NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
A NEW DISEASE OF FOWLS IN INDIA
117
TABLE.
Results of a comparative virus test carried out on 9th September, 1929.
Source
English
Newcastle
disease
Philippine
Avian
pest
Indian
Ranikhet
disease
Virus
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Date
1-8-29
6-8-29
1-8-29
5-8-29
5-8-29
27-7-29 and
27-8-29
(mixed sample)
Fowls
History
Healthy .
Recovered from
Ranikhet disease
Healthy .
Recovered from
Ranikhet disease
Healthy .
Recovered from
Ranikhet disease
Healthy .
Recovered from
Ranikhet disease
Healthy .
Recovered from
Ranikhet disease
Healthy .
Recovered from
Ranikhet disease
No.
247
248
96
109
249
250
30
110
241
242
182
191
243
244
14
150
245
246
157
160
239
240
185
18
Test
Reaction
Nil
Nil
Nil
4th day
6th day
Nil
?
?
Nil
5th day
Nil
Nil
4th day
4th day
Nil
4th day
3rd day
Nil
Day of Death
Lived
Lived
Lived
6th
13th
Lived
4th
Lived
Lived
8th
Lived
Lived
5th
6th
Lived
4th
3rd
Lived
Retest with Indian Virus
Reaction
4th day
3rd day
—
—
—
Nil
—
3rd day
—
—
—
—
—
Day of Death
4th
7th
—
—
—
Lived
__
4th
—
—
—
—
Result
Virus dead.
Virus alive.
Recovered fowls
immune.
Virus ? alive.
Virus ? alive.
Virus alive.
Recovered fowls
immune.
Virus alive.
Recovered fowls
immune.
118 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [ I, II
PASSAGE OF RANIKHET DISEASE VIRUS.
Fowl No. 81.
Injected Virus 15-4-29.
Fowl No. 34.
Injected Virus 8-12-28.
A NEW DISEASE OF FOWLS IN INDIA
119
PASSAGE OF RANIKHET DISEASE VIRUS.
Fowl No. 74.
Injected Virus 22-12-28.
Fowl No. 25.
Injected Virus 20-11-28.
120 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [ I, II
PASSAGE OF RANIKHET DISEASE VIRUS.
Fowl No. 6.
Injected Virus, 5-1-29.
Fowl No. 56.
Injected Virus, 15-3-29.
A NEW DISEASE OF FOWLS IN INDIA
121
PASSAGE OF RANIKHET DISEASE VIRUS.
Fowl No. 39.
Injected Virus 16-11-28.
Fowl No. 56.
Injected Virus 8-12-28.
122 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [ I, II
NATURAL CASE IN HEALTHY FOWL UNDER OBSERVATION.
Fowl No. 24.
A NEW DISEASE OP FOWLS IN INDIA
123
Composite Chart of Ten Fowls given
Serum drawn from Recovered Fowls on
7-1-30, and Ranikhet Disease Virus on
8-1-30.
PRACTICAL FEEDING TABLES FOR DAIRY CATTLE IN INDIA.
BY
CAPTAIN C. E. MACGUCKIN, M.B.E., H.D.A.,
Assistant Controller, Military Dairy Farms, Northern Circle.
(Received for publication on 29th January 1931.)
It is essential, in these days, when science and business working together
have made " Standardization " the main road to commercial success, that dairy
farmers should also keep abreast of the movement. Of all the processes on
a dairy farm, perhaps, the art of feeding cattle is the most difficult to standardize.
The factors involved are numerous, many vary from day to day, and although
an immense amount of scientific help, in the shape of data based on accurate
research work, is available, much of this data may be most misleading when applied
to local conditions.
In putting forward these tables, I, therefore, do so with diffidence and only
claim that they fulfil three conditions, which inter alia, are in my opinion,
essential in any system offered to the ordinary farmer, namely:—
(1) They take into consideration the main factors involved in feeding cattle.
(2) They are simple, as they require the minimum amount of calculations
at infrequent intervals.
(3) They can be easily modified to suit local conditions and the increasing
experience of the feeder.
It is not possible, in a paper of this description, to examine all the data on
which these tables have been based. I shall, therefore, merely, briefly discuss the
main factors a farmer has to consider when computing rations for his animals and
how these factors have been allowed for in these tables.
1. FEEDING VALUE OF FOODS BEING USED.
For the ordinary farmer to obtain accurate analyses of the various foods he is
feeding is not practicable. This applies especially to fodders, which form the bulk
of his rations. Fodders, even of the same varieties, differ greatly in feeding value
depending on such factors as the soil and climate in which grown, time of
cutting, etc.
In these tables fodders have been divided into four categories; these have been
found sufficient in Northern India without making the tables too complicated.
( 124 )
FEEDING TABLES FOR DAIRY CATTLE IN INDIA
125
The quantity of concentrate mixture is fixed to bring the feeding value of the entire
ration up to what is at present considered the most economical standard for the
various animals. These figures are based on feeding for the past 6 years, over
3,000 animals scattered over the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province and
Baluchistan.
2. WORK PERFORMED BY THE ANIMAL.
It is economical to feed individual animals according to the work they perform.
See Tables B and D.
3. SIZE OF THE ANIMAL.
The surface area of an animal has a very direct bearing on its food require-
ments. This is most easily allowed for by weight. Weight also plays an important
part in checking the efficiency of a ration, especially for calves. See Tables A, B,
C and D.
4. PERIOD OF PREGNANCY.
The nourishment of the growing foetus calls for little extra food until the last
few months of pregnancy. It is, however, important that the animal should be in
good condition when calving, as this has an appreciable effect on its subsequent
yield during the lactation. See Table C, where an allowance has been made for
pregnant cattle from " 3 months to calve " onwards.
5. CLIMATE.
It has been found that cattle need extra ration during the winter months
in some parts of India. See Table E.
6. MINERAL REQUIREMENTS OF CATTLE.
This question is still to some extent in the experimental stage. See Table F.
7. INDIVIDUALITY OF THE ANIMAL.
Never mind what system of feeding is devised to suit the average animal,
there will be certain individuals which it will, obviously, not suit. Such animals
must be given special attention and their rations altered accordingly if economical
to do so, otherwise they should be cast. See (8).
126 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [ I, II
8. CONDITION OF THE ANIMAL.
For the intelligent application of any system it is essential that the farmer
should continually study the condition of his cattle; this will give him a good
indication as to whether he is, or is not, feeding correctly.
At least once a week he should go round his herd and after carefully inspecting
each animal mark up its condition. See Ration Statements I and II (5).
9. PERCENTAGE OF FAT IN THE MILK.
Most authorities make an allowance in the ration for the percentage of fat in
the milk. I do not think it is worth the trouble involved in India. The marked
difference between the percentage of fat in cows' and buffaloes' milk, appears to
be compensated for best by an increase in fodder for buffaloes ; these animals have
a remarkable capacity for utilising fodder and thrive better on a wider nutritive
ratio than cows.
I must acknowledge the many valuable suggestions which I have received from
time to time and which are embodied in these tables from Mr. H. B. Claxton,
Deputy Assistant Controller, Dairy Farms, Managers of Military Dairies in the
Northern Circles, and from Mr. Balwant Singh, M.Sc., Agricultural Research
Chemist, Military Farms Department.
CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR THE SUCCESSFUL WORKING OF THESE TABLES.
To work these tables—in fact any system of scientific feeding—the farmer must
carry out the following:—
(a) Weigh the concentrates to be given to each animal.
(b) Weigh the fodder to each group of animals receiving the same fodder
scale. Individual weighment to heavy yielders.
(c) Feed the concentrates dry. This is almost essential if each animal is to
receive its correct weight of concentrates at each meal.
(d) Ensure that an animal is not robbed by its neighbours. If proper standings
and troughs, which fulfil this condition, cannot be provided, then
animals must be fed in buckets.
(e) Compute correctly the quantity of ration each animal should receive ; to do
this the farmer must maintain these records:—
i. Daily, or at least weekly, milk records.
ii. Register of services (Appendix III).
iii. Register of weights. The following weights should be recorded:—
a. Calves :—At birth and then weekly till 9 months old.
b. Young Stock (9-18 months):—Every two months.
FEEDING TABLES FOR DAIRY CATTLE IN INDIA
127
c. Animals over 18 months:—
1. Milking herd. Every lactation a week after calving.
2. The rest every year.
NOTE.—In the case of farmers who do not possess, or cannot obtain the use of a weighbridge, for
weighing large animals, approximate weights may be arrived at by measurement as follows :—
girth 2 × Length × 5.5=live weight in pounds.
The length of an animal is taken straight along the back from the square of the shoulder to
the square of the buttock and the girth immediately behind the shoulder.
The measurement should be taken in feet.
iv. Ration records.
For the information of the farmer who has never maintained such data before,
and is, therefore, rather doubtful as to the type of form in which this
data should be recorded, I have given a sample of some forms as
appendices.
THE CONCENTRATE MIXTURE.
The concentrate mixtures are fixed for the figures in the tables as follows :—
Table A. 1 part crushed oats, 1 part finely ground linseed cake, and 1 part
wheat bran.
Tables B, C, D and E. 4 parts wheat bran, 2 parts ground toria cake, 2 parts
gram husk, 1 part gram.
In certain localities some other mixture may be more economical and it is
obvious that if mixtures very different in feeding value are fed, instead of the
mixtures above, then the figures in the tables will require alteration accordingly.
A farmer making up a concentrate mixture, to suit his locality, should ask
himself the following questions concerning the ingredients :—
(a) Are they palatable ?
It is advisable to only feed cattle on foods they will eat readily. Often,
however, foods disliked by cattle when first given, are later on relished
when they have developed a taste for them.
(b) Are they obtainable throughout the year ?
Except in very special circumstances, it is more satisfactory to make up the
concentrate mixture from foods available throughout the year. Provided
a concentrate mixture is suitable, it is a mistake to change it frequently,
as most changes, even if theoretically beneficial, in practice bring about
a reduction in milk yields for a certain period.
E
128 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [ I, II
(c) Are they of sufficient variety ?
It is safer to feed at least three different foods in the concentrate mixture.
By different foods I mean foods from different sources; for example,
linseed cake and gram are different foods but not wheat bran and wheat.
(d) What is their local cost in relation to their feeding value ?
The feeding value of one food in comparison with another even when only
considering dairy cattle, is a question on which there is much difference
of opinion. I, however, give some figures in Table 1 which may help the
farmer in making up his mind as to what to feed.
Table 1 will also be found very useful in making corrections in the " Feeding
Tables " without too many calculations.
For example, if instead of 4 parts wheat bran, 2 parts toria cake, 2 parts gram
husk and 1 part gram, a farmer wishes to feed 3 parts linseed cake, 1 part barley,
2 parts wheat bran and 3 parts gram husk, he would make the following calcula-
tions :—
4 Wheat bran
2 Toria cake
2 Gram husk
1 Gram
=4×43= 172
=2×65= 130
=2×35= 70
=1×68= 68
9(440
units.
„
„
„
1 lb. = approximately 48.9
3 Linseed cake
1 Barley
2 Wheat bran
3 Gram husk
= 3×74= 222 units.
= 1×71= 71
= 2×43= 86
= 3×35= 105
9(484
„
„
„
1 lb. = approximately 53.8
That is, approximately 10 pounds of the standard mixture is equal to 9 pounds
of the new. All figures in the tables should, therefore, be multiplied by 9 and
divided by 10.
In revising the Feeding Tables the farmer should only work to the nearest
pound.
In Table 1 it will be noticed that the feeds are divided into 3 categories and it
has been advised that only a certain percentage of each category should make up
the total mixture. This has been done to ensure a sufficiency of digestible protein
in the mixture. When the fodder is leguminous, these restrictions may be relaxed to
some extent. In India, however, protein is comparatively cheap, therefore, a ration
containing only the minimum protein requirements may not be the most economical
one.
FEEDING TABLES FOR DAIRY CATTLE IN
INDIA
129
A certain quantity of wheat bran should be a feature of all mixtures fed to the
milking herd as it is an excellent feed for such animals, and at the price at which
it is usually available in India, good value for money.
TABLE 1.
Food stuff
Linseed cake
Til cake
Toria cake
Cotton seed
Mustard cake
Gram
Oats
Maize
Wheat bran
Gram husk
Cotton seed husk
Rice husk
Barley
Wheat
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
..
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.
.
.
.
.
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.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
Unit
value
74
72
65
63
61
68
60
81
43
35
10
8
71
72
Category
No.
} I
} II
} III
} IV
Minimum and
maximum percentage
of each category
which should be in
final mixture
Not less
than
%
30
25
..
..
Not more
than
%
50
50
40
25
FEEDING FOR ANTICIPATED YIELD.
Farmers should feed an increased concentrate ration to animals in the milking
herd in anticipation of yields in the following cases:—
(a) When the herd shows a sudden falling off in milk due to a spell of bad
weather, the previous week's milk yield may be allowed to stand, so as
to give the herd an extra concentrate ration in anticipation of their
recovery.
E 2
130 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [ I, II
(b) When an animal calves, it may be fed extra concentrate ration in anticipa
tion of what it is going to give. For example, if it is anticipated that a
cow will give 30 lbs. a day, it may be fed as if it was actually giving this
amount. If it reaches 30, it may be fed for 40 and so on.
This is subject to the following restrictions :—
i. The anticipatory concentrate ration should not be continued beyond
a month from calving.
ii. The anticipatory concentrate ration should not be for more than 10 lbs.
of milk above what the animal is actually giving.
iii. If the animal shows no increase in two weeks, or the increase is only
slight, the anticipatory concentrate ration should be stopped and
animal fed according to its actual yield.
NOTE.—Whenever an animal is fed an anticipatory concentrate ration, the anticipated yield can
be written in the form (Appendix II) in red ink over the actual yield in black ink. In the case of whole
herd being fed extra concentrate rations, the same procedure can be followed. The above does not
include an animal having a drop in yield due to an illness. Such cases are provided for under column
5 of the above form.
EXPLANATION OF LETTERS AND NUMBERS EMBODIED IN THE TABLES.
(a) All numbers unless otherwise stated denote pounds.
(b) In Table A no change in the concentrate mixture scale is made for fodder
fed.
(c) In the case of Tables B, C and D the quantity of concentrate mixture
allowed will depend on the fodder fed as under :—
(1) Concentrate mixture under Scale A should be given when all the fodder fed
is dry ; such as bhoosa, kirbi, dry grass, etc.
Important. It is never advisable, if it can possibly be avoided, to feed,
especially to cows, only dry fodder.
(2) Concentrate mixture under Scale B should be given when approximately
75 per cent. of the fodder is dry and 25 per cent. green or 100 per cent.
early cut and well cured hay.
(3) Concentrate mixture under Scale C should be given when approximately
50 per cent. dry and 50 per cent. green fodder is fed.
(4) Concentrate mixture under Scale D should be given when 75 per cent. or
over of green fodder is fed with 25 per cent. or less of dry fodder.
Important. It is never advisable to feed 100 per cent. green fodder to
cattle especially if the fodder contains excessive moisture.
NOTE 1. Roots and silage count as green fodder.
NOTE 2. When green fodder with an excessive moisture contents is fed, e.g., berseem, roots, etc.
33⅓ per cent. extra to what is allowed under the green fodder category should be given.
FEEDING TABLES FOR DAIRY CATTLE IN INDIA
131
NOTE 3. In cases when a mixture of dry and green fodder is fed not exactly in the above
proportions, the farmer should feed in the nearest category using his own judgment.
NOTE 4. Green fodder out too dry to be classified under green should be classified for quantity to
feed in categories c (2) and c (3) according to its moisture contents and the concentrate mixture fed
accordingly. Semi dry fodders containing an appreciable quantity of grain should be classified for
quantity to be fed as above but the concentrate mixture should be fed as per Scale D.
NOTE 5. If fodder is not chaffed or cut up, 20 per cent. extra should be fed.
NOTE 6. When grazing is available,.it should be classified into c (2), c (3) or c (4) according to its
moisture contents and the quantity of fodder fed decreased as follows :—
(a) When grazing is fair
........
25
per cent.
(b) When grazing is good
50
„
(c) When grazing is excellent
.......
75—100
„
Animals on permanent closely grazed yet abundant and green nutritious pastures should be fed
on concentrate mixture Scale D less 50 per cent.
It is difficult to overestimate the advantage of natural permanent nutritious pastures for economic
milk production.
Examples.
A farmer has, amongst others, the following animals in his herd :—
1. A cow weighing 700 lbs. and giving 15 lbs. of milk daily.
2. A cow weighing 850 lbs. and giving 22 lbs. of milk daily.
3. A buffalo weighing 1,100 lbs. and giving 29 lbs. of milk daily.
4. A buffalo weighing 1,210 lbs. and giving 23 lbs. of milk daily.
5. A calf weighing 80 lbs., 14 days old.
6. A buffalo weighing 1,100 lbs., to calve in 1 month.
7. A cow bull weighing 950 lbs., in service.
He intends feeding as fodder 50 per cent. bhoosa and 80 per cent. chaffed green
jowar.
What quantity of concentrate mixture (Standard), bhoosa and green jowar should
each animal receive ? The mean temperature in the cattle sheds during the week
was 75° F. The condition of all animals is good.
From " Explanation of letters and numbers embodied in the Tables " c (3), the
concentrate mixture should be fed under Scale C.
From Table B :—
Cow No. 1 would receive 6 lbs. concentrate mixture, 7 lbs. bhoosa and 35 lbs.
green jowar.
Cow No. 2 would receive 9 lbs. concentrate mixture, 7 lbs. bhoosa and 35 lbs.
green jowar.
132 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY [ I, II
Buffalo No. 3 would receive 10 lbs. concentrate mixture, 11 lbs. bhoosa and
55 lbs. green jowar.
Buffalo No. 4 would receive 9 lbs. concentrate mixture, 12 lbs. bhoosa and 58
lbs. green jowar.
NOTE.—Cow No. 2 and Buffaloes Nos. 3 and 4 get extra rations for weight. Fodders are worked
out to the nearest pound.
From Table A :—
Calf No. 5 would receive 12 lbs. of milk a day.
From Table C :—
Buffalo No. 6 would receive 6 lbs. concentrate mixture, 11 lbs. bhoosa, and
55 lbs. green jowar.
NOTE.—An extra 2 lbs. of concentrate mixture is given for being near calving.
Cow bull No. 7 would receive 4 lbs. concentrate mixture, 7 lbs. bhoosa and
35 lbs. green jowar.
RATION TABLE A.
For calves up to 9 months.
Ration to be fed for every 10 lbs. body weight.
Age
1st day
2nd to 3rd day
4th to 6th day
1st to 3rd week
4th to 6th week .
6th to 9th week .
10th week
11th to 15th week
16th to 17th week
18th to 19th week
20th to 21st week
22nd to 38th week
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Dam's
colostrum
lbs.
1
1½
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Milk
lbs.
..
..
1½
1½
1
¾
¼
..
..
..
..
..
Separated
Milk
lbs.
...
...
...
...
...
½
1
1
¾ ½
¼
..
Concentrate
mixture
lbs.
...
...
...
...
1/20
1/16
1/14
1/12
1/10
⅛
⅛
1/10
FODDER
QUANTITY TO
BE FED
If all
dry
lb.
...
...
...
...
1/6
1/6
1/6
1/5
¼
¼
¼
¼
If all
green
lb.
...
...
...
...
¾ ¾
¾
1
1¼
1¼ 1¼
1¼
No.
of
times to
be fed
daily.
4
4
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
NOTE 1. Rations should be worked out to the nearest pound in the case of colostrum, milk,
separated milk and fodder, and to the ½ pound in the case of concentrates.
NOTE 2. If a calf does not gain approximately 7 lbs. a week up to 4 months old, it should receive
individual attention.
FEEDING TABLES FOR DAIRY CATTLE IN INDIA
133
RATION TABLE B.
For the milking herd weighing up to 800 lbs.
Daily milk yield
lbs.
1—3
3—6 .
6—9
9—12
.
.
.
.
12—15
.
.
.
.
15—18
.
.
.
.
18—21
.
.
.
.
21—24
.
.
.
.
24—27
.
.
.
.
27—30
.
.
.
.
30—33
.
.
.
.
33—36
.
.
.
.
36—39
.
.
.
.
39—42
.
.
.
.
42—45
.
.
.
.
45—48
.
.
.
.
48—51
.
.
.
.
51—54
.
.
.
.
54—57
.
.
.
.
57—60
.
.
.
.
60—63
.
.
.
.
A
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
CONCENTRATE
MIXTURE
B
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
C
2
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
10
17
18
19
20
21
D
...
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
FODDER
QUANTITY TO BE FED
If all dry
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
13
13
12
12
11
11
10
10
If all green
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
65
65
60
60
55
55
50
50
134 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
[ I, II
Extra ration to be fed for weight.
Weight in lbs.
800—1,000
....
1,000—1,200
....
1,200—1,400
....
Over 1,400
.
ADD THE FOLLOWING
BUFFALOES
Concentrate
mixture
A
2
2
3
4
B
1
1
2
3
C
...
...
1
2
D
...
...
1
2
Fodder
If all
dry
7
8
9
10
If all
green
35
40
45
50
COWS
Concentrate
mixture
A
2
3
4
6
B
2
3
4
5
C
1
2
3
4
D
1
1
2
3
Fodder
If all
dry
...
...
2
3
If all
green
...
...
10
15
NOTE 1. To facilitate feeding extra fodder to heavier animals, animals should be grouped in the
cattle shed according to their weights and fodder weighed out for certain groups and not individual
animals.
NOTE 2. The extra ration to be fed to buffaloes for weight also includes a "fat in milk"
allowance.
NOTE 3. The extra allowance for cows for weight will practically only affect animals with
imported blood. Such animals require a higher nutritive ration than either country cows or buffaloes.
NOTE 4. As all animals should be dried off two months before calving, an extra ration scale for
pregnancy is not necessary under this Table. See Table C.
RATION TABLE C.
For (a) Animals over 9 months old but not in adult herd.
(b) Adult females not in milk.
1. Cows.
Weight in lbs.
Under 400 .
400—600
.
600—800
.
800—1,000 .
1,000—1,200
1,200—1,400
Over 1,400 .
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A
4
6
8
9
10
11
12
CONCENTRATE
MIXTURE
B
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
C
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
D
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
FODDER
QUANTITY
TO BE FED
If all dry
6
8
10
14
15
16
17
If all green
30
40
50
60
75
80
85
FEEDING TABLES FOR DAIRY CATTLE IN INDIA
135
2. Buffaloes.
Weight in lbs.
Under 400 .
400—600
.
600—800
.
800—1,000 .
1,000—1,400
Over 1,400 .
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CONCENTRATE MIXTURE
A
3
4
5
6
7
8
B
2
3
4
4
5
6
C
2
3
3
3
4
4
D
1
2
2
3
3
3
FODDER
QUANTITY
If all dry
12
14
16
18
22
24
TO BE FED
If all green
60
70
80
90
110
120
Extra concentrate mixture to be fed to animals in calf.
3 months
2 months
1 month
To calve in
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A
2
3
3
B
2
2
3
C
1
2
2
D
1
2
2
NOTE 1. Animals should be grouped according to their weight for feeding the fodder ration.
NOTE 2. Every animal should be tied up separately to receive their concentrate mixture. This
handling not only ensures that each animal actually consumes its correct ration but greatly facilitates
the subsequent handling in the milking shed.
RATION TABLE D.
1. For adult cow bulls.
Weight in lbs.
Under 1,000
1,000—1,200
1,200—1,400
Over 1,400
CONCENTRATE MIXTURE
A
7
9
11
13
B
5
7
9
11
C
4
6
8
10
D
3
5
7
9
FODDER
QUANTITY TO BE FED
If all dry
14
14
16
18
If all green
70
70
80
90