NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
STATISTICAL STUDIES, INDIAN DAIRY CATTLE
85
S. P. affects the lactation yield, for modern researches [Sanders, 1927, 2] have gone
on to show that S. P. also affects the shape of lactation curve, the curve being
long flat in nature—more persistent—for cows whose S. P. is longer, as against the
steep one of those that are served earlier and therefore have shorter S. Ps.
VARIATION OF LACTATION MILK YIELD AS AFFECTED BY :—C. AGE.
Of the different factors that are being considered here, age perhaps has
received the most consideration at the hands of different workers in the world,
though the methods employed in its study have differed considerably with different
workers. But by far the commonest method employed has been the study of
what Sanders calls " raw lumped lactations." This method, however, is highly
unsatisfactory, and the results got by it do not represent the real physiological
function of age in the variation of milk yield, for "conscious, unconscious and
conscious and unconcious selection " [Kay and M'Candlish, 1929] is always going
on in every herd in any of its 3 forms, and, therefore, the milk records included in
the older ages as against those for younger ages are always from selected animals
which are naturally better producers with the result that a higher age of maximum
production is obtained than what it ought to have been if due allowance had been
made for selection.
A decided improvement on this method of studying the variation of milk yield
with age from " raw lumped lactations ", therefore, is the elimination of the effect
of selection from the data before it is utilized for this study. This may be
achieved in any of the following two ways :—
1. Fixing a standard for age so that only those cows be included in the study
which have completed that age standard, e.g., it may be fixed that no cows be
taken into consideration that have been in herd for less than 5 lactations. In that
case the variation of milk yield for 5 lactations will represent the underlined
physiological function truly. But the defect of the method is that a good lot of
cows which do not reach the affixed standard are left out of consideration.
2. A more practical method is the one laid out by Sanders [1928, 1] for studying
the variation of individual cow's milk yield with age, which seeks at building up a
composite curve. In this case all the known records are utilized.
But although the results got after allowing for selection are better and more
representing the true physiological function than those got from " raw lumped
lactations", yet they are not final, for allowance must be made for the interrelations
of other factors with age which also affect milk yield. The variation got when due
allowance is made for them all after allowing for selection represents truly the
underlying physiological function.
86
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [ I, II
In the present study all the three methods as described above have been used,
though the final corrections have been worked out by the last method only, i.e., by
eliminating selection and the effect of the variation of S. P. with age.
" Raw lumped lactations ". The mean yields for different ages as derived from
the distribution surface drawn between age—as measured in lactations—and the
lactation milk yield, are given in Table XIII, a study of which
TABLE XIII.
Age in lactations
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
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.
.
.
Milk yield
lbs.
3,763
4,033
4,098
4,216
4,065
4,124
4,331
4,105
3,755
4,647
4,774
shows that these means for different ages are rather irregular, and therefore it is
not possible to fix the age of maximum production to which the yields of other ages
be standardized. The highest mean yield is first attained at the 4th lactation over
which there is a decrease during the next two lactations, i.e., 5th and 6th. The 7th
lactation mean is higher than all its preceding ones and then there is drop again
during the 8th, and 9th lactations, the 10th and 11th lactations being again excep-
tionally high perhaps because only selected animals—animals retained on account
of their producing ability—are included in these age classes.
Composite curve method. The fact that the mean yields for different ages as
given in Table XIII do not represent the real variation of milk yield with age, is
very clearly brought out by a study of the same by the composite curve method.
STATISTICAL STUDIES, INDIAN DAIRY CATTLE
87
In this data there were 310 cows whose first two lactations were known and the
mean yields for the first and 2nd lactations were 3,767 and 4,067 lbs. respectively, or
putting the 1st lactation yield at 100.0 that for the 2nd came to 108.05. Similarly
there were 263 cows with 2nd and 3rd lactation known giving means of 4,095 and
4,103 lbs. respectively; if the 2nd lactation yield is taken at 108.05, that for 3rd
becomes 108.26 the comparative yields for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd lactations being
100.0, 108.05 and 108.26. The same process was continued for all other ages and
the comparative yields got for different ages are given in Table XIV.
TABLE XIV.
Age in lactations
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Comparative yield
100.00
108.05
108.26
108.91
104.23
102.67
100.00
89.50
83.68
82.34
A study of these comparative yields shows that these means increase till 4th
lactation, though the extent of increase between the lactations 3rd and 4th is very
small, and then decrease continuously. These means have not been smoothened in
any way, for it is thought that even these do not represent the true relationship of
the variation of milk yield with age, for in the first section of this paper it was shown
that age is slightly related with both S. P. and D. P. It was not possible to allow
for the 2nd, but the effect of the 1st Was eliminated by standardizing all lactation
yields first to 85 days S. P., and from the corrected lactation yields, a composite
curve was built again just in the same way as described above.
The actual distribution of these corrected lactation yields according to age is
given in Table XV, the means for the different ages being given at the foot of the
same Table.
88
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
[ I, II
TABLE
Variation of lactation yield with age—
Lactation
Total lactation yields in lbs
Below 499
....
500—749
750—999
1000—1249
....
1250—1499
....
1500—1749
....
1750—1999
2000—2249
....
2250—2499
....
2500—2749
....
2750—2999
....
3000—3249
....
3250—3499
....
3500—3749
....
3750—3999
....
4000—4249
....
4250—4499
.
4500—4749
....
4750—4999
....
5000—5249
....
6250—5499
.
5500—5749
....
5750—5999
....
6000—6249
.
6250—6499
.
6450—6749
.
6750—6999
.
7000—7249
.
7250—7499
.
7500—7749
.
7750—7999
.
8000—8249
.
8250—8499
....
8500—8749
.
8750—8999
.
9000—9249
.
No. of cows
.
Means
.
P. E. of means .
Differences between means
Comparative yield
1
2
5
..
7
7
3
16
16
8
24
20
28
19
28
26
23
11
13
11
15
6
6
6
4
1
1
1
2
..
..
1
..
..
..
..
..
310
3500
╤51
+338
100.0
2
..
..
..
3
8
6
9
12
16
17
21
15
24
26
21
18
27
18
11
9
12
8
7
7
3
2
3
1
1
2
1
..
1
..
1
..
..
3838
╤52
╤73
108.8
2
..
..
..
2
8
4
9
8
14
13
17
9
21
23
18
16
24
16
10
9
8
7
7
7
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
..
1
..
1
..
263
3884
╤59
+28
108.8
3
2
1
..
1
1
5
6
15
11
14
19
17
18
21
17
13
19
8
21
11
8
6
9
4
2
5
3
2
..
1
..
2
..
..
..
1
..
3912
╤58
╤83
109.58
3
1
..
..
1
1
4
..
12
8
12
13
14
16
14
14
9
19
7
19
9
6
6
8
4
2
2
2
3
..
1
..
2
..
..
..
..
209
4016
╤64
—53
109.58
4
..
2
..
3
2
3
6
7
5
12
11
15
12
15
14
11
10
12
16
8
7
12
6
3
4
4
3
1
..
3
1
..
1
..
..
..
..
4069
╤69
╤94
111.09
4
..
. 1
..
3
1
1
6
1
3
9
6
10
8
10
11
10
9
8
10
6
4
9
2
3
2
3
2
1
..
1
..
1
..
..
..
..
4075
╤80
—154
111.09
STATISTICAL STUDIES, INDIAN DAIRY CATTLE
89
XV.
Individual cows, corrected yields.
number
5
1
1
1
5
5
5
5
2
8
13
10
10
9
6
12
7
13
5
6
6
2
1
3
1
2
1
1
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
141
3921
╤78
╤112
106.89
5
1
..
..
2
2
3
2
1
8
11
4
8
6
3
6
2
6
4
6
4
2
1
3
..
..
1
1
..
..
..
..
..
..
8
4030
╤96
—115
106.89
6
..
.. 2
..
1
1
4
5
7
9
5
4
4
4
7
4
7
5
3
3
3
..
2
2
3
1
..
..
1
..
..
..
..
..
7
3915
╤105
╤142
103.83
6
..
1
..
1
4
3
3
4
2
3
3
3
6
4
4
4
3
2
2
..
3
2
3
1
..
..
..
1
..
..
..
..
..
6
4193
╤126
—45
103.83
7
..
..
.. 2
2
2
1
2
3
5
3
4
2
5
5
2
2
3
4
2
2
1
3
..
3
2
..
1
..
1
..
..
..
..
..
2
4148
╤136
╤185
102.72
7
..
..
..
2
2
1
1
2
3
..
2
2
4
2
1
1
2
3
1
2
1
3
3
1
..
..
..
1
..
..
..
..
..
4
4318
╤173
—387
102.72
8
..
..
1
1
3
2
3
2
1
2
3
3
..
3
1
2
1
3
..
3
1
2
1
1
..
..
..
..
..
1
..
..
..
..
0
3931
╤173
╤245
93.51
8
..
..
1
1
1
..
2
1
1
2
2
2
..
1
1
2
1
..
..
1
1
..
1
1
..
..
..
..
..
1
..
..
..
..
23
4040
╤237
—383
93.51
9
..
..
..
2
2
1
2
2
2
..
..
2
.,
,.
2
1
1
2
2
..
..
..
2
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
3657
╤212
╤318
84.65
9
..
..
..
..
1
..
..
..
2
..
..
..
1
2
2
..
..
..
2
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1
4800
..
..
84.65
10
..
..
..
1
..
2
..
..
..
..
..
1
1
..
2
..
1
2
..
..
..
..
..
..
0
4415
..
—385
77.86
90
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
[ I, II
The comparative means for the different ages as given in Table XV agree very
well with those given in Table XIV, supporting thereby our first conclusion that
there is not much of variation in S. P. with age. A close study of the actual
means and the comparison of a succeeding mean with its preceding one for the
same age also reveals the extent of selection on the basis of producing ability that
has been going on in these herds. The means are quite regular, there being an
increase in their value till the 4th lactation followed by a continuous decline, and
the only thing required to be done is to smoothen down these means. To do this
the precedence of Maine workers [Gowen, 1924] has been taken and a logarithmic
curve of the form
y = a + bx + cx 2 + d / log x
has been fitted by the method of moments [Miner, 1914-15].
The equation for the fitted cruve is
y = 100.551 + .911 x —.578x 2 + 25.743 log x
where x = age in lactations,
y = comparative yield on per cent. basis reduced to first
lactation yield.
By differentiation of this logarithmic equation for milk yield, it was found that
the maximum productivity of these cows occurs at the age of 3.524 lactations.
The actual fit of the fitted curve to the observational means is shown in Figure 4,
which shows that the fit is quite good and the actual comparative means as calculat-
ed from this theoretical curve together with the percentage correction that must
be applied to the milk records produced at different ages to reduce them to the
mature standard basis, i.e., 3rd or 4th lactation are given in Table XVI.
TABLE XVI.
Corrections to total yield for age.
1 .
2 .
3 .
4 .
5 .
6 .
7 .
8 .
9 .
10 .
Age in lactations
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
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.
% yield from
smoothed
curve
100.88
108.05
110.36
110.45
108.65
105.24
100.36
94.81
86.50
77.50
% to add to
estimate mature
yield
+9.5
2.4
..
..
+ 1.8
5.2
10.0
15.5
23.9
32.7
STATISTICAL STUDIES, INDIAN DAIRY CATTLE
91
Age in lactations.
Chart 4. Variation of total lactation milk yield with age. (Pure breds).
92
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
[ I, II
It might be mentioned that the above results are absolutely in line with those of
Maine workers, according to whom the milk yield rises at an ever decreasing rate
as the age of the cow advances, until the age of maximum productivity is reached,
from which age it declines at an ever increasing rate as age increases — a phenome-
non which has been interpreted as an expression of growth and senescence.
COMPARISON OF THESE RESULTS WITH THOSE OF OTHER WORKERS.
Table XVII gives our results for the variation of milk yield with age along with
those of some other workers on the same subject.
TABLE XVII.
Variation of milk yield with age.
Authority
Sanders and
Hammond
Sanders
McCandlish
Do.
.
Gowen
Do.
Kay
and
McCandlish
Gavin
Bangalore
(Present
paper).
Breed
Cross-bred
Shorthorn.
Mixed .
Jersey .
Guernsey
Jersey .
Friesian
Ayrshire
Shorthorn and
Friesian.
Sahiwal
Method of
estimation
Composite
curve.
Do.
Lumped
lactation.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Successive
lactation
yields of
same cows.
Successive
yields of
same cows
daily R. M.
Composite
curve lac¬
tation
yield.
Comparative yields for:—
1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
l00.0
100.0
100.0
2
110.3
113.2
107.2
110.5
116.2
118.8
103.3
130.6
107.1
3
118.5
121.7
121.8
121.4
123.8
132.1
110.0
146.9
109.4
4
125.1
128.1
134.7
132.8
131.0
141.3
113.3
156.1
109.5
5
130.4
131.7
141.9
141.5
137.3
151.4
116.1
161.2
107.7
6
...
132.7
146.2
142.7
131.7
156.2
...
163.3
104.3
7
...
130.8
148.7
145.6
129.6
157.7
...
161.2
99.5
8
...
125.7
152.5
146.3
122.4
154.6
...
161.2
94.0
A study of the above figures shows that not only do our cows reach the age of
maximum productivity earlier than foreign cows and thence begin to decline rather
94
THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [ I, II
with age in our average pure-bred Indian milch cattle. That they are further con-
firmed by the experience of practical cattle breeders in India is seen from the
Punjabee sayings " Gán tije, mul na lije " (never purchase a cow that is in her 3rd
lactation) and Gan Chauthe, Cham Othe " (cow in her 4th lactation is merely a hide).
CROSS-BRED INDIAN CATTLE.
To compare the behaviour of Indian cross-bred cows in this respect with that
of pure-bred native stock, the variation of milk yield with age as exhibited in the
cross-breds was worked out from the Pusa cross-bred stock. As mentioned before
only 348 normal complete lactation milk records were available, and therefore the
number of records included in different age classes, especially the older ones, was
rather small. But since the results obtained are highly interesting and quite sug-
gestive due to great regularity in their trend in spite of the very great paucity of
data, they are given here, for they bring out very clearly the extraordinary milking
capabilities of Indian cross-breds.
The procedure employed for study has been the same as used for the Sahiwals.
Composite curve method was employed though only uncorrected records were used.
The actual distributions are not given, but the fit of the theoretical curve to the
observational means is shown in Figure 5, which as will be seen is quite fair.
The equation of the fitted curve is
y=79.876+19.748x—1.086x 2 —28.071 Log x according to which the maximum
is reached at x=8.426 as against x=3.524 for pure breds. The mean comparative
yields reduced to the percentage basis together with corrections for age as calculat-
ed from this curve are given in Table XVIII.
TABLE XVIII.
Corrections for age for cross-breds.
1 .
2 .
3 .
4 .
5 .
6 .
7 .
8 .
9 .
10 .
Age in lactations
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Comparative yield
calculated from
curve
98.54
106.58
115.95
124.59
131.85
137.42
141.17
143.01
143.10
138.68
Per cent. to add to
estimate the
mature yield (8th
lactation)
+45.2
37.0
27.5
18.8
11.4
5.8
1.9
..
..
+4.5
STATISTICAL STUDIES, INDIAN DAIRY CATTLE
95
Age in lactations.
Fig. 5. Variation of total lactation milk yield with age. (Cross-breds).
96 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
[ I, II
A comparison of the comparative yields as given above for cross-breds with
those of similar yields for other breeds as given in Table XVII shows that our
Indian cross-breds are in no way inferior in their milking capabilities to any other
breed. In fact the figures tend to show that if anything they are a bit superior
to all others. This is perhaps due to the hybrid vigour. Since the results for the
later ages are based on very few lactations, much reliance cannot be placed in their
absolute value, but still the conclusion seems quite justifiable that the Indian
cross-breds maintain their yields throughout their lives as nicely as any other
dairy breed of the world. By this it is not meant to convey that as dairy animals
cross-breds are as efficient producers of milk as any other dairy breed of the world.
This can hardly be true, for their mean lactation yield is much lower than many a
foreign breed. The only point stressed here is that they maintain their milk yields
throughout their whole lives as nicely as any other foreign breed, and much better
than pure-bred Indian stock and therefore are far superior to pure-bred Indians as
milk producers. Whether they shall efficiently serve the work needs of the country
it is not the purpose of this paper to discuss, but that they can play a very import-
ant role in solving Indian urban milk supply problem quickly is beyond doubt and
is the purpose of this paper to emphasise.
Perhaps it is the recognition of this fact that has made the Military Dairy Farm
authorities in the North to alter their plan of cattle breeding from one of selective
breeding of pure-bred Sahiwals to that of grading them up with imported Friesian
sires.
SUMMARY.
A statistical study of the lactation period milk yields of the cows of
Sahiwal breed of India has been conducted with a view to study the variation as
caused in them by and to standardize them against the effect of the season of year,
S. P. and age, and it has been shown that :—
1. These pure-bred Sahiwals calve at intervals of about 13½ months. Out
of this period they are dry for about 120 days, or about 29 per cent.
of their life is useless. This is very high as compared with the same
for foreign cows where the D. P. is generally only half as much.
2. Season of year does not seem to have any great effect on the total lacta-
tion yield in these records. This is because of the excellent system of
herd management though due to paucity of data the results are not
claimed to be final.
3. S. P. is a very potent factor in determining the lactation yield ; a short
one depresses it and a long one increases it. Corrections are given for
STATISTICAL STUDIES, INDIAN DAIRY CATTLE
97
different lengths of S. P. after calving, 85 days S. P. being chosen as
the standard. These corrections agree very well with those of Sanders
and Hammond [ 1923 ] for Penrith.
4. S. P. affects the total lactation yield by affecting the length of the lacta-
tion period.
5. The curve describing the function of variation of milk yield with age is
logarithmic in nature, meaning thereby that lactation milk yield at
first increases at an ever decreasing rate with increase of age till the
age of maximum production, and from there it decreases at an increas-
ing rate with advance in age.
6. The actual age of maximum productivity is roughly 3rd-4th lactation for
pure-bred Sahiwals as against about the 6th for foreign ones, and
approximately 8th for Pusa cross-breds. This earlier maturity of
Indian cows is due to their age at 1st calving being a year higher
and their lactation period being about two months longer on the
average as compared with the foreign ones.
7. Separate correction tables are given for Sahiwals and cross-breds to
standardize their milk records for age to mature standard basis, and a
comparison made between these results with those for foreign cows.
It has been shown that whereas foreign cows and Pusa cross-breds
increase to the extent of 30 to 40 per cent. of their 1st lactation yield
till their age of maturity, and then begin to decline, the best average
pure-bred Indians increase by approximately 10 per cent. only. This
is very important, for it proves the extremely poor milking qualities
of Indian cows and the highly efficient nature of cross-breds as milk
producers. It further emphasises how indispensable cross-breds are
for the quick solution of the Indian urban milk supply problem.
Acknowledgments. I am highly thankful to Mr. W. Smith, Imperial Dairy
Expert, Bangalore, who arranged for the supply of all data and gave valuable
guidance throughout the progress of the work. But for the interest he evinced in
this investigation it could never have been so satisfactorily concluded. I am also
very much indebted to Bhai Balmukand, M.A., M.Sc., of the Department of Agri-
culture, Punjab, who gave much help in the mathematical part of the work, and to
S. Labh Singh, B.Sc. (Agri.), L.Ag., and S. Kartar Singh, B.Sc. (Agri.), L.Ag.,
N.D.D., of the Department of Agriculture, Punjab, and Mr. Z. R. Kothawala, B.Ag.,
B.Sc. (Edin.), N.D.D., Assistant to the Imperial Dairy Expert, Bangalore, for much
valuable help and criticism in the preparation of this paper.
C 2
98
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REFERENCES.
Brody, Ragsdale and Turner (1923). (Cited from Ill. Agri. Expt. Sta. Bull. 272.)
Ellinger (1910?). (Cited from Ill. Agri. Expt. Sta. Bull. 272.)
Gavin (1913). Jour. Agri. Sci. 5.
Gowen (1920). Genetics 5, 111-188.
Gowen (1924). Milk Secretion, 36-37. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.
Hammond (1927). Reproduction in the Cow. Cambridge University Press.
Hammond and Sanders (1923). Jour. Agri. Sci. 13.
Kay and M'Candlish (1929). Jour. Agri. Sci. 19 (2).
McCandlish (1922). Re. Bull. No. 73 I. Ag. Expt. Stat.
Miner (1914-15). Jour. Agri. Res. 3.
Sanders (1927, 1). Jour. Agri. Sci. 17.
Sanders (1927, 2).
Do.
17 (4).
Sanders (1928, 1).
Do.
18 (1).
Sanders (1928, 2).
Do.
18 (2).
THE EXISTENCE OF FOWL TYPHOID IN INDIA *
BY
HUGH COOPER, M.R.C.V.S., I.V.S.,
Veterinary Research Officer,
AND
R. N. NAIK, G.B.V.C.,
Assistant Veterinary Research Officer,
Imperial Institute of Veterinary Research, Muktesar-Kumaun.
(Received for publication on 11th April, 1931.)
An outbreak of disease in a flock of poultry at Bhowali in the Kumaun hills
was reported to this Institute in August 1930 when a dead fowl was forwarded for
examination. Deaths took place in this outbreak mainly among adult birds and as
single cases occurring over a period of about two months as shown in Table I.
TABLE I.
Date
19th July 1930
21st July 1930
22nd July 1930
30th July 1930
3rd August 1930
5th August 1930
7th August 1930
9th August 1930
16th August 1930
17th August 1930
20th August 1930
23rd August 1930
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Total
No. of deaths
in adult
fowls
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
12
No. of
deaths
in chicks
..
..
1
..
1
1
1
..
..
..
..
..
4
Remarks
S. gallinarum isolated in culture.
* Paper read at the 18th Session of the Indian Science Congress, Nagpur, 1931.
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100 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [ I, II
From the clinical history reported the disease was at first suspected to be fowl
cholera and the use of serum and vaccine against this disease was advised. Bac-
teriological examination, however, subsequently showed that the outbreak was due
to Salmonella gallinarum, Klein.
It is believed that the disease fowl typhoid due to this organism has not
before been reported in India, and a further point of interest lies in the fact that
outbreaks of disease in fowls may be wrongly diagnosed and thus account for
failures from the application of serum and vaccine prepared for use against Fowl
Cholera.
The disease was transmitted artificially at the laboratory to healthy fowls by
the injection of culture of the organism isolated, and the course of the disease was
then studied. Symptoms occurred from 2 to 10 days after injection (average 4.1
days) with one case later, on 18th day. They consisted of fever, ruffled feathers
and impaired appetite with diarrhœa in some cases. Death occurred in 13 out
of 16 fowls used, or 81.2 per cent. in 5 to 10 days with an average of 7 days.
Post-mortem the lesions consisted of marked congestion of the internal organs except-
ing the lungs, and great enlargement of the spleen. In the first natural case
examined post-mortem death was at least partly attributable to rupture of the liver
resulting from extreme congestion of that organ.
Bacteriologically the organism isolated in this outbreak was indistinguishable
from a " type " strain of S. gallinarum obtained from the Lister Institute, London,
as shown in Table II.
TABLE II.
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