NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
9
The above table shows the distribution according to age of the aggregate
strength of the European Army of Bombay during the 10 years, 1872—1881. The
percentage to strength of each age being as follows :—
Ages.
Percentage to aggre-
gate strength
Under 20.
4.05
20 to 24.
35.95
25 to 29. .
3155.
30 to 34.
15.95
35 to 39.
10.25
40 and
upwards.
2.25
Total.
100.00
The number of deaths from the principal causes at each age period and the
ratio of deaths per 1,000 of strength of each age and the ratio of liability in
percentages are also given.
The total number of deaths and the percentage of deaths from each disease
to total deaths being as follows :—
Diseases.
Number of deaths in 10
years
Percentage of deaths from
each disease to total deaths.
Cholera.
160
9.82
Enteric Fevers.
246
15.09
Other Fevers.
109
6. .9
Apoplexy.
173
10.61
Delirium re-
mens.
14
0.86
Dysentery and Diarrhoea.
179
10.98
Hepatitis.
176
10.80
Phthisis
lumonalis.
97
5.95
Heart
Disease.
84
5.15
All other
Diseases.
392
24.05
All Diseases.
1,630
100
Not only does enteric fever cause more deaths than any other disease, but
no other disease is nearly as fatal.
As has been noticed by every observer, enteric fever in India chiefly attacks
young persons and is most fatal at young ages, 64.22 per cent. of these deaths
having occurred in young men under the age of 25.
This is in accordance with the experience of the disease in all parts of the
world.
Murchison says :—" Persons under 30 are more than four times as liable
to enteric fever as persons over thirty." He gives the following useful table
derived from 5,911 cases admitted into the London Fever Hospital showing the
percentage at each period of life :—
Years of Age.
Under 5 years
From
5 to 9
„
10 „ 14
„
15 „ 19
„
20,24
„
25 „ 29
„
30 „ 34
„
35 „ 39
„
40 „44
„
45 „ 49
„
50 „ 54
„
55 „ 59
„
60 „ 64
„
65 „69
„
70 „ 74
»
75 „ 79
Ages not specified
Per cent.
0.98
944
18..16
26.86
19.69
10.15
5.36
3.40
2.09
1.08
•60
•33
•33
•08
•00
•03
1.30
B 357—3
10
" From this table it appears that nearly one-half (46'55 per cent.) of the
cases were between 15 and 25 years of age and more than one-fourth (28.58 per
cent.) were under 15 ; less than one-seventh (13.3 per cent.) were above thirty
and only one in 71 exceeded 50."
This susceptibility on the part of the young is by some ascribed to the
physiological activity of the solitary and agminated glands during youth and
adolescence, and it is a point of great importance. No information is avail-
able in regard to age and length of service of cases admitted into hospital ; but
it will be noticed that whereas the ratio of cases in England between 15 and 25
years of age was 46.55 per cent., in the Bombay Army the ratio of deaths
at the same ages was 64.22 per cent :—
Table II., showing the number of deaths from enteric fever among the
European troops serving in the Bombay Presidency classified according to age
and length of Indian service, embraces a period of only nine years (1873—1881)
as there is no record of service in the year 1872, and it demonstrates most
forcibly that recent arrival in the country is the second great predisposing
cause of enteric fever.
Whether this is synonymous with arrival into an infected locality is
one of the points at issue. This experience is not confined to India,
but has been recognized in-France, England, and elsewhere. Murchison adduces
this fact as pointing to the dependence of enteric fever on some local cause to
which in older residents the system has become habituated by long exposure, and
considers that in this respect enteric fever resembles dysentery, ague and other
malarial fevers.
The table shows that out of 208 deaths from enteric fever during the nine
years, 147 men died before they had been two years in the country. In.the
third year the deaths among men under 24 are still numerous ; but the marked
decrease, as the period of age, length of residence, and of consequent acclimatiza-
tion increases, will at once arrest attention :—
TABLE II.
Ages.
Under 20
20 to 24
25 to 29
30 to 34
35 to 39
40 and upwards
Total ..
PERIOD OF INDIAN SERVICE.
1 year
and
under.
3
81
17
2
2
105
2
years.
3
25
12
...
2
42
3
years.
15
7
1
23
4
years.
7
S
3
18
5
years.
1
9
1
1
12
6
years.
3
3
7
years.
1
1
2
8
years.
...
9
years.
1
1
2
10
years.
1
1
Above
10 years.
...
...
Total.
6
129
58
10
5
208
No record of service in the year 1872.
Table III. shows the number of admissions and deaths from enteric fever
in each month of the 10 years ending 31st December 1881 among the European
troops serving in the Bombay Presidency, and it will be seen that ,it attains
intensity especially during two seasons of the year, the first of which embraces
the months of April and May, and the latter the months of August, September
(when the maximum for the year is reached), October and November.
The prevalence during the autumn accords with English, Continental and
American experience, and from it the disease in America is sometimes designated
autumnal fever.
Mount Abu.
Year.
Corps.
Period.
Actual Strength. Average Annual Strength.
Cholera. Enteric Fever. Simple Continued Fever Febricula. Intermittent Fever. Remittent Fever. All Fevers ex
RATIO PER 1,000 ON ANNUAL AVERAGE STRENGTH.
Cholera. Enteric Fever All Fevers except Enteric Fever. Dysentry. Diarrhœa. All Causes.
A. D. A. D. A. D. A. D.
A.
D. A. D. A.
D. A. D. A. D. A.
D. A. D. A.
D.
A.
D.
A.
D. A. D
A.
D.
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
Detachment 2/15th
Foot.
Effectives
Details
Detachment 2/15th
Foot.
Effectives
Details
Detachment 2/15th
Foot.
Details
Effectives
Non-Effectives
Detachment 2/15th
Foot.
Detachment29th Foot
Effectives
Details
Effectives
Non-Effectives
Non-Effectives
Jan. to Dec.
Ditto.
Jan. to Dec.
Ditto.
Jan. to Dec.
Jan. to Dec.
April to June,
Oct. to Dec.
Jan. to June
June to Oct.
Jan. to Dec.
Jan. to Dec.
April to Dec.
Jan. to Dec.
66
7
79
8
88
3
48
50
33
5
3
44
27
66
7
1
79
8
1
88
5
3
24
25
14
5
1
3
29
27
386
2
1
3
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
2
23
35
1
134
3
1
48
14
25
2
2
85
26
399
23
35
1
136
3
1
50
15
25
2
2
85
27
405
2
3
4
1
1
2
13
1
1
2
5
5
2
3
4
1
4
26
62
1
1
84
1
214
8
4
74
30
35
7
4
1
119
68
713
1
1
2
1
5
25.3
11.4
7.8
348.5
443.0
125.0
1,545.5
600.0
2,083.3
600.0
1,785.7
400.0
2,931.0
1,000.0
1,049.2
30.3
38.0
45.5
41.7
71.4
69.0
33.7
11.1
2.6
30.3
63.3
56.8
125.0
285.7
34.5
148.1
67.4
939.4
142.9
1,063.3
125.0
2,431.8
1,600.0
3,083.3
1,200.0
2,500.0
1,400.0
333.3
4,103.4
2,518.5
1,847.1
15.2
12.7
22.7
12.9
74
11
TABLE HL
Showing the number of Admissions and Deaths from Enteric Feuer in each Month of the
10 years ending 31 st December 1881 among the European Troops of the Bombay
Presidency, the deaths in Southern Afghanistan in 1881 not included.
Years.
1872... {
1873... {
1874... {
1875... {
1876... {
1877... {
1878 .. {
1879... {
1880... {
{
1881... {
Total . {
Admitted
Died
Admitted
Died ...
Admitted
Died
Admitted
Died
Admitted
Died
Admitted
Died
Admitted
Died
Admitted
Died
Admitted
Died
Admitted
Died
Admitted
Died
January.
3
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
1
2
2
2
6
5
22
12
February.
2
1
3
3
2
5
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
4
4
21
13
March.
1
5
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
16
3
April.
3
1
3
2
1
1
7
4
4
1
6
3
2
3
1
4
2
1
2
34
17
May.
2
2
2
2
1
2
4
7
2
2
1
2
3
2
12
7
1
1
34
21
June.
2
1
1
2
5
3
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
2
2
15
12
July
1
1
1
1
2
1
4
3
3
5
2
1
14
11
August.
5
3
1
10
3
4
1
2
1
4
1
1
2
2
3
3
10
5
42
19
September.
13
9
2
4
7
4
4
5
12
5
2
3
13
8
3
3
9
5
5
3
70
49
Octomber.
4
2
2
3
7
4
4
1
12
6
3
1
18
8
6
3
56
28
November.
3
3
...
2
4
2
4
5
5
2
25
14
4
2
47
28
December.
5
2
"l
1
2
1
2
1
5
4
4
11
10
30
19
Total.
40
24
17
14
32
14
28
18
44
19
30
lé
45
25
29
19 .
94
57
42
28
401
232
In considering the monthly distribution it is necessary to recall to recollec-
tion that the usual period of what is termed the incubation of the disease is of
about a fortnight's duration, so that although an admission may be shown as
having occurred in any particular month, the probability, in the absence of the
exact date of admission, of the disease having been contracted in the previous
month, must not be lost sight of. In other words, in considering Table III. it
must be remembered that the causes which produced this disease must, as regards
many of the admissions therein shown, have been in operation during the month
preceding that in which the admissions took place.
Showing the admissions given in Table III. by the seasons into which
Mr. Lumsdaine divided the Indian year, it will be found that they occurred as
follows :—
Admissions
Cold Season, 121 days.
December.
30
January.
22
February.
21
March.
16
Total
89
Hot and Dry,:
61 days.
April.
34
May.
34
Total.
68
Rainy Season, 122 days.
June
15
July.
14
Aguust.
42
September.
70
Total.
141
Hot and Damp,
61 days.
Octomber.
56
November
47
Total.
103
It is evident therefore that in the Bombay Presidency at all events the season
of greatest heat is not the season of greatest prevalence of enteric fever, although
there is increased -prevalence coincident with increased temperature. Unfortu-
nately the statistics showing the monthly distribution by stations and corps is not
12
available before 1879 ; but Table IV. shows that the most numerous admissions
during April and May did not occur in our hottest stations. It must also be
remembered that showers usually take place in April and May, and the marked
increase during the rainy and the hot and damp seasons seems to indicate that
moisture in the soil and air as well as increased temperature is a necessary factor
in the production of the disease :—
TABLE IV.
Admissions from Enteric Fever from 1879 to 1881.
Stations.
Nasirabad ...
Neemuch
Indore
Mhow
...
Deesa
..
Mount Abu ...
Tárágarh
Poona
Kirkee
Ahmednagar.
Sátára
Purandhar
Bombay
Karáchi ...
Ghizree
Hyderabad ...
Aden
...
Corps.
Royal Artillery..
Infantry
Do.
Do.
Cavalry
Infantry
Royal Artillery.
Infantry
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Royal Artillery
Infantry
Do
Royal Artillery
Infantry
Do.
Royal Artillery.
Infantry
Do.
Royal Artillery,
Do
Infantry
Total ...
MONTHS.
January.
1
2
1
3
1
1
9
February.
...
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
8
March.
1
1
1
3
April.
1
2
2
1
1
1
8
May.
7
1
3
2
1
1
1
...
16
June.
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
July.
1
1
1
2
5
August.
3
1
1
9
1
15
September.
2
1
2
4
2
3
14
October.
9
2
2
1
1
7
22
November.
1
3
i
3
1
1'
1
2
1
10
2
26
December.
2
>• •
...
3
...
2
5
2
14
Total.
1
20
3
2
12
13
4
2
1
1
23
4
1
4
3
1
1
3
1
33
3
4
1
5
146
28 in Base Hospital
4 in 98th Regiment
1 amongst details.
2 amongst Non-
effectives.
The following table shows the deaths from enteric fever among the women
and children of the European Regiments serving in the Bombay Presidency
during the ten years ending 31st December 1881 by stations :—
TABLE .V.
Year.
1872
1875
1879
1872
1874
1875
1876
1878
1881
Stations;
Hyderabad ...
Mhow
Kirkee
Average
Strength.
Women.
31
165
67
Children.
Nasirabad
Poona
Nasirabad
Do.
Deesa
Poona
169
354
.
191
.
131
219
149
Number
of deaths.
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
Ages.
Not recorded.
6 years.
f5 do.
4 do.
4
do.
9 do.
3 do.
3 do.
5 do.
From the above it appears that the women or children have not suffered to
any considerable extent from enteric fever.
No information is available regarding officers.
15
Belgaum ..
Poona..
Bombay
Deesa ..
Karachi
JANUARY.
Minimum.
27.624
28.263
30.133
29.955
30.454
Minimum.
27.192
27.769
29.737
29.293
29.762
Range.
.432
.494
.390
.663
.692
FEBRUARY.
Maximum.
27.602
28.229
30.142
29.955
30.373
Minimum.
27.200
27.756
29.741
29.246
29.791
Range.
.402
.473
.401
.709
.582
MARCH.
Maximum.
27.534
28.096
30.069
29.822
30.308
Minimum.
27.185
27.695
29.672
29.178
29.757
Range.
.349
.401
.397
.644
.551
APRIL.
Maximum.
27.538
28.062
30.046
29.792
30.217
Minimum.
27.111
27.630
29.614
29.105
29.567
Range.
.427
.432
.432
.687
.650
MAY.
Maximum.
27.466
28.005
29.971
29.665
30.118
Minimum.
27.082
27.492
29.491
29.039
29.332
Range.
.384
.513
.480
.626
.786
JUNE.
Maximum.
27.403
27.953
29.905
29.610
29.976
Minimum.
27.043
27.352
29.385
28.820
29.322
Range.
.360
.601
.520
.790
.654
JULY.
Maximum.
27.411
27.915
29.862
29.524
29.898
Minimum.
27.078
27.491
29.465
28.856
29.319
Range.
.333
.424
.397
.668
.579
AUGUST.
Maximum.
27.426
27.957
29.946
29.644
29.970
Minimum.
27.104
27.578
29.520
28.947
29.341
Range.
.322
.379
.426
.697
.629
SEPTEMBER.
Maximum.
27.470
28.039
29.978
29.755
30.098
Minimum.
27.085
27.617
29.483
28.998
29.521
Range.
.385
.422
.495
.757
.577
OCTOBER,
Maximum.
27.518
28.086
30.077
29.867
30.230
Minimum.
27.085
27.614
29.590
29.098
29.605
Range.
.433
.472
.487
.769
.625
NOVEMBER.
Maximum.
27.599
28.161
30.142
20.924
30.327
Minimum.
27.196
27.729
29.674
29.269
29.813
Range.
.403
.432
.468
.655
.514
DECEMBER.
Maximum
27.650
28.180
30.163
29.961
30.493
Minimum.
27.202
27.749
29.711
29.309
29.851
Range.
.448
.431
.452
.652
642
19
than 20 years) and constitution of the men selected, so that the draft may consist
of those best qualified to bear the effects of a change of climate. The Medical
Officer is to be consulted in the selection."
I made enquiries as to whether the above order is strictly carried out, and I
was informed that no young soldier is sent out without having at least nominally
passed his drill; but, I believe, as a matter of fact, the great majority of young
soldiers have, on arrival, to undergo fresh instruction.
I am indebted to the Adjutant General of the Army for the following re-
turns. No. I. shows the strength of drafts that have joined their respective corps
in the Bombay Command during each of the last 10 years. From want of data
it is found impracticable to furnish the ages of the men included in this return, as
their regiments have long since left the Command for England and elsewhere.
No. II. shows the strength of drafts that have joined the corps now serving
in the Command in each year since their arrival in the Bombay Presidency, giving
their ages as far as available. From this it will be seen that of the 2,203 men whose
ages are recorded, 508 or 23.06 per cent. were under 20 years of age:—
" Return showing the Strength of Drafts that have joined the undermentioned Corps in the
Bombay Command during each of the last 10 years.
CORPS.
3rd Hussars
1st Battalion 2nd Foot
1st
„
6th „
2nd
„
7th „
1st
„
8th ,
2nd
„ 11th ,
2nd
„
17th „
41st Foot
49th „
56th „
59th „
66th ,
68th „
78th „
83rd „
108th „
Total .
STRENGTH OF DRAFTS.
1872-73.
30
43
78
40
23
30
77
41
43
405
31
16
1
19
26
12
145
69
319
11
45
35
18
35
24
116
284
26
36
42
40
34
67
56
1
302
34
25
78
186
45
91
66
525
1877-1878.
51
61
174
61
54
101
20
522
8"
00
00
291
90
44
226
1
96
748
1
124
91
206
81
60
1
564
113
113
1
81
...
308
...
Total.
183
165
1
745
355
610
78
117
23
532
348
142
449
229
3,977
REMARKS.
The ages of these
men cannot be
given as these
Regiments have
long since left
the Presidency
and there are no
records in this
office to give the
information.
(Signed) E. CUNNINGHAM, Lieut.-Colonel,
Officiating Assistant Adjutant General.
21
corporal and 10 privates, and the non-commissioned officers of the detachment had
6 nights in bed and the privates 6\18/19\. Owing to increased sickness the Artillery
picquet was reduced by 3 men and the quarter-guard, Worcestershire Regiment,
was increased by 3 men.
Habits.
On arrival at his station the young soldier at once finds himself under entirely
new conditions to any that he has previously experienced. His quarters, his
food, his dress, his duties, his amusements are alike strange. He too often
ignores the danger of exposing himself to the sun, and will often wilfully, in
spite of remonstrance, go out into it without his helmet, and on getting heated
his first thought is to throw off his coat and sit or lie on his cot in the breeze until
he gets cool. If he goes for a walk in the bázár or in the country, if thirsty, he
buys beverages concocted with impure water or drinks water from any source, little
caring whether that source is polluted ; or if he goes to the Canteen to quench
his thirst he can by regulation obtain as much of the dull, heavy and sometimes sour
porter supplied by Government as he can pay for, provided he does not get drunk,
besides purchasing, if he chooses, a dram of rum per diem. Few young soldiers
can resist the temptation put in their way in the canteen; and the spirit ration
is in my opinion a great cause of sickness in the Army, whilst the tobacco provided
for the soldier is so strong as often seriously to affect his health.
The men of the present generation seem to me to be more indolent
than they were 30 years ago and not to turn out to cricket or other out-door
games as readily as they used to do. In his person the soldier is not always as
clean as is desirable ; he washes the upper part of his body as a rule every day,
but many men do no more perhaps for days together. If he visits the plunge-
bath provided in most stations by Government, the chances are that the young
soldier will, in spite of warning, stay in for too long a time. This practice is
frequently the cause of congestion of the liver, and we had to stop the men of the
98th at Karáchi visiting the plunge-bath whilst they were so sickly. Officers as
a rule cannot stand the effect of a plunge-bath for any long period, and in some
stations their use, I am informed, among officers has been given up.
I regard the want of personal hygiene on the part of the young soldier as
one of the most potent causes tending to lower his general health, and little
good can, I fear, be expected until he is systematically taught how to take more
care of himself.
In the European Regiments of the H. E. I. 0. Service the old soldiers used
to look after the recruits and teach them what dangers to avoid, and thus they
escaped many of the evil consequences which the young soldier of the present
day brings on himself through ignorance.
The following tables will give some useful information regarding matters
bearing upon the health and habits of the soldier in India :—
B 357--6
[Table]
Taking out the ratios by each arm of the service it is seen that the Infantry furnish the largest ratio of abstainers, whilst the highest ratio for drunken-
ness, crime and cases tried by court-martial is found among the Artillery; but the Infantry supply the highest ratio of venereal diseases.
Ratio per 1,000 of Strength.
Ratio per 1,000 of Strength.
CAVALry.
Corps.
17th Lancers ..
Mean . . .
Abstainers.
50 9
50 9
Cases of
Drunkenness.
57 9
57 9
Cases of Crime
Not given.
Casws tried by
Court Martial
34 7
84 7
Venereal
Diseases.
178 2
178 2
ROYAL ArTILLERY.
Corps.
M/1 Royal Artillery.
B/2
do.
5/1
do.
A/4
do.
I/1
do.
F/2
do.
8/1
do.
9/1
do.
D/B Royal Horse
Artillery
A/2 Royal Artillery .
C/2
do.
G/2
do.
B/2
do.
N/1
do.
Mean ...
Abstainers.
187 5
39 0
250 0
1701
105 6
...
19 5
11 1
116 7
155 2
227 3
437 9
31 3
36 8
127 7
Cases of
Drunkenness.
212 5
623 4
460 0
265 3
98 6
209 1
190 5
1,100 0
38 9
189 7
681 8
235 3
900 0
404 9
400 7
Cases of Crime
537 5
1,259 7
700 0
489 8
295 8
634 0
1,095 2
1,277 8
366 7
569 0
1,792 2
771 2
1,818 7
944 8
896 6
Cases tried by
Court Martial
75Cases tried by0
77 9
80 0
142 9
49 3
58 8
142 9
166 7
16 7
80 5
123 4
104 6
1562
269 9
110 3
Venereal
Diseases.
87 5
58 4
Not given.
115 6
91 5
32 7
238 1
33 3
177 8
287 3
64 9
202 6
131 2
239 3
135 4
INFANTRY.
Corps.
1st Battalion Worces-
tershire Regiment ...
Detachment 1st Bat-
talion
Worcester-
shire Regiment
2nd Battalion Lanca-
shire Fusiliers
...
Detachment
2nd
Battalion
Royal
Lancaster Regiment.
2nd Battalion East
Yorkshire Regiment.
1st Battalion Ritle
Brigade
2nd Battalion Royal
Fusihers
Detachment do. . .
2nd Battalion Glou-
cestershire Regiment
2nd Battalion North
Staffordshire Regi-
ment.
Mean ...
Abstainers.
206 5
94 9
204 0
82 2
327 5
193'8
124 6
1111
30 9
35 4
141 1
*
Cases of
Drunkenness.
240 2
158 2
151 5
223 5
214 1
206 7
710 1
919 2
358 2
349 1
353 1
Cases of Crime.
421 7
626 6
632 9
776 5
613 3
700 3
1,313 7
1,575 8
711 3
1,100 2
847 2
Cases tried by
Court Martial.
26 1
...
67 6
23 5
45 3
45 2
46 2
10 1
85 1
48 3
39 7
Venereal
Diseases.
413 0
139 2
2
329 8
3
94 1
211 6
73 6
236 7
404 0
116 0
33 0
205 1
24
Water-supply.
Great and unceasing have been the efforts of Government and the Military
authorities throughout the Presidency to improve and conserve the drinking
water supplied to the troops, and immense advances have been made in this
respect during the last 30 years.
The source of water-supply at each station in the Bombay Command will
be learnt from the following table :—
River Indus, Altered.
The Water Analyst, Assistant Surgeon Sorabji Manekji Kaka, L.M. & S.,
accompanied me to some of the stations and analysed the water at Asirgarh,
Mhow, Neemuch, Nasirabad, Ajmere, Mount Abu, Ahmedabad, Ahmednagar,
Poona, Kirkee, Kárachi, and Hyderabad. His analyses of Mhow, Neemuch,
Wasirabad and Ajmere have already been submitted to Government in my reports
on the three first-named places.
The following analyses of the well waters at Karáchi show how impure the
drinking water at that station has hitherto been :—
Number of Sample
1
2
3
4
5 .
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Date.
1882.
4th Feb. ...
Do.
Do. ...
5th do. ...
Do. ...
Do. ...
6th do. ..
Do.
...
Do.
7th do.
Do.
Do.
8th do.
Station.
Karáchi ...
Do. ...
Do. ..
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do.
Do. ...
Do. ...
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Source.
A kutcha well in the bed of the
river Layári.
Another kutcha well in the same.
Runchor tank well ...
Well, Rambag
...
...
...
Convict well supplying gaol ...
Well in Bhistivara from which
the supply to Napier reservoir
is drawn.
Napier reservoir ... ... ...
Commissariat well
Shapurji's well ... ... ...
Commissioner's well ... ...
Well near Shapurji's ... ...
Do., Mess of Artillery barracks
supplying the Royal Ar-
tillery.
Do., Bhisti's musuck, Royal Ar-
tillery.
GRAINS PER GALLON.
Total
Solids.
39 9
23 8
52 5
316 4
137 9
79 1
79 4
160 3
158 9
166 6
219 8
112
114 1
Chlorine.
98
5 53
10 85
133 7
61 25
29 4
30 1
69 3
70
74 2
87 35
48 65
48 65
PARTS PER MILLION.
Free
Ammonia.
026
026
132
026
Níl.
Nil.
Nil.
0132
Nil.
Nil.
008
026
026
Albu-
minoid
Ammonia.
16
15
18
15
06
06
06
05
05
06
05
06
15
Sediment, &c.
Vegetable debris, paramecia.
fine sand.
Do.
do.
do.
Copious, vegetable debris, con-
fervæ, monads, paramecia, ro-
tifera.
Copious, vegetable debris, mo-
nads, paramecia, rotifera, crys-
tals of mineral matter.
Scanty, vegetable debris, mo-
nads, paramecia.
Scanty, vegetable debris, con-
fervæ, diatomata, paramecia.
The same as above-
Scanty, vegetable debris, para-
mecia, crystals of mineral mat-
ter.
Copious, vegetable debris, para-
mecia, crystals of mineral mat-
ter.
The same as above ... ...
Do.
do.
Copious, vegetable debris, para-
mecia, crystals of mineral mat-
ter.
Copious, vegetable debris, mo
nads, paramecia, rotifera, vor
ticella, oscillatoriæ, confervæ.
Qual
Bad
Do
Do
Do
Do.
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do