NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
136
KEEPING QUALITY OF GHEE
[VOL. XX, PART II,
TABLE II—contd.
Keeping quality of ghee samples from animals fed special feed and stored at 37°C—contd.
Group
number
Cow
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Buffalo 1
2
3
4
5
6
Description of feed
given to
animals
Control
Tender grass
Neem leaves
Tamarind leaves
Mango leaves
Groundnut expeller
Groundnut ghanna
Sesame ghanna
Control
Tender grass
Neem leaves
Tamarind leaves
Mango leaves
Groundnut expeller
Peroxide values
0
days
0.30
0.40
0.62
0.69
0.58
0.20
0.35
0.30
0.36
0.20
0.10
0.20
0.24
0.27
30
days
0.59
0.59
0.84
0.94
0.60
0.33
0.58
0.53
0.70
0.25
0.20
0.40
0.46
0.50
50
days
0.62
0.70
1.02
1.13
1.62
0.49
0.66
1.03
0.87
0.27
0.30
0.80
0.76
0.70
60
days
0.69
0.80
1.21
1.31
0.64
0.52
0.87
1.14
0.94
0.31
0.76
0.99
0.90
0.94
75
days
90
days
105
days
120
days
Special ration for 8 weeks
0.81
0.84
1.73
1.55
0.68
0.54
0.99
1.26
1.14
0.35
0.89
1.24
1.28
1.29
0.93
0.92
1.99
1.62
0.74
0.58
1.14
1.30
1.39
0.48
1.09
1.39
1.58
1.78
0.97
0.98
2.26
1.78
0.76
0.69
1.36
1.39
1.57
0.69
1.26
1.53
1.78
2.03
1.09
1.00
2.64
1.89
0.96
0.83
1.53
1.41
1.76
0.82
1.37
1.78
2.46
2.82
135
days
1.14
1.02
3.08
1.94
1.07
0.97
2.03
1.43
1.91
0.93
1.83
1.97
3.76
3.13
150
days
1.29
1.04
3.73
2.17
1.39
1.03
2.52
1.47
2.03
1.02
2.08
2.19
5.24
3.36
Acid values
0
days
0.28
0.24
0.33
0.18
0.31
0.33
0.16
0.28
0.06
0.10
0.13
0.15
0.25
0.28
30
days
0.30
0.25
0.34
0.19
0.31
0.37
0.79
0.31
0.08
0.10
0.11
0.15
0.28
0.30
60
days
0.30
0.26
0.36
0.19
0.34
0.42
0.85
0.32
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.16
0.32
0.34
80
days
0.32
0.28
0.36
0.21
0.36
0.45
0.98
0.34
0.08
0.11
0.12
0.16
0.32
0.36
110
days
0.32
0.30
0.38
0.21
0.39
0.52
1.03
0.36
0.08
0.11
0.14
0.16
0.36
0.38
150
days
0.34
0.34
0.39
0.23
0.46
0.57
1.04
0.38
0.08
0.11
0.14
0.16
0.39
0.38
June, 1950] N. DASTUR, A. RAHAMAN AND N. SHROFF 137
7
8
Cow
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Buffalo 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Groundnut ghanna
Sesame ghanna
Control
Tender grass
Neem leaves
Tamarind leaves
Mango leaves
Groundnut expeller
Groundnut ghanna
Sesame ghanna
Control
Tender grass
Neem leaves
Tamarind leaves
Mango leaves
Groundnut expeller
Groundnut ghanna
Sesame ghanna
0.15
0.23
0.09
0.34
0.35
0.34
0.43
0.47
0.32
0.40
0.50
0.27
0.52
0.34
0.65
0.76
0.29
0.30
0.20
0.54
0.34
0.69
0.56
0.91
0.78
1.03
1.07
1.28
1.24
1.36
1.89
1.56
2.07
1.76
2.54
1.93
Normal ration for 4 weeks after special feeding was stopped
0.35
0.62
0.39
0.80
0.66
0.60
0.42
0.65
0.66
1.00
0.64
0.49
0.88
0.90
0.50
0.79
0.47
0.68
0.49
0.97
0.75
0.75
0.46
0.75
0.75
1.17
0.89
0.54
0.92
1.07
0.65
0.92
0.59
0.98
0.57
1.14
1.20
0.90
0.55
1.03
0.88
1.30
1.08
0.61
0.95
2.06
0.80
1.10
0.67
0.13
0.63
1.26
1.59
1.07
0.69
1.28
1.03
1.41
1.36
0.91
0.98
2.17
1.01
1.39
0.79
1.31
0.83
1.56
1.87
1.23
0.81
1.43
1.30
1.50
1.55
1.17
1.12
2.24
1.29
2.02
0.83
1.43
0.99
1.63
2.09
1.32
0.83
1.49
1.31
1.65
1.71
1.23
1.32
2.26
1.37
2.47
0.92
1.43
0.13
1.69
2.29
1.39
0.86
1.51
1.32
1.79
1.82
1.38
1.46
2.28
1.43
2.59
0.98
1.52
1.29
1.74
2.53
1.46
0.89
1.54
1.34
2.08
1.90
1.47
1.57
2.30
1.59
2.71
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
0.23
0.10
0.30
0.25
0.41
018
0.41
0.63
0.74
0.38
0.25
0.23
0.18
0.41
0.30
0.15
0.20
0.23
0.22
0.11
0.30
0.26
0.43
0.19
0.43
0.62
0.78
0.44
0.26
0.24
0.18
0.42
0.32
0.16
0.21
0.24
0.24
0.11
0.32
0.30
0.45
019
0.44
0.64
0.86
0.58
0.22
0.26
0.20
0.43
0.34
0.18
0.21
0.26
0.26
012
0.32
0.36
0.46
0.22
0.48
0.66
0.92
0.67
0.32
0.28
0.22
0.45
0.36
0.20
0.23
0.28
0.25
0.13
0.34
0.39
0.45
0.22
0.56
0.67
107
0.99
0.36
0.29
0.26
0.46
0.36
0.20
0.23
0.31
0.25
012
0.36
0.40
0.47
0.26
0.58
0.67
1.09
1.02
0.36
0.32
0.26
0.48
0.38
0.22
0.24
0.31
138
KEEPING QUALITY OF GHEE
[VOL. XX, PART II
TABLE III
Keeping quality of ghee samples from animals fed stored oil cakes and stored at 37°C.
Group
number
Cow
1
2
3
4
Buffalo 1
2
3
4
Cow
1
2
3
4
Buffalo 1
2
3
4
Description of feed given to
animals
Normal ration for 2 weeks
before feeding oil cakes—
Control dairy ration
Sesame ghanna
Groundnut ghanna
Groundnut expeller
Control dairy ration
Sesame ghanna
Groundnut ghanna
Groundnut expeller
Special ration for 3 weeks—
Central dairy ration
Sesame ghanna
Groundnut ghanna
Groundnut expeller
Control dairy ration
Sesame ghanna
Groundnut ghanna
Groundnut expeller
Peroxide values
0
days
0.09
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.07
0.27
0.46
0.10
0.08
0.08
0.00
0.08
0.09
0.00
0.08
0.09
15
days
0.20
0.39
0.53
0.28
0.47
0.81
0.53
0.29
0.21
0.31
0.19
0.27
0.21
0.19
0.17
0.25
30
days
0.36
0.43
0.89
0.72
0.74
1.07
0.78
0.59
0.37
0.49
0.37
0.63
0.35
0.41
0.39
0.56
45
days
0.59
0.48
1.04
1.08
1.01
1.22
0.98
1.31
0.42
0.51
0.49
0.81
0.39
0.49
0.43
0.67
60
days
0.63
0.48
1.25
1.08
1.29
1.47
1.09
1.43
0.61
0.67
0.74
0.93
0.43
0.59
0.55
0.79
75
days
0.72
0.49
1.50
1.09
1.65
1.83
1.22
1.62
0.82
0.78
0.97
1.14
0.50
0.67
0.58
0.98
90
days
0.74
0.49
1.50
1.09
1.61
1.83
1.31
1.63
0.82
0.78
0.97
1.14
0.96
0.79
0.66
1.09
105
days
0.76
0.51
1.65
1.14
1.82
1.97
1.39
1.68
0.97
0.89
0.99
1.15
0.92
0.79
0.79
1.07
120
days
0.83
0.87
2.00
1.12
2.11
1.95
1.92
2.09
1.25
1.27
1.82
1.62
1.89
1.46
1.15
1.46
135
days
1.11
1.07
2.03
1.12
3.04
2.18
2.68
3.06
2.00
2.09
2.04
2.47
2.69
2.43
2.11
2.75
150
days
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
2.30
2.04
2.01
2.65
3.07
2.42
2.09
2.80
Acid values
0
days
0.24
0.24
0.16
0.18
0.36
0.32
0.20
0.32
0.24
0.24
0.16
0.18
0.10
0.11
0.52
0.30
30
days
0.28
0.25
0.18
0.21
0.42
0.35
0.24
0.38
0.32
0.34
0.21
0.25
0.18
0.20
0.69
0.30
60
days
0.34
0.26
0.21
0.25
0.50
0.37
0.28
0.46
0.28
0.32
0.20
0.25
0.19
0.20
0.67
0.30
90
days
0.34
0.28
0.23
0.24
0.51
0.36
0.28
0.46
0.32
0.32
0.20
0.24
0.23
0.20
0.67
0.30
120
days
0.34
0.28
0.23
0.24
0.53
0.36
0.28
0.46
0.39
0.28
0.20
0.24
0.22
0.25
0.64
0.28
150
days
0.34
0.28
0.22
0.23
0.54
0.36
0.28
0.46
0.30
0.30
0.21
0.25
0.25
0.27
0.64
0.28
June, 1950] N. DASTUR, A. RAHAMAN AND N. SHROFF 139
Cow
1
2
3
4
Buffalo 1
2
3
4
Cow
1
2
3
4
Buffalo 1
2
3
4
Cow
1
2
3
4
Buffalo 1
2
3
4
Special ration for 5 weeks—
Control dairy ration
Sesame ghanna
Groundnut ghanna
Groundnut expeller
Control dairy ration
Sesame ghanna
Groundnut ghanna
Groundnut expeller
Special ration for 8 weeks—
Control dairy ration
Sesame ghanna
Groundnut ghanna
Groundnut expeller
Control dairy ration
Sesame ghanna
Groundnut ghanna
Groundnut expeller
Normal ration for 2 weeks
after special feeding was
stopped—
Control dairy ration
Sesame ghanna
Groundnut ghanna
Groundnut expeller
Control dairy ration
Sesame ghanna
Groundnut ghanna
Groundnut expeller
0.47
0.46
0.77
0.46
0.09
0.45
0.17
0.00
0.27
0.18
0.15
0.24
0.27
0.22
0.16
0.13
0.53
0.71
0.28
0.42
0.18
0.29
0.20
0.16
1.03
0.48
0.81
0.61
0.11
0.48
0.23
0.21
0.36
0.32
0.45
0.32
0.54
0.36
0.42
0.59
0.54
0.69
0.28
0.38
0.38
0.56
0.48
0.60
1.47
0.50
0.86
0.72
0.13
0.53
0.36
0.39
0.53
0.48
0.52
0.32
0.93
0.42
0.65
1.07
0.51
0.74
0.28
0.38
0.62
0.90
0.65
0.88
1.56
0.98
0.96
0.74
0.56
0.87
0.78
0.56
0.68
0.50
0.56
0.34
1.13
0.54
0.82
2.32
0.51
0.78
0.48
0.47
0.79
0.87
0.94
1.04
1.56
1.15
1.03
0.76
0.74
1.02
0.99
0.83
0.67
0.59
0.59
0.36
1.12
0.63
0.78
2.73
0.64
0.84
0.54
0.47
1.07
1.23
0.90
1.05
1.58
1.38
1.10
0.80
0.99
1.39
1.20
0.99
0.73
0.81
1.07
1.04
1.12
0.62
1.01
2.98
0.62
0.82
0.52
0.46
1.07
1.27
1.10
1.15
1.56
1.30
1.10
0.80
1.08
1.31
1.19
0.99
0.98
0.91
1.02
1.11
1.42
0.87
1.16
3.35
0.64
1.07
0.85
0.96
1.33
1.90
1.50
1.75
1.56
1.32
1.07
0.80
1.21
1.50
1.15
0.91
0.98
1.10
0.96
..
2.70
1.23
1.19
3.44
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1.51
1.30
1.81
0.99
2.54
..
1.71
1.12
1.09
1.40
1.26
1.13
..
1.33
1.75
8.91
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1.89
2.49
2.25
1.80
2.20
2.67
1.93
2.36
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
0.34
0.37
0.20
0.34
0.31
0.53
0.34
0.45
0.43
0.31
0.33
0.58
0.51
0.43
0.17
0.23
0.65
0.18
0.18
0.17
0.44
0.18
0.23
0.34
0.48
0.53
0.24
0.38
0.39
0.52
0.39
0.98
0.45
0.35
0.42
0.56
0.56
0.48
0.20
0.25
0.64
0.56
0.23
0.36
0.54
0.20
0.26
0.36
0.52
0.61
0.36
0.42
0.53
0.76
0.40
0.96
0.42
0.33
0.42
0.61
0.61
0.46
019
0.24
0.76
0.87
0.28
0.48
0.67
0.28
0.25
0.36
0.52
0.59
0.33
0.40
0.51
0.72
0.40
1.03
0.45
0.33
0.37
0.67
0.70
0.48
0.20
0.24
0.74
0.90
0.27
0.52
0.71
0.31
0.24
0.38
0.53
0.59
0.36
0.40
0.53
0.73
0.39
1.13
0.45
0.33
0.36
0.67
0.72
0.48
0.36
0.36
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
0.52
0.59
0.34
0.45
0.51
0.73
0.39
1.24
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
140
KEEPING QUALITY OF GHEE
[VOL. XX, PART II,
TABLE IV
Keeping quality of ghee samples obtained from different centres (acid values)
Serial
number
1
2
3
4
5
9
10
11
12
13
14
Particulars of
samples
Gir cow ghee
„
„
„
Hariana cow ghee
„
Kangyam cow ghee
Kangyam and Sindhi
mixed cow ghee
„
„
„
„
„
Place of
origin of
samples
Junagadh
„
„
„
Hissar
„
Hosur
„
„
„
„
„
„
0
0.58
0.53
0.23
0.16
0.49
2.97
0.15
0.17
0.14
0.20
0.15
0.12
0.15
0.08
35
..
0.53
0.28
0.20
..
3.22
..
0.22
0.17
..
..
..
0.20
0.11
50
0.63
..
..
..
0.53
3.23
015
..
0.17
0.25
0.19
..
..
..
65
..
0.57
0.30
..
..
..
..
0.20
..
..
..
0.16
0.28
0.23
Days of storage at 37°C.
85
0.72
..
..
0.21
0.60
3.31
0.15
..
..
..
..
0.16
0.30
100
..
0.55
0.31
0.23
..
..
..
0.22
0.20
..
..
..
0.38
..
150
0.80
0.64
0.30
0.75
3.80
0.18
..
0.21
..
0.23
0.16
..
0.30
185
0.79
..
..
..
..
..
0.20
..
0.21
0.33
0.24
..
0.45
0.29
220
1.24
..
0.38
..
..
..
0.23
..
..
0.36
..
..
..
..
240
..
0.65
..
..
..
3.93
..
0.23
0.25
0.54
0.34
0.17
0.46
..
275
..
0.65
0.44
..
..
..
0.24
0.32
0.26
0.56
0.37
0.17
..
..
300
..
0.71
0.65
..
..
..
0.24
..
0.28
0.59
0.37
0.17
..
..
350
..
0.78
..
..
..
0.27
0.33
0.48
0.60
..
..
..
..
June, 1950] N. DASTUR, A. RAHAMAN AND N. SHROFF 141
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
Kankrej cow ghee
„
„
„
„
„
„
Ongole cow ghee
„
„
„
Sahiwal cow ghee
„
„
„
„
„
Sindhi cow ghee
„
Murrah buffalo ghee
Charo di
„
„
„
„
„
„
Guntur
„
„
„
Delhi
„
„
„
„
„
Hosur
Ambala
„
0.64
0.47
0.48
0.50
0.83
0.14
0.20
0.37
0.61
0.48
0.02
0.30
0.38
0.57
0.72
0.91
0.34
0.21
0.37
1.37
..
0.55
0.52
0.64
0.83
0.63
0.34
..
0.66
..
0.67
..
0.42
0.60
..
..
..
..
..
1.45
0.69
..
..
..
..
..
..
0.44
..
0.51
..
0.35
..
..
1.03
1.08
0.58
0.23
0.48
..
0.56
0.57
..
..
0.66
0.37
..
0.77
..
..
..
0.47
0.71
..
..
0.59
..
..
..
0.82
..
..
..
..
..
0.38
0.46
..
..
..
0.38
..
..
..
..
..
0.27
0.60
..
..
0.60
0.58
0.78
0.90
0.81
..
..
0.81
0.61
0.72
..
0.48
0.93
..
1.14
0.64
..
..
..
..
0.69
0.62
..
1.01
..
0.60
0.55
..
0.66
..
0.47
0.56
..
..
..
..
0.32
..
1.70
..
..
0.66
088
..
0.97
0.70
0.55
0.91
0.66
..
..
..
..
1.50
1.30
0.71
0.30
..
..
..
..
..
0.88
..
0.94
0.92
0.61
0.92
0.71
..
0.47
..
..
1.54
1.31
0.74
0.34
..
..
..
0
0.74
..
1.13
0.93
..
..
0.93
0.73
..
0.70
0.94
1.57
1.34
0.75
..
..
..
..
..
0.85
..
1.21
..
..
0.68
..
0.76
..
0.54
0.71
..
1.76
1.40
..
0.37
..
..
..
..
0.86
0.91
..
0.94
..
..
..
0.78
..
0.55
0.71
..
1.79
1.46
0.81
0.38
..
..
..
..
0.86
0.93
..
..
..
..
..
0.95
..
0.58
..
..
1.87
1.48
..
0.40
..
..
L2
142
KEEPING QUALITY OF GHEE
[VOL. XX, PART II,
TABLE V
Keeping quality of ghee samples obtained from different centres (peroxide values)
Serial
number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Particulars of
samples
Gir cow ghee
„
„
„
Hariana cow ghee
„
Kangyam cow ghee
Kangyam and Sindhi
mixed cow ghee
„ „ „
„ „ „
„ „ „
„ „ „
„ „ „
„ „
Place of
origin of
samples
Junagadh
„
„
„
Hissar
„
Hosur
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
0
4.36
1.93
0.55
0.10
2.71
0.30
0.71
0.23
0.20
0.25
0.35
0.30
0.80
009
20
10.52
2.00
1.61
0.05
3.40
0.80
1.66
0.40
0.74
0.56
..
0.33
0.80
0.14
35
..
..
2.98
0.25
..
1.62
..
0.44
1.21
1.07
..
..
0.87
0.26
50
19.96
3.01
..
..
6.38
3.61
2.39
0.70
1.36
..
1.80
..
0.89
0.38
Days of storage at 37°C.
65
..
4.5
3.89
0.20
..
4.03
0.76
1.75
1.01
..
0.39
1.09
0.27
80
25.95
5.12
4.90
0.41
17.31
4.85
3.37
1.01
..
..
1.39
0.49
1.28
1.72
100
..
5.98
9.56
..
26.80
5.31
3.29
1.40
2.00
..
..
0.60
1.32
2.49
115
..
8.48
..
..
..
7.90
3.31
1.50
2.37
1.53
2.39
0.63
1.54
..
130
..
10.72
..
0.53
..
..
4.76
1.57
3.23
1.99
2.49
0.69
..
5.23
150
..
..
9.38
..
..
1.71
4.12
..
..
..
2.99
0.76
..
7.09
165
..
10.47
10.16
..
..
29.02
6.84
2.68
..
2.03
3.50
0.82
2.39
14.98
180
..
..
14.02
..
..
..
12.92
2.84
3.60
2.45
3.87
0.95
3.63
22.08
220
..
12.04
19.40
..
..
15.90
3.19
5.63
3.50
5.98
1.29
4.27
..
June, 1950] N. DASTUR, A. RAHAMAN AND N. SHROFF 143
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
Kankraj cow ghee
„
„
„
„
„
„
Ongole cow ghee
„
„
„
Sahiwal cow ghee
„
„
„
„
„
Sindhi cow ghee
Murrah buffalo ghee
„ „
Charodi
„
„
„
„
„
„
Guntur
„
„
„
Delhi
„
„
„
„
„
Hosur
Ambala
„
2.99
1.73
0.55
1.65
3.22
0.61
0.17
3.64
1.00
0.69
1.40
1.84
0.84
0.85
0.60
0.35
0.39
0.50
5''11
1.35
3.63
8.44
3.19
1.69
5.11
1.07
4.50
1.65
6.47
2.50
1.19
2.03
0.87
..
..
1.15
6.90
3.44
..
17.63
3.78
..
..
0.81
1.96
..
1.77
..
..
..
1.23
2.87
..
0.65
0.72
..
..
12.40
12.51
32.18
..
..
6.48
1.31
2.08
19.55
2.25
1.32
15.03
4.05
1.68
4.27
1.52
..
0.75
0.98
39.39
..
..
..
3.97
..
..
1.62
2.18
..
3.56
..
..
..
1.99
8.43
..
0.69
..
..
..
..
..
..
6.65
..
6.79
1.69
2.36
..
..
..
22.96
2.38
2.63
..
..
..
0.82
2.75
..
21.90
..
..
9.07
2.22
8.70
3.23
3.34
..
4.58
2.40
..
4.32
3.50
7.69
..
0.71
..
2.74
..
..
..
..
..
..
9 08
3.34
3.53
..
7.11
2.40
..
5.35
4.48
9.20
1.90
0.93
1.42
3.52
..
..
..
..
..
3.37
14.47
4.02
4.12
..
9.57
..
..
6.22
9.10
11.93
..
1.24
1.54
3.90
..
..
..
..
14.66
..
15.09
4.79
..
..
2.72
..
7.90
..
..
..
1.26
1.56
3.75
..
..
..
..
3.38
16.24
4.81
6.27
..
..
3.65
..
10.67
10.10
..
..
1.28
1.53
5.03
..
..
..
..
14.83
4.18
16.42
4.86
7.46
..
13.42
3.95
..
12.25
13.27
2.01
..
1.61
7.03
..
..
..
24.56
7.47
34.19
4.90
..
..
..
9.75
..
16.32
11.26
21.43
3.05
1.39
2.19
9.60
..
..
June, 1950] N. DASTUR, A. RAHAMAN AND N. SHROFF 145
seven days there was a slight deterioration in flavour but a greater deterioration
in texture. No difference was observed in the butter samples from control and ex-
perimental animals.
The results of keeping quality of the ghee samples are shown in Tables II and III.
Keeping quality was studied over a period of five months. The data do not give
any indication that the keeping quality of butter fat is adversely effected by any of
the feeds given. Neem, tamarind and mango leaves are usually fed to animals
during the dry season when there is a scarcity of fodder and the poor keeping quality
of summer butter fat is sometimes attributed to these special feeds. There seems
to be, however, no justification for such an assumption. In no case has the peroxide
value exceeded 3.50 after five months' storage, and the acid value was well below
1.5 per cent oleic acid. It is also noteworthy that the oil in the cakes fed had very
high acid value but this does not influence the quality of the secreted fat.
(iii) Keeping quality of ghee obtained from different centres. Ghee samples were
obtained from about ten centres. Though arrangements were made with the local
authorities to prepare the ghee by the standard method supplied, evidence shows
that the effect of oxidation on the keeping quality of ghee was not understood by
many [cf. Dastur, 1947]. Many of the samples when received had high peroxide
values, which could be due to contact with light, or air or metals. The results
for samples whose peroxide value was much above five are not given here as these
samples were already rancid. The results in Table V show that the rate of develop-
ment of rancidity varies widely even in samples received from the same centre.
Assuming that the maximum peroxide value that can be allowed in ghee samples
is 5.0, the keeping quality of ghee samples, taking maximum period of storage as
220 days, works out as follows:
Bangalore
Hosur .
Delhi .
214 days
190 days
158 days
Charodi
Junagadh
Guntur
. 124 days
. 97 days
85 days
The acid value of these sample is showing in Table IV. These were studied for
nearly a year. The maximum acid value noted in one. instance was 3.93, but in
large majority of the samples the values were below 2.0 per cent oleic. Studies
on breed, feed, and seasonal variation point the fact that ghee prepared with proper
care can be stored satisfactorily. High acid ghee (exceeding 2.0 per cent oleic)
need not be sold for public consumption. It is only by insisting on a high quality
standard that the general quality of the market ghee can possibly be improved.
SUMMARY
Ghee samples prepared on the farm from the milk of different breeds of animals
had good keeping quality. Acidity did not exceed 0.50 per cent oleic even after
seven months storage, and the average keeping quality as judged by the peroxide
values was well over seven months.
The effect of feeding tender grass ; neem, tamarind and mango leaves ; and oil
cakes, on the keeping quality of the butter fat secreted were studied. These feed
do not seem to influence the keeping quality of ghee in any way.
146
KEEPING QUALITY OF GHEE
[VOL. XX, PART II,
The effect of feeding stored oil cakes was also investigated. Though the oil in
such cakes had very high acid value, the butter fat obtained from animals receiving
such cakes in their diet had low acid value and good keeping quality.
The keeping quality of ghee samples collected from different centres was studied.
All the samples studied did not develop high acidity even after storage of one year.
The rate of peroxide development varied considerably.
From the results obtained it is stressed that the proper method for the manufacture
and storage of ghee are of much greater importance in obtaining ghee of good keeping
quality than such factors as breed of animals or feed.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors express their thanks to the Indian Council of Agricultural Research
for giving a financial grant for the work described here. They are also grateful to
Dr. K. C. Sen, Director of Dairy Research, and Dr. Zal R. Kothavalla, Dairy
Development Adviser, for their helfpul suggestions and criticism.
REFERENCES
Anantakrishanan, C. P., Bhalerao, V. R., and Paul, T. M., (1947). Archives Biochemsistry, 13, 389
Dastur, N. N. (1947). Monthly Bull. Bangalore Dairy Cattle, Soc., 6, 1
Dastur, N. N. and Banerjee, B. N. (1936). Current Sci., 5, 99
Dastur, N. N. and Lea, C. H. (1941). Analyst, 66, 90
Doctor, N. S., Banerjee, B. N. and Kothavalla, Z. R. (1940). Indian J. vet. Sci., 10, 63
Lea, C. H. (1931). Proc. Roy. Soc., London, 108B, 175
Rangappa, K. S. and Banerjee, B. N. (1946). Indian J. vet. Sci., 16, 98
Rangappa, K. S., Srinivasan, M. R. and Banerjee, B. N. (1946). Ibid., 16, 83
Srinivasan, M. R. and Banerjee, B. N. (1946). Ibid., 16, 72
ABSTRACTS
Comparative Growth Promoting Values of the Proteins of Cereal Grains.
JONES, D.B., CALDWELL, A., and WIDNESS, K. D. (1948). J. Nutrit., 35, 639-649
T HE growth promoting values of the proteins of rolled oats, hard wheat, soft
wheat, rye, yellow corn, pearled barley, brown and polished rice were compared
by means of ad libitum feeding experiments with rats, extending over a period
of six weeks. The test substances formed the sole source of protein in the diets,
which were made nutritionally adequate with respect to factors other than protein.
The experimental materials were incorporated to supply protein at 4.5, 7.5, 9.5
and 12 per cent levels in the diet. The N contents of the substances permitted
a comparision of all the eight at 4.5 per cent level, whereas at 7.5, 9.5, and 12 per
cent levels, only the first seven, four and two respectively, could be compared.
The average increase in weight of each group of animals and the average gain
in weight per gram of protein consumed were used as standards of comparison for
evaluating the proteins.
At the 4.5 per cent protein level oats was closely followed in descending order,
by rye, polished rice, brown rice, soft wheat, pearled barley, hard wheat and yellow
corn—the last four showing about the same value.
Brown rice topped the list at 7.5 per cent level and was followed in order of
merit by rye, rolled oats, hard wheat, corn, pearled barley and soft wheat.
At the 9.5 per cent level oats proved to be the best. The differences between
the remaining three were not statistically significant.
Oats proved to be far superior to hard wheat at the 12.0 per cent level. (K.S.)
Effects of Dilution on Motility of Bull Spermatozoa and the relation between motility
in high dilution and fertility. CHENG PEILIEU, GASIDA. L. E., BARRETT. G. B.
(1949). J. Anim. Sci., 8, 81-88
T HE comparative effects of high dilutions (1 : 10 to 1 : 12800) on motility of
bull sperms between 0.9 per cent sodium chloride and 0.08 M sodium citrate
(2 Na C 6 H 5 O 7 ; 11 H 2 O) solutions and citrate solution and E. Y. C. dilutor
were studied. It was observed that the percentage of motile sperms
decreased markedly in the higher dilutions though in E. Y. C. the motility was
not affected in dilutions up to 1 : 200. Motility of sperms averaged higher in sodium
chloride solution but resistance to dilution was greater in citrate. The average
for motility as also resistance to dilution was found to be the highest in E. Y. C.
Significant differences between the samples of semen from different bulls and also
between the different samples from the same bull were observed. Immotile sperms
in high dilutions when centrifuged and reconcentrated failed to revive motility
and it has been tentatively suggested that it is due to the leaching of a substance
147
148
ABSTRACTS
[Vol. XX, No. II
or substances from the sperms. In sodium chloride and citrate,solutions no signi-
ficant correlation was found between different indices of motility and fertility
' within bull' ' between bulls ' a slight significant correlation was, however, noticed
in 1 : 10 dilution of sodium citrate and also between the highest dilution in which
motility was shown and fertility in the same solution. (S.G.)
A Preliminary Study of the Toxicity of Calotropis gigantea. Rathnasabapathy
V. el al. (1949). Indian J. med. Res. (4)
C ALOTEOPIS GIGANTEA (Asclepiadaceae) is a reputed medicinal plant in the
indigenous literature and it has been reported to be toxic to animals. Feeding
experiments indicate that the leaf powder is non-toxic to ruminants, in doses that
would prove toxic to canines, owing to the complexity of the stomach of the former.
On the other hand, it exerts a tonic effects on the ruminants. The active principle,
obtained from the leaves and the latex of the plant, produces a sustained stimulating
action on the circulation, by directly acting on the musculature of the heart and blood
vessels. It increases the irritability of the heart, decreases the latent period and
shortens the refractory period. Further it has got the power of resuscitation of
failing hearts. It is a good ecbolic also, due to the direct action on the musculature
of the uterus. Since it acts as a good cardiac stimulant, further work is being
pursued to determine the chemical constitution, stability and the possibilities of
the therapeutic application of the drug. (R.V.)
The Influence of the Ration and Early Rumen Development on the Changes in the
Plasma Carotenoids, Vitamin A and Ascorbic Acid of Young Diary Calves,
HIBBS, J. W. and POUNDEN, W. D. J. Dairy Sci., 31 (12)
A S it is recognized that the period between the birth of a calf and the time it
takes to develop into a normally functioning ruminant is critical, from the
stand point of nutritional well being and health, the authors have undertaken the
study of the influence of the ration and early rumen development on the changes
occurring in the plasma carotenoids, vitamin A and ascorbic acid of dairy calves
during this early postnatal development.
After feeding colostrum for three days, all the calves were fed whole milk for
six weeks at the rate of 0.9 lb. per 10 lb. body weight. This low level of milk feeding
was adopted so as to encourage the calves to consume more of the dry feeds. They
got whole milk and various dry feeds with and without rumen inoculations. There
were six groups on the whole. All calves were bled on the 4th and 7th days of the
age and weekly thereafter until the 42nd day of age. Till the 42nd day of age
plasma carotenoids vitamin A and ascorbic acid were determined. The results of
the work show that the drop in blood plasma and ascorbic acid was prevented due
to inoculations when only alfalfa hay and milk were fed ; but the effect was adverse
when grain was included in the ration. The carotenoid levels increased considerably
after addition of whole milk and alfalfa hay, than after the inclusion of grain. No