NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
40
COMPOSITION OF MILK OF INIDAN ANIMALS
[Vol. XX, Part I.
TABLE I
Percentage distribution of freezing point of milk of cows and buffaloes
Nature of samples
Range of freezing
point—°C.
0.511 to 0.520
0.521 to 0.530
0.531 to 0.540
0.541 to 0.550
0.551 to 0.560
0.561 to 0.570
0.571 to 0.580
0.581 to 0.590
0.592 .
Total number of
samples
Average freezing
point—°C.
Samples of herd milk
Cross-bred
cows
1.9
0.9
12.1
56.1
27.1
1.9
..
..
..
107
0.548
Gir
cows
..
1.9
10.3
50.4
35.5
1.9
..
..
..
107
0.549
Sahiwal
cows
1.9
3.7
24.3
43.9
20.6
4.7
0.9
..
..
107
0.546
Sindhi
cows
..
1.8
9.3
57.5
29.8
3.7
..
..
..
108
0.549
Thar-
parkar
cows
..
1.9
17.9
43.4
32.1
3.8
0.9
..
..
106
0.549
Dharwar
buffalo
..
1.2
4.7
29.4
41.2
14.1
5.9
2.3
1.2
85
0.557
Murrah
buffalo
..
1.8
17.6
41.7
30.6
2.8
5.5
..
..
108
0.549
Samples from individual animals
Sindhi
256
..
2.0
15.0
43.0
34.0
5.0
1.0
..
..
103
0.549
cow
413
..
1.9
22.3
43.8
25.3
4.8
1.9
..
..
102
0.5471
number
414
1.0
2.1
20.2
37.4
30.3
8.0
1.0
..
..
102
0.547
Murrah
136
..
3.6
10.7
38.4
34.8
11.6
0.9
..
..
108
0.550
buffaloes
265
1.8
3.6
16.4
41.8
20.0
9.1
7.3
..
..
54
0.550
number
272
..
2.5
10.8
36.6
31.8
15.8
0.8
1.7
..
109
0.552
March, 1950]
C.
S.
DHARAMARAJAN
AND
OTHERS
41
TABLE II
Per cent frequency distribution of lactose content of milk of cows and buffaloes
Nature of samples
Lactose (+H 2 O) per
cent
3.01 to 3.50
3.51 to 4.00
4.01 to 4.50
4.51 to 5.00
5.01 to 5.50
5.51 to 6.00
Total number
of
samples
Average per cent
of lactose
Samples of herd milk
Crossbred
cows
..
..
6.5
81.5
12.0
..
108
4.90
Gir
cows
..
..
10.0
62.6
27.3
..
110
4.82
Sahiwal
cows
..
..
..
42.1
57.9
..
107
5.01
Sindhi
cows
..
..
..
77.9
22.1
..
104
4.92
Thar-
parkar
cows
..
..
9.4
79.4
10.3
0.9
106
4.84
Dharwar
buffalo
..
1.2
..
11.8
78.8
8.2
85
5.28
Murrah
buffalo
..
..
..
3.7
90.0
6.3
108
5.32
Samples from individual animals
Sindhi
256
..
..
6.6
62.8
30.6
..
101
4.85
cow
413
..
..
6.8
52.4
40.8
..
101
4.92
number
414
..
..
..
45.3
54.7
..
101
5.06
Murrah
136
1.7
1.7
6.8
15.4
46.2
28.2
108
5.24
buffalo
265
..
6.5
9.7
19.4
54.7
9.7
59
4.99
number
272
..
..
0.8
7.3
52.0
39.9
111
5.41
42
COMPOSITION OF MILK OF INDIAN ANIMALS
[Vol. XX, Part I,
TABLE III
Percentage frequency distribution of chloride content of milk of cows and buffaloes
Nature of samples
Cl2 mg. per cent
31 to 50
51 to 70
71 to 90
91 to 110
111 to 130
131 to 150
151 to 170
171 to 190
Total
number
of
samples.
Average
Cl2 mg. per
cent
Samples of herd milk
Cross-bred
cows
..
..
41.1
53.3
5.6
..
..
..
107
92.0
Gir
cows
..
2.8
40.8
47.2
19.2
..
..
..
108
90.0
Sahiwal
cows
0.9
1.9
84.1
12.2
0.9
..
..
..
107
82.0
Sindhi
cows
..
..
79.6
20.4
..
..
..
..
103
87.0
Thar-
parkar
cows
..
..
26.4
63.2
10.4
..
..
..
106
97.0
Dharwar
buffalo
5.9
76.5
10.6
7.0
..
..
..
..
85
65.0
Murrah
buffalo
1.9
80.5
15.7
1.9
..
..
..
..
108
66.0
Samples from individual animals
Sindhi
256
..
1.0
22.3
63.1
13.6
..
..
..
101
98.0
cow
413
..
2.9
59.6
32.7
3.8
1.0
..
..
101
88.0
number
414
..
12.3
83.0
4.7
..
..
..
..
101
78.0
Murrah
136
..
14.0
55.1
10.3
9.3
6.6
1.9
2.8
106
89.0
buffalo
265
..
20.7
51.7
8.6
13.8
..
5.2
..
59
85.0
number
272
17.5
700.
11.0
1.5
..
..
..
..
111
60.0
March, 1950]
C.
S.
DHARAMARAJAN
AND
OTHERS
43
TABLE IV
Percentage frequency distribution of acidity of milk of cows and buffaloes
Nature of samples
Acidity
percentage of lactic
acid)
0.05 to 0.06
0.07 to 0.08
0.09 to 0.10
0.11 to 0.12
0.13 to 0.14
0.15 to 0.16
0.17 to 0.18
0.19 to 0.20
0.21 to 0.23
Total number of
samples
Average
acidity
(percentage
of
lactic acid)
Samples of herd milk
Cross.bred
cows
..
..
14.1
43.9
35.5
5.6
0.9
..
..
107
0.12
Gir
cows
..
0.9
8.4
57.0
30.9
2.8
..
..
..
107
0.12
Sahiwal
cows
..
..
0.9
35.6
59.0
4.7
0.9
0.9
..
107
0.13
Sindhi
cows
..
..
0.9
28.7
58.4
11.1
0.9
..
..
108
0.13
Thar-
parkar
cows
..
1.8
18.9
59.6
17.0
1.8
0.9
..
..
106
0.11
Dharwar
buffaloes
..
2.4
3.5
11.8
35.3
16.5
18.7
10.6
1.2
85
0.15
Murrah
buffaloes
..
0.9
13.9
+1.7
36.2
4.6
1.8
..
0.9
108
0.12
Samples from individual animals
Sindhi
256
..
..
2.9
28.4
56.8
11.9
..
..
..
102
0.13
cow
413
..
..
6.0
29.0
44.0
17.0
4.0
..
..
100
0.13
number
414
..
..
..
2.0
18.6
52.9
24.5
2.0
..
102
0.15
Murrah
136
1.8
10.1
37.6
40.4
10.1
..
..
..
..
109
0.10
buffalo
265
1.9
24.5
45.3
20.8
5.6
1.9
..
..
..
53
0.10
number
272
..
1.8
16.5
38.5
34.9
6.5
1.8
..
..
109
0.12
H
44
COMPOSITION OF MILK OF INDIAN ANIMALS
[Vol. XX, Part I,
TABLE V
Summary of percentage frequency distribution of freezing point, lactose and chloride in milk
Freezing point
Range—°C.
0.511 to 0.520
0.521 to 0.530
0.531 to 0.540
0.541 to 0.550
0.551 to 0.560
0.561 to 0.570
0.571 to 0.580
0.581 to 0.590
0.592
Total number of samples
Average—°C.
Cow milk
Individual
samples
0.3
2.0
19.2
41.4
29.8
6.0
1.3
..
.. 307
0.548
Herd
samples
0.7
2.1
14.8
50.3
28.5
3.2
0.4
..
.. 535
0.548
Buffalo milk
Individual
samples
0.3
3.1
11.8
38.3
30.8
12.9
2.1
0.7
.. 271
0.551
Herd
samples
..
1.5
11.9
36.4
35.2
7.8
5.7
1.0
0.5
193
0.553
Lactose
Range (percentage of
lactose hydrate)
3.01 to 3.50
3.51 to 4.00
4.01 to 4.50
4.51 to 5.00
5.01 to 5.50
5.51 to 6.00
Total number of samples
Average percentage of
lactose hydrate)
Cow milk
Individual
samples
..
..
4.5
53.5
42.0
..
303
4.94
Herd
samples
..
..
5.2
68.6
25.9
0.3
535
4.90
Buffalo milk
Individual
samples
0.6
2.7
5.8
14.0
50.9
26.0
278
5.21
Herd
samples
..
0.5
.. 7.2
85.0 7.2
193
5.30
Chloride
Range (Mg. per cent Cl 2 )
31 to 50
51 to 70
71 to 90
91 to 110
111 to 130
131 to 150
151 to 170
171 to 190
Total number of samples
Average (mg. per cent Cl 2 )
Cow milk
Individual
samples
..
5.4
55.0
33.5
5.8
0.3
..
..
303
88.0
Herd
samples
0.2
0.9
54.2
39.4
5.3
.. ..
..
535
89.6
Buffalo milk
Individual
samples
6.9
37.6
36.9
6.6
6.6
2.6
1.7
1.1
276
78.0
Herd
samples
3.6
78.8
13.5
4.1
..
..
.. ..
193
65.5
Acidity
Range percentage of
lactose
0.05 to 0.06
0.07 to 0.08
0.09 to 0.10
0.11 to 0.12
0.13 to 0.14
0.15 to 0.16
0.17 to 0.18
0.19 to 0.20
0.21 to 0.23
Total number of samples
Average (per cent lactose)
Cow milk
Individual
samples
..
..
3.0
19.6 39.6
27.2
9.9
0.7
.. 304
0.13
Herd
samples
..
0.6
8.6
44.8
39.8
5.2
0.8
0.2
..
535
0.12
Buffalo milk
Individual
samples
1.1
9.6
30.6
35.8
19.2
2.9
0.8
..
.. 271
0.11
Herd
samples
..
1.5
9.4
28.5
35.8
9.8
9.4
4.6
1.0
193
0.13
March, 1950]
C.
S.
DHARAMARAJAN
AND
OTHERS
45
TABLE VI
Relationship between lactose and chloride in cow and buffalo milk
Particulars
Cross-bred cow milk
Gir cow milk
Sahiwal cow milk
Sindhi cow milk
Tharparkar cow milk
Average of cow herd samples
Sindhi cow number 256
„
„
„
413
„
„
„
414
Average of individual cow samples
Dharwar buffalo milk
Murrah buffalo milk
Average of buffalo herd samples
Murrah buffalo number 136
„
„
„
256
„
„
„
272
Average of individual buffalo samples
Number of
samples
examined
107
108
107
103
106
(531)
101
101
101
(303)
85
108
(193)
106
59
111
(276)
Lactose—chloride relationship
[Davies, 1939]
Average
6.14
6.03
6.12
6.08
6.15
6.10
6.17
6.11
6.10
6.13
6.16
6.21
6.18
6.44
6.14
6.22
6.27
Minimum
5.80
5.71
5.72
5.80
5.57
..
5.70
5.35
5.72
..
4.84
5.70
5.73
4.84
5.74
..
Maximum
6.73
6.76
6.50
6.34
6.83
..
6.52
6.53
6.59
..
7.18
6.70
7.20
6.71
6.91
..
46
COMPOSITION OF MILK OF INDIAN ANIMALS
[Vol. XX, Part I,
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors wish to express their thanks to the Indian Council of Agricultural
Research for giving a special grant to carry out the work described in this paper.
REFERENCES
Aschaffenburg, R. and Veinaglou, B. C. (1942-44). J. Dairy Res. 18, 267
Bauer, R. (1933). Z. Untersuch Lebenssitt 65, 42. (B. G. A., (1933), 8, 329B)
Bunce, E. H. (1932). Analyst, 57, 449
—
(1933). Ind. Med. Gaz. 58, 23
Davies, W. L. (1938). J. Dairy Res. 9, 327
—
(1939). The Chemistry of Milk, 19, 50; Chapman & Hall, Ltd. London
Elsdon, G. D. and Stubbs, J. R. (1934). Analyst, 59, 146
Hand book of the A. O. A. C. (1946). 303, 309, 312, Association of Official Agricultural Chemistry
Washington
Kothavalla, Z. R., Bhalla, J. S. and Lovangia, N. D. (1942). Indian J. vet. Sci. 12, 1
Leather, J. W. (1914). Analyst, 39,432
—
(1915). Agric. Res. Inst., Pusa. Bull. No. 57
Report of the Sub-Committee of Scientific Advisory Committee, 1943, Department of Health
for Scotland, H. M. S. O., London
Macdonald, F. J. (1945). Analyst, 70, 323
—
(1947). Dairy Industries 12, 846
Macmahon, P. S. and Srivastava, L. N. (1935). Analyst, 60, 307
Monier-Williams, G. W. (1914). Food Report No. 22, Ministry of Health, H. M. S. O., London
Porcher, C. and Chevallier, A. (1923). Le Lait 3, 188
Staubs (1926). Chem. Weekblad 23, 338
Stewart, A. D. and Banerjee, N. L. (1930-31). Ind. J. Med. Res. 18, 57
OBSERVATIONS ON THE CYTOPLASMIC DROP AND CYTO-
PLASMIC CAP IN SPERM DEVELOPMENT IN DOMESTIC
SHEEP, DOMESTIC GOATS AND WILD BARBARY SHEEP
(AMMOTRAGUS LERVIA) *
By C. K. RAO, B. V. Sc., M. S. (Calif.), Lecturer in Animal Husbandry,
Madras Veterinary College, Vepery, Madras and R. O. BERRY, Associate
Professor of Animal Husbandry, Texas A. and M. College
(Received for publication on 25 June 1949)
(With Plates II—III)
M UCH work has been done on the metabolism, preservation and evaluation
of sperm and in several phases of sperm physiology. Surprisingly enough,
attention was paid to the various morphological changes that spermatozoa undergo
as they pass from the seminiferous tubules through the epididymis and finally to
the exterior as constituents of the ejaculated semen. The only published work
is that of Selivanova [1939] with bull, boar, ram amd dog spermatozoa, and that
of Rao and Hart [1948a] with bull spermatozoa.
With the development of special techniques for semen evaluation, attention
has been focussed on the morphology of spermatozoa as an index of their fertilizing
ability. Various types of abnormal sperm were recognized and certain others were
considered to be immature. Sperm with protoplasmic drops were considered to
belong to this latter class [Lagerlof, 1936]. Gunn et al. [1942] reported the observa-
tion of sperm with drops in sections of rete testis from sterile rams. As against this
Selivanova [1939] was of the opinion that the protoplasmic drop is not a criterion
of sperm maturity. Rao and Hart [1948a] demonstrated that the extrusion
of the posterior drops could be brought about by active movement of the seprmatozoa.
While the position of sperm with protoplasmic drops is uncertain, the significance
of the drop is also not well understood.
With the report of the cytoplasmic cap in the boar sperm [McKenzie, Miller
and Bauguess, 1938 ; Rao and Berry, 1949a] and the finding of protoplasmic cap
on the bull sperm [Baylor, Nalvandov and Clark, 1943 ; Rao and Hart, 1948] and
the vesicle on the ram sperm [Green, 1940], we have reached a new phase in sperm
physiology. While some regard sperm with this cap as immature [McKenzie,
Miller and Bauguess, 1938], others regard this as unrelated to sperm maturation.
Rao and Hart [1948a] found that spermatozoa from the testis and epididymis of
the bull had more pronounced caps than did ejaculated sperm. While we are
essentially ignorant of the significance of this cap, the above workers hypothesize
that it might be associated with the secretion of the enzyme hyaluronidaze.
* The work was completed in December 1947 when the senior author was a graduate student
in the Animal Husbandry Department, Texas Agricultural and Mechanical College, College
Station, Texas, U.S.A.
I
47
March, 1950]
C.
K.
RAO
AND
R.
O.
BERRY
49
Rao and Hart [1948a]. This process extends on the sides to about the middle
of the sperm head and completely surrounding the acrosome, but it presents great
variation in its size and extent of development. This cap takes the basic stain and
appears light brown, while the head takes the nuclear stain and appears light black
or blackish-brown.
In preparations from the head of the epididymis the cytoplasmic drop on a majo-
rity of the sperm is located at the anterior end of the connecting piece as a compact
mass of cytoplasm (Plate II, fig. 1). In some the drop is at various levels down
the connecting piece, but may exhibit a wavy condition if the drop is at the anterior
end. The proportion of the sperm as regards the position of the drop can be seen in
Table I. Cytoplasmic drops which are located on the anterior half of the connecting
piece are termed anterior drops, while those located on the posterior half of the
connecting piece are called posterior drops.
TABLE I
Position of the cytoplasmic drop with reference to the connecting piece in sperm from
various levels of the reproductive tract in the sheep, goat and Barbary sheep.
Head of epididymis
Number of ram
1
2
3
4
5
Total per cent
Goat number
1
2
3
Total percent
Barbary sheep
Total per cent
Anterior
drops
10
67
83
80
77
317
63.4
86
89
79
254
84.7
71
71
Posterior
drops
7
1
0
4
0
12
2.4
3
0
0
3
1.0
10
10
Absent
83
32
17
16
23
171
34.2
11
11
21
43
14.3
19
19
Tail of epididymis
Anterior
drops
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
2
5
1.7
0
0
Posterior
drops
10
5
15
38
17
85
17.0
24
14
23
61
20.3
31
31
Absent
90
95
85
62
83
415
83.0
75
84
75
234
78.0
69
69
Ampulla of vas derferens
Anterior
drops
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Posterior
drops
0
2
0
0
1
3
0.6
Absent
100
98
100
100
99
497
99.4
I 2
Indian J. vet. Sci., Vol. XX, Part, I
]
PLATE II
FIG. 1. Ram sperm from head of epididymis.
Note cytoplasmic drop and cap (× 750)
FIG. 2. Ram sperm from tail of epididymis.
Note the cytoplasmic cap and absence of drop (× 1,500)
PLATE III
Indian J. vet. Sci., Vol. XX, Part I
FIG. 3. Goat sperm from testis.
Note filiform connecting piece and cytoplasmic drop at the base of the head
surrounding the neck (× 720)
FIG. 4. Goat sperm from tail of epididymis.
Note pronounced cap and absence of drop (× 720)
March, 1950]
C.
K.
RAO
AND
R.
O.
BERRY
51
TABLE II
Concentration of sperm per mm. from different regions of the reproductive tract.
Animal number
1
2
3
4
5
6
Ampulla (ram)
2,505,000
820,000
1,325,000
820,000
380,000
740,000
Tail of epididymis (ram)
10,000,000
9,500,000
9,500,000
6,000,000
4,500,000
7,500,000
Tail of epididymis (goat)
12,000,000
13,000,000
16,000,000
..
..
..
TABLE III
Percentages of cytoplasmic drops at various levels in the epididymis of the ram, buck
boar and bull
Head of epididymis
Animal
Ram
Goat
Boar*
Bull**
Anterior
drops
63.4
84.7
61.5
45.8
Posterior
drops
2.4
1.0
34.8
30.0
Absent
34.2
14.3
3.7
24.2
Tail of epididymis
Anterior
drops
0
1.7
5.2
1.2
Posterior
drops
17.0
20.3
61.0
37.7
Absent
83
78
33.8
61.1
*Data from Rao and Berry, 1949a
**Data from Rao and Hart, 1948
Further observations were made on the capacity for movement of the epididymal
sperm when provided favourable conditions. A small portion of the head of the
epididymis was dissected and multiple incisions were made on this part, which was
then dropped into 1c.c. of warm normal saline, and incubated at 100°F. for about
15 minutes. Material from the body of the epididymis was similarly dealt with
and examination for motility was made at five-minute intervals. It was found
that though this procedure induced a more active movement, the sperm did not
exhibit maximal motility.
52
OBSERVATIONS ON SPERM DEVELOPMENT
[Vol. XX, Part I,
Fluid collected from the tail of the epididymis was diluted with warm normal
saline and incubated at 100°F. for 15 minutes. After incubation the proportion of
sperm with posterior drops was greatly reduced. This was apparently caused by
the more effective lashing of the tail due to the lowered sperm concentration and
the reduced viscosity.
Development of the spermatozoa of the goat
Sperm development in the goat is almost identical with our findings in the ram.
The sperm from the testis showed the cytoplasmic drop either surrounding the
posterior part of the head, surrounding the neck or situated at the anterior end of the
connecting piece (Plate III, fig. 3). Sperm of the first two types possess a filiform
connecting piece, while some of the third type have a tortuous though well developed
connecting piece. The cytoplasmic cap is common on most of the sperm and is
very prominent, presenting the same staining reaction as the ram sperm.
In the head of the epididymis the majority of the sperm have a large and com-
pact cytoplasmic drop at the anterior end of the connecting piece. The connecting
piece of most sperm is normal in development, although sperm with a tortuous
connecting piece may occasionally be found. Sperm with a filiform connecting
piece were not observed in the head of the epididymis. The proportion of the various
types of sperm in this can be seen in Table I. Practically all sperm show the
cytoplasmic cap distinctly. In the tail of the epididymis, most of the sperm do
not have the drop (Plate III, fig. 4), and the cap is quite prominent. The ejaculated
goat sperm when viewed on flat present a head which is broad at the base carry-
ing about the same width from the base to the apex.
Development of motility in the goat sperm
Observations made in this species are similar to our findings on the ram sperm.
Motility, though exhibited by sperm from the testis and the head and body of the
epididymis, is only passive with very little progression. The material obtained
from these regions is found to be viscous and sticky. Active motility could not
be induced even after providing optimal environmental conditions to those sperm
as described for the ram.
Fluid collected from the tail of the epididymis and examined immediately with-
out diluting showed that the sperm in this region are capable of maximal motility,
presenting the appearance of a whirlpool, as in the case of the ram sperm. The
types of motility and mechanism of sperm locomotion are the same as in the case
of the bull and the ram.
Development of sperms in the Barbary sheep
The sperm development follows in general the account given for the ram and the
goat. The position of the cytoplasmic drop on the testicular sperm is similar to
that in the other two specie. Sperm with a filiform connecting piece and those
with a tortuous connecting piece are frequent in smear from the testis. Most of
the sperm in the head of the epididymis have the drop at the anterior end of the
connecting piece, while the drop is absent on many of the sperm from the tail
56
OBSERVATIONS ON SPERM DEVELOPMENT
[Vol. XX, Part I,
weak sperm and causing a bent tail in some others. This characteristic is also
shown even by ejaculated sperm from the ram and the goat, when subjected to
rapid cooling.
SUMMARY
In the ram, goat and Barbary sheep, the cytoplasmic drop is present at various
levels on the sperm, depending on the region from which they are collected and on
their stage of development. The cytoplasmic drop may be found in any of the
following locations on the sperm.
1. Surrounding the posterior half of the head.
2. Surrounding the neck of the sperm and continuous with the base of the head.
3. At the anterior end of the connecting piece.
4. On the connecting piece at various levels between the two extremes.
5. At the posterior end of the connecting piece.
The first two types are restricted to the testis, the third is found in the head of
the epididymis and the fourth type in the body of the epididymis and are most
abundant in the central part or middle third of the body. The fifth type of sperm
is found in large numbers in the lower third of the body of the epididymis, some
in the tail of the epididymis. The descent of the drop is controlled by internal
factors and not by the secretions of the epididymis. The cytoplasmic drop is asso-
ciated with the development of the sperm and probably performs a nutritive func-
tion. Its function appears to be complete when it reaches the posterior end of
the connecting piece ; their extrusion is brought about by active movement of the
sperm. Sperm with posterior drops should therefore be considered as physiologi-
cally mature and normal.
Sperm with a filiform connecting piece and those with a tortuous connecting
piece presumably represent early and successive stages in sperm maturation.
The cytoplasmic cap is a constant feature on the sperm from all levels of the
reproductive tract in these animals and is found both on morphologically normal
and abnormal sperm. It is always most pronounced in the sperm from the deeper
regions, but can be readily observed on most of the ejaculated sperm.
The sperm of these species are in maximal motion in the tail of the epididymis
probably owing to the lowered viscosity and reduced sperm concentration. While
the accessory secretions serve the dual purpose of adding bulk and stimulating
sperm motility they are not essential for the initiation of sperm movement.
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