NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
28
chiefly of " Cinchonidine and Cinchonine."It thus ranks among
the most valuable of the Grey barks.
60.Arrangement of Labor and direction of Operations,—It may
not be out of place here to say a few words on this subject, as the
profit or loss on Cinchona, and indeed on all other cultivation, depend
in a great degree on the talent and resource shewn in the management
of the work. If the operations are skilfully arranged, and the labor
well directed, from five to six times more work will be performed by
the same number of men, thereby effecting a saving of from 500 to
600 per cent. on the outlay. The capacity to superintend and direct
large bodies of men in diversified operations, to turn every favorable
circumstance to advantage, and to provide for unforeseen obstacles,
is a talent possessed by few. It is the art of foreseeing possible re-
verses and of arranging to avoid them, and to readily turn previously
unknown measures to account in accomplishing the end in view.
Much that is useful, however, may be acquired by an intelligent
observer, particularly in the arrangement and distribution of routine
work. To secure success in the formation and establishment of a
plantation, the Superintendent should possess a thorough knowledge
of the leading principles of vegetable physiology. He must be
also acquainted with the climate, and this can only be acquired by
local experience, but is indispensable in order that he may be able
to foresee and avoid reverses likely to arise from floods, storms,
drought, &c., and to perform the various operations at the proper
seasons. These acquired, and natural capacities and sufficient
resource to remove and overcome any difficulty as it presents
itself, together with probity, energy, untiring perseverance, temper,
tact in the management of workmen, and the ability to detect the
true cause of every failure, form the essential qualifications of a suc
-cessful Superintendent.
61. Let us take a brief view of an estate under a Superintend
- e n t , p o s s i b l y a t r u s t w o r t h y a n d h a r d - w o r k i n g m a n , b u t w a n t i n g i n
ability to manage workmen properly. We look at the work done by
a pitting party, and find the pits much under the prescribed size, and
not more than half the number shewn in the returns. On bringing
this to the notice of the Superintendent, he says, he has had so much
to do here, there, and elsewhere, that in his absence the maistry and
the overseer and these coolies will persist in doing wrong, and how
c a n h e h e l p i t . O n i n q u i r i n g w h a t p a r t i c u l a r w o r k s h a v e e n g a g e d h i s
29
attention, we find it to have been a party of weeders, and a number o
men staking plants. We examine the work performed by the weeders,
and find it done in the most slovenly manner, the roots of the weeds
for the most part being left in the ground, and many of them merely
trampled down. On referring to the Superintendent, he says, he gave
the strictest instructions how the work should be done, but this
maistry and these coolies will do so and so, and what can he do ? We
now proceed to the party employed in staking, and find that the ties,
instead of supporting the plant, are so placed as to cut their stems
through on the first high winds or storm. It is pointed out to the
Superintendent that he is not merely wasting his labor, but employing
it in such a manner as to cause serious injury to the plants. Here
again we are met by the unanswerable argument, what can he do ?
The coolies will tie them in that way. We look at the plants
recently put out, and find them densely shaded and rotting off
if the weather be damp, or it may be all shade removed, and the
plants parched up by the sun. In this way the estate suffers
first by one disaster, then another, until the loss becomes insupport
-able, and the damage irreparable. We now look into the tool-room,
and find that the tools, instead of being arranged on their racks and
pegs, are thrown over the floor in a mass of confusion and being de
-stroyed by rust. If we now examine an estate under efficient manage
-ment, we find that though here things may be occasionally in fault,
yet the Superintendent, so far from exonerating himself by attaching
the blame to overseers, writers, maistries, and coolies, admits the
oversight which led to the neglect, and forthwith puts it right, fully
comprehending that his duty is to do all things necessary to secure
success. If either the writers, coolies, or any one else on the estate
neglect their duty, or perform their work badly, the Superintendent
enforces attention mildly but firmly, and shews with his own hands
to the unskilful laborer the way in which the work should be perform-
ed. He keeps that steady pressure on the whole of the establishment
necessary to check negligence and imposition. On examining the work,
we find the pits of the prescribed size, and the numbers agree with the
returns. The roots of the weeds have been carefully taken out of the
ground and the whole buried. The plants are tied in the manner
best calculated to give them support ; the tools are kept in ex
-cellent working order, and the labor has been concentrated and well
arranged. It is the manner of doing these and other duties connected
30
with the well-being of an estate, that distinguishes the qualified from
the unprofitable Superintendent ; that makes the whole difference
between profit and loss.
62. The main object in the distribution of labor is so to arrange
the men, that the responsibility of neglect can be instantly fixed upon
the delinquent.
63. In order to secure this, it is necessary that there be no con-
fusion in the manner in which the men are placed to work, and that
the men be not removed from one work to another. The work
directed must be begun at a given point, and each individual should be
restricted to a given space or row (or two rows in some cases) in pit-
ting, planting, shading, weeding, staking, &c. Over each twenty-five or
thirty men there is one maistry or headman, whose only duty is to
inspect the work of his gang. Should any individual in the gang per
form the work in a careless, negligent, or insufficient manner, it is
the maistry's duty to call the man back, and to cause the work to be
properly done, and to report the same to the Superintendent or
overseer, who should inflict a fine on the individual laborer, pro
-portionate to the injury or loss sustained by his neglect. But
if the maistry has failed to report the neglect, or is unable to fix
it clearly on any individual, the maistry is then held responsible
and punished accordingly, in proportion to the loss sustained by
the neglect of his gang. Where order is to be maintained, a fine
inflicted on a maistry should never be remitted, because the neces
-sity for such can only arise by the grossest negligence on his part,
and the loss cannot be redeemed. With the laborer it is different,
as by subsequent good work, the punishment for one neglect may be
occasionally remitted with advantage. When these punishments are
inflicted, it is the duty of the Superintendent to explain in a tempe
-rate and kindly manner to the diligent laborers, the reason for inflict
-ing the fine, and its necessity to obtain attention and care in the per
-formance of the work. With native laborers it requires both temper
and tact to maintain any system, as they have hitherto been accus-
tomed to perform the smallest possible work for their wages with the
men mixed up in a mass of confusion, and this is most congenial to the
native mind, since it renders hopeless any attempt to bring home
individual responsibility, and they are perfectly indifferent to blame
attached to them as a body.
64. The above arrangement of labor can, therefore, only be car-
31
ried out successfully by moderation on the part of the Superintendent,
by gaining the confidence of the maistries and bringing their influence
to bear on the men, by giving to each man only a moderate task to
perform, and by inflicting punishment with moderation, and only
when gross neglect is clearly brought home to the individual. Other-
wise discontent, murmuring, and strikes will be the result, especially
at first, but when the system is once fairly introduced, all good men
much prefer it to any other, because their individual merits become
at once apparent, and these merits should at all times be fairly appre-
ciated and rewarded.
65. Next in importance to the arrangement of the individual
laborer is that of concentrating the whole of the labor on the estate in
the performance of operations in a given space on the plantation. This
renders the supervision of the labor easy and effective, whereas when
men are allowed to work in straggling parties, supervision is difficult and
inefficient, and of this the men immediately take advantage. All the
operations necessary to be done on the plantation should be performed
at one time, and by the same gang of laborers, beginning at one end of
the plantation and progressing steadily to the other, until the whole is
completed. For example, with the operation of planting, the shaders
should immediately follow up the planters. In weeding an estate,
the weeds should be carefully taken up by the roots and buried in
deep pits. As this operation progresses, the weeders should drain
round and remove accumulations of earth from the stems of the plants,
should clean out the catch-drains, and repair all roads and pathways
which lie in their immediate line. Immediately succeeding these a
certain number of men follow, whose business it is to inspect and
secure the stakes and ties. Thus the plantation, behind the weeders
and tiers, shews the whole of the work completed. This saves the
waste of labor caused by sending small parties to perform operations
in detail. Such works as road-making, pitting, and trenching may,
with advantage, be performed separately and best by contract, but
these works should be completed as the gang progresses, and on no
account should portions be left in an unfinished state.
66. Every Superintendent should arrange beforehand the future
work for his laborers. He should never pass his men without examin
-ing the quantity and quality of the work performed. He should
shew them with his own hands, and instruct them in the performance
of this work. He should never allow any work to be ineffectually
32
performed, and never attempt to do any thing in a hurry. This, in
other words, is merely to throw away the time of the men employed
and waste the wages for such time, because all work ineffectually
performed must be either immediately done over again, or will become
either worthless or positively injurious.
67. In propagating in nurseries, in pitting, in trenching, in
planting out, and in subsequent attention to the plants, work ineffec
-tually performed, or the omission of work for a few days, may lead to
increasing or irretrievable injury for years.
68. Transmission of Plants.—By the usual way of packing
plants in Wardian cases, their transmission to a distance is most ex
pensive and uncertain. To obviate this risk, and reduce the cost of
transit, has formed a subject of recent experiments. The results of
these justify us in recommending to the public the following method
of packing Wardian cases, by which the cost of transit is reduced to
less than one-sixth, with greater safety in transport, inasmuch as the
plants are less liable to damp off from an excess of moisture, while it
secures the advantage of reducing the weight of the cases to about one-
fifth, thus rendering them more easily handled and less liable to damage
in being removed.
69. Wardian cases can be procured here at a cost of Rs. 15 each,
one case will contain from 170 to 220 plants, according to the species,
instead of twenty-eight or thirty plants as formerly. In the system of
packing, which is now recommended, the Wardian cases are filled with
moss instead of earth, to a depth of about six inches, and the Cinchona
plants in the pots in which they were grown, are firmly packed in the
moss, and secured with cross battens, in order to prevent them being
displaced, should the cases be upset in transit. When the plants are
thus secured, they receive a moderate amount of water ; the sashes
are then screwed on, the glass being protected by battens and secured
from the direct rays of the sun by a covering of thin cloth, so as to
admit a portion of light. In this way the plants can safely be con
-veyed to Calcutta or Ceylon without the cases being opened ; but
where the journey is likely to be prolonged over a month, the cases
should be opened mornings and evenings, so as to admit of the plants
receiving light and air, water being added only when the surface of
the earth in the pots is dry. Upon the receipt of plants in Wardian
cases, it is desirable to place them, in the first instance, under the pro
-tection of glass. If this be not available, the cases should be placed
33
in a shady position, and opened only so much at a time as the plants
will bear without flagging. So soon as the leaves of the plants are
observed to flag or droop, the cases should be immediately closed, and
great care taken not to give the plants too much water at the roots,
as this is apt to cause them to rot; in fact, the soil at the roots should
always be kept rather dry than otherwise the supply of moisture
being kept up in the plant by frequently sprinkling the leaves. This
treatment is only necessary until the roots assume a healthy and vigor-
ous action, which will take place in from eight to twenty days, accord-
ing to the length of time the plants have been confined in the War-
dian cases.
W. G.
M C l V O R ,
Supt.of Gort Cinchona Plantations
GOVERNMENT GARDENS,
OOTACAMUND,
5th September 1866.
PLATE. 1.
FIG.I Manner of planting young seedlings
FIG. II.
1.
Layer as Prepared for laying down. A the piece of Brick, B, the tongue. C. the peg.
2 Represents the same plant,six weeks after being laid C the rootlets D the sur
face of the soil.
PLATE. II.
PLAN OF A PROPAGATING HOUSE
FI G 1 . a . p o l l i n g s h e d , b f u r n a c e h o u s e , c . f i r e p l a c e d . f l e u e . t h e p r o p a g a t i n g c a s e s , f . t h e c i s t e r n p l a c e d o v e r t h e f l u e s o t h a t t h e wa t e r
may become slightly heated g. path.
FI G I I I . a. t he cases f i l l ed wi t h pot s b. t he f l ue C. shel ves at t ached t o t he spaces of wal l bet ween and bel ow t he wi ndows.
FI G I V. shows t he gr adual r i se of f l ue i n t he beds a. t he f l ue b l evel of gr ound c. t he l evel of t he beds.
Govt. Litho Press Chepauk
Madras March 1867.
A Cuttings . B,stratum of brick dust
, C , o r d i n a r ys
o i l o f t h e p o t ,D
, m o s s
to facilitate drainage,E p o t s h e r d .
PLATE III.
FIG.1.
I
FIG. II. 1. Represents the bud A prepared for placing in the pot, FIG. III. Shewing cuttings as placed in, the
shewing the cut part B upon; the brick C. pots with, the ends on a. piece of
2.
A pot of buds of Cinchona Calisaya.41 days after planting. dry brick. A the brick; B the soil.,
3. A bud: of Cinchona. succirubra also 41 days atter planting. C, moss; D potsherds .
PLATE.
IV.
FIG: I.
Fig: 1.
A. the Cowdung Pot, B. the Soil, C. the Plant. D. the Section.
Fig:H A, the .Mould, B, Block with plugs, D, Removing boards, O, Guides.
Gov ' LITH PRESS CHEPAUK.
MADRAS MARCH 1867
Drawn by J. Sunres..a LITH By R ./ BALOREY
govt litho press chepauk
Madras, April 1967
PLATE V.
FIG.I. Section of box for runoving plants from the nurseries
t o t h e p l a n t a t i o n s .
FIG. II. .Plants placed in nurseries over lines of moss
A transverse section of bed, B longitudinal —do— C moss.
FIG III.Plants in cowdung pots as placed in the
nurseries.
A transverse section of bed, B longitudinal’— do —
PLATE. VI.
FIG. III. Manner of planting plants in. Cowdung pots
FIG. I. Manner of planting out, young plants .
FIG: II.
FIG. Box for conveying Plants long
distances. B. . one of the TrayS•
DRAWN BY J SUARES LITH:BY Rj.BALOREY
PLATE.VII.
FIG. II.
FIG.I
FIG. 1 . Basket for shading.
FIG. III
FIG. IV.
FIG. IV. Plant pruned; to stand the Wind.
Gov Litho Press Chepauk:
Madras March 1867
,
b y R . B a l d r e y
FIG .II . Shading by Split wood,
FIG III Method of staking.
FIG.I.1Application of Moss.
Manner of removing the bark.
PLATE IX,
FIG.I. Side view of barking knife, A one of the screws for elevating
or depressing the roller B c.sliding axle box attached
to the screw A , D one of the sc rews for decreasing or increasing
the curvature of the horizontal cutting blade E One
of the side cutting blades. F Socket
for handle
FIG III
Top
view of barking knife. A S crews for elevating o
r
depressing the roller B,C Screws for decre asing or increasing the:cur.
vature of the cutting blade D. E tops of knife , F pivots on which
knife works G socket handle.
FIG.III:Perspective view of knife.
A horizontal cutting blade
l, B side cutting blades, C holes for pivots, D holes for screws
pitiotsv, , D hiiletc fbr ki'craps.
,ut
Ciupayk
;g67
r
1. Layer as pre
2 Represents
L I T H O P R E S S C H E P A U K MA D R A S MA R C H 1 8 6 1
may become slightly heater
10.III. a the cases filled with pots b.
10. IV. s h o w s t h e
g r a d u a l r i s e o
G o v t L i t h o P r e s s C h e p a u k
Madras March 18
FIG. II. 1. Represents
s h e w i n g t h e
c u t
2 . A p o t o f b u d s
o f
3 . A
b u d o f C i n c h o n
G o v t L i t h o P r e s s C h e p a u k . M a d r a s M a r c h 1 8 6 7 .
Fig: 1. A. the Cowdung Pot, B. the So.
Fig: H. A, the Mould, B, Blo
GOVT LI TH PRESS C
H E P A U K M A D R A S M A R C H 1 8 6 7
Fl
FIG
Govt Litho Press Chepauk
Madras April 1867.
FIG. 1.
FIG.I Manner of Planting
GOVT LI TH. PRESS CHEPAUK MADRAS MARCH 1867
FIG.II Box
FIG. I
FIG. I. Basket for shading.
FIG. III
FIG. III Meth od of sta
Govt Li t h Pr ess Chepauk Madr as Mar ch 1867
FIG. I Application of Moss
FIG. II Manner of removing the bark.
FIG. I
FIG.II
FIG. II Top view of barking
depressing the roller B. C. Screws for decreasing
nature of the cutting blade D. E tops of k
the knife works G Socket handle.
FIG.III. Perspective view of knife
A horizontal cutting blade, B side
pivots D holes for screns.
Press Chepauk
GENERAL REPORT, No. 6,
Lunatic Asylums, Vaccination, and Dispensaries
IN THE
BENGAL PRESIDENCY,
1873.
COM PILED BY
SURGEON E. A. BIRCH, F.R.C.S.,
BENGAL MEDICAL SERVICE.
CALCUTTA:
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING.
1876.
GENERAL REPORT, No. 6,
ON THE
Lunatic Asylums, Vaccination, and Dispensaries
IN THE
BENGAL PRESIDENCY,
1873.
COMPILED BY
SURGEON E. A. BIRCH, F.R.C.S.,
BENGAL MEDICAL SERVICE.
CALCUTTA:
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING.
1876.
CONTENTS.
LUNATIC ASYLUMS—
BHOWANIPORE (CALCUTTA) FOR EUROPEANS ... ... ... ... ...
LUNATIC ASYLUMS FOR NATIVES—GENERAL REMARKS
...
...
...
...
DULLUNDA (CALCUTTA) ... ... ... ... ... ...
DACCA ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
PATNA
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
CUTTACK ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
MOYDAPOEE ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
BENARES ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
BAREILLY... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
NAGPORE
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
JUBBULPORE ...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
LUCKNOW
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
DELHI
...
...
... ... ... ... ... ...
LAHORE
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
AGRA ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
RANGOON ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
STATISTICAL TABLES ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
VACCINATION—
GENERAL REMARKS ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
BENGAL
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
N. W. PROVINCES ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
PUNJAB ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
CENTRAL PROVINCES ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
OUDH
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
RAJPOOTANA ...
...
...
...
...
...
...
BRITISH BURMAH ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
HYDRABAD ASSIGNED DISTRICTS ... ... ... ... ... ...
HOSPITALS AND DISPENSARIES—
GENERAL REMARKS ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
CALCUTTA (METROPOLITAN) HOSPITALS ... ... ... ... ...
BENGAL (PROVINCIAL)
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
N. W. PROVINCES ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
PUNJAB
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
CENTRAL PROVINCES
...
...
...
..
...
...
OUDH
...
...
...
..
...
...
...
...
RAJPOOTANA... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
BRITISH BURMAH ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
HYDERABAD ASSIGNED DISTRICTS
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
STATISTICAL TABLES
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
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( 3 )
a knowledge of these subjects to treat disease intelligently. The system
which obtains in the Punjab of educating hakims and their sons in the Lahore
Medical College, and after they have been there systematically trained send-
ing them back to their districts to practise, is a sound and promising one. The
only part of India in which educated practitioners have to any extent settled
down to practise is Lower Bengal, where the graduates and licentiates of the
Calcutta Medical College have found it possible to make a livelihood by the
practice of their profession. It is to this agency that we must look for the
limitation of the growth of establishments and institutions for gratuitous medi-
cal relief, for the ultimate attainment of universal and self-supporting vaccina-
tion, for correct death registration, and the improvement of village sanitation.
The medical schools and colleges which are springing up in various parts of
the presidency are thus destined to fulfil a most important function in the
country, and are deserving of liberal support and every encouragement. I
have again much pleasure in testifying to the great interest which medical
officers, both administrative and executive, continue to take in the welfare and
success of charitable hospitals and dispensaries.
5. I have again, I regret to say, to apologise for the late submission of this
report. The causes are those which I have detailed in submitting that of the
preceding year. The record will, I believe, be found convenient for reference,
and I experience no small gratification in the feeling that this, the last report
which it will be my duty to present to Government in my capacity of Surgeon-
General, contains such ample and satisfactory evidence of the energy and
devotion which actuate the members of the department over which I have
had the honor to preside.
I have the honor to be,
SIR,
Your most obedient Servant,
J. CAMPBELL BROWN,
Surgeon- General,
Indian Medical Service.