NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
Hospital ventilation very good. No overcrowding.
Hospital
ventilation.
NAGPORE FORCE. 95
Diet.—Food-grain has been dear and vegetables scarce. Most of the men have families,
and notwithstanding the compensation they receive, the scarcity of grain necessitates a
diminution in the general consumption of food detrimental to the stamina of the men.
Epidemic.—Cholera prevails epidemically in the city of Hyderabad and Secunderabad
cantonment. Five of the Sappers and Miners were attacked; two died. Ague as usual takes the
lead in the number of admissions. The families suffered from it as well.
Diet.
Epidemic.
Hospital drainage.—The dry-earth system is now efficiently carried out and the latrines
are in a satisfactory condition.
Hospital
drainage.
NAGPORE FORCE.
Average strength
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
...
3,040
Do.
do.
present
... ... ... ...
...
2,907
Total admissions
... ... ... ... ... ...
2,707
Daily sick
...
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
79
Deaths in hospital
...
...
...
... ... ... ...
31
Do. out of do.
... ... ... ... ...
... ...
...
6
Pensioned
...
...
...
...
... ... ...
158
Sick leave
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
43
The following return shows the rates of sickness, deaths, and invaliding, as
contrasted with previous years:—
Years.
Rate per Cent. of
Average Strength Present.
Average Strength.
Admissions. Daily Sick. All Deaths. Pensioned. Sick Leave.
1873
...
104.93
2.90
1.33
2.59
1.46
1874
...
84.63
2.47
.84
2.96
.87
1875
...
82.46
2.53
.74
4.07
1.04
Average
...
90.67
2.63
.97
3.20
1.12
1876
...
93.12
2.71
1.21
5.19
1.41
The following corps were serving in this division on the 31st December 1876 :
—
2nd Regiment Light Cavalry.
35th
do.
Native Infantry
8th
do.
do.
22nd
do.
do.
31st
do.
Light Infantry.
Dèputy Surgeon-General J. R. Theobalds was in administrative charge of this
division during the year and reports as follows :—
Native lines. —As a rule I have found the huts in all the native lines too small,
overcrowded, with very little ventilation, and though Commanding and Medical Officers are
ever watchful to keep native lines in as good state of sanitation as the limited means placed at
their disposal will allow, yet, until more coin is granted for conservancy, and some uniform
inexpensive plan for the sepoys’ private latrines is ordered to be carried out, I fear much
improvement cannot be expected in the general sanitation of native lines.
The drainage of the 35th lines is indifferent, and the free circulation of air in these
overcrowded lines is very much interfered with by (125) small huts that have been built up in
front of the dwelling huts in 125 compounds.
The roofs of the huts in the lines of the 8th Regiment Native Infantry at Seetabuldee are
very low and doors very small ; drainage of these lines very indifferent ; with the view to
improve the sanitary condition of the present lines, until the building of new lines on higher
ground, as recommended by Deputy Surgeon-General W. Williamson last year, is carried out,
Native lines.
96
MEDICAL AND SANITARY REPORT OF THE NATIVE ARMY OF MADRAS.
I have recommended the drains on each side of the streets and the alleys between the backs
of two rows of huts to be made deeper, and carry off this drainage water into the main drains
that lead out of the lines.
Hospitals. —All the hospitals that I have seen in the circle are all very good and well
ventilated, with the exception of Cavalry Regimental Hospital at Kamptee, which requires
ventilators in the roof.
Latrines.—In all the native lines that I have inspected, only the ordure is taken out of the
private latrines by the sweepers, and no provision is made to carry the urine and latrine washing-
water out of the lines. I have recommended to the officer commanding the regiments an
inexpensive private latrine, the same pattern as I found worked so well in the 16th Regiment
M.N.I. at Jubbulpore.
I found no public line-latrines at Sumbulpur and Raipur, but I hope ere long my
recommendations for inexpensive public line-latrines to be put up in these lines and worked
on the dry-earth system will be passed.
Bath-rooms.–All very clean, well supplied with water, and very good arrangements to
carry off the soiled water.
Water-supply.–A t a l l t h e s t a t i o n s I b e l i e v e t h e r e i s a n a b u n d a n t s u p p l y o f g o o d w a t e r
except Raipur, and at this station the wells in the lines run dry in the hot weather, when the
supply is chiefly drawn from the tanks near.
Diseases.— The following table shows the classes, &c., by which the admissions and
deaths of the past year were caused, as well as those of the two previous years. The Europeans
are included.
1 8 7 6 .
years
1875.
1874.
Strength ...
...
...
...
2,961.
2,890.
2,886.
Admitted. Died. Admitted. Died. Admitted. Died.
CLASS I.—General Diseases.
Sub.divisions A
...
1,445
11
1,182
3
1,362
7
159
6
209
5
163
3
Total
1,604
17
1,391
8
1,525
10
CLASS II —Local Diseases:
1. Disease of the nervous system ...
...
...
29
3
27
2
20
1
2.
Do.
167
...
193
149
3.
Do.
6
...
5
...
15
4.
Do.
5.
Do.
circulatory system ...
...
,..
2
1
8
2
6
2
6.
Do.
absorbent do. ...
...
...
1
...
2
1
7.
Do.
ductless glands ...
...
...
...
...
8.
Do.
respiratory system
54
6
45
2
53
2
9.
Do.
digestive
do. ...
...
...
282
3
178
2
191
4
10.
Do.
urinary
1
...
2 5
...
23
1
11.
Do.
generative do. ...
...
1
...
10
...
1 1
12.
Do.
organs of locomotion
1
...
19
...
19
13.
Do.
cellular tissue
...
5
...
54
...
25
14.
Do.
cutaneous system
251
21
...
209
...
Total ...
882
13
776
8
732
10
CLASS III.—Conditions, &c.
General debility
...
..,
94
1
101
...
73
1
CLASS IV.—Poisons
...
„.
...
...
4
7
CLASS V.—Injuries.
Accidental
...
...
...
...
...
...
218
183
172
CLASS VI.—Surgical Operations.
Not yet diagnosed
.
3
...
3
1
6
Total
2,804
31
2,458
17
2,515
21
Hospitals.
Latrines.
Bath-rooms.
Diseases.
N AG PORE FORCE.
97
The following table exhibits the number of admissions from ague and the total number in
each station without reference to regiments for 1875-76:—
1876.
1875.
1874.
Admissions. Agnes. Admissions. Agnes. Admissions. Agues.
Kamptee ... ... ...
...
654
288
493
116
636
208
Raipur ... ... ... ... ...
437
176
569
332
599
336
Hoshungabad ...
... ... ...
475
261
419
237
381
231
Sitabuldi
...
... ... ...
785
439
686
212
556
' 187
Chanda ...
...
... .
...
105
52
66
31
64
36
Sironcha ... ...
... ... ...
257
104
250
98
203
102
Total ...
2,713
1,320
2,383
1,026
2,439
1,103
The following table shows the number of casualties in each regiment and the diseases by
which they occurred:—
Corps, &c.
p n e u m o n i a .
c h o l e r a
p e r i t o n i t i s . E p i l e p s y .
E m p h y s e m a o f t h e L e f t L u n g .
R e m i t t e n t F e v e r D i a r r h o e a .
S u n s t r o k e . C h r o n i c c B r o n c h i t i s P e r i c a r d i t i s .
P h t t h i s i s P u l m o n a l i s .
D i a b e t e s . . B e r i - b e r i .
A g u e
A n a e m i a .
G e n e r a l D E b i l i t y .
G e n e r a l D r o p s y B r o n c h i t i s .
H æ m o r r h o i d s . T o t a .
2nd Regiment L.C.
.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ...
... ...
...
do.
3 1 s t
N . I .
... 3 3 1 1 1 .,. ...
... ... ... ... ...
...
... ... 9
31st do. L.I.
1
...
8th do. N.I.
... ... ... ... ... ...
22nd * do.
„
.. ... 5
.
3 ... 1 ... ... ... ... 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 19
Details, Kamptee ... ... ...
... ...
... ...
..
......
Total ... 4 8 2 1 1 4 1
I
2 1 1 11 1
I
4 1 1 11 1
1 37
End Regiment Light Cabalry.
STATION—KAMPTEE.
Arrived from Bellary, 12th February 1873.
Average strength ...
...
...
...
...
...
... 217
Do.
do.
present ...
...
...
.
... 209
Admissions ...
...
. . .
. .
...
...
...
...
...
... 169
Daily sick ...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
. ..
6
Deaths in hospital ...
...
...
...
...
...
..
Do. out of do. ...
...
...
...
...
...
...
... ..
Pensioned
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
... 16
Sick leave ...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
4
The following return shows the rates of sickness, deaths, and invaliding, as
contrasted with previous years:—
Years.
Stations.
R a t e p e r C e n t . o f
Average Strength Present.
Average Strength.
Admissions. Daily Sick. All Deaths. Pensioned. Sick Leave.
1873...
... Kamptee
...
...
142·25
4·60
1·36
3'74
2'04
64·95
2.80
1·24
'82
1·24
Do.
...
...
1874...
...
57·21
2'48
·48
13-94
·48
1875...
...
Do.
...
...
Average ...
88.13
3·29
1·02
6.16
1·25
1876
... Kamptee
...
80'86
2·87
...
7.37,
1·84
25
Sanitary
condition of
guard-room,
&c.
Water-supply.
Conservancy.
Hospital.
NAGPORE FORCE.
99
is in front, the private latrine and bathing enclosure are placed at the side between the two
huts; in this way the urine, washing and bathing water from front and back rows of huts
pass into the alleys between and soak into the earth.
The ventilation of the huts is very imperfect, only through the entrance door, the
interstices of the tiles of the roof, and where the rafters of the roof rest on the mud walls. I
found the lines clean, well-looked after, and the drainage very good.
Sanitary condition of guard-room, & c.—The guard-rooms and cells are all in good order
and sufficiently ventilated, with the exception of the gram-soaking shed and guard-room
attached; the former requires a ridge roof ventilator and open honey-comb brick-work at the
top of the eastern side.
Water-supply.—The supply of drinking-water is abundant and good.
Conservancy.—The conservancy of the neighbourhood of lines and station good.
Hospital. —The ventilation is entirely dependent on the twelve doors that open into the
enclosed verandahs on each side; every other door is half glazed. The hospital is well drained.
3 5 t h R e g i m e n t N a t i v e I n f a n t r y .
STATION—KAMPTEE.
Arrived from Madras, 14th January 1872.
Average strength ...
,..
...
.
...
...
...
...
... 687
D o .
do.
present
...
...
...
...
...
... 667
Admissions ...
...
...
...
...
..,
... 364
Daily sick
...
••
...
...
...
...
10
Deaths in hospital ...
...
...
...
..
...
...
8
Do. ont of do.
...
...
...
...
,.
...
1
Pensioned
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.•..
...
...
45
Sick leave...
•••
...
..,
•
...
...
. . . 1 3
The following return shows the rates of sickness, deaths, and invaliding, as
contrasted with previous years:—
Years.
Stations.
Rate per Cent. of
Average Strength Present.
Average Strength.
Admissions. Daily Sick. All Deaths. Pensioned. Sick Leave.
1873 ...
... Kamptee
...
...
106·81
3·47
1·88
1·88
1·88
1874 ...
...
Do. ...
...
...
53·09
2·11
·44
2·80
1·03
1875 ...
...
Do. ...
...
...
36·36
1·66
·72
4·46
1·29
Average ...
25.42
2·41
1.01
3·04
1·40
1876 ...
... Kamptee
..
54·57
1·40
1.31
6·55
1·89
The following officers were in medical charge of this corps during the year,
Surgeon W. E. Johnson,
Surgeon R. E. Ross,
the latter of whom reports as follows:—
Climate of the station.— The heat during the hot season was rather intense, and the rainfall
about 10 inches less than last year.
Ventilation and drainage of the men's huts, &c.—The space between each row of huts is too
limited to permit sufficient access of air. The drainage of the lines is very bad, as the roads
intersecting them are sunk too low. There is no possibility of making any improvement.
Water-supply.—The water-supply has been sufficient. It is procured from the Kanhan.
river and from wells in the lines. These latter are liable to contamination from soakage, but
limate of
the station.
Ventilation
and drainage
of the men's
huts, &c.
Water-supply.
3 1 s t R e g i m e n t I
n f a n t r y .
STATION—RAEPORE.
Arrived from Berhampore, 1st March 1873.
Average strength
. . .
...
. . .
...
...
...
..
697
Do.
do. present ...
...
...
...
...
...
...
670
Admissions
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
437
Daily sick
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
14
Deaths in hospital
...
...
...
...
...
2
Do. out of do.
...
...
. . .
...
...
...
...
2
Pensioned
...
...
...
...
...
....
...
13
Sick leave
...
...
...
...
...
...
5
The following return shows the rates of sickness, deaths, and invaliding, as
contrasted with previous years:—
Years.
Stations.
Rate per Cent. of
Average Strength Present.
Average Strength.
Admissions. Daily Sick. All Deaths.
Pensioned. Sick Leave.
1873
Raepore
...
...
70.27
1 . 8 7
1.42
3.98
. 4 2
1874
. . . ...
Do.
. . .
...
90.48
2.11
1.31
4.87
. 4 4
1875
. . . ...
Do.
...
...
82 .58
2.03
.57
2.44
. 8 6
Average ...
81.04
2.00
1.10
3.76
. 5 7
1876 ... ... Raepore
...
...
65.22
2.08
. 5 7
1.86
. 7 1
Sanitary
condition of
lines.
Hospital l
ventilation.
Drainage of
hospital.
Water-supply.
General
conclusions.
Sanitary
condition of
guard-room,
&c.
Water-supply.
hospital,
106
MEDICAL AND SANITARY REPORT OF THE NATIVE ARMY OF MADRAS.
an illness of about 28 hours. He probably contracted the disease in the large bazaar where it
already existed, and had been introduced by travellers from Ramtigue, where a large fair was
being held. No other epidemic existed. There has been no overcrowding or defective
v e n t i -
lation. Latrines have been properly looked after.
Hospital ventilation.—The ventilation of the hospital has been good. No epresentations
have been found necessary; no overcrowding has occurred.
Drainage of hospital.—The drainage has been good and the latrines properly looked after.
The dry-earth system has been carried out efficiently.
Water-supply.—The water-supply has been abundant and of good quality.
General conclusions.—During the past year the health of the wing has been satisfactory.
The total number admitted amounted to 115. Ague contributed 51 cases, beri-beri three, which
proved fatal. One case of cholera occurred and ended fatally. A fatal case of sunstroke also
occurred. The total number of deaths was seven.
Deputy Surgeon-General J. R. Theobalds inspected this wing on the 22nd
November 1876 and reports as under: —
Sanitary condition of lines.
—
The ventilation of huts is as usual only through the entrance
door, the interstices of the tiles of the roof, and where the poles of the roof rest on the mud walls.
I found the sepoys' lines very clean and the drummers' lines tolerably clean. The natural
drainage is very good, through open drains cut along both sides of each street, which convey
the water into a broad nullah that runs along the northen boundary of the lines, and this empties
itself beyond the cavalry lines into Bagdunah River.
Saitary condition of guard-room, &c .
—
The solitary cells, guard-room and defaulters' room
are in good order : the former is well ventilated, but the two latter are not.
Water-supply.—The supply of drinking water is good and abundant.
Hosp ital.—The ventilation is very good. The drinking and bathing water is brought by
a puckally from the lines.
Vaccination.
Epidemic.
Ventilation
of hospital.
Drainage of
hospital.
122
MEDICAL AND SANITARY REPORT OF THE NATIVE ARMY OF MADRAS.
Foot soreness.
Foot soreness.—During last year 231 men were excused from wearing boots for foot sore-
ness. Badly-fitting boots, which the men buy on account of their cheapness and which they
wear without socks, is the cause of so much sore-feet.
Vaccination. —The unprotected cases were all vaccinated before the wing came up to
Tonghoo. There has been no case of small-pox.
Epidermic.—No epidemic diseases among the men.
Ventilation of hospital.—Is well ventilated; there has been no overcrowding.
Drainage of hospital. —The drainage in its immediate vicinity is very good. To the
east of the hospital is an old fort ditch which is a swamp during the rains and for a considerable
time after. It cannot be drained except at a considerable outlay. It does not appear to
exercise any injurious effect on the health of the patients. The dry-earth system of conservancy
is carefully carried out in the hospital latrines.
Water-supply
Water-supply. —Water of good quality and sufficient in quantity.
General
conclusions.
General conclusions. —The Native Regiments on foreign service, as a rule, enjoy much
better health during the last year of their stay than during first two. During the year there
were 138 admissions against 240 of the year previous. Eighteen men were sent to the coast
on sick certificate ; 2 . for bronchitis, 3 for diarrhœa, 2 for dysentery, 2 dyspepsia, 2 anæmia,
1 r he uma t i s m, 1 ul c e r , 1 ge ne r a l de bi l i t y, 3 a ma ur os i s a nd 1 de me nt i a . The r e we r e no de a t hs
in hospital, but five men died out of hospital.
SAUGOR CIRCLE.
Average strength ...
...
...
...
...
...
. . .
...
... 3,043
Do.
do. present
..
...
. . .
. . .
...
...
... 2,865
Total admission
. . .
...
...
...
...
...
...
... 3,013
Daily sick ..
...
...
...
...
...
...
. . .
. . . ...
75
Deaths in hospital
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
26
Do. out of do.
...
...
. . . ...
...
. . . ...
...
12
Pensioned ...
...
...
. . .
...
...
...
...
...
...
73
Sick leave ...
...
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
21
The following return shows the rates of sickness, deaths, and invaliding, as
contrasted with previous years :—
Years.
Rate per Cent. of
Average Strength Present.
Average Strength.
Admissions.
Daily Sick. All Deaths. Pensioned. Sick Leave.
1873 ...
...
...
100.33
3.66
.64
2.35
1.61
1874 ...
...
...
117.57
3.51
.89
2.93
.96
1875 ...
...
...
101.30
3.02
1.18
3.31
1.18
Average ...
106.40
3.39
.90
2.86
1.25
1876 ...
...
. . .
105.16
2.61
1.24
2.39
.69
The following corps were serving in this division on the 31st December
1876 :—
3rd Regiment L. C.
5th
do. N. I.
11th
do.
do.
16th
do.
do.
20th
do. Head-quarters and Left Wing.
20th
do. Native Infantry Right Wing.
Sanitary
arrange-
ments.
Diet.
Hospital
ventilation.
Hospital
drainage.
Hospital
water-supply.
General
conclusions.
SAUGOR DIVISION.
127
16th Regiment Native Infantry.
STATION—JUBBULPORE.
Arrived from Bellary, Head-Quarters and Right Wing, 20th November 1873.
Left Wing, 10th December 1873.
Average strength
...
...
. . .
...
. . .
. . .
. . .
...
. . .
678
Do.
do. present
...
. . .
...
...
...
...
...
. . .
652
Admissions
...
...
. . .
. . .
...
...
...
...
...
... 380
Daily sick
. . .
. . .
. .
...
...
. . .
...
. . .
. .
...
13
Deaths in hospital...
. . .
. . .
...
. .
...
...
...
...
...
1
Do. out of do.
...
...
...
...
...
. .
. . .
...
. . .
. . .
Pensioned ...
...
...
...
...
..
...
...
. .
. . .
...
27
Sick leave ...
...
. . .
...
...
. .
. . .
...
. . .
...
. . .
...
The following return shows the rates of sickness, deaths, and invaliding, as
contrasted with previous years :—
Years.
Stations.
Rate per Cent. of
Average Strength Present.
Average Strength.
Admissions. Daily Sick. All Deaths. Pensioned. Sick Leave.
1873...
... Jubbulpore
...
. . .
43.08
1.74
.72
4.36
1 . 7 4
1874 ...
. . .
Do.
...
...
76.55
2.37
. 4 2
. 1 4 ...
1875 ...
...
Do.
...
...
91.43
2.64
. 4 4
5.81
...
Average ...
70.35
2.25
. 5 2
3.43
. 5 8
1876 ...
... Jubbulpore
...
...
58.28
1.99
. 1 4
3.98
...
The following officers were in medical charge of this corps during the year,
Surgeon-Major J. R. Theobalds,
Surgeon W. E. Johnson, M.D.,
the latter of whom reports as follows :—
Climate of the station.—The climate of the station was favorable to health throughout the
year. The rainfall was 56.63 inches against 51.68 inches in 1875.
Ventilation and drainage of the men' s huts, &c. —Huts admit of good ventilation; drainage
satisfactory.
Water-supply abundant, but the quality very bad.
Climate of
the station.
Ventilation
and drainage
of the men's
huts, &c..
Water-supply.
Sanitary arrangements have been well attended to.
Diet. —Provisions have been cheap and plentiful. The dieting of the men has been
sufficiently nutritive and varied for the most part, but where there are large families the
dieting is most deficient in kind and quantity.
Vaccination. —The total number of cases vaccinated in the regiment was 217.
Vaccination.
Epidemic.—Ague as usual takes the leading place in the number of admissions, but
mostly all were of a mild type. Modified small-pox prevailed during the first ten weeks of the
year and gave rise to 22 admissions among the sepoys. During the months of March, April and
May 13 cases of chicken-pox amongst the sepoys were admitted into camp. Only one sepoy was
attacked with cholera and he recovered.
Epidemic.
Hospital ventilation satisfactory ; no overcrowding.
Hospital drainage good, and the dry-earth system of conservancy is carried out.
Hospital water-supply abundant.
General conclusions. —The total amount of admissions in 1876 was 380 against 587 in 1875,
and 516 in 1874. Had small-pox and chicken-pox not made their appearance the figures for the
present year would have been still lower. I am inclined to attribute this improvement to three
128
MEDICAL AND SANITARY REPORT OF THE NATIVE ARMY OF MADRAS.
causes : first, the climate of the station during the year was favorable to health ; secondly,
the men having recovered from the debts incurred in bringing their families from Bellary, are
able to purchase better food and warmer clothing; and thirdly, they have, as it were, become
acclimatized.
2 0 t h R e g i m e n t A a t i b e I n f a n t r g .
HEAD-QUARTERS AND LEFT WING—STATION—BANDA.
Arrived from Seetabuldee on the 15th January 1874.
RIGHT WING—STATION—YOWGONG.
Arrived from Seetabuldee in January 1874.
Average strength
...
...
...
...
. . .
. . .
...
. . .
670
Do.
do. present
... ... ... ... ... ...
...
...
622
Admissions
...
...
... ...
...
...
...
...
... 1,060
Daily sick
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
29
Deaths in hospital ...
... ...
...
... ... ... ... ...
14
Do. out of do.
... ...
...
... ... ... ... ...
4
P ensioned
...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
26
Sick leave
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
...
...
6
The following return shows the rates of sickness, deaths, and invaliding, as
contrasted with previous years :—
Rate per Cent. of
Years.
Stations.
Average Strength Present.
Average Strength.
Admissions. Daily Sick. AIl Deaths. Pensioned. Sick Leave.
1873 ...
... Near Banda ...
...
214.58
9.93
.71
3.73
3.43
1874 ...
... Banda ...
...
...
221.90
6.02
1.15
3.12
.65
1875 ...
...
Banda ...
...
...
167.12
5.30
1.10
4.14
1.65
Average
...
201.20
7.08
.98
3.66
1.91
1876 ...
... Camp Delhi ...
...
170.73
4.66
2.68
38.8
.89
Diseases of
the district.
Position of
barracks.
ventilation
and drainage
of the men's
huts, &c.
Nuisance.
Surgeon J. Backhouse held medical charge of the head-quarters and left wing
of this corps during the year and reports as follows : —
Diseases of the distrct.— The chief disease of the district is ague-fever, which appears to
exist to a large extent all the year round. The deaths registered monthly from fever alone
amount to 600 and upwards although quinine is distributed to the villages.
Position of barracks.—The position is not healthy, site is quite level ; no natural drainage.
Soil is black cotton, retains moisture and of course gives it out again through the cracks, owing
to its spongy texture ; it assists with the climate in always causing fever. The construction of the
men's huts is the same as many other lines, cutcha mud walls leafed over. Roofing is tile.
There is one door, through which and the tile roofing ventilation is principally carried on ; they
are not favorable to the health of their inhabitants. It is the level tract of black cotton soil on
which they are situated that renders the Madras lines at Banda unhealthy.
Ventilation and drainage of the men's huts, &c.
—The ventilation has been as usual as during
past years. Drainage is of the cutcha, variety and does not work well, as a good deal of
soakage goes on into the soil ; fresh earth has to be put down at times to keep the drains level,
but such has only a temporary effect.
Nuisance.—The small drains from the bathing place and latrine in the court-yards of the
huts do not work well ; the ground gets worn away and the water stagnates and decomposes.