NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
CHART XI a .
(a) VARYING QUANTITIES OF BURMA RICE IN OZS.
(b) VARYING QUANTITIES OF COUNTRY RICE IN OZS .
THE DOTTED IN FALL WAS LARGELY DUE TO THE FULL QUANTITY OF
MAKKAI ATA NOT BEING CONSUMED WITH THE DIET CONTAINING 14 OZS.
OF COUNTRY RICE .
CHART XII.
VARYING QUANTITIES OF COUNTRY RICE.
(a) WHEAT ATA 10 OZS.
(b) MAKKAI ATA 12 OZS .
* FALL DUE TO THE FULL QUANTITY OF MAKKAI NOT HAVING BEEN EATEN.
CHART XIII.
(a) VARYING QUANTITIES OF MUNG-DAL IN OZS.
(b)
"
"
ARHAR-DAL IN OZS.
CHART XIV.
COMPOSITE CHART SHOWING THE RELATIVE VALUE OF
WHEAT ATA AND MAKKAI ATA.
VARYING QUANTITIES OF RICE IN OZS..
CHART XV.
VARYING QUANTITIES OF NACL ADDED CONSTANT DIET.
(a) CURVE OF EXCRETION OF NACL IN SWEAT WITH VARYING QUANTITIES OF SALT IN DIET.
(b)
"
" "
U R I N E .
"
"
"
"
"
((C) " "BODY - WEIGHT" " " " "
No. 37.
( NEW SERIES. )
SCIENTIFIC MEMOIRS
BY
OFFICERS OF THE MEDICAL AND SANITARY DEPARTMENTS
OF THE
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.
INVESTIGATIONS ON
B E N G A L J A I L D I E T A R I E S
WITH SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE INFLUENCE OF
DIETARY ON THE PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT AND
WELL-BEING OF THE PEOPLE OF BENGAL.
BY
CAPTAIN D. McCAY, M.B.,
B.Ch., B.A.O., I.M.S.
Professor of Physiology, Medical College, Calcutta.
ISSUED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
BY THE SANITARY COMMISSIONER WITH THE GOVERNMENT
OF INDIA, SIMLA.
CALCUTTA
SUPERINTENDENT GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA
1910
_Price Rs . 2-6-0 or 4s. 3d.
Vol. XVIII, Part
I
March, 1948
The
Indian Journal of Veterinary Science
and
Animal Husbandry
Issued under the authority
of
The Indian Council of Agricultural Research
Annual subscription
Rs. 6 or 9s. 6d.
Price per part
Rs. 2 or 3s.
PUBLISHED BY THE MANAGER OF PUBLICATIONS, DELHI
PRINTED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PRESS, CALCUTTA, INDIA,
1948
1CAR 6, XVIII. 1./520
CONTENTS
VOL. XVIII, PART I
(March 1948)
The Publication Committee of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research
India, takes no responsibility for the opinions expressed in this Journal
Original Articles:
SOME ASPECTS OF ANTHRAX IN BENGAL (WITH
THREE TEXT FIGURES)
OBSERVATIONS ON USE OF ANTHRAX SPORE
VACCINE IN MADRAS
ANAPHYLAXIS OR SERUM SICKNESS IN CATTLE
CUTANEOUS ERUPTIONS IN RINDERPEST
VERMINOUS PNEUMONIA IN ANIMALS IN BENGAL
DENTITION IN INDIAN CATTLE
THE DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS OF CERTAIN CEREAL
GRAINS AS DETERMINED BY EXPERIMENTS
ON INDIAN FOWLS
THE MANGANESE CONTENT OF SOME COMMON
POULTRY FEEDS
STUDIES OF THE BIOLOGICAL VALUES OF THE
PROTEINS OF CERTAIN POULTRY FEEDS
Abstracts
Review
Ram Narain Mohan and Syed
Mahmud Ali.
G. R. Viswanathan, M. Ramakrishna
Pillai and S. Venkatarama Ayyar.
M. K. Sreenivasan . . .
Ram Narain Mohan . . .
Ram Narain Mohan . . .
H. K. Lall .
.
.
.
.
R. Mukherjee and D. Parthasarathy.
D. Parthasarathy and R. Mukherjee.
R. Mukherjee and D. Parthasarathy .
PAGE
1
17
21
27
33
37
41
47
51
57
60
ERRATA
Indian Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry Vol. XVII, Part II (June 1747)
Page
Contents
Do
Do
Do
Do
75
89
135
145
145
145
145
Line
3
14
20
22
25
26
1
Title
3
6
28
29
30
For
Sen
Talapatra
with Powder
Haematology
R. C. Roy
subsequent
on
Injected
facture
palled
then
3°—7°c
subcut
Read
S. Sen
S. K Talapatra
with milk Powder
Haemotology
B. C. Roy
subsequently
or
Infected
manufacture
peeled
ten
3° to 7°c
subcutaneous
MARCH 1948] RAM NARAIN MOHAN AND SYED MAHMUD ALI
FIG. 1, Mortality due to anthrax in Bengal.
6
Some Aspects of Anthrax in Bengal [VOL. XVIII, PART I,
FIG. 2. Relation between incidence of anthrax and weather condition
MARCH 1948] RAM NARAIN MOHAN AND SYED MAHMUD ALI 7
TABLE II
Monthly incidence of anthrax outbreaks in the districts of Bengal during 1937-1946
Serial
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
District
24-Pargauas .
Howrah . .
Mirlnapore . .
Nadia . .
Murshidabad .
Jessore . .
Khulna . .
Hooghly . .
Bardwan . .
Birbhum . .
Bankura . .
Darjeeling . .
Jalpaiguri . .
Rangpur . .
Cooch-Behar .
Rajshahi . .
Pabna . .
Bogra . .
Dinajpore . .
Malda . .
Mymensingh .
Dacea . .
Faridpore . . .
Bakargauj . . .
Chittagong . .
Ch. H. Tracts . . .
Tippera . .
Noakbali . .
TOTAL .
Jan.
..
..
1
..
5
..
1
..
2
2
1
..
..
..
1
2
2
..
1
..
1
10
..
1
2
..
4
4
40
Feb.
..
..
11
..
4
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
3
..
1
..
..
1
1
10
15
..
5
..
..
4
2
57
March
4
..
10
..
1
1
..
2
1
..
..
1
1
7
..
..
..
1
1
..
4
6
1
6
..
1
8
1
57
Apr.
12
..
19
..
1
..
19
1
2
..
1
1
6
12
5
4
5
3
1
1
22
29
..
6
7
4
12
4
159
May
10
..
22
..
3
..
7
..
1
6
5
..
4
8
4
1
..
7
7
..
19
17
1
6
2
6
37
10
183
June
2
1
22
..
7
..
2
..
2
6
2
1
3
4
2
1
9
9
3
..
25
49
1
10
2
1
6
6
178
July
8
..
9
..
9
..
1
..
4
2
4
1
..
9
1
1
6
6
2
..
19
37
5
3
..
1
3
2
133
Aug.
2
..
7
..
1
..
4
1
4
1
3
1
2
3
..
1
2
1
3
3
7
11
..
1
..
..
..
1
59
Sept.
1
..
6
..
2
..
..
..
3
2
1
1
..
..
1
..
..
2
..
1
2
6
..
1
2
..
..
..
31
Oct.
1
..
5
..
2
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
2
..
1
1
..
5
..
5
9
2
1
..
..
2
..
36
Nov.
..
..
2
..
7
..
..
..
1
3
1
..
1
1
2
2
1
5
1
1
9
..
..
..
..
2
..
39
Dec.
..
..
..
1
2
1
..
..
3
1
..
..
2
2
1
..
..
2
1
..
6
2
..
..
..
..
1
1
26
Total
40
1
114
1
44
2
25
4
23
23
18
6
19
51
15
14
27
32
32
7
121
191
10
40
15
13
79
31
998
10
Some Aspects of Anthrax in Bengal
[VOL. XVIII, PART I,
FIG. 3. Regional distribution of anthrax in Bengal—outbreaks per 100,000 bovines during 1937—1947.
MARCH 1948] RAM NARAIN MOHAN AND SYED MAHMUD ALI 11
TABLE III
Incidence of anthrax outbreaks in the districts of Bengal during years 1937 to 1946
Serial
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
District
24-Parganas . . . .
Howrah . . . .
Midnapore . . . .
Nadia . . . .
Murshidabad . . .
Jeasore . . . .
Khulna . . . .
Hooghly . . . .
Burdwan . . . .
Birbhum . . . .
Bankura . . . .
Darjeeling . . . . .
Jalpaiguri . . . . .
Rangpur . . . .
Cooch-Behar
Rajshahi . . . .
Pabna . . . .
Bogra . . . .
Dinajpur . . . .
Malda . . . .
Mymensingh . . . .
Dacca . . . .
Faridpore . . . .
Bakarganj . . . .
Chittagong . . .
Ch. H. Tracts . . .
Tippera . . . .
Noakhali . . .
TOTAL .
1937
5
..
8
1
5
..
11
..
3
1
9
1
..
6
..
1
3
..
4
..
8
65
2
8
3
..
37
13
194
1938
1
..
7
..
6
1
..
2
7
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
..
..
..
18
41
..
14
3
..
16
9
137
1939
17
..
18
..
1
..
..
..
4
2
1
2
13
4
10
2
2
5
6
..
26
39
..
3
4
..
5
1
165
1940
1
1
14
..
5
..
..
..
3
2
2
..
..
10
1
1
2
1
..
1
9
18
5
4
..
12
5
..
97
1941
..
..
37
..
12
1
4
..
3
12
..
1
3
14
1
4
3
23
16
3
49
12
1
..
..
..
4
1
204
1942
2
..
10
..
10
..
6
..
1
..
2
1
1
12
1
..
3
..
6
1
9
8
1
9
4
..
3
5
95
1943
7
..
2
..
2
..
..
1
1
2
1
..
..
1
1
3
2
3
..
1
..
2
..
1
..
..
4
2
36
1944
2
..
9
..
1
..
..
..
1
1
..
..
..
..
..
1
8
..
..
1
1
2
..
1
..
..
3
..
31
1945
..
..
5
..
1
..
2
1
..
1
1
..
..
1
..
1
..
..
..
..
1
3
..
..
..
..
..
..
17
1946
5
..
4
..
1
..
2
..
..
1
..
..
..
1
..
..
2
..
..
..
..
1
1
..
1
1
2
..
22
Total
40
1
114
1
44
2
25
4
23
23
18
6
19
51
15
14
27
32
32
7
121
191
10
40
15
13
79
31
998
B 2
12
Some Aspects of Anthrax in Bengal [VOL. XVIII, PART I,
TABLE IV
Incidence of anthrax outbreaks during 1937-1946 in the districts of Bengal compared with area, bovine
population, etc.
Serial
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
District
24-Parganas .
Howrah . . . . .
Midnapore
Nadia .
.
.
.
Murshidabad . . .
Jessore .
.
.
.
Khulna
Hooghly .
.
.
.
Burdwan
Birbhum
Bankura
Darjeeling
Jalpaiguri
Rangpore
Cooch-Behar .
Rajshahi
Pabna .
.
.
.
Bogra .
.
.
.
Dinajpore
Malda .
.
.
.
Mymensingh .
Dacca .
.
.
.
Faridpore
Bakarganj
Chittagong
Ch. H. Tracts .
Tippera .
Noakhali
Annual
rainfall
(ins.)
62.98
59.58
58.71
57.36
54.60
64.93
67.85
57.00
59.62
56.17
55.52
119.43
128.63
83.89
..
56.30
59.37
69.15
72.26
56.63
66.98
73.36
71.03
81.21
107.63
96.18
94.33
115.00
Area
(acres)
3,192,300
347,556
3,336,983
1,847,552
1,308,137
1,865,002
3,077,589
767,588
1,728,676
1,115,498
1,694,288
773,261
1,957,155
2,308,673
..
1,590,764
1,174,971
944,325
2,537,768
1,275,039
4,033,920
1,751,609
1,561,655
2,302,657
1,738,569
3,204,570
1,619,590
1,022,910
Bovine
population
(1940 census)
1,069,209
234,030
1,813,090
847,822
661,933
1,013,245
866,536
499,671
853,226
651,265
831,526
113,377
688,449
1,717,223
..
826,027
686,649
513,958
1,424,715
473,270
2,550,488
1,195,959
793,736
1,232,815
527,007
69,725
1,054,704
489,978
Anthrax
outbreaks
1937—1946
40
1
114
1
44
2
25
4
23
23
18
6
19
51
15
14
27
32
32
7
121
191
10
40
15
13
79
31
Outbreaks
per 100,000
acres
1.26
0.29
3.42
0.05
3.36
0.12
0.81
0.52
1.33
2.06
1.06
0.77
0.97
2.21
..
0.88
2.29
3.39
1.22
0.55
3.00
10.90
0.64
1.74
0.56
4.88
3.03
Outbreaks
per 100,000
bovines
3.74
0.43
6.29
0.12
6.65
0.19
2.88
0.80
2.69
3.53
2.16
5.31
2.85
2.97
..
1.69
3.93
6.23
2.25
1.48
4.75
15.97
1.26
3.24
4.69
7.49
6.33
Provincial average—1.96 outbreaks per 100,000 acres (excluding Cooch-Behar) or 4.15 outbreaks per 100,000
bovines.
MARCH 1948] RAM NARAIN MOHAN AND SYED MAHMUD ALI 15
6. There have been certain periods, of no obvious relationship, when epizootics of larger size were
experienced.
7. The percentage of mortality recorded has varied annually from about 70 to about 85.
8. The clinical features have shown no substantial departure from the classical symptoms.
9. The disease has shown a definite seasonal prevalence in that roughly two-thirds of all outbreaks
have occurred during the period April to July, i.e., in the summer and the first half of the rainy seasons.
10. The number of outbreaks occurring in different districts has generally been largely propor-
tionate to their area and cattle population.
11. Certain districts, especially those in the combined Ganges-Brahmaputra deltaic area, have
experienced comparatively heavy mortality.
12. Some experience with anti-anthrax serum inoculation and vaccination, including the new
Indian Veterinary Research Institute spore vaccine, is described and the technical and economic
aspects of such prophylactic measures are considered.
13. The new Indian Veterinary Research Institute spore vaccine has been found safe for use in
all types of cattle and it probably confers immunity for about five months.
14. In view of the disease occurring in almost all parts of Bengal and in the absence of known
endemic centres, it is considered that prompt diagnosis and suitable hygienic measures, combined
with judicious vaccination, are likely to effect better control than large scale annual vaccinations,
which are also uneconomical.
15. For valuable stock, however, prophylactic vaccination is recommended.
REFERENCES
Balwant Singh (1937). An. Rep. Vet. Invest. Officer, Bengal, for 1936-37
Kerr, P. J. and Balwant Singh (1936). Unpublished records
Mohan, R. N. (1946). An. Rep. Vet. Invest. Officer, Bengal, for 1945-46
Raymond, F. (1897). An. Rep. Civil Vet. Dep. Bengal, for 1896-97
Topley, W. W. C. and Wilson G. S. (1936). Principles of Bacteriology and Immunity, London
MARCH 1948.] G. E. VISWANATHAN, et al. 19
sheep and goats, especially for goats. The present vaccines, which are safe for these susceptible
species, have been used as a preventive in areas hitherto free from anthrax and in enzootic areas,
both in the presence and absence of outbreaks. Under these conditions outbreaks in cattle have
been controlled and when used annually, vaccination has prevented the appearance of the disease
in sheep and goats in areas where previously there was heavy mortality. There is reason to suppose
that the period of effective immunity is not less than eight months.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks are due to Messrs P. T. Saunders and T. J. Hurley, past and present Directors of Veteri-
nary Service of the Province, to the staff of the Civil Veterinary Department of Madras and to members
of the Mukteswar staff for their cooperation. We are obliged to Dr F. C. Minett for assistance in
compiling this paper.
REFERENCES
Chadda, S. R. (1939). Annual administration report of the Vet. Invest. Officer, North-West Frontier Province for
the year 1939-40
Mitchell, D. T. (1930). Interim report on the immunization of animals in Burma against anthrax. Indian J. Vet.
Sci. and Anim. Husb. I, 150
Viswanathan, G. R. Annual Administration Report of the Vet. Invest. Officer, Madras, for the years 1937-1945
——Annual
Administration Report of the Civil Vet. Depart. Madras for the year 1933-34
MARCH 1948] M. K. SREENIVASAN 23
TABLE I
Incidence of anaphylactic shock in Kumaunihill cattle and in cross-bred calves
No. of used cattle
TOTAL
6 Hill bulls
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
10 Hill bulls
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
10 Hill bulls
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
124 Hill bulls
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
10 Hill bulls
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
100 Hill bulls
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
12 Calves (cross.bred)
.
.
.
.
272 . . . . . . . . . .
Reacting
4
9
6
26
7
5
5
62
Symptoms
Slight
1
5
4
10
5
5
1
31
Mild
—
2
2
8
—
—
2
14
Severe
3
2
—
8
2
—
2
17
TABLE II
Treatment of 19 hill-bulls and 5 cross-bred calves giving anaphylactic reactions
Sorum injections
Intervals (days)
between
injectons:
Hill-bull 150 .
„
126 .
„
251 .
„
182 .
1
B.Q.
15 c.c.—
15 c.c.—
15 c.c.—
15 c.c.—
2
B.Q.
40
15 c.c.—
15 c.c.—
50 cc—
15 cc—
3
R.
60
15 c.c. + + +
15 c.c.—
50 c.c. + + +
50c.c.—
4
P.
40
15 c.c—
15 c.c. +
15 c.c.+
15 c.c.+ + +
5
AX.
40
15 c.c.++
15 c.c.—
15 c.c.+
15
c.c.+++
6
B.Q.
40
15 c.c.—
15 cc—
15 c.c.++
15 c.c.++
7
Buff.
40
50 c.c.+++
50 c.c.—
50 c.c.+++
50
c.c.+++
8
H. Bull.
45
25 c.c.—
25 c.c.—
25 c.c.—
25 c.c.—
9
Buff.
42
20 c.c.+++
50 c.c.—
20 c.c.+
20 c.c.+++
10
B.Q.
897
20 c.c.+++
20 c.c.+
20 c.c.+
20 c.c.+
Injections:
Intervals (days) between injections:
Hill-bull 290 . . . . .
„
268 . . . . .
„
296 . . . . .
„
297 . . . . .
„
259 . . . . .
„
277 . . . . .
„
291 . . . . .
„ 261 . . . . .
„
281
.
.
.
.
.
1
B. Q. Serum
25 c.c.—
25 c.c.—
25 c.c.—
25 c.c.—
25 c.c.—
25 c.c.—
25 c.c.—
25 c.c.—
25 c.c.—
2
B. Q. Serum
20
25 c.c.—
25 c.c.—
25 c.c.—
25 c.c.—
25 c.c.—
25 c.c.—
25 c.c.—
25 c.c.—
25 c.c.—
3
B. Q. Vaccine
20
5 c.c.+
5 c.c.+
5 c.c.+++
5 c.c.+
5 c.c.++
5 c.c. +
5 c.c.++
5 c.c.+
5 c.c.+++
4
B. Q. Vaccine
20
5 c.c.—
5 c.c.—
5 c.c.—
5 c.c.—
5 c.c.—
5 c.c.—
5 c.c.—
5 c.c.—
5 c.c.—
5
Buff. Serum
55
50 c.c.—
50 c.c.—
50 c.c.—
50 c.c.—
50 c.c.—
50 c.c.—
50 c.c.—
50 c.c—
50 c.c.—
26
Anaphylaxis or Serum Sickness in Cattle
[VOL. XVIII, PART I,
and that more than one injection of the antigen at a suitable interval is required. How plains cattle
compare in this respect cannot be said. It has also been shown that under the conditions of the
experiments in hill cattle only about 20 per cent of the animals are sensitized sufficiently to respond
visibly to a shock dose of antigen and that in only about 6 per cent are the symptoms of shock really
severe. Under these circumstances it is doubtful whether in practice any special precautions aimed
at preventing serum shock are likely to become popular. Nevertheless, the facts are worthy of note
by field workers and it may be pointed out that biological products such as serum and vaccine should
not be used on the same animals indiscriminately. Whether buffalo serum is more likely to produce
shock than sera from other large animals or whether the incidence of anaphylaxis tends to be related
to any particular season we do not know. The facts remain that buffalo serum excited shock in the
present experiments and that most of the immune sera used for animals in India are prepared in
buffaloes.
SUMMARY
1. An anaphylactic state can be induced in cattle by subcutaneous injections of immune sera
prepared in buffaloes and by injections of blackquarter vaccine consisting of formalinized Noguchi
medium culture. The symptoms of anaphylactic shock in cattle are described. About 20.0 per
cent of hill cattle react with visible symptoms, in about 6.0 per cent the illness is severe, but less than
1.0 per cent die.
2. Not less than two sensitizing injections are required to produce a state in which visible
symptoms will be elicited by further dosage of antigen. For a week or two after a shocking dose the
animals are desensitized, while the sensitive state has been found to endure for upwards of a year.
3. Attempts at prevention by giving the shocking dose in small fractions at first, followed within
an hour or so by the remainder were unsuccessful.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am obliged to Dr F. C. Minett for suggestions and for assistance with the manuscript.
REFERENCES
Dragstedt, C. A , Mills, M.A., and Meed, F. B. (.1937). Adrenal cortex extract in canine anaphylaxi. J. Pharmac.
and Expt. Therap. 59, 359
Holmes, J. D. E. (1913). Anaphylaxis in the larger animals. Mem. Dept. Agric. India, Vet. Ser. 1 (1)
Jacob, S. (1940). Anaphylaxis or serum shock and its prevention. Indian Vet. J. 17, 42
Reichel, J. (1939). Anaphylaxis as related to biologic prophylaxis and treatment of animals. J. Amer. Vet. Med.
Assoc. 94, 418
Wolfram, J. and Swemer, R. L. (1935). Cortin protection against anaphylactic shock in guineapigs. J. Expt. Med.
61, 9
MARCH 1948]
RAM
NARAIN
MOHAN 31
TABLE I
Results of two outbreaks in which cutaneous eruptions developed
Place affected
.
.
.
.
.
.
Date of Outbreak
.
.
.
.
.
.
Total number of animals affected . . .
Number of animals showing cutaneous eruptions
Total mortality
.
.
.
.
.
.
Mortality in ' cutaneous ' cases
.
.
.
.
Mortality in 'non-cutaneous' cases . . .
Outbreak I
District Jalpaiguri
(north-west
Bengal).
July-August, 1941
14
5 (36 per cent)
10 (71 per cent)
3 (60 per cent)
7 (78 per cent)
Outbreak II
District Noakhali (south-east Bengal)
September-October, 1944
17
7 (41 per cent)
10 (59 per cent)
2 (29 per cent)
Both deaths were delayed
8 (80 per cent)
Four deaths occurred within 4 days, the remains
ing in 6 to 10 days after onset of attack.
Both in Bengal and elsewhere, the eruptions have been reported more frequently in cer-
tain years (or series of years) than in others, but the exact significance of this variation is not
understood. The identical nature of the popular labels given to rinderpest in different parts of the
world (though very often the same labels have been used to designate many other diseases), and
the fact that the cutaneous eruptions had attracted the particular attention of the earlier writers,
are considered, perhaps correctly, by some modern observers to signify that originally rinderpest
was more a skin affection, like vaccinia, than a generalized organic infection, as commonly seen
now-a-days. It seems possible that rinderpest virus is gradually becoming more organotropic and
less dermotropic. Even to-day, some observers in Bengal would go so far as to assert the occur-
rence of non-fatal outbreaks of more or less pure ' cutaneous form of the disease, unaccompanied
by much systemic disturbance beyond a little rise in temperature. There have been at least
two such instances in this Province in the recent past, but the opinions of experienced officers who
visited the affected place were sharply divided about the authenticity of these outbreaks.
Unfortunately, no conclusive proof by way of biological tests was secured and the disease could
not be reproduced by inoculation of scab material, so that it is not possible to make any decisive
statement about the outbreaks. The eruptions in most cases were in a very much exaggerated
form and, on the whole, were very unlike those usually seen in rinderpest. MacGregor (loc. cit.)
has included photographs of these eruptions.
Some workers have tried to seek some sort of relationship between the eruptions and the pre-
vailing weather conditions. Thus, Malfrey [1927] considers them to be more frequent in the rainy
season, especially on those animals which are exposed to showers of rain. According to him, the
eruption is a reaction of the hyperaemic skin to the rain, while Curasson quotes Schein as regarding
G
32
Cutaneous Eruptions in Rinderpest. [VOL. XVIII, PART 1,
it a reaction to the Sun rays. The recent outbreaks of ' cutaneous ' rinderpest in Bengal were not
confined to any particular part of the year, but the majority of them occurred during the rainy season
and in the autumn (i.e., April to November), when both atmospheric temperature and humidity
are high. There has, however, been no regional localization, almost all parts of the Province having
reported eruptions at different times. The annual rainfall in the different districts varies from about
55 to about 130 inches.
As a rarely, or even frequently, developing symptom of rinderpest, the cutaneous eruptions
are perhaps of no more than a little clinical interest to-day. There is no doubt that the scabs tend
to stick to the affected animals for several days and thus may play some part in disseminating the
infection, in view of the fact that the rinderpest virus may persist in them in a viable condition.
Their rôle in the causation of the so-called ' spontaneous ' outbreaks of the disease [MacGregor, loc.
cit.], however, seems to have been unduly exaggerated, like that of the hides.
SUMMARY
1. A consolidated summary of some observations recently made in Bengal concerning the appear-
ance of cutaneous eruptions in cattle affected with rinderpest is given along with a résumé of literature
on the subject.
2. The nature and course of these eruptions are described and some related clinical and epizootio-
logical aspects are discussed.
REFERENCES
Carlier (1920). Cited by Curasson, 1932
Croveri, P. (1921). La Peste Bovine, Buenos Ayres. (Cited by Curasaon, 1936)
Curasson, G. (1921). Les lèsions cutanèes dans la peste bovine et le rôle des peaux dans la transmission de la maladie.
Rec. Med. Vet. 97, 19 (1932). La Peste Bovine, Paris (1936). Traite de Pathologie Exotique Veterinaire et
Comparee, Paris, I, 61
Gärtner, W. (1920). Berl. Tier. Wchschr. 36, 518
Gerlach, A. C. (1873). Die Rinderpest. Hannover
Hutyra, F., and Marek, J. (1916). Die Orientalische Rinderpest. (Cited by Curasson, 1932)
—
Manninger, R. (1938). Special Pathology and Therapeutics of the Diseases of Domestic
Animals, 4th Eng. Edn. Edited by Russel Greig, I, 272
MacGregor, A. D. (1944). Cutaneous rinderpest—preliminary note. Ind. J. Vet. Sci. and Anim. Husb. 14 56
Malfrey, R. (1927). Cited by Curasson, 1932
Melanidi, C., and Stylianopoulo, M. (1927). Notes sur la peste bovine en Grèce. Rev. Gen. Med. Vet. 36, 72
Mohan, R. N. (1944). An. Rep. Vet. Investigation Officer, Bengal, for 1934-44 (1945). Ibid, for 1944-45
Nocard and Leclainche (1903). Les Maladies Microbiennes des Animaux. (Cited by Curasson, 1932)
Pecaud, G. (1924). Contribution á l'ètude de la pathologie veterinaire de la Colonie du Tchad. Bull. Soc. Path.
Exot. 17, 196
Peueh (1892). Cited by Curasson, 1932
Ramazzini (1713). Cited by Gerlach, 1873, and Currason, 1921
Report (1871). Indian Cattle Plague Commission, Calcutta
Schein (). Cited by Curasson, 1932
Vrijburgh (?). Cited by Hutyra, Marek and Manninger
36
Verminous Pneumonia in Animals in Bengal [VOL. XVIII, PART I,
REFERENCES
Balwant Singh (1937). An. Rep. Vet. Investigation Officer, Bengal, for 1936-37
—
(1938). Ibid, 1937-38
—
(1939). Ibid, 1938-39
Baylis, H. A. (1936). Fauna of British India, Nematoda, 1
—
and Daubney, R. (1923). Rec. Ind. Mus., 25, 551
Bhalerao, G. D. (1935). Helminth Parasites of the Domesticated Animals in India, Imp. Coun. Agr. Res., Sci. Mon.
No. 6
Bosworth, T. J. and Lovell, R. (1944). J. Comp. Path. 54, 168
Mohan, R. N. (1943). An. Rep. Vet. Investigation Officer, Bengal, for 1942-43
—
(1945). Ibid, 1944-45