8
alectasis were still present in the lungs and a solitary S. filaria was found in
a bronchial tube, probably the survivor out of many.
During the period of cough there was no nasal discharge and no fever
(the camel's evening temperature did not exceed 101.2°F).
Probably the very difference in size of the lungs of a sheep and a camel
lessens the severity of the disease in the latter animal, in which also the
infection is uncomplicated by the presence of S. rufescens.
Prom the nature of the disease one would except it to be chiefly asso-
ciated with Surra in the camel and it is very likely the cause of the disease
known as Mand found in Karnal district.
The Punjab camel is chiefly a bush-feeder but this camel had been feed-
ing from the ground (grass and thandla), being too weak to be sent to graze
in the jungle.
No doubt some difference in the system of camel-grazing accounts for
the greater frequency of the disease in Egypt and for its greater severity.
38. JHOOLING.—
Treatment.—Better and quicker results in cases diagnosed early are
obtained by excising the whole lesion through sound tissue, than
by the treatment mentioned in a former report.
39 FILARIÆ OF EYE.—Over 50 of these Thelazia have been counted
from under the eyelids and haw of an otherwise normal eye ; the parasite has
been found to be a common one, but no pathological changes have yet been
attributable to it except when it occupies an intra-ocular position.
PUS IN THE FRONTAL SINUS.
40. Last year, under the heading of Kapaulee, I mentioned this condition
and am now able to give definite particulars about it.
41. As to the anatomy of the frontal sinus in the camel it may be said
that the sinus occupies a position somewhat similar to that in the horse. With
the long axis of the head being considered as horizontal, the posterior limit
of the sinus corresponds with the parietal ridges, easily distinguished in the
living camel ; its lateral limit is about ½ inch from the superior edge of the
orbital cavity ; and its anterior limit is on an irregular line between the
supraorbital foramen (which is near the median line in the camel and can
be found in the living animal) and the nasal canthus. There are two
important differences surgically between the frontal sinus of horse and camel ;
in the latter animal the supraorbital vessels run through the sinus in a long
bony canal, which runs from the foramen on the face in an outward and
downward direction to the orbit ; and the camel's sinus, opens into the nasal
cavity by means of a thin slit about ½ inch long near the median line, not as
in the horse opening into the superior maxillary sinus.
The frontal sinus of each side is completely divided from its fellow by a
median partition, and each sinus is split up into cells by thin partitions.
42. Cause.—The cause of this condition in the camel is external violence,
e.g., blows from sticks or the heads of other camels over the frontal region.
It is relatively more common in the camel than in the horse.
43. Symptoms.—Camels' pus is of such thick consistency that it is unable
to escape from the sinus through the narrow slit opening into the nose.
Consequently a purulent nasal discharge is not a characteristic symptom of
this disease in the camel.
At first there is disinclination to graze, with some fever and the animal
sometimes refuses to lower his head to drink. The head is carried higher
than usual. On examination, the frontal bone over the affected sinus is found
to bulge slightly outwards and to be hot and tender and there is sometimes
oedema in the temporal fossa. At a later stage pus works out on to the face
forming a subcutaneous collection of pus which bursts and forms a fistula,
and a probe can then be passed into the sinus, and sometimes a piece of
necrosed bone extracted.
This may happen at almost any part of the roof of the sinus, sometimes
also near the nasal canthus or on the posterior edge of the supraorbital process ;
or sometimes a fistula is formed into the nasal cavity, and then a purulent
nasal discharge is found.