NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
12
a good many quite unaltered bodies were seen, and some large forms at the same
stage as those seen on the fifth day. Preparations were not again examined
until the twenty-first day, when only one or two undeveloped bodies were noted.
In this case development, although started, apparently failed to progress.
Case 3.—The patient had a greatly enlarged spleen and occasional slight
rises of temperature. About .25 c.c. of blood was obtained by splenic puncture.
Parasites were fairly numerous in a film taken at the time. On the, third
day the culture was examined, but only a very few somewhat enlarged
bodies were seen. On the tenth day fairly numerous forms with long flagella
were seen. In this specimen the bodies were almost entirely free forms ;
a few groups were, however, present, and four or five bodies were often
seen lying close together ; a large proportion of the forms possessed flagella
four or five times the length of the body of the parasite. The parasites
were for the most part of an elongate pear-shaped form, and in many cases
the extremity opposite to the flagellum was pointed, whereas the extremity
from which the flagellum arose represented the thick end of the pear. In these
forms, as in all those I have seen, the flagellum passed directly outwards from
the small chromatin mass. A good many individuals showed small chromatin
particles in addition to the two main masses. These were sometimes arranged in
a row along one border of the parasite. In some of the more elongate forms there
appeared to be large chromatin masses irregularly disposed, so that it was difficult
to say which mass represented the macro-nucleus. Captain Rogers figures a
similar condition in some of his forms.
In this case development had apparently differed somewhat in its na ure
from that seen in Case 1. This variability would appear also to have occurred in
Captain Rogers' cases, since he describes on one occasion flagellate forms on the
first day. In this connection it is worthy of note that in some cultures, although
sterile, a much darker colour of the blood was seen than in others. It is
therefore possible that all cultures may not be under precisely similar conditions.
Case 4.—The patient had a greatly enlarged spleen and an irregular high tem-
perature. About .5 c.c. of blood was drawn off by splenic puncture and placed in
two tubes. The tubes were placed direct into a cool incubator at 22°C. On the
fifth day some large characteristic bodies were seen resembling those seen in
Case 1. The specimen was not examined later.
Although I have examined only a small number of cases, the results have been
amply sufficient to corroborate the changes described by Captain Rogers. But,
although the presence of a nucleus and well-marked blepharoplast and the develop-
ment of a flagellum point to the bodies being a flagellate, I do not feel justified,
either from my own observations or from an inspection of Captain Rogers'
13
drawings, in stating that they are trypanosomata. The relation of the flagellum to
the large chromatin mass, seven in the very elongate forms, does not suggest that
the characteristic arrangement met with in trypanosomes is in process of develop-
ment. On the other hand, it cannot be denied that the forms bear a very close
resemblance to some of the developmental forms seen in cultures of T. lewisi,
and further study must determine what relation, if any, exists between the new
parasite and the trypanosomata of mammals.
14
EXPLANATION OF PLATE.
Fig. 1. Bodies as seen in films made direct from splenic blood
.
Figs. 2, 3 and 4. Forms seen prior to 3rd day in citrated blood. Case 1.
Fig. 5. First undoubted developmental change, 3rd day. Case 1.
Fig. 6. Form which has developed to full size, 4th day. Case 1.
Figs. 7, 8 and 9. Primary fission forms seen on 4th and 5th day. Fig. 9 shows
a group of five such forms. Case 1.
Fig. 10. Bodies forming a group held together by a light staining substance, 5th
day. Case 1.
Fig. 11. Elongate forms with the small chromatin mass at one extremity, 5th day.
Case 1.
Fig. 12. Group of four bodies showing fission, the first appearance of the flagellum
and the formation of the vacuole, 6th day. Case 1.
Fig. 13. Bodies showing first appearance of the cement substance, 6th day.
Case 1.
Figs. 14, 15. Groups of flagellate forms seen on the 6th day. Case 1.
Fig. 16. Group of bodies showing elongate flagellate forms, 6th day. Case 1.
Figs. 17, 18. Groups of bodies bound together by voluminous cement substance in
which flagella are seen embedded. Case 1.
Fig. 19. Form showing long flagellum. Case 1.
Figs. 20 and 21. Groups of bodies, which appear to have arisen from forms included
in cells.
Fig. 22. Group of secondary fission forms showing cement substance, small forms,
irregular subdivision and flagellate bodies, 12th day. Case 1.
The changes seen after the twelfth day are not figured.
G. I. C. P. O.—No. 66 S. C.—26-4-1905.—1,500.
Fig. 9
Fig. 7.
Fig. 8 .
Fig.13
Fig.14.
Fig.15.
Fig. 18.
Fig. 17.
Fig. 19.
Fig. 21.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 1 .
Fig. 4.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 10.
Fig. 20.
Fig. 22.
Photogravure.
Survey of India Offices, Calcutta, February 1905.
No. 15.
(NEW SERIES.)
SCIENTIFIC MEMOIRS
BY
OFFICERS OF THE MEDICAL AND SANITARY DEPARTMENTS
OF THE
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
ON A PARASITE FOUND IN PERSONS SUFFERING FROM ENLARGEMENT
OF THE SPLEEN IN INDIA.—(THIRD REPORT.)
BY
LIEUT. S. R. CHRISTOPHERS, M.B., I.M.S.
ISSUED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
BY THE SANITARY COMMISSIONER WITH THE GOVERNMENT
OF INDIA, SIMLA.
CALCUTTA:
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.
1905.
Price Annas 10 or 1s.
ANNUAL ADMINISTRATION REPORT
OF THE
CIVIL VETERINARY DEPARTMENT IN INDIA
FOR THE OFFICIAL YEAR
1894-95.
SKETCH MAP
OF THE
BOMBAY PRESEDENCY
including Sind
SHOWING THE COLLECTORATES WHERE.
CATTLE DISE-ASE OCCURRED DURING
the Year I894--95
Reg. No. 294, Stud.—Aug. 95.—300.
Litho , S. I. O., Galoutta
No. 192—74 R. & A.
FROM
VETERINARY-LIEUTENANT-COLONEL A. E. QUTERIPEL,
INSPECTOR-GENERAL, CIVIL VETERINARY DEPARTMENT,
To
THE SECRETARY TO THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA,
DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE AND AGRICULTURE,
SIMLA.
Dated Simla, the 4th September 1895.
SIR,
I have the honour to submit, for the information of the Government of
India, the Annual Administration Report of the Civil Veterinary Department
for the official year 1894-95.
I have the honour to be,
SIR,
Your most obedient servant,
A. E. QUERIPEL,
Veterinary-Lieutenant-Colonel,
Inspector-General, Civil Veterinary Department.
G. C. Preas, Simla.—No. 17 I. G. C. V. D.—11-9-55—300.
ANNUAL ADMINISTRATION REPORT
OF THE
CIVIL VETERINARY DEPARTMENT IN INDIA
FOR THE OFFICIAL YEAR
1894-95.
CONTENTS.
PART I.—IMPERIAL REPORT.
A.—MILITARY SECTION.
I.—HORSE BREEDING—
(1) Government horse stallions-
Number of stallions ...
... ... ...
Received during the year ... ... ...
Casualties ... ... ... ... ...
Sales
...
...
...
...
...
Number of stallions present
...
...
...
Remarks on classes of stallions
... ... ...
Number of stallions at stud work ... ... ...
Average number of mares covered per stallion ... ...
Demand for stallions ... ... ... ...
Stallions which produce the most suitable stock for the
Army ... ... ... ...
(2) Remounts.Country-bred—
Number purchased ... ... ... ...
(3) Maps ... ... ... ... ...
II.—MULE BREEDING—
(1) Government donkey stallions—
Number of stallions ...
...
.. ...
Casualties and Sales ... ... ... ...
Number of donkey stallions at stud work ... ...
Average number of mares covered per donkey stallion ...
Demand for donkey stallions ... ... ...
Supply of donkey stallions ... ... ...
(2) Number of mules purchased by Government ... ...
III.—TABLES ... ... ... ... ...
B.-REVENUE SECTION.
I.—HORSE BREDDING—
(1) Government horse stallions—
Cost of feed and keep ...
... ... ...
(2) Branded mares-
Number present
...
...
... ...
Number of mares covered by Government horse stallions ...
Sale of barren branded mares ... ... ...
(3) Produce-
Number of produce foaled, showing averages to mares covered
and stallions employed ... ... ...
(4) Castration
...
...
...
...
...
PAGES.
1
ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.
2
3
4
ib.
6
ib.
8
11
ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.
12
14
i to xxxix
17
18
ib.
19
ib.
20
ii
II.—MULE BREEDING—
(1) Government donkey stallions—
Cost of feed and keep ...
...
...
...
(2) Pony and donkey mares—
Number served by Government donkey stallions
...
(3) Produce—
Number of mule stock foaled
...
...
...
III.—HORSE FAIRS AND SHOWS-
Review on Horse Fairs and Shows during 1894-95
...
Stallions whose produce won prizes ...
...
Horse Runs
...
...
...
...
IV.—INSTRUCTION
FARM—
(1) Discontinuance of the Instruction and Demonstration Classes
(2) Balance sheet of cultivation operations ...
...
(3) Return of Farm animals ... ... ...
...
(4) Casualties
...
...
... ...
...
(5) Sales ... ... ... ...
...
V.—BACTERIOLOGICAL LABORATORY ... ... ...
...
VI.—GENERAL—
(1) Cost of Department ... ... ...
...
(2) Tours of Officers of Civil Veterinary Department ...
...
(3) General Remarks—
Remounts for Native Cavalry
...
...
...
Special Judging Committees ... ...
...
Alteration in Horse Show Rules ... ...
...
Judging of the Remount Class ... ...
...
Prizes for Remounts at Horse Fairs and Shows
...
Extension of horse and mule breeding in Mysore, Rajpu-
tana, Central Provinces and Berar, Central India and
Kashmir ... ... ...
...
Horse Breeding in Native States ... ...
...
Popularity of the brand ... ...
...
Unreliable Statistics ...
...
...
...
Darindah system in the North-Western Provinces
...
VII.—TABLES- ... ... ... ....
PAGES.
23
ib.
24
27
52
ib.
55
56
ib.
ib.
ib.
63
69
ib.
72
73
ib.
74
ib.
75
76
84
88
90
... xliii to lxxiv
Part II.—PROVINCIAL REPORT.
I.—HORSE BREDDING—
(1) Horse and pony stallions belonging to District Boards, &c.
Casualties ...
... ... ...
...
Sales
...
...
...
...
...
Demand for stallions ... ... ...
...
Number of stallions at stud work and number of mares cov-
ered ... ... ... ...
...
Cost of feed and keep and how defrayed
...
(2) Mares unbrauded or branded for district horse breeding
...
(3) Produce
...
... ... ...
...
95
ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.
96
ib.
ib.
II.—MULE BREEDING—
(1) Donkey stallions belonging to District Boards, &c.
...
Number of pony mares covered
...
...
...
Cost of feed and keep and how defrayed ...
...
Demand for donkey stallions
...
...
...
(2) Produce
...
...
...
...
...
(3) Colts castrated by Veterinary Assistants and Salutris paid from
Local Funds
...
...
...
...
99
ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.
iii
III.—EQUINE
DISEASE
...
...
...
...
...
PAGES.
103
IV.—CATTLE DISEASE—INVESTIGATION AND PREVENTION—
(1) Information collected
...
...
...
...
(2) Outbreaks during the year
...
...
...
(3) Remarks
...
...
...
...
...
109
110
116
V.—CATTLE BREEDING—
Cattle Fairs and Shows
...
...
...
124
VI.—VETERINARY INSTRUCTION—
(1) Veterinary Colleges and Schools
...
...
...
(2) Dispensaries ...
...
...
... ...
(3) Work done by Subordinate Establishment
...
...
VII.—TOURS OF SUPERINTENDENTS... ...
...
...
131
137
ib.
143
VIII.—GENERAL—
(1) Provincial cost of Department
...
... ...
(2) General
Remarks
...
...
...
...
(3) Conclusion ...
...
...
...
...
IX.—TABLES
...
...
...
...
...
147
ib.
148
lxxvii to cxi
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
ANNUAL ADMINISTRATION REPORT
OF THE
CIVIL VETERINARY DEPARTMENT IN INDIA
FOR THE OFFICIAL YEAR
1894-95.
PART I.-IMPERIAL REPORT.
A.—MILITARY SECTION.
I.—HORSE BREEDING.
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
ANNUAL ADMINISTRATION REPORT
OF THE
CIVIL VETERINARY DEPARTMENT IN INDIA
FOR THE OFFICIAL YEAR
1894-95.
PART I.—IMPERIAL REPORT,
A.—MILITARY SECTION.
I.—HORSE BREEDING.
Stallions.
Number of—
As will be seen by Table I (page iii), the number of stallions present
at the commencement of the year was 362. Sixty-one were added to the
Register and 51 were struck off, leaving a balance of 372 on 31st March 1895.
Of this number, 102 were in North-Western Provinces and Oudh, 180 in the
Punjab including the Derajat, 37 in Baluchistan, 6 in Central India, and 2 in
Rajputana, making a total of 327. For the supply of these Provinces the
sanctioned strength is 309; if from the number actually on the strength
the number of horses either bought or imported and which are not available
for work during the year is subtracted, it will be seen that only 271 were avail-
able. There were 45 on the Bombay Register.
Received dur-
ing the year.
2. Three Australians and 12 Arabs were purchased in India by the Inspec-
tor-General, Civil Veterinary Department, and 41 horses were received by im-
portation.
Casualties.
3. Of the 51 horses shewn as removed from the Registers, 15 died, one less
than last year. As will be seen by reference to Table II (page iv), by
far the greatest number of deaths resulted from abdominal disease. Twenty
three horses and ponies were destroyed against 15 last year, this can be accounted
for by the great number of stallions that were beyond the age at which stallions
should be employed, as will be seen by Table II, eleven stallions were destroy-
ed for this reason.
Sales.
4. Nine horses and four ponies, exactly the same numbers as last year,
were sold, vide Table III (page vi). Of the horses sold, one was purchased,
with the sanction of the Government of India, by the Kapurthala State for
breeding purposes.
Number of
stallions pre-
sent.
5. The totals compared with last year stood as follows on 31st March
1895:—
372 horses against 362 last year, and 22 ponies against 28 present during
1893-94.
7
The decrease is very noticeable in Bengal; the number bought in that
Presidency being 1,674 against 1,972 last year. This decrease is due to two
causes:—
(i) The fewer number of young stock required by the Army Remount
Department, to complete their establishment. Having attended all the larger
Shows at which they were purchased, it must be noted that many more could
have been obtained had they been required. On this point the Superintendent,
Civil Veterinary Department, North-Western Provinces and Oudh, when
reporting on the Nauchandi Fair held at Meerut, states:—
"The Remount Officer purchased 14 for British Cavalry and could have obtained 40 or 50
more had he required them, but he could not buy more owing to his having already got over his
number."
This remarks also applies to other Shows.
(ii) To the large purchases made by the Native Cavalry of Australians in
the Calcutta market. The returns received in this Office only show the country-
breds purchased, but it is presumed that such Regiments that bought but few
remounts of this class must have made up their numbers by the purchase of
Australians. Amongst others might be mentioned the following Regiments:—
5th Bengal Cavalry
6 th
„
7th
„
12th
„
17th
„
„
„
„
„
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
bought all Australians.
14 Country-breds.
29
24 „
21 „
The average number of remounts required by a Native Cavalry Regiment
being 60, it is thought that the balance must have been made up with Austra-
lians.
It is scarcely within the province of this Department to remark on the
advisability of increasing the number of Australians in the ranks of the Native
Cavalry, but as affecting the purchase of country-breds and thereby affecting
the welfare of the breeders, it may be remarked that, in my opinion, the
Australian, in addition to costing much more than the country-bred, will not
have the powers of endurance of the latter; especially, when on service, he
will be called upon to withstand the hardships of a campaign on short rations
and especially on scanty fodder.
19. In last year's Administration Report of this Department it was noted
that but little attention was paid to the most important subject of obtaining the
pedigrees of Remounts bought. Instead of any improvement being noticeable,
there is a decided falling off in this direction. By the following Statement
it will be seen that the Native Cavalry only obtained 3.73 per cent. of the
pedigrees of horses bought. The Army Remount Department furnished 60.37
per cent. which is most satisfactory, and even the Punjab Police obtained 36
per cent:—
Abstract showing the total number and Pedigrees of County-bred Remounts
purchased by Native Cavalry Regiments, &c., during the year 1894-95.
By whom purchased.
Native Cavalry Regiments ...
Imperial Service Troops ...
Army Remount Department ...
Police—Punjab ...
Police—N.-W. P. & Oudh. ...
TOTAL ...
Total number
purchased.
1,152
101
434
25
19
1,731
PEDIGREE.
Furnished.
43
7
262
9
...
321
Not furnished.
1,109
94
172
16
19
1,410
PERCENTAGE OF PEDIGREES.
Furnished.
3.73
6.93
60.37
36.00
...
Not furnished.
96.27
93.07
39.63
64.00
100.00
8
The Native Cavalry bought 1,152 remounts at Fairs and Shows, where
they could have availed themselves of the services of the Zilladars of this
Department who are always at their disposal to afford them any information
they may require.
As this information is of the utmost value to this Department, to enable
it to ascertain what class of stallion or what particular stallion is producing the
best results, the Government of India have been addressed with a view of
endeavouring to ensure a more correct record in future years. The Superinten-
dents, Civil Veterinary Department, connected with horse breeding, paid
much attention to the issue of Produce Certificates, and, to assist purchasing
officers, the native name, which a horse hitherto had in addition to his English
name, has been dropped, as it was said that two names attached to one horse
was confusing.
20. A Statement is appended (vide Table VI (c), page xxii) showing the
districts in which the various remounts were bought. One point strikes me at
once, viz., that the two districts from which the largest numbers were bought
were:—
Lahore
Amritsar
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
413
215
and this undoubtedly proves that purchases from dealers are yearly increasing.
These two centres are the home of the dealers, and it may be presumed that
all the remounts bought in these districts were purchased from dealers. The
system is greatly to be deprecated; it is one that proves most injurious to horse
breeding, and the Native Cavalry, by encouraging the dealers, are ruining
themselves, as by depriving the breeder of the profits which would fall to them
if Remount Officers bought direct from them, the result must be decadence
of horse breeding and fewer horses in the country. I look upon the dealer as
one of the greatest enemies that we have to contend with.
In connection with this subject it might be noticed that the importers
of Northern horses at the Quetta Show complain that the Native Cavalry do
not buy from them, but rather through dealers. Although this is not absolutely
correct, as 108 horses were bought direct from them by Remount Officers at the
last Show, still I regretted to find that dealers purchased 284, and I was
informed that the majority of these were bought by order of various regiments;
this means either one of two things, that a smaller price is paid to the breeder
or importer, or that an enhanced price has to be paid by the regiments who
employed dealers to purchase for them.
Maps.
21. Maps will be found in the cover of this report, showing the breeding
districts, the stands where stallions are located, and the number of stallions
at each stand.
PART I-IMPERIAL REPORT.
A.—MILITARY SECTION.
II.—MULE BREEDING.
PART I.—IMPERIAL REPORT.
A.—MILITARY SECTION.
II.—MULE BREEDING.
Donkey stal-
lions. Number
of-
22. The number of donkey stallions at the commencement of the year
under review (vide Table I, page iii) was 325. Seventy-three were added to
the register, whilst 37 were struck off, leaving a balance of 361 on 31st March
1895.
Casualties and
Sales.
23. Of the total number struck off the Register, 11 died and 10 were des-
troyed (vide Table VII, page xxvi). Most of these donkeys were old animals, of
which, as pointed out last year, a great number exist. Many more that are too
old for stud work will be got rid of during the present year. Of the 11
donkeys sold (vide Table VIII, page xxvii), only three were cast, the remain-
ing eight were purchased by different States for mule breeding.
Number
of
Donkey stal-
lions at stud
work.
24. The number of donkey stallions at stud work, was as follows:—
North-Western Provinces
North Punjab
South Punjab
Derajat
Baluchistan
Bombay
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
71
90
56
17
1
235 out of 335.
22 out of 26.
The small number employed at stud work is due to the great number of
animals received this year by importation, as well as to the number incapaci-
tated through old age.
Average num-
ber of mares
covered
per
donkey stallion.
25. The average number of mares covered per donkey stallion employed
(Table IX, page xxviii) is as follows:—
North-Western Provinces and Oudh
North Punjab
South Punjab
Derajat
Baluchistan
Deccan
Guzerat
...
...
...
...
...
Sindh and Cutch
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Pony marcs.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
50.00
80.91
69.37
5600
18.9
15.44
17.00
38.16
Donkey mares.
18.66
51.30
28.00
...
...
...
...
...
The percentage or mares covered in the provinces comprised in Bengal is
satisfactory. It is somewhat below that of last year, but is as much as can be
expected, unless the donkeys are to be prematurely worn out. Last year the
average was too high, and this year that of North Punjab is again very high;
not that I think a donkey cannot cover 80 mares, but to obtain this high
average, some donkeys must cover over 100 mares.
Last year it was stated that the average of the Bombay Presidency, includ-
ing Sindh, was considered unsatisfactory, this year it is even worse.
Demand for
donkey
stal-
lions.
26. The Superintendent, Civil Veterinary Department, North-Western Pro-
vinces and Oudh, states:—
"The demand for donkey stallions is still greater than the supply. There are nine more
donkey stallions on the register this year than last, and I consider we could still find work for nine
or ten more."