NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
90
ABSTRACTS
[Vol. XIX, Part I,
considerable saving in the cost of breeding operations. In addition to the economic
savings due to curtailment of trapping operations, certain reproductive economics
have also been realized. It is well known that pullets have a higher reproductive
rate as regards egg production, fertility and hatchability, and as such a greater
number of chicks per breeding bird is obtained, thus permitting higher selection
intensity. (S.B.)
NEW INSECTICIDES FOR CHICKEN LICE CONTROL
Telford, H.S., J. Eco. Entom. (1945.) (5) 38, 573-576
I N order to meet the urgent need for suitable substitutes for rotenone and pyre-
thrum, two very efficient and safe lousicides so far then known, which were
in short supply during war time, efforts were made to develop effective insecti-
cides for the control of lice on poultry and cattle. Out of 37 compounds tested on
149 chickens infested with lice belonging to the species Eomenacanthus stramineus
(body louse), Menopon gallinae (shaft louse) and Goniocotes hologater (fluff louse),
DDT 0.5 to 4 per cent, derris (with 5 per cent rotenone) 10 per cent and mixtures
containing sulphur and the teramethyl thiouram salts exhibited demonstrable residual
effect and relatively quick action. Sodium fluoride 33 per cent, kryocide (cryolite)
0 per cent and micronised wettable sulphur were highly effective but slow to act.
The duration of effectiveness of three promising preparations was determined
by placing treated hens, freed of lice, in an infested flock. Six birds dusted with
4 per cent DDT had louse infestations approaching their original populations within
30-34 days. Micronised wettable sulphur gave longer protection but 33 per cent sodium
flouride was less lasting. Thanite 5 per cent and lethane B-71, phenothioxine,
NH dust and O-nitrodiphenyl each at least were relatively quick acting but de-
monstrated no residual properties. Unsatisfactory results were given by 15 per
cent sodium fluoride, 0.5 per cent necotine (Black leaf 155), 0.25 and 0.125 per cent
DDT, 30 per cent genicide (Xanthone), 5 per cent 2,4-dinitro-O-cyclohexyl phenol,
10 per cent sabadilla, 2 per cent 2,4-dinitro-anisole, a mixture of 2 per cent dinitro-
anisole and 2 per cent IN-930, 10 per cent orthphenylphenate and a mixture of
2 per cent di-phenyl and 5 per cent velsicol AR-50.
A proprietary louse powder containing 0.066 per cent pyrethrins, 30 per cent
sulphur, 5 per cent naphthalene, 0.45 per cent petroleum hydrocarbons and 64.48 per
cent inert ingredients was found to have quick action and good residual effect
when undiluted, but unsatisfactory at dilutions of 50 or 25 per cent in pyrax.
(P.B.M.)
THE NUMBERS OF DAUGHTERS NECESSARY FOR PROGENY
TESTS IN THE FOWL
Muller, C. D. and Hutt, F. B. (1946). Poultry Science (25), 246-55
T HE report deals with respect to ability to live (viability) and egg production of
offspring, in an attempt to determine ways of spotting out superior cocks
and hens at early ages and in larger numbers. The breeding season was of 10 weeks'
duration and from the first three hatches of the season sufficient number of daughters
was usually obtained. When 50 daughters per sire are wanted one should put
92
ABSTRACTS
[Vol. XIX, Part I,
than in the morning. Further more he felt that the greater part of increase in the
dry matter content in the day time was in the easily digestible materials so that there
should be a gain in the feeding value much more than that shown by the increase
in dry matter. However it was considered desirable to know if feeding tests
with animals would show an increase in nutritive value. The present experiment
was conducted to compare the digestibility of morning and evening cuttings of
alfalfa hay.
For this study a field of alfalfa in the early flowering stage was selected and the
plots were statistically treated.
In the above experiment no significant difference in yield was found between
the morning and evening cuts, but a significant curing loss was found in the evening
cuts.
A metabolism experiment with rabbits showed no significant difference between
the digestibility of morning and evening cuts of alfalfa.
Oven dried samples
of alfalfa showed higher digestibility of carbohydrates, but lower digestibility of
protein than the field cured hay. (K.G.)
Vol.XX, Part I
March, 1950
The
Indian Journal of Veterinary Science
and
Animal Husbandry
Issued under the authority
of
The Indian Council of Agricultural Research
Annual subscription
Rs. 6 or 9s. 6d.
Price per part
Rs. 2 or 3s.
PUBLISHED BY THE MANAGER OF PUBLICATIONS, DELHI
PRINTED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PRESS, CALCUTTA, INDIA
1950
ICAR.6.XX.I/850.
CONTENTS
VOT. XX, PART I
(March, 1950)
The Publications Commitee of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research,
India, takes no responsibility for the opinions expressed in this Journal
Original articles—
LIFE
HISTORY
OF
Cotylophoron
Cotylophoron, A TREMATODE PARASITE
FROM THE RUMEN OF CATTLE, GOAT AND
SHEEP (WITH ELEVEN TEXT-FIGURES)
THE EFFICACY OF TINCTURE OF TOBACCO IN
THE TREATMENT OF MANGE IN RABBITS
(WITH PLATE I)
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON INVESTIGATION OF
JOHNE'S DISEASE IN MYSORE STATE
STUDIES ON THE METHOD OF PREPARATION
OF Ghee. V. MODIFICATIONS OF THE
INDIGENOUS PROCESS
COMPOSITION OF MILK
OF INDIAN
ANIMALS. I. FREEZING POINT, LACTOSE,
CHLORIDE AND ACIDITY IN THE MILK
OF DIFFERENT BREEDS OF ANIMALS
OBSERVATIONS ON THE CYTOPLASMIC DROP
AND CYTOPLASMIC CAP IN SPERM DEVE-
LOPMENT IN DOMESTIC SHEEP, DOMESTIC
GOATS AND WILD BARBARY SHEEP
(Ammotragus leriva) (WITH PLATES
II AND III)
Abstracts
Reviews
Bipin Behari Sinha
Paramjit R. Patrai, K.
Venkatachalam and K. N.
Ojha
K. Ranganatha Rao
K. S: Rangappa and B. N.
Banerjee
C.S. Dharamarajan, R. Ven-
Kateswara Rao, M. N.
Menon and Noshir N.
Dastur
C. K. Rao and R. O. Berry .
Page
1
13
17
27
35
47
59
68
ERRATA
Indian Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry,
Vol. XIX, Part II, June 1949
Page
Contents
Contents
100
101
106
109
109
111
113
113
115
115
115
116
116
122
122
124
124
124
125
125
127
127
128
128
128
128
Line
11
21
1 under Experimental
4
Under Table V heading
last two cols.
27
1 from bottom
7 under references
1
5 under experimental
8
23
5 from bottom
Under Table II Col. 7
Under Table II Col. 8
3 under experiment on
cattle
10
4
3 from bottom
3 from bottom
1
2
Table II last Col.
Table II
middle heading
Table III last col.
4 Table III Col. X
4 Table III Col. Y
7 Table III Col. X
For
Metohd
Seamen
Preparations
Experiment the
Metobolic,
faecal
Nitrogen
brief
the
Meclue
1948
1946
human
1948
1946
per 100 gm. faeca . . . .
...... matter in reaction
marked
pp. 37-39
of rats
1948
(In Press)
1948
1948
Metobolic faceal N
Kumauu bullocks
Equautions y
F. D. M. (gm.)
(B. W.)0.73
M.F.N. (gm.) (B.W.)
0.73
F.D.M(gm.) (B.W.) 0.73
Read
Method
Semen
preparation
experiment; the
Metabolic faecal nitrogen
belief
be
Meclure
1949
1949
humans
1949
1949
per 100 gm. faecal . . . .
matter in ration percent
markedly
on pp. 131-133
on rats
1949
Indian
J. vet. Sci. 19,
99-111
1949
1949
Metabolio faecal N
Kumaun bullocks
equations y
F.D.M. (gm.) 0.73
(B.W.)
M.F.N. (gm.) 0.73
(B.W.)
F.D.M. (gm.) 0.73
(B.W.)
2
Page
129
129
131,132
& 133
132
133
134
134
134
135
135
135
135
137
137
137
138
143
143
145
166
168
171
171
171
171
174
174
176
177
177
176
Line
Figure 1
Figure 1 under small line
Figures 3, 4 & 5
Figure 4
Figure 5
10
17
5 from bottom
2 under references
2 do.
5 do.
5 do.
2
3
1 under Table I Col. 6,
& 8
1 under Table II, Col. 8
under table VI, Col. 2
do.
col. 3
1 under summary
5 from bottom
15
1
1
5
6
1
16
17
19
19
26
For
(Body wt. lb.)
Upper figures
M.F.N. (gm.)
M.F.N. in gm.
1948
1948
fats
1948
(In Press)
1948
(In Press)
asses
an
7 84.02, 8.84 & 0.30
4.84
Per 100 lb.
Per 100 lb.
trail
observations
abnormal
bread
Temparature
remain
80.85ºF.
ocouring
Growh
Wheet
Meternal
Naturity
Pagess
Read
0.73
(Body wt, lb.)
rats
figures 4, 5 & 3 respectively
M.F.N. (gm.) 100 gm.
Food DM.
M.F.N. in gm. 100 gm.
faecal D.M.
1949
1949
rats
1949
19, 113-124
1949
19, 99-111
assess
on
49.63, 84.02 and 8.84
8.84
lb. per 100 lb.
lb. per 100 lb.
trial
observations
abnormal
breed
temperature
remains
80.85ºF.
occurring
Growth
Wheat
Maternal
Maturity
pages
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
LIFE-HISTORY OF COTYLOPHORON COTYLOPHORUM, A
TREMATODE PARASITE FROM THE RUMEN OF CATTLE,
GOAT AND SHEEP
By BIPIN BEHARI SINHA, D.SC., Research Assistant, Helminthiasis Scheme, Indian
Council of Agricultural Research
(From the Department of Zoology, Lucknow University, Lucknow)
(Received for publication on 22 July 1949)
(With eleven text-figures)
T HE earliest account on the life-history of Cotylophoron cotylophorum is by Krull
[1934] who made many interesting observations, but did not give the exact
developmental stages. Bennett [1936] thoroughly worked out the life-history of the
parasite in America and has, besides, given experimental data in support of it.
Srivastava [1938] in India also worked out its life-history and gave a brief account
of the developmental stages obtained by him. His paper does not contain any
details of the morphology and behaviour at different stages in the life cycle. Under
a scheme of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, the author has made
extensive studies on the life-history of this parasite and the following results are
being published to show the course of development of the parasite as it occurs at
Lucknow.
METHODS AND MATERIALS
Mature worms were collected from the rumen of cattle, goat and sheep from
the slaughter houses at Lucknow, and induced to lay eggs in the laboratory by
placing them in water in a dish and then surrounding the whole by a water jacket
at 70º-80ºF. Cultures of eggs thus laid were prepared, care being taken to remove
as much of the animal matter as possible from the eggs, thereby minimizing the
development of bacterial infusions in the cultures. The cultures were always
prepared in distilled water and the water was changed twice daily.
The eggs laid by the worms after removal from the host were studied alive.
Miracidia, sporocysts, rediae, cercariae and metacercariae were also studied alive
in toto mounts.
The miracidia were studied alive unstained, but some were stained intra vitam
in either Brilliant Cresyl-blue or neutral red, both of which gave good results. They
were killed and fixed in hot acetic sublimate solution, when they maintained almost
their natural shape and size. Acetic acid, alum carmine and Ehrlich's acid
haematoxylin gave good results for the whole mounts.
Sporocysts, rediae and cercariae were taken out of the snails by dissection.
Some infected snails were kept in water in beakers and the emerging cercariae
collected for further observation and experimental work. All these stages were
studied alive, stained and unstained.
1
A
2
LIFE-HISTORY OF COTYLOPHORON COTYLOPHORUM
[Vol. XX, Part 1,
FIG. 1. Cotylophoron cotylophorum—Egg
FIG. 2.
„
„
—Egg—2 cells
FIG. 3.
„
„
—Egg—4 cells
March, 1950]
BIPIN
BEHARI
SINHA
3
THE EGG
The eggs (Figs. 1 to 3) are ovoid in shape being slightly attenuated at one end.
The egg shell is of uniform thickness throughout, except at the end opposite the
operculum, where it is slightly thickened in the form of a small projection which is
generally asymmetrical in position. The egg shell is semi-transparent and the ovum
can be almost clearly seen through it under the microscope.
The eggs are small and measure 0.123-0.134 mm. by 0.067-0.069 mm. in size.
Although majority of the eggs laid do not show cleavage, a few were observed to
possess two blastomeres at the time of laying. The time required for the eggs to
hatch at the laboratory temperature varies greatly. Ordinarily it takes 7 to 9 days
in summer and 15 to 16 days in winter.
MIRACIDIUM
The process of hatching is complicated and observations on the fully developed
miracidia inside the eggs, were made to study the process. In a fully embryonated
egg (Fig. 4), it was found that a plug-like structure intervened between the operculum
and the miracidium. The miracidium was observed to strike against this plug with
its anterior end. The plug was gradually destroyed and the miracidium became
free to exert its pressure against the operculum. It forces the operculum in a very
short time and squeezes out its body through the aperture, which is slightly smaller
than the diameter of the body.
A miracidium on hatching is extremely active and swims in straight lines with
great speed. The body in its forward movement also rotates on its long axis in an
anti-clock-wise direction.
Each miracidium (Fig. 5) is pyriform in shape, the greatest breadth being a little
behind the anterior end. Anteriorly the body tapers sharply to the apical papilla,
while posteriorly it decreases gradually in size to terminate at the rounded caudal
end.
It measures 0.16-0.185 mm. in length and 0.06-0.68 mm. in the greatest breadth.
The breadth in our forms is almost one and a half times greater than that given by
Srivastava. The entire body with the exception of the apical papilla, is covered
over with ciliated plates. These epidermal plates are 20 in number and are arranged
in four rows (Fig. 6). The anterior row contains six, the second eight, the third
four and the last only two plates. The number and arrangement of these plates
have never been found to vary. The nuclei of the plates are large and irregularly
branched. In the anterior three rows, the nuclei are situated near the posterior
margins of the plates while in the last row are more towards the anterior border of
the plates. (Figs 5.)
There is a sub-epithelial layer beneath the plates whose nuclei are large, oval to
rounded in shape. A fully developed miracidium contains a flask-shaped primitive
gut; two pairs of penetration glands—one pair on either side of the gut; a large brain;
germ cells and germ ball; and a pair of flame cells. Further between the first and
A 2
4
LIFE-HISTORY OF COTYLOPHORON COTYLOPHORUM
[Vol. XX, Part 1,
FIG. 4. Cotylophoron cotylophorum—A fully embryonated egg
FIG. 5.
„
„
—A fully developed miracidium
FIG. 6.
„
„
—Epidermal plates of miracidium
March,
1950]
BIPIN
BEHARI
SINHA
5
second rows of the epidermal plates, a small papillar outgrowth is projecting out.
Bennett classified it as sense organ. The flame cells are situated a little in front of
the middle of the body and their ducts extend posteriorly as two loose coils to open
laterally between the third and the fourth rows of the epidermal plates at the
excretory pores.
INTERMEDIATE HOST
Limnaea, Gyraulus, Indoplanorbis and Melanoides were selected for infection
experiments, care having been taken to ensure that the snails were free from previous
infections. Both individual and mass infection experiments were attempted and
as a result it was found that Indoplanorbis exustus was the only snail that attracted
the miracidia. Subsequently all the developmental stages were recovered from this
snail and thus it was definitely established to be the natural intermediate host of
the parasite. No developmental stages were recovered from any other species of
the snails used.
Two days after penetration of the snail, the miracidium changes into a sporocyst
(Fig. 7) which, to begin with, is more or less rounded in shape and the germ ball in
many cases had started breaking up and on the third day of infection it was found
to contain four to seven developing rediae inside. The mature sporocyst is an
elongated sac with the two ends bluntly rounded, and with a central cavity filled
with parenchymatous cells. It also bears a pair of flame cells with their ducts on
either side of the body.
REDIAE
It takes 10 to 12 days for the rediae to become fully developed and they are found
free inside the body of the snail. The developing rediae are found in various stages
of development within the sporocysts (Fig. 7). The germ balls enlarge and assume an
elongated oval shape. At one end it becomes rounded and the rudiments of the
pharynx are formed while the other end remains broadly rounded.
A fully developed redia (Fig. 8) is sausage-shaped and measures 0.56-0.62 mm. in
length and 0.13-0.15 mm. in the greatest breadth. It possesses a mouth, a muscular
pharynx and a primitive sac-like gut which does not extend beyond 1/3 of the body
length from the anterior end. The excretory pore is situated near the middle of
the body and there are three pairs of flame cells. The anterior pair of flame cells
lies on either side of the gut, while the second pair is laterally in front of the hinder
end. The third pair is situated at the middle of the body. The ducts of the
anterior and posterior pairs join together near the pore and open by a common
duct, while the ducts of the middle pair open into the duct of the anterior pair before
it meets the posterior duct. The flame cell formula here is 2 (2+1).
The common duct before opening to the exterior, swells to form a small vesicle.
The germinal epithelium is situated at the posterior end and the birth pore on the
ventral side a little behind the pharynx. The rediae do not possess any lateral
6
LIFE-HISTORY OF COTYLOPHORON COTYLOPHORUM
[Vol. XX, Part 1,
FIG. 7. Cotylophoron cotylophorum—A sporocyst with contained rediae
FIG. 8.
„
„
—A fully developed redia
FIG. 9.
„
„
—cercaria fully developed
8
LIFE-HISTORY OF COTYLOPHORON COTYLOPHORUM
[Vol. XX, Part 1,
FIG. 10. Cotylophoron cotylophorum—Encysted metacercaria
FIG. 11.
„
„
—immature form from final host
March, 1950.]
BIPIN
BEHARI
SINHA
9
METACERCARIAE
The cercariae remain actively moving for about four hours when they start
encysting on the sides of the dish containing them, if no vegetation was present in
the water ; otherwise they encyst on the latter. In the process of encystment, the
cercariae stop swimming and sink down. The body keeps on contracting and
elongating while the tail is kept beating violently.. Simultaneously cystogenous
cells are thrown out of the body and collect round it. The tail now breaks off and
the separated tail continues to beat for a considerably long time afterwards. The
completed cyst (Fig. 10) is flat on the ventral side and rounded above. The dorsal
surface is dome-shaped. The cyst is almost transparent and the encysted cercariae
are seen to retain the pigmentation. The oral sucker, acetabulum, alimentary
canal and the excretory ducts are clearly seen even under low magnification.
INFESTATION EXPERIMENTS IN FINAL HOST
In order to feed the metacercariae to the final host it was thought advisable to
induce them to encyst on grass blades which were placed in the beakers containing
snails shedding cercariae. The grass blades were then fed to the kids. No record
of the metacercariae fed to the kids was kept but the experimental feeding was
maintained for five weeks. Two months after feeding one of the kids showed
signs of diarrhœa, which continued for five days. Afterwards it got well and
did not show any signs of illness.
Examination of the stool was carried out and a few very small immature worms
were recovered from it. On examination, these forms were found to be Cotylophoron
cotylophorum (Fig. 11). The immature forms recovered, showed little difference
from the metacercariae, except that they were less pigmented and the eyespots
were disintegrating. The alimentary canal and the reproductive organs had
become more pronounced and the genital sucker had taken the regular shape. A
month after, the kid was killed and the alimentary canal thoroughly examined,
when a large number of small but still immature forms were found embedded in
the wall of the duodenum and intestine. The reproductive organs were well formed
and the genital sucker was quite clear and distinct. The uterus and vas deferens
were seen as tubular structures running upto the genital pore. The vas deferens
was also found to meet its fellow of the other side forming a vesicula seminalis.
The life-history of Cotylophoron cotylophorum was, thus, successfully completed
experimentally.
CONCLUSION
The work on the life-history of Cotylophoron cotylophorum as conducted by the
author, at Lucknow, has been found to be in conformity with the data and facts
given by Bennett. There are, however, minor differences which appear to be due
probably to climate and environmental conditions. Srivastava's description of the
various stages, as already stated, is very meagre and does not permit of an easy
comparison. However, the broad differences between the author's observations
and those of the two other authors mentioned above are given in Table I.
B
10
LIFE-HISTORY OF COTYLOPHORON COTYLOPHORUM
[Vol. XX, Part 1,
TABLE 1
Observations
—
Time required for hatching of eggs
Size of miracidium
Time required for the development of
sporocyst
Time required for shedding of
cercariae
Srivastava
18-21 days
0.014—0.02 mm.
by
0.003—0.005 mm.
3 days
35 days
Bennett
11-29 days
0.104—0.197 mm.
by
0.029—0.05 mm.
24-26 hours
30-91 days
Sinha
7-16 days
0.16—0.185 mm.
by
0.06—0.068 mm.
2 days
30 days
The main facts revealed in the present investigation are :—
That the development of the miracidia varies according to temperature. In
summer it takes 7 to 9 days, while in winter 15—16 days.
Indoplanorbis exustus is the intermediate host of C. cotylophorum.
Sporocysts are formd very rapidly and develop fast attaining a full size in two
days.
Rediae take about 10 days to become fully developed and contain a large
number of cercariae at various stages of development.
Cercariae are discharged from rediae in an undeveloped condition and the
average time required for shedding of fully developed cercariae is 30 days after
infestation.
Cercariae encyst on grass blades and other vegetation present in water.
It takes about three months for the worm to become mature.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The work was carried out in the Department of Zoology, Lucknow University,
under the supervision of Dr G. S. Thapar, whose constant interest and helpful
suggestions were a source of great encouragement in the progress of the work.
Further, he placed his private library at the author's disposal and it was due to his
unfailing interest that this work could be successfully completed.
Before concluding, I would like to express my indebtedness to the Indian Council
of Agricultural Research for providing funds to carry out this investigation and
the Lucknow University for giving laboratory facilities.
March, 1950]
BIPIN
BEHARI
SINHA
11
REFERENCES
Bennett, H. J. (1936). The life-history of Cotylophoron cotylophorum, a Trematode from Rumi-
nants. III. Bio. Monograph XIV
Krull, W. H. (1932). Studies on the Life-history of Cotylophoron cotylophorum (Fischoeder
1901) Stiles and Goldberger, (1910). J. Parasit. 19, 165-166
Krull, W. H. (1934). Life-history Studies on Cotylophoron cotylophorum (Fischoeder, 1901) Stiles
and Goldberger, (1910). J. Parasit, 20, 173-180
Srivastava, H. D. (1938). A study of the Life-history and pathogenecity of Cotylophoron coty-
lophorum (Fischoeder, 1901) Stiles and Goldberger (1910) of Indian Ruminants and a Bio-
logical Control to check the Infestation. Indian J. vet. Sci. VIII (I) 381-386