NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
ABSTRACTS
Studies on the Diagnosis of Newcastle Disease and Infectious Bronchitis of Fowls.
I. The Hæmagglutination-Inhibition test for the Diagnosis of Newcastle
Disease. FABRICANT, J. (1942). Cornell Vet., 39, 202-220
T HE author has described the utility of Haemagglutination-Inhibition test in
the diagnosis of Newcastle disease and has compared the same with the Serum
Neutralization test. A detailed description of the H.I. test has been given. The
test was performed by mixing successive dilutions of the virus with a fixed quantity
of serum. Even though the technique of the test is essentially same as the official
test of the U.S. Bureau of Animal Industry, the following modifications were adopted
with advantage :
(i) Untreated allantoic fluid was used instead of formalinized virus ; (ii) the
tests were incubated at 25°C. before recording the results instead of at room tem-
perature ; (iii) a 1 in 40 dilution of the serum was used and not 1 in 5 dilution and
(iv) H. I. titre of 80 was taken as suspicious and only a titre of 160 or more as positive.
On a comparison of the results of the H. I. tests and S. N. tests in 56 field
cases of Newcastle disease, it was observed that the H. I. titre reached positive level
sooner than the S. N. titre during the course of the disease.
The specificity of H. I. test in the diagnosis of Newcastle disease was demons-
trated on the basis of examination on 185 field cases.
In the two series of controlled experiments, it was observed, that the H. I.
titre in the infected birds rose to a positive level from two days before to three days
after the first respiratory symptoms were noticed and in every case the H. I.
titre became positive earlier than the S. N. titre, the variation being from one to
four days, in concurrence with the results obtained from field cases. H. I. and S. N.
titres of birds infected naturally or artificially were found to remain at positive
levels over long periods, 5 to 23 months.
The author concludes from the observation made on a series of 5000 H. I.
tests that this test was accurate, rapid, easily performed and cheaper and superier
to S. N. test (P.R.N.).
The Influence of Casein upon Roughage Digestion in Cattle with Rumen
Bacteriological Studies. BURROUGH, W., GALL, L. S., GERLAUGH, P.
AND BETHKI, R. M., (1950). J. Anim. Sci. 9, 214
L OW protein cattle ration containing roughage and corn starch supplemented
by varying additions of casein was fed to experimental steers. The protein content
of the rations was 3.4, 4.6, 11.1 and 17.4 per cent. It was found that the additions
of casein to this low protein ration resulted in increased dry matter digestibility
of the roughage part of the ration.
205
ABSTRACTS
207
moderate testicular degeneration are possibly amenable to treatment. The scope
for hormone therapy in treating such cases has been discussed. (S.N.L.)
Experiments with 'Antrycide' in the Sudan and East Africa. DAVEY, D. H. (1950).
Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. and Hyg., 43, 583-616
T HE author has done some extensive experimental observations on the effect
of antrycide formulations against animal trypanosomiasis in Kenya. Uganda and
the Sudan, and it is desirable that any worker interested in the subject should read
the original article.
Recent experiences in British East Africa reveal that 'Antrycide' have not
achieved the anticipated measure of success. As regards the nature and duration
of the prophylaxis, experimental results are so far inconclusive. It is suspected
that the nature of prophylaxis may to a certain extent permit the development of
a low grade infection in animals which, though not revealed by their routine blood
smear examination, may serve as a source of danger to other susceptible animals.
In Kenya and Uganda a number of cattle was suspected to have succumbed
to a delayed toxic action of antrycide. The reason for this is not known and the
occurrence of some extraneous factors are suspected. It is, however, admitted
that antrycide is an outstanding agent for the treatment of most types of try-
panosomiasis occurring in domestic animals, but, as a prophylactic, it still holds
out promise of being a useful drug, and awaits further trials before its possible
prophylactic value is ascertained.
In view of the remarks made above, instead of abstracting the above article
it is considered proper to give the conclusions in author's own words as follows :
1. The curative treatment for three strains of T. congolense tested in these
experiments was a single subcutaneous dose of about 1 mg. per kg.
antrycide methylsulphate, and for a fourth was about 2 mg. per kg.
The two strains of T. vivax were not so completely tested, and all
that can be said of them is that 1 mg. per kg. was not sufficient to
cure all animals, but 5 mg. per kg. was. The latter dose has been
suggested as the field dose because it errs on the generous side in the
treatment of T. congolense and has cured those strains of T. vivax
which have been tested. A personal communication from Mr. J. T. R.
Evans has described how, in a big field trial in Sudan, approxi-
mately 200,000 cattle were given this dose with almost entirely
satisfactory results, disquiet only arising when calves were being
treated.
2. On the basis of the evidence presented here, it is recommended that
yearlings and older cattle should not be given more than 12 mg.
per kg. antrycide methylsulphate, and treated animals should be
kept as quiet as possible during treatment and for about 12 hours
afterwards. It should be noted that these big doses (i.e. 12 mg. per
kg. or more) have been given only to healthy cattle, and it is
possible that cattle ill with trypanosomiasis or from some other
cause may be less tolerant of the drug.
208
ABSTRACTS
3. The experimental results concerning the treatment of T. brucei in horses,
donkeys and dogs are meagre, and the most that can be said is that
5 mg. per kg. methylsulphate has been used with apparently satis-
factory results in the few cases tried. It is a point of importance
that while all the treatments have been made as a single subcutaneous
dose because this is clearly the treatment of choice for cattle, the
necessity for single dose treatment is not so important in horses and
dogs.
4. All the treatments reported here have been made subcutaneously, but
a small number of cattle, and laboratory animals, have been treated
intramuscularly. It appears that the doses recommended for sub-
cutaneous injection may be safely given intramuscularly, should this
route be preferred.
5. The properties of antrycide chloride are such that they lend themselves
to the production of drug-fast strains. This salt should not therefore
be used alone for curative purposes.
6. The prophylactic effect of the methylsulphate is inferior to the chloride
but since it should be assumed that under general field conditions
some at least, of the cattle being treated for prophylactic purposes
may be infected with trypanosomes, a mixture of the two salts pro-
viding both a curative and a prophylactic action should be used in
prophylaxis.
We must assume that break-through strains, at least of T. congolense have
acquired some resistance to antrycide, and therefore they must be
prevented as far as possible. In other words. if cattle are continuously
exposed to infection, re-treatment must be made while the majority
of animals are still protected from a previous treatment. The earliest
times after treatment at which trypanosomes have been observed in
animals kept in a tsetse area are therefore important. In the group
of cattle at Kiboko which were treated with gramme 1.5 methylsulphate
AND gramme 1 chloride T. vivax was first found in blood smears
about 13 weeks after treatment and T. congolense 21 weeks after
treatment ; in the group treated with gramme 1.5 methylsulphate
AND gramme 2 chloride either T. vivax or T. brucei was found 13 weeks
after treatment, T. vivax was definitely found 19 weeks after treat-
ment and T. congolense 20 weeks after treatment.
From what was said in the discussion of the prophylactic experiments, we
may presume that break-through trypanosomes are found in blood
smears about a month after infection. Consequently, to be fairly
assured that re-treatment with either of these drug mixtures is made
at a time when the great majority of animals are still completely free
of trypanosomes, it must be made not later than about 8 weeks after
the previous treatment. Probably if re-treatment is to be made at
so short a time as this then gramme 1.5 methylsulphate mixed with
gramme 0.5 chloride would be sufficient.
ABSTRACTS
209
An alternative is to suppose that T. vivax may be treated differently from
T. congolense. In the first place we have good evidence that the
break-through strains from cattle which were repeatedly bitten by
G. pallidipes carrying T. vivax (Enali strain) were not obviously
resistant to further treatment with antrycide. Secondly, we know
that many stains of T. vivax pursue an almost benign course and that
even a virulent T. vivax may be very much reduced in virulence if the
course of the infection is checked or impeded in any way.
If T. vivax may be regarded differently from T. congolense the period between
treatments may be increased to about 12 weeks. The best treatment
to employ in these circumstances is gramme 1.5 methylsulphate
mixed with gramme 2 chloride because possibly only one of 11 animals
at Kiboko which received this dose was infected at the time a second
treatment would be given.
7. This consideration of a field dose for prophylactic use has been centred,
for the most, around the experiment at Kiboko because our aim is
to maintain cattle in a tsetse area, and Kiboko may be considered
truly representative of a tsetse area, but the general conclusions that
have been drawn concerning the periods of protection to be expected
from the various treatments are borne out by the prophylactic ex-
periments in cattle that were done under laboratory conditions.
(H.N.R.)
REVIEWS
COMMERCIAL METHODS OF TESTING MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS
BY J. LYONS AND M. J. O'SHEA
(Published by Cork University Press, University College, Cork, 1950, p.viii-218, 15 s)
T HE book deals with important methods of analysis of milk and other common
milk products. It has been written primarily as a guide to those engaged in day
to day examination of milk, and not as a treatise on the subject. The authors have
achieved their object admirably. Going through the book one is impressed with
the trouble taken in explaining each step in detail with illustrations where necessary.
Though quite a large number of books are available on the subject, it is not often
that one comes across a book written with such painstaking care where the authors
have given the fullest benefit of their long teaching and practical experience.
The book is divided into eleven chapters. In the beginning a general picture
of the composition and important constituents of milk is given. An interesting
chapter deal with the history of the evolution of the present methods of testing
butter fat, now almost a forgotten subject. This is followed by a detailed
description of the Gerber method as applied under routine practice. Again, a
chapter deals with other standard methods of testing fat in milk. Further points
covered in the book are details of methods of sampling, and important tests for
the analysis of separated milk, cream, butter, cheese, concentrated milk products,
ice-cream, etc. Two chapters illustrate important routine calculations generally
come across in milk testing laboratories and creameries relating to butter fat test
for milk and in the manufacture of butter. Methods for the detection of
adulterants and evaluation of sanitary quality are also described. Miscellaneous
tests like identification of preservatives, testing the strength of detergents,
estimating hardness in water, etc., are discussed. Finally, an appendix is included
giving useful conversion tables, composition and legal standards for milk and milk
products, etc. This is followed by a detailed index.
Throughout, the book is written in a clear and simple style. Before describing
each method, the principles of the tests are explained so that it is possible to
follow the details intelligently. The book should prove of considerable value to
students, technicians and teachers. The printing and get-up of the book are
commendable. (Z.R.K.)
BEE-KEEPING CRAFT AND HOBBY
BY CUMMING, A. R. AND MARGARET LOGAN
(Published by Oliver and Boyd, London 10s. 6d.)
THIS is a book of about 150 pages, written for the benefit of amateurs and
professional bee-keepers, by authors who are well-qualified to write on the subject.
The book sets forth, in a lucid form, all the essential known facts concerning
211
ERRATA
Indian Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry Vol. XIX, Part IV,
December 1949
Page
279
279
281
Line
Table II, Column 7
.
.
.
.
11 from bottom, Table II, Column 7 . .
Last
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
For
F.D./
W°.73
66.6
had
Read
F.D./
W°.73
60.6
had not
ERRATA
Indian Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Vol. XX, Part I.
March 1950
Page
27
Line
1 (heading)
For
Preparation of
Read
Preparation of ghee
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
TESTS OF SOME PROPRIETORY INSECTICIDES
By P. BALARAMA MENON, C. M. SEN GUPTA AND B. C. BASU, Indian
Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh
(Received for publication on 16 October 1950)
T HE utility of testing proprietory insecticides and drugs by research institutions
and government establishments has been a subject of much discussion and
difference of opinion among the research workers. On the one hand it has been
put forward that it is no use to the country to test products, the formulae or com-
positions of which are not divulged by the manufacturers for trade reasons. On
the other hand, it is pointed out that large sums of money could be saved for the
country and much useful purpose gained by testing such products and correctly
assessing the properties claimed for them in order that spurious claims may be
exposed, useful products encouraged and industries of the country developed
[Chopra and Basu, 1939]. It is now accepted on all hands that, in view of a large
number of such drugs and insecticides of a proprietory nature being put into the
market every day, it is necessary that they should be tested by the government or
research institutes to assess their respective values for the benefit of the public.
On this account the testing of products which are recieved for tests or otherwise put
into the market, claiming therapeutic and insecticidal values. This paper reports
the results of tests carried out in our laboratories on some of these products which
were received by the Director, Indian Veterinary Research Institute from the manu-
facturers.
The proprietory preparations tested are given below:
1. Anofilum
2. Brizk
3. Gamatox Paste Dip
4. Kildem
5. Neocid-Geigy
6. No. 1050-Geigy
7. Pip
8. Pyrentol D 20
9. Pyro-colloid
10. Pyro-dust 1,500
Experimental methods
A series of experiments were conducted in each case to test the insecticidal
value of the above preparations on different species of arthropods. Various dilutions
of each were tried the details of which are presented in tables. Separate controls
215
216
TESTS OF SOME PROPRIETORY INSECTICIDES
[Vol. XXI, Part IV
were kept for each series of experiment. The amount of spray used in the case of
liquid preparations was on an average 0.015 c.c. per cubic foot.
1. Anofilum. This insecticide is marketed by the Indian Physiological Institute.
The manufacturers claim that the product, when mixed with kerosene in the pro-
portion of 16 ounces to one gallon, will make a most effective spray against all kinds
of insects particularly mosquitoes, bugs, flies, etc.
Anofilum was tested in dilutions of 10 per cent and 50 per cent in kerosene oil
on wild caught adults of house flies (Musca Linn. mostly Musca nebulo Wied.) and
10 per cent on mosquitoes (Culex fatigans Wied.) the details of which are presented
in Tables I and II below.
TABLE I
Result of spraying Anofilum in different strengths on wild caught adults of Musca spp.
Time after spray
5 minutes
10
do.
30
do.
45
do.
1 hour
1½ hours
2
do.
Number of
flies used
in each
test
100
10 per cent
Date
10-9-47
Dead
nil
nil
nil
nil
15
26
50
Moribund
nil
nil
5
15
20
20
20
50 per cent
Date
19-9-47
Dead
5
14
25
28
41
45
65
Moribund
5
6
15
12
4
6
15
TABLE II
Result of spraying Anofilum (10 per cent) on Culex fatigans hatched out in the labo-
ratory, 48 hours old
Date
12-9-47
Number of
mosquitoes
used
60
Time after spray
5 minutes
15 do.
30 do.
1 hour
1½ hours
2 do.
3 do.
4 do.
Dead
nil
3
3
3
9
12
12
15
Moribund
2
3
6
12
18
15
15
15
Alive
58
54
51
45
33
33
33
30
December, 1951] P. BALARAMA MENON, C. M. SEN GUPTA AND B. C. BASU 217
At the recommended dilution of 10 per cent, it had no immediate knock down
effect and up to 45 minutes after spray no flies were killed but about 15 per cent
were moribund. At the end of two hours after spray 50 per cent flies were dead and
20 per cent moribund. On the other hand a stronger dilution of 50 per cent Anofilum
gave 20 per cent kill and 12 per cent moribund after 45 minutes and 65 per cent
dead and 15 per cent moribund at the end of two hours. On mosquitoes a 10 per
cent spray of Anofilum gave a kill of 5 per cent and 20 per cent moribund at the end
of 45 minutes and 20 per cent kill and 25 per cent moribund at the end of two hours.
It may be seen from the tables that Anofilum is a slow acting insecticide and the
desired effect is obtained after a long period.
2. Brizk. Produced by the New International Trading Co., Bombay, it is
claimed by the manufacturers to be the modern scientific insecticide containing
0.5 per cent Gamma BHC 'Gammexane' with pyrethrum. It is said to be effective
against flies, mosquitoes, cockroaches, bugs and other insect pests.
This product was tested against house flies, mosquitoes and poultry lice, the
results of which are presented in Tables III, IV and V.
TABLE III
Result of spraying Brizk on wild caught adults of Musca spp.
Date
30-1-50
Number of
flies
used
60
Time
after
spray
5 minutes
30 do.
1 hour
1½ hours
2½ do.
3½ do.
Dead
4
12
20
30
44
56
Moribund
40
48
40
30
16
4
Alive
8
Remarks
Sprayed
at
11.25
hrs
majority
knocked
down
TABLE IV
Result of spraying Brizk on adults of Culex fatigans hatched in the laboratory, 48 hours
old
Date
22-2-50
Number of
mosquitoes
used
60
..
Time
after
spray
5 minutes
30 do.
1 hour
1¼ hours
1½ do.
Dead
12
36
42
54
60
Moribund
48
24
18
6
..
Alive
..
..
..
..
..
Remarks
Immediate
knock down
after spray
All dead
218
TESTS OF SOME PROPRIETORY INSECTICIDES
[Vol. XXI, Part IV
TABLE V
Result of spraying Brizk on poultry lice
Date
13-3-50
Bird
number
9815
9983
9907
9985
9789
9162
Lice present
Menopon
do.
do.
do.
Menopon
and
Goniocotes
do.
Result of spraying
Immediately after spraying many lice fell dead and
dying on the floor. No lice found living after 24
hours
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
It was found to be an effective insecticide giving quick knock down, a high
percentage of kill and some residual action. Brizk emulsified with water and soap
up to four times its volume or diluted 1 in 4 in kerosine has also given good results
when used against flies (Musca Linn. mostly M. nebulo Wied.) and mosquitoes
(Culex fatigans Wied.). Brizk rids poultry of poultry lice (Menopon Linn. sp. and
Goniocotes Nitzsch) when used as a fine spray. Fine atomisation was required in
order that the particles of spray penetrated the feathers and came in contact with
the lice.
3. Gamatox Paste Dip. Made by Cooper, McDougall and Robertson and issued
by Wilkinson, Heywood and Clark, Bombay, the manufacturers claim that 'this
dip is based on Benzene Hexachloride (Gammexane) and for all practical purposes
may be regarded as non poisonous. Gamatox paste dip is effective for the control of
a very wide range of external parasties on sheep, cattle and other domestic animals
and afford an important degree of protection against reinfestation by parasites.
It is an all round stock dip which can be placed safely in the hands of most inex-
perienced stock owner. It is preferred to the arsenical and phenolic dips and is
fully effective in all climates and stores well. In addition to its use in a bath, the
wash can be employed at dipping strengths as a spray using any normal apparatus.
This insecticide was tested in varying dilutions in the field on ticks and lice,
on dog, buffalo, goat and poultry. Against the common brown dog tick, Rhipice-
phalus sanguine us Latr. the dip gave very satisfactory results when used as a
1 in 20 dilution with water. Most of the ticks were found to have dropped down
within 24 hours and reinfestation took place only after a week. When used in a
dilution of 1 in 500 it took 72 hours for complete eradication and reinfestation took
place within three days.
December, 1951] P. BALARAMA MENON, C. M. SEN GUPTA AND B. C. BASU 219
Against goat lice, Bovicola caprae (Gurlt) this insecticide gave complete kill
within 24 hours when used in a dilution of 1 in 20 and 48 hours when used 1 in 500
dilution. The infested animals were sprayed with a Mish sprayer.
On buffalo lice, Haematopinus tuberculatus Giebel, the insecticide gave satis-
factory results when diluted 1 pound to 50 gallons of water and sprayed with a
stirrup pump. Infestation was reduced by more than half but complete eradication
was not obtained. When used in a dilution of 1 in 20 complete kill was obtained
within 24 hours.
On poultry lice, Goniocotes Nitzsch sp. and Menopon Linn sp., Gamatox paste
dip used in a dilution of 1 in 10 and applied on the body with a cotton swab gave
complete kill within 24 hours and reinfestation did not take place till after a fort-
night.
4. Kildem. The manufacturers of this insecticide, the Standared Chemical
and Pharmaceutical Co., Bombay, claim that it contains DDT with pyrethrum
for killing mosquitoes, flies, fleas and other household pests.
Tests with this insecticide on Musca Linn spp. (mostly M. nebulo Wied.) in
the laboratory gave good results. A 10 per cent solution in kerosene gave almost
complete knock down within 10 minutes and a majority kill in 1½ hours. Whereas
in the case of Culex fatigans Wied., 50 per cent were knocked down within 10 minutes
after spray and a majority kill within two hours. The results of these tests are
presented in Tables VI and VII.
TABLE VI
Result of spraying Kildem (10 per cent) on Culex fatigans, hatched out in the laboratory,
48 hours old
Date
5-9-47
Number of
mosquitoes
used
100
Time after spray
Dead
Moribund
Alive
Majority knocked down immediately after spray
5 minutes
10 do.
20 do.
40 do.
1 hour
1½ hours
2 do.
2½ do.
3 do.
. .
16
20
26
28
40
68
75
90
50
35
50
49
50
40
22
15
. .
50
49
30
25
22
20
10
10
10
220
TESTS OF SOME PROPRIETORY INSECTICIDES
[Vol. XXI, Part IV
TABLE VII
Result of spraying Kildem in different strengths on wild caught adults of Musca spp.
Date
23-9-47
Number of flies
used in each
test
120
Time after spray
5 minutes
10 „
30 „
45 „
1 hour
1½ hours
2 do.
5 per cent
Dead
Mori-
bund
Alive
All flies apparently alright
12 knocked down
6
6
12
30
60
24
30
30
24
60
90
84
78
66
..
10 per cent
Dead
Mori-
bund
Alive
48 knocked down
12 moribund
66 knocked down
42 moribund
6
18
60
96
..
108
96
60
24
..
6
6
..
..
..
Undiluted
Dead
Mori-
bund
Alive
72 knocked down
48 moribund
All down on floor
36
78
102
..
78
42
18
..
6
..
..
..