NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
8
They are: —
(i) Paralysis of third and fourth stomachs leading to impaction if
untreated. Occurs less often with green fodder than when
missa bhusa has to be used.
(ii) Acute congestion of kidneys. Curable in most cases.
(iii) Peritonitis. Incurable.
In the case of the first two, there is an unsteadiness or difficulty in
rising or sitting ; staggering gait; tetanised condition of hind legs. If
the dung is soft and normal, the case is one of acute congestion of kidneys
and the animal only requires good nursing and restraint until he recovers
his normal power of movement; sometimes nephritis supervenes, but most
of the cases recover.
If the nervous symptoms occur when the dung is in hard dry pellets
the animal must be purged at once with 2 or 2½lbs of Mag. Sulph., other-
wise complete stoppage will take place from impaction of third and fourth
stomachs ; the nervous symptoms decline when the purge has acted. Some-
times in 4 or 5 days the dung becomes hard again and another purge
of 1½lbs Mag. Sulph. is then necessary. Most of these cases recover if the
remedy is applied early on detecting the change in the dung. Until the
purge has acted, the camel should receive little food, but plenty of water
even if he refuses to drink it of his own accord.
Peritonitis generally occurs suddenly ; sometimes straining is notic-
ed several days beforehand, but this is not followed by peritonitis in
every case. The chief symptoms are severe abdominal pain, with characteristic
thoracic respirations, a distinct pause before each expiration, and (unlike other
painful diseases) the belly is not " tucked up-''. There is no cure, and the
animal ought to be shot as soon as possible,
In " 668 treatment " signs of constipation or of incoordination of
movement should always be watched for as a routine by the veterinary atten-
dant from about the 8th day of treatment until five days after treatment
is finished.
16. " 178 treatment ".—The doses are the same for all camels of four
years of age upwards. The drugs are given as follows :—
Day.
1st
...
2nd
3rd
...
7th
8th
9th
Drugs.
Sodium arsenate by mouth ...
Soamin subeutaneously
Tartar emetic intravenously ...
(inject slowly) (4 days'
interval.)
Sodium Arsenate by mouth ...
Soamin subeutaneously
Tartar emetic intravenously ...
Dose in grammes.
3.575
5
1.5
3.575
5
1.5
Dose in grains.
55
77
23
55
77
23
The accidents in this treatment are of a similar nature to those of " 668
treatment," but are more frequent, and nephritis is not uncommon.
The treatment is almost a " kill or cure." The same precautions as
regards watching for signs of constipation or incoordination of movement are
necessary as in " 668 treatment ", from the 8th day of treatment until 5 days
after it is finished.
The above treatment might be varied by making the sequence of dose
35, 85 and 23 grains instead of 55, 77 and 23 grains. Only two camels were
treated in this way, but one of them was cured of surra.
19
41. Dispensary work at Sohawa.—Two hundred and eighty-nine animals
hare been treated for zamindars, &c, at Sohawa.
42. Anatomical note.—A thirteenth pair of ribs.
The normal number of dorsal vertebræ in the camel is 12 : of lumbar
vertebræ 7 ; and of pairs of ribs 12.
It is not very uncommon, however, to find a 13-pair of ribs, and this
occurs without any change in the total number of dorso-lumbar vertebræ.
The thirteenth rib does not articulate with any vertebrae, but is supported
only by the abdominal muscles at its upper end ; the lower end of the rib is
applied to a slender costal cartilage which runs forward to join the curtilage of
the 12th rib.
Dimensions in one case—
Rib
Cartilage
Right side .
7 × 1.5 cm.
10 × 0.75 cm.
Left side.
6×3 cm.
9×1 cm.
A. S. LEESE, M.R.C.V.S.,
Camel Officer, Civil Veterinary Department.
Statement of expenditure incurred by the office of the Veterinary Officer,
Investigating Camel Diseases, Sohawa, during the official year of 1911-12.
Sub-heads of the budget grant.
Salaries of officer
s...
Pay of establishment
...
......
Travelling allowance of officers
......
Ditto
establishment...
Supplies, etc. (chemicals and apparatus)...
Contingencies...
Purchase and stable feed and keep of experimental animals
Total
Amount.
Rs.
8,254
2,965
1,374
847
1,183
1,826
1,373
17,826
A.
14
6
15
3
14
10
0
0 1
P.
4
0
0
9
9
9
3
0
A. S. LEESE, M.R.C.V.S.,
Camel Officer, Civil Veterinary Department.
Punjab Government Press, Lahore—7-8-12—14—1,500.
ANNUAL REPORT
CAMEL SPECIALIST
For the year 1912-13
LAHORE PRINTED AT THE PUNJAB GOVERNMENT PRESS.
1913.
ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
CAMEL SPECIALIST
For the year 1912-13.
PRINTED AT THE PUNJAB GOVERNMNT
PRESS,
No. 574 (Rev. & Agri. Genl.)
FROM
G. WORSLEY, ESQUIRE, I.C.S.,
Under-Secretary to Government, Punjab,
Revenue Deparfonent
To
THE DIRECTOR OF AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRIES,
PUNJAB.
Dated Lahore, 27th August 1913.
Revenue and Agriculture.
General.
SIR,
I AM directed to acknowledge the receipt of the Report of the Camel
Specialist for the year 1912-13, received with your letter No. 2530, dated 21st
July 1913.
I have the honour to be,
SIR,
Your most obedient Servant,
E, ROSS,
SUPERINTENDENT-IN CHARGE.
for Under-Secretary, Revenue Department,
Punjab Government Press. Lahore—8-9-13—1585-50—C. L :
No. 2530.
FROM
W. S. HAMILTON, I.C.S.,
Director of Agriculture and Industries, Punjab,
To
THE REVENUE SECRETARY TO GOVERNMENT, PUNJAB.
Dated Lahore, the 21st July 1913.
SIR,
I HAVE the honour to forward the annual report of the Camel Specialist
for the year 1912-13. Owing to personal changes little progress has been
made. It is a serious loss to Government that Mr. Leese should have resigned
Government service and taken his largo experience of camels and their diseases
with him; but Mr. Cross with his special bacteriological training is well
fitted for continuing the investigation, and will, I am sure, soon make up the
time which has been lost. But it is important that he should be provided
with adequate accommodation for himself and the camels under treatment and
with the necessary instruments and appliances for investigation. Mr. Leese
was apparently content to do without either. This matter is receiving attention,
and proposals will be submitted for either extending the accommodation
at Sohawa or for establishing a new head-quarters. But nothing can be
done if the Camel Specialist is to cease to exist early in 1915, which is the
limit of the existing sanction to the post. This question will also be referred
separately.
2. The cure of surra is still in the experimental stages and Mr. Cross
has found it necsssary to modify somewhat the treatment used by Mr. Leese
There is however considerable hope of a safe and efficient cure being
worked out. But, as Mr. Cross shews, it is more important to prevent surra than
to cure it. The most important means of prevention are (1) the provision of
adequate grazing grounds free from tabanidæ and (2) the early detection and
segregation of surra-sick camels.
3. As to (1) orders have been passed on the report of the Camel
Browsing Committee. F.or (2) Mr. Cross suggests —
(a) a daily record of temperature of all employed camels in Silladar
Corps (in default of daily blood examination, which is imprac-
ticable) ;
(b) frequent inspection of the unemployed camels belonging to corps ;
(c) employment of three veterinary Daffadars instead of two with each
corps and supervision of them by officers of the Army
Veterinary Corps.
The segregation in a place free from biting flies and the treatment of
camels whose blood shews trypanosomes must be carried out locally, as camels
cannot be sent from most corps to distant Sohawa, nor is there accommoda-
tion nor grazing enough there.
These are suggestions for the military authorities, and they will doubt-
less be considered by them. I have made some enquiries from Commandants
of Corps when on tour, and would add the suggestion that the Daffadars should
be good enough men, which they are not always at present, to carry out the
surra treatment, and should all receive some months' training under the Camel
Specialist at Sohawa.
4, There will doubtless be opposition by the sarwans to the detection
of surra in its early stages and to the subjection of their camels, while appa-
rently bright, healthy and fit for work, to the somewhat drastic and risky
treatment. Possibly some modification of the rules for the payment of
compensation may be necessary.
5. As to paragraph 36 of the report, I understand that the question of
a breeding farm has been definitely shelved by paragraph 8 of the report of the
Committee on Camel Browsing. This report and the orders passed on it were
not sent to me officially and have probably not been seen by Mr. Cross.
I have the honour to be,
Sir,
Your most obedient servant,
W. S. HAMILTON,
Director of Agriculture and
Industries, Punjab.
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE OFFICE OF CAMEL SPECIALIST
FOR THE YEAR 1912-13.
MR. LEESE held charge of the office from April 1st, 1912, to May 3rd,
1912, when he proceeded on six months' leave. From May 3rd, 1912, to 11th
June, 1912, Major G. K. Walker held charge of the office. On his transfer
to the Veterinary College, Lahore, the charge of the office was handed over
to Lieutenant-Colonel J. Parmer. Prom the 7th September 1912 Mr. Meadows
officiated as Camel Specialist under the control of Lieutenant-Colonel J.
Parmer till Mr. Leese's return from leave on the 30th October 1912. On.
Mr. Leese's retiring from the Civil Veterinary Department on the 4th Febru-
ary 1913, Mr. Cross took over charge.
2. Mr. Meadows travelled 1,007 miles by rail and 28 miles by road,
and Mr. Cross travelled 391 miles by rail and 184 miles by road,
3. Work of the office during the year.—During the year under report
the work of the office consisted of the treatment of. camels for surra and the
carrying out of further experiments with regard to surra treatment. A
detailed account of the results of the treatment of surra animals at Dera
Ismail Khan, Mardan and other places is given in paragraphs 19, 20, 21.
4. Sillladar Camel Corps.—Summary of mortalities compiled from the
monthly returns sent in—
Name of the disease.
Not diagnosed
Colic and Enteritis
Surra ...
Falls
Debility
Pulmonary diseases
Snake bite
Abscess
...
Stomach staggers ..
Paralysis
Kidney disease
Brain disease
Liver disease
Rheumatism
Sore throat
Shot ...
Poisonous grass ...
Anthrax and Tubercuecsis
Hæmorrhagic-Septicacmia
Septicæmia
Rinderpest
Broken jaw
Accident or lost ...
Bleeding (?)
Fever
Seomak (atrophy of muscles)
Old age and mango
Camel bite
Heart disease
Filaria
Total
Percentage
50th
s. c. c.
5
9
22
27
11
17
...
8
...
2
2
...
...
1
...
3
2
...
...
...
...
1
1
1
2
...
...
...
...
...
114
10.95
51st
s. c. c.
...
... 50
7
4
16
29
3
1
...
3
...
3
...
2
4
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
3
1
2
...
...
...
128
12.4
52nd
s. c. c.
...
9
9
14
6
7
5
11
...
1
...
1
...
7
9
4
8
1
...
...
...
...
1
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
93
876
53rd
S. C. C.
5
22
4
9
6
4
7
15
....
9
2
...
...
...
...
...
5
...
...
...
...
... 1
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
89
8.1
54th
S. C. C.
9
16
14
4
...
14
...
1
11
...
3
1
6
2
4
6
1
...
...
2
...
... 3
...
1
...
...
...
...
...
98
9.5
55th
S. C. C
3
11
1
3
...
6
3
1
...
3
1
...
...
1
...
...
...
...
1
...
1
... 3
...
...
...
... 2
...
...
40
3.4
56th
S.C.C.
10
10
1
1
11
4
3
1
...
...
1
4
3
2
1
...
...
...
...
...
...
... 4
...
...
1
1
3
2
....
63
6.0
57th
S. C. C.
10
16
6
...
19
1
1
1
...
...
...
9
...
1
4
...
1
5
...
1
...
...
...
...
1
....
2
...
...
1
79
7.8
2
5. Total mortalities of the Silladar Camel Corps—
Silladar Camel Corps.
50 th
51st
52nd
53rd
54th
55th
56th
57th
Silladar
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Camel
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Corps,
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Campbellpur
Rawalpindi
Jhelum
...
Sargodha
Lahore Cantonment...
Montgomery
Montgomery
Multan
Total
number of
deaths.
114
128
93
S9
98
40
68
79
Deaths on
employed
pay.
47
23
24
26
19
24
19
46
Deaths on
unemployed
pay.
67
105
69
63
79
16
44
33
6. Silladar Camel Corps.—The percentage mortality for the
year 1912-13, calculated from the monthly mortality returns, is as
follows:—
50th Silladar Camel
51st
„
52nd „
53rd
„
54th
„
55th
„
56th
„
57th
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Corps, Camphellpur
„ Rawalpindi ...
„ Jhelum
„ Sargodha ...
„ Lahore Cantonment
„ Montgomery
„ Montgomery
„ Multan
10.95
12.14
8.76
8.71
9.45
3.74
6.0
7.68
Grantee Camel Corps, Lyallpur.
59th Grantee
60th
„
61st „
62nd
„
Camel
„
„
„
Corps
...
...
...
....
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
355
8.l
5.1
2.8
7. Percentage mortality of all Silladar Camel Corps:—
Year ending
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do
31st March
do.
do.
do.
do.
1309......
1910......
1911......
1912......
1913......
22.3
18.6
13.3
10.7
8.4
8. Statement of animals cast from the Silladar Camel Corps —
Number of Silladar Camel Corps.
50th
51st
52nd
53rd
54th
55th
56th
57th
59th
60th
61st
62nd
Silladar
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Grantee
„
„
„
Camel Corps,
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Camel Corps,
„
„
„
Campbellpur
Rawalpindi ...
Jhelum
Sargodha
Lahore Cantonment
Montgomery...
Montgomery ...
Multan
...
...
Total
Lyallpur
ditto
ditto
ditto
Total ...
Cast.
34
26
23
36
81
98
20
110
428
44
70
72
66
252
Cast and sold.
34
16
2.3
29
62
95
20
104
383
All rejected.
Do.
Do.
Do.
...
Cast and
destroyed.
nil.
10
nil.
7
19
3
nil.
6
45
All rejected.
Do.
Do.
Do.
...
5
22. " 668 " method consists of—
Day.
1st ...
2nd ...
3rd ...
5th ...
6th ...
7th ...
11th ...
12th ...
13th ...
21st ...
22nd ...
23rd ...
Drug.
Soamin subcutaneously
Tartar emetic intravenously
Arsenious acid intravenously,
2 days' interval.
Soamin subcutaneously
Tartar emetic intravenously
Arsenious acid intravenously,
4 days' interval.
Soamin subcutaneously
Tartar emetic intravenously
Arsenious acid intravenously,
8 days' interval.
Soamin subcutaneously {from
to Tartar emetic intravenously
Arsenious acid intravenously
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Dose in grammes.
5.0
0.5
0 6
6.0
0.5
0.6
6.5
0.5
0.6
6.5
7.5
0.5
0.6
23. " 264 " method consists of—
Day.
1st
2nd ...
3rd ...
5th ...
6th ...
7th ...
11th ...
12th ...
13th ...
21st ...
22nd ...
23rd ...
35th ...
36th ...
37th ...
Drug.
Soamin intravenously
Tartar emetic intravenously
Sodium arsenate by mouth,
2 days' interval.
Soamin intravenously ...
Tartar emetic intravenously
Sodium arsenate by mouth,
4 days' interval.
Soamin intravenously
Tartar emetic intravenously
Sodium arsenate by mouth,
8 days' interval.
Soamin intravenously ...
Tartar emetic intravenously
Sodium arsenate by mouth,
12 days' interval.
Soamin intravenously ...
Tartar emetic intravenously
Sodium arsenate by mouth
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Doss in grammes.
4.0
0.5
... 3.5
4.0
0.5
3.5
4.4
0.5
3.9
4.4
0.5
3.9
4.4
0.5
3.9
24. " 178 " method consists of—
Day.
1st
2nd
3rd
7th
8th
9th
Drug.
... Sodium arsenate by mouth
... Soamin subcutaneously
... Tartar emetic intravenously,
4 days' interval.
... Sodium arsenate by mouth
... Soamin subcutaneously
... Tartar emetic intravenously
...
...
...
...
...
...
Dose
...
...
...
...
...
in grammes.
3.5
5.0
1.5
3.5
5.0
1.5
25. The doses are slightly varied according to the weight of the camel
treated. Full details of these methods are given in the annual report of this
office for the year 1911-12. Owing to unsatisfactory results having been
obtained with " 264 " method this method was given up in favour of " 668 "
method. " 178 " method being recommended only when the camel was not fit
for "668" method.
26. Camels treated by Veterinary Daffiadars by "264", "668" or
"178" method.—54th Silladar Camel Corps.—Out of 12 treated, 7 cured, 5
died (one of these relapsed after 4 months): percentage 58.3.
27. 57th Silladar Camel Corps.—Out of 5 camels treated 3 cured, 2
deaths: percentage of 60.
28. 56th Silladar Camel Corps.—Out of 4 case3 treated: 3 cured, and
1 death : percentage of 75.0.
7
In the case of camels cast for lameness and old age (if in good condi-
tion) there is no objection to their being sold, but cases of debility should cer-
tainly not be sold and scattered all over the country, as probably a large
number of these camels are suffering from surra. All debilitated cases that
have to be cast should be destroyed and not sold.
36. Mr. Montgomery in the Journal of Tropical Veterinary Science
(Volume III. No. 3,1908), concludes from investigations carried out by Colonel
Pease and himself, that 30 to 50 per cent of all camels in the Punjab were
affected with surra. Government have no camel breeding farms to supply re-
mounts ; the strength of the corps are kept up by purchases in the open market.
Although Commandants when purchasing make blood examination, the fact
that the blood may be free from the surra organism on the day of pur-
chase by no means proves that the camels are not suffering from surra. In
order to supply remounts to various corps I consider the question of establish-
ing camel breeding farms should receive the serious consideration of Govern-
ment. Owing to the difficulty that private owners have of obtaining grazing
for their camels and the increase of irrigation in the Punjab, the difficulty
of obtaining healthy remounts for the corps will be very great in future years.
The amount of surra prevailing at the present time among the camels of private
owners will be investigated next year.
37. Experiments are being carried out by the Commandant of 56th
Silladar Camels Corps in connection with the castration of camels. It will be
interesting to see whether the gelded camel will be capable of doing the same
amount of work as the ungelded, but no definite conclusions can be drawn
regarding this point till the animals have been worked for some years.
38. Buildings.—The present accommodation at Sohawa is quite inade-
quate. Extra sheds, rooms and a proper water supply are necessary if the in-
vestigation of camel diseases is to be carried out in a satisfactory manner.
Investigation of diseases cannot be carried out unless facilities for so doing are
afforded.
39. I desire to express my thanks to the Commandants of the various
corps for the help they have given me and for the trouble they have taken in
obtaining material for investigation.
H. E. CROSS, M.R.C.V.S.,
Camel Specialist.
Statement of expenditure incurred by the office of the Camel Specialist
during the official year 1912-13.
Sub-heads of the budget grant.
Salaries of officers
...
...
...
...
Pay of establishment
Travelling allowance of officers ... ... ...
Ditto establishment
Supplies, etc. (chemical and apparatus)
Contingencies Purchase and stable feed and keep of animals ...
Total expenditure
Amount.
Rs.
7,577
2,478
557
390
1,740
1,923
1,730
16,092
A.
8
0
1
8
6
14
2
8
P
9
0
0
3
0
5
3
8
H. E. CROSS, M.R.C.V.S.,
Camel Specialni.
Punjab Government Press, Lahore—24-7-I3—40—1,500—H. I. S.
ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
CAMEL SPECIALIST
For the year 1913-14.
Lahore :
PRINTED BY THE SUPRITENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRINTING, PUNJAB,
1814.
ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
CAMEL SPECIALIST
For the year 1913-14.
Lahore:
PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRITING, PUNJAB.
1814.
No. 3281 S. (Rov. & Agri.-Genl.).
THE HON'BLE MR. J. P. THOMPSON, I.C.S.,
Revenue Secretary to Government,
Punjab, and its Dependencics
To
THE DIRECTOR OF AGBICULTURE AND INDUSTRIES,
PUNJAB.
Dated Simla, the 9th September 1914
Revenue and Agriculture.
General
SIR,
I AM directed to acknowledge the receipt of the Annual Report of the
Camel Specialist for the year 1913-11, forwarded with your letter No. 1978.
dated 28rd June 1911.
I have, &c.,
J. P. THOMPSON,
Revenue Secretory to Government, Punjab,
1499 CS—CS-840-23-9-14-SGPP Lahore
No. 1978.
FROM
W. S. HAMILTON, I.C.S.,
Director of Agriculture and Industries,
Punjab,
To
THE REVENUE SECRETARY TO GOVERNMENT,
PUNJAB.
Dated Lahore, the 23rd June 1914;
SIR,
I HAVE the honour to forward the annual report of the camel specia-
list. It is a record of valuable work. Mr. Cross has made a large number
of useful observations during the year and has taken some steps forward in
the discovery of a safe cure of surra.
2. A committee consisting of Colonel Pease, principal of the Punjab
Veterinary College, Lieutenant-Colonel Newsom, A.V.C., Mr. Stainton, super-
intending engineer and myself considered all the circumstances of the camel
specialist's work and recommended to government—
(1) that the post of the camel specialist should be made perma-
nent ;
(2) that Sohawa should remain his head-quarters ;
(3) that the camel specialist should be under the quartermaster-
general not under the Punjab government.
Our report is under the consideration of government.
3. The rules for the payment of compensation should be altered so
as to allow of compensation being given for a camel dying under treatment
for surra, Treatment is not yet certain, but it is undoubtedly necessary to
encourage every one to submit their animals to treatment rather than to
conceal the disease and maintain, perhaps for years, a peripatetic source of
infection.
I have, &c,
W. S. HAMILTON,
Director of Agriculture and Industries,
Punjab.
ANNUAL REPORT OP THE CAMEL SPECIALIST FOR, THE
YEAR 1913-14.
I held charge of the office of camel specialist throughout the year. There
was no change in the subordinate staff. I travelled 7,217 miles by rail and
2,284 miles by road.
Owing to the inadequacy of the staff and the want of facilities in the
matter of buildings and rooms the work was carried on under great difficulties.
A large number of experiments were carried out on surra treatment
with :—
(1) arsenic alone ;
(2) arsenic and soamin;
(3) combination of arsenic, antimony tartrate and soamin ;
(4) iodine and other drugs
Several animals were kept over a year under observation and a large
number were kept under observation for three months before being returned to
the corps or local transport, where they were kept under observation. The
percentage of cures obtained was 52.8. A full report on the treatment of
surra has already been submitted to you.
2. During the rest period all the camels of the 50th, 51st, 52nd and
53rd silladar camel corps and the 60th and 61st grantee camel corps were ex-
amined for surra; the result is given in paragraph 25.
3. During the fly season observations were made to determine the pre-
valence of blood-sucking flies ; the result will be found in paragraph 27.
4. To determine the prevalence of surra and other diseases amongst the
camels of private owners, 2,793 camels were carefully examined. In only very
few cases did the owners show any disinclination to have their animals ex-
amined ; as a rule they were only too anxious to have them examined and to
be given medicine. The result of these examinations is given in paragraph 18.
5. One hundred and forty-three specimens were sent to the office for
examination and the result of the examination reported to those concerned
6. Four veterinary daffadars underwent a course of training in the
diagnosis and treatment of surra.
7. The determination of the quantities of the drugs used in the treat-
ment of the ordinary diseases, tolerated by the camel, was commenced. To
determine what doses should be given of the ordinary drugs is most important,
as at present we have no idea regarding the doses tolerated.
8. The best treatment for the diseases commonly met with, e.g., kapauli
(pus in the sinuses), colic, so called stomach staggers, rheumatism, mange,
pneumonia, mali, lameness, broken jaw, fractures, sore backs, etc., was in-
vestigated.
9. The effect of kaneir (nerium odorum) on the camel has been inves-
tigated (paragraph 31).
10 About 300 animals belonging to private owners have been treated
for different ailments.
11. Silladar camel corps.—Summary of mortalities has been compiled
from the monthly returns sent in by the corns:—