operation consists in passing a piece of
tape or band of linen under the skin, and in this connection it is best
to push the needle from below upwards, the reason being that no
pouches are made in which matter can collect. The ends of the
tape are secured either by tying round corks or sticks, or by knotting.
The tape to increase the irritation is next smeared with something
which promotes suppuration, such as turpentine, croton oil, can-
tharides ointment.
8
114
A TREATISE ON ELEPHANTS.
The seton should be pulled backwards and forwards at least
once a day. A seton may be left in for two or three weeks, but it
is desirable to change the tape every four or five days. A seton
must not be kept in too long, or it may result in a ridge being formed
through the exudation becoming organised.
Hoof knife.—Double-edged
hoof searching knife, also a fine-
pointed one, right and left. A farrier's rasp.
Bistoury.—One
double bistoury.
Measure glasses.—Minim, 4 ozs., 1 pt.
Mortar and -pestle.—Iron and wedgwood (two).
Probes.—Whalebone.
Three, 8 ins., 12 ins. and 18 ins. in
length. Used in examining and ascertaining extent of wounds, also
for feeling for foreign bodies, etc. Care must be exercised in using
probes in the vicinity of joints.
Saw.—Fret saw for teeth, and ordinary bone saw for cutting
tusks.
Scales and weights.—Grain
scales and weights. Scales and
weights from 2 lbs. down.
Scalpels.—Four stout knives with metal handles to enable them
to be boiled before and after use, employed for opening abscesses, etc.
Scissors.—One dressing scissors, one trimming scissors.
Enema.—Read's
patent enema pump (brass), capacity 1 qt. or
3 pts.; also two ebony pipes ; the ordinary one used in horse practice,
about 10 ins. or 11 ins. long, may be used for administering liquid
medicines through the mouth,
as suggested by Steel. The
other for giving enemas should
be at least double the length,
22 ins. to 24 ins. in length,
slightly thicker with a larger
passage. Eight to 10 ft. of
good rubber tubing is requisite ;
this can be fitted
on to the screws
of the syringe and
ebony pipe.
In case this pattern is not obtainable, an enema funnel may be
used of the pattern (see Fig. 35) ; the length of the pipe must be
2 ft. at least.
FIG. 35.—Enema funnel.
Syringes.—One
wound syringe, with three metal bulbous pipes,
the longest to be 8 ins., for syringing out abscesses, wounds, etc.,
or two Quittor syringes (brass), with finger rings (½ to 1 pt.),
and glass syringes (1 to 2 ozs.), for introduction of eye lotions,
etc. Trocar and canula (Campbell's), three. These are most useful
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
115
instruments for tapping dropsical swellings and for making explora-
tory punctures into swellings where deep-seated fluid or pus is
suspected. No harm can result from their use but on the contrary
much useful information may be obtained.
They are useful to evacuate fluid from swellings. In case of
abscesses, when pus is found, free use of the knife in addition should
be made. Where delicate structures are underlying, care must be
taken that they are not pushed too far.
Care of instruments.—All
instruments after use must imme-
diately be thoroughly cleansed, disinfected, oiled and locked up.
Steel instruments and knives with metal handles should be boiled
after use, then cleansed with carbolic (not corrosive sublimate)
lotion, dried, oiled and put away. Before use they should again
be boiled and used at once or allowed to stand in a solution of
carbolic acid or phenyle. These details may seem trifling and
unnecessary, but it is careful attention to such, as disinfection of
the hands, instruments, etc., that goes a long way towards bringing
about satisfactory results in dealing with wounds whether surgical
or accidental.
Surgical Instrument makers : Messrs. C. H. Huish & Co., Red Lion Square,
London, W.C.; Messrs. Arnold & Co., West Smithfield, London; Messrs.
Hauptner, N. W. Luisen-Strasse, 53, Berlin.
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
One grain, gr.
One ounce, oz.
One pound, lb.
Weights,
= 437.5 gr.
= 16 ounces = 7,000 grs.
Apothecaries' measure of weight.
One grain
One scruple
One drachm
One ounce
One pound
...
=20 grains
= 3 scruples
=8 drachms
= 12 ounces
...
...
= 60 grains
= 480 grains
= 5,760 grains
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Measure of capacity.
One minim
One fluid drachm
One fluid ounce
One pint
One quart
One gallon
...
= 60 minims...
= 8 fluid drachms
=20 fluidounces...
=
2
pints...
= 4 quarts..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1l6
A TREATISE ON ELEPHANTS.
Weights used by Mahouts.
One tola = 3 drachms = weight of one rupee.
One scruple = 1/9th tola = weight of two-anna piece.
One drachm = ⅓rd tola = weight of three two-anna pieces.
One and half drachms = ½ tola = weight of eight-anna piece.
Two drachms = 10 grains = ¾ tola = weight of three four-anna pieces.
Four drachms = ½ ounce = 1¼ tola = one rupee and one four-anna piece.
Eight drachms = 1 ounce = 2½ tolas = two rupees and one eight-anna piece.
Two ounces = 5⅓ tolas.
One pound (apothecaries') = 32 tolas.
One seer = about two pounds.
One chittack = two ounces.
If standard measures are not at hand, house utensils may be employed. The
ordinary pint bottle contains about thirteen ounces and the quart twenty-seven
ounces.
Common tumblers from ten to twelve ounces, breakfast cups about eight
ounces, and wine glasses two to two-and-a-half ounces.
CHAPTER III.
FORMULÆ
INTERNAL REMEDIES.
Anodynes.—Agents
employed to allay or diminish pain, and of
these for elephants, opium, Indian hemp (Cannabis sativa), henbane
(Hyoscyamus niger) and datura (Datura stramonium) are the most
useful.
Opium as obtained in balls may be given in doses from 2 drs. to
1 oz. :—
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Extractum opii
...
...
...
Deodorized opium (United States Phar-
macopœia)
...
...
...
Indian hemp (Cannabis sativa) —
Bhang
...
...
...
Ganja
...
...
...
Extractum cannabis Indica ...
...
Extractum cannabis (fluidum)
...
seeds
Dhatura { leaves
Henbane leaves (Hyoscyamus niger) ...
Extractum Hyoscyami......
1
1
4
2
2
½
2
4
½
½
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
drs.
to
to
2 drs.
2 drs.
8 drs.
6 drs.
3 drs.
1 oz.
4 drs.
to 1½ ozs.
1 oz.
1 dr.
[NOTE.—A tincture may be made by bruising 2½ ozs. of seeds and adding
one pint of proof spirit—macerate for 14 days and strain. Waring states it
produces all the narcotic effect and is inexpensive when compared with opium.
Dose is 1½ to 2 ozs. This drug in its action resembles Henbane. Wide dilation
of the pupil indicates that the drug should be stopped.]
(5)
(6)
Opium...
Camphor...
Laudanum...
Sweet spirits of nitre
Water...
Soaked in bread or bo
...
...
...
...
...
iled rice
...
...
...
...
...
sweetened.
3 drs.
4 drs.
3 ozs.
3 ozs.
Sufficiency.
Any of the above in doses regulated in accordance with the age
of the animal and the severity of the case may be added to other
medicines, namely cardamoms, nutmeg, cloves, assafœtida, but must
be repeated with caution, that is half doses every four hours.
118
A TREATISE ON ELEPHANTS.
Astringents are drugs which aid in checking secretions such as
diarrhoea and dysentery :—
(7)
(8)
Opium......
Powdered catechu......
Powdered cardamoms......
Powdered chalk......
3 drs.
6 drs.
4 drs.
2 to 4 ozs. (mix well).
Every four hours, if necessary.
Opium
Acetate of lead......
Powdered ginger......
3 drs.
1 dr.
6 drs. to 1 oz.
Twice a day.
Sulphate of copper......
Or powdered alum......
1 dr.
2 drs.
May be used in lieu of the lead.
Gallic or tannic acid may be given in doses from 2 to 4 drs.
combined with opium. These acids should not be combined with
metallic salts:—
(9) Pomegranate peel powdered, in doses of 6 drs. to 3 ozs., is also a
good astringent, to which may be added 2 or 3 drs. of
powdered cinnamon on 1 or 2 drs. of opium.
Bael fruit is very useful, as also is solution of gum arabic.
(10) Opium ......
Gallic or tannic acid..
Pimento, or nutmeg...
... 2 to 4 drs.
... 2 drs.
... 4 drs.
Once or twice daily.
Carminatives, cordials, or digestive tonics.—Warm stimulating
drugs generally possessing an agreeable taste and odour, such as
aromatic seeds, spices. They dispel flatus, allay griping, temporarily
restore exhausted strength and rouse the system. They are generally
given mixed with ghee, jaggery, by mahouts, under the name
of mussauls. They are also beneficial combined with stimulants,
rum, brandy, especially to an animal suffering from cold and
fatigue.
The more important are turmeric, garlic, cardamoms, nutmeg,
cinnamon, coriander, aniseed, ginger, caraway, allspice, cloves, mace,
cummin, mustard seeds, long pepper, black pepper, fennel, fenu-
greek, liquorice, omum and assafœtida. Dose ½ oz. twice a day ;
but of all these drugs as much as 2 ozs. per diem may be given.
Capsicum is useful in doses from ½ to 1½ drs.
FORMULÆ.
119
It has already been noted that, though useful when occasion
arises, their indiscriminate employment is undoubtedly a source of
mischief:—
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
Powdered aniseed
Powdered cardamoms
Powdered gentian
...
...
...
...
...}
...
½ oz. of each, to be
well mixed.
Twice a day.
Powdered caraway seed
Powdered cinchona bark
Powdered ginger
...
...
...
...
...}
...
½ oz. of each, mixed.
Twice a day.
Powdered black pepper
Powdered chiretta
Powdered liquorice
...
...
...
...
...}
...
½ oz. of each, mixed.
Twice a day.
Bicarbonate of soda
Chiretta
Caraway seed
Ginger, powdered
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
½ oz. of each, mixed.
Twice a day.
Fatigue: brandy, rum or whisky, with powdered cloves or
nutmeg and warm water.
Soaked in bread or mixed with boiled rice.
Diuretics.—Agents which promote the action of the kidneys,
causing an increased secretion and discharge of urine :—
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
Nitrate of potash
Powdered resin
Bar soap
...
...
...
...
...
...
½ oz.
1 oz.
1 oz.
To be well mixed and given with jaggery.
Bicarbonate of potash
Rum or gin
Water
...
...
...
...
...
...
4 to 6 drs.
8 ozs.
Sufficiency.
Especially useful in feeble animals.
Sweet spirits of nitre
Vinegar
...
...
...
...
In 3-oz. doses, with
water.
4 ozs., well diluted.
120
A TREATISE ON ELEPHANTS.
(20) Sour milk
Boiled rice
Onions
Green ginger
...
...
...} 10 lbs. of each.
...
... 1 lb.
Give once a day, and continue if necessary for two or three days.
(21)
(22)
Oil of turpentine, 2-oz. doses, mixed with white of egg or
gruel, but must not be used when the kidneys are affected.
This drug must not be given with water.
Radishes have a diuretic action. Dose 6 to 24 lbs.
The bark, root and seeds of the common moringa or drumstick fruit
tree may be given in doses of 1 to 4 lbs.
Laxatives
or aperients.—Agents
which act gently on the
bowels:—
(23)
(24)
(25)
Tamarind pulp ...
Common salt ...
Castor or Linseed oil
Tamarind pulp ...
Salt
Cassia pulp
Sweet oil
Cummin
...
...
...
...
...
...} 8 ozs. of each.
... 1 to 1-½ pts.
... 2 ozs.
... 8 ozs.
... 1 oz.
... 8 ozs.
... 1 oz.
Mix and put the whole in a tender plantain leaf and give.—Steel.
(26)
(27)
(28)
Tamarind pulp ...
Epsom salts
Sublimed sulphur
Jaggery
Clarified butter or ghee
...
...
...
... 6 ozs.
... 10 to 12 ozs.
... 4 ozs.
... A sufficiency.
... 1 to 2 lbs.
Mixed with honey or jaggery.
Purgatives.—Purgatives
are medicines which cause evacuation
of the bowels ; the milder are called laxatives or aperients. Mahouts
are much averse to the use of purgatives.
Purgatives often cause severe griping pains ; in order to correct
this they are usually combined with some warm aromatic drugs
such as aniseed, ginger, coriander, cardamoms, caraway seeds,
allspice, nutmeg, etc., in doses of ½ oz. and more.
Extract of Hyoscyamus may be used in drachm doses with the
same object, combined with aloes, colocynth, etc.
FORMULÆ.
121
Aloin is the active principle of Barbadoes aloes ; it is claimed
that its action is more rapid and safer, and it has the great advan-
tage of being tasteless and odourless.
Its strength is three times
that of Barbadoes aloes ; that is, 1dr. equals about 3 drs. of aloes.
Being a tasteless drug, it is well worthy of trial in elephant establish-
ments. It should be mixed with some aromatic, even though it
causes less griping than aloes :—
(29)
(30)
(31)
*(32)
(33)
(34)
(35)
(36)
(37)
Common or Epsom salts...
Cassia pulp...
Cassia leaves (senna)...
Croton oil
...
Castor oil
...
Tamarind pulp ...
...
Custard-apple leaves
Aloes, Barbadoes
Calomel
...
... 1 lb.
... 1 to 3 ozs.
... 1 to 2 lbs.
... 30 to 40 drops.
... 8 ozs.
... 1 lb.
... 100 to 250.
... 8 drs.
... 1 dr.
Colocynth—the dried peeled fruit free from seeds, or the pulp—
from ½ to 1 oz. As it may cause severe griping it should be
combined with henbane. Especially useful when the liver is
out of order.
Aloes
Croton seeds
...
Jaggery ...
... 4 to 6 drs.
... 2½ to 4½ drs.
... A sufficiency.
Or, 9 drs. of croton seeds alone may be given, and repeated the following day
if the animal refuses to take aloes.—Hwwkes.
(38) Croton seeds
Calomel
Aloes
...
...
...
... 1
... 1½
... 6
oz.
drs.
drs.
Make into a ball with rice flour and jaggery.—Forsyth.
Tonics.—Agents
which gradually improve the condition and
functions of the digestive organs so as to enable the system to
acquire increased tone and vigour. Tonics should be continued for
some time. Iron, nux vomica, and arsenic are most valuable.
Nux vomica and arsenic must only be given after food, and it
is also desirable to give them for a week or ten days at a time, after
which they should be discontinued for four days or so some other
* Useful in apoplexy.
122
A TREATISE ON ELEPHANTS.
tonic being substituted during this period. Elephants can take
fairly large doses of arsenic, but it is safer to give small doses and
employ it with caution.
Liquor arsenicalis is tasteless and readily taken mixed in a
bucket of water. Strength : 1 oz. of liquor arsenicalis contains
4 grs. of arsenic :—.
(39)
(40)
41)
(42)
(43)
(44)
(45)
Liquor arsenicalis.
Dose ½ to 1 oz., once or twice daily.
Arsenic......
Nux vomica (powdered)......
Gentian or chiretta (powdered)...
4 grs.
1dr.
½ oz.
Once or twice a day.
Sulphate of iron .........
Nux
vomica......
Bicarbonate of soda......
Cinchona bark (powdered)......
Ginger......
2½ drs.
1 dr.
2 drs.
4 drs.
6 drs.
Once or twice a day.
Carbonate of
iron.....
Euquinine......
Extract of nux vomica (B.P.)*...
Caraway
seed......
2 to 4 drs.
1 dr.
10 grs.
2 drs.
Once or twice a day.
Sulphate of copper.....
Chiretta (powdered)......
Aniseed......
1 to 1½ drs.
½ oz.
½ oz.
Once daily.
Nim or margosa bark powdered (Tama-
akauk)......
Ginger......
Soda bicarb.......
Nux
vomica......
Ferri
sulph.......
2 ozs.
½ oz.
2 drs.
2 drs.
1dr.
Twice a day. To be given for a week or ten days at a time. (Useful in cases
of debility and indigestion.)
(46) Embelia ribes (Eik-mwe-thi) berries
Ginger
...
...
... 6 drs.
... 4 drs.
Once daily. (Useful in cases where debility is due to intestinal parasites.)
* British Pharmacopœia.
FORMULÆ.
123
Vermicides.—Agents which kill or expel worms in the diges-
tive tract.
Before administering these remedies, an animal should be allowed
short rations for some few hours and for some hours after. These
preparations will require repetition every now and again.
After expulsion of worms, good food, wheaten cakes, gruel,
boiled rice and salt should be given to keep up the animal's strength
and the same treatment should be adopted during convalescence,
when tonics should be given :—
(47)
(48)
Daily administration of salt
Tartar emetic......
Arsenic......
Sulphate of iron...
Aniseed...
... l½ to 2 ozs.
... 2 drs.
... 2 grs.
... 2 drs.
... ½ oz.
Once daily for four or five days, after which a purgative should be given.
(49) Powdered black salt...
Sulphate of iron...
Chiretta......
...
...
...
2½ ozs.
2 drs.
1 oz.
Twice a day.
(50) Santonin
...
C a l o m e l . . . . . .
Aniseed......
...
...
...
1 to 4 drs.
1dr.
½ oz.
Once daily for a few days. (Especially useful for round worms.)
(51) Powdered seeds of the Butea frondosa
(Pouk-bin)
...
...
... 4 or 5 drs.
Once daily for three or four days, followed by a purgative.
(52) Pomegranate peel (Thalai-thi-akhun)... 1 to 2 ozs.
Once daily.
(53) Holarrhena antidysenterica (Let-top-thein)
Bdellium (resin of Balsamodendron
agalochia).........
Common salt.........
Water.........
4 drs.
4 drs.
5 ozs.
1½ pts.
Mix and give with rice, plantains, etc.
The papaya fruit and leaves may be given. Steel and Khory
state that it is a good vermifuge for round worms.