NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
14
EXPERIMENT VI.—ASAFŒTIDA SOLUTION.
Asafœtida
Water
...
...
...
...
1 part.
8 parts.
Three pints were sprayed on the camels : a few minutes after the appli-
cation of the solution stomoxys were seen on the camels. Tabanidæ appeared
on the sprayed camels at the same time as on the controls.
The effect of this solution was therefore nil.
EXPERIMENT VII.—CHIRPINE OIL EMULSION.
Soap.
11b.
Chirypine oil.
20 ozs.
Water.
1 gallon.
Pour pints were sprayed on the camels when stomoxys were numerous
on them. The stomoxys at once left the camel. In the hills, if the camels are
in the jungle and protected by the trees from the sun, Tabanidce are prevented
from attacking the sprayed camel for 4—5 hours, but in the plains where the
camels under experiment had very little protection from the sun this solution
only prevented the flies from biting for 2 hours.
EXPERIMENT VIII.—CHIRPINE OIL EMULSION.
Chirpine oil.
80 OZS.
Soap.
2 lbs.
Water.
2 gallons.
Pour pints of this emulsion were applied. Tabanidæ were prevented
from attacking the camels for about three hours in the plains ; but with this
strength of emulsion there is a tendency to blister.
EXPERIMENT IX.—CHIRPINE OIL EMULSION.
Chirpine oil.
120 ozs.
Soap.
2lbs.
Water.
2 gallons.
In these proportions it was found difficult to make a proper emulsion,
the oil separating oat when the mixture was allowed to stand for some time.
When attempts were made to spray it on the camel the pump became clogged,
and only a very little was applied: this small amount, however, caused blister-
ing of the skin.
Conclusions.:—(1) The only emulsion of any use was that of chirpine oil
in proportion of from 20 to 40 ozs. to the gallon of water (Experiments VII
and VIII).
(2) The quantity of the emulsion to be sprayed on each camel should be
four pints.
(3) The period of time that chirpine oil emulsion was found to protect
was only about 3 hours; this is not long enough to be of much practical
value.
(4) Chirpine oil causes blistering of the skin, and emulsions of 80 ozs.
to two gallons will blister unless the animal is protected from the sun.
(5) The cost of spraying once with the chirpine oil emulsions as used in
experiments VII and VIII is per animal Re. 0-4-9 and Re. 0-7-3, respectively,
and the cost of spraying 1,000 camels, Rs. 296-14-0 and Rs. 453-2-0, respective-
ly. The cost is very heavy. It might be reduced by employing a cheaper soap
than " Sunlight " in making the emulsions.
(6) Owing to the cost and the short time that the above chirpine oil
emulsions prevented the Tabanidæ from biting, these emulsions cannot be re-
commended as being of any practical value.
53. Castration of camels.—I saw the 167 camels that had been castrated
in the 56th Silladar Camel Corps. The operation appears to have been well
done ; only one or two deaths had occurred and 3 or 4 cases of Scirrhous Cord
were noticed. Camels from four years old upward had been operated on.
15
54 The majority of the camels castrated between four and six years
old were wanting in bone, were badly developed and resembled the dachi; these
weldings compared very unfavourably with the ungelded camels, and were un¬
Ekely to develop into animals capable of doing hard work.
55. On the other hand, the majority of the camels castrated at seven
years and upwards were a very even lot, in good condition and had good
muscles and looked fitter than the ungelded camels. The geldings and ungeld-
ed had been worked under the same conditions.
56. Conclusions.—(1) It is a mistake to castrate too young.
(2) I can see no reason why the camel which is castrated at the right
age should not be capable of doing as hard work as the ungelded : this, however,
can only be determined by submitting a number of geldings and camels to a
test, which should extend over a considerable period, as although the geldings
were in much better condition than the ungelded, it is quite possible that they
may " break up " more quickly than the ungelded.
At Dera Ismail Khan where there are a few geldings I understand the
geldings work very satisfactorily and keep their condition.
(3) If camels were castrated, the trouble and accidents caused by
" must" camels would be avoided.
57. Jhooling.—Investigations into this disease are being carried out, but
are not yet completed.
58. Wail.—Investigations into this disease are being carried out, but
are not yet completed,
59. The action of purgatives on the camel.—As far as I can ascertain
no experiments have ever been carried out regarding the action of purgatives
on the camel, and nothing is known regarding the doses of various purgatives
that are tolerated. The following experiments were carried out, the purgatives
tested being—
1. Kamala.
2. Linseed oil.
3. Croton oil.
4. Aloes.
5. Magnesium sulphate.
6. Gamboge.
7. Hypodermic injections of eserine and pilocarpine.
60. Kamala.—Camel No. 1, 1 lb. of Kamala in linseed tea given as a
drench:—
14 hours
17½
40
64
88
after drench given,
ditto,
ditto,
ditto,
ditto,
diarrhoea, feeding well.
vomitting, off feed.
diarrhoea very watery and frequent, off feed.
fæces like cow dung, feeding a little.
fasces like normal pellets, feeding well.
Camel No. 2, 8 oz. of Kamala in linseed tea given as a drench :—
13½ hours
14½
25
38
42
62
after drench given,
ditto,
ditto,
ditto,
ditto,
ditto,
fæces like cow dung, feeding well.
watery diarrhœa not very frequent, feeding well.
fæces like cow dung, feeding well.
ditto
ditto.
fæces soft pellets, feeding well.
fæces normal pellets, feeding well.
Camel No. 3, 4 oz. of Kamala in linseed tea given as a drench:—
13½ hours
27½
61½
after drench given,
ditto,
ditto,
fæces normal, fed well.
ditto.
ditto.
16
Result.—The dose of Kamala to be given to a camel to produce purga-
tion is 8 oz. With this dose the camel is not nauseated.
61. Linseed oil.—Camel No. 4, 4 pints given as a drench:—
13¾ hours
28
52
76
100
124
after drench given,
ditto,
ditto,
ditto,
ditto,
ditto,
diarrhoea, off feed.
diarrhoea very watery and frequent, off feed.
ditto
ditto,
feeding a little,
fæces like cow dung, feeding a little.
fæces very soft pellets, feeding fairly.
fæces normal pellets, feeding well.
Camel No. 5, 3 pints given as a drench :—
13½ hours
28
52
76
after drench given,
ditto
ditto.
ditto.
fæces normal, fed well.
ditto.
ditto.
ditto.
Camel No. 6, 2 pints given as a drench:—
13½ hours
37½
61½
after drench
ditto,
ditto,
given, fæces normal, fed well-
ditto.
ditto.
Result.—Pour pints must be given to produce purgation,
62. Croton oil.—Camel No. 7, 2 drachms in linseed tea given as a
drench :—
17 hours
41
65
after drench given,
ditto.
ditto.
fæces normal, fed well.
fæces only very slightly softer pellets than normal,.
fed well.
fæcesnormal pellets, fed well.
Camel No. 8, 3 drachms in linseed tea given as a drench :—
17 hours
41
65
after drench given,
ditto,
ditto,
fæces normal pellets, fed well.
fæces pellets slightly softer than normal, fed well,
fæces normal pellets, fed well
Camel No. 9, 3 ½ drachms in linseed tea given as a drench :—
14 hours
22
46
51
75
99
after drench given,
ditto,
ditto,
ditto,
ditto,
ditto,
diarrhœa, fed well.
diarrhœa very watery and frequent, fed fairly,
diarrhœa watery, fed well.
fæces like cow dung, fed well.
ditto
ditto.
fæces normal pellets, fed well.
Camel No. 10, 4 drachms in
linseed tea given
as a drench :—
14 hours
30
54
78
102
after drench given,
ditto,
ditto,
ditto,
ditto,
diarrhœa very watery
and frequent, off feed.
ditto
ditto
fed fairly.
fæces like cow dung,
fed fairly.
ditto
ditto.
fæces normal pellets,
fed well.
Result.—The dose necessary to produce purgation is 3½ drachms.
63. Camel No. 11, 2 oz. of aloes dissolved in water given as a drench:—
24 hours
48
after drench given,
ditto,
fasces normal pellets,
ditto,
fed well
ditto.
Camel No. 12, 3 oz. of aloes dissolved in water given as a drench.
13½ hours
27
37½
61½
after drench given,
ditto,.
ditto,
ditto,
fæces normal, fed well.
fæces soft pellets, fed well.
diarrhœa, but not watery, fed well.
fæces normal pellets, fed well.
17
Camel No. 13, 3 ½oz. of alœs dissolved in water given as a drench:—
17 hours
19½
48
50
72
94
after drench given, faeces normal, fed well.
ditto,
ditto,
ditto,
ditto,
ditto,
diarrhœa watery and frequent, fed fairly.
diarrhœa watery, fed well.
fæces like cow dung, fed well.
ditto
ditto.
fæces normal pellets, fed well.
Camel No. 14, 4 oz. of alœs dissolved in water given as a drench:—
17 hours
41
65
89
113
137
after drench given,
ditto,
ditto,
ditto,
ditto,
ditto,
fæces normal, fed well.
diarrhœa very watery and frequent, fed well.
diarrhœa watery, fed fairly.
fæces like cow dung, fed well.
fæces soft pellets, fed well.
fæces normal pellets, fed well.
Camel No. 15, 6 oz. of alœs dissolved in water given as a drench :—
17 hours
32
41
65
89
113
after drench given,
ditto,
ditto,
ditto,
ditto,
ditto,
fæces normal, fed well.
diarrhœa very watery and frequent, off feed.
diarrhœa watery and frequent, fed fairly.
fæces like cow dung, fed well.
ditto
ditto.
fæces normal pellets, fed well.
Result.—To produce purgation 3 ½ oz. dissolved in water should be
given.
64. Magnesium Sulphate (Epsom Salts).—Camel No. 16, 2 lbs. of
Magnesium Sulphate dissolved in water and given as a drench :—
14 hours after drench given, diarrhœa not very watery nor very frequent, fed
fairly.
38
62
ditto,
ditto,
fæces like cow dung, fed well.
fæces normal pellets, fed well.
Camel No. 17,1 1/2 lbs. of Magnesium Sulphate dissolved in water and
given as a drench ;—
14 hours after drench given, fæces like cow dung, fed well,
17
41
ditto,
ditto,
slight diarrhœa, fed well.
fæces normal pellets, fed well.
Camel No. 18,1 lb. of Magnesium Sulphate dissolved in water and
given as a drench :—
14 hours
27
38
62
after drench gives,
ditto,
ditto,
ditto,
fæces normal pellets, fed well,
fæces like cow dung, fed well.
fæces soft pellets, fed well.
fæces normal pellets, fed well;
Result.—The dose to produce purgation 1 ½ to 2 lbs.
65. Gamboge.—Camel No. 19, 2 ½ oz. of powdered Gamboge in water
given as a drench :—
22 hours
50
70
after drench given,
ditto,
ditto,
fæces like cow dung, fed well,
fæces soft pellets, fed well.
fæces normal pellets, fed well.
Camel No. 20, 3 oz, of powdered Gamboge in water given as a drench :—
13½ hours
19
37½
49½
61½
after drench given,
ditto,
ditto,
ditto,
ditto,
fæces normal, fed well.
fæces like cow dung, fed fell.
watery diarrhœa, fed well.
fæces soft pellets, fed well.
fæces normal pellets, fed well,
18
Result—To produce purgation 3 oz. should be given.
66. Eserine and Pilocarpine.—Camel No. 21, 2 grains of Eserine and
2 grains of Pilocarpine dissolved in 80 minims of water injected subcutane-
ously:—
13 minutes after injection passed normal fæces.
35
ditto
salivation occurred.
1 hour 25 minutes after injection, passed soft pellets.
1 „
1 „
1 „
2 hours
5 „
8 „
31
„
34
„
54
„
19 „
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
passed fasces like cow dung.
severe straining.
diarrhoea.
watery diarrhoea.
after injection fed fairly and drank water, salivation and straining had
ceased, but diarrhoea still continued.
ditto
fed gram and bhoosa.
The injection was made at 1.0 A.M., and the following day at 7 A.M.
the fæces were normal pellets, and the camel fed well. In 3 hours and 19
minutes 29 lbs. of fæces were passed (the Watery diarrhoea was not collected).
Camel No. 22, 4 grains of Eserine and 4 grains of Pilocarpine in 200
minims of water injected subcutaneously:—
15 minutes after injection
16
18
20
21
24
30
51
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
camel very uneasy, urinated in small quantities.
shivering, straining and salivation.
passed normal fæces.
tears from eyes, perspiration, and rapid breathing.
very uneasy, great difficulty in sitting down.
lay down, very rapid breathing and much salivation.
passed soft pellets.
passed a large quantity of urine.
1 hour 47 minutes after injection passed fæces like cow dung.
2 hours after injection diarrhoea.
4½
5
8
20
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
very watery diarrhoea.
straining and salivation had ceased, but the camel was
very weak, when attempts were made to get him to
walk he fell down.!
was off feed, water was given as a drench.
fed well.
The injection was. made at 11 A.M., and at 7 A.M. the following morning
the camel passed faeces like cow dung and 12 P.M. the same day passed normal
faeces. In 2½ hours passed 31 lbs. of faeces. (The watery diarrhoea was not
collected).
67. Summary.—To produce purgation in the camel the following doses
require to be given.—
8 oz. Kamala.
4 pints Linseed Oil.
3½ drachms of Croton Oil.
3½ oz. Aloes solution.
1½ to 2 lbs. Magnesium Sulphate.
3 oz. Gamboge.
2 grains of Eserine and 2 grains of Pilocarpine given subcutaneously.
Of the purgatives tried the best purgative for the camel is Magnesium
Sulphate, the others come in the order named—Kamala, Croton Oil, Aloes,
Gamboge, Linseed Oil. Eserine and Pilocarpine gives very satisfactory results,
in doses of 2 grains Eserine and 2 grains Pilocarpine subcutaneously.
68. Biting flies.—Rakhs and roads were examined for biting flies.
The earliest date on which Tabanidæ were found was the 18th March
near the road in Rakh Nili, Jhelum District. The latest date on. which
21
76. Veterinary Assistant Kahan Singh has worked extremely well
during the year, and the office work has been satisfactorily carried out by
Babu Sham Shanker.
Statement of expenditure incurred by the office of the Camel Specialist
during the official year 1914-15.
Sub-heads of the budget grant..
Salaries of officers
...
...
Pay of establishment
......
...
...
Travelling allowance of
officers...
...
...
Travelling allowance of establishment... ... ...
Supplies, etc. (chemical and
apiraratus)...
...
...
C o n t i n g e n c i e s . . . .
...
...
Purchase and stable feed and keep of animals
Amount
Rs.
10,221
2,744
3,004
1,294
1,940
3,920
4,796
27,923
A.
14
12
0
13
10
5
9
3
P.
9
5
0
9
11
10
5
1
H. E. CROSS, I.C.V.D., M.R.C.V.S., D.V.H., A.Sc,
Camel Specialist..
ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
For the year 1915-16
Lahore :
PRINTED BY THE
SUPRITENDENT
GOVERNMENT
PRINTING
PUNJAB
1916.
Price : Re. 0-3-0 or bd.
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE CAMEL
SPECIALIST FOR THE YEAR
1915-16.
Revised list of Agents Top the Sale of Punjab Government Publications.
IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.
CONSTABLE & Co., 10, Orange Street,
Leicester Square, London, W. C.
KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER & Co.,
Limited, 68-74, Carter Lane, E. C.,
and 25, Museum Street, London,
W. C.
BERNARD QUARITCH, 11, Grafton Street,
New Bond Street, London, W.
T. FISHER UNWIN, Limited, No, 1,
Adelphi Terrace, London, W. C.
P. S. KING & SON, 2 & 4, Great
Smith Street, Westminster, London,
S. W.
H. S. KING & Co., 65, Cornhill, and 9,
Pall Mall, London.
GRINDLAY & Co., 54, Parliament Street,
London, S. W.
W. THACKER & Co., 2, Creed Lane,
London, E. C.
LUZAC & Co., 46, Great Russell Street,
London, W. C.
B. H. BLACKWELL, 50 and 51, Broad
Street, Oxford.
DEIGHTON BELL & Co., Limited, Cam-
bridge.
OLIVER & BOYD, Tweeddale Court,
Edinburgh.
E. PONSONBY, Limited, 116, Grafton
Street, Dublin.
ON THE CONTINENT.
RNEST LEROUX 28, Rne Bonaparte,
Paris, France.
MARTINUS NIJROFR, The Hague, Hol-
land.
IN INDIA.
A. CHAND & Co., Imperial Book Depôt
Office, Delhi.
GULAB SINGH & SONS, Mufid-i-'Am
Press, Lahore,
MANAGER, Punjab Law Book Depôt,
Anarkali Bazar, Lahore.
S. MUMTAZ ALI & SON, Rafah-i-'Am
Press, Lahore (for vernacular publi-
cations only).
RAMA KRISHNA & SONS, Book-Sellers
and News Agents, Anarkali Street,
Lahore.
N. B. MATHUR, Superintendent and
Proprietor, Nazir Kanun Hind Press,
Allahabad.
D. B. TARAPOREVALA, SONS & Co.,
Bombay.
THACKER SPINK & Co., Calcutta and
Simla.
NEWMAN & Co., Calcutta.
R. CAMBRAY & Co., Calcutta.
THACKER & Co., Bombay.
HIGGINBOTHAMS, Limited, Madras.
T. FISHER UNWIN, Calcutta.
V. KALYANARAM: IYER & Co., 189,
Esplanade How, Madras.
G. A. NATESAN & Co., Madras.
SUPERINTENDENT, AMERICAN BAPTIS
MISSION PRESS, RANGOON.
ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
CAMEL SPECIALIST
For the year 1915-16.
Lahore :
PRINTED BY THE SUPRINTENDENT GOVERNMENT PRINTING, PUNJA
1916.
No. 560 (Rev. & Agri.—Genl.).
FROM
THE HON'BLE MR. H. D. CRAIK, I.C.S.,
Revenue Secretary to Government,
Punjab and its Dependencies,
To
THE DIRECTOR OF AGRICULTURE AND INDUS-
TRIES, PUNJAB.
Dated Lahore, 12th September 1916.
Revenue and Agriculture.
General.
SIR,
I AM directed to acknowledge the receipt of the Annual Report of the
Camel Specialist for the year 1915-16, forwarded with your letter No. 2275,
dated the 21st July 1916.
I have, &c,
H. D. CRAIK,
Revenue Secretary to Government, Punjab.
18 DA—872-21-9-16—SGPP Lahore.
NO. 2275.
FROM
THE HON'BLE MR. C. A. H. TOWNSEND, I.C.S.,
Director of Agriculture and Industries, Punjab.
To
THE REVENUE SECRETARY TO GOVERNMENT, PUNJAB.
Dated Lahore, the 21sl July 1916.
SIR,
I HAVE the honour to forward herewith the Annual Report of the
Camel Specialist. As usual it contains an interesting record of much excellent
work.
2. I am bringing to the notice of Deputy Commissioners the suggestion
made at the close of paragraph 70 of the Report.
I have the honour to be,
SIR,
Your most obedient servant,
C. A. H. TOWNSEND,
Director of Agriculture and Industries, Punjab.
ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
CAMEL SPECIALIST
For the year 1915-16.
I held charge of the office of the Camel Specialist throughout the year.
2. I travelled 5,704 miles by rail and 2,445 miles by road.
3. A large number of experiments were carried out on the treatment
of surra by various substances.
4. Observations regarding the course that surra runs in the camel were
continued, and the course that camel surra runs in other animals was investi-
gated.
5. Further experiments with anti-fly emulsions were carried out.
6. Experiments to determine the susceptibility of camels to rinder-
pest, hæmorrhagic septicæmia and black quarter were carried out.
7. Investiga ions were carried out in connection with the diseases " sore¬
throat, jhooling, wal."
8. Camels of Silladar Camel Corps were inspected, camel fairs visited,
collection of biting flies made, rakhs inspected and villages visited, etc.
9. Outbreaks of disease amongst Military camels were investigated at
the request of the Military authorities.
10. Inquiries were made in various districts regarding diseases amongst
camels and advice given to the owners.
11. Two hundred and fifty-eight animals belonging to private owners
were treated for different diseases.
12. Nine hundred and seventy-eight specimens were sent to this office
for examination, and the result of the examination reported to those concerned.
13. Nine hundred and twelve rupees were realised for the treatment of
surra camels of various Corps.
3
15 Mortality in the Camel Corps and Local Transport calculated from
the mortality returns on employed and unemployed pay:—
Corps.
Silladar Corps:—
50th
51st
52nd
53rd
54th
55th
56th
57th
Local Transport —
Dera Ismail Khan
Bannu
Kurram Valley Militia ...
Grantee Corps—
59th
60th
61st
62nd
Average
strength.
1,031
998
840
516
836
917
555
1,006
339
101
4
974,
1,014
992
883
Deaths on
employed
pay.
152
154
47
104
841
28
46
379
125
80
...
...
...
...
40
Deaths on
unemployed
10
33
70
6
37
19
14
28
...
...
...
108
55
93
81
Total.
162
167
117
110
878
47
60
407
125
30
...
108
55
93
121
Percentage.
15.7
18.7
13.9
21.3
105.0
5.1
10.8
40.4
36.8
29.7
...
11.0
5.4
9.3
13.7
Corps.
Silladar Camel Corps
Grantee Camel Corps
Local Transport
Dera Ismail Khan ...
Bannu ...
Kurram Valley Militia
Percentage.
29.3
9.7
36.8
29.7
...
17. Percentage of losses by deaths and castings for the year 1915-16 —
Corps.
Silladar Camel Corps
Grantee Camel Corps
Local Transport
Dera Ismail Khan ...
Bannu
Kurram Valley Militia
Percentage.
33.8
9.7
37.1
29.7
18. Statement showing the total losses of camels in the Silladar Camel
Corps, Local Transport and Grantee Camel Corps from deaths and castings
during the year 1915-16 :—
Corps.
Silladar Camel Corps.
50th
51st
...
52nd
53rd
54th
55th
56th
67th
Local Transport.
Dora lsmail Khan
Rannu
Kurram Valley.
Grantee Corps.
59th
60th
6lst.
62nd
Average
strength.
1,031
998
840
516
836
917
555
1,006
339
101
4
974
1,014
902
883
Cast.
12
77
33
28
14
68
9
58
1
...
...
...
...
...
...
Died.
162
187
117
110
878
47
60
407
125
30
...
108
55
93
121
Total.
174
264
150
138
892
115
69
465
126
30
...
108
55
93
121
Percentage.
16.8
26.4
17.8
26.7
106.7
12.5
12.4
46.2
37.1
29.7
...
11.0
5.4
9.3
137
4
19. Total losses from deaths and castings amongst the eight Silladar
Camel Corps, 4 Grantee Camel Corps and the Local Transport, Dera Ismail
Khan, Bannu and Kurram Valley Militia = 2,800 = 25.4 per cent., whereas
the total losses from deaths alone = 2,500 = 22.7 per cent.
20. Percentage of losses by deaths in all Silladar Camel Corps : —
Year ending
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
31st
March
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
1909
...
... ...
1910
...
...
...
1911
...
...
...
1912
...
...
...
1913
... ... ...
1914
... ... ...
1915 ... ... ...
1916
... ... ...
Percentage.
233
18.6
13.3
10.7
8.7
9.7
10.6
39.3
21. Number of cases of surra diagnosed from 1st April 1915 to the 31st
March 1916 in the Silladar Camel Corps, Grantee Camel Corps and Local
Transport :—
Corps.
50th
51st
52nd
58rd
54th
55th
56th
57th
59th
60th
61st
62nd
Dera Ismail Khan
Bannu
Kurram Valley Militia ...
Average
strength.
1,031
998
840
516
836
917
555
1,006
974
1,014
992
883
339
101
4
Number of
surra cases
diagnosed.
107
101
6
19
792
9
8
339
7
...
15
7
158
25
...
Percentage.
10.3
10.1
0.7
3.6
94.7
09
1.4
33.6
07
...
1.5
0.8
46.6
24.7
...
22. The number of cases of surra diagnosed does not in all cases agree
with number of deaths due to surra. The difference is due to the fact that,
though the disease was diagnosed before the 31st March, the camel was not des-
troyed till after the 31st.
23. Total number of surra cases diagnosed during the year 1915-16
= 1,593.
REMARKS ON MORTALITY.
24. Too much reliance cannot be placed on these mortality returns,
they are compiled from the statements of the camelmen, and it is only very
seldom that the Veterinary Assistants of the Corps have any opportunity of veri-
fying the cause of death or making post-mortems. The large increase of surra
is due to Camel Corps being sent to districts where biting flies are prevalent.
When camels, amongst which cases of surra exist, are sent to districts where
biting flies are prevalent, surra is bound to spread. Deaths attributed to brain
disease, stomach staggers, debility, kapauli (pus in sinuses) are all probably
due to surra. Dysentery and enteritis are probably due to the irritant medi-
cines given by the camelmen to their camels or to anthrax.
25. I have been unable to obtain evidence to substantiate the statement
made by many people, that the camel is a delicate animal ; on the contrary, in