NationalLibraryOfScotland/medical-history-of-british-india huggingface dataset:
December, 1950] BHALERAO, VENKATAPPIAH AND ANANTAKRISHNAN 273
FIG. 1. Relative digestibility of oils and fats. Different shades A,B,C, & D, represent ml. of 0.1-N. alkali required
to neutralise free fatty acids liberated in 30, 60, 120, and 240 minutes respectively. Sample 1. cow ghee,
2. Buffalo ghee, 3. Goat ghee, 4. Sheep ghee, 5. Cow body fat, 6. Buffalo body fat, 7. Goat body fat,
8. Sheep body fat, 9. Coconut oil, 10. Groundnut oil, 11. Sesame oil, 12. Cottonseed oil, 13. Safflower
oil, 14. Mustard oil, 15. Groundnut oil, 16. Groundnut V.m.p. 34.1º, 17. Groundnut V.m.p. 37.0º,
18. Groundnut V.m.p. 39.0º, 19. Sesame oil, 20. Sesame V.m.p. 37.1º, 21. Sesame V.m.p. 38.7º,
22. Sesame V.m.p. 39.3º, 23. Cottonseed oil, 24. Cottonseed V.m.p. 35.5º, 25. Cottonseed V.m.p. 37.3º
and 26. Cottonseed V.m.p. 38.5º.
274
In-vitro DIGESTIBILITY OF OILS AND FATS [Vol. XX, Part IV,
TABLE I
Relative digestibility of vanaspathi by pancreatic lipase
Sample
number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Kind of fat
Cow butterfat
Bharat V
Cocogem (Tata)
Ganesh Flour Mills V
Mettur Chemicals V
H. V. M. Bombay V
H. V. M. Bombay V
Snow White Products V
Tata V
Rohtas Industries V
Snow White Products V
Snow White products V
I. V. M. Bombay V
I. V. M. Bombay V
Ganesh Flour Mills V
Ganesh Flour Mills V
Ganesh Flour Mills V
Modi V
Modi V
Modi V
Modi V
ml. of 0.1-N. alkali required to neutralise fatty acids
30
minutes
5.4
1.1
3.4
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.0
0.9
2.6
1.0
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.1
0.8
1.1
1.3
0.9
1.1
1.3
0.7
60
minutes
6.6
2.0
5.4
1.7
2.3
2.1
1.8
2.0
4.1
2.0
1.9
2.1
2.4
2.3
2.4
2.0
2.4
2.1
2.3
2.1
1.7
120
minutes
8.9
3.4
7.9
3.1
3.2
3.4
2.9
2.8
4.6
3.1
3.4
2.9
3.6
3.7
3.7
3.4
3.7
3.6
3.4
3.7
2.9
180
minutes
9.0
4.2
8.2
3.7
4.0
4.3
3.7
3.9
5.1
4.0
4.2
3.7
3.9
4.4
4.6
4.2
4.7
4.4
4.2
4.8
3.7
240
minutes
9.1
4.5
8.4
3.9
4.0
4.4
4.1
4.0
5.7
4.1
4.3
4.2
4.2
4.4
4.5
4.5
4.7
4.7
4.2
4.8
3.9
V-Hydrogenated oil
A sample of cocogem (Tata) showed relatively better digestion. It may perhaps
be due to the reason that the product is refined coconut oil. It can, therefore,
be concluded that hydrogenation lowers the rate of digestion of the oils in the initial
4-hour period. The results in general confirm the findings of Ahmad and Bahl-
[1946].
December, 1950] BHALERAO, VENKATAPPIAH AND ANANTAKRISHNAN 275
SUMMARY
In-vitro digestion of butterfats and body fats of different mammals, the edible
vegetable oils and hydrogenated fats of different melting points were determined
using pancreatic lipase.
The butterfats of different mammalian species were digested at a better rate
than the body fats of the same mammals and the hydrogenated fats of vegetable
origin.
Butter fats from cow, buffalo, goat and sheep were digested at almost the same
rate, and there was not much difference in the digestibility of different edible oils
except coconut oil which was found to be digested almost at the same rate as butterfat.
Hydrogenation was found to lower the digestibility of oils.
There was not much difference in the rate of digestion of different vanaspaties
having different melting points.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to express their thanks to the Indian Council of Agricultural
Research for their grant to carry out the above work, and to Dr. K. C. Sen for his
interest in the work. Thanks are also due to the Vanaspati Manufacturer's Associa-
tion of India for arranging to supply the vanaspathi samples and also for kindly
furnishing details regarding the samples.
REFERENCES
Ahmad, B., and Sareen, R. N. (1946). J. Sci. Ind. Res. 4., 710
Ahmad, B., and Bahl., A. N. (1946). J. Sci. Ind. Res. 5., 1
Bhalerao, V. R., Venkatappiah, D., and Anantakrishnan, C. P. (1947). Indian J. vet. Sci. 17.,
221
Dastur, N. N. and Giri, K. V. (1935). Indian J. Med. Res. 25., 427
Langsworthy (1923). J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 15., 276
Menezes, F. G. T., and Banerjee, B. N. (1937). J. Indian. Inst. Sci. 22., A, 203
Wilstatter and Waldsmidt-Leitz (1923). Z. Physiol. Chem. 125., 132
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE REACTION OF VACCINATIONS
WITH CHICK EMBRYO VACCINE AGAINST RANIKHET (OR
NECASTLE DISEASE)
BY S. G. DIXIT, Assistant Disease Investigation Officer, Bombay State, Poona
(Received for publication on 27 February 1950)
VACCINATIONS against Ranikhet disease with chick-embryo vaccine are
being undertaken in this province since 1944. Until 1948 vaccine brought
from Mukteswar was being used and for obvious reasons the supply was limited
as such it was mostly utilised or Government Poultry Farms where semi-ideal
if not ideal conditions of poultry husbandry prevail. But from 1948 onwards
the province has established its own production centre and any amount of vaccine
is made available. It is during this period, vaccinations were undertaken under
varying conditions and following is a short summary of observations recorded.
The data collected may appear to be scanty but the experience gained is, I
feel, certainly valuable from the point of view of reaction of vaccine. In order to
avoid misinterpretation of these results, it is necessary to mention here that the
author has vaccinated over 20,000 birds so far, since 1947 and reactions of vaccina-
tions are most satisfactory when done under normal conditions. Following are
the reactions normally observed
From third day onwards usually the birds go listless, seek a shady spot, drink
water liberally, dose away with half closed eyes, etc. On fifth day onwards a few
(about two to three per cent) show lameness which is evinced when the bird spreads
its wings out a little to balance itself. After about 10 days the whole outlook is
changed and the birds begin to regain appetite, prefer food to shed, lameness gra-
dually disappears and the birds appear healthy once more. The reduction in egg
yield which varies from 20 to 60 per cent, does not, however, return to normal for
about a fortnight to three weeks and there may be one to two per cent deaths. Ins-
tances are on-record where there was no reduction in egg yield at all and vaccine
has favourably effected on vigour and growth of few having stunted growth.
Actual outbreaks. On more than half a dozen occasions, vaccinations were
undertaken in actual outbreaks as an experimental measure. The results have
varied from unit to unit. They have been more disastrous, when there were no
proper segregation arrangements—in other words—the birds offered for vaccinations
may have been in incubation period. These vaccinations were undertaken with
a view to:
(1) Abort the attack in few, since Ranikhet disease—vaccination is supposed
to establish immunity in about 48 hours. While the natural incubation period
of the Ranikhet disease is three to seven days.
277
K
278 SOME OBSERVATIONS ON REACTION OF VACCINATIONS, ETC. [Vol. XX, Part IV,
(2) Afford protection to such birds that have escaped infection prior to vaccina-
tions.
In these instances the reactions were just the same as when the vaccinations
are done under normal conditions except for the severity and some mortality.
Percentage of mortality ranged between 2 and 100 per cent depending upon:
(1) The severity of the outbreak.
(2) Number of incontacts offered for vaccinations.
(3) Stage of outbreak when vaccinations were carried out.
(4) Segregation and other hygienic arrangements on the farm.
Deaths amongst vaccinated birds started on 3rd day of vaccination and were
maximum between 7th and 10th day whereafter there was gradual fall. There
was no mortality after 14th day of vaccination. The Table I illustrates mortality
figures amongst vaccinated birds in the face of actual outbreaks.
TABLE I
Mortality amongst vaccinated birds
Serial
number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Number of
birds
vaccinated
163
210
10
526
28
98
36
41
45
23
274
(30 per cent
birds vacci-
nated 15
months ago)
Number died
amongst
vaccinated
nil
43
5
6
4
24
5
1
1
23
134
(6 from pre-
viously vacci¬
nated)
Percentage of
deaths
amongst
vaccinated
..
22 per cent
50 per cent
1.9 per cent
14 per cent
25 per cent
18 per cent
2.5 per cent
2 per cent
100 per cent
70 per cent
6 per cent
Remarks
The disease was prevailing in three
secluded huts at the time of vacci-
nations
The disease had spread to all the lanes
in the village and every 4th house
had affected birds
These birds were immediate incontacts
in the same pen
Vaccinations were carried out immedia-
tely on appearance of disease
The owner had already lost 7 birds
from the pen and the sick were
isolated
The disease had not appeared on the
farm but was prevailing immediately
outside the farm
do.
The disease was prevailing in adjacent
pen; but isolation and hygienic
arrangements satisfactory
Birds were vaccinated 15 months ago
and were re-vaccinated during the
outbreak
The owner had already lost 20 birds;
sick and healthy were in the same
compound
The owner had lost 16 birds prior to
vaccinations and segregation not
satisfactory
Segragation
and hygienic
arrangements
Village conditions
do.
Not satisfactory
Village conditions
Farm conditions
do.
do.
do.
do.
Village conditions
Farm conditions
December, 1950]
S.
G.
DIXIT
279
Moult. Vaccinations were undertaken when the birds were in heavy
moult, and it was observed that the reaction of vaccine had effected a temporary
stop in moult which again commenced after the reaction had subsided and had
prolonged the period of low egg yield (two to three months) in many cases while
in one or two instances the yield had completely gone for a period of three to four
months.
Nutrition. On one occasion eight per cent of the vaccinated birds out of 453
died during the period of reaction. The birds showed all the typical symptoms
of Ranikhet (or severe reaction). Majority of deaths were between 7th and 15th
day and the birds involved were three to four months old chicks.
Investigations revealed that there was acute shortage of foodstuff during
the period of reactions and the birds were on low plain of nutrition (as a matter
of fact amounting to starvation). All other comprehensible causes for such mortality
as defective vaccine, contamination any other disease, etc., were eliminated.
Sudden change in atmospheric condition
On one occasion sudden changes (particularly heavy rains) during the period
of reaction have effected the vaccination results adversely, the reactions being more
severe effecting mortality to the extent of eight per cent. Had the owner not sold
out his severely reacting chickens, the percentage of mortality would have gone
high.
It has also been observed that birds that are kept confined all the time show
severe reactions and sometimes considerable percentage of mortality (if crowded)
than those that have a free range.
Other disease
On some occasions reaction of vaccinations have helped other diseases to play
an aggressive role which were otherwise dormant. The diseases that have caused
untoward results after vaccinations are (1) fowl-pox (2) coccidiosis (3) spirochaetosis.
Fowl-pox. Chickens aged eight weeks that looked apparently healthy before
vaccinations showed positive lesions of fowl-pox (cutaneous form) during the
first week of vaccinations (no history of infection from outside) causing considerable
mortality.
Coccidiosis. It is another disease that causes losses amongst chicks after vacci-
nations with Ranikhet vaccine. The chicks while reacting to Ranikhet vaccine
suddenly showed number of immature coccysts in faecal samples and died while
another lot of the same age vaccinated with the same brew showed normal reac-
tions.
Spirochaetosis. This disease was observed to flare up on occasions causing
some mortality amongst vaccinated. Cases were suitably treated which perhaps
checked many losses.
These observations were made during the investigations carried out to find
out the cause of untoward reactions of vaccinations. In some cases, however,
definite cause could not be ascertained.
CERTAIN ANATOMICAL VARIATIONS
By KISHAN SINGH, B.A., L.V.P., Professor of Anatomy, Punjab Veterinary College,
Hissar
(Received for publication on 9 September 1950)
(With Plates IV-IX)
T HE author came across during the course of intensive dissection work, the
following anatomical deviations:
Fibula of the ox with a long slender shaft
Fibula of the ox usually consists of two extremities only; the head is fused
with the lateral condyle of the tibia and is continued below by a small blunt-pointed
prolongation. The distal extremity is a separate bone called the lateral malleolus.
There has been observed a tibia and fibula of the ox in which the head of the
fibula continued by a long slender shaft which reached almost below the middle of
the shaft of the tibia. The distal end of the shaft was not fused with the tibia and
ended in a fine point; its length on measurement was found to be about six inches,
the usual length is about 1 to 1½ inches (Plate IV).
An unusual bifurcation of the right anterior laryngeal nerve in the horse
Usually the anterior laryngeal nerve passes through the thyroid foramen of
the thyroid cartilage as a single branch. It then divides into terminal branches,
which ramify in the mucous membrane of the larynx, the floor of the pharynx and
the entrance to the oesophagus.
In the course of dissection on the subject (horse) it was observed that the right
anterior laryngeal nerve before entering the thyroid foramen divided into two
branches C and D. This bifurcation took place at a distance of about one centi-
meter from the thyroid foramen on the lateral wall of the pharynx. One of these
branches (D) passed as usual through the thyroid foramen, the other branch (C)
passed over the dorsal border of the lamina of the thyroid cartilage. On further
tracing of the C branch, it was observed, that it also supplied the mucous membrane
of the larynx, pharynx and anastomosed with the terminal branches of the D
(Plate V).
The left anterior laryngeal nerve of the same subject did not show any such
deviation.
Variation in the origin of the left vertebral artery in the horse
Vertebral artery on the left side usually arises as an independent branch in
front of the deep cervical artery from the left brachial artery.
281
L
282
CERTAIN ANATOMICAL VARIATIONS
[Vol. XX, Part IV,
Sisson, however, has observed that sometimes the vertebral artery may arise
on the left side along with the dorsal and deep cervical arteries by a common trunk.
But it was observed while dissecting a pony, that the vertebral artery on the left
side was arising from the left brachial by a common trunk with the deep cervical.
The dorsal cervical was arising as an independent branch from the left brachial
(Plate VI).
Peculiar behaviour of the phrenic nerve of the ox
The left phrenic nerve usually enters the thorax as a single branch, though it
is formed by the union of two or three roots which come from the ventral branches
of the 5th, 6th and 7th cervical nerves. It runs its entire course in the mediastinum.
It passes over the upper part of the pericardium and runs backward in the posterior
mediastinum to reach the tendinous centre of the diaphragm.
In the present subject (cow) dissected during the month of February 1941,
it was observed, that the left phrenic nerve entered the thorax as a single branch,
but as it passed over the pericardium it divided into two branches. There was
a considerable interval between them. In the posterior mediastinum, these branches
again united and formed a sort of ganglion. The ganglion again divided into several
branches to be distributed over the tendinous centre of the diaphragm (Plate VII).
An ox with reduced number of cheek teeth
Kishan Singh [1939] records a case in which a buffalo cow had no incisor teeth
at all, not even in the lower jaw. Careful examination of the part revealed that the
teeth in question did no + erupt from the very birth. In other words this absence
was congenital in nature and was strange enough to invoke interest.
During the course of further routine demonstration on dissection of the ox,
five cheek teeth on either side of the upper jaw were observed instead of the usual
six. The condition being unusual its brief description along with brief discussion
of the case is given below:
The head was carefully examined and the following observations were made:
(1) The head belonged to an old animal. (2) The upper cheek teeth on
either side were five in number and their crowns were very much
worn out, so much so that the lateral roots or fangs of 3rd, 4th and
5th cheek tooth were exposed and stood wide apart showing as if
they were separate teeth. (3) That the missing tooth on either side
was the first cheek tooth only (1st premolar). (4) No root or em-
bedded part of the 1st cheek tooth was felt under the mucous membrane
(Plate VIII).
The dense connective tissue around the cheek teeth on both sides was carefully
dissected out, exposing the bone and following further observations were made:
1. That the bone exposed in front of the second cheek tooth was of uniform
colour.
2. That there was no scar or deep coloured mark in front of the second cheek
tooth.
3. No embedded part of the 1st cheek tooth was exposed. (Plate IX).
Indian J. vet. Sci., vol. XX, Part IV]
PLATE IV
Tibia and fibula of the ox posterior view.
A. Fibula with long slender shaft.
B. Fibula with normal shaft.
PLATE V
51 (b)
[Indian J. vet. Sci., vol. XX, Part IV
Anterior laryngeal nerve of the horse.
A. Anterior laryngeal nerve.
B. Posterior laryngeal nerve.
C & D. Branches of the anterior laryngeal nerve.
Indian J. vet. Sci., vol. XX, Part IV]
51 (c)
PLATE VI
Branches of the left brachial artery of the horse.
D. A. Dorsal cervical artery.
V. A. Vertebral artery.
I. C. A. Inferior cervical artery.
D. C. A. Deep cervical artery.
L. B. A. Left brachial artery.
I. T. A. Internal thoracic artery.
PLATE VII
51 (d)
[Indian J. vet. Sci., vol. XX, Part IV
Left phrenic nerve of the ox.
A. Phrenic nerve.
B. C. Branches of the phrenic nerve.
D. Ganglion on the nerve.
E. F. G. Terminal branches of the phrenic nerves.
Indian J. vet. Sci., vol. XX, Part IV]
PLATE VIII
Skull showing the upper cheek teeth of the ox, before dissection.
A. Normal skull with six cheek teeth.
B. Skull with five cheek teeth.
PLATE IX
[Indian J. vet. Sci., vol. XX, Part IV
Skull showing the upper cheek teeth of the ox, after dissection.
A. Normal skull with six cheek teeth.
B. Skull with five cheek teeth.
December, 1950]
KISHAN
SINGH
283
DISCUSSION
From the observations made before and after dissection it is clear, that the
1st cheek tooth either temporary or permanent never erupted at all and this absence
is congenital, because in any other forms of absence there would have been present
either of the following after dissection:
1. Small rudimentary tooth showing that it was a case of retarded eruption,
2. A scar, showing that the tooth was present to begin with and due to some
reasons, traumatic or otherwise, it had fallen off and the alveolus
got filled up with the granulation tissue and thus presented a scar
of deeper colour than the surrounding bone.
A perusal of the available literature regarding animal dentition, dental formation
and absence of the formation of the dentine tissue shows that there is a great
paucity of records on such conditions.
Chauveau [1891] states only about the increase of number of cheek teeth in
the horse due to the presence of supplementary teeth in front of the true teeth.
Sisson [1938] states about the reduction of number of cheek teeth only in breeds
of dogs with short faces which may be reduced to 5/7 or in extreme cases to 4/5.
Conditions similar to the present one are not quite uncommon in the human
being.
Colyer and Sprawson [1931] record the absence of molars as a congenital defect.
Such cases are those of retarded eruption associated with their subsequent atrophy
and total disappearance.
Bennet [1931] states that the absence of molars and incisors may be due to
a congenital absence of the requisite tooth building material in a body or failure
of the tooth germ to calcify. He adds, that the failure of the calcified tooth to erupt
may be due to any one of the following causes, such as impaction due to slight mis-
placement of the tooth, total misplacement of the formed tooth, new growths such
as cysts or traumatic dislocation of the forming tooth. Injury and death of the
developing tooth from trauma or sepsis has been known to occur in the
human being. Necrosis of bone tissue may occur in certain infectious fevers and in
bismuth poisoning. In such cases all the tooth germs may be destroyed and the dead
portions are sequestrated or sloughed off. Whatever be the nature of the etiological
agent it is clear that the absence in this case is due to some congenital defect.
REFERENCES
Chauveau, A., (1891). Comparative Anatomy of the Domesticated Animals, 352-354
Sisson, S. (1938). The Anatomy of Domestic Animals, 502
Colyer, J. F. and Sprawson, E. (1931). Dental Surgery and Pathology, 19-20
Bennet, M. (1931). Science and Practice of Dental Surgery, 1, 103-104
Kishan Singh (1939). An interesting case of absence of incisor teeth in a buffalo cow, Indian J.
vet. Sci. XVI, 4, 401-405
ABSTRACTS
The Effect of Prepartum Vitamin A Supplementation on the Health and Performance
of the Young Calf. A. A. SPIELMAN, H. D. EATON, J. K. LOOSLI AND K. L.
TURK (1949). J. Dairy Sci., 32, (4) 367
T HESE investigations were conducted on 59 cows divided into four dietary
groups. The control group received daily a ration of clover and timothy
hay, corn silage and the grain mixture. The other three groups were fed, in addition
to the basal ration, 1 million I. U. of vitamin A daily, 30 days prior to parturition
in the form of alfalfa leaf meal, the alcohol form of vitamin A and the ester form of
vitamin A respectively. The calves born were reared according to the dry-calf
starter method, and their performance was studied from birth to four weeks of age.
Carotene and vitamin A values in the blood plasma of calves from dams fed either
alcohol or ester form of vitamin A were significantly higher, during the experimental
period than calves from the control dams or those fed alfalfa leaf meal. Also plasma of
calves from cows fed the alcohol form of vitamin A was significantly higher in carotene
levels than that of claves from dams receiving ester form of vitamin A. Calves
from dams fed vitamin A as either ester or alcohol made higher live-weight gains
than those from the other two dietary groups. Calves from dams fed alfalfa leaf
meal were heavier in live-weight than calves from control dams. The incidence
of scours was significantly lower in calves from dams fed either form of vitamin A
than that observed in calves from basal dams. Claves from dams fed alfalfa leaf
meal had significantly fewer days of scour than calves from the control dams. There
were no significant differences in the feed consumption by various groupings. (R.S.)
Comparison of Methods of Estimating Milk and Fat Production in Dairy Cows.
M. H. ALEXANDER AND W. W. YAPP (1949). J. Dairy Sci., 32, (7) 621
T HIS study was undertaken to develop a method of estimating milk and fat
production in cows that will lessen the amount of time and labour required
than the standard 1-day test every month, now in use. Altogether 684 milk and
butterfat records, based on the standard monthly best were used as source of data
for this investigation. These records included only the first 305 days of the lactation
period. All records of less than 305 days and those showing indications of abnor-
malities were discarded.
Various groups of test periods within these records were tried to devise new
methods. The four methods that gave sufficiently accurate results were: (1) tests
taken every other month, (2) tests taken in the 2nd, 6th and 10th months, (3) tests
taken in the 2nd and 10th months, (4) tests taken in the 4th and 8th months. In
no case, in these methods, was any test used that was taken earlier than the first
full month of lactation. Their order of dependability, as compared to the standard
monthly test was found to be as follows: (1) 92.84 per cent, (2) 92.26 per cent,
(3) 87.59 per cent, (4) 85.52 per cent. Of these methods, testing bi-monthly was the
285
N