NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
9
The great majority of the parasites seen in a stained film will be found to
correspond with the above description ; they are oblong, nucleated, unpigmented
bodies contained in a definite bean-shaped capsule or cytocyst apparently formed
from the body-substance of the polymorphonuclear leucocyte in which the
parasite is situated.
By a careful examination of a large number of parasites the following
additional facts may be made out.
1. As regards the position of the parasite in the leucocytes and its effect
upon them. —The organism is situated well within the body-protoplasm of the
leucocyte and, nearly always, there is a fairly thick layer of this body-substance
between it and the nucleus of the leucocyte (Figs. 1, 10, 13, etc.). Some-
times a portion of the circumference of the capsule touches the nucleus of the
leucocyte, but it does not seem to press upon it, and examples are often seen in
which a band of the leucocyte nucleus passes over the parasite in the manner
shown in figures 2 and 3. The leucocytes appear, indeed, to be little, if at all,
affected by the presence of parasites in them ; they are sometimes larger than
leucocytes in which no organism is present, and sometimes their body proto-
plasm stains somewhat more deeply, but their nuclei retain their original
characteristic shape and staining properties, and I can detect no appearance
suggesting degenerative changes. The examination of fresh preparations shows
that they are not less amœboid than leucocytes in which no parasite is contained.
2.
As regards the capsule surrounding the parasite.—The leucocytic
capsule or cytocyst in which the parasite is contained has sometimes the appear-
ance of having been torn open during the preparation of the specimen. In these
cases the parasite itself is more clearly seen.
3. As regards the parasites themselves
—
(a) From a careful examination of a large number of parasites. I believe that
two forms are always present in the peripheral blood of infected dogs, viz.:
(1)
those the body protoplasm of which stains uniformly blue and which contain, with
the exception of the nucleus, no chromatin granules ; and (2) those which, in
addition to the nucleus, contain a definite faintly stained minute chromatin micro-
nucleus or centrosome (Figs. 7, 8, 10). This micro-nucleus is usually situated
near one or other side of the parasite at some distance from the nucleus and is
surrounded by a circular area of clear unstained protoplasm (Fig. 10). Occasion-
ally there are, in addition, a few other granules of chromatin scattered through the
body of this form.
(b) In addition to the ordinary bean-shaped bodies there are usually
present in films a very few parasites almost round in shape and with only a very
indistinct capsule (Fig. 11). Their contour is only very indistinctly marked off
from the general body-protoplasm of the leucocytes in which they are present.
10
It is possible that they are less mature forms than the more common encapsuled
bean-shaped parasites.
(c) During the examination of stained films from six cases, I have seen only
one example of a parasite free in the plasma. Its outline was regular and of the
general shape of an almond, being considerably thicker at one end than at the
other. The nucleus was much elongated and lay near the centre, but touching
one edge, of the parasite. The micro-nucleus or centrosome was remarkably
distinct.
(d) Two parasites may occasionally be present in the same leucocyte
(Fig. 13). I have observed this twice during the examination of films from six
cases.
4. As regards the nucleus of the parasite. —In by far the greater number
of parasites (about 86 per cent.) the nucleus is situated near one end and
is round or oval in shape. Sometimes, however, it lies at or near the centre
and in such cases it is often considerably elongated (Fig. 3). In well stained
specimens it nearly always contains a bright unstained spot (Figs. 6 and 9) and the
chromatin network is well displayed. I have never seen the nucleus divided into
two parts nor any other signs of division in it, but the appearance shown in figure
9, where the nuclei appear to be made up of a number of small round chromatin
granules, several of which may project beyond the edge of the nucleus, is fre-
quently to be observed.
In fresh preparations the parasite in the body-protoplasm of the leucocyte
has the appearance of a refractile elongated body in which no definite structure
can be made out.
On one occasion I was fortunate enough to observe in a fresh preparation
the escape of a parasite from the leucocyte in which it was contained. The
leucocyte had been under observation for a considerable time when suddenly
the worm-like body, rou g hly depicted in figure 12, emerged, and by reason of its
slow but continuous vermicular movements gradually freed itself entirely from the
leucocyte, leaving in the place it had occupied a clear space as in the lower
diagram of the figure. The escaped parasite was watched for an hour, but
although it continued to indulge in slow vermicular movements it did not again
succeed in changing its position on the slide, and throughout the period of
examination remained almost touching the edge of the leucocyte. Its general
shape is shown in figure 12 , the most characteristic feature being the fact that
it was considerably more pointed at one end than at the other.
It remains only to refer briefly to the body shown in figure 14. This was a
large unpigmented obviously amœboid body found in a stained film from a case
in which the parasites were very numerous. Its body-protoplasm was stained
pale blue and contained two definite patches of chromatin near the centre as well
11
as a considerable number of scattered chromatin granules disposed throughout its
substance. Whether this body is to be regarded as having any connection with
the parasites under discussion I am unable to say.
I have performed no post-mortem examination on any animal infected with
the parasite, so that my observations regarding it are limited entirely to its
appearance in the peripheral blood. While it undoubtedly has affinities with the
hæmogregarines the fact that it is parasitic upon the leucocytes and that it
represents a hitherto entirely unknown form of mammalian blood infection would
seem to justify its recognition as the type of a new genus. Until further resear-
ches shall have revealed its exact zoological position the name Leucocytozoon
canis appears to me to be an appropriate one for purposes of reference.
So far as I was able to ascertain the dogs were but little, if at all, affected
by the presence of the parasites. The temperature of one heavily infected dog
was taken as frequently as possible during a period of ten days with the following
results:—
1 s t d a y .
2 n d d a y .
3rd day.
4th day. 5th day.
6 a.m. 99.2
6 a.m. 98.6
6 a.m. 9 8 . 6
6 a.m. 99.6
10 a.m. 98.6
2 p.m. 99.4
6 p.m.
1 0 0 . 6
6 p.m. 99
6 p.m. 98.4
6 p.m. 100.4
10 p.m.
1 0 0 . 2
10 p.m. 99
10 p.m. 98.4
10 p.m. 100.6
6th day.
7th day
8th day.
9 t h d a y .
10th day.
6 a.m. 9
9 . 6
6 a.m. 100
6 a.m. 98.8
6 a.m.
1 0 0 . 6
6 a.m. 99. 8
2 p.m. 99.4
2 p.m. 19
.6
2 p.m.
100
2 p.m. 1 0 1 . 4
6 p.m. 99
6 p.m. 99
6 p.m.
1 0 1 . 8
10 p.m. 99
10 p.m. 98.0
1 0 p . m .
1 0 0
I consider that the variations above a normal temperature which occur in the
above record are not greater than are often observed in perfectly healthy animals
during the summer in India.
12
References to literature.
1 Danilewsky. " La parasitologic comparée du sang". Charkoff, 1889.
Développement des parasites malariques dans les leucocytes des
oiseaux ( Leucocytozoaires ) Annales de l' institut Pasteur,
1 8 9 0 , p a g e 4 2 7 .
Ueber den Polymitus malariæ, Centralblatt für Bakteriologic und
Parasitenkunde 1891, Vol. IX, No. 12, page 397.
2 Sacharoff.
Recherches sur les hématozoaires des oiseaux, Annales de l' institut
Pasteur, 1893, No. 12, page 801.
Ueber die selbständige Bewegung der Chromosomen bei Malaria-
parasiten, Centralblatt für Bakteriologie und Parasitenkunde,
Vol. XVIII, 1895, page 374.
3 Ziemann.
" Ueber Malaria-und andere Blutparasiten," Jena 1898, page 128.
The article referring to the parasites under discussion is
entitled Eine neue Parasitenform beim Steinkauz—Athena
noctua —( Das sogenannte Leucocytozoen Danilewskyi? ). Zie-
mann's illustrations are reproduced, and a short account of the
parasite is given in the article on malaria parasites by Ruge in
Kolle and Wassermann's Handbuch der pathogenen Mikroor-
ganismen, page 840.
4 Berestneff.
Ueber das Leucocytozoon Danilewskyi, Archiv für Protistenkunde,
Vol. III, 1904, page 376.
5 Laveran.
Contribution á l'étude de Hæmamæba Ziemanni, Compt. rend.
Soc. Biologie Tome LV, séance du 16 mai 1903, p. 620.
6 Schaudinn.
Generations-und Wirtswechsel bei Trypanosoma und Spirochæte,
Arbeiten aus dem kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamte, XX, 1904,
page 387.
7 Ziemann.
Archiv für Schiffs und Tropenhyg.1902, Vol. VI, p. 389.
8 Edm. & Et. Sergent. Evolution des hematezaires de l' Athene noctua, d 'apres
Schaudinn, Compt. rend. Soc. Biologic, Tome LVII, 23 July,
1904, page 164.
G. I. C. P. O.—No. 2035 S. C.—28-2-05.—1145
No. 14.
(NEW SERIES.)
SCIENTIFIC MEMOIRS
BY
OFFICERS OF THE MEDICAL AND SANITARY DEPARTMENTS
OF THE
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
ON A PARASITE FOUND IN THE WHITE CORPUSCLES OF THE
BLOOD OF DOGS.
BY
CAPTAIN S. P. JAMES, M.B., I.M.S.
ISSUED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
BY THE SANITARY COMMISSIONER WITH THE GOVERNMENT
OF INDIA, SIMLA.
CALCUTTA:
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING INDIA.
1905.
Price Annas 10 or 1s.
ANNUAL REPORT
ON
THE LUNATIC ASYLUMS
IN THE
PUNJAB
FOR THE YEAR 1895.
Published by Authority.
Price—Re. 0-8-0
Lahore:
THE "CIVIL AND MILITARY GAZETTE" PRESS,
Contractors to the Punjab Government.
1896.
ANNUAL REPORT
ON
THE LUNATIC ASYLUMS
IN THE
PUNJAB
FOR THE YEAR 1895.
Published
by
Authority.
Lahore:
THE "CIVIL AND MILITARY GAZETTE" PRESS,
Contractors to the Punjab Government.
1896.
2
in 1895. Four escapes were allowed to occur at Lahore and two at Delhi,
and in neither of the two latter cases was there a re-capture. All the escapes
were due to carelessness, and considerable laxity must clearly prevail if the
meeting of a half-yearly committee gives rise to such bustle and confusion that
escapes can be effected under cover of it.
Paragraph 40.
4. The case mentioned in paragraph 40 is of a most serious nature and
the result extremely unsatisfactory. On September
19th, 1895, a lunatic was allowed out of his cell
for the purpose of drinking water. After having done so he refused to return.
Thereupon it would appear that five warders used such violence towards him in
forcing him back that he died of injuries inflicted on him. It is clear that men
of the stamp of these warders are quite unfit to be put in charge of lunatics, and
it is most unsatisfactory that the circumstances did not admit of their judicial
punishment. The pay and position of the warders and officials at Delhi have
during the year under review been improved, but a more careful selection of the
establishment employed in both the Asylums, and a stricter supervision over the
warders, seems necessary.
Paragraphs 28 to 32.
5. It is satisfactory to note that greater care than heretofore is exercised
in ascertaining the true causes of insanity. The
statistics of the year under review were checked
by special enquiries from Magistrates in all cases of toxic insanity, and clearly
indicate, as His Honor had previously supposed, that many cases had in previous
years been attributed on insufficient grounds to the use of hemp drugs.
Paragraphs 45 to 48.
6. The increase of cost per lunatic in 1895 as compared with 1894 was
unavoidable on account of the high price of food
in spite of the fact that the expenditure actually
disbursed in the two Asylums taken together on clothing and bedding was less
than in the previous year.
Paragraphs 49 to 51.
7. It is satisfactory to note that increased attention is being paid both at
Lahore and Delhi to the employment of inmates
in profitable labour. Considering the great
desirability of employing lunatics in healthy out-door work, His Honor trusts that
the effort to supply the general public at Lahore with garden produce, and to
develop gardening at Delhi, will be energetically pursued. It may be observed
in this connection that if the grass, &c., referred to in paragraph 49 of the
Report was used to feed the bullocks employed in the garden its value cannot
properly be treated as part of the net produce of the garden.
ORDER.—Ordered that a copy of the Report and of the foregoing Remarks
be forwarded to the Government of India, in the Home Department, for
information.
Ordered also, that a copy of the foregoing Remarks only be forwarded,
to the Inspector-General of Civil Hospitals, Punjab, for information. The corre-
spondence received with the letter from the Inspector-General, No. 1457, dated
the 9th of May 1896, is herewith returned.
By order of the Hon'ble the Lieutenant-Governor,
C.J. HALLIFAX,
Of f g. Junior Secretary to Government, Punjab.
Punjab Government Press, Lahore—3-6-96- 260.
No. 985.
FROM
SURGEON-COLONEL D. O' C. RAYE, M.D.,
Inspector-General of Civil Hospitals, Punjab,
To
C. J. HALLIFAX, ESQUIRE,
Offg. Junior Secretary to Government, Punjab.
Dated LAHORE, 1st April 1896.
SIR,
I have the honor to forward the Annual Returns of the Lahore and
Delhi Lunatic Asylums for the year 1895.
STATEMENT I.—POPULATION.
2. Lahore Asylum.—On the 1st January 1895, 236 inmates remained from
the previous year, of whom 187 were males and 49 females. Seventy admissions
took place during the year, of these 58 were men and 12 were women. Nine
persons, viz., 8 males and 1 female, were re-admitted. One of these re-admit-
ted was suffering from melancholia, the remainder from mania. It is singular
that the re-admissions (9) were about four times as numerous as the average
for ten years past. The total population in the Asylum was 315, or 253
males and 62 females.
3. The discharges amounted to —
35 males and 5 females cured (from mania 22, toxic 11, consecutive 2 and melan-
cholia 5):
13 males and 1 female improved.
4. Thirty-three men and 7 women died. Thus, at the close of 1895,
172 males and 49 females remained -total 221.
5. The daily average strength of the lunatics was 188.39 males and
49.7 females—total 238.09. The average of the previous ten years was 253.84.
6. The percentage of cures to the daily average strength was 16.8,
which is somewhat higher than usual.
7. The percentage of deaths to average strength was also 16.8. The
average percentage for the previous ten years was 11.31.
8. Delhi Asylum.—There were 106 lunatics present at the commence-
meut of the year; namely, 82 males and 24 females. Fifty-three admissions
took place; i.e., 38 males and 15 females. Four males were also re-admitted.
The total population, hence, came to 163, which happens to be exactly the same
as in 1894.
9. The discharged consisted of—
16 males and 4 females cured (from mania and toxic 9 each, and consecutive 2).
11 „
2
„ improved.
5 „
0
„ not improved.
4
2
„ otherwise discharged.
10. Eight males and 3 females died at the close of the year. One
hundred and eight lunatics (80 men and 28 women) remained in the institution.
The daily average strength in 1895 was 83.98 males and 27.25 females—total
111.23. During the previous decade this total averaged 98.05.
11. The percentage of cures to the daily average strength was 17.98.
In the previous ten years it was 19.6. The death percentage in 1895 was 9.88.
The average for the previous decade was 11.9.
3
STATEMENT III.—RELIGION OF THOSE ADMITTED.
22. Lahore Asylum.—Of the 79 admissions, 38 were Hindús, 38 Muham-
madans, 2 Christians and 1 of " other caste. "
23. Delhi Asylum.—In this institution the admissions included 41 Hindús,
14 Muhammadans, 1 Christian and 1 of " other caste"—total 57.
STATEMENTS IV AND V.—OCCUPATIONS AND AGES OF PATIENTS.
24. Lahore Asylum.—The occupations of the 79 persons admitted were
as follows :—
Sixteen beggars, 12 cultivators, 3 labourers, 12 sepoys, 7 shopkeepers, 21
of other occupations and 8 unknown. The large proportion of sepoys is re-
markable.
25. Delhi Asylum.—Here 2 beggars, 9 cultivators, 3 shopkeepers, 27 of
other occupations and 16 unknown were admitted.
26. The ages show that the greater number of the insanes were young
and middle-aged adults. Thus, in Lahore there were 4 admitted under 20 years
of age, 66 between 20 and 40, and 9 between 40 and 60.
27. In Delhi 10 were under 20 years of age, 41 were between 20 and 40,
and 6 between 40 and 60.
STATEMENTS VI AND VII.—TYPES AND ALLEGED CAUSES OF INSANITY.
28. Lahore.—The admissions during the year were for:—
Mania
...
...
...
...
...
Melancholia ... ... ... ... ...
Dementia ... ... ... ... ...
Epilepsy ... ... ... ... ...
Toxic insanity ... ... ... ... ...
Consecutive ... ... ... ... ...
Total ...
46
18
1
5
8
1
79
29. The causes were unknown in 54 instances. Physical causes accoun-
ted for 17 and moral for 8 cases. Of those due to physical reasons, 8 were
toxic ; that is to say, seven from charas-smoking and 1 from the use of bhang.
Special enquiries were made from the Magistrates in all cases and the evidence
seemed conclusive.
30. Delhi.—The patients were admitted as follows for :—
Mania ... ... ... ... ...
Melancholia ... ... ... ... ...
Dementia ... ... ... ... ...
Epilepsy ... ... ... ... ...
Toxic insanity ... ... ... ... ...
Consecutive ... ... ... ... ...
Idiocy ... ... ... ... ...
Not diagnosed as being insane ... ... ...
Total ...
28
1
6
2
5
2
7
6
57
31. In 47 patients it was not known to what the insanity was due.
Physical causes were alleged in 8 and moral in 2 instances. The toxic cases were
all due to charas-smoking, so far as could be ascertained.
32. In both Asylums the number of admissions believed to be due to abuse
of Indian hemp preparations has greatly diminished. There can be little doubt
that this is due to the greater care now exercised in endeavouring to ascertain
the true causes of insanity.
The Superintendents report that in all cases enquiry
is made from the officer of the district from which the lunatic is sent, and if the
patient recovers he is questioned then as to his previous habits. In 1894, 15
patients were admitted into Lahore and a similar number into Delhi, the cause of
whose insanity was noted as being abuse of Indian hemp. In the year under
report, as above entered, the figures were 8 and 5, respectively.
7
received, having been badly beaten. I have already referred to this case.
Warders had to be fined and dismissed also for some of the escapes which
took place.
53. In paragraph 28 of last year's Report the inefficiency of the warders
at Delhi was noticed. The establishment has been re-organized, and the pay im-
proved, with advantage to the Institution. The Superintendent speaks well of
the work of his Deputy, 1st Class Hospital Assistant Gopál Dás.
I have the honor to be,
SIR,
Your most obedient Servant,
D. O'C. RAYE,
Inspr.-Genl. of Civil Hospitals, Punjab.
8
STATEMENT
Showing the Admissions, Discharges, &c., of Lunatic
1
YEARS.
LAHORE
ASYLUM.
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
2
Remained
on 1st
January.
Males.
223
230
226
206
201
193
186
200
195
185
187
Females.
53
55
56
52
54
48
44
50
48
46
49
Total.
276
285
282
258
255
241
230
250
243
231
236
3
Admitted.
Males.
64
68
48
46
54
49
59
62
64
61
58
Females.
11
11
10
8
8
9
15
12
15
20
12
Total.
75
79
58
54
62
58
74
74
79
81
70
4
Re-
admit-
ted.
Males.
3
...
2
1
2
1
2
4
3
4
8
Females.
...
...
...
...
1
...
...
...
...
1
1
Total.
3
...
2
1
3
1
2
4
3
5
9
5
Total popu-
lation.
Males.
290
298
276
253
257
243
247
266
262
250
253
Females.
64
66
66
60
63
57
59
62
63
67
62
Total.
354
364
342
313
320
300
306
328
325
317
315
6
DlSCHARGED.
A.
Cured.
Males.
24
37
23
29
25
31
21
19
58
26
35
Females.
3
6
5
3
3
4
6
1
5
8
5
Total.
27
43
28
32
28
35
27
20
63
34
40
B
Transferred
to friends.
Improved.
Males.
7
15
13
10
8
5
5
9
3
17
13
Females.
...
...
...
1
1
2
...
...
6
1
1
Total.
7
15
13
11
9
7
5
9
9
18
14
Not
improv-
ed.
Males.
4
3
4
1
2
1
...
]
...
...
Females.
...
...
...
1
1
...
...
...
...
...
Total.
4
3
4
2
3
1
...
1
...
...
0
Otherwise.
Males.
...
...
2
...
2
...
2
3
...
4
...
Females.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
...
Total.
...
...
2
...
2
...
2
3
...
5
...
D
Total.
Males.
35
55
42
40
37
37
28
32
61
47
48
Females.
3
6
5
5
5
6
6
1
11
10
6
Total.
38
61
47
45
42
43
34
23
72
57
54
7
Died.
Males.
25
17
28
12
27
20
19
39
16
16
33
Females.
6
4
9
1
10
7
3
13
6
8
7
Total.
31
21
37
13
37
27
22
52
22
24
40
8
Remaining
on 31st
December.
Males.
230
226
206
201
193
186
200
195
185
187
172
Females.
55
56
52
54
48
44
50
48
46
49
49
Total.
285
282
258
255
241
230
250
243
231
236
221
The capacity of the Lahore Asylum is at 50 superficial feet per patient, for—
Males
...
...
...
...
...
248
Females...
...
...
...
...
48
Total
...
...
296
DELHI
ASYLUM.
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
74
72
72
68
72
70
68
70
77
83
82
26
24
23
26
23
22
19
20
21
21
24
100
96
95
94
95
92
87
90
98
104
106
31
37
37
40
29
21
31
15
30
41
38
8
6
11
6
4
6
5
9
5
11
15
39
43
48
46
33
27
36
51
35
52
53
2
2
2
1
1
...
2
2
5
5
4
...
...
...
1
1
...
1
1
...
5
...
2
2
2
2
2
...
3
3
5
7
4
107
111
111
109
102
91
101
117
112
129
124
34
30
34
33
28
28
25
27
26
34
39
141
141
145
142
130
119
126
144
138
163
163
18
15
20
12
23
16
13
22
12
23
16
3
...
2
1
4
3
1
2
1
1
4
21
15
22
13
27
19
14
24
13
24
20
4
8
10
7
2
3
5
6
5
3
11
...
3
2
4
...
3
...
...
1
2
2
4
11
12
11
2
6
5
6
6
5
13
...
2
...
...
...
...
4
1
1
...
5
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
...
...
...
...
...
2
...
...
...
...
5
1
1
...
5
7
7
4
8
3
...
...
...
4
8
4
2
...
...
1
...
...
...
...
...
2
2
9
7
4
9
3
...
...
...
4
10
6
29
32
34
27
28
19
22
29
22
34
36
5
3
4
6
4
6
2
2
2
5
8
34
35
38
33
32
25
24
31
24
39
44
6
7
9
10
4
4
9
11
7
13
8
5
4
4
4
2
8
3
4
8
5
3
11
11
13
14
6
7
12
15
10
18
11
72
72
68
72
70
68
70
77
83
82
80
24
23
26
23
22
19
20
21
21
24
28
96
95
94
95
92
87
90
98
104
106
108
The capacity of the Delhi Asylum is at 36 superficial feet per patient, for—
Males
...
...
... ...
Females...
...
...
...
Total ...
116
34
150