NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
( xxxi )
at Wudwan, from there it was carried into several other Chiefs' states, and is
now being continued at Bhownuggur by Kanajee Jairam, a native practi-
tioner in that town, the Bhownuggur State having employed him to teach
the State's vaccinators. In Bombay there is no objection raised by the
natives to accept vaccination direct from the cow.
Many vaccinators able to
use capillary tubes.
37. Many vaccinators are able to use capillary tubes, but many are not
able. When a Superintendent is inspecting the
work of a vaccinator he generally ascertains if the
man knows how to use a tube, and if he does not he
teaches him.
Aid from Civil and Poli-
tical Officers.
38. The Superintendents unanimously acknowledge the aid they have
received from the District Officers both in the
Revenue and Political Departments.
Tour.
39. During the year under report I visited the Southern, Central and
Western Circles. In the months of April and May
I was in Matheran busy with office work ; in June
and July I was in Bombay, and saw the Local Superintendent of Vaccination
carrying on animal vaccination. At the end of July I went to Poona, hoping to
see the Bombay Vaccination Bill passed through the Legislative Council, but
circumstances have delayed its introduction. Dr. Blanc had introduced
animal vaccination into Poona and was practising it at the Charitable Dispen-
sary, under considerable difficulty. In September I started from Bombay on a
visit to Bengal and Madras, and returned in November. In December I com-
menced my cold season tour and visited the Dispensaries of Oorun and Dapoo¬
lie. At the former no work was going on, and it was arranged for Oorun
to be vaccinated by the Municipal Vaccinator employed jointly by Oorun and
Panwell. At Dapoolie Honorary Assistant Surgeon Pollard was giving
hearty attention to vaccination. At Rutnagherry I found the Station vaccina-
tor's lymph deteriorated, and directed him to abandon it and get good virus
from the talooka vaccinator. At Vingorla I found Mr. Apothecary Munday
had excellent lymph, and keeping up vaccination, but he seemed to have
a good deal of trouble in doing so, and was anxious that Vingorla
town should have a vaccinator of its own. From Vingorla I passed through
the Native State of Sawunt Waree, in which I saw a number of recent vacci-
nators, but I am sorry to say they were not as good as I had seen two years
before. I proceeded then to Belgaum, where I examined the work of the
Government and Municipal vaccinators, and found both very good. In Jan-
uary I travelled with Assistant Surgeon Raby, Superintendent of the Southern
( xxxii )
Circle, through Kulladghi Collectorate. I saw over a thousand vaccinated
children in the towns of Kulladghi, Bagulkote, Hulloor, Naienglee, Moo-
kurteehal, Hovin Hypurgee, Beejapoor, Tekodeh, and the villages around
or lying on our route. The work was generally well done. In February I
entered the Central Circle and met the Superintendent, Dr. Turnbull, at
Jhutt; there we examined several hundreds of vaccinated children. The
work and lymph were both bad. This Native State's vaccinator had
evidently never been well trained, so Dr. Turnbull, with the consent of the
Dufflé Sahib, attached him to his office for a time to train him. From Jhutt
we marched by Shegaon, Sanund, to Attapadee, seeing some children en route.
The vaccinations done by the Punt Prétineedee's vaccinator were very good.
At Rahimutpoor and another village near Sattara I saw most excellent lymph
which Luximon Babajee, the Khoregaon Municipal vaccinator, was working
with. From Sattara I marched by Mahabuleshwur, and the Par Ghaut to the
Western Circle, and met the Superintendent, Dr. Blanc, at Indapoor. On
the 8th March we visited 4 villages, and saw 58 vaccinated children, about
7 of whom were either unsuccessful or indifferently vaccinated. On the
10th we saw 73 children in 4 more villages in the neighbourhood of Pohee,
in one of which there were 9 unsuccessful out of the 30 seen. The vaccinator
had put them down in the result column of "unknown." On the 12th we
visited Ashtumeh, and saw 18 recent vaccinations, one of which was a failure,
and 15 had 3 or more good vaccine marks. On the 13th we visited 3 villages
near Roheh and saw about 64 recent vaccinations, all most excellent, except
8 in the village of Neeree. On the 14th we saw about 35 children ; work fair
in two villages, but bad in the third. The vaccinator said the work there
had been started from tubes and at first it was not good. From the Western
Circle I crossed to Bombay near the end of the year.
Dr. Williams' visit to
Guadur on the Mekran
Coast for the purpose of in-
troducing vaccination into
Guadur.
40. Small-pox is frequently brought into the town of Kurrachee from
the Mekran Coast as well as from other parts of
Beloochistan. Dr. Williams paid a visit to Guadur
to try and arrange with Captain Ross, the Political
Officer there, for the introduction of vaccination into
Guadur and neighbourhood. Government sanction-
ed a small sum to be expended on this account, but Captain Ross having been
absent from Guadur on special duty, no steps have yet been taken as far as I
know. It is no doubt advisable to have vaccination going on at Guadur, for
the sake of protecting the British employés there, but I question if it be the
duty of Government to spend a penny in attempting to spread vaccination
in Beloochistan. If the Belooches themselves can be induced to accept and
( xxxiii )
practise vaccination, the Department will do all in its power to further and
assist such a praiseworthy step in as far as training men and supplying lymph
are concerned.
Superintendents all
taught how to practise
Animal Vaccination.
41. During last rains all the Superintendents came either to Bombay
or Poona and were taught the method of practising
animal vaccination. Since then Dr. Turnbull has
returned from furlough. He will learn the practice in
the coming rains. Dr. Keith joined the Department
in May; he has seen Honorary Assistant Surgeon Leahy practise on the
heifer in Sukkur, and he now proposes starting animal vaccination in Kotree
himself. In the 6th para. of the Government Resolution on my last report
Government expressed a wish that Civil Surgeons should make themselves
acquainted with the process of animal vaccination. A few have done so, but
none, as far as I know, have practised it for any length of time. I have
already mentioned that Honorary Assistant Surgeon Leahy has been practising
it in Sukkur for some time, and that it was practised in Ahmedabad with little
success. I think it will be as well to let Civil Surgeons take up animal
vaccination voluntarily, and whenever any one wishes to practise it we will
supply him with lymph, and the Superintendents of vaccination will do all in
their power to show them the method of operating on the calf. As soon as
the Native Assistant Superintendents are appointed I will endeavour to
establish animal vaccination in one place in every collectorate.
Total number of vacci-
nations.
42. There is again a very considerable increase in the number of vaccine
operations. I am unable to say how many persons
were vaccinated, because, except for the Northern
Circle, the returns do not show the excess of operations over persons; that is
to say do not show how many persons were primarily vaccinated more than
once. This will be shown in next report. When an unprotected person is
vaccinated unsuccessfully, he is again vaccinated, and this second vaccination
is technically called a primary vaccination; perhaps it would be better if
we had result columns for Primary, Secondary and Re-vaccinations, such as Dr.
Charles has in use in Calcutta, instead of only for Primary and Re-vaccina-
tions.
The following figures show the number of vaccine operations for the
year 1870-71 :—
In Civil Life Itinerant Establishment ......
Dispensary Establishment ...
Primary
Vaccinations.
462,463
26,561
489,021
Re-vaccinations.
29,142
977
30,119
v vac
( xxxiv )
Total of primary vaccinations and re-vaccinations in Civil Life...
Total of primary vaccinations and re-vaccinations in the Army .
519,143
7,558
526,701
Increase.
43. As compared with last year's returns there is an increase in Civil
life of 61,281, but the vaccinations in Baroda territory
are included in this report, and were not in my
former reports. The vaccinations performed there in 1869 amounted to 22,383
and in 1870 to 23,659, our actual increase then in Civil life is 38,898. This
I consider very satisfactory progress. If the population of this side of India,
including Native States, be taken at 21,000,000, I think our primary vac-
cinations should reach close on 600,000 a year. We are still a long way
from that figure. In the Army Returns there is an increase of 753. I am
indebted to the courtesy of Surgeon Martin, Secretary to the Inspector
General Indian Medical Department, for the returns of the Native Army, and
to the courtesy of Surgeon Veale, Secretary to the Inspector General British
Medical Department, for the returns of the European Army.
Percentage of success.
44. In Statement No. I the percentage in primary vaccinations is 96.2,
this is half a percentum less than in last report.
The percentage in re-vaccinations is 73.2, which is
very high, but it is quite certain that errors were made by reckoning second
vaccinations as revaccinations, so this percentage will be of no use for future
comparisons or for statists. In Statement No. V, Dispensary Vaccinations, the
percentage of success in primary vaccinations is 90.9, or fully one per cent.
higher than in the previous report. The percentage of success in re-vaccina-
tions at Dispensaries is 52.6, which is lower than in Statement No. I, but it is
probably higher than it should be from the same cause as that which raised
the percentage so high in Statement No. I.
The following shows the percentage of success in each establishment
in the Bombay Presidency :—
1st.
2nd.
3rd.
4th.
5th.
Government Vaccinators ........................
Municipalities
do.
Local Funds
do.
Native States
do.
Dispensaries do. ...............................
95
94
95
94
91
These percentages are all, except for Dispensaries, somewhat lower than last
year, and it is owing to the percentages having been calculated on the totals
(
xxxv
)
of primary and re-vaccinations combined. The following shows the correct
percentages of success in each Circle and for Dispensaries : —
1st.
2nd.
3rd.
4th.
5th.
6th.
7th.
8th.
9th.
10th.
11th.
In Primary vac-
cinations.
Central Circle ..........
Southern „ ...............
Western „ .................
Northern „ .................
Sind „ .................
Kattiawar „ .................
Rewa Kanta „ .................
Presidency „ .................
Kutch „ .................
Baroda „ .................
Dispensaries .......................
96.1
96.4
96.8
95.5
98.
93.6
94.6
86.6
92.1
95.6
91.
Average 96.2
In Re-vaccinations.
81.21
55.3
74.4
82.
62.
80.
59.7
66.3
...
...
52.6
Average 73.3
From the above figures it will be seen that the average percentage of success
in primary vaccination is 0.5 less than in my previous report. As directions
have now been given to enter a child's name in the vaccinators' registers as
often as it is vaccinated the percentages next year will be lower. Hitherto
the vaccinators did not enter the result in cases of failure until the child was
vaccinated twice, so our failures were very few. This new method of
registering will make the vaccinators vaccinate with more care, to avoid
having many unsuccessful on the first operation, but in point of fact the
resulting percentage will not be as correct as that which we have hitherto
shown.
Sex.
45. There is no record of the sex, caste and age of persons re-vacci-
nated, but of the 489,024 primary vaccinations in
Civil life, as shown in Statements Nos. I. and V.,
260,991 were males and 228,033 were females. This gives a percentage of
53.37 males and 46.63 females. The males were 0.3 more in 1869-70. The
disparity in the number of the sexes is, I think, greater than it can possibly
be in the general population. The Superintendents are giving their attention
to the columns for the sexes, and I have no doubt that we will shortly have
a less disparity than has hitherto been displayed in our returns.
Caste.
46. The following are the percentages of castes in primary vaccina-
tions : Christians 0.5 ; Hindoos 74.9 ; Mussalmans
18.7 ; Parsees 0.2; and other castes 5.6. These
percentages are almost the same as in 1869-70.
( xxxvi )
Ages.
47. The ages have not been given in the return of vaccinations per-
formed in H. H. the Guikowar's territory, but ex-
cluding them there were 63.7 above and 36.3 under
one year old in every 100 primary vaccinations. In last report there were 41.8
per cent. under one year old. I regret this falling off of the number under
one year old, for infantile vaccination not only gives earlier protection but
better also than primary vaccination at a later age.
48. The following figures show in which establishments the increase
and decrease occurred:—
(a)—Government Establishment in—
1st—Central Circle..........
2nd—Southern do. ...........
3rd—Western do. ............
4th—Northern do. ............
5th—Sind do. ...........
6th—Kattiawar do. ..........
7th—Rewa Kanta do. ........
8th—Presidency do. ..........
Increase.
......
......
2,258
......
10,420
......
......
......
12,678
Deduct Increase .................
Decrease......
Decrease.
1,592
2,193
......
7,083
......
269
2,980
2,056
16,173
12,678
3,495
(b)— Municipal Establishment in—
1st—Central Circle ...........
2nd—Southern do. .............
3rd—Western do. .............
4th—Northern do. .............
5th—Sind do. .............
6th—Presidency do. ............
Deduct Decrease......
Increase
7,842
......
1,220
2,237
281
4,580
16,160
5,833
10,327
......
5,833
......
......
......
......
5,833
( xxxvii )
(c) Native States Establishment in—
1st—Central
Circle
2nd—Southern do. ...........
3rd—Western do. ............
4th—Northern do. ............
5th—Sind do. ...........
6th—Kattiawar do. ..........
7th—Rewa Kanta do. ........
8th—Kutch
do. ...........
9th—Baroda do. ..........
Deduct Decrease......
Increase ......
Increase.
3,076
......
......
......
497
3,056
2,492
38
1,276
10,435
6,783
3,652
Decrease.
......
2,634
2,868
1,281
......
......
......
......
......
6,783
(d)—Local Funds Establishment in—
1st—Central Circle
2nd—Southern do. ...........
3rd—Western do. ............
4th—Northern do. ............
Increase......
9,326
2,874
13,669
7,485
33,354
......
......
......
......
(e)—Dispensary Establishment in—
1st—Central Circle
2nd—Southern do. ...........
3rd—Western do. ............
4th—Northern do. ............
5th—Sind do. ...........
6th—Kattiawar do. ..........
7th—Rewa Kanta do. ........
8th—Presidency do. ...........
9th—Aden do. ..........
281
......
......
......
......
......
116
......
......
397
Deduct Increase.................
Decrease..................
......
713
180
1,984
928
1,156
......
123
153
5,237
397
4,840
49. From the foregoing figures it will be observed that there has been
a decrease in the work of the 134 Government Vaccinators of 3,495. This is
explained by the whole of the Government Vaccinators in the Presidency
( xxxviii
)
Circle having been taken over by the Bombay Municipality from 1st Decem-
ber last, and to there having been several vacancies in the Northern Circle.
It would be tedious to seek out the causes of every trifling increase or de-
crease in each establishment of each circle, but it may be useful to show
below the increase and decrease in each circle itself as a whole :—
1st—Central Circle.........
2nd—Southern do. ...........
3rd—Western do. ............
4th—Northern do. ............
5th—Sind do. ...........
6th—Kattiawar do. ..........
7th—Rewa Kanta do. ........
8th—Kutch do. ...........
9th—Kutch
do. .......
10th—Baroda do. ......
11th—Aden do. ......
Deduct......Decrease
Increase.
Increase.
18,933
......
14,099
......
17,655
1,631
......
2,401
38
1,276
......
56,033
17,135
38,898
Decrease.
......
8,499
......
8,111
......
......
372
......
......
......
153
17,135
Causes of increase.
50. The cause of the increase in the Central, Western, Kattiawar, and
Presidency Circles was an increase in the number
of vaccinators. The Report from Sind only mentions
that the vaccinators worked well.
Causes of decrease.
51. The cause of the decrease in the Southern, Northern, and also in
the Dispensary returns, was that there were fewer
vaccinators. There were fewer vaccinators in the
Southern Circle, owing to the Sattara zilla having been transferred to the
Central Circle from the Southern Circle, and the Kulladghee zilla from the
Central to the Southern Circle. In the Northern Circle it was considered
that there were too many vaccinators, and several vacancies were not filled
up. As regards the Dispensary reduction, it is only apparent, and not all
real, because some of the vaccinators' work which was in the B (Dispensary)
return in last Report are now in the A (Vaccine Department) return.
Commendation of
Superintendents.
52. I have much pleasure in recording my entire satisfaction with the
conduct of the officers serving in the department.
They have all done, I believe, their very best, to
carry on their duties with energy, tact, and discretion. I have great difficulty
( xxxix )
in commending any one as prominently deserving the notice of Government
more than several others, but as it has for years back been the custom to do
so, I would beg to commend Dr. Williams, Dr. Colah, and Dr. Blanc. Dr.
Turnbull, for the short time he has been performing the duties of Super-
intendent of Vaccination, Central Circle, since his return from Europe, has
been devoting himself with all his former energy and ability to the cause of
vaccination. I think his office records were in the best order of any I
inspected during the year.
Cost.
53. The total expenditure by the Vaccine Department in the year
1870-71 was Rs. 1,70,051. This is Rs. 33,850 more
than in 1869-70. The increase was caused by—first,
increased rank and pay of Superintendents, and second, an increased number
of Vaccinators in the Municipal, Local Funds and Native States' Establish-
ments.
The increased expenditure by Government was ............
Do. by Municipalities ..............
Do. by Local Funds ..............
Do. by Native States ..............
Rs.
„
„
„
Total...
17,512
3,660
3,914
8,764
33,850
The following figures show the total cost in each establishment, and the cost
of each successful vaccination. It is to be borne in mind that the whole
administrative charges are debited to the Government establishment:—
1st.
2nd.
3rd.
4th.
Government .........................
Municipal ............................
Local Funds .........................
Native States .......................
Total
Rs.
Total Cost.
Rs.
1,18,310
10,354
11,258
30,129
1,70,051
Cost of each suc-
cessful Vaccination.
Rs.
0
0
0
0
0
a.
8
6
3
3
6
p.
1
5
2
9
0
It appears that the cost of each successful vaccination in the Government
establishment was 8 annas and 1 pie, which is 1 anna and 5 pies more than
in the preceding year. This is caused by—1st, there were 3,495 fewer
operations; 2nd, there was a considerable sum drawn for arrears of travelling
allowances to Superintendents which was incurred in the year preceding
(
xl
)
the one under report, and again the rank and pay of several of the Superin-
tendents have increased by the evolution of time having given them
promotion. This latter kind of increase we cannot control, but it is not
material to Government whether a Surgeon be paid in the Vaccine Depart-
ment or in some other; though it makes the rate of cost for each vaccina-
tion more than if Assistant Surgeons held the appointments of Superin-
tendents of Vaccination; not that I wish it to be so, I merely mention this
as a cause of the increased rate of cost in the Government establishment.
The rate of cost has also increased by 1 anna and 2 pies per successful
vaccination in the Municipal establishment; I am of opinion that the rate of
6 annas and 5 pies for Municipalities is too high, and it will I hope be kept
lower. The rate in the establishment of Local Funds and Native States is
diminished by 1 anna in the former and 1 anna and 7 pies in the latter, so
that the average for the whole Department is 6 annas; or 6 pies more than in
my former report. I consider this average of ninepence for each successful
vaccination cheap. I fear it will be more next year, but after that, when our
changes are all introduced and in thorough working order, I hope we will be
able to reduce the average cost of each successful vaccination a little. It is
interesting to show the cost of each successful vaccination in each circle, with
the number of vaccinators and the total successful vaccinated :—
Name of
Circle.
1. Central .......
2. Southern ...
3. Western ......
4. Northern ...
5. Sind
6. Kattiawar ...
7. Rewa Kanta.
8. Presidency ...
9. Kutch
10. Baroda
......
Superintendent.
Dr. Turnbull
Mr. Raby
Dr. Blanc .................
Dr. Colah
Dr. Williams
Drs. Shepherd and
Blomfield...............
Mr. Cody
Mr. Anunta Chundroba
Mr. Dorabjee Hormus-
jee ...........................
Mr. Rimington .........
Total .......
Successfully
Vaccinated.
79,861
53,004
55,148
83,809
74,094
53,054
17,233
8,510
571
21,774
447,058
Total
Cost.
Rs.
24,387
22,455
18,792
22,215
23,833
15,593
7,855
8,145
580
7,085
150,940
Ave r
a ge cost
of each suc-
cessful vac-
cination.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
4
6
5
4
5
4
7
15
0
5
10
9
5
3
2
8
3
3
3
2
......
Number of
Vaccinators.
65
56
25
52
32
46
15
11
3
23
326
Rank of Superin-
tendent.
Assistant Surgeon over
10 years' service.
Do. under 10 years'do.
Surgeon under 15
years' service.
Uncovenanted, under
7 years' service.
Assistant Surgeon un-
der 5 years' service.
Surgeons above 15
years' service.
Assistant Surgeon un-
der 5 years' service.
Sub-Assistant
Sur-
geon of 1st Class.
H. H. the Rao's
Medical Officer.
Residency Surgeon.
( xli )
It will be seen that vaccination is dearest in the Kutch and Presidency Circles,
and cheapest in the Northern, Kattiawar, and Central Circles ; but to make
any real comparison the pay of the Superintendent should be excluded
because it makes such a difference if there be a Surgeon in one Circle and an
Assistant Surgeon in another. I trust that the cost in the Presidency Circle
will be reduced, and I have no doubt it will be, if we get a compulsory Vacci-
nation Act. In future reports I will show the cost of each successful
vaccination in each Circle after excluding the pay of Superintendents.
J. PINKERTON, M.D., Surgeon,
Superintendent General of Vaccination,
Bombay Presidency.
Bombay, 29th May 1871.
vi vac
EXTRACTS
FROM THE
REPORTS OF SUPERINTENDENTS OF CIRCLES.
CENTRAL CIRCLE.
Superintendent.—Assistant
Surgeon P. S. TURNBULL, M.D.
Establishment.—31 Vaccinators under Government, 19 under Municipalities, 9
under Local Funds, 6 under Native States. Total 65 Vaccinators, and 12 Dispensaries.
Population 4,753,500. Total Cost Rs. 24,387. Average cost of each successful
vaccination 4 annas and 10 pies.
Establishment.
Government
Municipalities ...
Local Funds ...
Native States ...
Dispensaries......
Years.
1869-70.
1870-71.
1869-70.
1870-71.
1869-70.
1870-71.
1869-70.
1870-71.
1869-70.
1870-71.
Total
Vaccinated.
55,959
54,367
7,975
15,817
1,902
11,228
2,635
5,711
6,944
7,125
Compared with the
preceding year.
Increase.
......
......
......
7,842
......
9,326
......
3,076
......
181
Decrease.
......
1,592
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
Successfully
Vaccinated.
53,405
50,333
6,978
13,880
1,561
10,399
2,508
5,240
......
6,147
Percentage
of success,
excluding
those un-
known.
97.
96.
94.4
94.4
85.4
96.8
95.5
92.7
88.4
90.9
Transfer of Kulladghee
and Sattara.
On the 1st of April 1870, the collectorate of Sattara was transferred from the
Southern to this Circle, and Kulladghee collectorate from
the Central to Southern Circle. These arrangements neces-
sitate a change in the totals shown in the table at the head of last year's annual
report, so as to show a correct comparison of the work done by the establishments,
during the past and the preceding year.