NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
June 1948]
NAGINA
SINGH
79
All the above strains when subjected to M. R., V. P., litmus milk and gelatin liquifaction reactions
proved negative, but they all produced indol and hydrogen sulphide.
Agglutination
The serum dilutions ranged from 1 : 50 to 1 : 3200 and some times higher. Tubes were placed in
water bath at 55°C for 2-4 hours or in dry incubator at 37°C for 24 hours. A positive test serum was
prepared by injecting rabbits at 4-7 days intervals with increasing amounts of 0.4 per cent formalized
culture of highly virulent typical Past. septica. Seven injections were given, animals were bled seven
days after the last injection and serum was preserved with 0.5 per cent phenol. Antigens were pre-
pared from the 15 strains described in Table I by washing off 24 hours agar cultures and diluting to
a density between 1 and 2 (Brown's opacity standard).
An experiment with the 15 strains showed that where agglutination occurred, there was no di-
fference in the titre between live and dead Pasteurella antigens. Hence for routine agglutination
tests, heat killed antigens preserved with 0.25 per cent chloroform have been used. It was also
noted that four of the 15 strains, Nos. 4, 7, 8 and 9 failed to show any agglutination, but nearly all
the rest reached a titre of 3200 to 6400. This result was not unexpected in view of the previous work.
Cornelius [1929] working with 26 Pasteurella strains showed that these varried widely in
agglutinibility and that not infrequently strains would become temporarily inagglutinable. He found
that infection by a particular serological type was not confined to a particular species of animals.
He fitted 17 of the strains into four groups but there was no relationship between serological grou-
ping and the animal species of origion. Yusef [1935] classified 14 out of 21 strains into three sero-
logical groups.
Pathogenicity
Tests were made in rabbits by injecting intramuscularly 0.0001 c.c. of 18 hours broth culture.
The rabbits were of roughly the same weight and were kept under observation for a week. The results
are shown in Table II.
TABLE II
Pathogenicity of strains
Strain No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Death (d)
or
Survival(s)
(d)
(d)
(d)
(s)
(d)
(d)
(d)
(s)
(s)
(d)
(d)
(d)
(d)
(d)
(d)
Time (hours)
from inoculation
to death
43
44
108
. .
36
95.5
26.5
. .
. .
108
36
96
44
36
93.5
Remarks
Died due to some other cause
80
Nasal Carriers in Bovine Pasteurellosis
[Vol. XVIII, Part I
The results show that 12 of the 15 strains were virulent for rabbits although they were not
standard virulence. Pasteurella was recovered from the heart blood and internal organs of rabbi
that succumbed.
DISCUSSION
The proportion of carriers detected in this work probably greatly under estimates the incidence
in nature. For one reason the nasal passages in bovines are very long and it is very difficult to reach
their remote parts so that in many animals swabbing is incomplete or otherwise unsatisfactory.
Secondly the nasal mucous membrane is very sensitive and the irritation often causes much struggling
Correspondingly the carrier incidence determined in animals after death was somewhat highe
viz., 7 per cent compared with 4 per cent in living ones.
SUMMARY
1. Fifteen strains of Past. septica were isolated from nasal swabs taken from 300 cattle, mostly
young buffaloes. One hundred were from freshly slaughtered animals at the abattoir while the re-
maining were from live cattle in regions where Pasteurellosis is not uncommon. Among the dead
animals the carrier incidence was 7 per cent and in the living one 3.5 per cent. These percentages
are probably under-estimates.
2. The strains were similar in being non-motile, non-gas-producing, fermenting dextrose, sucrose
and mannite but not fermenting lactose and salicine, and producing indole and hydrogen-sulphide.
3. Four of the 15 strains were not agglutinated by serum prepared with a standard laboratory
strain of high virulence. Twelve of the 15 were pathogenic for rabbits.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author wishes to thank Dr F. C. Minett for his direction and assistance in writing the paper
He is also obliged to Messrs L. Shai and J. R. Haddow for helpful criticism and guidance.
REFERENCES
Daubney, R., Hudson, J. R. and Roberts, J. I. (1934). J. Comp. Path. 47, 211
Hughes, T. P. and Pritchett, I. W. (1930). J. exp. Med. 51, 239
Jorgenson, G. E. (1925). Cornell Vet. 15, 295
Kruif, P. H. DE. (1921). J. exp. Med. 33, 773., (1922a) Ibid. 35, 561., (1922b). Ibid. 36, 309., (1923). Ibid. 37, 647
Magnusson, H. (1914). Z. Infertke. Haustiere. 15, 61
Mehra, G. K. (1942). Proc. 28th Indian Sci. Congr. 1941. 3. 240
——(1943).
Proc. 30th Indian Sci. Congr. 1943. 3. 87
Pritchett, I. W., Beaudette, F. R. and Hughes, T. P. (1930). J. exp. Med. 51, 249
Sapre, S. N. (1945). Ind. J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Husb. 15, 2, 151
Webster, L.T. (1924a). J. exp. Med. 39, 837, 843, 857., (1924b). Ibid. 40, 109, 117
Yusef, H. S. (1935). .J. Path. Bact. 41, 203
UTILIZATION OF BY-PRODUCTS OF STARCH MANUFACTURE FROM
MAIZE AS CATTLE FEEDS
I. THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF MAIZE HUSK
By D. G. PANDITTESEKERE, S. C. RAY AND N. D.
, Animal Nutrition Section, Indian
Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar
(RECEIVED FOR PUBLICATION ON 25 NOVEMBER 1947)
O WING to the increasing demand in recent years for industrial starch, a number of factories
in different parts of the country are manufacturing it from maize, with maize-husk or bran and
maize-oil cake as by-products. In the United Kingdom and United States of America these by-
products are used for stock feeding. The starch manufacture in this country should thus yield two
valuable cattle feeds.
Through the courtesy of Messrs Govan Bros., Rampur (United Provinces) one lot, each of maize-
husk and maize-oil cake were received for investigations into their nutritive value.
ORIGIN OF THE BY-PRODUCT
It is understood from the manufacturers that miaze-husk is obtained in the course of starch
manufacture as follows:
The maize, as received, is cleaned in a maize cleaner. The grain is then softened by soaking in
water slightly acidified with sulphurous acid. The softening requires several days after which the
maize kernels are torn apart in crushing mills so as to liberate the germs. The material is then mixed
with water and passed into tanks where the germs, which owing to their oil content are lighter, rise
to the surface and are removed. The residue is finely ground and strained in stages through silk sieves
there by separating husk from the starchmilk. The husk is then pre-dried through a roller mill and
thereafter dried by steam driers and finally bagged.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MAIZE HUSK
In Table I is shown the chemical compositions of maize husk, corn bran—a by-product of maize
similarly obtained in America [Morrison, 1937] and brans from other cereals, such as, wheat and rice
[Sen, 1946]. Though similarly produced the Indian by-product (maize-husk or bran) in some
constituents differs significantly from the American stuff. It is poorer in crude protein, and
markedly so in ether extract but richer in both crude fibre and nitrogen free extract. The Indian
by-product is markedly deficient in phosphorus, while the American stuff is extremely poor in calcium.
TABLE I
Percentage composition of maize-husk and allied by-product
Maize husk . .
Corn bran . .
Wheat „
(Pusa)
Rice „
(Hosur)
Crude
protein
8.12
9.80
11.39
10.40
Ether
extract
1.52
6.40
1.73
12.98
Crude
fibre
15.67
9.80
16.62
14.69
Nitrogen
free
extract
72.50
61.80
60.36
39.85
Total
carbo-
hydrates
88.17
71.60
76.98
54.54
Total
calcium
ash
2.19
2.30
—
—
0.31
0.03
—
—
Phosphorus
0.09
0.27
—
—
A comparative study of the composition of maize-husk and wheat and rice bran shows that the
husk is poorer in crude protein than the brans. It's ether extract content is about the same as of
81
D
June 1948] D. G. PANDITTESEKERE, S. C. RAY AND N. D. KEHAR 83
TABLE II
Food consumption per day (on dry basis) in grams. Experiment 1
—
Bullock No. 1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
„
No. 2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
„
No. 3
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
„
No. 4
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Average
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Wheat
bhoosa
541.3
756.8
688.4
676.6
665.8
Maize
husk
1182.2
1414.6
1414.6
1407.0
1354.6
Total
consumption
1723.5
2171.4
2103.0
2083.6
2020.4
Consumption
per 100
lb. live
weight
590.4
705.1
691.8
704.0
672.8
TABLE III
Percentage composition of feeding stuffs (on dry basis ). Experiment 1
—
Wheat-bhoosa
Maize-husk
Organic
matter
86.23
97.81
Crude
protein
2.39
8.12
Ether
extract
0.99
1.52
Crude
fibre
40.21
15.67
N.-free
extract
42.64
72.50
Total
carbo-
hydrates
82.05
88.17
Total
ash
13.77
2.19
Calcium
0.34
0.31
Phos-
phorus
0.07
0.09
TABLE IV
Digestibility coefficient of whole ration and maize-husk. Experiment 1
—
Consumed from—
Wheat-bhoosa
.
.
.
.
.
.
Maize-husk
.
.
.
.
.
.
Total
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Voided in faeces
.
.
.
.
.
.
Total digested
.
.
.
.
.
.
Digestibility coefficient of the whole ration .
Digested from—
Wheat-bhoosa
.
.
.
.
.
.
Maize-husk
.
.
.
.
.
.
Digestibility coefficient of maize husk . .
Crude
protein
gm.
12.94
95.95
108.89
63.39
45.50
42
—
45.50
47
Ether
extract
gm.
Bullock No. 1
5.36
17.91
23.27
15.49
7.78
33
1.93
5.85
33
Crude
fibre
gm.
217.67
185.30
402.97
145.05
257.92
64
132.78
125.14
68
N. free
extract
gm.
230.84
857.10
1087.94
295.38
792.56
73
122.34
670.22
78
Total
carbohy-
drates gm.
448.51
1,042.40
1490.91
440.43
1050.48
72
255.12
795.36
76
D2
84
Nutritive Value of Maize
Husk
[Vol. XVIII, Part II
TABLE IV—contd.
—
Consumed from—
Wheat-bhoosa
.
.
.
.
.
.
Maize-husk
.
.
.
.
.
.
Total
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Voided in faeces
.
.
.
.
.
.
Total digested
.
.
.
.
.
.
Digestibility coefficient of the whole ration . .
Digested from—
Wheat-bhoosa
.
.
.
.
.
.
Maize-husk
.
.
.
.
.
.
Digestibility coefficient of maize-husk . .
Consumed from—
Wheat-bhoosa
.
.
.
.
.
.
Maize-husk
.
.
.
.
.
.
Total
.
.
.
.
.
.
Voided in faeces
.
.
.
.
.
.
Total digested
.
.
.
.
.
.
Digestibility coefficient of the whole ration . .
Digested from—
Wheat-bhoosa
.
.
.
.
.
.
Maize-husk
.
.
.
.
.
.
Digestibility coefficient of maize-husk
.
.
Consumed from—
Wheat-bhoosa
.
.
.
.
.
.
Maize-husk
.
.
.
.
.
.
Total
.
.
.
.
.
.
Voided in faeces
.
.
.
.
.
.
Total, digested
.
.
.
.
.
.
Digestibility coefficient of the whole ration . .
Digested from—
Wheat-bhoosa
.
.
.
.
.
.
Maize-husk
.
.
.
.
.
.
Digestibility coefficient of maize-husk . .
Crude
protein
gm.
Ether
extract
gm.
Crude
fibre
gm.
N. free
extract
gm.
Total
carbohy-
drates gm.
Bullock No. 2
18.09
114.79
132.88
75.27
57.61
43
—
57.61
50
7.49
21.43
28.92
21.33
7.59
26
2.70
4.89
23
304.33
221.72
526.05
197.13
328.92
63
185.65
143.37
64
322.72
1025.60
1348.32
383.44
964.88
72
171.04
793.84
77
627.05
1247.32
1874.37
580.57
1293.80
69
356.69
937.11
75
Bullock No. 3
16.45
114.79
131.24
81.59
49.65
38
—
49.65
43
6.81
21.43
28.24
20.55
7.69
27
2.45
5.24
25
276.72
221.72
498.44
209.02
289.42
58
168.85
120.57
54
293.56
1025.60
1319.16
453.63
865.53
66
155.59
709.94
69
570.28
1247.32
1817.60
662.65
1154.95
64
324.44
830.51
67
Bullock No. 4
16.18
114.18
130.36
75.77
54.59
42
—
54.59
48
6.70
21.31
28.01
20.89
7.12
25
2.42
4.70
22
272.71
220.52
493.23
201.91
291.32
59
166.35
124.97
57
288.53
1020.00
1308.53
416.64
891.89
68
152.93
738.96
73
561.24
1240.52
1801.76
618.55
1183.21
66
319.28
863.93
70
June 1948] D. G. PANDITTESEKERE, S. C. RAY AND N. D. KEHAR 85
TABLE V
Nitrogen balance. Experiment 1
No. of Animal
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
Average . . . . . . . .
1
2
3
4
Average . . . . . . . .
Intake gm.
Out put
Faeces gm.
Nitrogen balance
17.45
21.30
21.04
20'90
20.17
10.15
12.04
13.02
12.12
11.83
Calcium balance
5.51
6.96
6.73
6.66
6.46
4.54
5.40
5.71
5.44
5.27
Phosphorus balance
1.50
1.76
1.71
1.70
1.67
2.24
2.36
2.60
2.43
2.40
Urine gm.
10.14
10.38
10.10
10.06
10.17
3.13
2.60
2.70
2.31
2.68
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.03
Total gm.
20.29
22.42
23.12
21.18
22.00
7.67
8.00
8.41
7.75
7.95
2.27
4.39
2.62
2.46
2.43
Balance
—2.84
—1.12
—2.08
—1.28
—1.83
—2.16
—1.04
—1.68
—1.09
—1.49
—0.77
—0.63
—0.91
—0.76
—0.76
EXPERIMENT II
In view of the sub-optimal consumption of dry matter and pronounced negative balance of
nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus under the dietary regimen of Experiment I, it was decided to repeat
the trial, by introducing a supplement of half-a-pound of linseed-cake in the ration. The ration
consisted of ½ lb. linseed-cake, 3 lb. maize-husk mixed with 1 oz. of common salt and with wheat-
bhoosa fed ad lib. Each item was fed separately and any residue left of maize-husk and wheat-bhoosa
was accurately weighed and recorded. As before, the ration was fed for a preparatory period of 15
days followed by a 10-day collection period. The animals were weighed as soon after as possible
and at the end of the trial they recorded an average increase of 17 lb. each in live weight.
Food consumption. The consumption on dry basis of individual items of the ration is shown in
Table VI. The data in Table VI show interesting features. The introduction of 201.2 gm. of linseed
cake in the ration increased the dry matter consumption from an average 2020.4 gm. (Table II) to
2723.5 gm. This increase of about 35 per cent in dry matter consumption has been achieved almost
entirely as a result of a larger intake of wheat-bhoosa. Consequent on this increased consumption
86
Nutritive Value of Maize Husk
[Vol. XVIII, Part II
the intake per 100 lb. live weight has worked out at an average of 881 gm., a figure which is quite
close to the expected normal.
TABLE VI
Food consumption per day (on dry basis). Experiment II
—
Hill Bullock No. 1
.
.
.
.
.
.
Hill Bullock No. 2
.
.
.
.
.
.
Hill Bullock No. 3
.
.
.
.
.
.
Hill Bullock No. 4
.
.
.
.
.
.
Average
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Wheat
bhoosa
(gm.)
1124.0
1545.5
1425.1
1344.7
1359.8
Linseed
cake
(gm.)
201.1
201.1
201.1
201.1
201.1
Maize
husk
(gm.)
1136.7
1185.9
1185.9
1141.5
1162.5
Total
consump-
tion
(gm.)
2461.8
2932.5
2812.1
2687.3
2723.5
Consump-
tion per
100 lb. live
weight
(gm.)
820.6
928.0
889.9
884.0
880.6
Results of metabolism. The chemical composition of feeding stuffs used, and the consumption,
excretion and digestibility coefficient of various nutrie nts are detailed in Tables VII and VIII
respectively. In Table IX is shown the balance of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus.
TABLE VII
Percentage composition of feeding stuffs (on dry basis). Experiment II
—
Wheat bhoosa
Linseed cake
Maize husk .
Organic
matter
83.42
90.58
97.67
Crude
protein
2.99
30.04
8.25
Ether
extract
0.69
6.11
1.54
Crude
fibre
37.23
10.02
16.10
N-free
extract
42.51
44.41
71.78
Total
carbo-
hydrates
79.74
54.43
87.88
Total
ash
16.58
9.42
2.33
Ca
.399
.583
.304
P
.114
.801
.105
TABLE VIII
Digestibility coefficient of whole ration and maize husk. Experiment II
—
Consumed from—
Wheat-bhoosa
.
.
.
.
.
.
Linseed cake
.
.
.
.
.
.
Maize husk
.
.
.
.
.
.
Total
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Voided in faeces
.
.
.
.
.
.
Total digested
.
.
.
.
.
.
Digestibility coefficient of whole ration . .
Crude
protein
gm.
Ether
extract
gm.
Crude
fibre
gm.
Nitrogen¬
free
extract
gm.
Total
carbohy-
drates gm.
Bullock No. 1
33.57
60.60
93.75
187.92
85.43
102.49
54.5
7.79
12.29
17.46
37.54
14.86
24.68
60.4
418.42
20.16
182.94
621.52
226.81
394.71
63.5
477.81
89.34
815.82
1382.97
367.91
1015.06
73.4
896.23
109.50
998.76
2004.49
594.72
1409.77
70.3
June 1948]
D. G. PANDITTESEKERE, S. C. RAY AND N. D.
KEHAR
87
TABLE VIII—contd.
Digested from—
Wheat-bhoosa
.
.
.
.
.
.
Linseed cake
.
.
.
.
.
.
Maize husk
.
.
.
.
.
.
Digestibility coefficient of maize husk . .
Consumed from—
Wheat-bhoosa
.
.
.
Linseed
cake
.
.
.
.
.
.
Maize husk
.
.
.
.
.
.
Total
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Voided in faeces
.
.
.
.
.
.
Total digested
.
.
.
.
.
.
Digestibility coefficient of whole ration . .
Digested from—
Wheat-bhoosa
.
.
.
.
.
.
Linseed cake
.
.
.
.
.
.
Maize husk
.
.
.
.
.
.
Digestibility coefficient of maize husk . .
Consumed from—
Wheat-bhoosa . . . . . .
Linseed cake
.
.
.
.
.
.
Maize husk . . . . . .
Total
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Voided in faeces
.
.
.
.
.
.
Total digested
.
.
.
.
.
.
Digestibility coefficient of whole ration . .
Digested from—
Wheat-bhoosa
.
.
.
.
.
.
Linseed cake
.
.
.
.
.
.
Maize husk
.
.
.
.
.
.
Digestibility coefficient of maize husk . .
Crude
protein
gm.
. .
51.51
50.98
54.4
Ether
extract
gm.
2.80
11.80
8.08
46.3
Crude
fibre
gm.
255.24
5.44
134.03
73.3
Nitrogen¬
free
extract
gm.
253.25
59.86
701.95
86.1
Total
carbohy-
drates gm.
508.49
65.30
835.98
82.8
Bullock No. 2
46.15
60.60
97.82
204.57
100.89
103.68
50.7
. .
51.51
52.17
53.3
10.71
12.29
18.22
41.22
15.20
26.02
63.1
3.86
11.80
10.36
56.9
575.33
20.16
190.90
786.39
288.78
497.61
63.3
350.97
5.44
141.20
74.0
657.00
89.34
851.28
1597.62
547.66
1049.96
65.7
348.21
59.86
641.89
75.4
1232.33
109.50
1042.18
2384.01
836.44
1547.57
65.0
699.18
65.30
783.09
75.1
Bullock No. 3
42.57
60.60
97.82
200.99
93.61
107.38
53.4
51.51
55.87
57.1
9.88
12.29
18.22
40.39
14.77
25.62
63.4
3.56
11.80
10.26
56.3
530.50
20.16
190.90
741.56
264.56
477.00
64.3
323.62
5.44
147.94
77.5
605.79
89.34
851.28
1546.41
492.72
1053.69
68.2
321.08
59.86
672.75
79.0
1136.29
109.50
1042.18
2287.97
757.28
1530.69
66.9
644.70
65.30
820.69
78.8
88
Nutritive Value of Maize
Husk
[Vol. XVIII, Part II
TABLE VIII—concld.
—
Consumed from—
Wheat-bhoosa . . . . . .
Linseed cake
.
.
.
.
.
.
Maize husk
.
.
.
.
.
.
Total
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Voided in faeces
.
.
.
.
.
.
Total digested
.
.
.
.
.
.
Digestibility coefficient of whole ration . .
Digested from—
Wheat-bhoosa
.
.
.
.
.
.
Linseed cake
.
.
.
.
.
.
Maize husk
.
.
.
.
.
.
Digestibility coefficient of maize husk . .
Crude
protein
gm.
Ether
extract
gm.
Crude
fibre
gm.
Nitrogen
free
extract
gm.
Total
carbohy¬
drates
gm.
Bullock No. 4
40.16
60.60
94.16
194.92
93.35
101.57
52.1
. .
51.51
50.06
53.2
9.32
12.29
17.54
39.15
14.77
24.38
62.3
3.36
11.80
9.22
52.6
500.61
20.16
183.73
704.50
245.54
458.96
65.1
305.37
5.44
148.10
80.6
571.66
89.34
819.38
1480.38
487.12
993.26
67.1
303.00
59.86
630.40
77.0
1072.27
109.50
1003.11
2184.88
732.66
1452.22
66.5
608.37
65.30
778.55
77.7
TABLE IX
Nitrogen balance
Animal
Bullock No. 1
.
.
.
.
.
.
„ No. 2
.
.
.
.
.
.
„ No. 3
.
.
.
.
.
.
„ No. 4
.
.
.
.
.
.
Average
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Bullock No. 1
.
.
.
.
.
.
„
No. 2
.
.
.
.
.
.
„ No. 3 . . . . . .
„ No. 4
.
.
.
.
.
.
Average
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Bullock No. 1
.
.
.
.
.
.
„ No. 2
.
.
.
.
.
.
„ No. 3
.
.
.
.
.
.
„ No. 4
.
.
.
.
.
.
Average
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Intake
gm.
Out put
Faeces
gm.
Urine
gm.
Total
gm.
Balance
Nitrogen balance
30.07
32.73
32.16
31.20
31.54
13.67
16.14
14.98
14.94
14.93
12.04
12.40
12.56
11.36
12.09
25.71
28.54
27.54
26.30
27.02
+4.36
+4.19
+4.62
+4.90
+4.52
Calcium balance
9.12
10.95
10.47
9.91
10.11
5.08
6.58
5.74
5.13
5.63
2.56
2.92
2.64
3.00
2.78
7.64
9.50
8.38
8.13
8.41
+1.48
+1.45
+2.09
+1.78
+1.70
Phosphorus balance
4.09
4.63
4.48
4.35
4.39
3.24
3.84
3.47
3.46
3.50
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
3.31
3.91
3.54
3.53
3.57
+0.78
+0.72
+0.94
+0.83
+0.82
90
Nutritive Value of Maize Husk
[Vol. XVIII, Part II,
TABLE XI
Balances of N, Ca and P in Experiments I and II
—
Experiement I . . . . . . .
Experiement II . . . . . . .
Experiement I . . . . . . .
Experiement II
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Experiement I . . . . . . .
Experiement II . . . . . . .
Intake
—20.17
—31.54
—6.46
—10.11
—1.67
—4.39
Out-go
Faeces
11.83
14.93
5.27
5.63
2.40
3.50
Urine
Nitrogen
10.17
12.09
Calcium
2.68
2.78
Phosphorus
0.03
0.07
Total
22.00
27.02
7.95
8.41
2.43
3.57
Balance
—1.83
+4.52
—1.49
+ 1.70
—0.76
+0.82
TABLE XII
Digestible nutrients per 100 lb. dry and raw material
—
Maize-husk . . .
Wheat bran . .
Rice
.
.
.
.
Digestible nutrients per 100 lb. dry
Crude
protein
lb.
4.54
8.72
6.76
Carbo-
hydrates
lb.
68.94
59.10
35.15
Ether
extract
lb.
0.81
1.14
10.00
Total
lb.
75.30
70.39
64.40
Nutritive
ratio
15.6
7.1
8.5
Digestible nutrients per 100 lb.
raw material
Digestible
crude
protein lb.
4.09
7.85
6.08
Starch
equivalent
lb.
59.1
54.5
52.0
Total
digestible
lb.
67.9
63.4
58.0
The nutritive value of maize-husk
In Table XII is shown the digestible nutrients per 100 lb. of dry and raw maize-husk. For
comparison, figures have been listed of by-products of similar origin from other cereals, namely, wheat
June 1948] D. G. PANDITTESEKERE, S. C. RAY AND N. D. KEHAR 91
and rice. The data show that in available protein, the husk is relatively poorer than either wheat or
rice bran, but in energy moiety it is somewhat richer than either of the by-products.
SUMMARY
Maize-husk or maize bran, apart from its total carbohydrates, is inferior in chemical make-up
to wheat or rice bran. Contrary to other brans it is also extremely poor in phosphorus which is as
low as 0.09 per cent.
When maize-husk is fed in a simple combination with wheat-bhoosa, the total dry matter con-
sumption becomes sub-optimal, digestibility is depressed and balances of N, Ca and P are negative.
This nutritional defect is corrected if the ration is supplemented by linseed-cake to an extent approxi-
mately one fifth of the maize-husk intake.
Under balanced feeding the digestibility co-efficient of maize-husk works out to be: crude protein
55, ether extract 53 and total carbohydrates 79. Based on these co-efficients, the nutritive value
has been calculated as 4.09 lb., 59.1 lb. and 67.9 lb. digestible crude protein, starch equivalent and
total digestible nutrients respectively per 100 lb. of the material.
REFERENCES
Morris, S and Ray, S. C. (1939). Biochem. J. 33
Morrison, F. B. (1937). Feeds and Feedings. The Morrison Publishing Company, Ithaca, New York
Sen, K. C. (1946). The nutritive value of Indian cattle foods and the feeding of animals. Misc. Bull. No. 25
Indian Coun. Agric. Res., Manager of Publications, Delhi
Sen, K. C., Ray, S. C. and Talapatra, S. K. (1942). Indian J. vet. Sci. and Ani. Husb. 12, 263
Theiler, A and Green, H. H. (1932). Nut. Abst. and Rev. 1,359
94
Nutritive Value of Maize Oil Cake
[Vol. XVIII, Part II,
TABLE II
Percentage composition of maize-oil cake produced in different countries
Maize cake (Indian) .
Maize cake (American) .
Maize cake (British) .
23.67
22.90
14.57
14.97
7.50
14.01
9.88
10.00
4.60
48.03
49.10
62.79
57.91
59.10
67.39
3.45
2.30
4.03
0.23
0.05
0.01
0.52
0.57
0.39
DIGESTIBILITY AND NUTRITIVE VALUE
To determine these, four healthy adult Kumauni bullocks of 304 lb. average weight were used.
The feeding period was for 28 days, of which the first 18 days constituted the preliminary period.
During the remaining ten days, faeces and urine were collected at intervals of 24 hours. Throughout
the entire feeding period, the animals remained in good health and appeared to have improved in
condition. At the end of the trial they showed an average gain of 7 lb.
The ration consisted of 1¼ lb. of maize-oil cake mixed with half-an-ounce of salt and wheat-
bhoosa fed ad lib. For the first 2 to 3 days the animals did not take to the cake readily, but after
this they ate it with relish. In Table III is shown the daily food consumption on dry basis. The
average daily total consumption of 927.6 gm. per 100 lb. of live weight indicates that the consumption
was at optimum capacity.
TABLE III
Daily food consumption (on dry basis)
—
Hill bull No. 1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Hill bull No. 2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Hill bull No. 3 . . . . . . .
Hill bull No. 4
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Average
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Wheat-bhoosa
2029.1
2451.5
2359.4
2367.4
2301.85
Maize cake
517.2
517.2
517.2
517.2
517.2
Total
consumption
2546.3
2968.7
2876.6
2884.6
2819.05
Consumption
per 100 lb. live
weight
848.8
1002.9
922.0
936.6
927.6
The chemical composition of the two feeding stuffs are given in Table IV. The digestibility
co-efficients of maize-oil cake was determined by the method of elimination, i.e., by deducting the
amounts digested from the wheat-bhoosa, the digestibility co-efficients of which were taken from
Sen [1946]. The detailed data (Table V) show average digestibility co-efficients of maize cake are:
crude protein 84, ether extract 79, crude fibre 47, nitrogen-free extract 63, and total carbohydrates
60.
TABLE IV
Percentage composition of feeding stuffs (on dry basis)
—
Wheat-bhoosa
Maize cake
Organic
matter
85.98
96.55
Crude
protein
3.15
23.67
Ether
extract
0.76
14.97
Crude
fibre
36.17
9.88
N-free
extract
45.90
48.03
Total
carbo-
hydrates
82.07
57.91
Calcium
0.46
0.23
Phos-
phorus
0.10
0.52
Total
ash
14.02
3.45