NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
2
Name of the diseases.
Debility
Falls or accidents
Pulmonary diseases
Abscess and kapauli
Colic and intestinal diseases ...
Influenza
Rupture of stomach
Old age
Sore throat
Poisonouss plants
Surra
Lymphangitis
Snake bite
Kidney disease ...
Wind
Wounds
Undiagnosed
Paialyasis
...
...
Destroyed
...
...
Brain disease
..
...
Ritten by other
camel
...
Rupture of diaphragm
...
Exposure
...
...
Heart disease
...
...
Liver disease
...
...
Diarrbœa
Fever
...
...
Septicæmia
...
...
Tetauts
...
...
Stomach staggers
...
Rheumatism
...
...
Tuberculosis
Orchitis
Hydrophobia
Filariasis
Camel pox
...
...
Mange
...
...
Total
50th
S. C. C.
4
24
18
10
12
2
2
2
...
8
9
2
7
4
2
1
6
3
2
4
1
1
2
1
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
122
51st
S.C.C.
14
7
28
4
33
7
...
...
12
...
20
...
2
....
...
1
...
...
8
...
4
...
...
...
...
2
6
1
1
2
1
...
....
...
...
...
...
...
157
52nd
S. C. C.
17
18
17
11
16
1
...
...
8
6
2
4
8
2
...
...
...
2
4
2
...
...
...
...
4
9
...
...
...
...
6
...
...
...
...
...
...
137
53rd
S. C. C.
7
11
9
14
19
6
...
...
3
7
15
...
7
2
...
...
1
9
2
...
1
...
...
...
1
2
...
...
....
...
...
1
...
...
...
...
...
117
54th
S.C.C
1
...
15
3
6
...
...
...
3
6
18
...
3
1
...
...
2
...
...
2
...
...
...
...
5
...
...
1
...
10
4
...
2
1
...
...
...
83
55th
S.S.C
...
4
5
4
7
...
...
...
1
2
3
...
1
1
....
...
8
...
3
1
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
1
...
...
...
...
...
42
56th
S.C.C.
4
7
7
2
13
...
...
...
...
1
23
...
5
...
1
...
9
1
...
3
...
...
...
1
...
1
2
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
80
57th
S.C.C.
9
...
9
6
7
...
1
...
3
5
...
2
...
...
...
26
...
4
...
...
...
...
...
1
1
...
...
4
...
...
1
1
1
81
Total.
56
71
108
54
118
16
3
2
30
25
95
6
35
10
3
1
52
23
11
20
2
1
2
2
12
18
4
3
2
12
15
1
2
1
1
1
1
819
3
12. Mortality in the camel corps and local transport calculated from
the mortality returns :—
Corps.
Silladar corps.
50th
51st
52nd
53rd
54th
55th
56th
57th
Local transport.
Dera Ismail Khan...
...
Bannu
...
Kuvram Valley Militia
Grantee camel corps.
59 th
60th
61st
62nd
Average
strength.
1,035
1,034
1,054
1,036
1,047
1,068
1,055
1,043
259
295
16
1,042
1 ; 042
1,028
1,059
Deaths on
employed
pay.
42
35
40
25
21
22
22
23
55
83
11
...
...
...
...
Deaths on
unemploy-
ed pay.
80
122
97
92
62
20
58
58
...
...
...
143
67
51
68
Total.
122
157
137
117
83
42
80
81
55
83
11
143
67
51
68
Percentage.
11.7
15.1
12 9
11.2
7.9
3.9
7.5
7.7
21.2
28.1
68.7
13.7
6.4
4.9
6.4
13. Statement showing the total losses of carnels in the silhdar
camel corps, local transport and grantee camel corps from deaths and
castings.
Siliadar camel corps.
50th Camphellpur
...
..
51 st Rawalpindi
52nd Jhelum
33rd argodha
54th Lahore
55th Montgomery
56th Montgomery
57th Multan
Average
strength.
1,035
1,034
1,054
1,036
1,047
1,068
1,055
1,048
Cost.
42
21
14
70
124
98
62
53
Died
122
157
137
1.7
83
42
80
81
Total.
164
178
150
187
207
140
142
134
Percentage.
15.8
17.2
14.3
18.0
19.7
13.1
13.4
12.7
4
Local transport.
Dera Ismail Khan
Banna
Kurram Valley
Grantee camel corps.
59th
60th
61st
62nd
Average
strength.
259
295
16
1,042
1,042
1,028
1,059
Cost.
18
16
...
20
23
33
34
Died.
55
83
11
143
67
51
68
Total.
73
99
11
163
90
84
102
Percentage.
28.1
38.5
68.7
15.6
8.6
8.1
9.6
14 Percentage of losses by deaths for the year 1913-134—
Silladar camel corps .... ...
Grantee camel corps ... ...
Local transport ...
...
...
Dera Ismail Khan ...
Bannu ...
Kurram Valley Militia
Per cent.
9.7
7.8
21.2
28.1
68.7
15. Percentage of losses by deaths and castings for the year 1913-14—
Silladar camel corps
Grantee camel corps
Local transport ...
Dera Ismail Khan ...
Bannu ...
Kurram Valley Militia
Per cent.
15.5
10.5
28.1
33.5
68.7
16. Total losses from deaths and castings amongst the 8 silladar camel
corps, 4 grantee camel corps and the local transport, Dera Ismail Khan,
Bannu, and Kurram Valley Militia = 14.6 per cent.
Whereas the total losses from deaths alone
Per cent.
... = 9.8
17. Percentage of losses by deaths in all silladar camel corps.
Year ending 31st March 1909
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
Per cent.
22.3
18.6
13.3
10.7
8.7
9.7
5
18. Statement stowing the number of cases of surra diagnosed from
1st April 1913 to the 31st March 1914 in silladar camel corps, grantee camel
corps, local transport, and private camels.
Corps.
Silladar corps.
50th Campbellpur
51st Rawalpindi
52nd Jhelum
53rd Sargodha ...
...
54th Lahore
55th Montgomery
56th Montgomery
57th Multan.
Grantee corps.
59th
60th
61st
62nd
Local transport.
Dera Ismail Khan
Bannu
...
Kurram Valley Militia
Private camels.
2,793 examined ...
Average
strength.
1,035
1,034
1,054
1,036
1,047
1,068
1,055
1,048
1,042
1,042
1,028
1,059
259
295
16
...
No. of
cases of
surra.
23
33
13
28
47
3
24
3
54
9
4
7
25
42
11
103
Percentage.
2.2
3.1
1.2
2.7
4.4
0.2
2.2
0.7
5.1
0.8
0.3
0.6
9.6
14.2
68.7
3.6
Total number of surra cases diagnosed amongst government camels dur-
ing the year — 331.
Total number of surra cases diagnosed amongst private camels = 103—
making a total of 434 cases of surra diagnosed during the year.
19. Remarks on mortality.—One hundred and eighteen deaths occurred
from colic and enteritis. As the majority of deaths occur on unemployed pay
I would recommend that sarwans be supplied with Epsom salts, by this means a
reduction in the number of deaths should be obtained.
Ninety-five deaths occurred from surra. In my opinion far more deaths
occur from surra than the mortality returns would lead one to suspect. A
great number of the deaths attributed to pneumonia, debility and paralysis are
probably due to surra.
8
23. Treatment of surra.—A large number of camels were submitted
to treatment by the following methods: —
(1) One dose of soamin followed by 9 gradually increasing doses of
arsenious acid.
(2) Soamin and arsenious acid given alternately.
(3) A combination of soamin, arsenious acid and tartar emetic.
(4) Iodine alone (suggested by Colonel Newsom, A. V. C).
The object to be aimed at in the treatment of trypanosomiasis is to kill
the trypanosome without killing your animal. Before starting the treatment
of surra by any drugs it is necessary to determine the minimum lethal dose of
the drug used. To determine this dose for arsenious acid the following experi-
ments were carried out:—
Camel No.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
Weight in lbs.
1,066
1,372
1,558
1,312
1,271
1,332
1,148
1,476
1,198
1,517
Actual dose of
arsenious acid
intravenously.
Gms.
2.2
2.7
3.0
2.5
2.4
2.5
2.0
2.5
2.0
2.5
Dose per 100
lbs. body
weight.
Gms.
2.06
1.06
1.92
1.9
1.88
1.87
1.74
1.69
1.66
1.64
Result.
Died.
Died.
Died.
Just recovered.
Died.
Died.
Died.
Recovered but very
severe colic.
Ditto.
Ditto
The minimum lethal dose therefore = 1.7 gms. per 1,000 lbs. body weight.
Prom the above results it would appear that 15 gms. per 1,000 lbs. body weight
would be tolerated The variability of tolerance of the camel to arsenious
acid is so great that in many cases this rate of dosage is not tolerated. Each
case must be considered on its own merits, but as a general rule 1.2 gms. per
1,000 lbs. body weight can be safely given. The strength of arsenious acid
used was 1 per cent.
Regarding soamin, a sufficient number of camels were not available to
determine the minimum lethal dose, but from previous experiments it was
found that 5—6 gms. given subcutaneously in 100 c.c. of water is well borne
but 7 gms. is liable to produce kidney trouble.
In the combined method of treatment it is not advisable to give more
than 0.5 gm. of tartar emetic intravenously, and as a rule not more than 1 gm.
of arsenious acid can be given.
A 1 per cent. solution was used, the arsenic being dissolved in an alkaline
solution. The strength of tartar emetic solution was 1 per cent. All the
solutions were filtered before use and injected by means of an Ehrlich injection
flask at 37° C.
9
The results obtained are as follows:—
Method.
Arsenic alone
Combined treatment ...
Soamin and
arsenic
alternately.
Treated
50
24
15
Kelapsed
23
9
4
Died
5
1
1
Not relapsed
23 (95—281 days) under
observation.
14 (73—379 days) under
observation.
10 (80—279 days) under
observation.
Per cent.,
non-re-
lapsed.
46
58
66.6
One camel suffering from surra was treatsd by 10 gradually increasing
doses of iodine dissolved in potassium iodide and given intravenously. The
strength of solution was 1 per cent. The initial dose was 1 gm. The doses
ware gradually increased to 1.5 gm. This camel showed no return of the
trypanosome —132 days under observation—-bub did not improve in condition.
Further experiments are being carried out and until these expsriinents are
completed no conclusions regarding the efficacy of iodine can be drawn,
By the treatmsnt of surra by arsenic alone or in combination with
soamin or in combination with soamin and tartar emstic we should obtain
50 per cent of cures. Our greatest difficulty is to know if the camel is really
cured or not, casss of relapse (where every precaution aganst re-infection have
been taken) have occurrsd 90-99 days after treatment has finished. Until a
came1 has been under obssrvation for a year I do not consider he should be
regarded as cured.
"For the routine treatmonti of surra the following doses are reeom-
mended—
Supposing the camel to weigh 1,300 lbs.
Arsenic alone method.
Day.
1st
3rd
5th
7th
9th
11th
13th
15th
17th
19th
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
100 c.c.
0.6 gm.
0.6 gm.
0.7 „
0.8 „
0.8 „
1
„
1
„
1.2 „
15 „
of 5
ars.
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
per cent. solutio
acid (1 per cent.
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
a of soamin subcutaneously.
solution) intravenously.
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Combined method.
Day.
1st
...
2nd ...
3rd
...
6th
...
100 c.c. 5 per cent, solutidn of soamin subcutaneously.
0.5 gm. tartar emetic (1 per cent, solution intravenously).
0.6 gm. arsenious acid intravenously—
2 days interval,
100 c.c. 5 per cent, solution of soamin subcufcaneougly.
10
Day,
7th
8th
13th
14th
15th
24th
25th
26th
Day.
1st
3rd
5th
7th
9th
11th
13th
15th
17th
19th
... 0.5 gm. tartar emetic (1 per cent. solution intravenously;.
... 0.8 gm. arsenous acid intravenously—
4 days interval.
100 c.c. 5 per cent. solution of soamin subcutaneously.
... 0.5 gm. tartar emetic (1 per cent. solution intravenously).
0.8 gm. arsenious acid intravenously—
8 days interval.
... 100 c.c. 5 per cent. solution of soamin subcutaneously.
... 0.5 gm. tartar emetic (1 per cent, solution intravenously).
1.0 gm. arsenious acid intravenously.
Soamin and arsenious acid alternately.
100 c.c. 5 percent, solution of soamin subcutaneously.
... 0.6 gm. arsenious acid intravenously.
... 100 c.c. 5 per cent. solution of soamin subcutaneously.
... 0.7 gm. arsenious acid intravenously.
... 100 c.c. 5 per cent. solution of soamin subcutaneously.
... 0.8 gm. arsenious acid intravenously.
... 100 c.c. 5 per cent. solution of soamin subcutaneously.
... 1.0 gm. arsenious acid intravenously.
... 100 c.c. 5 per cent. solution of soamin subcutaneously.
... 1.5 gm. arsenious acid intravenously.
All the solutions should he filtered before use and injected at 37 0.
Colic and diarrhoea can he controlled by chlorodyne, dose 3 oz. (of
chlorodyne consisting 1 grain of morphia per fluid oz).
Constipation must he treated by Epsom salts and inco-ordination of
movement by subcutaneous injections of strychnine (2 grains).
A liberal ration should he allowed and if grazing is impossible exercise
should be given.
Treatment of surra in the corps.
In the 54th silladar camel crops 21 cases out of 36 cases were cured,
giving a per cent. of 58.3.
In the 56th silladar camel corps, nine cases of surra were treated, all of
which relapsed.
Ihe majority of commandants are unwilling to allow their veterinary
daffadars to treat cases of surra, the reason being that no compensation can
be obtained for the suna camel if it dies under trealment by the veterinary
dufradar.
24. The spread of surra.—At the present time the opinion is generally
held in India that the spread of surra is by direct transmission by tabanida?.
Although it has been definitely proved by laboratory experiments that surra
can be transmitted by direct transmission by tabanidae, I doubt very much
whether this is the method whereby surra is spread under natural conditions
for the following reasons. Firstly surra amongst camels is no new disease and
it is undoubtedly widely distributed. That tabanidae are prevalent and very
widelv distributed there is no doubt ; therefore it is difficult to explain if the
spread of surra is by direct transmission by tabanidae, how it is that a single
camel in the Punjab has escaped surra.
12
It may be found that ticks and mosquitoes are transmitters of the
disease.
25. Result of a one day's ex animation of the camels of the 50th, 51st
52nd nnd 53rd silladar camel corps, with a view to obtaining information as
to the actual condition of the corps in relation to surra.
50th Silladar Camel Corps.
The camels of this corps were collected for examination at Campbellpur;
1,011 of a total strength of 1,068—57 were absent.
Fourteen cases of surra were found.
51st Silladar Camel Corps.
The camels of this corpswere
Fatehjang
Riwat
Gujar
Khan
Rawalpindi
collected for examination at—
... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
Total
...
583
... 178
... 142
... 73
... 976
Of a total strength of 1,068—92 were absent.
Nineteen cases of surra were found.
52nd Silladar Camel Corps.
The camels of this corps were examined at—
Rakh Ara
Malkwal
Rakh Grat
Ohhab
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Total
...
...
...
...
...
623
226
115
53
1,017
Of a total strength of 1,068—51 were absent.
Four cases of surra found.
53rd Silladar Camel Corps.
The camels of this corps were examined at—
Kathwai
Kundian
Mianwali
Chhab
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Total
...
...
...
...
...
669
91
104
38
902
Of a total strength of 1,068—166 were absent.
Six cases of surra found.
From one day's examination of the camels of these four corps, 43 cases of
surra were found.
It is interesting to note that many of these casas were camels in good
condition, and when pronounced to be infected with surra, the staff of the
corps and the sarwans were sceptical as only camels in wretched condition are
associated with surra.
13
Result of a one day's examination of the grantee camel corps—
60th grantee camel corps
61st grantee camel corps
...
...
...
...
...
...
4
1
Result of a one day's examination of camels of private owners.—2,798
private camels were examined and 103 cases of surra found.
The camels of the 54th, 55tb, 56th and 57th silladar camel corps and
the grantee camel corps will be examined next year.
The fact that 434 cases of surra were diagnosed during the year shows
how widespread the disease is.
26. Biting-flies.—During the examination of the camels of the 50th,
51st, 52nd and 53rd silladar camel corps, observations were made for biting
flies. In this connection Mr. Howlett, Imperial Pathological Entomologist,
kindly lent the services of his assistant Mr. Patel, who accompanied us daring
the tour. His report is attached as an appendix.
27. Tabanidæ egg masses or larvae were found along the road between
Campbellpur and Jhelum, also on the Murree road, as high as Murree. Bet-
ween Campbellpur and Jhelum egg masses were found at every pond that was
surrounded by any vegetation.
When examining any area for tabanidæ, the area cannot be declared
free because at the time of observation no flies are about, if no flies are found
search must be made for egg masses, larvae and pupæ. I mention this fact
because in the report of the browsing committee rath Grat near Domeli is
regarded free from biting-flies though this is far from being the case. When
this rakh was examined there were probably no flies about and no examination
was made for egg masses or larvae.
28. Ticks from dogs, goats and camels were forwarded to professor
Nuttall. Cambridge who kindly identified them and reported as follows :—
(1) Rhipicephalus sanguineus (off dog).
(2) Hyalomma ægyptium (off goat),
(3)
Ditto
(off camel).
In connection with ticks a very interesting fact was observed by Major Lindsay
Smith, commandant of the 57th silladar camel corps. A camel, which for
some months had been in very poor condition, was sent to hospital and kept
under observation as suspected surra case. After some weeks a few filaria
were observed in the blood and on examination of the blood of a tick taken
from this camel it was found to be swarming with filaria.
29. Teeth.—As a rule very little attention is paid to the camels' teeth.
Several cases have been met where camels have been unable to feed pro-
perly owing to the condition of their molar teeth. The camel suffering from
sharp molar teeth is unable to chew the cud properly, is as a rule in poor
condition and often a large quantity of food is found on the inside of the cheek.
The sarwans' treatment consists in firing along the cheeks ; such treatment is
not only useless but cruel; amongst government animals the indiscriminate use
of the firing iron should not be allowed.
The remedy for sharp molars consists in rasping the teeth down by the
tooth rasp. The teeth of all camels should be periodically examined.
Broken jaw.—Three cases of fracture of the submaxillary bone have
been treated and all three cases did well.
Pus in the sinuses,—This is usually known by the term Kapauli or
Chalian. Several cases have been met with and several have been operated on
16
Tuberculosis.—One case of tuberculosis was met with during the year,
the animal was brought to Sohawa during the last stages of the disease when
he presented the following symptoms :—
Very poor appetite.
Very poor condition.
Great debility.
Hæmaturia
The animal was about 13 years old and according to the history had
bad hæmaturia for 4 or 5 months and lately had fallen off rapidly in condition.
The case was kept under observation and after a few weeks the camel died.
There was no coughing until one day before he died, when he was noticed to
be coughing slightly.
Post-mortem showed generalised tuberculosis, the diagnosis being con
firmed by microscopical examination. The organs most effected were the lungs
and right kidney, the latter was one mass of caseated nodules and weighed
13 lbs 10 ounces.
Next year the reaction obtained by tuberculin in cases of tuberculosis
of the camel will be observed.
Rheumatism.—Camels are very susceptible to rheumatism. A large
number of cases have been met with and cases were submitted to different
treatments, but without satisfactory results.
Mange,—This is very common. Only the sarcoptic form has been met
with. Commandants and sarwans regard it as inevitable and of little conse
quence. If the camels were under proper veterinary control the disease could
be controlled and there is no reason why it should not be eradicated. To
consider it of little consequence is a mistake, as any animal suffering from
mange loses condition especially if put on hard work. The best dressing is
taramira oil and sulphur.
Urticaria.—One case of urticaria was met with. The treatment for this
is Mag. sulph. in 1⅛—2 lbs doses.
Castration.—The castrated camels of the 56th corps were inspected but
owing to the unfavourable conditions under which they were seen, arrangements
were made to see them again in May before submitting my report.
32. Doses of ordinary drugs that camels will tolerate.— On making
inquiries and looking up all available literature I came to the conclusion that
the doses of the ordinary drugs that should be given to camels have never been
worked out and that no one had any idea of what quantities of the ordinary
drugs the camel can stand. I decided to determine these doses whenever I
could get camels (which would other wise have been shot) for such experiments,
Owing to the pressure of work only a few determinations could be made.
Strychnine subcutoaeously.—
Camel I—5 grains of strychnine subcutaneously no effect
Camel II—5 grains of strychnine subcutaneously no effect.
Camel III—10 grains of strychnine subcutaneously, camel in agony 5
minutes after receiving this dose.— Destroyed,
Chlorodyne.—(Containing 1 grain of morphia to the fluid ounce)—
Camel IV—2 ounces of chlorodyne in one pint of water as a drench;
The drench was given at 6 A.M. and the temperature taken every
4 hours till evening. The temperature readings were normal.
Result— No effect.
17
Camel V—4 ounces of chlorodyne in 2 pints of water as a drench.
The drench was given at 7.30 A.M. and the temperature taken
every 4 hours till evening. The readings were normal.
Result.—No effect.
Ammonium carbonate—
Camel VI—3 ounces of ammonium carbonate in 2 pints of cold linseed
tea as a drench. The drench was given at 6 A.M. and temperature
taken every 4 hours. Temperature readings were normal.
Result.-No
effect.
Camel No. VII—8 ounces of ammonium carbonate in 4 pints of cold
linseed tea given at 7.30 A.M. Temperature was taken every
four hours. Temperature readings were normal.
Result.—No effect.
37. Buildings.—Owing to the want of accommodation it was impos-
sible to determine the susceptibility of camels to rinderpest, anthrax and
haemorrhagic septicaemia, but it is hoped that facilities will be afforded during
the coming year.
I desire to express my thanks to colonel Newsom, army veterinary
corps, for his valuable assistance, to the commandants of the various corps,
and to Mr. Patel, assistant to the imperial pathological entomologist.
The work of the staff was satisfactory.
34. Statement of expenditure incurred by the office of the camel
specialist during the official year 1913-14:—
Sub-heads of the budget grant.
Salaries of officers
...
...
...
Pav of establishment
...
...
...
...
Travelling allowance of officers
...
Ditto
establishment ...
...
Supplies, etc. (chemical and apparatus) ...
...
...
Contingencies
...
...
...
...
...
Purchase and stable feed and keep of animals
...
Total
Amount.
RS.
9,716
2,733
2,550
964
2,499
3,438
4,144
26,047
A.
6
7
11
7
8
14
5
12
P.
1
2
0
0
7
8
7
1
H. E. CROSS,
I.C.V.D., M.R.C.V.S., D.V.H.; A.SC,
Camel Specialist,
iii
(8) Campbellpur.—Here I had very little time at my disposal to have any accurate
idea regarding the biting insects of this place. From the government camels the only
insects found are—
Lyperosia.
Philæmatomyia.
Non-biting muscids on wounds and sores of camels.
No tabanus was seen here.
(9) Dera Ismail Khan.—The camp or the rakh is five miles from the Indus. The
grazing area of camels is surrounded by a canal with a few big trees here and there.
The following insects are found from this rakh:—
Tabanus of three species. The egg masses of the above on the bank of caual.
Lyperosia.
Ticks.
Hippobosea of camels. Big variety.
Three species of phlebotomus.
Philæmatomyia oil the ponies on the bank of the Indus,
Three cases of surra were detected in this rakh. The rakh has a history of its own.
Formerly the camels grazed at a distance of nine miles from the Indus, but owing to the
serious outbreaks of surra they were transferred to the present place. On visiting the old
rakh I found two to three days' old egg masses of tabanus. Some camels were ordered from
the new rakh to see if the adult tabanus were present here, and I found them attacking the
camels. From this it seems that by changing such rakh it is not possible to escape from
the tabanus which are supposed to play an important part in the spread of surra.
Instructions for collecting and destroying the egg masses were imparted to the
conductor. This finishes the work d one by me before I left the Punjab on leave.
ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
CAMEL SPECIALIST
For the year 1914-15.
Lahore:
PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRINTING, PUNJAB,
1915.
Price : Re. 0-2-0 or 2d.
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE CAMEL
SPECIALIST FOR THE YEAR
1914-15.