NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
KEHAR, MOHAN SINGH AND GOVIND RAO 89
TABLE I
Different constituents of blood and serum
Animal No.
1 . .
200 . .
265 . .
266 . .
267 . .
268 . .
269 . .
272 . .
346 . .
348 . .
352 . .
359 . .
405 . .
425 . .
Maximun . .
Minimum . .
Average . .
Milligrams per 100 c.c. blood
Sugar
80.5
75.5
74.5
67.5
83.5
75.5
74.5
74.0
83.5
66.5
69.0
73.0
...
...
83.5
66.5
74.8
Chlorides
316
320
301
298
311
312
308
309
308
307
293
304
290
310
320
290
306
Preformed
creatinine
1.79
1.50
1.44
1.47
1.46
1.75
1.55
1.45
1.42
1.45
1.62
...
1.50
1.50
1.79
1.42
1.53
Creatinine
+
Creatine
4.15
4.14
4.22
4.02
4.15
4.37
4.46
4.26
4.50
4.62
4.28
...
4.69
4.62
4.69
4.02
4.34
Milligrams per 100 c.c. serum
Calcium
13.60
12.00
13.75
14.20
12.20
14.10
15.20
13.25
14.45
14.50
13.75
14.30
16.00
15.70
16.00
12.00
14.07
Inorganic
phosphorus
2.98
3.22
3.22
3.10
2.73
3.00
2.30
2.12
3.75
3.68
3.80
3.24
2.58
2.45
3.80
2.12
3.01
Total
Cholesterol
178.7
145.6
122.4
120.3
123.2
195.2
137.12
128.4
185.6
148.0
156.8
...
142.4
139.2
195.2
120.3
147.9
TABLE II
Different constituents of blood
Animal No.
352 . .
267 . .
1 . .
272 . .
200 . .
405 . .
269 . .
265 . .
266 . .
268 . .
359 . .
338 . .
Maximum .
Minimum .
Average . .
Grams per 100 c.c. serum
Total
protein
8.805
7.430
7.875
7.995
7.350
7.962
8.172
9.056
9.208
8.532
8.735
8.450
9.208
7.350
8.297
Euglobulin
0.930
0.780
1.204
0.786
1.116
1.072
1.282
1.181
0.983
1.032
0.935
0.950
1.282
0.780
1.020
Pseudo-
globulin I
1.400
1.400
1.093
1.695
1.368
1.422
1.378
1.750
1.711
1.628
1.905
1.660
1.905
1.093
1.534
Pseudo-
globulin II
1.575
0.970
1.050
0.983
1.148
1.093
1.028
0.875
1.114
1.242
1.008
1.028
1.575
0.970
1.093
Total
globulins
3.905
3.150
3.347
3.566
3.632
3.587
3.688
3.806
3.808
3.900
3.848
3.638
3.905
3.150
3.656
Albumin
4.900
4.280
4.528
4.429
3.718
4.375
4.484
5.250
5.400
4.632
4.887
4.812
4.900
3.718
4.641
Albumin
globulin
ratio
1.25
1.35
1.35
1.24
1.02
1.21
1.21
1.37
1.42
1.18
1.26
1.32
1.42
1.02
1.26
90
Physiological Constituents of Equine Blood
TABLE III
Maximum, minimum and average values of the constituents
Blood sugar
.....
Chlorides
.....
Creatinine (Preformed) .
Total creatinine
....
Total cholesterol
....
Calcium
.....
Inorganic phosphorus
Total proteins
....
Total globulin
....
Euglobulin
.....
Pseudoglobulin I .
Pscudoglobulin II .
Albumin
.....
Maximum
83.5
320.0
1.79
4.69
195.2
16.0
3.80
9.208
3.905
0.741
1.271
0.715
4.900
Minimum
66.5
290.0
1.42
4.02
102.3
12.0
2.12
7.350
3.150
1.434
1.989
1.672
3.718
Average
74.8
306.0
1.53
4.34
147.9
14.07
3.01
8.297
3.656
1.020
1.534
1.093
4.641
mg.
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
The following estimations were made :
Blood Sugar.—Blood was obtained directly by puncturing one of the
ear veins and sugar was estimated by the method of Hagedorn and Jensen
[ 1923 ]. Twenty.four determinations were made and the average blood
sugar value obtained was 74.8 mg. per 100 ml. of blood (max. 83.5 ; min.
66.5). These observations are in agreement with those of Kintner and
Holt [1932] and Dukes [1937]. Some workers have, however, recorded
higher values ; e.g. Hayden and Tubangui [ 1919-20 ] found it to be 106
mg.; Holt and Reynolds [ 1924 ] 109 mg.; and Hayden and Fish [ 1927-8 ]
102.9 mg.
Chlorides.—Blood was drawn by jugular puncture into a 25 ml. tube
containing 10 mg. of dry sodium oxalate. Protein-free filtrate was prepared
by Hayden's [1923] modification of Folin and Wu [1919] method, and
chlorides were determined by the method devised by Whitehorn [ 1921 ].
The results of chloride estimation are given in Table I. The average
level of blood chlorides was 306 mg. per 100 ml. of blood (max. 320 ; min.
290). The only other workers who estimated the chloride content of the
KEHAR, MOHAN SINGH AND GOVIND RAO 91
equine blood were Kintner and Holt [ 1932 ] and found it to be 451 mg. per
100 ml. of blood in American horses.
Creatinine (preformed) and total creatinine.—Protein-free filtrate was
prepared as described under chlorides and creatinine was estimated by the
method given by Hawk and Bergeim [ 1931 ]. As shown in Table I, the
amount of creatinine was 1.53 mg. per 100 ml. blood (max. 1.79 ; min. 1.42).
These observations are in agreement with those of Dukes [ 1937 ] who found
the value to vary between 1.2 and 1.9 mg. The average values obtained
by Kintner and Holt [ 1932 ] are, however, slightly higher than ours.
Total creatinine which consists of creatine and creatinine was found to
be 4.34 mg. (max. 4.69; min. 4.02).
Total cholesterol.—The technique for the estimation of cholesterol in
the blood described by Leiboff [ 1924 ] was followed, except that a metal
ring was used to hold the circular piece of the extraction thimble in place
to facilitate extraction as suggested by Kehar [ 1937 ].
The average total cholesterol values as indicated in Table I were 147.9
mg. (max. 195.2 ; min. 120.3) per 100 ml. of blood serum.
Serum calcium.—Calcium was determined by the Clark and Collip
[ 1925 ] modification of the Kramer and Tisdall's [ 1921 ] method.
Table I shows that the serum calcium values vary between 12.00 and
16.00 mg. per 100 ml. serum with an average of 14.07 mg. The average
value obtained by Kintner and Holt [ 1932 ] was 11.2 mg.
Inorganic phosphorus.—Fiske and Subbarow's [ 1925 ] method was em-
ployed for the estimation of inorganic phosphorus in the blood serum.
The average inorganic phosphorus level of serum was 3.01 mg. (max.
3.80; min. 2.12) per 100 ml. of serum. These values compare favourably
with those obtained by Dukes [ 1936 ] but Kintner and Holt [ 1932 ] obtained
an average of 3.55 mg. in American horses.
Protein fractions.—Serum protein fractions were estimated by the
method devised by Campbell and Hanna [ 1937 ] with slight modifications
as employed by Kehar [ 1940 ].
The results of the estimation of protein fractions, which consist of total
proteins, albumin, total globulin, euglobulin, pseudoglobulin I and pseudo-
globulin II are given in Table II.
It will be observed that the average value for total proteins is 8.297
(max. 9.208 ; min. 7.350) per cent. These observations appear to be in line
with those of Ledingham [ 1907] who recorded 8.266 and 8.532 per cent
in two horses. Dukes [1937], however, reported total protein to be 6.1
per cent, which appears to be fairly low as compared to that found in Indian
horses.
The average value obtained for total globulin was 3.656 (max. 3.905;
min. 3.150). Values of a similar magnitude were obtained by Hiss and
Atkinson [ 1901 ] but those reported by Joachim [ 1907 ] are slightly higher.
The averages for euglobulin, pseudoglobulin I and pseudoglobulin II were
1.020, 1.534, and 1.093 per cent respectively. Albumin was found to
give an average value of 4.641 (max. 4.900 ; min. 3.718) per cent as com-
pared with 3.96 recorded by Hiss and Atkinson [ 1901 ]; 5.021 per cent by
Joachim [ 1907 ] and 4.365 by Ledingham [ 1907 ].
92
Physiological Constituents of Equine Blood
TABLE IV
Comparison of the average values of blood constituents by different workers
Name of the constituents
of equine blood
Blood sugar . .
Chlorides . .
Creatinine (preformed).
Total creatinine .
Total cholesterol .
Calcium . ..
Inorganic phosphorus .
Total protein . .
Total globulin . .
Euglobulin . .
Pseudoglobulin I. .
Pseudoglobulin II .
Albumin . . .
Names of workers
Kehar,
Mohan
Singh
and
Govind
Rao
74.8
306.0
1.53
4.34
147.9
14.07
3.01
8.297
3.656
1.020
1.534
1.093
4.641
Hayden
and
Tubangui
106.00
. .
1.80
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
Holt
and
Reynolds
109.0
. .
1.4
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
Hayden
and
Fish
102.9
. .
1.81
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
Kintner
and
Holt
92
451
1.80
. .
. .
11.2
3.55
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
Dukes
71.5
290.4
1.55
. .
. .
11.1
6.4
6.1
. .
. .
.
. .
. .
Ledingham
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
8.266
5.7
. .
. .
. .
4.365
Hiss
and
A tkinson
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
3.65
. .
. .
. .
3.96
Joachim
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
3.89
1.274
}3.704
5.021
KEHAR, MOHAN SINGH AND GOVIND RAO 93
If the above average values of different constituents of blood are com-
pared with those obtained by other workers as shown in Table IV, it will be
observed that some of the constituents show considerable variation between
the observations recorded in U. S. A., England, Philippines and India.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are grateful to Mr. J. R. Haddow, Officiating Director and
Mr. R. L. Kaura, Officiating Serologist, for their continuous help and en-
couragement.
REFERENCES
Campbell, W. R. and Hanna, M. I. (1937). J. Biol. Chem. 119, 15
Clark, E. P. and Collip, J. B. (1925). J. Biol. Chem. 63, 461
Dukes, H. H. (1937). The Physiology of Domestic Animals, Baillire Tindall and Cox,
London.
Fiske, C. H. and Subbarow, Y. (1925). J. Biol. Chem. 66, 375
Folin, O. and Wu, H. (1919). J. Biol. Chem. 38, 81
Hagedorn, H. C and Jenson, B. N. (1923). [Quoted by Peters and Van Slyke, Quanti-
tative Clinical Chemistry II, (1932), 471]
Haydon, C.E. (1923). J. Biol. Chem. 56, 469
––––––––––and Fish, P. A. (1927-8). Rept. N. Y. S. Vet. Coll. Cornell Univ. 18, 207
––––––––––and Tubangui, M. (1919-20). Rept. N. Y. S. Vet. Coll. Cornell Univ. 181
Hawk, P. B. and Bergiem, O. (1931). Practical Physiological Chemistry, 10th edn. J.
and A. Churchill, Ltd., London.
Hiss, P. H. and Atkinson, J. P. (1901). J. Expt. Med. 5, 47
Holt, R. L. and Reynolds, F. H. K. (1924). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. N. S. 18, No. 6,
65, 732
Joachim. (1907). (Quoted by Ledingham) J. Hyg. 7, 65
Kehar, N. D. (1937). Rec. Mal. Instt. of India. 7,117
––––––––––(1940). Ind. J. Vety. Sci. & Anim. Husb. (in press)
Kintner, J. H. and Holt, R. L. (1932). Philip J. Sci. 49, 1-89.
Kramer, B. and Tisdall, F. F. (1921). J. Biol. Chem. 47, 475
Ledingham, J. C. G. (1907). J. Hyg. 7, 65
Leiboff, S. L. (1924). J. Biol. Chem. 61, 177
Sokhey, S. S. (1936). Ann. Rept. Haffkine Instt. Bombay
Whitchorn, J. C. (1921). J. Biol. Chem. 45, 449
N
OBSERVATIONS ON THE ANATOMY OF ACANTHOSTO-
MUM BURMINIS (BHALERAO, 1926)*
BY
G. D. BHALERAO, D.Sc., PH.D. (LOND.), F.Z.S., F.R.M.S., F.A.Sc.
Helminthologist, Imperial Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar-Kumaun
(With two text figures)
(Received for publication on 3 June 1939)
T HE species Acanthochasmus burminis was originally described by Bhalerao
[1926] from the intestine of the river snake, Natrix piscator, in Burma.
Subsequently Thapar and Ali [1929] recorded this parasite from the intestine
of the same host in Lucknow. In 1930 the writer obtained this species at
Nagpur from the same host. It appears therefore that this parasite has a
fairly wide distribution in India and Burma. The writer [Bhalerao, 1936]
has already pointed out that since the genus Acanthochasmus is a synonym
of Acanthostomum, the specific name Acanthochasmus burminis must neces-
sarily be a synonym of Acanthostomum burminis.
The gross anatomy of the parasite has already been described by the
writer [Bhalerao, 1926] and although the additional material collected pre-
sents some deviations, these fall within the range of variations that usually
occur within a species. It is not intended therefore to present a detailed
account of the anatomy of the parasite, but to confine the remarks to the
alimentary system which has not yet been adequately described.
The mouth is terminal, being situated at the extreme anterior end. It
is surrounded by an oral sucker which is more or less cup-shaped and mea-
sures 0. 16×0.13 mm. Slightly behind its periphery, it bears a single row
of spines varying from 24 to 27 in number. These spines measure 0.028—
0.040 mm. in length, and 0.012—0.024 mm. in thickness. The oral sucker
is followed by a long pharynx measuring 0.08—0-09 mm. in length. The
pharynx is muscular and appears more or less square and measures 0.08×
0.09 mm. The pharynx is followed by a short œsophagus measuring 0.04—
0.06 mm. in length. It bifurcates into two intestinal cæca which pass pos-
teriorly along the sides of the body and open to the exterior by separate
ani, one on each side, at a distance of 0.15—0.18 mm. from the posterior
extremity. The anal openings are infundibular. One outstanding feature of
this trematode is that the cæcum on the left side of the body is quite normal
while that on the right side is very much atrophied and is only one-fifth of
the thickness of the cæcum on the left side. Both the normal as well as the
atrophied cæca, in fixed specimens, vary slightly in calibre in different regions
* Paper read before the Medical and Veterinary Section of the 26th Indian. Science
Congress, Lahore.
(94)
G. D.
BHALERAO
95
FIG. A.—Atrophecœcum burminis :
FIG. B.—Atrophecœcum burminis :
G. D. BHALERAO.
97
left intestinal cæcum is normal while the right one is very much atrophied.
So far as the writer is aware, such cases have not been previously recorded.
The present example provides a very important missing link between the
normal condition of having both the cæca well developed and a condition in
which there is only one cæcum. This character, in the opinion of the writer,
is of such great taxonomic value and evolutionary importance that it is neces-
sary to assign the species Acanthostomum burminis to a new genus of the
family Acanthostomidæ for which the name Atrophecœcum is proposed. As
a consequence of this the correct name of the parasite becomes Atrophe-
cœcum burminis [Bhalerao, 1926].
In regard to the generic diagnosis of the new genus the same characters
as for the genus Acanthostomum may be accepted with the modification that
the intestinal cæca open posteriorly by means of ani. The left cæcum is
normal while the right one is very much atrophied. The type species is
Atrophecæcum burminis [Bhalerao, 1926].
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The writer is indebted to Mr. Sen Roy for the illustrations used in this
article.
REFERENCES
Bhalerao, G. D. (1926). Parasitology 18, 4-13
(1936). J. Helminth. 14, 181-206
Leiper, R. T. (1908). 3rd Rept. Wellcome Research Laboratory Khartoum, London
Looss, A. (1912). Zool. Jb. 15, Suppl., 323-66
Odhner, T.(1910). Zool. Anz. 35, 432-3
(1911). Zool. Anz. 38, 97-117
Thaper, G. S. and Ali, F. (1929). J. Helminth. 7, 247-52
NYMPHOMANIA WITH SEX REVERSAL IN A PEDIGREE
SAHIWAL HEIFER TREATED BACK TO
FERTILITY
BY
N. P. FERNANDEZ, G.B.V.C.
Cattle Research Assistant, Imperial Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
(Received for publication on 15 April 1939)
(With Plates I and II)
INTRODUCTION
N YMPHOMANIA in cows and heifers is often associated in advanced cases
with the assumption of male characteristics, including very marked
physical changes and mental aberration. The affected females assume a
great degree of masculinity. The voice becomes deep, closely simulating that
of the male and there is a transformation of the feminine expressions of
face and head to masculine. The musculature, particularly of neck,
dewlap, hump and hind quarters bear striking resemblance to those of a
bull, and the rump is pitched high over the topline.
The changes in the temperament are particularly noticeable. The
affected females exhibit considerable excitement when in presence of females
in oestrus, select them out, mount them just like a bull in action, follow them
with head held low in the fashion of a bull and roar like a bull on the approach
of other animals and persons, and even make attempts to attack them.
The association of corpus luteum is a factor in maintaining the female
character of the individual. Destruction of corpus luteum tissue by cystic
invasion or its degeneration due to other causes is the aetiology of nympho-
mania.
Cattle of high class pedigree, excellence and high production are generally
the likely victims to this malady. The affected females become permanently
sterile (Plate I, Fig. 1).
HISTORY
The case under report is the pedigree heifer No. 769 (Jeswant ×Chansuri).
She was born on the 18th of March, 1936, and is the second daughter of our
champion cow, Chansuri, who holds a heifer record yield of 7,846 lb. as well
as merit of performance of 10,119 lb. in her second lactation and 10,223 lb.
in the third lactation of 304 days. The heifer is also a daughter of a sire
whose dam's performance is over 8,000 lb. It would appear from the
pedigree and performances of her progenitors what a potential heifer she is
to the herd. When such pedigree heifers are affected with such incurable
form of sterility, it is, no doubt, a great loss to the breeder who endeavours
to improve his stock.
The heifer was brought up under early maturity treatment, and as a
result she came in heat for the first time at the age of one year, five months
and four days. She was at this time normally developed for breeding, but
(98)
Ind. Jour. Vety, Sci & Anim. Husb., Vol. X, Part
I]
PLATE
I
FIG. 1. A typical nymphomania cow
FIG. 2. Nymphomanic heifer No. 769 before treatment
PLATE II
[Ind. Jour. Vety. Sci. & Anim. Husb., Vol. X, Part I
FIG. 1. Nymphomanic heifer No. 769 after treatment
FIG. 2. Heifer No. 769 with her calf
N. P.
FERNANDEZ
101
SUMMARY
1. Atrophy or degeneration of ovarian tissue causes nymphomania in
females by disfunctioning the oestrus cycle.
2. Massaging of the ovaries causes (a) regeneration of the ovarian tissue,
(b) secretion of ovarian hormone for the development of udder, (c) reflex
stimulation of the pituitary gland elaborating prolactin which induces the
secretion of milk, and (d) re-starting of oestrus cycle.
3. Nymphomania is a form of sterility. It is curable, if properly handled
before it becomes chronic.
APPENDIX A
CHANSURI HEIFER No. 769
Pre-milk yield as an uncovered heifer
March 1938...
April...
May....
June...
July...
August (up to4th).
Total
Lb.
29¾
113
123
98
75
10½
449¼
Days
16
30
31
30
31
4
142
Milked twice a day
Ditto.
Ditto.
Milked twice a day up to
11th and then once a day
Once a day
Ditto
(covered on 4th
August 1938)
Pre-milk yield as a covered heifer
From 5th August 1938 .
September . . .
October (up to 19th) . .
Total
GRAND TOTAL
Lb.
70½
59
23¾
153¼
602½
Days
27
30
19
76
218
Milked once a day
Ditto.
Ditto.
O
102
Nymphomania with sex reversal in a Sahiwal Heifer
APPENDIX B
Comparison between pre-milk and normal milk *
Composi-
tion
Blood .
Fat .
Protein .
Total solids
Pre-milk of the uncovered heifer
No.769
Date
21st
March
1938
Traces
3.0
5.4
13.2
24th
March
1938
Traces
4.0
4.5
14.3
25th
March
1938
Traces
3.8
4.4
13.8
8th
April
1938
Traces
4.2
3.5
14.1
12th
April
1938
Traces
4.8
3.8
14.4
Average
...
3.9
4.3
13.9
Pre-milk
of a covered
heifer
Three
months
before
calving
...
4.8
2.9
14.4
Two
days
before
calving
...
5.5
4.6
15.4
Pre-milk
of a 2nd
calver
Two
days
before
calving
...
2.7
4.6
13.4
Adult cow
Two
days
before
calving
...
1.5
7.3
14.4
Nor-
mal
milk
...
4.2
3.5
13.8
* These analyses were done by the Imperial Agricultural Chemist to whom the author's acknowledgments are due.
RINDERPEST IN SHEEP AND GOATS IN AJMER-
MERWARA*
BY
H. S. BAWA, M.R.C.V.S.
Veterinary Investigation Officer, Sind and Ajmer-Merwara, Karachi
(Received for publication on 24 January 1939)
(With Plate III and four text figures)
INTRODUCTION
D ISEASES of sheep and goats in India have not received the attention they
deserve. Only recently, under a research scheme sanctioned by the
Imperial Council of Agricultural Research, has it been made possible to in-
vestigate the disease of these animals.
Variola and mange are commonly met with and at times account for
high mortality. Diseases due to internal parasites are not common in this
part of the country. Rinderpest, which is usually met with in cattle and
buffaloes, is not uncommon in sheep and goats. Paucity of literature appears
to be due to the fact that this condition is rarely brought to the notice of
veterinary authorities and to the difficulties of correct diagnosis.
In Ajmer-Merwara sheep and goat breeding is a very important industry
among poor people who have no other means of livelihood.
During April 1938, an outbreak of contagious disease among sheep and
goats causing heavy mortality was reported by the Veterinary Assistant
Surgeon, Kekri sub-division, Ajmer-Merwara. The symptoms observed in
the affected animals, which succumbed after a short illness of three to five
days, were high temperature (105° to 106 .5° F.), diarrhœa and in some cases
dysentery. The main changes observed at post mortem were greyish-red
hepatization of the lungs, enlargement of the gall-bladder and the liver.
The Veterinary Assistant Surgeon also stated that, in a similar outbreak
during the preceding year, 1,250 sheep and goats had died and that the disease
remained undiagnosed. On account of the high mortality and the lung
symptoms, the Veterinary Assistant Surgeon suspected the disease to be
contagious pleuro-pneumonia.
The site of the outbreak was visited by the author on April 22nd, 1938.
Clinical examination of the diseased sheep showed them to be very emaciated
* Paper read before the Medical and Veterinasy Section of the 26th Indian Science
Congress, Lahore.
( 103 )
H. S.
BAWA
105
FIG. 1. Buffalo Calf—Age 1½ years inoculated with blood from suspected natural case of
Rinderpest in sheep.
FIG. 2. Goat—Age 1 year inoculated with blood from suspected natural case of
Rinderpest in sheep.
106
Rinderpest in Sheep and Goats in Ajmer-Merwara
FIG. 3. Sheep—Two teeth inoculated with blood from natural suspected case of
Rinderpest in sheep.
FIG. 4. Calf—Age 1½ years inoculated with blood from suspected natural case of
Rinderpest in sheep.
H. S.
BAWA
107
The actual number of deaths recorded in Ajmer-Merwara outbreaks are
shown in the following statement:—
Name of village
KEKRI SUB-DIVISION
Kekri
Gujrawada
.....
Kheria
......
Parkhia
......
Oogai
......
Ambli
......
Kanni-Kheda
.....
BEAWAR SUB-DIVISION
Saidria
Total .
Total
population
3,000
800
800
752
205
189
380
600
6,726
Infected
population
530
205
505
492
72
60
188
360
2,412
Case
mortality
412
162
424
350
50
30
173
320
1,921
The above figures were collected partly by the Veterinary Assistant
Surgeons, Kekri and Beawar and partly by the author from the villages visited
during the investigations. The loss of sheep and goats from this disease was
enormous, amounting to 80-90 per cent. But as there is no system of
reporting deaths of sheep and goats to Government, it is very difficult to
arrive at correct figures.
It is generally regarded that mortality in sheep and goats is less than in
cattle, rarely exceeding 25 to 30 per cent, but Tamilini [1926] observed a
loss of 75 per cent.
The severity of the infection among sheep in Mysore, observed by Sri-
kantaiah [1934], appears to be very pronounced and mortality ranges from
80 to 90 per cent though natural outbreaks are few and far between.
Extensive outbreaks among sheep and goats were observed in Sicily by
Chicol [1863], where 20,000 sheep and goats succumbed to the disease.
A few outbreaks causing very few deaths have been reported from Madras,
the Punjab and Sind.