NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
198
Improvement of Wool Quality by Selective Breeding [Vol. XVIII, Part IV
TABLE II—contd.
Lohi sheep
Type of
rams
Unclassed
A
B
C
Type of ewes crossed
C
D
A
B
C
.
D
B
C
D
B
C
D
No. of
ewes
bred
42
26
60
22
145
72
42
46
1
12
15
16
Percentage of progency in different classes
A
16.0
3.2
73.1
40.9
32.5
15.5
43.7
12.3
..
18.8
11.1
15.8
B
12.0
6.2
20.9
22.7
24.2
29.7
29.2
21.0
..
..
5.5
10.5
C
40.0
50.0
6.0
36.4
40.7
46.4
27.1
474
100.0
50.0
55.5
31.5
D
32.0
40.6
..
..
2.6
8.4
..
19.3
..
31.2
27.7
42.2
The following conclusions can be drawn from the above Table :—
(i) Inter-breeding of A type sheep produces a high per cent of A type of progeny.
(ii) There is a gradual increase in the A and B class progeny by the use of A class rams as the
percentage of medullation decreases in the ewes from D to A types.
(iii) Percentage of medullation in the progeny is directly proportional to the percentage of
medullation in the ewes or the rams.
(iv) Grading up of C and D type ewes with A type rams is possible but the process is slow.
It is thus apparent that for quick improvement, A type rams should be included in the flocks
at the earliest opportunity and C and D type ewes should be eliminated. B type rams should not
be used when A type rams are available.
During the course of above work, it was noticed that with the increase of wool type fleeces, there
was some deterioration in the size, live-weight and stamina of the animals. The sheep with finer
wool appeared to be more delicate and lacked bone. The Table III indicates the actual per-
formance of the four types of sheep in the Bikaneri flock.
December 1948]
P. N.
NANDA
AND
GURBAX
SINGH
199
TABLE III
Flock
A
B
Class
of
ewes
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
No. of
ewes
43
56
91
91
18
25
45
48
Average
wool yield
in 2 clips
per year
lb.
4
4
5
4
5
5
5
5
oz.
12.9
15.3
0.4
11.1
12.4
5.8
14.7
10.4
Average body measure-
ments in inches after
first shearing
Girth
28.7
29.5
30.2
303
..
..
..
..
Length
22.0
22.6
22.7
22.8
..
..
..
..
Ht.
24.9
25.5
25.7
25.9
..
..
..
..
Per cent
Ferti-
lity
60.7
76.8
70.3
70.3
66.6
87.5
74.4
71.4
Average
weight of ewes
in lb.
When
put to
rams
00.2
63.5
67.3
66.8
02.7
68.0
68.8
72.1
Just
after
lamb-
ing
64.7
68.1
68.3
06.4
61.7
66.0
67.1
70.0
Average
weight of lambs
in lb.
At
birth
5.8
5.8
5.7
5.6
5.4
5.8
6.0
5.7
At
wng.
32.3
35.2
33.7
34.3
28.7
34.5
36.8
35.7
Per cent mortality
In
lambs
upto
weaning
26.6
11.9
13.4
18.7
..
4.9
0.4
23.4
In owes
during
the
year
4.6
5.3
9.9
11.0
5.5
16.0
4.4
22.9
(Body measurements in the A flock are based on a representative sample of 148 ewes including all classes.)
Though the differences in the performance of different classes of ewes in both the flocks are not
very significant, the under noted inferences are however apparent :
(i) ' A ' type is definitely a lighter and a smaller sheep.
(ii) Fertility in the A class sheep is lower as compared with other classes.
(iii) Although the birth weights of the lambs from different classes are uniform, yet the weaning
weights of lambs from A class ewes are the lowest. This indirectly indicates a poor
flow of milk in these ewes.
(iv) Inspite of the fact that A class is a lighter sheep, there are no significant differences in the
average wool yields during the year.
(v) Except for a slightly heavier body weight, D class ewes possess little advantage over
other classes. It is therefore useless to retain these hairy type of ewes in the flock.
Besides the above inferences, a slightly higher mortality in the A class lambs is also apparent.
As the year under study was an abnormal one, with heavy rains and severe adverse conditions, this
factor will have to be studied during normal years.
With the improvement in fleece quality, another feature observed was a remarkable decrease
in the percentage of twin births in Lohi sheep. This breed is well- known for its milk capacity and
a high percentage of twins. The percentage of twins from different classes of ewes from the year
1943 to 1946 were as below :
Class of ewes
A . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Percentage of twin births
12.5
15.9
18.1
20.0
PROGENY TEST OF RAMS
Progeny test is a reliable method to ascertain the transmitting qualities of a sire and is one of the
surest means to bring about a substantial improvement in any class of livestock. While, carrying
out selective breeding for fleece quality, it was noticed that although A class rams always produced
200
Improvement of Wool Quality by Selective Breeding
[Vol. XVIII, Part IV
higher percentage of better class progeny when used on different classes of ewes, their transmitting
ability was highly variable when compared with one another. This fact is revealed from Table IV
below :
TABLE IV
Progeny test of rams
No. of
ram
314
400
431
364
637
612
314
518
637
624
612
Class
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
Class
of ewes
lired
A
A
C
C
C
C
D
D
D
D
D
Number of
lambs
dropped
9
58
38
30
32
31
24
30
6
6
6
Percentage of lambs in different classes
A
33.0
79.3
23.7
40.0
28.1
45.1
25.0
16.6
33.3
33.3
16.6
B
66.7
13.8
15.8
30.0
43.8
12.9
50.0
40.0
33.3
33.3
..
C
..
6.9
55.2
23.3
28.1
42.0
25.0
40.0
33.4
33.4
83.4
D
..
..
5.3
6.7
..
..
..
3.4
..
..
Remarks
Nil
The cause for this variable prepotency in the rams can either be attributed to variable inheritance
or variation in the medullation percentage of the fleece which ranges from 0 to 20 per cent in the
shoulder samples. On analysing the whole fleece, significant variation of quality has been observed
in different regions of the sheep's body. This fact further widens the medullation range in different
individuals when it is taken collectively for the whole fleece. In order to obtain the maximum advan-
tage in the selective breeding, the following points should be borne in mind :
(i) All rams should invariably be subjected to the progeny test at the close of the breeding
season and only those rams should be retained for breeding which show a high percentage
of A class progeny.
(ii) Only those rams should be used for breeding which show the least percentage of medulla-
tion.
(iii) While assessing the quality of a ram, medullation percentage should not be relied upon on
shoulder sample alone but the collective result of the whole fleece should be evaluated
by testing representative samples from different regions of the body.
DISCUSSION
It is evident from the above that improvement of wool quality in the Bikaneri and Lohi sheep
is possible under careful selective breeding. Large scale improvement in the village flocks can he
undertaken, on the same lines, by establishing of breeding farms and issuing of tested rams in different
localities. Before any large-scale plans are taken up throughout the country certain important
aspects deserve special attention.
Firstly, a general survey of the sheep breeds throughout the country is essential to ascertain
their potentialities for the improvement of wool quality in relation to climate and other environ-
mental factors. India as a whole, presents a wide range in its sheep breeds reared under a variety of
conditions. From the South to the North, there is a gradual improvement in the quality of sheep
December 1948]
M. P. SRIVASTAVA, et al
207
TABLE III
The comparative yield of ghee by simmering and hay-box method
No.
1
2
3
4
Method Employed
Hay-box (just boiled) . . .
Simmering (just boiled) . . .
Hay-box (10 min. boiled) . . .
Simmering (10 min. boiled) . .
Outturn expressed as
coefficient* of yield of
cream-butter method
Bangalore
92.2
89.6
91.7
89.5
Jhallar
94.2
93.2
95.2
92.4
Remarks
The data have been calculated from the
average of 18 and 24 replications carried
out at Bangalore and Jhallar respectively.
The replicates were equitably distributed
in the different seasons of the year.
* For the same unit weight of milk,
Av. ghee yield by hay-box or simmering / Av. ghee yield by cream-butter method × 100=Coefficient of yield
Figures in Table III indicate that in either place the use of the hay-box has led to a slightly
increased yield over that of the simmering process. The increased yield is about 2.4 to 2.9 per cent
at Bangalore and between 1.7 to 3.0 per cent at Jhallar. The slightly lower yield by the simmering
process may be an effect arising out of high temperature processing of milk for prolonged period
bringing in its train extensive denaturation of milk protein. The latter in turn gets incorporated with
the butter and at the time of clarification forms a relatively larger ghee residue absorbing more of the
milk fat which would otherwise pass out in the ghee layer at the time of filtration.
A careful scrutiny of the data on outturn of ghee prepared in different months of the year showed
that for all the methods tried, no significant difference was observed at Bangalore which could be
ascribed to seasonal effect. Whereas at Jhallar, winter yield of ghee by hay-box and simmering
process was about 4.6 and 5.0 per cent higher than the yield in the rainy season. The absence of
seasonal influence at Bangalore may be due to equable atmospheric temperature throughout the
course of the investigation.
Initial quality of freshly prepared ghee : In Table IV is set out the score and the range of variation
in the physico-chemical constants of fresh ghee prepared by different methods.
TABLE IV
Method of processing and preservation of milk on the market quality and physico-chemical constants of
fresh ghee
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Method
Hay-box (just boiled) .
.
Simmering (just boiled) .
Hay-box (10 min. boiled) .
Simmering (10 min. boiled) .
Cream butter . . .
Score
80
60
80
60
75
S. V.
223.0
to
228.0
224.8
to
225.8
224.8
to
225.8
223.0
to
2260
222.0
to
222.8
R. M.
25.5
to
26.8
24.9
to
26.5
25.5
to
26.5
25.8
to
26.5
25.5
to
26.4
P. V.
1.2
to
1.4
1.2
to
1.3
1.2
to
1.3
1.3
to
1.4
1.1
to
1.2
I. V.
31.7
to
32.2
32.8
to
33.8
32.3
to
33.8
31.9
to
33.0
31.0
to
32.3
Per. V
0.8
to
0.9
0.7
to
0.9
0.7
to
0.9
0.7
to
0.9
0.6
to
0.9
Acidity
0.21
to
0.25
0.23
to
0.26
0.21
to
0.26
0.23
to
0.29
0.16
to
0.19
December 1948]
M. P. SRIVASTAVA, et al
209
TABLE V—contd.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
Method
Hay-box (just boiled) .
Simmering (just boiled)
Hay-box (boiled for 10 min.)
Simmering (boiled for 10 min.)
Creamery butter .
Hay-box (just boiled) .
Simmering (just boiled)
Hay-box (boiled for 10 min.)
Simmering (boiled for 10 min.)
Creamery butter
S. V.
R. M.
P. V.
I. V.
October-November (Post-monsoon)
225.9
225.4
225.8
224.8
223.6
25.4
25.3
25.7
26.0
25.8
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.4
1.2
December-January (winter)
226.0
226.4
226.7
225.6
223.5
26.5
26.2
26.4
26.1
25.9
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.3
33.2
33.1
32.6
31.9
31.3
32.5
34.4
33.9
33.0
31.4
Per. V
5.9
4.1
5.7
5.0
3.4
5.6
4.4
5.9
5.1
3.3
Acidity
0.39
0.29
0.31
0.28
0.24
0.35
0.29
0.37
0.30
0.26
FIG. 1. The rate of change in peroxide value on storage
210
Hay-Box and Simmering Processes of Preserving Milk
[Vol. XVIII, Part IV
A perusal of the data in Table V suggests that prolonged storage does not materially affect the
S. V., K. M., P. V. and I. V. of ghee samples prepared by different methods. The two constants
which exhibit definite change are peroxide value and acidity. Both these values have significantly
increased during the course of storage. The greatest increase in peroixde value is with hay-box
(just boiled) sample followed by hay-box (10 min. boiled) simmering (10 min. boiled) and simmering
(just boiled). The acid value is observed to follow the same order. The increase in these values is
relatively greater in the samples prepared in the monsoon than in those prepared in the post-monsoon
and winter month. These findings are supported by the trend of change in the peroxide value depicted
in fig. 1, which also clearly indicates the comparative rate of deterioration in the storage quality
of ghee samples prepared by different methods.
SUMMARY
Investigation carried out to study the relative efficiency of ' hay-box ' and ' simmering' methods
in the preservation of morning milk shows that while the former method is more economical and
obviates acquiring of smoky flavour in the final product, its efficacy as a means to preserve milk in
all seasons is doubtful.
In both methods, the present practice of adding evening's unprocessed milk takes away much of
the benefit derivable from processing and sweet preservation of the morning milk. Such addition
does not ensure the type of fermentation desired in the course of ripening of milk with lactic starter
and thu6 may eventually result in the production of poor quality butter and butter-milk.
The results of the present trials substantiate the claim made regarding higher outturn and initial
quality of ghee by the hay-box method as against village simmering process. The keeping quality
of ' hay-box ' ghee, however, is inferior to that of ghee prepared by the simmering method.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The investigation was carried out under the guidance of the Director of Dairy Research, Bangalore
with a financial grant from the Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
The Director, Veterinary Services, C. P. and his staff supervised the work and offered all facilities
in carrying out the investigation at Jhallar Centre.
REFERENCES
Read, W. S. (1937). Vet. Bull. No. 8, (Anim. Husb. Series) Civ. Vet. Dept., Punjab
Srinivasan, M. R. and Banerjee, B. N. (1946). Indian J. vet. Sci. 16, 72
Rangappa, K. S., Srinivasan, M. R. and Banerjee, B. N. (194G). Ibid, 16, 83
Doctor, N. S., Banerjee, B. N. and Kothavalla, Z. R. (1940). Ibid, 10, 03
December 1948]
N. D.
KEHAR
213
TABLE II
Dry matter consumption of animals with green kans as a single feed
Animal No.
39
240
408
Body wieght
lb.
382
386
354
Dry matter consumed from
roughage
gm.
3058
3583
2771
Consumption of dry matter
per 100 lb. of body weight
lb.
1.8
2.0
1.7
Nutritive value of green kans
After a preliminary feeding period of 30 days, a metabolism experiment was conducted accord-
ing to the procedure detailed in a previous article [Kehar, loc cit.]. From the chemical composition
it appeared that this grass might provide the maintenance requirement of animals and so no con-
centrate was fed. The results of the digestion trial are given in Table III.
TABLE III
The digestibility coefficient of green kans
Animal No.
39
240 .
408 .
39 .
240 .
408 .
39 .
240 .
408 .
39 .
240 .
408 .
39 .
240
408 .
Intake from green
kans (gm.)
162.1
189.9
146.9
43.4
50.9
39.3
1223
1433
1108
1501
1759
1361
2724
3192
2469
Excreted in fæces
(gm.)
65.9
82.0
55.7
20.7
18.2
14.4
294
400
230
Amount digested
(gm.)
Crude protein
96.2
107.9
91.2
Ether extract
22.7
32.7
24.9
Crude fibre
929
1033
878
Nitrogen free extract
622
745
448
879
10 4
913
Total carbohydrates
916
1145
678
1808
2047
1791
Digestibility co-
eficient per cent
59
57
62
52
64
63
76
72
79
59
58
67
66
64
73
Average digesti-
bility coefficient
59
60
76
61
68
c2
214
Investigations of Famine Rations
[Vol. XVIII, Part IV
The data in Table III show that the protein digestibility from kans is quite satisfactory. It
is interesting to note that though animal No. 240 consumed a larger quantity of the roughage, the
excretion. in the fæces of undigested protein was more than that of the other two animals, the average
digestibility coefficient of 57 per cent of protein is not much different from those of the individual
data recorded. The digestibility of ether extract is about 20 per cent less in animal No. 39 while
the other two showed concordant results. The digestibility of crude fibre is of great significance
in ruminants and it may be observed that the average digestibility coefficient of crude fibre of green
kans is as high as 76 per cent. All the animals behaved uniformly so far as the digestion of this
constituent is concerned. An average digestibility coefficient of 76 per cent is generally found in
good quality green feeds, like oats or maize. A variation of about 15 per cent is observed in the
digestion coefficient of N-free extract and since there is little variation in the crude fibre digestibility
between the individual animals, the total carbohydrate digestibility shows a variation of about 12
per cent only.
Nitrogen balance under green kans feeding
The nitrogen balance data shown in Table IV indicate that the animals had enough protein
and that there was a considerable margin of safety when green kans formed the sole feed.
TABLE IV
Nitrogen balance under green kans feeding
Animal No.
39 . . .
240 . . .
408 . . .
Intake from
green kans
(gm.)
25.93
30.38
23.50
Excreted
In fæces
(gm.)
10.60
13.12
8.91
In urine
(gm.)
6.84
5.86
5.54
Total excretion
(gm.)
17.44
18.98
14.45
Balance
(gm.)
+8.49
+11.40
+9.05
When starch equivalent and total digestible nutrients are calculated from the above digestibility
figures, kans is found to contain 19.3 lb. of starch equivalent and 65.6 lb. of total digestible nutrients.
In comparing the digestibility coefficient of kans (Table V) with some of the green feeds it was
observed that the amount of digestible protein of 3.13 lb. per 100 lb. of kans is slightly lower than
that obtained from an equal amount of bajra, elephant grass, guinea grass or maize, but the amount
of digestible carbohydrate is more than that of bajra, elephant grass and guinea grass, and a starch
equivalent value of 19.3 is considerably higher than those of all the above-mentioned green feeds.
TABLE V
The digestibility coefficient and nutritive value of green kans as compared with some cultivated fodders
Feed
Green bajra .
Elephant grass .
Guinea grass . .
Green maize . .
Green kans . .
Origin
Lyallpur .
Lyallpur . .
Bangalore . .
Lyallpur .
Izatnagar . .
Digestibility coefficient
C.P.
62
62
58
61
59
E.E.
67
59
43
65
60
C.F.
60
63
61
70
76
N.F.E.
69
65
52
76
61
Digestible nutrients per 100 lb. of raw
material
Total
carbo-
hydrates
..
..
59
..
68
C.P.
4.31
3.85
4.44
4.68
3.13
Total
carbo-
hydrates
52.63
48.54
45.23
60.94
60.59
E.E.
1.02
1.33
0.73
0.96
0.85
S.E.
11.3
9.6
7.9
13.1
19.3
December 1948]
N. D.
KEHAR
215
Calcium and phosphorus balances.
It has already been stated that green kans is a maintenance ration in regard to both energy
and protein. A study of the Ca and P balances of animals under the same condition of feeding
was also attempted. A perusal of the data in Table VI shows that all the animals were in
positive balance with regard to these minerals.
TABLE VI
Calcium and phosphorus balances
Animal No.
39 . . .
240 . . .
408 . . .
39 . . .
240 . . .
408 . . .
intake
(gm.)
17.7
20.8
16.1
20.5
24.0
18.6
Excretion
Fæces
(gm.)
Urine
(gm.)
Calcium
10.6
12.3
8.5
1.6
1.1
1.5
Phosphorus
4.8
4.7
3.4
0.5
0.7
0.6
Total
(gm.)
12.2
13.4
10.0
5.3
5.4
4.0
Balance
(gm.)
+5.5
+7.4
+ 61
+ 15.2
+18.6
+ 14.6
Experiments on ripe kans
Nutritive value of the ripe kans. —The chemical composition of ripe kans used for feeding trials
is given in Table VII.
TABLE VII
Chemical composition of ripe kans as compared with some common cereal straws
—
Ripe kans . .
Wheat straw . .
Rice straw .
Ragi straw . .
C.P.
3.35
3.30
2.90
3.70
E.E.
1.16
1.16
0.86
0.92
C.F.
40.2
38.5
33.4
35.9
N.F.E.
48.0
45.2
45.6
51.4
Total
carbohy-
drates
88.2
83.7
79.0
87.5
Ca.
0.42
0.30
0;36
0.80
P.
0.15
0.07
0.06
0.07
It will be observed that from its chemical composition kans is as good as wheat straw. It seems
to be superior to rice straw in almost every respect but contains less protein and calcium than ragi
straw. Unlike kans at the green stage, ripe kans contains much less crude protein and thus by it-
self cannot form a maintenance ration. A small supplementation with protein-rich concentrates
is, therefore, needed to make the whole ration adequate in both energy and protein. Three adult
Kumauni bullocks were fed about ½ to ¾ lb. of rape cake in addition to chaffed kans ad lib. The dry
matter consumption as seen from Table VIII is 1.5 lb. per 100 lb. body weight.
216
Investigations of Famine Rations
[Vol. XVIII, Part IV
TABLE VIII
Dry matter consumption of three bullocks fed with rape-cake in addition to kans
Animal No.
39 ...
177
...
193 ...
Body weight
lb.
388
288
280
Dry matter consumed
from roughage
gm.
2037
1858
1800
Dry matter consumed
from cake
gm.
354
266
266
Consumption of dry
matter per 100 lb.
of body weight
lb.
1.4
1.6
1.6
A metabolism experiment was conducted after a preliminary experimental period of about a
month. The results are given in Table IX.
TABLE IX
Digestibility coefficient of ripe kans fed with rape-cake
Animal No.
39
177
193
39
177
193
39
177
193
39
177
193
39
177
193
Intake
from kans
gm.
68.2
62.1
60.3
23.6
21.6
20.9
818.9
746.9
723.6
977.8
891.8
864.0
1797
1639
1588
Intake
from cake
gm.
125.1
94.0
94.0
38.8
29.2
29.2
29.4
22.1
22.1
118.6
89.1
89.1
148
111
111
Total
intake
gm.
Excreted
in feces
gm.
Crude protein
193.3
156.1
154.3
78.4
73.8
79.8
Ether extract
62.4
50.8
50.1
22.1
19.0
19.3
Crude fibre
848.3
769.0
745.7
274.5
261.4
262.3
Nitrogen-free extract
1096.4
980.9
953.1
560.8
674.3
679.1
Total carbohydrate
1945
1750
1699
835
936
941
Amount
digested
gm.
114.9
82.3
74.5
40.3
31.8
30.8
573.8
507.6
483.4
535.6
306.6
274.0
1110
814
758
Digestibility
coefficient
per cent
59
53
48
65
63
62
68
66
65
49
31
29
57
47
45
Mean
53
63
66
36
50
December 1948]
N. D. KEHAR
217
The results show that in respect of crude protein, N-free extract, and total carbohydrate, two
of the animals showed very satisfactory results while animal No. 39 recorded an increased diges-
tibility coefficient in all these fractions. The crude fibre digestibility was, however, uniform, and
this was so with ether extract also. If the digestibility coefficients of kans at both the green and
ripe stages are compared, it will be seen from Tables VIII and IX that when ripe kans is fed together
with a suitable amount of cake, the values for ripe and green kans are almost identical with
regard to digestible fractions of crude protein, ether extract and crude fibre, whereas the digesti-
bilities of N-free extract and total carbohydrate are invariably higher when green kans is fed as a
single feed.
It may also be seen from the figures given below that the starch equivalent values of both green
and ripe kans are practically the same, whereas the amount of digestible protein is considerably
greater in the green stage. The excess of digestible protein available in 100 lb. of green kans as
compared with the ripe stage is equivalent to 3.3 lb. of rape cake.
100 lb. of ripe kans
(Dry Matter, 85 per cent)
D.P.
lb.
0.3
S.E.
lb.
20.0
100 lb. of green kans
(Dry Matter, 46 per cent)
D.P.
lb.
1.44
S.E.
lb.
19.3
The digestibility coefficient of ripe kans as compared with other cereal straws is shown in
Table X.
TABLE X
Digestibility coefficient of ripe kans and cereal straws
—
Ripe kans
Rice straw
.
.
.
.
.
Wheat straw
.
.
.
.
C.P.
11
0
0
E.E.
30
47
36
C. fibre
66
61
61
N.F.E.
35
42
53
T.C.
49
51
56
S.E.
20
18
22
It will be observed that the digestibility coefficient of crude protein of ripe kans is far superior
to that of wheat or rice straws, whereas the digestibilities of crude fibre and total carbohydrates are
almost as great as those of the other straws. In energy value also it is as good as wheat or rice straw.
Nitrogen balance
The nitrogen balance under ripe kans feeding was also calculated. It will be observed from
Table XI that when ripe kans is supplemented with ½ to ¾ lb. of cake, the ration is adequate for main
taming the nitrogen balance.
TABLE XI
Nitrogen balance under dry kans and rape-cake feeding
Animal No.
39
177
193
Intake
from dry
kans
10.92
9.96
9.65
Intake
from rape
cake
20.00
15.03
15.03
Total
intake
30.92
24.99
24.68
Excreted
in fæces
12.64
11.72
12.67
Excreted
in urine
13.28
12.80
12.16
Total
excretion
25.92
24.52
24.83
Balance
+5.00
+0.47
—0.15